NGC 1 = UGC 57 =
MCG +04-01-025 = CGCG 477-054 = Holm 2A = PGC 564
00 07 15.9 +27
42 29
V = 12.8; Size 1.6'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 120d
17.5"
(11/14/87): moderately bright, slightly elongated ~E-W, bright core, stellar
nucleus. Forms a pair with NGC 2
just 1.8' S.
17.5"
(9/19/87): fairly faint, oval 3:2 ~E-W, small, bright core, stellar
nucleus. A mag 12 star lies 1.9'
NNE and a mag 13 star is 1.5' NNW of center.
13"
(8/24/84): fairly faint, very small, small bright core.
13"
(11/5/83): faint, very small.
Forms a pair with NGC 2 2' SSE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 1 on 30 Sep 1861 while testing the 11-inch f/17.5 Merz
refractor of the Copenhagen Observatory, though he missed nearby NGC 2. This was his first deep sky discovery,
though d'Arrest was uncertain if his object was identical to h4 or h5 (both of
which refer to NGC 16). He
described (combination of 4 observations) NGC 1 as "faint, small, round,
20", no concentration. In a
straight line connecting two stars 11 and 14 mag." Herman Schultz also observed NGC 1
three times in 1866 and 1868 with a 9.6-inch refractor at Upsala and both
observers missed fainter NGC 2.
The NGC 1 and 2 visual pair are not physically related. NGC 1 lies at a
distance of ~200 million l.y. with NGC 2 at roughly 320 million l.y.
******************************
NGC 2 = UGC 59 =
MCG +04-01-026 = CGCG 477-055 = Holm 2B = PGC 567
00 07 17.1 +27
40 41
V = 14.2; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 115d
17.5"
(11/14/87): very faint, very small, slightly elongated, even surface
brightness. A mag 12.5 star lies
1.1' W of center. Forms a pair
(optical) with brighter and larger NGC 1, just 1.8' N.
17.5"
(9/19/87): faint, small, elongated ~E-W.
A mag 13 star lies 1' W.
13"
(8/24/84): very faint, very small, low surface brightness. Forms a close pair with NGC 1.
Lawrence
Parsons, the 4th Earl of Rosse, discovered NGC 2 on 20 Aug 1873 using Lord
Rosse's 72-inch and recorded a "vF companion [to NGC 1] south". Dreyer confirmed the observation on 29
Oct 1877 Dreyer and noted, "Nova 2' ssf easily seen, vF, eS stellar."
******************************
NGC 3 = UGC 58 =
MCG +01-01-037 = CGCG 408-035 = PGC 565
00 07 16.8 +08
18 06
V = 13.3; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 111d
48"
(10/24/11): at 610x appeared fairly bright, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE,
30"x12", well concentrated with a very small bright core and stellar
nucleus. A mag 11.5 star lies 1.3'
SW. Brightest in a group with the
other members much fainter. These
include NGC 4 4.7' NE, NGC 7840 5.3' NNW and 2MASX J00074110+0814053 7.2' SE.
18"
(10/21/06): faint, very small, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, 0.4'x0.25', very small
slightly brighter core, faint stellar nucleus with direct vision. A mag 11.5 star lies 1.2' SW. Brightest in a group of faint galaxies.
17.5"
(8/2/86): fairly faint, small, bright core, slightly elongated. A mag 11.5 star is 1.2' WSW. Brightest in the NGC 3 group with NGC
7838 6.3' NW, NGC 7837 6.9' NW, NGC 7835 10' NW, NGC 7834 11' WNW and NGC 4 5'
NNE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3 = m 1 on 29 Nov 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
recorded "F, vS, R, alm stellar." NGC 3 is the brightest in a small group of faint galaxies
(NGC 7834, 7835, 7837, 7838, 7840, 3, 4) all discovered by Marth on the same
night.
******************************
NGC 4 = LEDA
212468
00 07 24.4 +08
22 23
V = 15.9; Size 0.4'x0.2'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 30d
48"
(10/24/11): at 610x appeared fairly faint, very small, round, 10"
diameter, high surface brightness.
This description applies to the core as the faint thin extensions on the
DSS were not noticed. Located 2.9'
W of mag 9.5 SAO 109022 and 4.7' NE of NGC 3 in a group.
18"
(10/21/06): extremely faint and small, round. This threshold object appeared virtually stellar, perhaps
4" diameter and only visible occasionally with averted vision. Located 3' due west of a mag 9
star. Another very difficult
galaxy, NGC 7840, lies 4' WNW.
17.5"
(8/2/86): faintest member of the NGC 3 group. Extremely faint and small, at visual threshold. Located 2.9' W of mag 9 SAO 109022 and
4.8' NNE of NGC 3.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 4 = m 2 on 29 Nov 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
simply noted "eF". His
position is 10 tsec of RA following and 5' N of NGC 3 (discovered on the same
night, along with 5 other faint galaxies). The galaxy listed here (PGC 212468) is situated 4.7' NNE of
NGC 3, so is a close match in position.
RNGC and PGC misidentify NPM1G +07.0004 = PGC 620 as NGC 4. PGC 620 is located 15' SE of NGC 3, so
is much too far away to be a reasonable candidate. NED and HyperLeda have the correct identification but SIMBAD
still (as of 2017) misidentifies PGC 620 as NGC 4.
******************************
NGC 5 = UGC 62 =
MCG +06-01-013 = CGCG 517-017 = PGC 595
00 07 48.9 +35
21 44
V = 13.3; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 115d
17.5"
(10/17/87): faint, very small, round, small bright core.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5 = St XII-1 on 21 Oct 1881 using the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and recorded "Small core of 13 to 14 mag, surrounded
by a very small and faint nebula."
His position matches UGC 62 = PGC 595.
******************************
NGC 6 = NGC 20 =
UGC 84 = MCG +05-01-036 = CGCG 498-082 = PGC 679
00 09 32.6 +33
18 31
See observing
notes for NGC 20.
Lewis Swift
found NGC 6 = Sw II-3 on 20 Sept 1885 with the 16" Clark refractor at
Warner Observatory and recorded "eF; cE; vS; one of 5 stars which point to
it is pretty near." There is
nothing at his position, but 75 seconds of RA east and 47' north is NGC 20 =
UGC 84. The RA offset is shared by
several other objects discovered this night (NGC 19, 21, 7831, 7836) though the
declination error is much larger (8' for the other objects). But his description matches the chain
of five stars just following NGC 20.
So, it is nearly certain NGC 6 = NGC 20 (discovered by R.J. Mitchell
using LdR's 72" on 18 Sep 1857). The RNGC misidentifies NGC 6 as NGC 7831.
See Corwin's notes for more info.
******************************
NGC 7 = ESO
409-022 = MCG -05-01-037 = PGC 627
00 08 20.8 -29
54 55
V = 13.9; Size 2.2'x0.5'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 29d
17.5"
(8/20/88): extremely faint, moderately large, edge-on 4:1 SW-NE. Requires averted vision due to low
surface brightness and elevation.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7 = h4014 on 27 Sep 1834 and logged "vF, pL, vmE, gvlbM, 2'
long." The next night he
observed the galaxy again and noted "vF, mE, vgvlbM." On a third sweep he called it
"eeF, L, mE, requires the utmost attention to perceive though the sky is
perfectly pure." His
position matches ESO 409-022 = PGC 627.
******************************
NGC 8 = Holm 3b
= PGC 648
00 08 46 +23 50
16
V =
15.3/16.5; Size 6"
=**, Corwin.
Otto Struve
discovered NGC 8 on 29 Sep 1865 with the 15-inch refractor at Pulkovo
Observatory in St. Petersburg. He
described it as fainter than NGC 9 (found 2 nights earlier) and placed it 3'
northwest (10 sec of RA west and 1' north). At this exact separation is a fairly close, faint double
star at 00 08 46 +23 50 16 (2000) with components mag 15.3/16.5. MCG
misidentifies MCG +04-01-030 as NGC 8.
Although the RNGC New Description reads "looks like double
star", the classification is a galaxy. HyperLeda (as of 2016) also misclassifies this object as a
galaxy.
******************************
NGC 9 = UGC 78 =
MCG +04-01-030 = CGCG 477-059 = Holm 3a = PGC 652
00 08 54.6 +23
49 03
V = 13.6; Size 1.3'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 155d
17.5"
(11/14/87): faint, small, slightly elongated ~N-S, weak concentration. Located at the western vertex of an
isosceles triangle with two mag 9 stars 6' E and 6.5' NE.
Otto Struve
discovered NGC 9 on 27 Sep 1865 with the 15-inch refractor at Pulkovo
Observatory in St. Petersburg while unsuccessfully searching for comet
Biela. Struve's position is 15 sec
of RA west and 2' south of UGC 78 = PGC 652. He noted, though, that a mag 9 star follows by 26 seconds in
RA, so the identification is certain.
See NGC 8.
******************************
NGC 10 = ESO
349-032 = MCG -06-01-024 = PGC 634
00 08 34.5 -33
51 30
V = 12.5; Size 2.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 25d
17.5"
(8/20/88): fairly faint, fairly small, bright core, oval 3:2 SSW-NNE. A mag 13 star follows by 2.9'. Located 21' SSE of mag 5.7 SAO 192367.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 10 = h4015 on 25 Sep 1834 and recorded "Not vF, L, lE,
glbM, 1'.". On a later sweep
he logged it "F, pL, R, bM, 40"." His mean position matches ESO 349-032 = PGC 634.
******************************
NGC 11 = UGC 73
= MCG +06-01-015 = CGCG 517-020 = PGC 642
00 08 42.5 +37
26 53
V = 13.7; Size 1.6'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 111d
17.5"
(10/17/87): faint, fairly small, edge-on WNW-ESE. A close double star with mag 11/12 components lies 3' N.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 11 = St XII-2 on 24 Oct 1881 with the 31" silvered-glass
reflector at the Marseille Observatory and described "vF; vS; little
irregular oval SE to NW; two very faint stars involved." Although Stephan did not record this
object as an edge-on (very elongated), his position clearly matches UGC 73 =
PGC 642.
******************************
NGC 12 = UGC 74
= MCG +01-01-040 = CGCG 408-038 = PGC 645
00 08 44.8 +04
36 45
V = 13.1; Size 1.7'x1.5'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 125d
17.5"
(12/19/87): very faint, fairly small, round, weak concentration, diffuse.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 12 = H III-868 = h1 on 6 Dec 1790 (sweep 984) and logged
"eF, pS, irr F." The 4
Nov 1850 observation using Lord Rosse's 72" reads "Some stars seen in
it, it is vF. Nothing further remarkable."
******************************
NGC 13 = UGC 77
= MCG +05-01-034 = CGCG 498-081 = PGC 650
00 08 47.7 +33
25 59
V = 13.2; Size 2.5'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 53d
17.5"
(10/17/87): fairly faint, very small, round, small bright core. A mag 13 star is 30" S and a mag
12 star lies 1.2' SSW of center.
First of three with NGC 20 12' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 13 = H III-866 = h2 on 26 Nov 1790 (sweep 981) and logged
"vF, vS. 300 verified and showed 3 stars and the nebula placed in the form
of a square; the nebula being the np corner." R.J. Mitchell, using Lord Rosse's 72" on 18 Sep 1857,
recorded "2 neb. nearly in line p. and f; about 14' apart; the p one [NGC
13] is of irregular outline; F; bM. The f. one [NGC 13] is S; R; pB;
bM." The pair was observed 5
times up to 1873. The NGC position
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 14 = Arp 235
= VV 80 = UGC 75 = MCG +03-01-026 = CGCG 456-034 = PGC 647
00 08 46.1 +15
48 56
V = 12.1; Size 2.8'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 25d
17.5"
(12/19/87): fairly faint, fairly small, oval SSW-NNE, broad concentration,
faint extensions. Located 1.4¡ ESE
of NGC 7814.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 14 = H II-591 = h3 on 18 Sep 1786 (sweep 590) and recorded
"F, pL, iF, unequally bright."
His position is at the west edge of Arp 235 = VV 80. JH made 4 observations, describing iton
11 Sep 1828 as "eF; R; bM a star 10 m north preceding, dist. 5'."
******************************
NGC 15 = UGC 82
= MCG +03-01-027 = CGCG 456-035 = PGC 661
00 09 02.5 +21
37 28
V = 13.8; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 30d
17.5"
(11/14/87): faint, small, very elongated SSW-NNE, brighter core, faint stellar
nucleus.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 15 = m 3 on 30 Oct 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
recorded "vF, vS, R, bM".
His position is reasonably match with UGC 82 = PGC 661.
******************************
NGC 16 = UGC 80
= MCG +04-01-032 = CGCG 477-061 = PGC 660
00 09 04.3 +27
43 46
V = 12.0; Size 1.8'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 16d
17.5"
(11/14/87): moderately bright, fairly small, oval SSW-NNE, small bright core,
stellar nucleus.
17.5"
(9/19/87): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated ~N-S, bright core,
stellar nucleus. NGC 22 lies 12'
NE.
13"
(8/24/84) : moderately bright, small, bright stellar nucleus, small fainter
lens SSW-NNE.
8"
(8/16/82): fairly faint, small, elongated N-S, bright nucleus at 200x.
8"
(6/19/82): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated N-S, weak concentration.
William Herschel
probably discovered NGC 16 = H IV-15 = h4 = h5 on 8 Sep 1784. He recorded "Stellar, or rather
like a faint star with a small chevelure and two burs [sic]. F, S." His RA is 1 min 24 seconds
east (using a different star Corwin found an error of 1 min 6 seconds) of UGC
80. JH observed this object on 5
Sep 1828 and logged "pB; R; bM; 30" (? if not IV. 15)" Due to the difference in position he
wasn't sure if his object was new, but listed it as a Nova. JH swept the area again 11 nights later
and found h5, which he assumed was his father's IV-15: "a star 15m with a
burr, RA from Cat.", though without an RA the identification of h5 is unknown. In the NGC, Dreyer equates h4 = h5 = H
IV-15 = NGC 16 and Corwin favors this interpreation. Wolfgang Steinicke feels H
IV-15 more likely applies to NGC 22 than NGC 16. His RA is off by 40 sec (too far east) and 7' too far south
and the description "F, S, Stellar, or rather like a faint star with a
small chevelure and two burs." may be a better fit.
J.L.E. Dreyer,
using the 72" at Birr Castle on 29 Oct 1877, recorded "pB nucl with
vF neby; round; E sp nf; 2 st 13 and 12 mag preceding in the parallel about 4'
and 5' distant."
******************************
NGC 17 = NGC 34
= MCG -02-01-032 = PGC 781
00 11 06.7 -12
06 27
See observing
notes for NGC 34.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 17 = LM II-276 in 1886 and logged "mag 13.5, 0.1' dia, iR,
two stars mag 9.5, 2.0' in PA 280¡."
Muller's position was 2.0 min of RA west of PGC 781 (typical error found
in Leander McCormick observations) and his description of the nearby double
star 2' west clinches the identification.
This galaxy was independently found by Lewis Swift (VI-1) on 21 Nov 1886
(same year) at Warner Observatory and catalogued as NGC 34. Herbert Howe noted the identity NGC 17
= NGC 34 (Mon. Not. LXI) based on the descriptions, and Dreyer copied the
correction in the IC II Notes section.
I've used the primary designation NGC 34.
******************************
NGC 18
00 09 23.0 +27
43 56
=**, Carlson and
Corwin.
Herman Schultz
discovered NGC 18 on 15 Oct 1866 with the 9.6-inch refractor at Uppsala
Observatory. Schultz's micrometric
position is 19 sec of RA following NGC 16 (at 00 09 04.2 +27 43 46) and
corresponds precisely with a double star at 00 09 23.0 +27 43 55 (2000). Dreyer noted that Heinrich d'Arrest and
Lord Rosse couldn't find NGC 18 and neither could ƒdouard Stephan (notes section
of his 11th list).
******************************
NGC 19 = UGC 98
= MCG +05-01-046 = CGCG 499-065 = PGC 759
00 10 40.9 +32
58 59
V = 13.2; Size 1.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 42d
17.5"
(10/17/87): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE, diffuse. A mag 15 star is 1' SW. Located 9' S of mag 6.8 SAO 53694. This galaxy is misidentified as NGC 21
in RNGC and UGC and NGC 19 is listed as nonexistent in RNGC.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 19 = Sw II-4 on 20 Sep 1885 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory and recorded "eeF; lE; in [the] center of 3 vF st
forming an equilateral triangle, two of them double." There is no obvious candidate at
Swift's position but 74 seconds of RA east and 8' north is UGC 98. Similar offsets in RA and Dec yield identities
for NGC 21, 7831 and 7836, all discovered the same night (NGC 6 also shares the
same offset in RA). Furthermore,
his description of the surrounding stars matches this galaxy. Kobold's position for NGC 19 made in
1898 at Strassburg corresponds with UGC 98.
NGC 19 is
mislabeled as NGC 21 in RNGC, PGC and UGC (and software Megastar) and not
assigned a NGC designation in MCG and CGCG. Finally, RNGC misclassifies NGC 19 as nonexistent because of
the error in Swift's position. See
Corwin's Notes.
******************************
NGC 20 = NGC 6 =
UGC 84 = MCG +05-01-036 = CGCG 498-082 = LGG 001-008 = PGC 679
00 09 32.6 +33
18 31
V = 13.0; Size 1.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 140d
17.5"
(10/17/87): fairly faint, very small, round, small bright core, stellar
nucleus. A mag 11 star is just
30" E and a brighter mag 10 star lies 2.4' E. Second of three with NGC 13 12' NW.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 20 using Lord Rosse's 72" on 18 Sep 1857 and recorded as
"S; R; pB; bM").
Although no position was measured it was catalogued as GC 6 (Rosse nova)
and later by Dreyer as NGC 20.
Herman Schultz independently found the galaxy on 16 Oct 1866 with the
9.6" refractor at Uppsala and it was entered by Dreyer in the GC
Supplement as GC 5086, though Dreyer added the comment "Query = GC
6". Schultz's micrometric
position matches UGC 84.
Lewis Swift
later independently found this galaxy on 20 Sept 1885 and published it in List
II-3. Based on this entry this
galaxy was catalogued as NGC 6, but Swift's position for the galaxy was 1.1
tmin W and 47' S of UGC 84.
Swift's RA offset is identical, though, to the error in his positions
for NGC 19, NGC 21, NGC 7831, NGC 7836 all found the same evening. Although the dec error is large, his
description ("one of 5 st which point to it is p nr") matches the
chain of 5 stars just following, so NGC 6 is a duplicate of NGC 20 (primary
designation).
******************************
NGC 21 = NGC 29
= UGC 100 = MCG +05-01-048 = CGCG 499-066 = PGC 767
00 10 46.9 +33
21 11
See observing
notes for NGC 29.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 21 = Sw II-5 on 20 Sept 1885 and recorded "eF; S;
lE." His positions for NGC
19, 7831 and 7836 from the same evening are all offset ~70 seconds in RA and 8'
in declination. The offset
position for NGC 21 lands on NGC 29.
So, NGC 21 is a duplicate of NGC 29. RNGC, UGC and PGC misidentify UGC 98 = NGC 19 as NGC
21. See NGC 19.
******************************
NGC 22 = UGC 86
= MCG +05-01-039 = CGCG 499-055 = PGC 690
00 09 48.2 +27
49 57
V = 13.6; Size 1.8'x1.4'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 160d
17.5"
(11/14/87): faint, fairly small, diffuse, slightly elongated, broad
concentration. Located 2.5' S of a
mag 10 star. Forms a wide pair
with NGC 16 12' SW.
13"
(8/24/84): very faint, fairly small, roundish, very diffuse, even surface
brightness.
13"
(11/5/83): extremely faint, small, round.
A mag 9 star 3' N interferes with viewing. Located 12' NE of NGC 16.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 22 = St XIII-1 on 2 Oct 1883 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and described "eF; pS; R; lbM,
resolvable". His position
matches UGC 86 = PGC 690 and he is credited with the discovery in the NGC.
WH possibly
discovered this galaxy on 8 Sep 1784 (H IV-15, sweep 260) and recorded "F,
S, Stellar, or rather like a faint star with a small chevelure and two
burs." His position is poor
-- 40 sec too far east and 7' too far south -- but the description is a
reasonable fit. Dreyer assumed the
observation referred to NGC 16, which is 1 min 25 sec of RA to the west and he
commented in the NGC notes "Some error in recording the transit, probably
simply of 1 min; reductions correct." Wolfgang Steinicke feels H IV-15 refers to NGC 22 and WH
never observed brighter NGC 16 but Corwin and Seligman favor Dreyer's
interpretation.
******************************
NGC 23 = UGC 89
= MCG +04-01-033 = CGCG 477-062 = Mrk 545 = PGC 698
00 09 53.3 +25
55 26
V = 12.0; Size 2.2'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 8d
17.5"
(11/14/87): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated NNW-SSE, diffuse. Unusual appearance as a mag 14 star is
superimposed 26" SE of center.
Forms a pair with NGC 26 9' SE.
8"
(7/24/82): faint, small, elongated NW-SE, stellar nucleus. A star is at the SE end.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 23 = H III-147 on 10 Sep 1784 (sweep 264) and recorded as
"2 or 3 stars in a line, with seeming nebulosity between them." I only noted a single superimposed
star, though the second "star" may be the nucleus. Dreyer observed the galaxy on 21 Nov
1875 using LdR's 72" and described a "vS neb, with a starlike nucl =
11-12 mag and a *13 in PA 135.2¡. Dist 26.2"." The NGC position matches UGC 89
(Englemann measured an accurate position, in Astronomische Nachrichten 2485).
******************************
NGC 24 = ESO
472-016 = UGCA 2 = MCG -04-01-018 = PGC 701
00 09 56.4 -24
57 49
V = 11.6; Size 5.5'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 46d
17.5"
(8/2/86): moderately bright, pretty edge-on 5:1 SW-NE, 4.0'x0.8', large bright
core. A mag 12 star is just east
of the NE edge. This is a
little-known striking spiral.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 24 = H III-461 = h2308 on 27 Oct 1785 (sweep 467) and logged it
as "vF, cL, lE, glbM, 4 or 5' long." JH logged it from the Cape as "F; vL; vmE; vgbM; 4' l;
1' br." Herbert Howe, using
the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory, reported the length as 3' and
PA = 45¡.
******************************
NGC 25 = ESO
149-019 = PGC 706
00 09 59.4 -57
01 14
V = 13.0; Size 1.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 85d
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2
E-W, 0.8'x0.5', fairly well concentrated with a brighter core. Flanked by a mag 15 star 0.6' NE and a
similar star 1' S. Located 2.7' SE
of a mag 10.5 star. NGC 28 lies 4'
NE, NGC 31 5.7' ENE, 2MASX J00101851-5700419 2.5' ENE and Fairall 1 3.0'
SSE. NGC 25 is a member of AGC
2731 (distance ~420 million l.y.) and the first (SW end) in a distinctive
string of galaxies oriented WSW-ENE that includes four NGCs. A total of 9 members were logged in the
cluster.
John Herschel discovered
NGC 25 = h2309 on 28 Oct 1834 and recorded as "F; R; 30"
across." His position matches
ESO 149-019 = PGC 706.
******************************
NGC 26 = UGC 94
= MCG +04-01-034 = CGCG 477-064 = PGC 732
00 10 25.8 +25
49 55
V = 12.7; Size 1.9'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 100d
17.5"
(11/14/87): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, broad
concentration. Two mag 13.5 stars
are 1.0' NE and 1.2' N of center.
Forms a pair with NGC 23 9' NW.
13"
(12/18/82): very faint, fairly small, oval.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 26 on 14 Sep 1865 with an 11" refractor at
Copenhagen and made a total of 3 observations. His position and descriptions (combined in the NGC as
"vF, pL, R, 2 F stars north) matches UGC 94 = PGC 732.
Dreyer independently found this galaxy using LdR's 72" on 28 Sep
1875 and recorded "eF, pL, R.
Clouds came on."
******************************
NGC 27 = UGC 96
= MCG +05-01-044 = CGCG 499-063 = PGC 742
00 10 32.7 +28
59 46
V = 13.5; Size 1.2'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 117d
17.5"
(10/8/94): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE, 1.0'x0.4', broad
concentration to a brighter core.
Located 1.5' N of mag 9.5 SAO 73786. A wide pair of mag 13.5 stars are 1.4' NNW and 2.0'
NNW. Forms a pair with UGC 105 10'
SE. Alpheratz (Alpha Andromedae, V
= 2.1) lies 28' WNW.
17.5"
(10/17/87): faint, small, roundish, very small brighter core. Situated between two mag 13 and 14
stars.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 27 = Sw I-1 on 3 Aug 1884 with a 16" refractor at Warner
Observatory and recorded as "vvF; vS; E; B* nr." His position matches UGC 96 = PGC 742.
******************************
NGC 28 = PGC 730
= LEDA 395160
00 10 25.2 -56
59 21
V = 13.8; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): moderately bright, fairly small, irregularly
round, 30"x25", fairly high surface brightness, steadily increases to
a very small bright core and stellar nucleus. Located in the core of AGC 2731 with NGC 31 1.8' E, NGC 25
4' SW and PGC 394784 2.4' SSE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 28 = h2310 on 28 Oct 1834 and described as "eF, preceding
of 2. Requires attention, but no doubt remains." The 2nd object is h2311 =
NGC 31. His position matches PGC
730. This galaxy is missing from
ESO and RC3, but is included in the Southern Galaxy Catalogue (0007.9-5716)
with the correct identification.
The data in RC3 for NGC 28 refers to NGC 31 and PGC reverses the
identifications of NGC 28 and 31.
See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 29 = NGC 21
= UGC 100 = MCG +05-01-048 = CGCG 499-066 = PGC 767
00 10 46.9 +33
21 10
V = 12.7; Size 1.7'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 154d
17.5"
(10/17/87): fairly faint, fairly small, oval NNW-SSE, weak concentration. A mag 15 star is at the north
edge. Located 13' N of mag 6.8 SAO
53694. Third of three with NGC 13
and NGC 20.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 29 = H II-853 = h6 on 26 Nov 1790 (sweep 981) and noted "F,
S, E nearly in the meridian."
JH called it "pB; pL; irr figure." Swift independently found the galaxy on 20 Sep 1885 and
recorded it in list II-5. His
position was offset 1m 10 sec of RA too far west and 8' in declination, and
Dreyer, assuming it was a different object, also catalogued this galaxy again
as NGC 21. But Swift's position
for NGC 19, 7831 and 7836, all discovered on the same night, carry this same
offset. So, NGC 21 is a duplicate
observation of NGC 29, with the discovery priority going to Herschel. NGC 29 was observed 8 times using Lord
Rosse's 72" and recorded on 16 Oct 1854 as "Elongated on and s, * at
on end of neb inv, and another rather fainter s of center."
******************************
NGC 30
00 10 50.8 +21
58 37
=**, Carlson and
Corwin.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 30 = m 4 on 30 Oct 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
recorded "Neb * 13."
SDSS shows a very close double 1' N of Marth's position at 00 10 50.8
+21 58 37 (J2000). Karl Reinmuth,
in his 1926 survey based on Heidelberg plates, states "*14 and ? neb *15
nf alm att; *13.3 nff 2.9'.
Dorothy Carlson, in her 1940 lists of NGC/IC corrections, identifies NGC
30 as a double star.
******************************
NGC 31 = ESO
149-020 = PGC 751
00 10 38.5 -56
59 11
V = 13.6; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 5d
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): this is the largest of 9 members of AGC 2731
viewed. Appeared moderately
bright, moderately large, oval 3:2 N-S, 1.2'x0.8', broad concentration, bright
core. Situated in the center of
the cluster with NGC 28 1.8' W, NGC 25 5.7' SW and NGC 37 6.3' ENE. A mag 12 star lies 1.7' NNE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 31 = h2311 on 28 Oct 1834 and logged "eeF; the following of
2. Requires attention, but leaves no doubt" and on a later sweep as
"eeF; S; R." The preceding object is h2310 = NGC 28. JH's positions clearly establishes NGC
28 = PGC 730 and NGC 31 = ESO 149-020 = PGC 751. Nevertheless, the PGC reverses the identifications of NGC 28
and 31. The galaxy identified in
the RC2 as NGC 28 is actually NGC 31. The ESO entry (149- G20) for NGC 31 does
not give the NGC equivalence. The SGC (Southern Galaxy Catalogue)
identifications are correct although the PGC errata paper claims the SGC
reverses the identifications.
******************************
NGC 32
00 10 53.5 +18
47 46
=wide **,
Corwin. =several stars, RNGC.
Julius Schmidt
discovered NGC 32 = Au 1 on 10 Oct 1861 while observing Comet Encke with the
6.2-inch Plšssl refractor at Athens Observatory. Although it wasn't Schmidt's first discovery, it was
published (AN 1355) in time to be included in Auwers' 1862 list in new nebulae
and by JH as GC 16. His position
corresponds precisely with a pair of mag 13.6/14.7 stars at 27" separation
in PA = 200. Harold Corwin
identifies Schmidt's object as a double star and RNGC calls it several stars.
******************************
NGC 33
00 10 56.6 +03
40 33
=**, Corwin.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 33 = m 5 on 9 Sep 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
recorded "eF, vS, or neb st."
Karl Reinmuth, in his 1926 survey based on Heidelberg plates, describes
NGC 33 as a "? Neb *13.7, eS, R; *9.5 sp 2.0', *13.0 ssf 1.8'." The POSS shows a faint evenly matched
double star at 00 10 58 +03 40.5 located 2.0' NW of a mag 10 star. This appears to be Reinmuth's object
although the *9.5 is sf 2.0' not "sp". Corwin also identifies NGC 33 as a double star near Marth's
position.
******************************
NGC 34 = NGC 17
= MCG -02-01-032 = PGC 781
00 11 06.7 -12
06 27
V = 13.0; Size 2.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 30d
17.5"
(8/20/88): moderately bright, small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus. A close double star (WZ 1 = 12.4/13.9
at 7") is 2' W. Forms a pair
with NGC 35 6' NNE.
This
infrared-luminous galaxy is in an advanced stage of merger with a tidal tail to
the NE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 34 = Sw VI-1 on 21 Nov 1886, along with NGC 35, with a 16"
refractor at Warner Observatory.
His position and description ("equilateral triangle with 2 stars,
one a close double") matches MCG -02-01-032 = PGC 781. Frank Muller independently found this
galaxy in 1886 and reported it in list II-276 (later NGC 17). His position is 2.0 minutes of RA too
far west, but the description matches.
So, NGC 34 = NGC 17 (discovery priority unknown). Herbert Howe searched for NGC 17
unsuccessfully with the 20" refractor at Denver and concluded it was
equivalent to NGC 34 based on the similar descriptions.
******************************
NGC 35 = MCG
-02-01-033 = PGC 784
00 11 10.5 -12
01 15
V = 12.5; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 11.4
17.5"
(8/20/88): faint, very small, round, fairly even surface brightness. A mag 15 star is at the NE edge. Forms a pair with NGC 34 6' SSW.
Lewis Swift
independently discovered NGC 35 = Sw VI-2, along with NGC 34, on 21 Nov 1886.
Frank Muller also found NGC 35 = LM II-277 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at the Leander McCormick Observatory.
Swift's position is 48" N of MCG -02-01-033 = PGC 784. The discovery priority is unknown.
******************************
NGC 36 = UGC 106
= MCG +01-01-043 = CGCG 408-040 = PGC 798
00 11 22.3 +06
23 21
V = 13.2; Size 2.2'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 21d
17.5"
(8/20/88): fairly faint, fairly small, almost round, bright core. A mag 14 star lies 1.9' NE. Forms a close pair with MCG +01-01-044
1.0' E of center (not seen).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 36 = H III-456 on 25 Oct 1785 (sweep 464) and recorded "vF,
pS, irr figure." His RA is
1.0 minute too large, but it was corrected by d'Arrest and Bigourdan and the
NGC position is just 1' south of UGC 106 = PGC 798.
******************************
NGC 37 = ESO
149-022 = PGC 801 = LEDA 395521
00 11 23.0 -56
57 26
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 35d
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2
SSW-NNE, 0.6'x0.4'. Sharply
concentrated with a very bright compact core, surrounded by a low surface brightness
halo. A mag 15 star lies 0.8'
E. 2MASX J00111972-5657065 = LEDA
95382, a very compact galaxy, is just off the NW side. This member of AGC 2731 is located 6.3'
ENE of NGC 31. A couple of faint
members lie 2.5' NNE (2MASX J00112633-5655018) and 3' NE (2MASX
J00114159-5655469).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 37 = h2312 on 2 Oct 1836 and recorded as "extremely faint,
small, round.". His position
matches ESO 149-022 = PGC 801, though ESO doesn't label their catalogue entry
as NGC 37.
******************************
NGC 38 = MCG
-01-01-047 = PGC 818
00 11 47.0 -05
35 10
V = 12.7; Size 1.5'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 80d
17.5"
(8/20/88): fairly faint, small, almost round, small bright core, faint stellar
nucleus. A mag 11 star is 1.4' WNW
a mag 12 star 2.6' ENE of center.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 38 = St XII-3 on 25 Oct 1881 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and described as "F; S; R; bM; bright stellar
nucleus." His position
matches MCG -01-01-047 = PGC 818.
******************************
NGC 39 = UGC 114
= MCG +05-01-052 = CGCG 499-076 = PGC 852
00 12 19.0 +31
03 42
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(11/14/87): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, diffuse. A mag 14 star is at the south
edge. Forms a pair with NGC 43 12'
SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 39 = H III-861 = h7 on 2 Nov 1790 (sweep 975) and noted
"eF, S." JH made three
observations as well as two by d'Arrest.
******************************
NGC 40 = PK
120+9.1 = PN G120.0+09.8
00 13 01.0 +72
31 19
V = 10.6; Size 38"x35"; PA = 14d
48"
(10/23/14): this showpiece, annular planetary was viewed unfiltered
(low-excitation) at 488x and 813x and a remarkable amount of detail was
visible. The main section of NGC
40 is nearly round and 42" in diameter but outer extensions on the north
and south ends increase the dimensions to roughly 60"x48"
SSW-NNE. The darker interior
surrounding the blazing mag 11.5 central star has a very uneven surface
brightness and is slightly darker to the southwest of the central star.
The irregular
rim in much brighter along fairly narrow N-S strips on the west and east
side. The western rim is the
brighter one and somewhat patchy with a slightly darker notch to the south of
its center. At its north end is a
small, faint extension. The eastern rim is more uniform in brightness, but a
very faint, thin outer loop curls north and west at its north end! A small, detached, elongated patch
floats near the north edge, but slightly south of the tip of the outer loop to
its east. A very faint star or stellar knot is involved in this patch.
The rim is very
weak on the south side and an easy star is at the southwest end. A very small, faint detached glow was
easily visible at the southern extremity [32" SSW of the central star] of
NGC 40. This patch forms the
eastern vertex of a small triangle with a star ~10" NW (noted earlier) and
a fainter star 10" SE.
17.5"
(12/30/99): at 100x appeared (unfiltered) as a slightly elongated, moderately
bright disc surrounding a bright mag 11.5 central star. A slightly fainter mag
12 star lies 1.0' SW. This is a
low excitation PN with an OIII/H-beta ratio of just 0.4 and at 100x there was a
noticeable enhancement using the H-beta filter while it dimmed with an OIII
filter. At 220x, a star was
intermittently visible at the SW edge and the PN was slightly elongated
SSW-NNE. The best filter response
with this power was using the UHC.
The surface brightness appeared irregular -- darker around the central
star and slightly brighter along the west and east side of the rim. At 280x, the faint star I noted earlier
was barely off the SW edge and the PN was weakly annular with a brighter rim
along the west and east side and a darker center. The SW and NE ends of the halo were clearly weaker,
though. 380x provided a nice view
with subtle irregularities in the interior.
17.5"
(11/1/86): bright, moderately large, round. Contains a prominent mag 11.5 central star surrounded by a
fairly bright halo.
13"
(12/7/85): at 166x, bright central star visible centered within a fairly small
prominent disc.
13"
(10/12/85): moderately large, bright central star surrounded by a moderately
bright halo at 166x-214x using a UHC filter.
8": the
bright central star is surrounded by an easy halo.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 40 = H IV-58 = h8 on 25 Nov 1788 (sweep 886) and recorded,
"a star about 9th mag, surrounded with vF milky nebulosity; other stars of
the same size are perfectly clear from that appearance. The star is either not
round or double; but I am in the north and above the pole, I could not view it
sufficiently to determine it. Less than 1' in diameter." On 20 Nov 1829 (sweep 228), JH logged
"a star 11m with a luminous atmosphere 30" to 40"
diameter." On 29 Oct 1831 he
noted "a * 10m with strong nebulous atmosphere 15" diameter. Exactly round and pretty suddently
fading away makes a double star class 5 with a star preceding."
Based on
Crossley photographs, Curtis (1918) described, "Central star about mag
10. The nebula resembles a truncated
ring from the ends of which extend much fainter wisps. The brighter central portion is
38"x35" in PA 14¡, while the total length along this axis is about
60"."
******************************
NGC 41 = MCG
+04-01-039 = CGCG 478-042 = PGC 865
00 12 48.0 +22
01 25
V = 13.6; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6
17.5"
(11/14/87): faint, small, round, broad concentration. Forms a pair with NGC 42 5' NNE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 41 = m 6 on 30 Oct 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta (along
with m 7 = NGC 42) and logged as
"pF, S, lE, gbM."
******************************
NGC 42 = UGC 118
= MCG +04-01-041 = CGCG 478-043 = PGC 867
00 12 56.3 +22
06 02
V = 13.8; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 115d
17.5"
(11/14/87): fairly faint, very small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus,
compact. Forms a pair with NGC 41
5' SSW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 42 = m 7 (along with NGC 41) on 30 Oct 1864 with Lassell's
48" on Malta and logged "F, vS, stell."
******************************
NGC 43 = UGC 120
= MCG +05-01-054 = CGCG 499-079 = PGC 875
00 13 00.8 +30
54 55
V = 12.6; Size 1.6'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(11/14/87): fairly faint, very small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus. A mag 13 star is 49" NW of
center. Forms a pair with NGC 39
12' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 43 = h9 on 11 Nov 1827 and logged as "eF; has a 12m star
45" dist; pos 325¡?" His
position is 2' N of UGC 120 = PGC 875 (nearby NGC 39 is also offset 1.5' too
far N).
******************************
NGC 44
00 13 13.4 +31
17 11
=**,
Corwin. Not found, RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 44 = h10 on 22 Nov 1827 and logged as "eF, vS; not to be
seen but in the clearest night."
There is a faint, very close double star at his position (00 13 13.4 +31
17 11) on the SDSS. Karl Reinmuth,
in his 1926 survey based on Heidelberg plates, appears to identify this double
star as NGC 44: "cF, eS, E, ident doubtful; BD +30d17 npp 6.6'; double
star 16 and 12.5 nf 1.5', *14 sf 1.3'." Corwin's confirms the identification as a double star.
******************************
NGC 45 = ESO
473-001 = MCG -04-01-021 = UGCA 4 = PGC 930
00 14 03.9 -23
10 52
V = 10.6; Size 8.5'x5.9'; Surf Br = 14.7; PA = 142d
17.5"
(8/2/86): faint, large, almost round, very diffuse. A mag 10 star is attached at the south end. Located 4' ENE of mag 7 SAO
166132! Both stars interfere with
viewing.
13"
(12/7/85): extremely faint, fairly large.
A mag 7 star 4' WSW detracts from observation.
13"
(8/24/84): only suspected at visual threshold. The nearby mag 7 star interferes with viewing.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 45 = h 2313 on 11 Nov 1835 and logged "extremely faint;
large; round; very gradually very little brighter in the middle; attached to
and nearly involving a large star; the following of two. A very faint object of
singular appearance, 3 or 4' diameter; forms a kind of cometic appendage to the
star, which, however, is quite at the edge." His position is 9 sec of RA west of ESO 473-001 (error
corrected by Herbert Howe in 1900).
******************************
NGC 46
00 14 09.8 +05
59 16
=*, Carlson and
Corwin.
Edward Cooper
discovered NGC 46 = Au 2 on 22 Oct 1852 at the Markree Observatory, and noted
as a nebulous star while compiling the Markree Ecliptic Catalogue. There is only a mag 12.2 star at his
position. Auwers reported only
finding a sharp, nebulous star on 28 and 30 Sep 1861, but included it in his
1862 list of new nebulae. Bigourdan also reported he could not find a nebula at
the Markree position.
******************************
NGC 47 = NGC 58
= MCG -01-01-055 = PGC 967
00 14 30.7 -07
10 04
V = 13.0; Size 2.0'x2.0'; Surf Br = 14.4
17.5"
(8/20/88): fairly faint, fairly small, oval WNW-ESE, bright core. Collinear with mag 9 SAO 128650 5.4'
WSW and a mag 10 star 4.5' WSW. In
a group with NGC 54 10' ENE and NGC 50 11' SSE.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 47 in 1886 with the 11-inch refractor at the Arcetri
Observatory. There is no published
record on his observation, so the discovery must have been communicated
directly to Dreyer, but Tempel's position matches MCG -01-01-055 = PGC
967. Lewis Swift likely discovered
this galaxy again on 21 Oct 1886, though his position for Sw V-3 (later NGC 58)
is 1 min of RA east of PGC 967.
The discovery priority is unknown.
******************************
NGC 48 = UGC 133
= MCG +08-01-031 = CGCG 549-027 = PGC 929
00 14 02.1 +48
14 05
V = 13.6; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 15d
17.5"
(8/31/86): third and largest of six in a group (first of three NGC galaxies
with NGC 49 and NGC 51 along with the IC trio 1534/1535/1536!). Fairly faint, slightly elongated
SSW-NNE, even surface brightness, diffuse. Lower surface brightness than NGC 49 and NGC 51 but larger.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 48 = Sw II-6, along with NGC 49 and 51, on 7 Sep 1885 with the
16" refractor at Warner Observatory.
His position is 0.7 min of RA east of UGC 1337. Bigourdan measured an accurate
position on 13 Oct 1890 (repeated in the IC 2 Notes) and as well as E.E.
Barnard, who found them without prior knowledge (AN 4136).
******************************
NGC 49 = UGC 136
= MCG +08-01-033 = CGCG 549-029 = PGC 952
00 14 22.4 +48
14 48
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 165d
17.5"
(8/31/86): fifth of six in the NGC 51 group. Fairly faint, small, almost round, bright core. Second of three NGC galaxies and
situated between NGC 48 and 51.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 49 = Sw II-7, along with NGC 48 and 51, on 7 Sep 1885 with the
16" refractor at Warner Observatory.
His position is 0.5 min of RA east of UGC 136, though his description
"middle one of 3 in line" pins downs the identification. Bigourdan measured an accurate position
on 13 Oct 1890 (repeated in the IC 2 Notes) and as well as Barnard (AN 4136). Barnard's sketch of the field was
published in AN 4136.
******************************
NGC 50 = MCG
-01-01-058 = PGC 983
00 14 44.7 -07
20 43
V = 11.6; Size 2.3'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 155d
17.5"
(8/20/88): fairly bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE. Rises to a small, very bright
core. Brightest in a group with
MCG -01-01-057 3' NNW (logged as "faint, very small, round") and NGC
47 11' NNW.
Gaspare Ferrari
discovered NGC 50 = Nova #13 = Sw V-1 on 8 Jan 1866 while searching for Biela's
Comet. He was using the 9.5-inch
Merz equatorial at the College Romain as an assistant to Father Angelo Secchi
(see AN 1571). His position
matches MCG -01-01-058 = PGC 983. Lewis Swift found this galaxy again on
21 Oct 1886 and reported it as new in his 5th discovery list (#1). His
position is 12 sec of RA too large and 25" too far south. Swift
noted Sw. V-1 was identical to GC 5092 in the errata section of his 6th
discovery list. Ferrari missed NGC 47 just 11' NNW, which was independently
found by Wilhelm Tempel and Swift. Only two out of the 14 objects found
by Ferrari (Dreyer instead attributed discoveries to the director Angelo
Secchi) can be identified with certainty!
Dreyer credited Secchi, instead of Ferrari, in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 51 = UGC 138
= MCG +08-01-035 = CGCG 549-031 = PGC 974
00 14 34.9 +48
15 20
V = 13.1; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(8/31/86): fairly faint, fairly small, round, small bright core. A faint star is superimposed on SE edge
(or a companion galaxy). Brightest
and last of six in the group. Also
the third of three NGC galaxies in the NGC 51 group.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 51 = Sw II-8 on 7 Sep 1885, along with NGC 48 and 49, with the
16" refractor at the Warner Observatory. His RA is 0.5 min too large (similar offset as the other
two). Bigourdan measured an
accurate position on 13 Oct 1890 (repeated in the IC 2 Notes) and as well as
Barnard (AN 4136).
******************************
NGC 52 = UGC 140
= MCG +03-01-030 = CGCG 456-042 = PGC 978
00 14 40.1 +18
34 54
V = 13.3; Size 2.1'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 127d
17.5"
(11/14/87): fairly faint, small, thin edge-on 5:1 WNW-ESE, weak concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 52 = H III-183 = h11 on 18 Sep 1784 (sweep 277) and recorded
"eF, S, irr E." The NGC position is 0.4 min of RA east of UGC 140 = PGC
978. Bigourdan measured an
accurate position on 13 Nov 1889 (repeated in the IC 2 Notes section).
******************************
NGC 53 = ESO
111-020 = PGC 982
00 14 42.8 -60
19 44
V = 12.6; Size 2.0'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 160d
30"
(11/6/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): moderately bright and large, elongated 5:3
N-S, 1.2'x0.7'. Broadly
concentrated then suddenly condenses to a sharp stellar nucleus. A mag 11 star lies 1.7' W of
center. A faint star lies 1' NE of
center [on the DSS it appears to be a very close double]. Several mag 10-12 stars are in the
field.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 53 = h2314 on 15 Sep 1836 and recorded "extremely faint;
round; very little brighter in the middle; 30" across." His position matches ESO 111-020 = PGC
982.
******************************
NGC 54 = MCG
-01-01-060 = PGC 1011
00 15 07.7 -07
06 25
V = 13.8; Size 1.2'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 93d
17.5"
(8/20/88): fairly faint, small, very elongated 3:1 E-W, even surface
brightness. Located 10' ENE of NGC
47 in a group.
Wilhelm Tempel
independently discovered NGC 54 in 1886 with the 11-inch refractor at the
Arcetri Observatory, along with Lewis Swift (V-2) on 21 Oct 1886 with the
16" refractor at the Warner Observatory. Tempel's observation doesn't appear in any of his lists so
the discovery must have been communicated directly to Dreyer and the discovery
priority is unknown. Swift's
published position is 10 sec of RA east and 27" S of MCG -01-01-060 = PGC 1011,
but the RA is accurately stated in the NGC (probably from Tempel).
******************************
NGC 55 = IC 1537
= ESO 293-050 = MCG -07-01-013 = PGC 1014
00 15 05.9 -39
13 01
V = 7.9; Size 32.4'x5.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 108d
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran): NGC 55 nearly filled the 37' field of the 21mm Ethos
at 264x, extending close to 30' in length WNW-ESE and roughly 4' in width. The
structure was fascinating at 429x with a highly irregular surface brightness
due to dusty patches and rifts along with bright clumps and knots. The
"bright" central section, which is offset WNW of center, spans ~9' in
length. At the west end of the central section, the surface brightness
dims significantly and the galaxy tapers, extending several arc minutes further
WNW. At the ESE side of the central portion is a bright, elongated,
mottled core, roughly 1' in length and bulging slightly. Just ESE of the core are two noticeable
knots; the first is small but elongated, the second knot is very bright and
elongated. With careful viewing the second knot resolved into two
individual pieces or clumps. Continuing further ESE, the surface
brightness drops significantly very quickly and a large, elongated dark wedge
appears to take a bite out of the galaxy. Just as the galaxy begins to
brighten again towards the ESE end, there is another bright round knot and a
second very small piece just detached to the ENE. At the ESE tip the
galaxy brightens a bit more and has an irregular, patchy appearance with a
couple of brighter stars superimposed.
20" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): viewed at nearly 60¡ elevation at 212x,
this huge galaxy was an amazing sight and overfilled the 23' field (at least
25' in length). Near the core were two small, prominent HII knots. A
couple of additional low surface brightness knots were visible further east
along the mottled extensions. The appearance was asymmetric with the
brighter WNW section bulging slightly.
17.5"
(11/1/86): very large, edge-on 6:1 WNW-ESE, 16'x3'. Very asymmetric with
a bright, elongated western portion, darker center and a faint eastern section
(IC 1537). Faint stars are involved at the west side. The eastern
portion appears tilted at a slight angle to the main western portion.
13"
(11/5/83): fairly bright. The very faint eastern portion is near detached
from the bright WNW section.
8"
(9/25/81): very large, very elongated, brighter to the west, very faint eastern
section.
15x50 IS
binoculars (10/21/06): although very low in the southern sky, visible as a
faint, relatively large elongated patch using handheld IS binoculars. Easy
to locate 3.8¡ NW of Alpha Phe as the galaxy is exactly collinear with three
mag 7 stars to the east that are aligned east to west.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 55 = D 507 = h2315 on 7 Jul 1826 from Parramatta, New South
Wales. Using his 9-inch f/12
speculum reflector, he described it as "a beautiful long nebula, about 25'
in length; position N.p. and S.f., a little brighter towards the middle, but
extremely faint and diluted to the extremities. I see several minute points or
stars in it, as it were through the nebula: the nebulous matter of the south
extremity is extremely rare, and of a delicate bluish hue. This is a beautiful
object." Dunlop sketched the galaxy and observed it on four occasions.
JH first
observed this galaxy from the Cape on 3 May 1834: "bright; very large;
very much elongated in a long irregular train, the preceding end being much the
brightest. Whole length = 1.5 diam. of field, or 22' The nucleus is either a
double star or a much more sharply terminated nebulous mass, elongated in a
different position (146.5 ) from that of the nebula (109.8 )." He observed
it again on 23 October 1835, recording it as "very bright; very large;
very much elongated; at least 25' long and 3' broad. The following part is faint,
the preceding and shorter trinuclear the 2d, nucleus taken. A strange
object." His final observation on 4 October 1836 reads: "very bright,
very large; a very long irregular crooked ray with 3 nuclei, the second of
which appears to consist of stars." His sketch of the galaxy (fig. 8,
plate IV) clearly shows its convoluted form and three brighter sections. In his
discussion, he grouped it together with the galaxy NGC 300 and the star cluster
NGC 1950 as "nebulae of irregular forms having a tendency to several
centres of condensation; in the case of [NGC 1950] but little conspicuous - in
that of [NGC 55] (otherwise remarkable for its extravagant length and crooked
shape) much more so, while in [NGC 300], the formation of separate nuclei is
decided, the intermediate faint nebula barely sufficing to mark them as forming
a connected system."
Corwin notes
that Sw XI-2 = IC 1537, found by Swift on 23 Sep 1897 and described as
"eeeF; vL; eE; close f NGC 55; f of 2." is actually the ESE arm of
NGC 55, which was first seen and sketched by Dunlop. Joseph Turner sketched NGC 55 using the 48" Great
Melbourne Telescope. See
http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/lithograph_m_1_2.php. He reported "The present
appearance agrees well with H.'s description and drawing. The 'following'
portion is now much fainter than shown by H.'s sketch; indeed it is so very
faint that its exact outlines cannot with certainty be determined, a faint
whitishness being all that can be made out, while the star-like appearance
described by H. in his portion cannot now be seen. The 'preceding' portion is
still, as shown by H., much the brightest. There are still three nuclei, the
centre one of which is much the brightest. H. says this one appears to consist
of stars; but although I have tried several powers, I cannot with any
certainty, determine this point, although it has, at times, a sparkling
appearance. The 'following' portion of this nebula appears to have become much
fainter since H. observed it."
******************************
NGC 56
00 15 24 +12 26
=Not found,
Carlson and Corwin.
John Herschel
found NGC 56 = h12 on 13 Oct 1825 and logged "about this place a
considerable space seems affected by nebulosity." Neither Guillaume Bigourdan nor ƒdouard
Stephan found anything near Herschel's position and nothing was found on Mount
Wilson and Lick photographs. RNGC
classifies the number as nonexistent.
See Corwin's notes for more.
******************************
NGC 57 = UGC 145
= MCG +03-01-031 = CGCG 456-046 = PGC 1037
00 15 30.9 +17
19 43
V = 11.6; Size 2.2'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 40d
24"
(9/16/17): at 375x; moderately bright and large, round, diffuse outer halo,
1'-1.2' diameter, but well concentrated with a small bright core and occasional
sharp stellar nucleus. IC 4,
located 31' NW, appeared fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated N-S,
35"x25". No significant
concentration but contains a quasi-stellar nucleus with direct vision.
17.5"
(11/14/87): moderately bright, fairly small, round, bright core, stellar
nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 57 = H II-241 = H II-243 = h13 on 8 Oct 1784 (sweep 286) and
recorded (for II-241) "pS, cometic, but hazy weather." A couple of
nights later he logged this galaxy again as II-243, "faint, small,
irregularly round." In the
GC, JH notes that Auwers misidentified H II-243, which is identical to H II-241
(the confusion was caused by an omitted offset star). This galaxy was observed 7 times at Birr Castle and the 26
Oct 1854 observation reads "vF, I think it is resolvable [mottled]."
******************************
NGC 58 = NGC 47
= MCG -01-01-055 = PGC 967
00 14 30.7 -07
10 04
See observing
notes for NGC 47.
Lewis Swift
found NGC 58 = Sw V-3 on 21 Oct 1886, in a trio with NGC 50 and NGC 54, with a
16" refractor at Warner Observatory.
There is nothing at Swift's position but his description reads "vF,
pS, R, wide D * near sp"; 3rd of 3. Herbert Howe, using the 20"
refractor at Chamberlin Observatory, was unable to find NGC 58 on two nights
and suggested that NGC 58 is a duplicate of NGC 47, discovered earlier by
Wilhelm Tempel in 1886. This
requires that Swift's RA for NGC 58 was 1.1 minutes too large. Despite Swift's comment "3rd of
3", his description of a "wide D[ouble] star nr sp" applies to
NGC 47, making this equivalence very likely. Dreyer repeats Howe's efforts in the IC II Notes and adds
"probably = [NGC] 47".
See Corwin's notes for the full story.
******************************
NGC 59 = ESO
539-004 = MCG -04-01-026 = PGC 1034
00 15 25.3 -21
26 42
V = 12.4; Size 2.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 127d
17.5"
(8/20/88): fairly faint, fairly small, oval WNW-ESE, large bright core. There are four mag 13-14 stars to the
west.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 59 = LM I-1 on 10 Nov 1885 and recorded "pS, iR, lE 120¡". His very rough RA (to nearest tmin) is
coincidentally just 0.2 tmin E of ESO 539-004 = PGC 1034 and the position angle
matches. In the paper
"Southern Nebulae" from Leander McCormick Observatory, the position
was micrometrically measured and pinpoints ESO 539-004.
******************************
NGC 60 = UGC 150
= MCG +00-01-048 = CGCG 382-037 = PGC 1058
00 15 58.4 -00
18 13
V = 14.1; Size 1.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 155d
17.5"
(8/20/88): extremely faint, small, round.
A mag 15 star is off the west edge. Located 17' due east of mag 8 SAO 128658.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 60 = St XII-4 on 2 Nov 1882 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and recorded "eeF; vS; R; lbM." His position matches UGC 150 = PGC
1058.
******************************
NGC 61 = (R)NGC
61A = MCG -01-01-062 = PGC 1083
00 16 24.5 -06
19 21
V = 13.6; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(8/20/88): this is a double system with the brighter component (NGC 61A = MCG
-01-01-062) at the SSE end appearing faint, very small, contains a small bright
core. In a common halo with NGC
61B = MCG -01-01-063 at the NNW edge.
The fainter component appeared very faint, extremely small, round.
Located near the Cetus border. MCG -01-01-065 lies 10' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 61 = H III-428 = h14 on 10 Sep 1785 (sweep 435) and logged
"vF; vS; irr figure." JH
called it "F; R psbM; 15"." The declination in RNGC (copied from MCG) is 5' too
large. The correct dec is given in
RC3. RC3 and MCG identify the galaxy
as NGC 61A.
******************************
NGC 62 = MCG
-02-01-043 = Holm 5a = PGC 1125
00 17 05.5 -13
29 13
V = 11.5; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 11.6; PA = 130d
17.5"
(8/20/88): fairly faint, small, oval WSW-ENE, weak concentration. Located between mag 7.2 SAO 147195 9'
WNW and mag 6.5 SAO 147208 13' E.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 62 = St XIII-2 on 8 Oct 1883 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and logged as "F, vS, R, glbM." His position matches MCG -02-01-043 =
PGC 1125. This is the southernmost
galaxy discovered by Stephan.
Francis Leavenworth independently found this nebula in 1886 and included
it in list I-2. His rough position
was 1.5 tmin too far W (typical error).
******************************
NGC 63 = UGC 167
= MCG +02-01-030 = CGCG 433-042 = PGC 1160
00 17 45.4 +11
27 01
V = 11.6; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 108d
17.5"
(12/19/87): fairly bright, fairly small, very elongated ~E-W, bright core,
stellar nucleus.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 63 = Sf 96 on 27 Aug 1865 with an 11" refractor at
Copenhagen and recorded (combining two observations) "class II, round,
35", mag 16 nucleus; lying between two mag 12 and 13 stars, the first
precedes the nebula by 9.7 sec."
His position and description matches UGC 167.
Truman Safford
made an independent discovery on 30 Sep 1867 with the 18.5" refractor at
the Dearborn Observatory as well as Hermann Vogel on 16 Aug 1868 (he credited
d'Arrest) with the 8.5" refractor at the Leipzig Observatory . Dreyer observed NGC 63 at Birr Castle
on 30 Oct 1877 and logged, "pB, pS, oval p f, smbM. Inside a triangle of 3 st 12, one of
them in PA 268.9 (W), Dist 143.7", the 2 others about the same distance np
and f."
******************************
NGC 64 = MCG
-01-01-068 = PGC 1149
00 17 30.3 -06
49 30
V = 13.2; Size 1.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 30d
17.5"
(10/8/88): faint, fairly small, elongated SW-NE, weak concentration. An anonymous galaxy (2MASXi
J0018358-070255) lies 21' SE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 64 = Sw V-4 on 21 Oct 1886 with the 16" refractor at Warner
Observatory. His position is 17
sec of RA east and 1.6' south of MCG -01-01-068 = PGC 1149.
Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using the 20"
refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 65 = ESO
473-010A = MCG -04-02-001 = PGC 1229
00 18 58.7 -22
52 50
V = 13.4; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 178d
17.5"
(8/20/88): faint, small, round.
Located 2.6' WNW of mag 8.8 SAO 166184. Forms a pair with NGC 66 3.6' SSE.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 65 = LM II-278 (along with NGC 66 = LM II-279) in 1886. His position is 1.0 minute of RA west
of ESO 473-010A = PGC 1229.
Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using the 20"
refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes). The MCG entry
for this galaxy (-04-02-001) gives the NGC designation as
"uncertain".
******************************
NGC 66 = ESO
473-010 = MCG -04-02-002 = PGC 1236
00 19 05 -22 56
18
V = 13.4; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 32d
17.5"
(8/20/88): faint, small, slightly elongated SSW-NNE, even surface
brightness. Located 1.4' S of mag
8.8 SAO 166184. Forms a pair with
NGC 65 3' NNW.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 66 = LM II-279 (along with NGC 65 = LM II-278) in 1886. His position is 1 min of RA west and 1'
south of ESO 473-010 = PGC 1236.
His description of a mag 9 star 1.2' NNE matches this galaxy. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory
(repeated in the IC 2 notes). The
MCG entry for this galaxy (-04-02-002) gives the NGC designation was "uncertain".
******************************
NGC 67 = Arp 113
= VV 166g = Holm 6e = PGC 138159
00 18 12.2 +30
03 19
V = 15.6; Size 0.45'x0.3'; PA = 112d
24"
(9/15/12): very faint, very small, round, 12"-15" diameter, just
visible continuously. This galaxy is at the west end of the NGC 68 group and on
a line extending northeast with PGC 1185, NGC 68 and NGC 70 with each galaxy separated
from the next by less than 1'. PGC
1185, misidentified in most catalogues as NGC 67 and the faintest galaxy in the
central region, is situated just 44" NE. PGC 1185 appeared extremely faint and small, 8"
diameter.
18"
(11/14/09): this galaxy and PGC 1185 were the faintest members viewed in the
NGC 68 group. NGC 67 appeared as a
mag 16 threshold glow 1.7' SW of NGC 68.
It required averted to occasionally glimpse, though a few times I could
tell it was elongated. In a
22" scope, I was able to hold this galaxy continuously at over 400x.
PGC 1185 was
occasionally glimpsed as a threshold "star" sandwiched between this
galaxy and NGC 68 (0.8' from both galaxies). Most sources identify PGC 1185 as NGC 67 and this galaxy as
NGC 67A or anonymous although it was clearly shown on Rosse's sketch of the
field. The identification is
corrected on the NGC/IC Project site.
17.5"
(8/27/87): extremely faint and small.
First in the NGC 68 group of 9 with NGC 68 0.9' NE, NGC 69 1.8' SE and
NGC 71 1.9' E. This observation
may apply to NGC 67 or PGC 1185 very close NE.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 67 using LdR's 72" on 7 Oct 1855, while observing and
sketching the NGC 68 group (plate XXV, fig 1 in the 1861 publication). PGC 1185 (close northeast) is misidentified
as NGC 67 in various sources including Megastar. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 68 = Arp 113
= VV 166b = Holm 6a = UGC 170 = MCG +05-01-065 = CGCG 499-106 = WBL 007-008 =
PGC 1187
00 18 18.5 +30
04 18
V = 12.9; Size 1.2'x1.1'
24"
(9/15/12): at 322x appeared fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small,
round, 25" diameter, high surface brightness though contains a brighter
nucleus. One of the brighter
members in a dense group of galaxies and forms a tight trio with NGC 70 1.0' NE
and NGC 71 1.3' SE. In addition,
CGCG 499-104 is just 57" SW.
In total, 10 galaxies were logged in a 5' circle!
18"
(11/14/09): fairly faint, small, round, 25" diameter. Appears as a compact knot (like a core)
of moderate surface brightness with no outer halo. Forms the southwest vertex of a tight trio with NGC 70 and
NGC 71 in a dense group.
17.5"
(8/27/87): faint, small, slightly elongated WNW-ESE, weak concentration. This galaxy is the brightest in a
compact group and first in an interconnected trio with NGC 70 1.0' NE and NGC
71 1.2' SE. An extremely difficult
galaxy, NGC 67, is just 0.9' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 68 = H V-16 = h15 on 11 Sep 1784 (sweep 266) and recorded
"eF, 5 or 6' dia, 3 or 4 stars in it; but they seem to have connection
with it." This is the only
galaxy Herschel discovered in the group, but he listed it in his fifth class of
"large" nebulae, and Corwin comments it's likely he saw the merged
light of NGC's 68, 70, and 71 (3 brightest in a small triangle in the
core). JH made a similar
observation. On 16 Sep 1828 he
wrote "An extr F cluster with neb 5' diam. Several *s 15...18m.
Seen distinctly, but there is also unresolved nebulosity. R.J. Mitchell, observing with the
72" on 7 Oct 1855, made a sketch of NGC 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74 (1861
LdR publication). The NGC position
matches UGC 170 = PGC 1187.
******************************
NGC 69 = Arp 113
= VV 166e = Holm 6f = MCG +05-01-066 = CGCG 499-105 = WBL 007-007 = PGC 1191
00 18 20.5 +30
02 24
V = 14.8; Size 0.5'x0.3'
24"
(9/15/12): faint, very small, round, 15" diameter, bright quasi-stellar
nucleus. Member of the compact NGC
68 group and first in a string with NGC 72 1.8' E and NGC 72A 3.0' E.
18"
(11/14/09): very faint, extremely small, round, 15" diameter. Located 1.6' SSE of NGC 71 and a
similar separation due west of NGC 72.
17.5"
(8/27/87): extremely faint and small, faint stellar nucleus. In the core of the NGC 68 group with
NGC 67 1.8' NW, NGC 71 1.6' NNE, NGC 72 1.8' E.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 69 on 7 Oct 1855 using LdR's 72", while observing the NGC
68 group. It's clearly shown on
the sketch on plate XXV in the 1861 publication. The NGC position matches CGCG
499-105 = PGC 1191.
******************************
NGC 70 = Arp 113
= VV 166a = Holm 6c = UGC 174 =
MCG +05-01-067 = CGCG 499-108 = WBL 007-010 = IC 1539 = PGC 1194
00 18 22.6 +30
04 47
V = 13.5; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 0d
24"
(9/15/12): fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated
~N-S. Extends between two mag 14
stars separated by 42".
Sharply concentrated with a small, high surface brightness core and a
much fainter halo.
18"
(11/14/09): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 N-S, sandwiched between
two mag 13.5-14 stars at the NNE and SW ends [42" separation]. Sharply concentrated with a very small
bright core and a diffuse, low surface brightness halo that might extend to
0.8'x0.6', though the stars confuse the extent of the halo. Forms the northern member of a very
tight trio with NGC 71 1' SSE and NGC 68 1' SW. A total of 9 members were viewed within a 7' circle!
17.5"
(8/27/87): very faint, very small, round, small bright core. Located in the core of NGC 68 group and
nearly between two mag 13.5 stars 25" NE and 20" SSW. In an interconnected trio with NGC 68
1.0' SW and NGC 71 1.0' SSE.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 70 on 7 Oct 1855 while observing the NGC 68 group. It was accurately placed on the sketch
(plate XXV, fig 1) in the 1861 publication. The NGC position matches UGC 174 = PGC 1194. Bigourdan found the galaxy again on 19
Dec 1897, while misidentifying a star as NGC 70, and NGC 70 was catalogued a
2nd time as IC 1539. See Corwin's
notes.
Heber Curtis, in
his 1918 description of nebulae photographed with the Crossley reflector at
Lick, misidentified NGC 70 as NGC 68.
******************************
NGC 71 = Arp 113
= VV 166c = Holm 6b = UGC 173 = MCG +05-01-068 = CGCG 499-107 = WBL 007-009 =
PGC 1197
00 18 23.5 +30
03 48
V = 13.2; Size 1.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.4
24"
(9/15/12): fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, round, sharply
concentrated with a high surface brightness 0.4' core and a much fainter halo
to 40" diameter. In a tight
group of 10 galaxies including NGC 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, along with
numerous stars mixed in! A mag 14
star is 40" ENE.
18"
(11/14/09): fairly faint, small, round, 25" diameter. Compact appearance with a fairly high
uniform surface brightness. A mag
13.5 star is close following [38" ENE]. Forms the SE vertex of a tight equilateral triangle of
galaxies with NGC 68 and NGC 70.
17.5"
(8/27/87): very faint, small, oval ~E-W, weak concentration. Member of the NGC 68 group and third in
a close trio with NGC 68 1.2' NW and NGC 70 1.0' NNW.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 71 on 7 Oct 1855 while observing the NGC 68 group. It was accurately placed on the sketch
(plate XXV, fig 1) in the 1861 publication. Heinrich d'Arrest independently found the galaxy on 23 Sep
1865.
******************************
NGC 72 = Arp 113
= VV 166d = Holm 6d = UGC 176 = MCG +05-01-069 = CGCG 499-109 = WBL 007-011 =
PGC 1204
00 18 28.3 +30
02 26
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 15d
24"
(9/15/12): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, 30"x24", very
small brighter nucleus. Member of
the compact NGC 68 group and in a string with NGC 60 1.7' W and NGC 72A 1.3'
ESE.
18"
(11/14/09): faint, small, slightly elongated, 35"x30" diameter, low
even surface brightness. Located
2-3' SE of a tight trio (NGC 68/70/71).
NGC 72A, an extremely compact galaxy, lies 1.3' E.
17.5"
(8/27/87): very faint, very small, elongated ~E-W, weak concentration. Located in the core of the NGC 68 group
with NGC 72A 1.3' ESE, NGC 69 1.8' W, NGC 71 1.7' NW.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 72 on 7 Oct 1855 while observing the NGC 68 group. It was accurately placed on the sketch
(plate XXV, fig 1) in the 1861 publication. The NGC position matches UGC 176 = PGC 1204.
******************************
NGC 73 = MCG
-03-01-026 = PGC 1211
00 18 39.0 -15
19 20
V = 12.7; Size 1.8'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 145d
17.5"
(8/20/88): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, small bright core. A mag 14/15 double star is close
following (separation of 24" oriented SW-NE).
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 73 = Sw V-5 on 21 Oct 1886 with a 16" refractor at Warner
Observatory and logged "vF; S; R; vF D* close following." His position is 30" N of MCG
-03-01-026 = PGC 1211 and his comment about the "vF D * close f"
applies.
******************************
NGC 74 = MCG
+05-01-071 = PGC 1219
00 18 49.3 +30
03 42
V = 14.5; Size 0.8'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 130d
24"
(9/15/12): faint or fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 NW-SE,
0.6'x0.25', broad weak concentration.
On the east side of the NGC 67-72 group, 5.6' due east of NGC 71.
18"
(11/14/09): extremely faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 NW-SE,
0.6'x0.2'. Appears as a phantom
streak with averted vision.
Located ~6' E of the NGC 68/70/71 triple and furthest east member of the
group.
17.5"
(8/27/87): very faint, small, elongated NW-SE, diffuse, even surface
brightness. Located 6' E of NGC 71
at the east edge of the NGC 68/NGC 70 group.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 74 on 7 Oct 1855 while observing the NGC 68 group. It was accurately placed on the sketch
(plate XXV, fig 1) in the 1861 publication. Bigourdan measured an accurate position on 29 Sep 1886,
matching PGC 1219.
******************************
NGC 75 = UGC 182
= MCG +01-01-051 = CGCG 408-048 = PGC 1255
00 19 26.4 +06
26 57
V = 13.2; Size 1.4'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.9
17.5"
(8/20/88): faint, small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus. Located 5' SE of an isosceles triangle
of mag 11/12 stars with sides 1.3', 1.6' and 1.7'. Mag 7.2 SAO 109145 lies 13' SE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 75 = Sw V-6 on 22 Oct 1886 with a 16" refractor at Warner
Observatory. His position is 6 sec
of RA west and 48" north of UGC 182 = PGC 1255.
******************************
NGC 76 = UGC 185
= MCG +05-01-072 = CGCG 499-111 = Holm 8a = WBL 007-013 = PGC 1267
00 19 37.8 +29
56 01
V = 13.3; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 80d
24"
(8/31/16): fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated
E-W, 30"x25", very small bright nucleus. Forms a close pair with MCG +05-01-073 1.1' E. The companion is very faint, small,
round, 15" diameter, low surface brightness. A mag 15.0 star is 30" NE. Member of the NGC 68/70 Group (VV 166).
17.5"
(8/27/87): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated ~E-W, small bright core.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 76 = Big. 1 on 22 Sep 1884 with the 12" refractor
at the Paris Observatory. This was
Bigourdan's first discovery.
******************************
NGC 77 = ESO
473-015 = PGC 1290
00 20 01.6 -22
31 56
V = 14.6; Size 0.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.5
17.5"
(12/20/95): extremely faint spot on the threshold of visibility with averted
vision. Only glimpsed for moments
several times although sighting certain.
Located 3.1' ESE of a mag 11.5 star. Next closest is a 14th mag star 4.0' WSW. Incorrectly identified in the RNGC as
MCG -04-02-003.
17.5"
(10/21/95): not seen, though viewed through thin clouds.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 77 = LM II-280 in 1886 using the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick observatory in Charlottesville, Virginia. Although the discovery positions at the observatory were
generally very imprecise due to poorly calibrated circles (in this case off by
30 tsec in RA), Howe measured an accurate position (given in the IC 2 Notes
section), which matches ESO 473-015 = PGC 1290. Furthermore, Muller stated a mag 9 star lies 2.8' W (in PA
280¡) and a mag 11 star is 3.1' WNW in PA 282¡. ESO and SGC correctly identify this galaxy as NGC 77, but
the RNGC misidentifies MCG -04-02-003 as NGC 77. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using
the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 78 = (R)NGC
78A = UGC 193 = MCG +00-02-004 = CGCG 383-001 = Mrk 547 = PGC 1306
00 20 25.8 +00
49 35
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 80d
17.5"
(8/20/88): this is a double system with the southwestern member appearing
faint, very small, round, bright core.
The companion is attached at the northeast end and appears very faint,
very small, round, low even surface brightness. The two components are separated by just 30" and are
within a common halo.
Frederick PechŸle
discovered NGC 78 around 1876 using the 11-inch Merz refractor at the
Copenhagen Observatory. The
discovery must have been communicated directly to Dreyer as it was included in
the GC Supplement (5094), but there was no published announcement. The NGC position is 1.5' north of UGC
193 = PGC 1306. This is a double galaxy and identified as NGC 78A in MCG and
RC3 . The RNGC designations are
reversed in RA.
******************************
NGC 79 = MCG
+04-02-003 = CGCG 479-003 = WBL 009-002 = PGC 1340
00 21 02.9 +22
34 00
V = 14.0; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0
18"
(11/22/08): fairly faint, small, round, 25" diameter, broad weak
concentration. This member of the
NGC 80 cluster situated between NGC 86 located 6' E and IC 1542 located 5.2'
WNW.
17.5"
(9/19/87): faint, fairly small, almost round, broad concentration. Located at the NW end of the NGC 80
group 9.1' NW of NGC 83. NGC 80
lies 13' SSE.
13"
(9/29/84): faint, very small, slightly elongated.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 79 = Big. 2, along with NGC 86 and 94, on 14 Nov 1884
with the 12" at the Paris Observatory at the NW end of the NGC 80
group. His position matches CGCG
479-003 = PGC 1340. 10 days later
he also picked up NGC 96.
******************************
NGC 80 = UGC 203
= MCG +04-02-004 = CGCG 479-006 = WBL 009-003 = PGC 1351
00 21 10.9 +22
21 26
V = 12.1; Size 1.6'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.0
18"
(11/22/08): this giant lenticular galaxy is the brightest in a rich group of 20
galaxies viewed in a 25' circle.
At 283x it appeared fairly bright, moderately large, round, 1.0'
diameter. Sharply concentrated
with a very bright 30" core that increases to the center and a much
fainter outer halo. The closest
cluster members are NGC 81 1.6' NNE, 2MASX J00205474+2222017 3.7' WNW and NGC
83 5.3' NNE.
17.5"
(9/19/87): moderately bright, fairly small, sharp concentration, very bright
core, stellar nucleus. Brightest
in a group with NGC 81, 83, 85, 86, 91, 93, 94, 96, IC 1546 and MCG
+04-02-010. Forms a close pair
with extremely faint NGC 81 1.6' NNE and NGC 83 is 5.3' NNE.
13"
(9/29/84): moderately bright, fairly small, almost round, small bright core.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 80 = h16 on 17 Aug 1828 and noted "F; S; R; psbM;
15"." The NGC 80 group
was observed 5 times with Lord Rosse's 72" and R.J. Mitchell's observation
on 19 Sep 1857 reads "S; R; or nearly so; and lbM." The NGC position matches UGC 203 = PGC
1351.
******************************
NGC 81 = PGC
1352
00 21 13.2 +22
22 59
V = 15.7; Size 0.3'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 84d
18"
(11/22/08): this companion to NGC 80 appeared extremely faint and small, round,
just 6"-10" diameter. A
mag 15 star lies 0.7' NNW. Located
1.7' NNE of NGC 80.
17.5"
(9/19/87): extremely faint and small, slightly elongated. Two mag 15 stars are close NW, the
nearer star is 40" NW.
Located just 1.6' NNE of NGC 80 in a group.
Ralph Copeland
discovered NGC 81 on 15 Nov 1873 during one of the observations with Lord
Rosse's 72" of the GC 38 = NGC 80 group. Copeland described a "F neb, fairly certain. Pos 212.3¡,
dist 219.5" from [NGC 83]".
His micrometric offset matches PGC 1352. Corwin notes that Bigourdan mistook a star NW of the galaxy
(mentioned in my visual observation of the galaxy) as NGC 81.
******************************
NGC 82
00 21 17.4 +22
27 42
=*, Corwin and
Carlson.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 82 = Big. 3 on 23 Oct 1884 with the 12" at the
Paris Observatory. According to
Corwin, Bigourdan's offset matches a star at 00 21 17.4 +22 27 42 (2000). NGC 82 is incorrectly equated with NGC
83 in the MCG.
******************************
NGC 83 = UGC 206
= MCG +04-02-005 = CGCG 479-008 = WBL 009-004 = PGC 1371
00 21 22.5 +22
26 01
V = 12.5; Size 1.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.4
18"
(11/22/08): fairly faint, small, round, 20"-24" diameter, weak
concentration. Cradled by three
brighter mag 10-10.5 stars off the following side with the closest 0.9' SSE. This galaxy is probably the second
brightest in the NGC 80 cluster.
17.5"
(9/19/87): fairly faint, slightly elongated NW-SE, broad concentration. This is the second brightest member of
the NGC 80 group with NGC 80 5.3' SSW and the NGC 91/93 pair 7.0' ESE. Three mag 10-10.5 stars lie 0.9' SSE,
1.4' ESE and 1.6' E.
13"
(9/29/84): fairly faint, very small, round. Three mag 10 stars follow. Located 5' NE of NGC 80 is a group.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 83 = h17 on 17 Aug 1828 and recorded "E; perhaps bicentral;
makes trapezium with three B stars.". His position is ~1' N of UGC 206 = PGC 1371 and the
description of the nearby stars matches.
Engelhardt measured an accurate micrometric position. R.J. Mitchell, using Lord Rosse's
72" on 26 Oct 1854, noted "round and brighter in the middle."
This galaxy is
identified as NGC 82/83 in MCG although NGC 82 refers to a star only.
******************************
NGC 84
00 21 21.3 +22
37 03
=*, Thomson and
Corwin. Incorrectly identified in
the RNGC as MCG +04-02-010.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 84 = Big. 4 on 14 Nov 1884 with the 12" at the
Paris Observatory. At his position
is a single star. The RNGC
misidentifies MCG +04-02-010 as NGC 84.
The identification was discussed in the Webb Society Quarterly Journal
for July, 1991.
******************************
NGC 85 = NGC 85A
= MCG +04-02-007 = CGCG 479-009 = WBL 009-005 = PGC 1375
00 21 25.5 +22
30 43
V = 14.8; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.5
18"
(11/22/08): faint, very small, slightly elongated, ~18"x15". Forms a very close pair with IC 1546 =
NGC 85B just 0.9' SE within the NGC 80 cluster. Situated between NGC 83 4.7' S and NGC 86 2.8' N.
17.5"
(9/19/87): very faint, very small, slightly elongated. Forms a close pair with IC 1546 = NGC
85B 53" ESE and NGC 83 lies 5' S.
13"
(9/29/84): extremely faint, very diffuse, small, almost round. Located 5' N of NGC 83.
Ralph Copeland
discovered NGC 85 on 15 Nov 1873 using Lord Rosse's 72" and recorded
"eeF, cL, R neb, was certainly and repeatedly seen. Pos 7.4¡, dist 289.2" or 2.7s f,
4'46" N of [N83]. His
micrometric offset points directly at CGCG 479-009 = PGC 1375. MCG identifies this galaxy as NGC 85A
and assigns NGC 85B to IC 1546.
******************************
NGC 86 = MCG
+04-02-009 = CGCG 479-011 = WBL 009-007 = PGC 1383
00 21 28.6 +22
33 24
V = 14.8; Size 0.8'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 9d
18"
(11/22/08): this member of the NGC 80 group appeared faint, very small,
elongated 3:2 N-S, ~20"x14".
Elongated in the direction of a mag 12.5 star located just 0.7' S of
center. NGC 85 lies 2.8' S.
17.5" (9/19/87):
faint, very small, elongated ~N-S.
A mag 12.5 star is 35" S.
MCG +04-02-010 (incorrectly identified in RNGC as NGC 84) lies 2.2' NNE. Located 4' N of NGC 85 in the NGC 80
group.
13"
(9/29/84): extremely faint, very small, round. A mag 13 star is close S.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 86 = Big. 5 on 14 Nov 1884 with the 12" at the
Paris Observatory, along with NGCs 79 and 94.
******************************
NGC 87 = ESO
194-008 = Robert's Quartet = Phoenix Group = Rose 34 = AM 0018-485 = PGC 1357
00 21 14.2 -48
37 42
V = 14.3; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.6
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 429x): fairly faint, fairly small, irregularly round,
0.7' diameter, low even surface brightness. Westernmost and second faintest in the compact Phoenix Quartet
(Rose 34) with NGC 88 1.5' SE, NGC 89 2.8' SE and NGC 92 2.9' E. The arrangement is distinctive with the three brighter galaxies (NGC
87/89/92) arranged in an equilateral triangle with NGC 88 in the center,
forming a "Y" or propeller shape. ESO 194-13 lies 12' ENE of the quartet.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 87 = h2316 (along with NGC 88, 89, 92) on 30 Sep 1834 and
recorded "eF, vS, R, gbM, first of four." The next sweep two nights later he logged "eF; S; R.
The first of a group of four nebulae."
******************************
NGC 88 = ESO
194-010 = Robert's Quartet = Phoenix Group = Rose 34 = AM 0018-485 = PGC 1370
00 21 22.0 -48
38 24
V = 14.4; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 145d
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 429x): faint, small, slightly elongated NW-SE, very
small bright core. An extremely
faint star is attached at the SW end.
This galaxy is the faintest in the Phoenix Quartet (Rose 34) and centered
in an equilateral triangle of galaxies with NGC 87 1.5' NW, NGC 92 1.9' NE and
NGC 89 1.5' S.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 88 = h2317 (along with NGC 87, 89 and 92) on 30 Sep 1834 and
recorded "eF, vS, R, 2nd of 4, in centre of gravity of the others.".
******************************
NGC 89 = ESO
194-011 = Robert's Quartet = Phoenix Group = Rose 34 = AM 0018-485 = SCG
0018-4854 = PGC 1374
00 21 24.4 -48
39 55
V = 13.5; Size 1.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 148d
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 429x): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated
2:1 NW-SE, 1.0'x0.5', very small slightly brighter core, faint stellar
nucleus. Has a slightly higher
surface brightness than NGC 92.
Furthest southern member of the compact Phoenix Quartet (Rose 34) with
NGC 87, 88, and 92. NGC 88 lies
1.5' N and a faint star is 43" N (at the midpoint to NGC 88).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 89 = h2318 (along with NGC 87, 88 and 92) on 30 Sep 1834 and
recorded "vF; S; R; gbM. The 3rd of four."
******************************
NGC 90 = Arp 65
= UGC 208 = MCG +04-02-011 = CGCG 479-013 = WBL 009-009 = PGC 1405
00 21 51.4 +22
24 00
V = 13.7; Size 1.9'x1.0'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 113d
48"
(10/30/16): at 488x and 610x; bright, oval 3:2 E-W, sharply concentrated with a
very bright roundish core (slightly elongated at 610x) and a fairly large oval
halo, ~60"x40". A spiral
arm is visible on the northwest side, curling clockwise to the south but the
long, thin tidally stretched extensions to the northwest and southeast were not
seen. Forms a striking
(interacting) pair with NGC 93 2.8' ENE.
A mag 12 star is 1.3' SW.
Although this galaxy is often identified as NGC 91, that number applies
to a mag 14.8 star 1.9' S.
NGC 90 = Arp 65
was classified as a Spiral galaxy with small, high surface-brightness
companions on arms. LEDA 1669552,
the "companion" just beyond the northwest tidal extension (2.4' NW of
NGC 90), appeared faint (V ~17.1), small, elongated 3:2 N-S,
10"x6". A mag 15.7 star
is 30" SE. No redshift is available on this object, so it may lie far in
the background.
18"
(11/22/08): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 ~E-W, 0.5'x0.35'; contains a
small, round, brighter core. NGC
93 lies 2.8' ENE and a mag 12 star is 1.4' SW.
17.5"
(9/19/87): very faint, small (only the central portion of the galaxy observed),
slightly elongated, weak concentration.
A mag 12 star is 1.3' SW.
Forms a pair with NGC 93 2.8' E.
Located on the east side of the NGC 80 group 7.0' ESE of NGC 83.
13"
(9/29/84): very faint, elongated NW-SE.
A mag 13 star is 1' SW.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 90 using Lord Rosse's 72" on 26 Oct 1854. The description
mentioned "Several S; F neb visible at once in finder" so JH assumed
at least 3 objects were discovered, which he catalogued as GC 40, 41, 42. But a sketch of the NGC 90 field shows
only two nebulae labeled as Alpha (now NGC 90) and Beta (now NGC 93). Herman Schultz observed the field on 17
Oct 1866 with the 9.6" refractor at Uppsala and measured an object he
thought was GC 40, but was actually Mitchell's Alpha. His micrometric position matches UGC 208 = PGC 1405. Because of an uncertainty in the
position and identification, Dreyer catalogued this object as GCS 5096 with the
comment "Query = GC 40, 41, 42?". Dreyer equated GC 40 = 5096 in the
NGC.
Modern
catalogues misidentify UGC 208 as NGC 91 but Schultz's position for NGC 91
falls precisely on a very faint star 1.9' S. This misidentification may have originated in Curtis'
description of nebulae (1918) based on Crossley photographs at Lick
observatory. See Corwin's notes
for further discussion.
******************************
NGC 91 = LEDA
3325956
00 21 51.6 +22
22 06
V = 14.8
48"
(10/30/16): this number applies to a mag 14.8 star 1.9' due south of the center
of NGC 90 = Arp 65.
Herman Schultz
discovered NGC 91 on 17 Oct 1866 with the 9.6" refractor at Uppsala
Observatory. Schultz's micrometric
position of 00 21 52.1 +22 22 06 (2000) pinpoints NGC 91 as a mag 15 star at 00
21 51.6 +22 22 06. Lord Rosse and
d'Arrest are credited with this number in the NGC, but Corwin notes this star was
not mentioned in the Birr Castle observations of the field nor by
d'Arrest. All modern catalogues
misidentify NGC 90 = UGC 208 = PGC 1405 as NGC 91.
******************************
NGC 92 = ESO
194-012 = Robert's Quartet = Phoenix Group = Rose 34 = AM 0018-485 = PGC 1388
00 21 31.6 -48
37 30
V = 13.1; Size 1.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 144d
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 429x): this galaxy is the brightest member and
furthest east in the compact Phoenix Quartet (Rose 34). It appeared moderately bright,
moderately large, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 1.2'x0.6', broad concentration to a
bright core. A faint tidal tail to
the SE was not seen. The nearby
members of the quartet are NGC 87 2.9' W, NGC 88 1.9' SW and NGC 89 2.6' SSW.
ESO 194-013, a
fifth member of the group, lies 11' ENE.
At 429x, it appeared moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 4:3
SW-NE, 0.9'x0.7', broad concentration with a slightly brighter core but no
distinct zones. A distinctive
string of three mag 13 stars [length 1.4'] is centered 2' E.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 92 = h2319 (along with NGC 87, 88 and 89) on 30 Sep 1834 and
recorded "F, R, gbM; 20" across. The last of four"."
******************************
NGC 93 = Arp 65
= UGC 209 = MCG +04-02-012 = CGCG 479-015 = WBL 009-010 = PGC 1412
00 22 03.3 +22
24 29
V = 13.3; Size 1.4'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 48d
48"
(10/30/16): at 488x and 610x; very bright, moderately large, very elongated 3:1
or 7:2 SW-NE, 1.0'x0.3', well concentrated with an intense core that elongates
into a bar with averted vision. A
low surface brightness outer halo increases the size to 1.0'x0.45'. Three mag 13.5-14 stars are close
following. Forms a striking
interacting pair with NGC 90 2.8' WSW.
LEDA 1669768,
located 1.4' NNW, appeared fairly faint, very elongated 3:1 ~N-S,
30"x10". At a redshift
of z = .071 (light-travel time 950 million years) it resides far in the
background of the cluster.
18"
(11/22/08): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 WSW-ENE, 0.5'x0.2',
contains a very small brighter core.
A triangle of mag 13.5-14 stars follows by 1'-2'. NGC 90 lies 2.8' W.
17.5"
(9/19/87): faint, very small, oval SW-NE, faint stellar nucleus, bright
core. This is a double system with
an anonymous companion 35" S.
Three mag 13.5-14 stars follow at 1.2' E, 1.9' E and 1.9' ESE forming a
small right triangle. Forms a pair
with NGC 90 2.8' W at the east side of the NGC 80 group.
13"
(9/29/84): fairly faint, very elongated.
There is a trio of very faint stars to the east.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 93 on 26 Oct 1854 using Lord Rosse's 72" and labeled it as
"Beta" on his sketch. The description mentions "Several S; F neb
visible at once in finder" so JH assumed at least 3 objects were
discovered, which he catalogued as GC 40, 41, 42, but only two are labeled on
the sketch. NGC 93 was independently found by Heinrich d'Arrest on 5 Oct 1864
and catalogued by Dreyer as GC(S) 5098, as he was unsure of the positions and
identifications. d'Arrest's
position matches UGC 209 = PGC 1412. GC 42 and 5098 entries were combined under
NGC 93.
******************************
NGC 94 = CGCG
479-017 = WBL 009-011 = PGC 1423
00 22 13.6 +22
28 59
V = 14.6; Size 0.6'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 25d
18"
(11/22/08): faint, very small, elongated 4:3, ~20"x15". This member of the NGC 80 group forms a
nearly contact pair with PGC 1670567 just 35" S of center. The companion appeared extremely faint
and small, round. Located 5' NE of
NGC 93. NGC 96 lies 4' NNE.
17.5"
(9/19/87): very faint, very small, round, small bright core. Forms a close pair with an anonymous
galaxy (2MASX J00221387+2228242) 35" SSE. Located on the east edge of the NGC 80 group.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 94 = Big. 6 on 14 Nov 1884 with the 12" refractor
at the Paris Observatory, along with NGCs 79, 86 and 96. His position is a reasonable match with
CGCG 479-017 = PGC 1423.
******************************
NGC 95 = UGC 214
= MCG +02-02-003 = CGCG 434-003 = PGC 1426
00 22 13.6 +10
29 31
V = 12.5; Size 1.9'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 75d
17.5"
(12/19/87): moderately bright, moderately large, round, bright core, very faint
stellar nucleus, diffuse halo. A
mag 12 star is 2.0' NE of center.
13"
(12/19/87): faint, small, round, weak concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 95 = H II-257 = h19 on 18 Oct 1784 (sweep 298) and logged
"F, S, R, lbM." He found
it again on 23 Nov 1785 (sweep 477) and noted "F, pL, mbM, iR." JH made the single observation
"vF; pL; R; gbM."
******************************
NGC 96 = MCG
+04-02-014 = PGC 1429
00 22 17.8 +22
32 47
V = 14.6; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6
18"
(11/22/08): very faint, small, round, 24" diameter, irregular surface
brightness. Occasionally a faint
star at the edge or possibly a stellar nucleus sparkles. Last of 20 galaxies viewed in the NGC
80 group. The SDSS reveals a faint
star is superimposed.
17.5"
(9/19/87): very faint, very small, slightly larger but more diffuse than NGC
94. Located at the NE edge of the
NGC 80 group.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 96 = Big. 7 on 24 Oct 1884 with the 12" refractor
at the Paris Observatory. 10 days
earlier he discovered NGCs 79, 86 and 94 in the NGC 80 group.
******************************
NGC 97 = UGC 216
= MCG +05-02-007 = CGCG 500-009 = PGC 1442
00 22 30.0 +29
44 43
V = 12.3; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5" (10/17/87):
fairly faint, small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus. A mag 15 star is 30" WSW and a mag
14 star 1.3' WNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 97 = h18 on 16 Sep 1828 and recorded "F; R; g; bM;
15"." His position
matches UGC 216 = PGC 1442.
******************************
NGC 98 = ESO
242-005 = PGC 1463
00 22 49.5 -45
16 09
V = 12.7; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 0d
30"
(10/13/15 - OzSky): at 303x; fairly bright, moderately large, round, 1.0'
diameter, sharply concentrated with a bright core and very small bright
nucleus.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 98 = h2320 on 6 Sep 1834 and recorded as "very faint;
round; brighter in the middle; resolvable." His position (single observation) matches ESO 242-005 = PGC
1463.
******************************
NGC 99 = UGC 230
= MCG +02-02-006 = CGCG 434-006 = PGC 1523
00 23 59.4 +15
46 12
V = 13.7; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.2
17.5"
(10/8/88): faint, fairly small, round, weak concentration. A mag 14 star is 1.4' WNW. NGC 100 lies 42' N.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 99 = St XIII-3 on 8 Oct 1883 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and logged as "vF, R, 1' dia, gbM." His position matches UGC 230 = PGC
1523.
******************************
NGC 100 = UGC
231 = MCG +03-02-009 = CGCG 457-012 = FGC 42 = Holm 9a = PGC 1525
00 24 02.6 +16
29 10
V = 13.3; Size 5.5'x0.7'; Surf Br = 14.6; PA = 56d
48"
(11/8/15): bright, extremely large and thin edge-on 10:1 WSW-ENE, extends at
least 4.0'x0.4'. A brighter
central region extends ~2' in length and the outer extensions fade
significantly and taper towards the tips as they dim out. A mag 15.3 star is just beyond the east
end of the galaxy. Four mag 15.2-16.2
stars (in an E-W string) lie within 2.5' south of the galaxy.
PGC 1509358 is
just south of the southwestern tip of the galaxy. At 488x it appeared very faint (V = 17.2), very small,
slightly elongated, ~10"x7".
With careful averted vision, I could just hold the galaxy continuously.
A fairly difficult mag 17+ star is 30" SW. The redshift based light-travel time (based on z = .10) is
1.2 billion years.
17.5"
(10/8/88): very faint, thin edge-on 7:1 WSW-ENE, moderately large, 2.0'x0.3',
weak concentration. NGC 99 lies
42' S.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 100 = Sw III-1 on 10 Nov 1885 with a 16" refractor at his
Warner Observatory. His
description reads "vF; pS; vE" and the position matches UGC 231 = PGC
1525, the flattest galaxy in the NGC.
Guillaume Bigourdan observed the galaxy on 7 Sep 1891 and mentioned its
"form and extension are incredible."
******************************
NGC 101 = ESO
350-014 = MCG -05-02-003 = PGC 1518
00 23 54.5 -32
32 12
V = 12.8; Size 2.2'x2.0'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 84d
17.5"
(10/8/88): faint, fairly small, oval ~E-W, low surface brightness.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 101 = h2321 on 25 Sep 1834 and logged as "pretty bright;
pretty large; a little elongated; 45"; precedes a star of 14th
magnitude." On a later sweep
he noted "very faint; round or very little elongated; gradually brighter
in the middle; 15 ".", so the two observation differ significantly in
brightness. His position matches
ESO 350-014 = PGC 1518.
******************************
NGC 102 = MCG
-02-02-011 = PGC 1542
00 24 36.5 -13
57 22
V = 13.4; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 140d
17.5"
(10/8/88): faint, small, round, bright core.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 102 = LM I-3 in 1886 with the 26-inch refractor at
Leander McCormick Observatory and described as "0.2'. Round." His rough position is just 1' S of MCG -02-02-011 = PGC
1542.
******************************
NGC 103 = Cr 1 =
OCL-291 = Lund 13
00 25 17 +61 19
18
V = 9.8; Size 5'
24"
(1/4/14): at 125x and 260x, ~40 stars were resolved mag 12-15, mostly within or
near a distinctive 3.3' string oriented SSW-NNE. Two brighter mag 11.8/12.3 stars lie at the N end of the
string, just detached from the richest clump of stars near the center of the
cluster. Another sparser string of
stars is parallel and just 1' W of the main string. A string of stars oriented
N-S is detached to the SE of the main string. Observed with a 4 day moon up.
13.1"
(10/20/84): 20 faint stars over unresolved haze, very elongated SSW-NNE. Two mag 11 stars are at the north end.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 103 = h20 on 5 Oct 1829 and recorded, "pS, p compressed cl;
3' diam; st 11...18m in 2 or 3 principal branches. If this be VI 35 [NGC 136], there must be a mistake in my
father's obs or mine of 6m in RA."
Herschel's conjecture was wrong - NGC 136 is a much smaller cluster, 6
minutes of RA east.
******************************
NGC 104 = 47
Tucanae = ESO 050-SC9
00 24 05.2 -72
04 50
V = 3.8; Size 30.9'; Surf Br = 0.1
30"
(10/13/15 - OzSky): at 303x; the core was distinctly orange-yellow. In addition, I immediately noted a
couple of obvious orange supergiants at the south edge of the core and in the
outer halo on the east side.
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 163x and 264x): absolutely stunning view in the
30" at 163x and 264x. Even in the 37' field of the 21mm Ethos, the
stars appeared to fill the entire field, only thinning out near the edge. The
pinpoint stars were amazingly packed, but increased in intensity to a
relatively small, blazing core, which was plastered with resolved stars. The
very center of the nucleus contained a small, intense knot overlaid with packed
stars giving a strong impression of layers. I immediately noticed the
core had a pale yellowish tint.
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at low power (76x using a 27mm
Panoptic) the blazing core had an unusual, pale yellow hue.
20" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this was the best view I had of 47 Tucanae
during the week. At 212x, the
entire 23' field was packed edge-to-edge with pinpoint stars and the blazing,
intense core, which had a yellowish tint, was resolved into a mesmerizing dense
mat of stars. The halo extended to at least 30'.
18" (7/6/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 171x, this breathtaking globular was
viewed at over 50¡ elevation and was stunningly resolved into several thousand
stars out to a diameter of over 25'. The star density steadily increases
towards the center. The relatively small 4' core was blazing and highly
resolved right to the edge of a very small compressed nucleus. A
3-dimensional affect was very strong with layers of stars forming a dense mat
over the core. Many of the stars in the halo are connected in chains and
lanes. The 9 mm Nagler did a better job of busting apart the stars in the
core, although the cluster overfilled the field at this power. Although the
total visual magnitude is just slightly fainter than Omega Centauri and the
size slightly smaller, 47 Tucanae is certainly equal if not surpassing Omega
Centauri in visual impact due to its dazzling central blaze.
12"
(6/29/02 - Bargo, Australia): While at Bargo, I observed 47 Tucanae for the
first time. Though still very low in the sky the view was thrilling. At
186x, the globular filled the 26' field with an uncountable number of stars. Strongly
concentrated to an intense, blazing core which was only partially resolved at a
low elevation. The highly resolved
outer halo extended ~25' in an irregular outline while the central halo was
very symmetric. This is the most prominent naked-eye GC as so much of its
light is concentrated into the central core and it lies in a sparse field with
no other rivals other than the SMC.
Naked-eye: easy
4th magnitude naked-eye blur just west of the SMC, seen many times from the
southern hemisphere. Visible in a dark sky while very low in the sky and
from suburban locations when higher in the sky.
Nicolas-Louis de
Lacaille discovered the nebulous appearance of NGC 104 = Lac I-1 = D 18 = 47
Tucanae = h2322 in 1751-1752 with a 1/2-inch telescope at 8x during his
expedition to the Cape of Good Hope.
It appeared "like the nucleus of a fairly bright comet." He placed it in group I, consisting of
nebulae without stars. The cluster
was noted, though, as a "star" in Bayer's Uranometria, which was
first published in 1603. The designation "47 Tuc" comes from Bode's
extension of Flamsteed numbers to the southern constellations (these are not
used today except for 47 Tuc and 30 Dor). With his 9-inch speculum reflector,
Dunlop logged "(47 Toucan, Bode) this is a beautiful large round nebula,
about 8' diameter, very gradually condensed to the centre. This beautiful globe
of light is easily resolved into stars of a dusky colour. The compression
to the centre is very great, and the stars are considerably scattered south
preceding and north following." His sketch in figure 1 of his
catalogue shows a beautifully resolved, elongated cluster.
John Herschel
observed it for the first time on 11 Apr 1834 and logged "the great
cluster preceding the Nubecula Minor. Estimated dia of the denser portion 5';
of the whole (not, however, including loose stragglers) 8'. Stars 14..16 mag.
and one of 12th mag N.p. the centre. Excessively compressed. (N.B. In a sweep
below the pole, when of course owing to the low altitude much of the light was
lost.)" His observation of 12 Aug 1834 reads: "A most glorious
cluster. The stars are equal, 14th mag., immensely numerous and compressed. Its
last outliers extend to a distance of 2 min, 16 sec in RA from the centre. It
is compressed to a blaze of light at the centre, the diameter of the more
compressed part being 30 arcsec in RA. It is at first very gradual, then pretty
suddenly very much brighter in the middle. It is completely insulated. After it
has passed, the ground of the sky is perfectly black throughout the whole
breadth of the sweep. There is a double star 11th mag. preceding the centre
(Pos. 226.5 - 6.5 arcsec in RA from centre of neb.)" On 21 Sep 1835 he
wrote: "Fills the field with its stragglers, condensation in three
distinct stages, first very gradually, next pretty suddenly, and finally very
suddenly very much brighter in the middle up to a central blaze whose diameter
in RA is 13.5 sec and whose colour is ruddy or orange-yellow, which contrasts
evidently with the white light of the rest. The stars are all nearly equal
(12..14 mag). A stupendous object." His final record of the object
was on 5 Nov 1836: "A most magnificent globular cluster. It fills the
field with its outskirts, but within its more compressed part, I can insulate a
tolerably defined circular space of 90" dia wherein the compression is
much more decided and the stars seem to run together; and this part I think has
a pale pinkish or rose-colour."
******************************
NGC 105 = UGC
241 = MCG +02-02-008 = CGCG 434-009 = PGC 1583
00 25 16.8 +12
53 02
V = 13.2; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 167d
17.5"
(12/19/87): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated NW-SE, weak
concentration. Two mag 13.5 star
lie 0.7' W and 1.4' ESE. Situated
in a group of six mag 13/14 stars.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 105 = St XIII-4 on 15 Oct 1884 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory and described as "eF, S, R, vlbM". His position matches UGC 241 = PGC
1583. Lewis Swift independently
found the galaxy again on 31 Oct 1886 and reported it in list V-7. His position is just 5 tsec too far W
and his comment "inside of and near [the] preceding corner of equilateral
triangle" applies.
******************************
NGC 106 = PGC
1551
00 24 43.8 -05
08 55
V = 14.3; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 80d
17.5" (9/17/88):
faint, small, slightly elongated ~E-W, small bright core, faint stellar
nucleus.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 106 = LM I-4 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at
the Leander McCormick Observatory.
His rough position in list I is 1.0 tmin E of PGC 1551. N.M. Parrish corrected the RA with a
micrometric offset in "Southern Nebulae" and Dreyer repeated this
correction in the IC 1 notes.
******************************
NGC 107 = MCG
-02-02-014 = PGC 1606
00 25 42.1 -08
16 59
V = 13.6; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 140d
17.5"
(9/17/88): very faint, very small, round, low even surface brightness. Located 4.9' NW of mag 7.8 SAO 128758.
Otto Struve
discovered NGC 107 on 14 Jan 1866 with the 15-inch refractor at the Pulkovo
Observatory in St Petersburg while unsuccessfully searching for comet
Biela. MCG (-02-02-014) doesn't
label this galaxy as NGC 107, although the identity is certain.
******************************
NGC 108 = UGC
246 = MCG +05-02-012 = CGCG 500-020 = PGC 1619
00 25 59.8 +29
12 43
V = 12.1; Size 2.0'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(10/17/87): moderately bright, fairly small, small very bright core, faint
extensions SSW-NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 108 = H III-148 = h21 on 11 Sep 1874 (sweep 266) and noted
"vF, pL, lbM." JH made
two observations, logging it on 16 Sep 1828 as "pB; R; psbM;
20"."
R.J. Mitchell,
observing on the 72" on 3 Nov 1855, recorded "E sp nf, the arms being
vF, and p one rather the brighter, they are perhaps cut off from central Nucl.
by dark spaces, but all this is very uncertain. Night not good."
******************************
NGC 109 = UGC
251 = MCG +04-02-020 = CGCG 479-031 = PGC 1633
00 26 14.6 +21
48 27
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 77d
17.5"
(10/8/88): faint, small, oval ~E-W.
Located about 75' SE of the NGC 80 group.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 109 = Au 3 on 8 Oct 1861 with the 11-inch Fraunhofer
refractor in Copenhagen (early discovery) and described it (combining two
observations) as "vF, vS, R.
Forms a quadrilateral with 3 stars." Auwers included it as #3 in his 1862 list of new nebulae.
******************************
NGC 110 =
OCL-300 = Lund 14
00 27 25.4 +71
23 27
17.5"
(9/2/89): this is a loose group of mag 11-14 stars surrounding a mag 10
star. Near the bright star are
several faint stars in a string.
The status as a cluster is doubtful and this is very possibly a random
grouping.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 110 = h22 on 29 Oct 1831 and recorded "a very loose; p rich
cl; *s 9...12m; *9m in middle taken."
******************************
NGC 111 = NGC
113?
00 26 42 -02 38
= Not found,
SG. = possibly equal to NGC 758,
HC.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 111 = LM II-281 in 1886 and recorded "vF, vS,
R, lbM, *8.5, preceding 36s and 2' N, RA doubtful". There is nothing at his position and the
RNGC misidentifies MCG -01-02-016 = NGC 113 as NGC 111. NGC 113 (discovered by Wilhelm Tempel
in 1876) is 7.5' N of Leavenworth's position (not an unusual error), but there
is no bright nearby star matching Leavenworth's description. Bigourdan was unable to recover NGC
111.
John Ponting has
suggested NGC 111 is identical to NGC 758, though the RA is 1.5 hours off and
the declination is 20' off. See
Corwin's NGC ID notes for more on this suggestion.
******************************
NGC 112 = UGC
255 = MCG +05-02-013 = CGCG 500-021 = PGC 1654
00 26 48.8 +31
42 11
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 108d
17.5"
(11/25/87): faint, small, oval WNW-ESE, weak concentration. A mag 13 star is 1.8' WSW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 112 = Sw II-9 on 17 Sep 1885 with a 16" refractor at Warner
Observatory. His RA is just 4 sec
east of UGC 255 = PGC 1654.
******************************
NGC 113 = MCG
-01-02-016 = PGC 1656
00 26 54.6 -02
30 03
V = 12.8; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 45d
17.5"
(10/8/88): fairly faint, small, round, bright core, faint stellar nucleus. Located 43' S of the NGC 114/118 pair.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 113 = T I-1 on 27 Aug 1876 with an 11" refractor at the
Arcetri Observatory. He described
it as a "class III nebula, small, mag 14-15 nucleus." His RA was very round (nearest minute)
but he measured an accurate position in his List IV-1.
******************************
NGC 114 = UGC
259 = MCG +00-02-027 = CGCG 383-014 = PGC 1660
00 26 58.2 -01
47 11
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 165d
17.5"
(10/8/88): faint, small, round, very small bright core. Forms a twin of NGC 118 4' E. NGC 124 lies 14' ESE.
Truman Safford
discovered NGC 114 = Sf 114, along with NGC 118, on 23 Sep 1867 with the
18.5" refractor at the Dearborn Observatory. The discovery list was not published until 1887 so Safford
is not credited in the NGC. Wilhelm Tempel independently found the galaxy on 27
Sep 1880 with the 11" refractor at the Arcetri Observatory and published
the discovery in list IV-2. Tempel's micrometric position matches UGC 259 = PGC
1660 and he is credited with the discovery in the main NGC table.
******************************
NGC 115 = ESO
350-017 = MCG -06-02-006 = PGC 1651
00 26 46.1 -33
40 36
V = 12.9; Size 1.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 127d
17.5"
(12/3/88): extremely faint, fairly small, very elongated WNW-ESE. An unequal double star is 1' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 115 = h2323 on 25 Sep 1834 and recorded "faint; large; very
little elongated; 60" across; has a double stars 2.5' distant
N.p.". His position and
description matches ESO 350-017 = PGC 1651.
******************************
NGC 116 = MCG
-01-02-017 = PGC 1671
00 27 05.2 -07
40 07
V = 13.5; Size 0.9'x0.3'; Surf Br = 11.9; PA = 99d
17.5"
(9/17/88): faint, fairly small, oval ~E-W, bright core. A mag 11 star is 2.5' SSW. The NGC identification of this galaxy
is uncertain.
Gaspare Ferrari
discovered NGC 116 = Nova #14 on 14 Jan 1866 while searching for Biela's
Comet. He was using the 9.5-inch
Merz equatorial at the College Romain as an assistant to Father Angelo Secchi
(see AN 1571). The galaxy (MCG -01-02-017)
identified here as NGC 116 is 15' north of Ferrari's position although it
matches in RA. The RNGC and Harold
Corwin both equate NGC 116 with MCG -01-02-017. MCG does not label this galaxy as NGC 116. PGC 1677 is closer to Ferrari's
position but is probably be too faint. Wolfgang Steinicke classifies this number as lost.
******************************
NGC 117 = MCG
+00-02-029 = CGCG 383-015 = PGC 1674
00 27 11.0 +01
20 01
V = 14.3; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 100d
17.5"
(10/8/88): very faint, very small, slightly elongated E-W. A mag 15 star is involved at the west edge
24" from center.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 117 = m 8 on 13 Sep 1863 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
described as "F, vS."
His position matches MCG +00-02-029 = PGC 1674.
******************************
NGC 118 = UGC
264 = MCG +00-02-032 = CGCG 383-016 = PGC 1678
00 27 16.2 -01
46 49
V = 14.0; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 40d
17.5"
(10/8/88): faint, very small, round, small bright core. Forms a twin of NGC 114 4' W. NGC 124 lies 10' ESE.
Truman Safford
discovered NGC 118 = Sf 91, along with NGC 114 = Sf 90, on 23 Sep 1867 with the
18" refractor at Dearborn Observatory. The discovery was not published until 1887 and Dreyer
included it in an appendix to the NGC.
Wilhelm Tempel (IV-3) independently found the galaxy on 27 Sep 1880
(along with NGC 114 and NGC 124) with the 11" refractor at the Arcetri
Observatory and he is credited with the discovery in the NGC. Tempel's micrometric position matches
UGC 264 = PGC 1678.
******************************
NGC 119 = ESO
150-008 = PGC 1659
00 26 57.6 -56
58 41
V = 13.1; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.0
30"
(10/13/15 - OzSky): at 303x; moderately bright and large, irregularly round,
~0.9'x0.8', smooth halo, sharply concentrated with a small, very bright
nucleus. Sparsely populated star field.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 119 = h2324 on 28 Oct 1834 and recorded "pB; R; psbM; 25
arcsec." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 120 = UGC
267 = MCG +00-02-033 = CGCG 383-017 = PGC 1693
00 27 30.0 -01
30 48
V = 13.4; Size 1.5'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 73d
17.5"
(10/8/88): faint, very small, oval WSW-ENE, small bright core, stellar
nucleus. Located 16' NNE of the
NGC 114/NGC 118 pair.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 120 = T IV-4 on 27 Sep 1880. In his description of NGC 124 (4th entry in his 4th
discovery list), he mentions he found another nebula 10' north of a mag 9.5
star (about 8' north of NGC 124).
The NGC position is 5' too far north. Bigourdan measured an accurate mircrometric position on 16
Nov 1890 (repeated in the IC 2 Notes).
******************************
NGC 121 = ESO
050-SC012 = Lindsay 10
00 26 47.8 -71
32 12
V = 11.2; Size 1.5'
18" (7/6/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x appeared fairly bright, round, 1.3'
diameter with a brighter core but this globular showed no resolution. A mag 12 star lies just 1' W of center,
a bit beyond the halo. In the same
low power field with 47 Tucanae and 35' SW of mag 6.1 Theta Tuc. This object is the oldest and most
luminous SMC globular, though still 2-3 Gyr younger than the oldest galactic
globulars.
12"
(6/29/02 - Bargo, Australia): this is one known classical globular in the SMC.
At 186x is appeared fairly faint, small, 1.5'x1' diameter, contains a small
brighter core. There was no hint
of resolution. Located 35' NNE of
47 Tucana.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 121 = h2325 on 20 Sep 1835 and logged as "pretty bright; a
little extended; very gradually brighter in the middle; 40"
dia." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 122
00 27 38.3 -01
38 26
=*15?, Gottlieb
and Corwin. Not found, RNGC
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 122 = T IV-4 on 27 Sep 1880 (along with NGC 124) with an
11" refractor at the Arcetri Observatory. Tempel noted two nebulae 3'-4' north of a mag 9.5 star. These numbers may refer to a pair of
mag 15.5 stars about 5' NW of the star.
If this is the case, then NGC 122 is at 00 27 38.3 -01 38 26 (2000) and NGC 123 at 00 27
40.0 -01 37 39. See Corwin's NGC
ID notes.
******************************
NGC 123
00 27 40.0 -01
37 39
=*15?, Gottlieb
and Corwin. Not found, RNGC
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 123 = T IV-4 on 27 Sep 1880 (along with NGC 120, 122 and 124)
with an 11" refractor at the Arcetri Observatory . In the observation, Tempel noted two
nebulae 3'-4' north of a mag 9.5 star.
These numbers may refer to a pair of mag 15.5 stars about 5' NW of the
star. Assuming this identification is correct, then NGC 123 is at 00 27 40.0
-01 37 39 (2000). See Corwin's NGC
ID notes.
******************************
NGC 124 = UGC
271 = MCG +00-02-038 = CGCG 383-018 = PGC 1715
00 27 52.3 -01
48 38
V = 13.0; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 168d
17.5"
(10/8/88): fairly faint, moderately large, oval NNW-SSE, weak
concentration. A pair of mag 14
stars are 1.8' W of center. Located in a group with NGC 114 and NGC 118 12' WNW.
Truman Safford
discovered NGC 124 = Sf 92, along with NGC 114 and 118, on 23 Sep 1867 with the
18.5-inch refractor at the Dearborn Observatory, but Safford's discovery list
was not published until 1887 so his is not credited with the discovery in the
NGC. Wilhelm Tempel independently
found the galaxy on 27 Sep 1880 (along with NGC 114 and 118) with an 11"
refractor at the Arcetri Observatory, published it in list IV-4, and Tempel is
credited in the NGC. His
micrometric position is just 30" south of UGC 271 = PGC 1715.
******************************
NGC 125 = UGC
286 = MCG +00-02-048 = CGCG 383-027 = PGC 1772
00 28 50.3 +02
50 19
V = 12.1; Size 1.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 85d
18"
(12/3/05): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.7' diameter. Sharply concentrated with a very small
bright core ~15" diameter surrounded by a faint halo. A 20" pair of mag 12 stars is less
than 1' S of center.
17.5"
(10/8/88): fairly faint, small, round, very bright core, stellar nucleus. A mag 12/13 double star at 20"
separation oriented NNW-SSE lies 1' SW.
Located 6' WSW of NGC 128 in a compact group.
13"
(11/5/83): faint, small, round, small bright core. Two stars close SW are oriented N-S. Second brightest of three in the NGC
128 group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 125 = H III-869 = h23, along with NGC 128, on 25 Dec 1790 (sweep
985) and recorded "vF, vS, bM, N.f. 2 small stars. 300 shewed it very plainly in the field
with the following [NGC 128]. The
NGC position is accurate. The CGCG
(383-027) doesn't label their entry as NGC 125.
******************************
NGC 126 = MCG
+00-02-049 = CGCG 383-028 = LGG 006-009 = PGC 1784
00 29 08.1 +02
48 40
V = 14.2; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 110d
18"
(12/3/05): faint, very small, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, 0.3'x0.2', weak
concentration, low surface brightness but easy with averted vision and slightly
brighter than the close companions to NGC 128. Located 3.6' SW of NGC 128 in a group of five. A mag 12 star lies.1.6' NW.
17.5"
(10/8/88): very faint, very small, oval ~E-W?. Located 3.6' SSW of NGC 128 in a group.
13"
(11/5/83): extremely faint, very small.
Member of the NGC 128 group.
J.L.E. Dreyer
discovered NGC 126 using Lord Rosse's 72" on 12 Dec 1874, and recorded
"Suspected a nebulous knot between [NGC 125] and [NGC 128], a little
south." Heinrich d'Arrest's
position is close to CGCG 383-028 = PGC 1784.
******************************
NGC 127 = MCG
+00-02-050 = CGCG 383-029 = LGG 006-010 = PGC 1787
00 29 12.4 +02
52 21
V = 14.8; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 70d
18"
(12/3/05): this very close companion to NGC 128 is quite dim, appearing as an
extremely faint knot just 12" diameter with no details. It is fainter and closer than NGC 130
and situated just west of the northern extension, 0.8' from center. Not noticed initially, but once seen
was not difficult with averted vision at 225x.
17.5"
(10/8/88): very faint, very small, round.
Located just 0.8' NW of NGC 128.
Faintest of five in the NGC 128 group.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 127 using Lord Rosse's 72" on 4 Nov 1850 and described
"2 S objects [NGC 127/130] about equally distant from [NGC 128]. Both Lord Rosse and I thought they were
small nebulae, they lie a little below the minor axis of [NGC 128]."
******************************
NGC 128 = UGC
292 = MCG +00-02-051 = CGCG 383-029 = LGG 006-002 = PGC 1791
00 29 15.1 +02
51 51
V = 11.8; Size 2.5'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 1d
18"
(12/3/05): moderately bright and large, very elongated 7:2 N-S, 1.4'x0.4',
sharply concentrated with a very bright core that gradually increases to a
stellar nucleus. The N-S
extensions fade out and taper towards the tips. Flanked on either side of the northern extension by two
close companions, NGC 127 and NGC 130, less than 1' NW and 1' NE.
17.5"
(10/8/88): moderately bright, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 N-S, bright
core, stellar nucleus. Brightest
in a group of five with two extremely close companions: NGC 127 0.8' NW and NGC
130 1.0' ENE. NGC 125 lies 6' WSW.
13"
(11/5/83): fairly bright, fairly small, spindle N-S.
8"
(8/16/82): faint, small, elongated N-S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 128 = H II-854 = h25, along with NGC 125, on 25 Dec 1790 (sweep
985) and logged "pB, vS, R, vgmbM, pretty well defined on the
margin". Using the 72"
on 12 Dec 1874, Dreyer recorded "cE in PA 2.4¡, mbM, probably sharp on f
side, and a little curved, convex side f; two stars (or eS nebulous knots
perhaps?) follow very near."
******************************
NGC 129 = Cr 2 =
OCL-294 = Lund 15
00 29 58.5 +60
12 43
V = 6.5; Size 21'
24"
(1/4/14): at 125x and 260x, ~100 stars resolved in a 10'x5' region elongated
N-S. The cluster is more
compressed on the south side, where three mag 9 stars (HD 236429, HD 236433 and
HD 236436), form a near equilateral triangle with sides of 3'-4'. Fainter stars nearly complete an oval
ring with these stars, though several stars are also inside of the ring. Starting with the mag 9 star at the
south end of the triangle, a number of the brighter stars form two strings
extending NNW and NNE, so the overall appearance is an elongated wedge. Two mag
9.5/10 stars are at the N tips of these strings and the eastern string is
richer and better defined.
Scattered mag 12-15 stars fill the interior of the wedge, with a couple
of brighter stars on the south end, which is more eye-catching .
17.5"
(8/29/92): 60 stars mag 10-15 in the 8'x6' central region of the cluster formed
by an isosceles triangle with vertex at the south end. Each side of this triangle includes a
mag 10 star and most cluster members are contained within triangle. No real boundaries and many mag 15
stars are at the edges of this triangle.
Mag 6.0 SAO 21457 lies 10' S.
Berkeley 2 lies 35' NW.
8":
ring-shaped open cluster with stars mag 9-13. There is a line of stars to the north on the east edge.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 129 = H VIII-79 = h24 on 16 Dec 1788 (sweep 892) and logged
"a coarsely scattered cluster of large stars, mixed with smaller ones, not
very rich." JH reported
"a * 9m about middle of a vL, coarse sc rich cluster of *s 9..13 which
more than fills field."
******************************
NGC 130 = MCG
+00-02-052 = CGCG 383-029 = LGG 00-011 = PGC 1794
00 29 18.5 +02
52 13
V = 14.4; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 44d
18"
(12/3/05): very faint, very small, slightly elongated SW-NE, ~0.3'x0.2', weak
concentration, easy with averted vision.
Slightly brighter of two companions to NGC 128 and situated just off the
NE flank, 1.0' from center.
17.5"
(10/8/88): very faint, very small, oval ~SW-NE, small bright core. Located 1.0' ENE of NGC 128. Second faintest of five in the NGC 128
group.
Bindon Stoney
and William Parsons (Lord Rosse) discovered NGC 130, along with NGC 126 and
127, on 4 Nov 1850, while observing NGC 128. Described as "2 small objects about equally distant
from [NGC 128]. Heinrich d'Arrest
measured an accurate position (3 different nights) with the 11-inch at
Copenhagen.
******************************
NGC 131 = ESO
350-021 = MCG -06-02-010 = PGC 1813
00 29 38.3 -33
15 36
V = 13.2; Size 1.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 63d
17.5"
(12/3/88): very faint, very small, oval WSW-ENE, weak concentration. A mag 14.5 star is off the ENE
edge. Located 9' WSW of much
brighter NGC 134.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 131 = h2326 on 25 Sep 1834 and logged "pretty bright;
pretty large; pretty much elongated; very gradually brighter in the
middle." On a later sweep he
noted "very faint; the preceding of two. The other [NGC 134] very large
and bright."
******************************
NGC 132 = UGC
301 = MCG +00-02-063 = CGCG 383-032 = PGC 1844
00 30 10.6 +02
05 34
V = 12.6; Size 1.9'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 40d
17.5"
(10/8/88): fairly faint, moderately large, oval SSW-NNE, weak concentration. A mag 13 star is 1' ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 132 = H II-855 = h26 on 25 Dec 1790 (sweep 985) and recorded
(summary from 2 observations) "pB, cL, iR, resolvable, vgbM, about 1 1/2'
sp a vS star." Bindon Stoney,
LdR's observer on 6 Dec 1850, logged "R, F nucleus, 40" broad."
******************************
NGC 133 = Cr 3 =
OCL-296 = Lund 17
00 31 17 +63 21
12
Size 7'
17.5"
(10/13/90): about 15 stars including 5 brighter stars forming a "Y"
asterism and 10 faint stars. One
of the brightest stars is a very close double star (9.7/11.3 at 6") and a
curving lane of very faint stars passes through this double star, not
rich. This is the poorest of three
clusters just north of Kappa Cassiopeia.
8"
(8/16/82): group of 8 stars in "Y" asterism, in field with open
cluster NGC 146 and King 14.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 133 on 4 Feb 1865 with an 11" refractor at
Copenhagen and recorded (single observation) a "double star in a group of
scattered stars, mag 10 and fainter.
Found while observing h28 [NGC 146]. The double star is mag 10 and 11 at a separation of
6"." His position and
description matches this weak cluster.
******************************
NGC 134 = ESO
350-023 = MCG -06-02-012 = PGC 1851
00 30 21.5 -33
14 50
V = 10.4; Size 8.5'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 50d
17.5"
(12/3/88): bright, fairly large, very elongated SW-NE, sharp concentration with
a bright core and long faint arms. Two mag 13.5 stars are nearby; one at
the preceding edge 40" NW of center and one on the opposite side of the
core, 1.5' SE of center. NGC 131 is in the field 9' WSW.
13"
(9/22/84): fairly bright, very elongated SW-NE, small bright core, sharp edge
along the west side. A star is off the preceding side.
8"
(11/8/80): fairly faint, elongated, low surface brightness.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 134 = D 599 = D 590 with his 9" reflector on 7 Jul 1826. His
description for D 599 reads "very faint nebula, about 25" diameter,
rather elliptical. North of Eta Caelae Sculptoris. There are four
small stars south of the nebula in the form of a lozenge." His
position is 22' NNW of the galaxy but the description of the four nearby stars
to the south clinches the identification. For D 590 he simply logged
"a faint round nebula, about 2' diameter."
John Herschel's
position is accurate and he noted that his h2327 could be identical D 590. He
recorded it on 25 Sep 1834 as "vB; vL; vmE; pslbM; 8' long; 1' broad; pos
= 47.9¡; dies away gradually at both extremities; has a star 10th mag.,
distance 45", pos = 327.9. On a second sweep on 19 Oct 1835 he
logged "bright; large; vmE; pretty suddenly little brighter middle; 4'
long; 1' broad; position = 227¡; the following of 2." He also
sketched the galaxy (Plate VI, figure 19), clearly showing its spindle-shape
with tapering edges.
Joseph Turner
sketched NGC 134 with the 48" Melbourne Telescope
(http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/lithograph_m_1_1.php)
and noted, "The present appearance of nebula is exactly as represented in
Herschel's sketch; the centre is sharp and stellar-like with power of 255; but
with 420 it is more diffused, and somewhat sparkling. A careful examination
leaves the impression that it is practically unchanged since Herschel's time,
the only difference between his sketch and present aspect being the position of
the North star, which in Herschel's sketch is shown in a straight line with the
centre of nebula and s.f. star, whilst at present it is somewhat to the n.f. of
that point; this may however be the fault of the engraver."
******************************
NGC 135 = IC 26
= PGC 2010 = LEDA 138192
00 31 45.9 -13
20 16
V = 15.2; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(10/21/95): faint, very small, round, weak concentration with a slightly
brighter core. Forms a quadrilateral
with three mag 14 stars, all within 2'.
Located 3.5' SW of a mag 9.5 SAO 147324.
IC 27,
misidentified as NGC 135 in the RNGC and PGC, lies 20' ESE. It appeared very faint, small, slightly
elongated ~N-S, very low surface brightness. Located 7.9' SSE of mag 8.9 SAO 147331 and 8.6' NW of mag
8.6 SAO 147330. MCG -02-02-051
lies 13' N.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 135 = LM I-5 on 2 Oct 1886 with the 26"
refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. His rough position is 2 min of RA west (typical error) of
LEDA 138192 but his sketch (examined by Harold Corwin) clearly identifies NGC
135 with this galaxy. Javelle
rediscovered the galaxy on 4 Nov 1891, reported it as new, and Dreyer
catalogued J. 1-19 as IC 26.
Herbert Howe measured an accurate position for NGC 135 around 1899
(repeated in the IC 2 notes) though Dreyer failed to equate NGC 135 and IC
26. See Corwin's notes.
RNGC and PGC
(and second sources such as Megastar) misidentify NGC 135 as IC 27 based on
their positions. The correct identification
is given in NED, HyperLeda and SIMBAD.
******************************
NGC 136 = Cr 4 =
OCL-295 = Lund 18
00 31 31 +61 30
36
V = 11.6; Size 1'
24"
(1/4/14): ~10 faint stars are resolved in a small, circular patch ~1' diameter,
over unresolved haze. A small
detached group to the southeast increases the total to 15 stars and the size to
2'. Most of the resolved stars are
mag 14-15. Located ~6' NE of mag
8.5 SAO 11238. Observed with a 4
day moon up, so not dark.
17.5"
(8/16/93): 7-8 faint stars mag 14 resolved in very tight, compact group of 1.5'
diameter, over background haze. A
few additional stars trail to the SE so there are about 10 stars in the
group. Located 6' NE of mag 8.3
SAO 11238.
13"
(10/20/84): 5 or 6 very faint stars 13/14 over haze. Appears similar to a small, faint gc with no strong
concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 136 = H VI-35 on 26 Nov 1788 (sweep 887) and described a "a
small cluster of vF, exceedingly compressed stars about 1' diam. The next step to an easily resolvable
nebula." He considered this
cluster a miniature globular.
******************************
NGC 137 = UGC
309 = MCG +02-02-017 = CGCG 434-019 = PGC 1888
00 30 58.1 +10
12 30
V = 12.8; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(12/19/87): fairly faint, small, irregularly round, small bright core, stellar
nucleus. A mag 15 star is 1' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 137 = H II-471 on 23 Nov 1785 (sweep 477) and logged "F,
irr figure, lbM." His
position is very accurate.
Heinrich d'Arrest also measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 138 = UGC
308 = MCG +01-02-016 = CGCG 409-023 = PGC 1889
00 30 59.2 +05
09 35
V = 13.7; Size 1.3'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 175d
17.5"
(10/8/88): fairly faint, small, oval N-S, small bright core, stellar
nucleus. A mag 11 star is 1'
N. Brightest in a trio with NGC
141 5' ENE and NGC 139 5' SSE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 138 = m 9 (along with NGC 139 and NGC 141) on 29 Aug 1864 with
Lassell's 48" on Malta and recorded "F, eS, sbM." Marth's position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 139 = CGCG
409-022 = PGC 1900
00 31 06.4 +05
04 43
V = 14.3; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(10/8/88): very faint, small, almost round. Located in a group with NGC 138 5' NNW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 139 = m 10 (along with NGC 138 and NGC 141) on 29 Aug 1864 with
Lassell's 48" on Malta and logged "eF, S." Marth's position is 2' N of CGCG
409-022 = PGC 1900.
******************************
NGC 140 = UGC
311 = MCG +05-02-021 = CGCG 500-038 = PGC 1916
00 31 20.5 +30
47 32
V = 13.2; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 45d
17.5"
(10/17/87): faint, fairly small, round, diffuse, broad concentration. Two faint stars following including a
mag 15 star 44" SSE.
Truman Safford
discovered NGC 140 = Sf 60 = St XII-5 on 8 Oct 1866 with the 18" refractor
at Dearborn Observatory and described it as "probably a small
cluster". His discovery list
was not published until 1887, too late to be credited in the NGC. ƒdouard Stephan independently found the
galaxy on 5 Nov 1882 and is credited with the discovery in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 141 = CGCG
409-027 = PGC 1918
00 31 17.5 +05
10 47
V = 14.3; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 0d
17.5"
(10/8/88): faint, small, round, weak concentration. Located 5' ENE of NGC 138 in a compact trio.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 141 = m 11 (along with NGC 139 and NGC 138) on 29 Aug 1864 with
Lassell's 48" on Malta and logged as "vF, vS, iR." His position is 0.1 minute east of CGCG
409-027 = PGC 1918.
******************************
NGC 142 = ESO
473-021 = MCG -04-02-014 = PGC 1901
00 31 07.9 -22
37 07
V = 13.8; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 101d
17.5"
(10/8/88): first of three with NGC 143 and NGC 144. Faint, small, round, very weak concentration. A mag 14/14.5 double star at 20"
separation is off the NNW edge.
NGC 143 lies 3' NNE.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 142 = LM II-282 (along with NGCs 143 and 144) in 1886 using the
26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. His rough position is OK and his note
of a double star 0.5' N pins down the identification. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using
the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 143 = ESO
473-022 = MCG -04-02-015 = PGC 1911
00 31 15.6 -22
33 36
V = 14.4; Size 1.0'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 20d
17.5"
(10/8/88): second of three with NGC 142 and NGC 144. Extremely faint, small, oval SSW-NNE. Located 3' NNE of NGC 142.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 143 = LM II-283 (along with NGCs 142 and 144) in 1886 with the
26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. His rough position is a reasonable match with ESO 473-022 =
PGC 1911. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using the
20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 144 = ESO
473-023 = MCG -04-02-016 = PGC 1917
00 31 20.6 -22
38 45
V = 13.7; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5" (10/8/88):
third of three with NGC 142 and NGC 143.
Faint, small, round, very weak concentration. Located 3' SE of identical NGC 142.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 144 = LM II-284 (along with NGC 142 and 143) in 1886 with the
26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. His rough position is a reasonable match with ESO 473-023 =
PGC 1917. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using the
20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 145 = Arp 19
= MCG -01-02-027 = PGC 1941
00 31 45.7 -05
09 09
V = 12.7; Size 1.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 135d
48"
(11/8/15): at 375x and 488x; fascinating irregular spiral galaxy. A bright bar extends 30" N-S. A spiral arm is attached at the north
end of the bar and is easily visible extending to the west, and curling
clockwise. The arm has a fairly
high contrast and definition. A
small HII knot (~8" diameter) is nearly attached to the north end of the
bar where the spiral arm begins. A
fainter, low contrast arm is attached at the south end of bar and extends
30" due east.
Two companions
were picked up. PGC 1048844 is
3.1' NE. At 488x it appeared
fairly faint (V = 16.0), small, roundish, 15" diameter. PGC 1048201 (not catalogued in Megastar)
appeared faint (V = 17.1), very small, round, 12" diameter.
17.5"
(9/17/88): fairly faint, moderately large, oval ~E-W, small bright core. Located 6' WNW of mag 8.7 SAO
128813. This star is situated
within a string oriented SW-NE with a mag 10 star 7' SSE of NGC 145 forming the
southwest end of this string. The
northeast end of the string intersects a shorter line of four mag 11-12 stars.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 145 = h27 = h2328 on 9 Oct 1828 and recorded "vF; vlE;
glbM, 60" long." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 146 = Cr 5 =
OCL-299 = Lund 21
00 33 01 +63 18
42
V = 9.1; Size 7'
24"
(1/4/14): at 125x and 260x, ~60 stars are resolved in a 7' region that stands
out reasonably well at low power.
Near the southeast end of the group is the pair h 1033 = 10/10 at
7". The cluster is generally
elongated NW-SE and includes a dozen or so brighter stars. A rectangular "void" lacking
stars is on the NW side.
17.5"
(10/20/90): about 30 stars in a fairly large group about 10' diameter. Includes a close mag 10 pair at 7"
separation, 10 stars mag 12-13 and 20 stars mag 14-15. Third of three open clusters in low
power field with King 14 10' SW and NGC 133 10' WNW.
8"
(11/28/81): includes a few mag 10 stars, many mag 12 stars and fainter stars
over haze. Located 22' N of a mag
4 star. NGC 133 is in the field to
the WNW and King 14 is close SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 146 = h28 on 27 Oct 1829 and recorded a "loose cl; *s 11
and 12m; 10' diam; place that of a double +* (h 1033) whose RA is erroneously
stated in my 4th catalogue."
******************************
NGC 147 = UGC
326 = MCG +08-02-005 = CGCG 550-006 = DDO 3 = LGG 011-004 = PGC 2004
00 33 11.7 +48
30 27
V = 9.5; Size 13.2'x7.8'; Surf Br = 14.5; PA = 25d
17.5"
(10/13/90): fairly faint, very large, elongated almost 2:1 SSW-NNE, 5'x3', very
low almost even surface brightness.
A mag 13.8 foreground star is superimposed just north of center. The halo gradually fades into
background.
17.5"
(8/29/92): appears larger (8'x4') using 20mm Nagler in the White Mountains
(elevation 12,500 ft).
8"
(8/28/81): very faint, moderately large, slightly elongated, diffuse.
24"
(1/1/16): Hodge III is the brightest globular cluster in NGC 147 at V Å
16.5. At 450x and 500x it only
occasionally popped but was verified at the same position using a detailed
finder chart.
I first
identified two mag 13 stars at 1' separation oriented N-S, which are situated
5' SSE of the center of NGC 147.
These stars are just outside the halo of the galaxy. A mag 14.7 star is 1' further NW,
forming an obtuse isosceles triangle with the two mag 13 stars. Hodge 3 is 41" N of the mag 14.7
star and nearly forms the 4th vertex of a parallelogram with these three stars.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 147 = h29 on 8 Sep 1829 and recorded "vF; vL; irr R; 4..5'
diam; loses itself insensibly; has a *11m in the centre." Bindon Stoney, LdR's observer on 25 Oct
1851, logged "L, vF neby, round a * 12m. I suspect it is a spiral of the faintest class, perhaps h
29."
In 1944 William
Baade announced that NGC 147, along with NGC 185, were members of the Local
Group (1944ApJ...100..147B) when they were resolved into stars on plates take
with the 100-inch at Mt Wilson.
NGC 147 is considered a satellite system of M31 at a distance of 2.3
million light years.
******************************
NGC 148 = ESO
410-020 = MCG -05-02-017 = PGC 2053
00 34 15.5 -31
47 10
V = 12.2; Size 2.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 90d
17.5"
(8/2/86): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated E-W, small bright
core.
13"
(9/22/84): fairly bright, small, elongated E-W, very small bright core.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 148 = h239 on 27 Sep 1834 and recorded "vB; S; lE in
parallel; smbM to a * 11m."
His RA is 1.0 min west of ESO 410-020 = PGC 2053, although he notes that
his two positions differed by a minute (incorrect position used in NGC). MCG (-05-02-017) gives the NGC
equivalence as uncertain.
******************************
NGC 149 = UGC
332 = MCG +05-02-024 = CGCG 500-044 = PGC 2028
00 33 50.3 +30
43 24
V = 13.7; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 155d
17.5"
(10/17/87): very faint, very small, round. Contains a faint stellar nucleus or a mag 15 star is
involved. A mag 13 star is close
SW just 0.6' from the center.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 149 = St XIII-5 on 4 Oct 1883 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and recorded "vF, vS, R, gbM, mag 14 stellar nucl,
*12 close sp". His position
and description is accurate.
******************************
NGC 150 = ESO
410-019 = MCG -05-02-018 = UGCA 7 = PGC 2052
00 34 16.0 -27
48 16
V = 11.4; Size 3.9'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 118d
13.1"
(10/20/84): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE, weak
concentration, irregular surface brightness, slightly mottled.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 150 = Sw VI-3 on 20 Nov 1886 with a 16" refractor at Warner
Observatory. His position is about
30 sec of RA west of ESO 410-019 = PGC 2052. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using
the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2
notes). The error was also noted
in the Harvard College Observatory NGC correction list.
******************************
NGC 151 = NGC
153 = MCG -02-02-054 = PGC 2035
00 34 02.5 -09
42 20
V = 11.6; Size 3.7'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 75d
24"
(12/1/16): bright, fairly large, contains a very bright boxy rectangular
central section that is slightly elongated NNW-SSE (this is the central bar and
nucleus), encased by a fairly low surface brightness halo extended at least 2:1
E-W, ~2.7'x1.2'. A mag 12.5 star
is at or just off the ENE edge (1.7' from center). A superimposed companion is
at the tip of the eastern spiral arm of the galaxy, very close southwest of the
mag 12.5 star. It was marginally
glimpsed but only occasionally popped.
17.5"
(9/17/88): moderately bright, moderately large, oval 5:3 WSW-ENE, 2.5'x1.5',
bright nucleus. A mag 13 star is
at the ENE edge, 1.7' from the center.
13"
(8/24/84): fairly bright, bright core, very bright nucleus, very faint halo
elongated ~E-W. A faint star is at
the ENE edge.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 151 = H II-478 = h30 = h2330 on 28 Nov 1785 (sweep 479) and
logged "pB, L, lE, lbM."
JH observed this nebula at Slough and at the Cape, where he recorded
"pF; R; gbM; 60"."
JH's two entries were combined in GC 74 and his position matches MCG
-02-02-054 = PGC 2035. Lewis Swift
(IV-1) found the galaxy again on 9 Aug 1886, but his position was 17 sec of RA
too far east. He assumed it was
new and Sw. IV-1 was catalogued again as NGC 153. So NGC 151 = NGC 153 with NGC 151 the primary designation.
******************************
NGC 152 = ESO
028-SC024 = Lindsay 15
00 32 55.5 -73
06 59
V = 12.9; Size 3'
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 128x this SMC cluster appeared
as a fairly faint, fairly large, round glow, ~2' diameter. At 228x, the cluster has a fairly
smooth, fairly low surface brightness with no core and no signs of resolution. NGC 176 lies 13' ESE. Located 1.2¡ SSE of 47 Tucanae.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 152 = h2331 in the SMC on 20 Sep 1835 and logged "vF; L; R;
vglbM; 2'." His position was
2 min of RA too far west, but the position was corrected in the GC and NGC.
******************************
NGC 153 = NGC
151 = MCG -02-02-054 = PGC 2035
00 34 02.5 -09
42 20
See observing
notes for NGC 151.
Lewis Swift
found NGC 153 = Sw IV-1 on 9 Aug 1886 with a 16" refractor at Warner
Observatory and logged "pF; pS; R; * near north-following". There is nothing at his position but 17
sec of RA west is NGC 151 = PGC 2035, a similar offset as other objects
observed that night, and his description matches this galaxy. The equivalence
NGC 153 = NGC 151 was discussed by Spitaler in AN 3100 and Dreyer mentioned it
in the IC 1 Notes. RC1 mistakenly
identifies the mag 12.5 star at the end of the northeast arm as NGC 153.
******************************
NGC 154 = MCG
-02-02-053 = PGC 2058
00 34 19.4 -12
39 24
V = 13.1; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.7
17.5"
(12/3/88): faint, very small, round, weak concentration. Forms a triangle with two mag 13.5
stars.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 154 = H III-467 = h31 on 27 Nov 1785 (sweep 478) and recorded
"eF, vS, 240 power left some doubt." His position matches MCG -02-02-053 = PGC 2058. JH made the
single observation "eF; S; R; 15 or 16"." The RNGC position is 15 seconds of RA
too small.
******************************
NGC 155 = MCG
-02-02-055 = PGC 2076
00 34 40.1 -10
45 59
V = 12.7; Size 1.7'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 175d
17.5" (9/17/88):
fairly faint, very small, oval 4:3 N-S, bright core.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 155 = Sw IV-2 = LM I-6 on 1 Sep 1886 with the 16" refractor
at Warner Observatory. His
position is 10 sec of RA west of MCG -02-02-055 = PGC 2076. Frank Muller also found the galaxy in
1886 (sometime before Oct 12th) with the 26" Leander McCormick refractor
and reported "mag 13.0, S, R, bsp, *12 in PA 90¡ at 3.2'
separation." Bigourdan
measured an accurate micrometric position on 21 Oct 1890 as well as Howe at
Denver near the end of the century.
******************************
NGC 156
00 34 35.8 -08
20 24
=**, Carlson and
Corwin.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 156 (in list V) in 1882 with an 11" refractor at the
Arcetri Observatory, while observing NGC 157 = H II-3. There is a mag 15.7 star at his position
although Corwin and Carlson identify it as a double star (the second star is
much fainter).
******************************
NGC 157 = MCG
-02-02-056 = PGC 2081
00 34 46.6 -08
23 48
V = 10.4; Size 4.2'x2.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 40d
17.5"
(9/17/88): bright, large, oval 3:2 SW-NE, broad concentration, small bright
core, mottled appearance, sharp edge along the east side. Two stars, mag 13.5 and 15, are near
the NE edge. Located between mag
9.5 SAO 128835 5.5' S and mag 8.6 SAO 12833 6' NNW.
8": fairly
faint, fairly large, diffuse.
Located between two mag 8.5/9.5 stars to the north and south.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 157 = H II-3 on 13 Dec 1783 (sweep 44) and recorded "F, L,
mE, between two considerably bright stars." His position was not accurately determined but his
description is a perfect match with MCG -02-02-056 = PGC 2081. Eduard Schšnfeld, Heinrich d'Arrest and
Father Secchi provided accurate positions, so the NGC position is correct. ƒdouard Stephan (IX-1) independently
found the galaxy with the 31" reflector at Marseille on 28 Oct 1878.
******************************
NGC 158
00 35 05.3 -08
20 40
=*?,
Corwin. "Not found",
Carlson.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 158 in 1882 with an 11" refractor at the Arcetri
Observatory, and recorded in list V while observing the field of NGC 157 = H
II-3. Corwin identifies his object
as a single star at 00 35 05.3 -08 20 40.
******************************
NGC 159 = ESO
150-011 = PGC 2073
00 34 35.7 -55 47
24
V = 13.8; Size 1.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 95d
30"
(10/13/15 - OzSky): at 303x; fairly faint to moderately bright, elongated
nearly 3:1 E-W, 1.0'x0.3', contains a small bright, round core and a stellar
nucleus. Located 29' SSE of mag
7.3 HD 3075 = HJ 3376 (7.5/10 pair at 7").
John Herschel
discovered NGC 159 = h2332 on 28 Oct 1834 and logged "vF, S, R, 15",
precedes 3 stars." On a
second sweep he noted "vF, R, glbM, 20 arcseconds". His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 160 = UGC
356 = MCG +04-02-033 = CGCG 479-043 = PGC 2154
00 36 04.1 +23
57 29
V = 12.6; Size 3.0'x1.7'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 45d
24"
(9/30/16): at 200x; fairly bright or bright, large, elongated 2:1 or 5:2 SW-NE,
sharply concentrated with a small very bright core that increases to a stellar
nucleus. Surrounding the core is a
large, low surface brightness halo ~1.8'x0.8'. Situated 4.3' SSW of mag 7.3 HD 3293. NGC 169/IC 1559 (close pair) lies 11'
ENE and mag 6.2 HD 2311 is 15' ENE.
13.1"
(10/20/84): moderately bright, almost round. Located 4.2' SSW of mag 7.5 SAO 74134. Forms a wide pair with NGC 169 11' ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 160 = H III-476 = h32 on 5 Dec 1785 (sweep 484) and logged
"vF, vS, stellar, a few minutes south preceding a pretty bright star. 240 showed the same." JH reported "has a * 7m, 5'
distant; pos of neb from * 195.5¡." Lord Rosse's assistants made 7
observations of the field with the 72-inch.
******************************
NGC 161 = MCG
-01-02-036 = PGC 2131
00 35 33.8 -02
50 55
V = 13.2; Size 1.3'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 150d
24"
(11/24/14): fairly faint, fairly small, oval 4:3 SSW-NNE, fairly high surface
brightness. Contains a small
bright nucleus that increases to a stellar point. A mag 12 star is 1.2' N and a mag 12.5 star is 2' SSW. Forms a close pair with IC 1557 1.7'
S. Located 6' SE of mag 8.8 HD
3205.
17.5"
(10/8/88): faint, small, round, small bright core. Bracketed by two mag 12 stars 1.2' N and 1.5' S.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 161 = Sw VI-4 on 21 Nov 1886 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory and recorded "eF; eS; R; nearly between 2 equal mag
stars." His position is 18
sec of RA east and 1' north of MCG -01-02-036 = PGC 2131 but his description
matches. Bigourdan measured an accurate
micrometric position on 9 Oct 1890 as well as Howe near the turn of the century
at Denver.
The MCG, PGC,
RNGC and Roger Sinnott's NGC 2000.0 incorrectly equate NGC 161 with IC 1557. IC 1557 is a separate galaxy discovered
by Howe, just 1.7' south.
******************************
NGC 162
00 36 09.2 +23
57 45
=* 75" NE
of NGC 160, Thomson and Corwin.
Lawrence Parsons
discovered NGC 162 on 16 Oct 1866 using Lord Rosse's 72" and by Herman
Schultz on 5 Sep 1867 with the 9.6" refractor at Uppsala Observatory. Both
observers recorded a single star 75" NE of NGC 160. This star was possibly noted even
earlier by Heinrich d'Arrest on 22 Aug 1862. Schultz assumed this object was GC 82, discovered by R.J.
Mitchell at Birr Castle on 18 Sep 1857.
But Mitchell's object is a close companion of NGC 169 (now known as IC
1559), not NGC 162 as JH assumed.
Dreyer also observed this star on 6 Nov 1874 and noted "An eS, F
neb point, or probably a F* nf h79 in PA 78"."
In the GC
Supplement, Dreyer incorrectly decided "Rosse nova does not exist [so GC
82 = IC 1559 did not receive an NGC number]. 82 was undoubtedly observed instead of 79, which latter
nebula is not double. The
description in PT 1861, agrees perfectly with the appearance of 82" He added that "Schultz's GC 80 has
not been seen in Birr before 1874: I have therefore entered it in the catalogue
as a nova." So, Dreyer
assigned Schultz's GC 80 to the single star (the one first seen by Lawrence
Parsons in 1866) following NGC 160 and renumbered it as GC 5107. RNGC misidentifies NGC 162 with an
anonymous galaxy close SE of NGC 160 and Dorothy Carlson incorrectly equates
NGC 160 = NGC 162 in her NGC errata list.
Wolfgang Steinicke thoroughly covered the identifications of GC 80 and
82 in his book on the history of the NGC.
******************************
NGC 163 = MCG
-02-02-066 = PGC 2149
00 35 59.8 -10
07 18
V = 12.7; Size 1.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 85d
17.5"
(9/17/88): fairly faint, small, round, brighter core, stellar nucleus, diffuse
halo. Forms a pair with NGC 165 6'
E.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 163 on 20 Sep 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His mean position
(also measured on the next night) matches MCG -02-02-066 = PGC 2149. Though WH's III-954 is equated with NGC
163, his observation more likely applies to NGC 165 (see that number). d'Arrest noted the 32 second
discrepancy between his position of NGC 163 and that of III-953, but
surprisingly d'Arrest didn't record NGC 165, so he didn't make the connection
between III-953 and NGC 165.
Lewis Swift
independently found NGC 163 on 9 Aug 1886 and recorded it in list IV-3. Swift's position was 14 sec of RA east
of MCG -02-02-066 = PGC 2149 and falls between NGC 163 and 165. Harold Corwin
notes that Swift's positions for three other galaxies he observed on this night
(NGC 153, 217 and 7774) are all 10 - 15 seconds of time too large.
******************************
NGC 164 = MCG
+00-02-089 = PGC 2181
00 36 32.9 +02
44 59
V = 15.6; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.9
17.5" (11/6/88):
extremely faint, very small, round.
Located about 30' W of the NGC 182 group. Sighting not 100% certain but sketch matches POSS.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 164 = m 12 on 3 Aug 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
logged as "eF". MCG
+00-02-089 is a good match with Marth's position. Bigourdan searched for this object unsuccessfully (too faint
for his 11"). Engelhardt's
position corresponds with a single star at 00 36 39.0 +02 43 46.
******************************
NGC 165 = MCG
-02-02-069 = PGC 2182
00 36 28.8 -10
06 23
V = 13.1; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 50d
17.5"
(9/17/88): faint, fairly small, almost round, very weak concentration, low
surface brightness. Slightly
larger but fainter than NGC 163 6' W.
A mag 14 star lies 1.5' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 165 = H III-954 on 10 Dec 1798 (sweep 1086) and recorded
"eF, S." His position is
just 1.6' north-northwest of NGC 165 = PGC 2182, and much further from NGC 163
= MCG -02-02-066 = PGC 2149, the galaxy associated with III-954 in the
NGC. In the 1912 "Scientific
Papers of WH", Dreyer noted the RA of III-954 was 28 sec too large (for
NGC 163). Wolfgang Steinicke and
Harold Corwin agree with the conclusion that III-954 more likely applies to NGC
165.
Wilhelm Tempel
independently found NGC 165 in 1882 with an 11" refractor at the Arcetri
Observatory and reported it in his fifth discovery paper. In his note on NGC 163, he mentions he
found another fainter nebula 30 sec following. Tempel's second nebula was assumed to be new, so he was
credited with the discovery of NGC 165 in the NGC. Spitaler measured an accurate position in 1891 at Vienna.
******************************
NGC 166 = MCG
-02-02-063 = PGC 2143
00 35 48.8 -13
36 38
V = 14.6; Size 0.8'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(12/3/88): very faint, very small, oval NW-SE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 166 = LM I-285 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
of the Leander McCormick Observatory. His rough position is just under 1 min of RA preceding
MCG -02-02-063. A mag 12 star is
5' NW, matching Leavenworth's description. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using
the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 167 = ESO
473-029 = MCG -04-02-022 = PGC 2122
00 35 22.9 -23
22 29
V = 13.6; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 171d
17.5"
(12/3/88): faint, small, oval 3:2 ~N-S, very weak concentration.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 167 = LM II-286 with the 26" refractor at
Leander McCormick Observatory and noted "0.8', iR, gbM." His position is 1 min of RA east of ESO
473-029 = PGC 2122. Frank Muller
is incorrectly attributed with the discovery in the NGC. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory
(repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 168 = ESO
474-004 = MCG -04-02-026 = KTS 4A = PGC 2192
00 36 38.7 -22
35 37
V = 13.8; Size 1.2'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 26d
24"
(10/3/13): first of three edge-ons with NGC 172 8.1' E and NGC 177 13'
ENE. At 375x appeared fairly
faint, moderately large, edge-on 5:1 SSW-NNE, 40"x8", broad weak
concentration. A mag 10.4 star is
5.5' N.
17.5"
(12/3/88): first of three in a group with NGC 172 and NGC 177. Very faint, very small, slightly
elongated. An extremely faint star
is possibly involved. NGC 172 lies
7' E and NGC 177 13' ENE.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 168 = LM II-287 (along with NGC 172 = LM II-288 and NGC 177 = LM
II-289) in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick
Observatory. His position and description matches ESO 474-004. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory
(repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 169 = Arp
282 NED1 = UGC 365 = MCG +04-02-035 = CGCG 479-044 = PGC 2202
00 36 51.7 +23
59 27
V = 12.4; Size 3.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 88d
24"
(9/30/16): at 200x; fairly bright, fairly small, elongated 5:2 E-W,
~0.8'x0.3'. Contains a small, bright
elongated core that increases to a stellar nucleus. Forms a disturbed, interacting pair (Arp 282) with IC 1559
at the south edge [22" between centers]. The companion is fairly faint, small, slightly elongated
~N-S, 15" diameter, faint stellar nucleus. Located just 3.8' SW of mag 6.2 HD 3411.
13.1"
(10/20/84): moderately bright, slightly elongated ~E-W. Located 3.8' WSW of mag 6.4 SAO
74148! Forms a contact pair with
IC 1559 = NGC 169A just 21" S of center (Arp 282). Similar appearance to NGC 160, which
lies 11' WSW.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 169 on 18 Sep 1857 with Lord Rosse's 72" and noted "a
vS, double nebula, the n one is E sp nf, bM. A month later he logged "D nebula, alpha [on a diagram]
is mE p f, bM. Beta [IC 1559] is
lE nearly n s, bM." Heinrich
d'Arrest independently found this nebula on 22 Aug 1862. JH credited d'Arrest with the discovery
in the GC, but both are listed in the NGC.
The brighter
northern galaxy is labeled NGC 169B in the MCG (+04-02-035) with IC 1559 = MCG
+04-02-034 called NGC 169A.
******************************
NGC 170 = MCG
+00-02-091 = CGCG 383-042 = PGC 2195
00 36 45.8 +01
53 11
V = 14.4; Size 0.4'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.0; PA = 85d
17.5"
(10/8/88): very faint, very small, round.
Located 2.0' NW of mag 9.0 SAO 109310 and 7.5' SW of NGC 173.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 170 = m 13 on 3 Nov 1863 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
recorded "F, S, R."
Marth's position is 1' N of CGCG 383-042 = PGC 2195.
******************************
NGC 171 = NGC
175 = ESO 540-006 = MCG -03-02-024 = PGC 2232
00 37 21.6 -19
56 04
See observing
notes for NGC 175.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 171 = H III-223 on 20 Oct 1784 (sweep 303) and recorded
"vF; lE or rather oval; roughly 1' dia; np 2 pB stars". There is nothing at the NGC position,
but Dreyer states in the 1912 revision of WH's catalogues that Carolyn Herschel
made a one degree error in copying the declination for III-223. Once corrected, NGC 171 is identical to
NGC 175, found by JH on 11 Nov 1834.
This galaxy is generally identified as NGC 175, due to the error in
declination for NGC 171. See
Corwin's notes for more.
******************************
NGC 172 = ESO
474-005 = MCG -04-02-027 = KTS 4B = PGC 2228
00 37 13.6 -22
35 13
V = 13.4; Size 2.0'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 12d
24"
(10/3/13): fairly faint, moderately large, edge-on SSW-NNE, 0.9'x0.2',
irregular surface brightness.
Second of three edge-ons in the KTS 4 triplet with NGC 168 8' W and NGC
177 5.3' NE.
17.5"
(12/3/88): second of three with NGC 168 and NGC 177. Faint, edge-on 5:1 SSW-NNE, low even surface
brightness. NGC 168 lies 7' W and
NGC 177 5' ENE.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 172 = LM II-288 (along with NGC 168 = LM II-287 and NGC 177 = LM
II-289) in 1886 with the 26" Clark refractor at Leander McCormick
Observatory. His position is a
good match with ESO 474-005 = PGC 2228.
Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using the 20"
refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes) and commented
there is mag 13 star close southwest.
******************************
NGC 173 = UGC
369 = MCG +00-02-092 = CGCG 383-043 = PGC 2223
00 37 12.4 +01
56 32
V = 13.0; Size 3.2'x2.6'; Surf Br = 15.2; PA = 90d
17.5"
(10/8/88): fairly faint, fairly large, round, broad concentration. Located midway between a mag 12 star
1.5' SW and a mag 13 star 1.6' NE.
Forms a pair with NGC 170 7.5' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 173 = H III-871 = h33 on 28 Dec 1790 (sweep 988) and logged
"vF, S, R, vgbM." CH's
reduced position is 4' north of UGC 369.
The On 20 Dec 1827 (sweep 113), JH recorded "vF; R; bM;
20". A star 11m pos 225¡ +/-,
dist = 80"."
******************************
NGC 174 = ESO
411-001 = MCG -05-02-028 = PGC 2206
00 36 58.9 -29
28 40
V = 12.8; Size 1.4'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 152d
17.5"
(12/3/88): fairly faint, small, oval NW-SE, weak concentration. A mag 13 star is just off the SE
edge. Situated among a group of
mag 10-11 stars including mag 9.5 SAO 166412 3' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 174 = h2333 on 27 Sep 1834 and logged "F, S, lE, among
several bright stars." The
next sweep he noted "vF, S, R.". Finally on a third sweep he recorded
"vF, R, 25", near one or two stars." His mean position matches ESO 411-001 = PGC 2206.
******************************
NGC 175 = NGC
171 = ESO 540-006 = VV 791a = MCG -03-02-024 = PGC 2232
00 37 21.6 -19
56 04
V = 12.2; Size 2.1'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 109d
17.5"
(12/3/88): fairly faint, moderately large, slightly elongated, oval small
bright core, diffuse halo. Forms a
right angle with two mag 11 stars 4' SSE and 5' ENE.
8"
(10/13/81): faint, small, diffuse, even surface brightness.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 175 = h2334 on 11 Nov 1834 and recorded "pB, pL, E, gbM, r,
80" long, 60" broad. If this nebula be really III.223 [NGC 171], the
P.D. [polar distance] assigned to that nebula by my Father's observations must
be 1 degree in error. The error cannot lie in this observation, the 109th
degree of Polar distance being beyond the possible reach of the instrument in [this]
sweep." His position and
description matches ESO 540-006 = PGC 2232.
By historical
precedence, the principal designation should be NGC 171, but the galaxy is
usually identified as NGC 175 due to the unambiguous position.
******************************
NGC 176 = ESO
029-SC002 = Lindsay16
00 35 54 -73 10
00
V = 13.0; Size 1.2'
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 128x this SMC cluster is fairly
faint, fairly small, round, ~40" diameter, low surface brightness with a
brighter core. No resolution
except for a mag 13 star at the north edge and a mag 14 star at the south
edge. NGC 152 lies 13' WNW. Located 3.5' NNE of mag 8 HD 3395.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 176 = h2335 in the SMC on 12 Aug 1834 and recorded "eF; R;
near a *8m (At the beginning of the Nubecula Minor." On a second sweep he logged "eF;
S; lE, resolvable." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 177 = ESO
474-006 = MCG -04-02-028 = KTS 4C = PGC 2241
00 37 34.3 -22
32 57
V = 13.2; Size 2.2'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 9d
24"
(10/3/13): this galaxy is the most prominent of a trio of edge-ons (KTS 4) with
NGC 172 5' SW and NGC 168 13' WSW.
Moderately bright, fairly large, edge-on 5:1 nearly N-S, 1.5'x0.3',
sharply concentrated with a small, bright elongated core increasing to a
stellar nucleus.
17.5"
(12/3/88): third and brightest of three with NGC 168 and NGC 172. Faint, edge-on 4:1 N-S, bright core,
stellar nucleus. NGC 172 lies 5'
WSW.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 177 = LM II-289 (along with NGC 168 = LM II-287 and NGC 172 = LM
II-288) in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick
Observatory. Muller's position is
2' S of ESO 474-006 = PGC 2241, although he was uncertain if this object was a
star. His comment "E 175¡"
is fairly accurate (actual PA = 9¡).
The IC 2 notes remark "Delete the (original) query; it seems to be
a nebula (Howe)"
******************************
NGC 178 = IC 39
= VIII Zw 34 = MCG -02-02-078 = PGC 2349
00 39 08.4 -14
10 26
V = 12.6; Size 2.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 175d
24"
(9/30/16): at 282x; fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 5:2 N-S,
~1.5'x0.6'. Appears mottled along
the major axis with a brighter knot or region at the north end [HST image
reveals this is a giant star-forming region]. The galaxy appears to spread or bulge out with a faint
extension on the southwest side [the HST image shows this is a series of
HII/star-forming clumps]. This
highly disrupted galaxy lies 8' NE of mag 9.0 HD 3579. Brightest in a trio with NGC 207 8.7'
SE and IC 41 7.8' E.
17.5"
(11/6/93): moderately bright, fairly large, elongated 5:2 N-S, 1.8'x0.8', broad
low concentration but no nucleus.
NGC 207 is in the field 9' ESE and NGC 210 lies 27' NE.
13"
(8/24/84): fairly faint, fairly small, weak concentration, elongated 2:1 N-S,
lies 27' SW of NGC 210.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 178 = LM I-7 on 3 Nov 1885 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "F, S, mE 0¡, bM, faint wing
south-preceding." His rough
position (nearest min of RA) is 1.5 min of RA west of MCG -02-02-078 = PGC
2349, and his description and sketch (examined by Harold Corwin) matches this
galaxy. Stephane Javelle
independently discovered the galaxy on 26 Aug 1892, assumed it was new based on
position and listed it as the 28th object in his first discovery paper (J.
1-28, later IC 39). Herbert Howe
later searched for NGC 178 and measured an accurate position in 1898-99
(repeated in the IC 2 notes), though Dreyer failed to equate NGC 178 and IC
39. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 179 = ESO
540-007 = MCG -03-02-026 = PGC 2253
00 37 46.1 -17
50 57
V = 13.3; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 113d
17.5"
(12/3/88): faint, very small, round.
Forms a double with a mag 14.5 star just 25" NNW of center.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 179 = LM II-290 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at the Leander McCormick Observatory.
His position matches ESO 540-007.
Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using the 20"
refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 180 = UGC
380 = MCG +01-02-039 = CGCG 409-050 = PGC 2268
00 37 57.7 +08
38 06
V = 12.9; Size 2.4'x1.9'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 160d
17.5"
(10/8/88): faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 NW-SE, bright core. A mag 11 star is at the NW edge
39" from the center.
13"
(12/7/85): faint, small, elongated NW-SE.
A mag 10.5 star at the NW edge detracts from viewing.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 180 = H III-876 on 29 Dec 1790 (sweep 991) and logged "vF,
pL, iR, just S.f. a small star which is partly involved in the
nebulosity." Auwers'
reduction is 1¡ off in NPD. The
NGC position is just 2' north of UGC 380 = PGC 2268.
******************************
NGC 181 = MCG
+05-02-032 = CGCG 500-055 = PGC 2287
00 38 23.2 +29
28 21
V = 14.7; Size 0.6'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 151d
24"
(9/15/12): fairly faint, fairly small, edge-on 4:1 NNW-SSE, 0.6'x0.15'. Located 2.7' SSW of NGC 183. Second brightest in a trio of NGCs with
NGC 184 3.1' SW. A mag 12.4 is
near the midpoint of NGC 181 and 184.
This trio is apparently in the foreground of Abell Galaxy Cluster 71.
18"
(10/21/06): faint, small, elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE, 0.5'x0.2'. In a trio with NGC 184 4' ESE and NGC
183 2.7' NE. A mag 12 star lies
1.5' SE
17.5"
(10/17/87): very faint, small, round, diffuse. First of three with NGC 183 2.7' NE. Located 10' N of 30 Andromedae (V =
4.4). Member of AGC 71.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 181 = St XIII-6 on 6 Oct 1883 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory, along with NGC 183 (originally discovered by Truman
Safford) and 184. His position
matches CGCG 500-055 = PGC 2287.
******************************
NGC 182 = UGC
382 = MCG +00-02-095 = CGCG 383-045 = PGC 2279
00 38 12.4 +02
43 43
V = 12.4; Size 2.0'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 75d
17.5"
(10/8/88): moderately bright, small, round, bright core, faint stellar
nucleus. Located 4' SE of mag 7.6
SAO 128868. Brightest in the large
NGC 182 group including NGC 186, NGC 193, NGC 194, NGC 198, NGC 199, NGC 200,
NGC 202, NGC 203, NGC 204, NGC 208.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 182 = H III-870 on 25 Dec 1790 (sweep 985) and logged "vF,
S, iR, vgbM." The NGC
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 183 = UGC
387a/b = MCG +05-02-035 = CGCG 500-057 = PGC 2298
00 38 29.3 +29
30 40
V = 12.7; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 130d
24"
(9/15/12): fairly bright, moderately large, round, 50" diameter, well
concentrated with a bright core increasing to a very small bright nucleus. Brightest and largest in a group
including NGC 181 2.7' SSW, NGC 184 4.1' SSE and PGC 1871091 (very low surface
brightness edge-on) 5.2' NNE. A
mag 12.4 star lies 3.2' S. It was
easy to locate this group as it is situated just 12' N of mag 4.4 Epsilon And.
18"
(10/21/06): fairly faint, fairly small, round, very small bright nucleus,
40" diameter. Based on the
listed dimensions, I missed a very low surface brightness halo and viewed the
high surface brightness core.
Forms the NW vertex of a triangle with a mag 12 star 3' S and a mag 13
star 3' E. Brightest in a trio
with NGC 181 and NGC 184 close south.
MCG +5-2-31 lies 6' N.
17.5"
(10/17/87): fairly faint, small, round, bright core. Located 12' N of 30 Andromedae (V = 4.4). Brightest of three in AGC 71 with NGC
181 2.7' SW and NGC 184 4.1' SSE.
Truman Safford
discovered NGC 183 = Sf 65 on 5 Nov 1866 with the 26" refractor at
Dearborn Observatory and simply called a "neb. * 13m." ƒdouard Stephan independently found the
galaxy on 6 Oct 1883, recorded it in his list XIII-7 and was credited with the
discovery in the NGC as Safford's discovery list was not published until 1887.
******************************
NGC 184 = CGCG
500-059 = PGC 2309
00 38 35.8 +29
26 51
V = 14.7; Size 0.7'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 5d
24"
(9/15/12): faint, small, elongated 2:1 N-S, 24"x12", slightly
brighter core. Faintest in a trio
with NGC 181 3.1' NW and NGC 183 4.1' NNW. Bracketed by a mag 12.4 star 1.6' WNW and a mag 13.5 star
50" E.
18" (10/21/06):
very faint, very small, elongated 3:2 N-S, 24"x16". Situated between a mag 13 star 0.9' E
and a mag 12 star 1.6' WNW. In a
trio with NGC 181 3' NW and NGC 183 4' NNW. Located 8' N of mag 4.4 Epsilon (30) Andromedae.
17.5"
(10/17/87): very faint, very small, round. A mag 13.5 star is 1' E. Third of three in AGC 71 cluster with NGC 183 4.1' NNW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 184 = St XIII-8 on 6 Oct 1883 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and recorded "eF, eS". His position matches CGCG 500-059 = PGC
2309. Stephan also independently
found NGC 183 (discovered earlier by Truman Safford) on the same night and NGC
181.
******************************
NGC 185 = UGC
396 = MCG +08-02-010 = CGCG 550-009 = PGC 2329
00 38 57.2 +48
20 15
V = 9.2; Size 11.7'x10.0'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 35d
24"
(9/14/12): Hodge V is the brightest globular cluster in NGC 185, first
identified by Paul Hodge in his 1974 paper "Photometry of the Globular
Clusters of NGC 185" (PASP, 86, 289). At 325x and 450x it appeared as an extremely faint star (V =
16.7), forming the southern vertex of a small equilateral triangle with a mag
14.5 star 20" N and a mag 15 star 20" NW. This extragalactic globular was repeatedly glimpsed for
brief moments and a couple of times it could be held for a few seconds. Situated 3.8' NE of the center of NGC
185 and outside the visible halo of the galaxy.
17.5"
(10/13/90): bright, very large, slightly elongated ~E-W, broad concentration
but no nucleus. Three mag 14 stars are at the W, NW and SW ends. Higher surface brightness than NGC
147. The brightest globular is
located 8' N of center and is a marginal object at high power (see description). This is a satellite system of M31 and a
Local Group member at a distance of 2.15 million light years.
8"
(10/4/80): fairly faint, fairly large, diffuse, NGC 147 58' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 185 = H II-707 = h35 on 30 Nov 1787 (sweep 786) and recorded
"pB, vL, irr R, vgmbM, resolvable, 5 or 6' diameter." The first observation with LdR's
72" on 28 Mar 1848 reads "Resolved by a power of 800, although the
night was rather hazy." This is a good example of how preconceptions that
nearly all nebulae were resolvable influenced the results. The NGC position is accurate.
James Keeler
first photographed the galaxy using the Crossley reflector at Lick around
1900. It was described (1918
Curtis publication) as "rather irregular slightly oval, 3' long; there are
two curious rifts near the nucleus; it appears to be an irregular spiral. The nebular matter is faint and
diffuse. A star of mag 14 is north
of the very faint nucleus."
In 1944 William
Baade announced that NGC 185, along with NGC 147, were members of the Local
Group (1944ApJ...100..147B) when they were resolved into stars on plates take
with the 100-inch at Mt Wilson.
******************************
NGC 186 = UGC
390 = MCG +00-02-098 = CGCG 383-047 = PGC 2291
00 38 25.3 +03
09 59
V = 13.4; Size 1.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 23d
17.5"
(10/8/88): faint, small, elongated NW-SE, stellar nucleus. Located between mag 6.4 SAO 109315 15'
W and mag 7.4 SAO 109348 11' E.
Member of the large NGC 182 group.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 186 on 6 Dec 1850 using Lord Rosse's 72" and he recorded
"beta is much smaller than alpha (NGC 194), and is sbM and I think a
nova." Heinrich d'Arrest
independently found this nebula on 23 Sep 1862 with the 11" refractor at
Copenhagen. d'Arrest's position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 187 = MCG
-03-02-034 = PGC 2380
00 39 30.3 -14 39
23
V = 12.5; Size 1.2'x0.4'; Surf Br = 11.6; PA = 148d
17.5"
(12/3/88): fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 5:2 NW-SE, even
surface brightness. Located 30'
SSE of NGC 178.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 187 = LM I-8 on 3 Nov 1885 with the 26" refractor at
Leander McCormick Observatory and he logged "F, S, mE 150¡, bM." His rough position is 1 min west of MCG
-03-02-034 = PGC 2380 and the description matches. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using
the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 188 = Cr 6 =
Mel 2 = OCL-309
00 47 30 +85 14
30
V = 8.1; Size 14'
17.5"
(12/26/00): At 100x, ~75 stars within 10'-12', roundish group. The cluster is fairly rich but
unconcentrated with a noticeable void of stars near in the center and a
somewhat ill-defined boundary. The
stars appear to be layered with at least a dozen mag 12-13 stars superimposed
on a much richer carpet of mag 14-15 stars over unresolved haze. At 220x, some additional very faint
stars are visible bringing the total up to ~85. Two mag 9.5-10 field stars are just off the west edge and
two mag 8.5-9 stars are beyond the eastern border. This is one of the older
known open clusters with an age of ~6.3 billion years.
13"
(8/24/84): about 50 stars at 62x with several mag 7-9 stars in field, appears
fully resolved.
8": large
cluster, many faint stars, not rich, blank areas near center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 188 = h34 on 3 Nov 1831 and recorded a "Cl, vL, p Rich,
150-200 stars mag 10-18; more than fills the field. The Sky Catalogue 2000.0
gives a poor position of 00 44.0 +85 20.
******************************
NGC 189 = Cr 462
= OCL-301 = Lund 23
00 39 36 +61 05
42
V = 8.8; Size 4'
24"
(1/4/14): well detached, roundish group of stars at 125x. Using 260x, ~40 stars are resolved in a
5'-6' group. There are several
pairs and tight groupings. Many of
the stars are in a richer 3' inner group, generally arranged in a ring and
including h 1043 = 11.6/12.7 pair at 12" (oriented N-S). A few of the brighter stars, though,
form the 6' outline. A distinctive
quadrilateral of stars is ~6' NW.
17.5"
(11/27/92): 30 stars mag 10-14 in 6' diameter, weakly compressed, no dense
areas but appears to have some unresolved background haze. Elongated E-W due to a couple of
strings extending to the west. A
6'x5' parallelogram of four mag 9 stars in the field to the south. Not an impressive cluster.
8"
(11/13/82): about two dozen stars, moderately large, irregular shape,
scattered, haze.
Caroline
Herschel probably discovered NGC 189 = h36 on 27 Sep 1783 although William
attributed her with the discovery of NGC 381. This is unlikely as the object she found preceded Gamma Cas,
while NGC 381 follows. Although WH
made no observations, JH independently discovered the cluster on 27 Oct
1829. He logged, "Cl, L; p
rich; irreg R; 8' diam; straggling; *s 11...15m."
******************************
NGC 190 = UGC
397 = MCG +01-02-041/042 = (CGCG 409-051) = (III Zw 10) = HCG 5A/5B = PGC 2324
00 38 54.7 +07
03 46
V = 14.0; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.6
48"
(10/25/11): HCG 5A is the brighter northern component of a double system
forming NGC 190. It appeared
bright, moderately large, slightly elongated E-W, 50"x40", bright core,
stellar nucleus. Forms a very
close double with smaller and fainter HCG 5B just 21" between
centers. The halos of the two
galaxies are in contact. HCG 5C is
0.8' NNE and HCG 5D is 0.9' S. The
entire length of the N-S chain of four galaxies is 1.6'.
18"
(8/26/06): this double system was just resolved into two very close, small
knots, roughly 20" each in diameter with their halos in contact. Both components have faint stellar
nuclei. The northern component
(HCG 5A) was slightly brighter and larger. HCG 5C is a difficult object 1' NW. The entire quartet is arranged in a N-S
chain with a total length of only 1.6'.
18"
(11/23/05): NGC 190 is a double system which often appears as an elongated
glow, 40"x20", oriented N-S.
With careful viewing, the system just resolves into two very small round
knots, just 20" between centers.
The northern component is ~20" diameter and the southern member
~15". The two knots both have faint stellar nuclei and appear virtually
tangent. A third member, HCG 5C,
is occasionally visible as an extremely faint knot off the NW side.
17.5"
(12/11/99): Initially seen as a single faint, elongated glow at 220x. At 280x in moments of good seeing this
object cleanly resolved into two very close, very small knots with the brighter
component on the north side. HCG
5C was only intermittently visible with averted vision as a 15" threshold
knot.
17.5"
(9/5/99): NGC 190 is a challenging double system best viewed at high
power. Using 280x, at first
appeared as an elongated irregular glow but with extended viewing, two
"knots" oriented N-S were resolved within a common halo. The brighter and larger component (HCG
5A) is at the north end and appears very faint, very small, round, 20"
diameter. The southern component
(HCG 5B) is extremely faint and small, perhaps 15" diameter. HCG 5C is a threshold knot 1' NW. The HCG is a subgroup of AGC 76 whose
core is ~20' SSE and includes IC 1565, 1566 and 1568.
17.5"
(10/8/88): very close double system, faint, small, elongated SSW-NNE, irregular. HCG 5B is a very small companion
attached at the south edge just 22" between centers. In a compact group of four (HCG 5).
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 190 = Sw V-8 on 22 Oct 1886 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory. His position
is just 6 sec of RA east of UGC 397.
His description mentions "3 or 4 stars near sp". There are two mag 13 and 14.7 stars
about 2' SW, but perhaps he also noticed the companion at the south edge (HCG
5B) and took it to be stellar.
Herbert Howe, observing with the 20" refractor in Denver, noted a
mag 12.5 star lies about 30" due south of the nebula. But this probably refers to HCG
5B. MCG identifies M+01-02-042 as
NGC 190 instead of both -041 and -042.
******************************
NGC 191 = Arp
127 NED1 = Holm 13a = MCG -02-02-077 = PGC 2331
00 38 59.3 -09
00 09
V = 13.3; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 125d
17.5"
(9/17/88): close double system with IC 1563 0.6' SE. Fairly faint, very small, round. A mag 14 star is 30" SE of center. A very faint halo surrounding the core
extends to IC 1563 and the mag 14 star.
IC 1563 appeared faint, very small, round.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 191 = H II-479 = h38 on 28 Nov 1785 (sweep 479) and logged
"pB, mE nearly in the meridian, near 2' long". Sir Robert Ball, using Lord Rosse's
72" on 12 Dec 1866, recorded "One neb, with either 2 stars or B, S,
neb knots very closely foll - cB, pL, R, bM, two pB st preceding." One of these "knots" is IC
1563, although discovery credit is given to Bigourdan in the IC. The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 192 = HCG 7A
= UGC 401 = MCG +00-02-104 = CGCG 383-051 = LGG 010-002 = PGC 2352
00 39 13.5 +00
51 49
V = 12.6; Size 1.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 167d
18"
(11/23/05): moderately bright, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE,
0.9'x0.3' or 1.0'x0.3'. Well
concentrated with a small very bright core that increases to a stellar
nucleus. Brightest in the HCG 7
quartet with NGC 196, NGC 197 and NGC 201.
17.5"
(10/8/88): brightest of four in the HCG 7 group. Moderately bright, fairly small, very elongated NNW-SSE,
bright core. NGC 197 lies 2.1'
NNE, NGC 196 3' N and NGC 201 5' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 192 = H III-872 = h39, along with NGC 196 and NGC 201, on 28 Dec
1790 (sweep 988) and logged "vF, vS, bM." JH made 5 observations and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 193 = UGC
408 = MCG +00-02-103 = CGCG 385-055 = PGC 2359
00 39 18.5 +03
19 52
V = 12.2; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 55d
17.5"
(10/8/88): fairly faint, very small, round, sharp concentration. Located 2.6' WNW of a mag 10 star
(9.9/10.6 at 2"). A mag 13
star is off the west edge. Member
of the NGC 182 group with NGC 204 7' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 193 = H III-595 = h37 on 21 Dec 1786 (sweep 657) and logged
"vF; S; 3 or 4 stars in it, but I have not been out long enough, however I
have no doubt." WH's RA was
off so JH thought his observation was new: "vF; L; close to a *15. RA by III. 595, which this precedes
25.5 seconds." R.J. Mitchell
observed the galaxy with LdR's 72-inch on 24 Nov 1854 and noted "Not L; R;
bM; a bright star close sp; resolvable?". The NGC position is accurate.
WH also recorded
nearby NGC 204 and noted "vF, vS, but I have not been out long enough, any
may be a deception." His
offset from NGC 193 clearly matches NGC 204, but he didn't assign it an
H-designation.
******************************
NGC 194 = UGC
407 = MCG +00-02-105 = CGCG 383-054 = PGC 2362
00 39 18.4 +03
02 14
V = 12.2; Size 1.5'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 30d
17.5"
(10/8/88): fairly faint, fairly small, round, small bright core, stellar
nucleus. Located 5' S of mag 7.3
SAO 109348! Member of the NGC 182
group with NGC 199 6' NE and NGC 200 10' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 194 = H II-856 = h40 on 25 Dec 1790 (sweep 985) and recorded
"F, S, vgbM." JH called
it "pB; S; R; bM." The NGC position matches UGC 407 = PGC 2362.
******************************
NGC 195 = MCG
-02-02-079 = PGC 2391
00 39 35.8 -09
11 41
V = 13.5; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 45d
24"
(12/1/16): at 260x; fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated WSW-ENE,
0.5'x0.4', weak concentration.
MCG -02-02-086,
the brightest cD member of AGC 85 (distance ~750 million l.y.) lies 34' ESE. It appeared fairly faint, irregularly
round, 40" diameter, low irregular surface brightness, no distinct core or
zones. Two other cluster members
were also viewed.
17.5"
(9/17/88): faint, very small, elongated ~E-W, weak concentration.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 195 = T I-2 in 1876 with the 11" refractor at the Arcetri
Observatory. His position was 0.4
min of RA west and 5' north of MCG -02-02-079 = PGC 2391. Bigourdan measured an accurate position
on 16 Dec 1897 (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 196 = HCG 7B
= UGC 405 = MCG +00-02-110 = CGCG 383-053 = LGG 010-003 = PGC 2357
00 39 17.8 +00
54 46
V = 12.9; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 3d
18"
(11/23/05): moderately bright, small, fairly high surface brightness. Sharply concentrated with a bright,
very small core surrounded by a much fainter oval halo 3:2 N-S,
~0.6'x0.4'. Second brightest in
the HCG 7 quartet with NGC 192 3' SSW and much fainter NGC 197 1' SSE.
17.5"
(10/8/88): fairly faint, very small, round, small bright core. Forms a very close pair with NGC 197 1'
SSE in the HCG 7 group. NGC 192
lies 3' SSW and NGC 201 5' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 196 = H II-860 = h41, along with NGC 192 and NGC 201, on 28 Dec
1790 (sweep 988) and logged "pF, pS, vgbM." JH made 4 observations. MCG mislabels this galaxy as NGC 197.
******************************
NGC 197 = HCG 7D
= UGC 406 = MCG +00-02-107 = CGCG 383-053 = LGG 010-006 = PGC 2365
00 39 18.8 +00
53 31
V = 14.1; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3
18"
(11/23/05): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. This galaxy is the smallest and
faintest in the HCG 7 quartet and was missed by William and John Herschel
(discovered by Albert Marth).
17.5"
(10/8/88): extremely faint, very small, almost round. Member of the HCG 7 group and located 2.1' NNE of NGC
192. Forms a close pair with NGC
196 1' NNW and NGC 201 lies 4' SE.
Appears fainter than 14.2z.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 197 = m 14 on 16 Oct 1863 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
recorded "eF, s of 196."
His position matches UGC 406 = PGC 2365. This galaxy is misidentified as NGC 196 in the MCG
(+00-02-107).
******************************
NGC 198 = UGC
414 = MCG +00-02-109 = CGCG 383-057 = PGC 2371
00 39 22.9 +02
47 52
V = 13.2; Size 1.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 80d
17.5"
(10/8/88): fairly faint, fairly small, round, weak concentration. Located within the NGC 182 group with
NGC 200 6' NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 198 = H II-857 on 25 Dec 1790 (sweep 985) and recorded "F,
S, vgbM". At the same time he
found H II-858 = NGC 200 to the northeast. Herman Schultz, Heinrich d'Arrest and Basilius von
Engelhardt measured accurate micrometric positions.
******************************
NGC 199 = UGC
415 = MCG +00-02-111 = CGCG 383-058 = PGC 2382
00 39 33.1 +03
08 19
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 160d
17.5"
(10/8/88): faint, small, elongated NNW-SSE, small bright core. Located 5' E of mag 7.3 SAO 109348
within the NGC 182 group. NGC 194
lies 6' SW.
Heinrich d'Arrest
discovered NGC 199 on 24 Sep 1862 with the 11" refractor at Copenhagen and
described (from 3 observations) "faint and small. A mag 8 star precedes 27
sec and somewhat south." His
position and description matches UGC 415 = PGC 2382. Ralph Copeland independently found this galaxy on 11 Dec
1873 at Birr Castle and logged "cF, L neb."
******************************
NGC 200 = UGC
420 = MCG +00-02-112 = CGCG 383-060 = PGC 2387
00 39 34.8 +02
53 15
V = 12.6; Size 1.9'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 161d
17.5"
(10/8/88): fairly faint, fairly small, oval 3:2 NNW-SSE, weak
concentration. Member of the NGC
182 group with NGC 198 6' SSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 200 = H II-858, along with NGC 198, on 25 Dec 1790 (sweep 985)
and recorded "pB, S, vgbM."
Ralph Copeland, LdR's assistant on 17 Sep 1873, logged "cB, L, cE
north-south, gbM". There was
a confusion, though, in the orientation with respect to NGC 198. The NGC position (from Herman Schultz?)
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 201 = HCG 7C
= UGC 419 = MCG +00-02-115 = CGCG 383-059 = LGG 010-004 = PGC 2388
00 39 34.9 +00
51 35
V = 12.9; Size 1.8'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 155d
18"
(11/23/05): NGC 201 is the largest member of the HCG 7 quartet. At 225x appears faint, fairly large,
round, ~1.6' diameter, low nearly even surface brightness with only a very weak
concentration. Located 5' E of NGC
192.
17.5"
(10/8/88): largest in the NGC 192 group = HCG 7. Faint, moderately large, diffuse, even surface brightness,
slightly elongated NW-SE. Last of
four including NGC 192, NGC 196 and 197.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 201 = H III-873 = h43, along with NGC 192 and NGC 196, on 28 Dec
1790 (sweep 988) and recorded "eF, cL. I should not have seen it but for
the other two [III-872 = NGC 192 and II-860 = NGC 196]." On 20 Dec 1827 (sweep 113), JH recorded
"vF; L; E; 60". The last
of 3 on the parallel of the first."
******************************
NGC 202 = UGC
421 = MCG +00-02-113 = CGCG 383-062 = PGC 2394
00 39 39.8 +03
32 11
V = 14.3; Size 0.9'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 153d
17.5"
(10/8/88): very faint, very small, elongated NNW-SSE, low even surface
brightness. A mag 14 star is at
the east edge 0.7' from center.
Located 7' S of mag 7.8 SAO 147387. Member of the NGC 182 group with NGC 203 5' S.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 202 = St VIIIa-1 on 17 Nov 1876 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory. His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 203 = NGC
211 = MCG +00-02-114 = CGCG 383-061 = PGC 2393
00 39 39.5 +03
26 34
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 85d
17.5"
(10/8/88): faint, very small, oval E-W, weak concentration. Member of the NGC 182 group with NGC
202 5' N.
Ralph Copeland
discovered NGC 203 on 19 Dec 1873, while observing the field of NGC 193 and
204. His micrometric position
matches CGCG 383-061 = PGC 2393.
This galaxy was independently found by ƒdouard Stephan (List VIII-2) on
18 Nov 1876 with the 31" reflector at Marseille Observatory and catalogued
as NGC 211, but Stephan misidentified his offset star so his position was in
error. Applying the correction
reveals NGC 211 = NGC 203, with discovery priority going to Copeland.
******************************
NGC 204 = UGC
423 = MCG +00-02-116 = CGCG 383-063 = PGC 2397
00 39 44.2 +03
17 58
V = 12.9; Size 1.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 30d
17.5"
(10/8/88): faint, very small, slightly elongated, bright core, faint stellar
nucleus. Located 4' ESE of a mag
9.5 star. Member of the NGC 182
group with NGC 193 7' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 204 = h42 on 21 Dec 1786 (sweep 657) and noted "vF, vS, but
I have not been out long enough, any may be a deception." His offset from NGC 193 clearly matches
NGC 204, but he didn't assign it an H-designation and is uncredited in the GC
and NGC.
JH independently
discovered NGC 204 on 16 Oct 1827 and logged "pB; R; the following of 2
[with NGC193]." His position
(marked as uncertain) is between NGC 193 and 204. In the Slough Catalogue, JH mistakenly equated h42 with H
III-595 (which applies to NGC 193).
******************************
NGC 205 = M110 =
UGC 426 = MCG +07-02-014 = CGCG 535-014 = Holm 17c = PGC 2429
00 40 22.0 +41
41 07
V = 8.1; Size 21.9'x11.0'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 170d
13.1":
bright, very large, elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE, 10'x4', quite prominent but only a
gentle broad concentration. G73,
the brightest globular cluster in M110 (or associated with M31), lies 6' E of
center and appears as a 15th magnitude "star".
8"
(10/4/80): fairly bright, large, elongated ~N-S, companion to M31.
Charles Messier
probably was the first to discover NGC 205 = M110 = H V-18 = h44 on 10 Aug
1773, though no observation was published, nor does it appear in his notes. A
sketch he made, though, was published in 1807 and showed both companions to
M31. Kenneth Glynn Jones suggested adding NGC 205 as M110 in a 1967 Sky
& Telescope article. Caroline Herschel independently rediscovered
M110 on 27 Sep 1783. On 17 Oct 1786 (sweep 613), WH recorded "vB,
mE, above 20' long nearly in the meridian; a few degrees from np to sf, the
branches lose themselves." On 24 Oct 1786 (sweep 621), he also
logged "eB, mE. I suppose not less than 1/2¡ long and 10 or 12'
broad. vgmbM; so as to come to a luminous nucleus. The time very
inaccurate, the telescope being off the roller, and only guided by hand."
M110 was
observed with Lord Rosse's 72" on 2 Nov 1850 and "spirality" was
suspected (falsely). A later observation on 16 Oct 1855 recorded
"vL; mE np by sf; sharp nucleus, for some distance round which, the neb.
is bright and then suddenly decreases; there is a bright star np the nucleus;
and another involved in sf end; another in preceding border.Ó
******************************
NGC 206 =
M31-A78 = OB 78
00 40 31.3 +40
44 22
Size
4.2'x1.5'; PA = 0d
48"
(11/1/13): We examined the large association NGC 206 carefully for resolved
stars using the finder chart in Stephen Odewahn's 1987 study "A
photometric survey of the rich OB association NGC 206 in M31". I carefully
identified the 6 or 7 brightest members down to V = 17.6 with the brightest
star #12 (V = 16.1) at the north edge relatively prominent. Then just scanning over the cloud with
averted vision, roughly 20 additional extremely faint stars popped in and out
of view, mimicking the appearance of a dense open cluster or partially resolved
globular cluster! Based on
photometry in the paper, the magnitudes extended down to approximately V =
18.3-18.4. The cloud, itself, was quite irregular and split up into several
slightly brighter patches.
17.5" (8/18/93):
fairly faint, fairly large, elongated 5:2 N-S, 4.0'x1.6', low and uneven
surface brightness. A few very
faint stars are just visible over surface including a brighter star at the
south tip. Located 40' SW of the
core of M31. This is the huge star
cloud at the SW end of M31.
8"
(12/6/80): very faint, moderately large, elongated N-S, low surface brightness
patch near the SW end of M31.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 206 = H V-36 = h45 on 17 Oct 1786 (sweep 613) and recorded
"vF, vL, mE, about 20' long nearly in the meridian, or a little from np to
sf." JH simply called it
"a very large space filled with neb." E.E. Barnard independently found this M31 star cloud in 1883
and assumed it was new. In
September 1885 he wrote "about two years ago, I found with my 5-inch
refractor, a moderate size nebula involved with the extreme preceding end of
the Great Nebula in Andromeda. I
have now confirmed the observation with the 6-inch Cooke Equatorial and as I
can find no record of such nebula I suppose it is new." Barnard caught his mistake and credited
Herschel in 1886. But apparently
Barnard did discovered the M31 association A54.
******************************
NGC 207 = MCG
-03-02-035 = PGC 2395
00 39 40.6 -14
14 13
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 85d
24"
(9/30/16): at 282x; fairly faint/moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 5:3
E-W, 25"x15". A mag 14
star is close southwest [separation 38"]. NGC 178 is 8.7' NW and IC 41 is 3.8' N. A mag 9.5 star lies 4.4' SE.
17.5"
(11/6/93): faint, small, elongated 3:2 E-W, 25"x15". A mag 14.3 star is just 40" SW of
center. Located 4.4' NW of mag 9.2
SAO 147389. Forms a pair with NGC
178 9' WNW. Member of the NGC 210
group.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 207 on 7 Dec 1857 as the observer for Lord Rosse's
72". It was found near NGC
210 and described in two observations (second one by Dreyer himself on 29 Oct
1877). With respect to NGC 210, Dreyer
roughly placed this object 25'± south and about 35 sec of RA west. His description reads "vF, S, lE
[little elongated] pf, mbMN, stellar, 5' nnf a coarse double star 10-11 and
12m. A very insignificant
object."
Mitchell's
offset from NGC 210 places NGC 207 at approximately 00 37.5 -14 34 (1950). MCG -03-02-035 is located at 00 37 09.8
-14 30 44 (1950), which is a reasonable match. Furthermore, this galaxy is elongated E-W and is located 5'
NNW (incorrectly stated as NNE) of a wide double star at 40" separation. So, the identification NGC 207 = MCG
-03-02-035 is virtually certain.
Ormond Stone independently discovered this galaxy at Leader-McCormick
Observatory on 3 Nov 1885 and reported it as new in list LM I-9.
IC 41
(discovered by Javelle) lies 3.7' north, although MCG, PGC and HyperLeda
incorrectly equate IC 41 with NGC 207 (error also in Megastar). RNGC misclassified NGC 207 as
nonexistent. See RNGC Corrections
#5.
******************************
NGC 208 = MCG
+00-02-118 = CGCG 383-064 = PGC 2420
00 40 17.6 +02
45 22
V = 14.3; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(10/8/88): very faint, very small, round.
Located west of four mag 11-13 stars that form a rhombus. The closest is a mag 11 star 3'
ENE. Member of the NGC 182 group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 208 = m 15 on 5 Oct 1863 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
simply logged "pF". His
position is very close SE of CGCG 383-064 = PGC 2420.
******************************
NGC 209 = ESO
540-008 = MCG -03-02-031 = PGC 2338
00 39 03.6 -18
36 30
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 10d
17.5"
(12/3/88): faint, very small, round, small bright core. Located 70' SW of Beta Ceti.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 209 = LM I-10 on 9 Oct 1885 with the 26"
refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory . His position is ~1.4 min of RA east of ESO 540-008 = PGC
2338. Herbert Howe measured an
accurate position in 1898-99 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin
Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes) and called it "almost a nebulous
star." MCG does not identify
-03-02-031 as NGC 209.
******************************
NGC 210 = MCG
-02-02-081 = PGC 2437
00 40 34.8 -13
52 28
V = 10.9; Size 5.0'x3.3'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 160d
13.1"
(8/24/84): fairly bright, fairly small, slightly elongated ~NNW-SSE, small very
bright core. A mag 11.5 star is
close WSW 1.3' from the center.
Located 7' E of mag 8.3 SAO 147392. Forms a pair with MCG -02-02-082 7.7' NE (not seen).
8"
(10/13/81): faint, small, round. A
mag 9 star is 7' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 210 = H II-452 = h46 on 3 Oct 1785 (sweep 451) and recorded
"pB, pS, mbM, resolvable, star 1.5' distant". His position is 30 tsec too far west.
R.J. Mitchell,
LdR's observer on 7 Dec 1857, logged "bright centre; much elongated north
and south, arms vF." Francis
Leavenworth independently found the galaxy on 2 Oct 1886 at the Leander-McCormick
Observatory and reported it as new in list I-11.
******************************
NGC 211 = NGC
203 = MCG +00-02-114 = CGCG 383-061 = PGC 2393
00 39 39.5 +03
26 34
See observing
notes for NGC 203.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 211 = St VIIIa-2 on 18 Nov 1876 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory. Corwin
notes that Stephan misidentified his offset star (GSC 0014-1250 at 00 40 43.5
+03 28 05) and when his offsets are reapplied they point directly to NGC 203,
which was found three years earlier by Ralph Copeland using Lord Rosse's
72" on 19 Dec 1873. So, NGC
211 = NGC 203, with the original discovery going to Ralph Copeland. Emmanuel Esmiol did not catch Stephan's
error when his rereduced Stephan's positions at the Observatoire de Marseille,
so the position is incorrect in his 1916 paper.
******************************
NGC 212 = ESO
150-018 = PGC 2417
00 40 13.3 -56
09 11
V = 13.4; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 131d
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 429x): NGC 212, along with NGC 215, are the two
brightest members in the core of AGC 2806. At 429x it appeared moderately bright, fairly small,
irregularly round, ~55"x45", broad concentration. A dozen members were easily picked up
in the 23' field, though I didn't spend time looking for the faintest
members. The nearest is 2MASX
J00400662-5609299 just 1' WSW, while NGC 215 lies 6' SE. Located 25' NW of mag 5.7 Xi Phoenicis
and just 2.4' N of mag 9.6 SAO 232142.
2MASX J00400423-5610499 is situated just 1' NW of the mag 9.6 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 212 = h2336 on Oct 28 1834 and recorded "vF, S, R,
15", the preceding of two [with h2337 = NGC 215]".
******************************
NGC 213 = UGC
436 = MCG +03-02-023 = CGCG 457-026 = PGC 2469
00 41 10.0 +16
28 09
V = 13.3; Size 1.7'x1.4'; Surf Br = 14.1
17.5"
(10/8/88): faint, very small, round, small bright core. A mag 13.5-14.0 star is off the SE edge
26" from center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 213 = H III-200 on 14 Oct 1784 (sweep 289) and logged "2
small stars with nebulosity between, verified with 240 power." His position is accurate. On 18 Sep 1786 (sweep 590) he noted
"2 small stars with faint nebulosity, most of the chevulure is about the
preceding star; the stars are within 1/2' of each other."
******************************
NGC 214 = UGC
438 = MCG +04-02-044 = CGCG 479-059 = PGC 2479
00 41 28.0 +25
29 58
V = 12.3; Size 2.2'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 35d
13.1"
(10/20/84): moderately bright, slightly elongated SW-NE, brighter core, faint
stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 214 = H II-209 = h47 on 10 Sep 1784 (sweep 264) and recorded
"vF, pL, iR, equally bright, r." R.J. Mitchell (LdR's assistant) observed the field on 3 Nov
1855 and noted, "I find 3 neb, perhaps 4, as in annexed sketch. A is oval, and I think resolvable; and
has a star at np edge."
Mitchell goes on to describe 1 or 2 additional nebulae in the field, but
these are either stars or close doubles.
******************************
NGC 215 = ESO
150-019 = PGC 2451
00 40 48.9 -56
12 51
V = 13.1; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 120d
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 429x): this is the brightest member of AGC 2806.
Appeared moderately bright or fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 4:3
NW-SE, well concentrated with a bright core that increases to the center. NGC 212 (just barely inferior) lies 6'
NW. Located 4' NE of mag 10 SAO
232144. The nearest two members
are PGC 101135 3.4' WSW and PGC 128457 2.9' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 215 = h2336 (along with NGC 212 = h2336) on Oct 28 1834 and
recorded "pF, S, R, 20", the following of two [with NGC
212]." On a later sweep he
logged "F, R, vgbM; among stars." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 216 = ESO
540-015 = MCG -04-02-035 = PGC 2478
00 41 27.1 -21
02 44
V = 13.2; Size 1.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 27d
17.5"
(12/3/88): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE, fades at
tips.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 216 = H III-244 = h49 on 9 Dec 1784 (sweep 330) and noted
"eF, vS, E." JH logged
"eF; lE; nf to sp." The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 217 = MCG
-02-02-085 = PGC 2482
00 41 33.8 -10
01 20
V = 12.7; Size 2.5'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 110d
17.5"
(12/3/88): moderately bright, fairly small. This is a pretty edge-on 4:1 WNW-ESE with a small bright
core and stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 217 = H II-480 = h48 on 28 Nov 1785 (sweep 479) and recorded
"F, pL, lE, lbM." JH
observed this galaxy on a single sweep and noted "not vF; S; gbM;
10-15"." Lewis Swift
independently found the galaxy again on 9 Aug 1886 and reported it in list
IV-4. His position was 15 sec of
RA east of MCG -02-02-085 = PGC 2482, a similar offset as other objects he
observed that night.
******************************
NGC 218 =
"The Pattern" = VV 527 = UGC 480 = MCG +06-02-016 = CGCG 519-021 =
PGC 2720
00 46 31.9 +36
19 32
V = 12.5; Size 1.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 177d
24"
(12/22/14): moderately bright and large, irregularly round, ~0.8' diameter
though the halo increases in size and shape with averted vision. A brighter nucleus is offset to the
east side of the galaxy, so could be mistaken for a knot in the halo. Forms an interacting pair with CGCG
519-022 1.4' ENE.
CGCG 519-022 is
fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated N-S, 0.4'x0.2', very weak
concentration. The SDSS reveals
numerous thin, blue arm segments of NGC 218 that are apparently tidally
stretched towards CGCG 519-022.
17.5"
(9/1/02): fairly faint, fairly small, irregular shape and surface brightness,
1.0' diameter, broadly concentrated.
Forms the right angle of a small isosceles triangle with two mag 13.5-14
stars 1.4' N and 1.3' W. Forms an
interacting pair with MCG +06-02-017 1.4' E. The companion is very faint, small, elongated 2:1 N-S,
0.5'x0.25'. Member of the
Pisces-Perseus Supercluster.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 218 = St VIIIa-3 on 17 Oct 1876 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory. His
published position implies an offset of just 40" S of mag 8.9 SAO 54096
(given as the offset star) but there is nothing at this position and his
description makes no mention of a nearby bright star. The only nearby candidate is UGC 440, which is located 45
tsec W and almost 2' N of Stephan's offsets, and this galaxy is taken as NGC
218 in all modern catalogues.
I checked
Emmanuel Esmiol's 1916 re-reduction of Stephan's positions at Marseilles
Observatory and found that NGC 218 was left off of the main tables, but
replaced with an "Anonymous" galaxy using a different delta RA but
the same offset star (SAO 54096) and the same delta Dec. Esmiol's new position corresponds
exactly with UGC 480, although apparently this correction to the position of
NGC 218 has gone unnoticed until now.
At the bottom of the page is the note "wrongly identified as NGC
218". So, NGC 218 = UGC
480. Harold Corwin and Wolfgang
Steinicke agree with this analysis.
Wolfgang notes in his book on the history of the NGC, that Esmiol's
catalogue gives 4 discoveries of Stephan that did not receive NGC designations,
but he missed this connection with NGC 218. This identification has now been incorporated into NED,
although it is still incorrect in HyperLeda (as of 2013) as well as the NGC/IC
Project, which has not been updated in a long time.
******************************
NGC 219 = MCG
+00-02-128 = CGCG 383-073 = PGC 2522
00 42 11.3 +00
54 16
V = 14.3; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 60d
17.5"
(10/8/88): very faint, extremely small, slightly elongated. A mag 12 star is 1.1' SSW of
center. Located 3.7' NNW of NGC
223.
George Bond
discovered NGC 219 = HN 1 on 16 Sep 1863 at Harvard College observatory with
the 15-inch Merz & Mahler refractor.
His position and description matches MCG +00-02-128. This is one of the few galaxies
"discovered" by Bond that are not single or multiple stars.
******************************
NGC 220 = ESO
029-SC003 = Lindsay 22
00 40 30.6 -73
24 11
V = 12.4; Size 0.8'
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x, this SMC cluster appeared
moderately bright, fairly small, round, ~50" diameter, brighter
nucleus. No resolution except for
a single faint star near the center.
A mag 11 star lies 1' NE and just south of NGC 222. This is the first of three in a chain
with NGC 222 1.5' NE and NGC 231 4.0' NE with NGC 176 24' NW. Located at the west edge of a large SMC
star cloud (Hodge Association 3).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 220 = h2338 (along with NGC 231 = h2340) on 12 Aug 1834 in the
SMC and recorded "F, vgbM, irregular figure." On a second sweep he wrote "The
first of an irregular string of nebulae and stars which descends at an angle of
about 45 degrees from the centre to the edge of the field (i.e. in a
north-following direction)."
Finally, on a third sweep he recorded "F, R; the field is full of
the nebulous light of the Nubecula Minor." Harold Corwin notes that NGC 222 = h2339 may be a 4th
observations of this cluster (see notes).
James Dunlop
probably discovered NGC 220 = D 2 on 1 Aug 1826 with his 9" reflector and
described a "faint nebula, about 1 1/2' long, irregular figure, rather
branched. This is involved in the
margin of the Nebula minor."
His position is 3.6' NW of NGC 220 though given his general poor
positions this identification is not certain. Herschel assigned D 2 to NGC 231 = h2340 instead.
******************************
NGC 221 = M32 =
Arp 168 = UGC 452 = MCG +07-02-015 = CGCG 535-016 = Holm 17b = PGC 2555
00 42 41.9 +40
51 53
V = 8.1; Size 8.7'x6.5'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 170d
24"
(11/24/14): extremely high surface brightness, large, elongated at least 4:3
NNW-SSE, ~5'x3.5'. The large halo
is highly concentrated to a small very bright core. The core itself is sharply concentrated to a very small,
very bright nucleus punctuated by an intense stellar nucleus.
13.1"
(8/24/84): very bright, moderately large, elongated 4:3 NNW-SSE, about 4'x3',
increases to small very bright core which is almost stellar. Located 24' S of the center of M31.
8": very
bright, moderately large, round, 24' S of M31.
15x50mm
(7/26/06): an intense "star-like" core is surrounded by a small halo
in my IS binoculars.
Guillaume Le
Gentil discovered M32 = NGC 221 = h51 on 29 Oct 1749. In the Appendix to the 1912 'Scientific Papers of Sir
William Herschel' this description is given of M32: "1813, December 26, 20
feet telescope, a vB R nebula, vgbM, up to a nucleus." JH recorded (1 Oct 1828), "eB; pL;
sbM to a * 10m; 40"; a small star follows it 11.5 seconds."
******************************
NGC 222 = ESO
029-SC004 = Lindsay 24
00 40 44.5 -73
23 03
V = 12.2; Size 0.6'
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): second and the smallest of three
SMC clusters in a string with NGC 220 1.5' SW and NGC 231 2.5' NE. At 228x, appears as a fairly faint,
small, round glow of ~30" diameter.
A mag 11.5 star lies 30" south.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 222 = h2339 on 11 Apr 1834 and simply recorded "vF, R,
outlying." His position,
though, is unusually poor - landing 3.7' S of NGC 220. Since h2339 was only recorded on the
single sweep 441, Harold Corwin suggests this number may be another observation
of NGC 220, which was recorded on 3 later sweeps, but not the one on 11 Apr
1834! As NGC 220 is much more
prominent than the smaller cluster taken as NGC 222, it seems unreasonable that
JH would have missed NGC 220. On
sweep 625, JH recorded NGC 220 as "The first of an irregular string of
nebulae and stars which descends at an angle of about 45 degrees from the
centre to the edge of the field (i.e. in a north-following
direction)". It's very
possible that the cluster taken as NGC 222 was one of these "string of
nebulae and stars" as it is just 1.5' NE of NGC 220, so perhaps he did see
the cluster on this date. See
Corwin's notes for more on this identification.
James Dunlop's D
2, discovered on 1 Aug 1826 with his 9" reflector, may refer to this
chain. He described a "faint
nebula, about 1 1/2' long, irregular figure, rather branched. This is involved in the margin of the
Nebula minor." His position
is ~3.5' WNW of NGC 220/222 but given his general poor positions, this
identification is not certain, and more likely would apply to NGC 220
(brightest cluster). Herschel
assigned D 2 to NGC 231 = h2340.
******************************
NGC 223 = IC 44
= UGC 450 = MCG +00-02-129 = PGC 2527
00 42 15.8 +00
50 44
V = 13.2; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 62d
17.5"
(10/8/88): faint, small, elongated SW-NE, small bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 219 3.7'
NNW. Located close to the midpoint
of a mag 11 star 2.8' SE and a mag 12 star 3.0' NW that is just south of NGC
219.
George Bond
discovered NGC 223 = HN 7 = Au 4 = Sw VI-5 on 5 Jan 1853 with the 15-inch Merz
refractor during the Harvard Zone observations of stars near the celestial
equator. He noted a round nebula,
between stars #131 and 132 and measured the dec, but not the RA. The discovery was listed as #4 in
Auwers 1862 list of new nebulae, though the RA was only given to the nearest
minute of time. Heinrich d'Arrest
found this galaxy again on 1 Jan 1862 (he noted Bond's earlier discovery), as
well as by Lewis Swift on 21 Nov 1886.
Finally Swift "discovered" it again on 12 Nov 1890, and
described Sw X-1 (later IC 44) as "eF; S; R; bet 2 st." His position
is ~2' too far north and Dreyer either assumed it was new or just missed the
equivalence. In any case, NGC 223
= IC 44.
******************************
NGC 224 = M31 =
Andromeda Galaxy = UGC 454 = MCG +07-02-016 = CGCG 535-017 = And A = Holm 17a =
PGC 2557
00 42 44.1 +41
16 08
V = 3.4; Size 191'x62'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 35d
17.5"
(7/5/86): the remarkable "Andromeda galaxy" is very bright, extremely
large, very elongated 4:1 SW-NE, about 2.5¡ length. Very large bright core containing a stellar nucleus using
direct vision. There are two black
parallel dust lanes along the NW side of the core. The galaxy extends beyond the star cloud NGC 206 located
about 40' SW of the core.
18": a
total of 38 globular clusters have been tracked down in M31 as well as 9 star
clusters.
Persian
astronomer Al-Sžfi first mentioned M31 = NGC 224 = h51 in his "Book of
Fixed Stars" (~905 AD) as the "Little Cloud" lying before the
mouth of a Big Fish (an Arabic constellation). German astronomer Simon Marius made the first telescopic observation
of M31 (actually of any nebula) on 15 Dec 1612 and remarked, "resembling
the light of a burning candle, shining through translucent horn." William Herschel first observed M31 in
1780 ("has no star in it") but using a 6-inch on 2 Aug 1783 he noted,
"227x, a strong suspicion of stars.
This speculum has not light enough. I doubt not but 20 feet will confirm it. 460x, suspicion still
stronger." He was obviously
mistaken on the resolvability. WH
also noted the nebula "begins to shew a faint red colour." Perhaps he detected a slight hue to the
nuclear region (red giants), though this seems unlikely.
According to
Joseph Ashbrook, the quasi-stellar nucleus was observed by Johann Lamont on 13
Oct 1836 with a 10.5-inch refractor at Munich Observatory and measured as
6.9" diameter. George Bond
discovered and sketched the two dark lanes or "canals" in 1847 with
the 15-inch Harvard refractor. He
also traced the major axis to a length of 4¡. Leopold Trouvelot produced a beautiful sketch of the dust
lanes in 1874 at the Harvard College Observatory. The spiral nature, though,
was first revealed in photographs by Isaac Roberts in 1887 with a 20-inch
reflector and E.E. Barnard in 1890 with a 6-inch f/5 refractor, though neither
used in the word "spiral" in their papers.
Ernst Hartwig
discovered a supernova on 20 Aug 1885 near the center of M31. Steinicke notes that there is a report
by Isaac Ward about sighting it one day earlier than Hartwig (Sidereal
Messenger 4, p281).
******************************
NGC 225 = Cr 7 =
OCL-305 = Lund 25
00 43 35 +61 46
V = 7.0; Size 12'
24"
(1/4/14): bright, large, scattered group of ~50 stars in 10' group. Includes 15-18 brighter stars that
stand out (mag 9.5-11). A ragged
N-S string of stars defines the eastern border of the cluster. There are no rich subgroups and a lack
of faint stars.
A detached group
of stars is off the north side, but these stars do not appear to be part of the
cluster. vdB 4, a very faint
reflection nebula, is involved with these stars though it was not noticed.
17.5"
(11/2/91): about two dozen stars at 100x in a 12' diameter. Bright but scattered. Outline forms an isosceles triangle
with the vertex at west edge and the long base on the east side. Most stars are mag 10-11 and evenly
spaced. The cluster appears
completely resolved. Only one
fairly close double star in group.
Just ENE of the main group is a line of five mag 9 stars oriented N-S.
8": two
dozen stars in a cluster, fairly bright but scattered, no dense spots.
Caroline
Herschel discovered NGC 225 = H VIII-78 = h52 on 27 Sep 1783 (and found again
on 23 Feb 1784) with her 4.2" comet seeker. On 26 Nov 1788 (sweep 887), WH recorded "a good many
coarsely scattered L stars of an equal size, they take up a space of 15 or
20'."
******************************
NGC 226 = UGC
459 = CGCG 500-076 = LGG 014-003 = PGC 2572
00 42 54.0 +32
34 52
V = 13.3; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(9/1/02): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 ~E-W, 0.6'x0.45', very weak
concentration. A mag 13.5 star is just off the south side, 30" from the
center. Located 11' ESE of mag 8.5
HD 3925, which is just outside the 220x field.
17.5"
(11/25/87): fairly faint, fairly small, irregularly round, bright core,
irregular surface brightness. A
mag 14 star is 30" S. Located
7' NE of mag 9.4 SAO 54094 and 10.5' ESE of mag 8.5 SAO 54088.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 226 = h53 on 22 Nov 1827 and logged "eF; S; R; has a 13m to
south, dist 20"." His
position and description matches UGC 459 = PGC 2572. R.J. Mitchell (LdR assistant) recorded it on 19 Sep 1857 as
"vF, S, R, bM, just on of a vF *."
******************************
NGC 227 = UGC
456 = MCG +00-02-135 = CGCG 383-076 = PGC 2547
00 42 36.8 -01
31 43
V = 12.1; Size 1.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 155d
13.1"
(10/20/84): moderately bright, very small bright core or stellar nucleus?
13.1"
(9/29/84): compact galaxy elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, small prominent nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 227 = H II-444 on 1 Oct 1785 (sweep 448) and logged "F, pL,
lbM". The micrometric
position from Engelhardt in the NGC is accurate.
******************************
NGC 228 = UGC
458 = MCG +04-02-048 = CGCG 479-062 = PGC 2563
00 42 54.5 +23
30 12
V = 13.7; Size 1.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.8
17.5"
(10/20/90): faint, small, almost round, weak concentration. In a tight quadruple group with NGC 229
2.5' E, CGCG 479-061 1.5' SW ("extremely faint, very small, elongated 2:1
E-W, very low even surface brightness") and CGCG 479-065 11' ESE
("very faint, very small, round, bright core").
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 228 = St X-1 on 10 Oct 1879 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory, along with St X-2 = NGC 229. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 229 = MCG
+04-02-049 = CGCG 479-064 = PGC 2577
00 43 04.6 +23
30 33
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.4
17.5"
(10/20/90): faint, very small, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, stellar nucleus. In a quadruple group with NGC 228 2.5'
W and CGCG 479-065 9' ESE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 229 = St X-2 on 10 Oct 1879 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory, along with NGC 228 = St X-1. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 230 = ESO
474-014 = MCG -04-02-037 = PGC 2539
00 42 27.1 -23
37 44
V = 14.7; Size 1.1'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 44d
24"
(12/22/14): extremely faint to very faint, small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE,
~20"x10", low surface brightness. Requires averted and concentration, but clearly visible ~25%
of time.
17.5"
(10/4/97): extremely tough, very small object only suspected on a couple of
occasions. My field sketch shows
it situated just south of the midpoint of two stars oriented NW-SE [separation
1.5'] and it seemed extended SW-NE (perpendicular to the line connecting the
stars). This matches the DSS
image, so I probably finally detected this galaxy. Located 6' SW of NGC 232 and 8' SW of the double system NGC
235.
17.5":
Negative sightings on 12/3/88 (Fiddletown), 10/21/95 in thin clouds
(Fiddletown) and 12/20/95 at Digger Pines.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 230 = LM II-291 (along with NGC 232 and NGC 235) in
1886 with the 26" refractor the Leander McCormick Observatory. His position is just 0.2 min of RA east
of ESO 474-014. As Leavenworth
gave a size of just 0.1' and mag 16.0, it must have appeared nearly stellar.
******************************
NGC 231 = ESO
029-SC005 = Lindsay 25
00 41 06.4 -73
21 08
V = 12.7; Size 0.8'
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x, this SMC cluster appears
as a moderately large, low surface brightness hazy region with an irregular
outline, ~2' diameter. A few mag
14 stars are resolved. Last of
three open clusters with compact NGC 222 2.5' SW and NGC 220 4.0' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 231 = h2340 on 12 Aug 1834 and recorded "an irregular train
of stars and nebulosity in the Nubecula Minor. (Evidently that referred to in
Sweep 625 [NGC 220])." His position falls very close to the cluster taken
as NGC 231 (ESO 029-005 = Lindsay 25), but based on the description Corwin
suggests that NGC 231 really refers to the entire string of 3 clusters - NGC
220, 222 and 231. Corwin lists a
separate entry for the traditional NGC 231 as the core of this string of
clusters.
JH noted that
h2340 might be equivalent to D 2, but Dunlop more likely found brighter NGC
220, which he described as "a faint nebula, about 1.5' long, irregular
figure, rather branched. This is involved in the margin of the Nebula
minor."
******************************
NGC 232 = ESO
474-015 = MCG -04-02-040 = VV 830 = PGC 2559
00 42 45.7 -23
33 41
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 171d
24"
(12/22/14): at 260x; fairly faint, fairly small, round, 24" diameter, weak
concentration. NGC 235/235B lies
2.0' NE and NGC 230 is 6' SW.
17.5"
(12/3/88): faint, very small, round, weak concentration. Forms a trio with NGC 235A/NGC 235B
2.5' NE. Extremely difficult NGC
230 lies 6' SW (see notes of 10/4/97).
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 232 = LM II-292 (along with NGC 230 and 235) in 1886
with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. His position essentially matches ESO
474-015 = PGC 2559, but Herbert Howe measured a precise position in 1898-99
using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2
notes).
******************************
NGC 233 = UGC
464 = MCG +05-02-041 = CGCG 500-078 = PGC 2604
00 43 36.6 +30
35 13
V = 12.4; Size 1.7'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(11/25/87): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, bright core,
stellar nucleus, diffuse outer halo, no distinct edges.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 233 = H III-149 = h54 on 14 Oct 178 (sweep 266) and logged
"eF, vS, R." R.J.
Mitchell, using Lord Rosse's 72" on 22 Nov 1854, recorded "pB, vS, R,
a F* v close preceding??". There is a very faint star close west of the
core. The NGC position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 234 = UGC
463 = MCG +02-02-028 = CGCG 434-032 = PGC 2600
00 43 32.4 +14
20 33
V = 12.5; Size 1.6'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(10/8/88): moderately bright, moderately large, irregularly round, broad
concentration, faint nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 234 = H II-245 on 14 Oct 1784 (sweep 289) and logged "F,
pS, irregular oval." On 16
Oct 1784 (sweep 295), he noted "F, pS, R, lbM." and again on 18 Sep
1786 (sweep 590), "pB, cL, gmbM." Dreyer made a detailed observation at Birr Castle on 8 Nov
1876: "pB, pL, iR, seems with higher power to have two points of
condensation, p and f, the f. one the brighter. I think the p one is a S * involved. Lord Rosse thought it
resolved." A mag 16.3 star is
at the west edge and the following "point of condensation" probably
refers to the nucleus. The NGC position is 2.5' too far south.
******************************
NGC 235 = (R)NGC
235A = ESO 474-016 = MCG -04-02-041 = PGC 2569
00 42 52.8 -23
32 29
V = 13.2; Size 1.3'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 117d
24"
(12/22/14): at 260x; NGC 235A, the brighter northwest component of this
interacting double system, appeared fairly bright, fairly small, round,
24" diameter high surface brightness, bright core increases to a very
bright stellar nucleus. NGC 235B
is attached on the southeast side and appeared fairly faint, small, 12"
diameter, round, very small brighter nucleus. The pair of galaxies are separated by just 20" between
centers!
17.5"
(12/3/88): the western member of this double system appeared faint, very small,
round, small bright core. The
eastern component, attached at the following end, appeared extremely faint and
small, round. Forms a double with
NGC 232 2.5' SW.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 235 = LM II-293 (along with NGC 230 and NGC 232) in
1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. His position is 0.3 min of RA east of
ESO 474-016 = PGC 2569. This is a
double system with the brighter component on the NW side, although it was not
resolved by Leavenworth. Often NGC
235 is taken as the northwest component with the southeast component (ESO
474-017) a separate galaxy, though Leavenworth likely observed the merged image
of both objects. Herbert Howe
measured an accurate position in 1898-99 using the 20" refractor at
Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes), but also makes no
reference to it appearing double.
******************************
NGC 236 = UGC
462 = MCG +00-03-001 = CGCG 383-080 = PGC 2596
00 43 27.5 +02
57 30
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 160d
17.5"
(10/20/90): faint, fairly small, oval 4:3 SW-NE, fairly low even surface
brightness. A mag 14.5 star is off
the NE edge 1.4' from center.
Located roughly 1 degree east of the large NGC 182 group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 236 = m 16 on 3 Aug 1864 using Lassell's 48" reflector on
Malta and recorded "vF, pL".
His position is 1.5' N of UGC 462 = PGC 2596.
******************************
NGC 237 = UGC
461 = MCG +00-02-136 = CGCG 383-079 = PGC 2597
00 43 27.9 -00
07 30
V = 13.0; Size 1.6'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 175d
17.5"
(10/8/88): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated NNW-SSE, brighter core.
13"
(12/7/85): fairly faint, fairly small, almost round, weak concentration.
Truman Safford
discovered NGC 237 = Sf 94 on 27 Sep 1867 with the 18.5" refractor at the
Dearborn Observatory. His discovery list was not published until 1887, so
Dreyer was unable to credit him in the NGC. The galaxy was independently found
by Lewis Swift on 21 Nov 1886 with a 16" refractor at Warner Observatory
and catalogued in list VI-6, though his position is 16 seconds off in RA. Swift is credited with the discovery in
the NGC. Herbert Howe measured an
accurate position in 1897 using the 20" refractor at the Chamberlin
Observatory in Denver.
******************************
NGC 238 = ESO
194-031 = AM 0041-502 = PGC 2595
00 43 25.5 -50
10 57
V = 12.5; Size 1.9'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 93d
30"
(10/13/15 - OzSky): at 303x; fairly bright, moderately large, roundish, ~1.5'
diameter. Sharply concentrated
with a very small bright nucleus.
A weak central bar extends NW-SE from the nucleus.
Subtle structure
is evident in the halo with slightly enhanced regions. A slightly brighter patch is on the
northwest and west side (images show this part of an inner ring) and an
extremely faint "star" is superimposed [25" NW of center]. The DSS2 image reveals this is either a
bright knot or possibly an interacting companion. In 1981ApJS...46...75A ("Spectroscopic Measures of
Galaxies, Their Companions, and Peculiar Galaxies in the Southern
Hemisphere"), Arp identifies this object as a companion galaxy as well as
Madore in the 2007 paper "The Curious Case of NGC 6708".
John Herschel
discovered NGC 238 = h2341 on 2 Oct 1834 and recorded "eF, pL, R, gvlbM, 50"." His position matches ESO 194-031 = PGC
2595.
******************************
NGC 239 = MCG
-01-03-007 = PGC 2642
00 44 37.4 -03
45 34
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 28d
17.5"
(10/20/90): fairly faint, fairly small, oval 3:2 NNW-SSE, broad
concentration. A mag 12 star is
2.6' E of center.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 239 = LM I-12 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at
Leander McCormick Observatory. His
position is just 1' S of MCG -01-03-007 = PGC 2642. Ormond Stone's "corrected" position, given in the
IC 1 notes, is 1.1 tmin too far E.
In the IC 2 notes section, Max Wolf states the original NGC position was
correct!
******************************
NGC 240 = UGC
473 = MCG +01-03-001 = CGCG 410-003 = PGC 2653
00 45 01.9 +06
06 47
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(10/8/88): faint, small, oval 4:3 ~E-W, small bright core. A mag 14 star is 1.2' SSE of center.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 240 = Sw V-9 on 22 Oct 1886 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory and recorded "vF; S; R; * nr south". His position is 9 sec of RA east of UGC
473 and his "* nr south" is probably the mag 13.6 star 1.2' SE.
******************************
NGC 241 = NGC
242 = ESO 029-SC006
00 43 34 -73 26
36
V = 12.0; Size 0.9'
See observing
notes for NGC 242.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 241 = h2342 on 12 Aug 1834 and described "a very F, R
nebula or group (We are now fairly in the Nubecula Minor, and field begins to
be full of faint perfectly irresolvable nebulous light." There is nothing at his published CGH
position but 10' N is h2343 (first observed on 11 Apr 1834). Herschel caught this error and
corrected the NPD in an errata list at the end of the CGH catalogue. So, NGC 241 = NGC 242 = ESO
29-SC6. ESO, Eric Lindsay and
Harold Corwin also equate NGC 241= NGC 242. Since NGC 242 is the earliest observation, this should be
the primary designation. See
Harold Corwin's notes for more.
******************************
NGC 242 = NGC
241 = ESO 029-SC006 = Lindsay 29
00 43 34 -73 26
36
V = 12.0; Size 0.9'
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 282x, this SMC cluster appeared
fairly bright, slightly elongated E-W, 0.8'x0.6'. A faint star is at the west end and another faint star or
clump of stars is at the SE end. A
pair of mag 12.5/13 stars lie 2.5' SW.
NGC 248 lies 9' NE and NGC 256 can be found 11' ESE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 242 = h2343 on 11 Apr 1834 and recorded "pL; vF; R; vgbM;
(in a sweep below the pole and ill seen) the RA is probably also in error. On a second sweep he recorded "a
binuclear nebula, or two, vS, R, running together." Finally on a third sweep he noted
"a small irresolvable knot in the bright part of the Nubecula Minor." NGC 241 = h2343, recorded in Aug 1834,
is a duplicate observation (see notes).
******************************
NGC 243 = MCG
+05-02-043 = CGCG 500-082 = PGC 2687
00 46 00.9 +29
57 34
V = 13.6; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 145d
17.5"
(11/25/87): fairly faint, small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus. Located 1.4' E of a mag 10.5 star.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 243 = St XII-6 on 18 Oct 1881 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and logged "F, vS, R, gbM,* 10 precedes by 6
sec". His position and
description matches CGCG 500-082 = PGC 2687.
******************************
NGC 244 = UGCA
10 = MCG -03-03-003 = VV 728 = PGC 2675
00 45 46.7 -15
35 50
V = 12.9; Size 1.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 50d
17.5"
(10/20/90): fairly faint, very small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, small bright
core. Located 3.5' NNW of a mag
10.5 star. A tight trio of mag
14.5 stars is 8' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 244 = H III-485 = h55 on 30 Dec 1785 (sweep 499) and logged
"vF, S, iF, resolvable."
The NGC position is just 1' too far N.
******************************
NGC 245 = UGC
476 = MCG +00-03-005 = Mrk 555 = PGC 2691
00 46 05.5 -01
43 22
V = 12.2; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 145d
17.5"
(10/8/88): moderately bright, moderately large, slightly elongated ~E-W,
stellar nucleus. A pair of stars
mag 13.5 and 14.5 with a separation of 35" lie 1.5' S.
13"
(9/29/84): moderately bright, slightly elongated WNW-ESE, star superimposed or
faint stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 245 = H II-445 on 1 Oct 1785 (sweep 448) and recorded "F,
iR, easily resolvable, 1' broad." The NGC RA is just 0.1 tmin too large.
******************************
NGC 246 = Skull
Nebula = PK 118-74.1 = PN G118.8-74.7
00 47 03.3 -11
52 19
V = 10.4; Size 240"x210"; PA = 120d
48"
(10/23/14): At 488x with an NPB filter the view of the Skull Nebula was
breathtaking and all the structure in a detailed photograph was visible. The thin brighter rim varied in
brightness, thickness and scalloped structure along its entire length.
The rim is
brightest along a 60¡ arc on the western side, bulging inward just north of
center, creating a small darker indentation in the rim due west of the
prominent central star. Moving counterclockwise around the rim, a small
brighter, elongated patch is at the northwest edge, close to a mag 11.5 star just
outside the planetary. The rim is
relatively weak along the north side, but two brighter (detached) patches are
along the northeast side. An
irregular, elongated luminous patch spreads inward here. This glow is fairly prominent just
northwest of center, on line with the central star and the second interior mag
12 star, and a second patch is midway from the central star to the north
rim. The rim is weakest overall
along a 90¡ arc on the eastern side, near a mag 13.5 star, which is embedded
just within the planetary. At the south rim, two more luminous patches are
visible with the westernmost glow both larger and brighter.
The interior is
relatively dark, though glows weakly with subtle variations, creating pockets
of darkness - one is northeast of the central star. A very faint interior glow is just south of the mag 12 star
on the southwest side. More
extensive faint nebulosity extends inward from the southern rim, though the
brightest interior glow is the split nebulosity mentioned earlier on the northwest
side.
33"
(9/16/07): gorgeous annular planetary viewed at 200x. The thin brighter rim was striking and varied in brightness
and thickness around the periphery.
The rim is brightest along the western or WNW edge and weakest on the
east side. The interior was darker
but irregular in surface brightness.
18"
(10/13/07): 175x gave an excellent view using the NPB filter and the thin,
bright irregular rim (only dimming on the east side) and darker center was
quite striking.
18"
(8/23/03): I took a quick look at 160x from Chew's Ridge with a thin waning
crescent low in the ENE. Without a
filter I don't remember the brighter rim being so crisply defined and the
annularity so clear. The
superimposed stars gave the planetary a transparent, 3-dimensional feel as if I
was seeing inside the object.
17.5"
(1/8/00): at 100x, appears as a moderately bright, 3.5' irregular glow with a
darker center and encompassing four stars including the 12th magnitude central
star. Excellent contrast gain
using an OIII filter, which sharpens up the edge of the roundish annulus and
enhances the irregular surface brightness. The halo is brightest along a 270¡ arc running from SW to NE
and is clearly weakest at the east edge of the halo. A mag 11.5 star is embedded at the NW edge of the halo 2.0'
from center. The irregular central
hole is much darker but faintly luminous.
Also superimposed is a mag 12 star SW of the central star and a 4th star
is just inside the eastern boundary.
The central star forms a thin right triangle with the other two brighter
stars. At 220x, the western 90¡
outer arc is brightest and there appears to be a knot embedded at the NE edge
of the halo.
17.5"
(9/19/87): fairly bright, large, 4' diameter, annular. Four stars are involved including the central
star. This planetary has an
irregular surface brightness with subtle structure.
13"
(11/05/83): fairly bright with filter, clearly annular, sharper edges. NGC 255 lies 15' SSE.
8": fairly
faint, large, four stars involved.
No annularity noted.
16x80 (8/24/84):
faintly visible in finder.
80mm finder
(10/13/07): visible unfiltered at 25x.
Nice contrast gain using the NPB filter and the planetary also appears
to increase in size.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 246 = H V-25 = h56 on 27 Nov 1785 (sweep 478) and recorded
"four or five pL stars forming a trapezium of 4 or 5' diameter. The
enclosed space is filled up with milky nebulosity faintly terminated. The stars
seem to have no connection with the nebulosity." The sign of the declination is reversed (+) in the RNGC.
Based on a
Crossley photograph, Curtis (1918) described, "a somewhat irregular oval,
brightest on western edge; 4'x3.5' in PA 120¡. Periphery clear-cut, with a broken ring effect. Very faint, irregular matter in inner
parts. The central star is bluish,
and considerably brighter photographically than visually."
******************************
NGC 247 = ESO
540-022 = MCG -04-03-005 = UGCA 11 = PGC 2758
00 47 08.2 -20
45 37
V = 9.1; Size 21.4'x6.9'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 174d
48"
(10/31/13): at 287x, NGC 247 spanned at least 18'x5' NNW-SSE, stretching from
an HII region at the NNW tip to beyond a mag 9.5 star near the SSE end. An interesting feature is a very large,
elongated darker (dusty) region dubbed the "Needle's Eye" on the NNW
side, extending at least 3.5'x1.0'.
A relatively bright HII knot (identified in NED as MRSS 540-038059 from
the "Muenster Red Sky Survey") is beyond this feature, 9.5' NNW of
center. It appeared fairly faint,
relatively large for an HII region, elongated ~N-S, 20"x12". A second well-defined HII knot is MRSS
540-038506, found 5' NNW of center.
This easy patch appeared fairly faint, elongated, 15"x10". At least two small knots (including
MRSS 540-038001) are on the SW side of the halo ~2.4' from center and ~1.5' E
of a mag 12-12.5 star just off the west edge of the disc. Finally, I picked up a faint, very
small knot, ~6" diameter, situated 3.5' SSE of center and 1.1' N of a mag
13.5 star. This HII region (not in
the MRSS) forms a "double" with a mag 15 star 15" N.
17.5"
(11/1/86): bright, very large, bright core, elongated 7:2 N-S, 14'x4'. The southern extension is brighter and
mag 9 SAO 166572 is superimposed at the southern end about 6' from the core. Burbidge's Chain (VV 518) lies 18' NNE.
13"
(8/5/83): fairly bright, diffuse, very large, bright core.
8"
(10/4/80): very large, elongated ~N-S, bright core. A mag 10 star is at the south tip. The southern extension appears brighter.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 247 = H V-20 = h57 on 20 Oct 1784 (sweep 303) and logged "a
Streak of light about 27' long, and in the brightest part, which was pB is 3'
or 4' broad. The extension nearly in the meridian (I believe a little from from
S.p. to N.f.) ... The situation is so low, that it would probably appear of
much greater extent in a higher altitude." JH observed NGC 247 at Slough on 16 Sep 1830 and noted
"eF; vL; vmE; vglbM; 10' long; pos 172.0 deg. Has no bright star in it,
but a star 8.9 mag at some distance n.p." Surprisingly, he made no (published) observations at the
Cape of Good Hope.
******************************
NGC 248 =
SMC-N13A/B = ESO 029-EN8
00 45 24.0 -73
22 47
Size 0.8'
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x this fairly faint SMC
nebulous cluster appeared as an irregular glow, 0.8'x0.6', elongated
NW-SE. Good response to the UHC
filter at 76x. One or two stars or
knots are involved including a small nebulous knot at the southeast end. NGC 256 lies 8' SSE and NGC 242 is 9'
SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 248 = h2344 on 11 Apr 1834 and logged "very faint. Below the pole, and the sweep otherwise
irregular." On a later sweep
he recorded "faint, elongated or binuclear, small, very gradually a little
brighter in the middle." His
position matches the knot at the southeast end.
******************************
NGC 249 =
SMC-N12B = ESO 029-EN9
00 45 33 -73 04
48
Size 2.0'
25"
(10/17/17 - OzSky): NGC 249 is the first of four striking, collinear SMC
nebulae and clusters with NGC 261 5' ESE, SMC-N19 10' ESE and SMC-N30 15'
ESE. At 244x; fairly bright,
large, roundish, ~1.5' diameter, a few stars are superimposed. Superb view with a NPB filter, which
increased the contrast and size to over 2'. Resides in a gorgeous region of the SMC with a bright
background due to star density.
The nebula contains one of only 12 known Wolf-Rayet stars (SMC AB 10) in
the SMC.
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x this SMC cluster with
nebulosity appeared fairly bright, fairly large, slightly elongated, 1.3'x0.9',
weakly concentrated. Two or three faint stars are involved including a mag 13
star just north of the center. The UHC filter produces a good contrast boost
and increased the size to at least 2'.
Forms a pair with NGC 261 4.5' ESE with NGC 242 18' S.
James Dunlop
possibly discovered NGC 249 = D 19? = h2346 on 5 Sep 1826 with his homemade
9" speculum reflector and recorded "a small faint elliptical nebula -
this is the preceding in a line of small faint nebulae." His position is just 3.7' N of this SMC
nebula, although his positions can be all over the map, so assigning a specific
object is difficult as NGC 261 is close following.
JH recorded this
nebula on 3 sweeps, first logging "faint, large, round; very gradually
brighter in the middle; 2' across. Here begins a starry region of the Nubecula
Minor." The second observation reads: "pretty bright, pretty large,
oval, resolvable, 2' diameter." The last notes are "faint, round, 30
arcseconds." Herschel notes that this entry could refer to either Dunlop
19 or 21.
******************************
NGC 250 = UGC
487 = MCG +01-03-002 = CGCG 410-005 = PGC 2765
00 47 16.0 +07
54 36
V = 13.6; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 153d
17.5"
(10/8/88): faint, very small, almost round, faint stellar nucleus. Located in the center of a small right
triangle consisting of two mag 13.5 stars 2.1' NE and 2.8' NE and a mag 12.5
star 2.7' S. Located 29' NW of mag
4.4 63 Psc.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 250 = Sw III-2 on 10 Nov 1885 with the 16" refractor at the
Warner Observatory. His position
is 17 sec of RA east of UGC 487 = PGC 2765. His description "in center of 3 stars in form of a
right angle triangle" applies to UGC 487, so this identification is
secure.
******************************
NGC 251 = UGC
490 = MCG +03-03-003 = CGCG 458-005 = PGC 2806
00 47 54.0 +19
35 48
V = 13.2; Size 2.4'x1.9'; Surf Br = 14.7; PA = 105d
17.5"
(10/20/90): fairly faint, fairly small, oval 3:2 E-W, weak concentration. Enclosed by a small group of four mag
12-14.5 stars including a mag 12.5 star (close double) just 0.7' E. Located 9.5' E of 59 Piscium (V = 6.1).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 251 = H III-204 = h58 on 15 Oct 1784 (sweep 291) and reported
"vF, S, s.p. 2 vS stars, a third star in it but not in the center, and I
suppose is not connected with it.
240 verified it." On
13 Nov 1786 (sweep 635) he logged "vF, S, lbM, just preceding two stars
are in the same meridian." JH
recorded "vF; R; follows a *6.7 40s and is 1.5' north of it. It is near 2 v s st. If this be III 204, my father polar
distance is 5' wrong." JH's
position and description is accurate.
******************************
NGC 252 = UGC
491 = MCG +04-03-004 = CGCG 480-007 = Holm 23b = PGC 2819
00 48 01.5 +27
37 26
V = 12.4; Size 1.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 80d
17.5"
(10/17/87): moderately bright, moderately large, large slightly elongated halo,
bright core, stellar nucleus.
Brightest and first of three with NGC 258 3.2' NE and NGC 260 8.4' NE. An uneven double star is 4' WNW (9.5/12
at 30").
William Herschel
discovered NGC 252 = H II-609 = h59 = h60 on 26 Oct 1786 (sweep 626) and logged
"pB, S, iR, gbM." JH
made 4 observations under h59 and a 5th under h60. Both Herschels missed NGC 258 and NGC 260, which were found
by George Stoney on 22 Dec 1848 ("3 neb in a line") with LdR's
72".
******************************
NGC 253 = ESO
474-G29 = MCG -04-03-009 = UGCA 13 = Sculptor Galaxy = Silver Coin Galaxy = PGC
2789
00 47 33.1 -25
17 17
V = 7.2; Size 27.5'x6.8'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 52d
48"
(10/23/14): although I've viewed NGC 253 several previous times with Lowrey's
48", I'm always amazed by the spectacular view as the mottled galaxy
explodes into numerous bright knots, dusty patches, dark lanes and luminous
star associations. Using a 21mm
Ethos (232x), NGC 253 completely filled the 26' field. The central region of this starburst
galaxy contains a blazing, nonstellar nucleus surrounding by an intense,
elongated core with several bright patches around the periphery of the core
(segments of the inner spiral arms).
Just northwest and southeast of the nucleus are extremely bright
sections of the core. Since the
galaxy is only 12¡ from edge-on, many visible features extend parallel to the
SW-NE major axis (PA = 52¡).
A dark lane
running SW-NE parallels the core just off its northern side. Close northwest and parallel to this
dust lane is a very bright, fairly narrow arm, extending ~3' in length. Another thin arm (also running SW-NE)
is to the southeast of the core with a prominent, very thin section ~3.5' SW of
center, just southwest of a superimposed mag 12.5-13 star. Three smaller bright patches surround a
superimposed star ~2.5' NE of the nucleus. The brightest and largest of these patches is close
southeast of the star. Further
northeast the surface brightness lowers in the outer portion of the galaxy, but
it still appears curdled and blotchy.
Several bright stars are near the periphery including a mag 9.3 star
6.2' SW of center and a mag 11.6 star 3.8' W of center. A brighter patch is ~3.5' WSW of center
is near the latter star.
Additional luminous patches are further out on the southwest end.
30"
(10/12/15 - OzSky): superb view at 152x and 303x with NGC 253 within 10¡ of the
zenith. Much of the detail seen in
Lowrey's 48" was visible, although the bright patches were not quite as
contrasty. The nucleus is a very
small region embedded in a very bright, elongated central region that is
enhanced immediately south of the nucleus. A thin, luminous "arm" extends in the direction of
the major axis near the north side.
A long spiral "arm" is along the northeast flank of the
galaxy, extending 5 or 6' in length.
Three slightly brighter patches were noted to the northeast of the core
close to a superimposed star (also marked in the 48" observation). A bright, elongated strip was along the
southwest side, about 2.8' NNW of a mag 9.3 star near the southwest edge (6.2'
from center).
30"
(11/5/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): stunning view in the 13mm Ethos at 264x
although the galaxy overfilled the 23' field. The dust structure and knots were mesmerizing but I didn't
take detailed notes.
17.5"
(8/29/92): at 100x; very bright, very large, edge-on 6:1 SW-NE, 30'x5', at
100x. The galaxy exhibits only a
weak central concentration to a small elongated core that is slightly larger
than the visible knots. Remarkable
dust structure and mottling visible particularly on the southwest extension and
a dark lane runs along the north side.
Three faint HII knots are visible near a superimposed star on the
southwest side and a slightly brighter knot lies northeast of a star near the
core.
13"
(9/11/82): very bright, elongated 4:1 SW-NE, very mottled, dust lanes, dark
patches, 30' diameter.
8": very
bright, very elongated, mottled, 25'-30' diameter.
10x30mm IS
binoculars: easily visible as an elongated glow.
Caroline
Herschel discovered NGC 253 = H V-1 = h61 = h2345 on 23 Sep 1783 (before WH
started his sweeps) with a "small Newtonian Sweeper of 27 inches focal
length, and a power of 30."
WH independently found it just a month later on 30 Oct 1783 (sweep 8 on
his second night sweeping and internal discovery #3), though he realized it was
found by his sister. On 27 Oct
1785 (sweep 467) he recorded "about 45' long and 7 or 8' br; cB, mBM. The place taken is that of the brightest
part of it, where there is a small star visible, which however I suppose has no
connection with the nebula. It
makes an angle of 25 or 40¡ with the meridian, from sp to nf. The faint ends of it require much
attention to be seen, and I believe extend much farther than I could trace
them."
From the Cape of
Good Hope, JH recorded "vvB; vvL; vmE; 30' long, 3' or 4' broad; has
several stars in it; gmbM to a centre elongated like the nebula itself. The
nebula is somewhat streaky and knotty in its constitution and may perhaps be
resolvable." A second observation in 1836 was logged as "vvB; vvvL; a
superb object; 24' in length, breadth about 3'; pos = 143.8 very exact. Its
light is somewhat streaky, but I see no stars in it but 4 large and one very
small one, and these seem not to belong to it, there being many
near." In the GC, he noted
the position angle should read 54.5¡.
Lassell sketched
NGC 253 from Malta in November 1863 with his 48" and included numerous
dark lanes on the southwest side and a very irregular outline. Tempel's sketch
with the 11" Amici refractor at Florence captures several small knots
(brightest in the nucleus) and accurately depicts the surrounding star field
and superimposed stars. The origin
of the "Silver Coin" nickname goes back to at least 1964 (Time-Life
International edition of "The Universe"), with the description
"Silvery Coin of the flat Sc spiral NGC 253", though the 1962 edition
published in the U.S. reads "Silvery Dollar ..."
******************************
NGC 254 = ESO
411-015 = MCG -05-03-005 = PGC 2778
00 47 27.6 -31
25 20
V = 11.7; Size 2.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 137d
17.5"
(12/3/88): moderately bright, fairly small, very bright core, stellar nucleus,
elongated 2:1 NW-SE. Located 5' SW
of mag 7.1 SAO 192746.
13"
(9/22/84): fairly bright, small, elongated ~E-W, small bright nucleus. Located 5' SW of a mag 8 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 254 = h2347 on 28 Sep 1834 and logged "vB, R, gmbM,
40", has a star 8th mag 5' distant." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 255 = MCG
-02-03-017 = PGC 2802
00 47 47.1 -11
28 07
V = 11.9; Size 3.0'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 15d
17.5"
(8/16/93): moderately bright, fairly large, elongated 4:3 NNW-SSE, 2.0'x1.6',
broad mild concentration. A mag 14
star lies 2.5' ESE. Forms a pair
with MCG -02-03-13 11' NNW.
Planetary nebulae NGC 246 is located 25' SSW.
13"
(8/24/84): similar to previous observation but exhibits a weak concentration.
13"
(11/5/83): moderately bright, fairly small, round, no noticeable
concentration.
8"
(8/28/81): faint, small, round.
Located 25' NNE of NGC 246.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 255 = H II-472 = h62 on 27 Nov 1785 (sweep 478) and simply
recorded "F, pS." His
position is accurate. JH made the
single observation "vF; L; R; gbM; 30"."
******************************
NGC 256 = ESO
029-SC11 = Lindsay 30
00 45 54 -73 30
24
V = 12.5; Size 0.9'
25"
(10/17/17 - OzSky): at 244x and 397x; bright, fairly small, roughly triangular
outlines, 30"-35" diameter, high surface brightness, bright core,
mottled, a few faint stars were resolved.
A mag 9.7 star (HD 4558) is 2' NNE. Several clusters are nearby; NGC 265 is 5.8' ENE, NGC 269 is
10' ESE, NGC 248 is 8' NNW and NGC 242 is 11' NW.
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x, this SMC cluster appeared
moderately bright, fairly small, triangular or wedge-shaped, 30"
diameter. Weakly concentrated with
a slightly brighter core but no resolution. Located 1.9' SSW of mag 9.7 HD 4558, which detracts somewhat
from viewing. NGC 248 lies 8' NNW
and several clusters are within 15' including NGC 265 6' ENE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 256 = h2348 in the SMC on 11 Apr 1834 and described "not
vF, S, R, has a star 9th mag Nf."
On a second sweep he logged "F, S, R, gbM, 40" south of a star
8th mag. (In Nubecula Minor)."
His third observation reads "F, lE, 30", precedes a star 9th
mag" and a fourth record states "F, S, R, 18"; a star 9th mag
Nf."
******************************
NGC 257 = UGC
493 = MCG +01-03-003 = CGCG 410-006 = PGC 2818
00 48 01.6 +08
17 48
V = 12.6; Size 1.9'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 105d
17.5"
(10/8/88): fairly faint, moderately large, oval 3:2 ~E-W, weakly concentrated
but no core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 257 = H II-863 on 29 Dec 1790 (sweep 991) and logged "pL,
lE, gbM, resolvable." The NGC
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 258 = MCG
+04-03-005 = Holm 23d = PGC 2829
00 48 12.8 +27
39 26
V = 14.6; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(10/17/87): extremely faint and small, round. A mag 11 star is close WSW 40" from center. Second of three with NGC 252 3.2' SW
and NGC 260 5.3' NE.
George Johnstone
Stoney discovered NGC 258 using Lord Rosse's 72" on 22 Dec 1848. The field was observed no less than 7
times at Birr Castle, although the descriptions are sometimes contradictory and
made under poor conditions. It's
possible that Stoney also discovered NGC 260 to the northeast, and it was also
seen in 1854, though d'Arrest is credited with the discovery in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 259 = MCG
-01-03-015 = Holm 22a = PGC 2820
00 48 03.2 -02
46 31
V = 12.5; Size 2.3'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 140d
17.5"
(11/28/97): fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 NW-SE,
2.0'x0.7', broad concentration.
Forms the vertex of a right isosceles triangle with a mag 11 star 3' SSE
and a mag 11.5 star 3.4' WSW. MCG
-01-03-012 lies 14' WNW (see notes for NGC 331).
17.5"
(10/20/90): fairly faint, fairly small, edge-on 4:1 NW-SE, bright core, stellar
nucleus, pretty system. Forms a
right angle with a mag 10.5 star 3' SSW and a mag 11.5 star 3.5' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 259 = H II-621 = h63 = h64 on 13 Dec 1786 (sweep 646) and
recorded "F, E from np to sf, 1 1/2' long, lbM." He found it again the following year on
11 Sept 1787, relisting the nebula as II-703. The second observation had an error in the offset position,
so WH thought it was a new discovery.
Strangely, JH also recorded the galaxy twice, as h 63 (called a
"Nova") and h 64 = H II-621.
Heinrich d'Arrest noted the equivalence of both entries. See JH's note
in the GC and NGC.
******************************
NGC 260 = UGC
497 = MCG +04-03-006 = CGCG 480-009 = Holm 23c = PGC 2844
00 48 34.6 +27
41 33
V = 13.5; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(10/17/87): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated. A faint mag 14.5-15.0 star is close NE. This galaxy is the third of three with
NGC 252 8.4' SW and NGC 258.
George Johnstone
Stoney discovered NGC 260 on 22 Dec 1848 with LdR's 72" and recorded
"3 neb in a line nff, p one = h59 [NGC 252], other two vF [NGC 258 and NGC
260], middle one [NGC 258] eF, vS, distance of extremes about 12'." Although NGC 260 = UGC 497 is 9' ESE of
NGC 252, it is collinear with the other two, and most likely the 3rd nebula
seen by Stoney. Another
observation in 1854 also mentions "3 neb".
Heinrich
d'Arrest independently discovered NGC 260 on 27 Aug 1865 with the 11"
refractor at Copenhagen. His
position matches UGC 497. He noted
"one of Rosse's" although d'Arrest, instead of LdR, was credited with
the discovery by Dreyer.
******************************
NGC 261 =
SMC-N12A = ESO 029-EN12
00 46 29 -73 06
06
Size 1.8'
25"
(10/17/17 - OzSky): at 244x; prominent, fairly large roundish glow, ~1.25'
diameter, high surface brightness, surrounding a 13th magnitude H-alpha
emission star (SK 9). Excellent
contrast gain adding a NPB (narrow-bandpass) filter yielding a superb 2'
nebula, sandwiched between similar NGC 249 5' WNW and a stellar association (Hodge
12) with nebulosity (SMC-N19). A
number of stars follow (part of the association) including three collinear mag
13.5-14 stars 2' E and a 4th mag 12.5 star 3' E.
SMC-N19 lies 5'
ESE. At 244x it was a fairly
faint, very large nebulous glow, ~3' diameter. With careful viewing an uncatalogued detached piece is
sometimes visible to the NW (centered at 00 47.5 -73 05) and very faint
nebulosity spreads to the southwest for a total diameter of 4' diameter. Unfiltered a 6' cloud of at least 50
mag 12.5-15 stars (Hodge Association 12) are involved with the nebula.
SMC-N30 lies
~11' ESE. At 244x unfiltered it
was a fairly easy, fairly large, irregular curving or kidney-shaped nebula
SW-NE, ~1.5'x0.8', involves a couple of 14th magnitude stars unfiltered. Adding a NPB filter, the nebulosity is
prominent and fills in to a more roundish outline.
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x this SMC HII region
appeared fairly bright, moderately large, round, 1.5' diameter with a single
mag 13 star at the center (emission-line star Lin 78 = SK 9). A UHC filter produced a good contrast
gain and increased the size to over 2'.
A group of four stars follows including supergiant SK 13 (three brighter
in a string and one faint star) and a number of faint stars are scattered
nearby. Forms a similar pair with
NGC 249 4.5' WNW. NGC 267 lies 12'
SE.
James Dunlop
probably discovered NGC 261= D 4 = D 21? = h2349 with his 9" reflector on
5 Sep 1826. D 4 was described as a
"faint round nebula, about 30" diameter" while D 21 was
described as a small round faint nebula." His position for D 21 is just 3'
N of ESO 29-12.
JH made 3
observations, first logging "very faint, round, gradually brighter in the
middle, 2' across, resolvable." He next described it as "pretty
bright, round, 60". Has a star 13th mag in centre. Occurs in a field
illuminated by the Nubecular Minor and many stars." His final observation
was "pretty faint, round, 90"." Herschel noted this could be
either Dunlop 3, 4 or 21.
******************************
NGC 262 = UGC
499 = MCG +05-03-008 = Mrk 348 = PGC 2855
00 48 47.1 +31
57 25
V = 13.1; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1
24"
(11/24/14): moderately bright, small, round, dominated by a high surface
brightness core that increases to the center, very low surface brightness halo,
~25" diameter. Forms a pair
with 2MASX J00485285+3157309 = PGC 212600 just 1.2' E. The companion appeared very faint,
round, just 10" diameter. It was too faint (V = 15.4) for any details.
17.5"
(11/25/87): faint, small, round, bright core. Contains a faint stellar nucleus about 15th magnitude.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 262 = Sw II-10 on 17 Sep 1885 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory. His position
is 15 sec of RA east of UGC 499.
Bigourdan's measured an accurate RA on 13 Oct 1890 (repeated in the IC 2
Notes).
******************************
NGC 263 = MCG
-02-03-021 = PGC 2856
00 48 48.4 -13
06 27
V = 13.7; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.2
17.5"
(10/13/90): faint, small, round, weak concentration. A mag 14 star is 30" W.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 263 = LM I-13 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at
the Leander McCormick Observatory.
His rough position is close to MCG -02-03-021 = PGC 2856.
******************************
NGC 264 = ESO
295-006 = MCG -07-02-016 = PGC 2831
00 48 21.0 -38
14 04
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.0; PA = 113d
18"
(11/22/08): fairly faint, small, elongated 4:3 WNW-ESE, 0.4'x0.3'. Contains a very small brighter core
with direct vision. A group of 4
stars including mag 9 HD 4735 and nearly forming a trapezoid follows by ~6'.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 264 = h2350 on 30 Aug 1834 and noted "F, S, R, vsvmbM to a
star 13th mag. A trapezium of large stars follows." His position and description matches
ESO 295-006 = PGC 2831.
******************************
NGC 265 = ESO
029-SC14 = Lindsay 34
00 47 10 -73 28
36
V = 12.2; Size 1.0'
25"
(10/17/17 - OzSky): at 244x and 397x; bright, fairly large, irregular outlines,
~1' diameter, mottled appearance, brighter on the north end, a few stars
occasionally sparkle. Three other
clusters are within 6'; NGC 256 to the WSW, Kron 25 is 3.6' WSW and NGC 269 to
the SE. A mag 9.7 star is 4.8' W
and a mag 8.5 star is 9' E. In a
very rich field of faint stars with numerous HII regions and clusters to the
north.
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x, this SMC cluster appeared
moderately bright and large, 1' diameter, round, fairly symmetrical appearance
with no concentration. NGC 256
lies 5.7' WSW with NGC 269 6' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 265 = h2351 in the SMC on 11 Apr 1834 and remarked "vF;
situated on the edge of the Nubecula Minor." On a later sweep he recorded
as "vF, R, 30 arcseconds."
******************************
NGC 266 = UGC
508 = MCG +05-03-009 = CGCG 501-022 = PGC 2901
00 49 47.8 +32
16 40
V = 11.6; Size 3.0'x2.9'; Surf Br = 13.8
17.5"
(11/25/87): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated ~E-W, bright core,
stellar nucleus. Located on the
Andromeda border 4' N of mag 8.2 SAO 54174.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 266 = H III-153 = h65 on 12 Sep 1784 (sweep 268) and noted
"vF, pL, lE, r, very little brighter towards the following
side." JH observed this 4
times and at Birr Castle 5 times with the 72-inch. On 18 Sep 1857 it was described as "S, pB disc, in vF
haze of mottled nebulosity, which seems brightest in a line p and f." E.E. Barnard found it in Feb 1889 while
sweeping with the 12-inch refractor at Lick Observatory and noted it as
"R, 1' +/- or less, bM to faint nucleus of 13m."
******************************
NGC 267 =
SMC-N22 = ESO 029-SC15
00 48 02.9 -73
16 27
Size 2.5'
25"
(10/17/17 - OzSky): at 244x + NPB filter; bright, very large nebulous cluster,
slightly elongated N-S, ~2'x1.6'.
Removing the filter, several faint stars are peppered across the
glow. Very good contrast gain
using the NPB filter.
SMC-N25 is a
separate 1' patch 2' NNE that appeared fairly bright (with the filter),
moderately large, round glow, ~50" diameter. SMC-N28 is a very large, lower surface brightness patch
(barely detached from NGC 267), ~1.5' diameter, centered ~2.3' ENE of NGC
267. On close inspection it was
divided into two sections on the north and south side and weaker in the center. The southern section (SMC-N28A) was
extended E-W and slightly brighter.
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x this SMC cluster with
nebulosity appears as a fairly faint, fairly large irregular glow
~2'x1.4'. The surface was grainy
with a half-dozen mag 14 stars resolved (Hodge Association 15). There was a good response using a UHC
filter, which increased the size of the visible nebulosity. Collinear with two mag 10.5 stars ~6'
SE. A string of brighter stars to
the north heads east for 17' towards NGC 290. LHa 115-N25, a very small detached piece ~2' N, appears as a
15" glow and increases the total size to nearly 5'.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 267 = h2352 in the SMC on 4 Oct 1836 and recorded "a faint,
pretty large, cluster of very small stars. It is the preceding knot (or centre
of condensation) of the resolvable portion of the Nubecula Minor which fills
the subsequent field and consists of irregularly scattered clustered stars
12...20th mag." His position
is on the southwest side of the cluster/nebula.
******************************
NGC 268 = MCG
-01-03-017 = PGC 2927
00 50 09.4 -05
11 38
V = 13.1; Size 1.6'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 95d
13.1"
(9/22/84): fairly faint, fairly small, diffuse, slightly elongated 4:3 ~E-W,
weak concentration but no nucleus.
Lies west of a group of four bright stars including mag 8.5 SAO 128977
5' NE, mag 7.8 SAO 128978 9' SSE, mag 8.5 SAO 128987 15' E and mag 6.8 SAO
128986 18' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 268 = H III-463 = h66 on 22 Nov 1785 (sweep 474) and logged
"vF, pL, irr R, resolvable."
The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 269 = ESO
029-SC016 = Lindsay 37
00 48 21 -73 31
54
V = 12.6; Size 0.6'
25"
(10/17/17 - OzSky): at 397x; bright, fairly large, round, 45" diameter,
contains a relatively large brighter core that's a little lively, but shows no
resolution. A mag 10.5 star is 3'
SE. Kron 25, situated 3' NNW,
appeared fairly faint, irregular
glow, ~35" diameter, low surface brightness. NGC 269 is located in a rich SMC region with numerous
clusters and nebulae to the north.
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x, fairly faint, fairly
small, round, 0.6' diameter, weak concentration but no core or resolution. A 2.5' string of three stars follows by
2'-3' and a mag 11 star lies 3' SE.
Situated in a rich SMC star field 6' SE of NGC 265.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 269 = h2353 on 5 Nov 1836 in the SMC and described as "vF;
S; R; 30"." His position
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 270 = MCG
-02-03-027 = PGC 2938
00 50 32.4 -08
39 07
V = 12.1; Size 2.0'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 25d
17.5"
(10/13/90): fairly faint, small, oval 3:2 SW-NE, bright core, almost stellar
nucleus. NGC 277 is 12' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 270 = H III-955 on 10 Dec 1798 (sweep 1086) and logged "cF,
vS, iR." His position matches
MCG -02-03-027 = PGC 2938. Nearby
NGC 277 was missed by WH.
******************************
NGC 271 = UGC
519 = MCG +00-03-012 = CGCG 384-013 = PGC 2949
00 50 41.9 -01
54 37
V = 12.0; Size 2.1'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 130d
17.5"
(10/8/88): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated NW-SE, small bright
core. Mag 8.4 SAO 128981 is off
the SE edge 1.5' from the center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 271 = H II-446 = h67 on 1 Oct 1785 (sweep 448) and noted "F,
S, E, milky; about 1 1/2' preceding a pB star." On 13 Dec 1786 (sweep 646) he noted "pB, R, mbM, about
1' sp a bright star." JH logged "Not vF; R; pslbM; 30"; a star
8-9m follows."
******************************
NGC 272 =
OCL-312
00 51 25 +35 49
18
V = 8.5; Size 5'
17.5"
(9/26/92): 9 stars in a 5' diameter forming a "hook" asterism. Includes a mag 9 star and a close
double star. Appears to be fully
resolved and only an unimpressive, scattered asterism.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 272 on 2 Aug 1864 with the 11" refractor at
Copenhagen. His single position
points directly to this group of stars.
It is listed in the 4th edition of the Gosta Lynga catalogue but was
removed from the 5th edition.
Visually it appears to be a scattered asterism.
******************************
NGC 273 = MCG
-01-03-019 = PGC 2959
00 50 48.4 -06
53 08
V = 12.9; Size 2.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 105d
24"
(10/5/13): moderately bright and large, very elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE,
~48"x16". Contains a
very small brighter core. A mag 14
star is off the NW edge by ~20".
NGC 272/274 = Arp 140 lies 11' SSE.
17.5"
(10/13/90): fairly faint, small, elongated 2:1 E-W. A mag 14 star is off the NW edge, 42" from center. NGC 272/274, a contact pair of
galaxies, lies 11' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 273 = H III-430 on 10 Sep 1785 (sweep 435) and noted "vF,
vS. This precedes the former [NGC
274]". The NGC position from
Wilhelm Tempel is accurate.
******************************
NGC 274 = Arp
140 NED1 = VV 81a = Holm 26b = MCG -01-03-021 = PGC 2980
00 51 01.9 -07
03 28
V = 11.8; Size 1.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 155d
24"
(10/5/13): bright, round, fairly small, 0.6' diameter, sharply concentrated
with a small intensely bright core that gradually increases to the center, but
no nucleus. This is the brighter
but smaller component of a striking double system (Arp 140 = VV 81) with NGC
275, which is attached on the SE side.
NGC 273 lies 11' NNW.
13.1"
(9/29/84): moderately bright, small, compact, very small bright core. Forms a close pair with NGC 275 1' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 274 = H III-429 = h69 on 10 Sep 1785 (sweep 435), although he
only noted a single object as "vF, pS, E."
The pair was
observed 8 times with Lord Rosse's 72-inch. On 3 Oct 1856, observer R.J.
Mitchell's wrote, "69 [NGC 274] is S, B, R, with bright nucleus; 70 [NGC
275] is F, E and patchy. Suspect formed of two knots involved in faint
nebulosity; there appears to be a nebulous connexion between them all." On
15 Nov 1857, Lord Rosse experimented with a silvered secondary (the speculum
secondary was covered with a thin silver layer) and noted "silvered mirror
shows the object brighter than before, but no new details.Ó
******************************
NGC 275 = Arp
140 NED2 = VV 81b = Holm 26a = MCG -01-03-022 = PGC 2984
00 51 04.5 -07
03 56
V = 12.5; Size 1.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 90d
24"
(10/5/13): at 375x appeared moderately to fairly bright, elongated 5:3 NW-SE,
~45"x27". Very unusual
patchy, irregular appearance! A
brighter elongated N-S patch (or arm) is on the east end. Also the southwest border is slightly
brighter with a sharp, curving edge. This edge is more prominent at the NW end
of the galaxy, where it merges with NGC 274 just northwest.
13.1"
(9/29/84): moderately bright, fairly small, diffuse, even surface
brightness. Forms a close pair
with NGC 274 1' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 275 = h70 on 9 Oct 1828 and logged "A fine double neb; the
preceding only seen by my father.
pB; S; smbM. The f is vF;
S; R; pos = 60¡; dist of centres 40". The neb join at borders." Also see the observations using Lord Rosse's 72" under
NGC 274.
******************************
NGC 276 = IC
1591 = ESO 474-034 = MCG -04-03-021 = PGC 3054
00 52 06.5 -22
40 49
V = 14.9; Size 1.0'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 90d
17.5"
(10/21/95): extremely faint, very small, 20" diameter. This is a threshold object and can just
glimpse at moments. No details
visible including shape but detection repeated several times. View hampered by mag 7.6 SAO 166640
4.0' NNE.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 276 = LM II-294 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory and he noted a "*11, position 0¡ [North] Delta
3.2'." His position is 1.2
min of RA west of ESO 474-034 = PGC 3054.
This galaxy was independently found by DeLisle Stewart on a Harvard
plate, correctly placed, and catalogued as HN 123 (later IC 1591). But Muller's note about the star (much
brighter than 11th magnitude!) clearly establishes that NGC 276 = IC 1591, with
the discovery priority going to Muller. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position for NGC 276 in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin
Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 277 = MCG
-02-03-028 = PGC 2995
00 51 17.2 -08
35 49
V = 12.7; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 50d
17.5"
(10/13/90): faint, very small, round.
A mag 11 star is just off the NW edge 50" from core.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 277 on 8 Oct 1864 with the 11" refractor at
Copenhagen. His position and
description of the nearby mag 11 star (52" distant) is a perfect match
with PGC 2995.
******************************
NGC 278 = UGC
528 = MCG +08-02-016 = CGCG 550-016 = PGC 3051
00 52 04.3 +47
33 02
V = 10.8; Size 2.1'x2.0'; Surf Br = 12.2
48"
(10/27/16): at 610x and 813x; NGC 278 is extremely bright, large, the halo has
a squarish appearance, ~1.4' diameter, high surface brightness. Very well concentrated with an intense
round core that increases to the center.
Sections of the two main thick spiral arms are visible, particularly
along the north and south portion of the halo. Slightly darker lanes outline the inside of the arms. The
inner arm sections are only noticed as subtle brighter patches. A well defined, small knot is on the east
side of the halo [25" from center] and a second small knot is on the
northeast side [23" from center].
These two star-forming complexes are catalogued as X-ray sources in NED. I also noted a third object at the NE
edge, but at this position on the HST image is a very faint star.
17.5"
(10/13/90): bright, moderately large, round, bright core, stellar nucleus. Located 3' S of mag 8.8 SAO 36725.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 278 = H I-159 = h71 on 11 Dec 1786 (sweep 644) and logged
"vB, R, vgmbM, about 1.5' dia., about 1' south of a pretty considerable
star." On 30 Nov 1787 (sweep
786) he noted "cB, R, vgbM, about 1 1/2' dia." R.J. Mitchell,
observing with LdR's 72" on 16 Oct 1855, recorded "pB, R, N, light
certainly patchy, but I can distinguish no stars in it. It is a right handed spiral?? I suspect a F* cl following the
nebula."
******************************
NGC 279 = UGC
532 = MCG +00-03-19A = Mrk 558 = PGC 3055
00 52 08.9 -02
13 07
V = 12.7; Size 1.6'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 5d
17.5"
(10/20/90): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, small bright core,
stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 279 = H III-439 = h73 on 1 Oct 1785 (sweep 448) and logged
"vF, S, irr figure." JH
recorded it twice at Slough and the NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 280 = UGC
534 = MCG +04-03-013 = CGCG 480-017 = PGC 3076
00 52 29.9 +24
21 01
V = 13.2; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 95d
17.5"
(10/20/90): faint, fairly small, oval 3:2 E-W, weak concentration. A mag 13.5 star is just off the SE edge
1.0' from center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 280 = H III-477 = h72 on 5 Dec 1785 (sweep 484) and logged
"vF, S, R, just preceding a vF star." This galaxy was observed with on 3 nights at Birr Castle and
R.J. Mitchell recorded on 26 Oct 1854, "F object with two nuclei, possibly
a spiral." There is no double
nuclei, but the spiral suggestion is correct.
******************************
NGC 281 = IC 11
= IC 1590 = Cr 8 = LBN 616 = Sh 2-184 = Ced 3 = "Pac-Man" Nebula
00 52 49 +56 37
40
Size 35'x30'
18"
(2/16/07): remarkable view of this detailed emission nebula/cluster at 115x and
220x. Without a filter at 220x
about three dozen stars are visible in the region of the nebula, including a
number of faint stars. At the
center of the cluster (IC 1590) and nebula (NGC 281) is the multiple star HD
5005 = Burnham 1, a striking triple with a difficult 4th component at
1.1". A 13" pair of mag
11.5 stars lie 0.9' SW of Burnham 1.
The nebulosity
responds dramatically to a UHC or OIII filter. The two brightest regions have a butterfly appearance with
the two lobes or wings partially divided by a curving dust lane oriented
roughly N-S. A fainter detached portion is on the southeast side. The overall dimensions extend to
15'-18'. The two lobes are fairly
similar in size and surface brightness, though the following section is larger
including the southern piece. The
western section has the brightest and most sharply defined edge running along
its southern border and oriented E-W.
A long straight dust lane extends along the southern boundary of both
lobes and defines the sharp edge on the western lobe. The curving central dust lane intrudes into the nebula on
the south side and nearly divides the two sections, though weak nebulosity
connects the two wings.
17.5"
(9/28/02): the bright central quadruple (ADS 719 = Burnham 1) includes a mag
8.6/9.1/9.8 trio at 4" and 9".
At 140x, a fainter companion (mag 10) at 1.54" separation is just
visible close following the brightest member and is cleanly resolved at 324x.
17.5"
(10/17/98): spectacular view of this detailed HII region at 100x using an OIII
filter. This 15' nebulous complex
has a mushroom appearance and is separated into three main lobes apparently by
dust. The brightest and largest
lobe is following a bright triple star embedded near the center (8.6/9.2/9.8 at
4" and 9"). There
appears to be a much fainter detached piece off the south end of this lobe. Preceding the triple star is a section
that is noticeably elongated and irregular in surface brightness fading to the
NW. The section to the north is
faintest and separated from the eastern lobe by a curving dark lane. A dark intrusion, apparently due to
obscuring dust, is visible south of the triple star.
13" (8/24/84):
very large, fascinating nebulosity, very irregular, dark gaps between sections,
five brighter stars mag 8.6-12.5 involved. The brightest star is a very close double.
80mm (2/16/07):
at 13x and a UHC filter, the PacMan nebula is easily visible surrounding the
central star.
E.E. Barnard
discovered NGC 281 visually on 26 Nov 1881 (Sidereal Messenger, Vol 2, p226 and
AN 369, 108, 1884) with his 5-inch refractor at Nashville and recorded a
"large, faint nebula, very diffuse, not less than 10' diameter." IC 11, found around 1892 by Barnard
using the 6-inch Cooke refractor at Vanderbilt Observatory in Nashville
(probably relayed directly to Dreyer) was placed 30 min of RA west, but Corwin
notes that the description "vF, L, triple * on np corner" points to
NGC 281 and perhaps he made a transcription error. IC 1590, discovered by Bigourdan on 31 Oct 1899 is a large,
scattered cluster on the west side.
NGC 281 is misclassified as an open cluster in the RNGC, as Barnard made
no reference to a cluster.
******************************
NGC 282 = MCG
+05-03-015 = CGCG 501-030 = PGC 3090
00 52 42.2 +30
38 21
V = 13.7; Size 0.4'x0.3'
17.5"
(10/17/87): fairly faint, very small, round, bright core, faint stellar
nucleus. Located 2' N of mag 8.4
SAO 54223.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 282 = St X-3 on 13 Oct 1879 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and recorded "F, S, R, lbM". His position matches CGCG 501-030 = PGC
3090.
******************************
NGC 283 = MCG
-02-03-031 = PGC 3124
00 53 13.2 -13
09 50
V = 14.1; Size 1.6'x1.0'; PA = 160d
24"
(10/5/13): first and largest of five galaxies including four similar NGCs and
much fainter MCG -02-03-03. At
375x appeared fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 4:3 NNW-SSE, 0.4'x0.3',
weak concentration. A mag 13.5
star lies 1.6' NE. NGC 284 and 285
follow directly east by 2.7' and 4.1' with NGC 286 5.2' NE and much fainter PGC
173072 is 1.9' NNE. The entire
quintet fits in a 5' circle.
17.5"
(10/28/89): very faint, very small, round, bright core. A mag 13.5 star is 1.5' NE. First of four similar galaxies with NGC
284 3' E and NGC 285 5' E almost on a line.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 283 = LM I-14 (along with NGCs 284, 285 and 286) on
2 Oct 1886. He gave the same
positions for NGC 283, 284 and 285 in his discovery list, although the (rough)
position is good. NGC 286 was
placed 2' further N. Since the
positions were only given to the nearest minute of RA, this is reasonable and
his rough position is a reasonable match with MCG -02-03-031 = PGC 3124. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position in 1897 of NGC 282, 284, 285 and 286 using the 20" refractor at
Chamberlin Observatory.
******************************
NGC 284 = MCG
-02-03-032 = PGC 3131
00 53 24.2 -13
09 33
V = 14.4; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2
24"
(10/5/13): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated N-S, 20"x15". Collinear with NGC 285 1.4' E and NGC
283 2.7' W, all three similar in brightness. A mag 13.5 star lies 1.6' NW with MCG -02-03-032 2.4' NW.
17.5" (10/28/89):
extremely faint, very small, round.
A mag 13.5 star is 1.6' NW.
Second of four similar galaxies with NGC 283 3' E, NGC 285 1.5' E and
NGC 286 3' SE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 284 = LM I-15 (along with NGCs 283, 285, and 286) on
2 Oct 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick
Observatory. His (rough) position
is a good match with MCG -02-03-032 = PGC 3131. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1897 using the
20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory.
******************************
NGC 285 = MCG
-02-03-033 = PGC 3141
00 53 29.8 -13
09 39
V = 14.7; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.4
24"
(10/5/13): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated N-S, 18"x15", very
small brighter nucleus. Third in a
string with similar NGC 284 1.4' W and NGC 283 4.1' W. NGC 286 is ~3' due N.
17.5"
(10/28/89): very faint, very small, round. Third of four in a group and third of three almost on a line
with NGC 283 and NGC 286 3.5' S.
Appears similar to NGC 284 2' W.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 285 = LM I-16 (along with NGCs 283, 284 and 286) on
2 Oct 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick
Observatory. His (rough) position
is a good match with MCG -02-03-033 = PGC 3141. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1897 using the
20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory.
******************************
NGC 286 = MCG
-02-03-034 = PGC 3142
00 53 30.3 -13
06 46
V = 14.1; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 175d
24"
(10/5/13): fairly faint, fairly small, oval 4:3 N-S, 40"x30", weak
concentration, small brighter nucleus.
By a slight margin, the brightest in a compact quartet of similar NGC
galaxies with NGC 283/284/285 in an east-west string just 3' S. Also PGC 173072, a much fainter galaxy,
lies 3.7' SW.
17.5"
(10/28/89): very faint, very small, slightly elongated N-S. Fourth of four with NGC 285 3.5' S and
NGC 284 4' SSW.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 286 = LM I-17 (along with NGCs 283, 284 and 285) on
2 Oct 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. His (rough) position is a good match
with MCG -02-03-034 = PGC 3142.
Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1897 using the 20"
refractor at Chamberlin Observatory.
******************************
NGC 287 = CGCG
501-033 = PGC 3145
00 53 28.3 +32
28 56
V = 13.8; Size 0.8'x0.4'; PA = 15d
17.5"
(11/25/87): fairly faint, very small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 287 = h75 on 22 Nov 1827 and recorded "eF; S; R. The faintest object imaginable; (night
wonderfully clear)." His position matches CGCG 501-033 = PGC 3145. This galaxy is not catalogued in the RC
3, MCG or UGC.
******************************
NGC 288 = ESO
474-SC37
00 52 47.4 -26
35 24
V = 8.1; Size 13.8'; Surf Br = 0.1
30"
(10/15/15 - OzSky): this very loose globular appears fully resolved at
303x. There were too many stars to
possibly count, but certainly several hundred were resolved including a number
of relatively bright stars (brightest members mag 12.6). The core is loosely overlaid with a
dozen or so brighter stars. A
number of stars in the halo appear to be arranged in strings and arcs including
one string extending towards the west.
18"
(1/1/08): at 220x-280x, ~60 stars were resolved in an 8' diameter. This globular has a very loose, irregular
appearance with a very small brighter core containing a clump of resolved
stars. A string of stars running
SSW-NNE runs through the west side of the halo with a brighter star (double) at
the NNE end of this string. A
roughly parallel string also passes through the east side of the halo. Located 1.8¡ SE of NGC 253 and form a
nice pair in the 80mm finder at 13x.
18"
(8/25/06): this bright globular is quite loose (concentration class 10) and
well-resolved at 220x over the entire face and halo. The outer halo is very irregular with a scraggly appearance
and extends to 8'-10' in diameter.
Roughly 100 stars were resolved in total.
18"
(8/23/03): bright but loose globular, well-resolved at 323x into 75-100 stars
(difficult to count). A number of
the stars are clearly aligned in long chains.
17.5"
(8/29/92): very bright, very large, round, ~8' diameter. Well-resolved over entire disc into
75-100 stars mag 13-15 at White Mountains over background glow although not
densely packed. 60 stars resolved
previously at Fiddletown, only weakly concentrated in core.
13.1"
(11/5/83): 30-40 stars resolved over haze.
8"
(10/13/81): faint stars resolved across entire disc at 200x with averted, many
near visual limit
8"
(10/4/80): very large, grainy, few stars resolved at the NW and south edges,
other clumps on the verge of resolution.
15x50 (8/25/06):
easily visible in IS binoculars as a fairly large, diffuse glow.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 288 = H VI-20 = h74 = h2354 on 27 Oct 1785 (sweep 467) and recorded
"pB, L, oval round, bM, 7 or 8' long, 4 or 5' br." His summary description (including a
2nd observation) reads "cB, iR, 8 or 9' diameter, a great many of the
stars visible, so that there can remain no doubt but that it is a cluster of vS
stars." Caroline Herschel
missed this cluster two years earlier when she discovered NGC 253. JH observed this globular both at
Slough and at the Cape, where he recorded "globular cluster; bright;
large; round; gradually brighter in the middle; all resolved into stars 12..16
mag; 5' diameter."
******************************
NGC 289 = ESO
411-025 = VV 484 = AM 0050-312 = MCG -05-03-010 = PGC 3089
00 52 41.6 -31
12 28
V = 11.0; Size 5.1'x3.6'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 130d
17.5"
(12/3/88): fairly bright, fairly large, oval NW-SE, broad concentration. A mag 13.5 star is off the NW edge 3.2'
from the center.
13"
(9/22/84): fairly bright, oval ~E-W.
A mag 13 star is off the west edge.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 289 = h2355 on 27 Sep 1834 and logged "vB; L; pmE; oval;
has a star 11th mag north preceding.". His position and description is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 290 = ESO
029-SC019 = Lindsay 42
00 51 15 -73 09
42
V = 11.7; Size 0.8'
25"
(10/17/17 - OzSky): at 244x; bright, fairly small, irregular, triangular
shaped, 40" diameter. A star
or quasi-stellar knot is at the north tip. SMC-N45, located 4.5' SE, appeared bright, moderately large,
irregular or triangular in shape, 35"-40" diameter. Several very faint stars are
superimposed or at the edges of the glow including a couple of mag 15 stars at
the south edge and a couple of mag 15.5 stars at the east edge. Two mag 13/14 stars lie 0.8' SE.
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly faint, very small,
granular, 20" diameter, brighter core. A faint star or knot is at the north edge (may be a compact
HII region). A pair of mag 10/11
stars 8' NE are collinear with the cluster. LHA 115-N45 (cluster with nebulosity) lies 4.5' SE. This SMC HII region and cluster
appeared as a faint, elongated patch with a few faint stars resolved around the
edges.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 290 = h2357 in the SMC on 11 Apr 1834 and simply logged
"eF". His position
(single sweep) is about 35" N of the cluster.
******************************
NGC 291 = MCG
-02-03-035 = PGC 3140
00 53 29.8 -08
46 04
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 45d
17.5"
(10/5/91): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, very thin extensions. Located 12' W of 21 Ceti (V = 6.2) at
the edge of 220x field.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 291 = m 17 on 27 Sep 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
recorded "vF, vS, lE, alm stellar." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 292 = ESO
029-021 = Small Magellanic Cloud = PGC 3085
00 52 38 -72 48
00
V = 2.3; Size 316.2'x186.2'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 45d
18": This
number actually refers to the entire Small Magellanic Cloud, a prominent
naked-eye "cloud" with 47 Tuc off to one side. Over a couple of nights, I went through
the most prominent clusters and nebulae with the 18" at Magellan, although
it was first viewed at Bargo.
Amerigo Vespucci
was the first northern hemisphere explorer to see the SMC in 1501, 20 years
earlier than Magellan according to a 1990 article by Dekker.
John Herschel
(h2356) has two entries: "I should consider this to be about the main body
of the Nubecula Minor, which is here fairly resolved into excessively minute
stars, which are however certainly seen with the left eye." On a later sweep he noted:
"Hereabouts seems to be placed the main body of the Nubecula Minor which
is a Faint, Rich, Large Cluster of very small stars (12..18) filling many
fields, and broken up into many knots, groups, and straggling branches. But the
whole is clearly resolved into stars."
******************************
NGC 293 = MCG
-01-03-030 = PGC 3195
00 54 16.0 -07
14 08
V = 13.9; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 10d
17.5"
(10/13/90): extremely faint, very small, round, very low surface
brightness. A mag 14.5 star is off
the SE end 1.1' from center. Forms
a pair with NGC 298 11' SE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 293 = m 18 on 27 Sep 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
recorded "vF, S." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 294 = ESO
029-SC22 = Lindsay 47
00 53 05 -73 22
48
V = 12.2; Size 0.8'
25"
(10/17/17 - OzSky): at 244x and 397x; bright, moderately large, round, 40"
diameter, slightly mottled but no resolution. Bruck 67, located just 2.3' SSW, appeared faint, fairly
small, irregular low surface brightness patch, 35" diameter.
30"
(11/6/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly bright, fairly small, round,
45"-50" diameter, contains a bright core. The halo has a smooth moderately high surface brightness but
there were no resolved stars. Four
mag 12-13 stars forming a parallelogram are centered 4.5' NW, but there are no
bright stars in the immediately field.
Bruck 67, a slightly smaller irregular glow with a low surface
brightness, lies 2.2' SW. NGC 267
lies 23' WNW.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 294 = D 5 in 1826 with his 9" reflector and reported
"a small faint nebula, about 10 or 12 arcseconds diameter." His position is 5' due north ESO
029-022. JH first observed this
nebula (NGC 294 =h2358) on 11 Apr 1834, noting "eF. In a sweep below the Pole." He added a note later that "This
obs give 47 -- instead of 46 -- for the min of RA. The earlier minute preferred." On a later sweep, he recorded the RA
minute as 46, which was used in the GC and NGC but this is 1.0 min too far
west. JH referenced D 5 as the
discovery, though D 6 described as "a faint nebula, about 20"
diameter" was placed only 5' SE, and may be a duplicate observation (D 5 =
D 6). The Hodge-Wright Atlas
labels this object as Lindsay 47, though Table 6 lists NGC 294 = L47?
******************************
NGC 295 = CGCG
501-056 = PGC 3555
00 59 32.3 +31
47 53
Size 0.55'x0.5'
24"
(10/1/16): at 375x; faint, small, slightly elongated, 15"-18"
diameter, very weak concentration.
Located 6.5' SW of mag 7.8 HD 5801.
NGC 295 is the
slightly fainter of a pair with CGCG 501-058 4.8' ENE. The companion appeared fairly faint,
small, slightly elongated, 20" diameter, increases to a small bright
nucleus and stellar peak, overall fairly high surface brightness. CGCG 501-058 is situated just 2' SW of
mag 7.8 HD 5801 and it helped to place the bright star off the edge of the
field.
Ralph Copeland
discovered NGC 295, along with CGCG 501-058, on 26 Oct 1872 while observing the
field he assumed was H II 214 (NGC 296).
He found two nebulae and wrote, "(GC) 167 [NGC 296] F, R, *10m
(yellow) Pos 29.6 deg, Dist 123.1".
Nova [NGC 295], S, R, and with a * or another neb 10" n. Pos from
[NGC 296] 242.0 deg, Dist 314.6" or 21.6 seconds p[receding], 147.6"
s[outh]." Dreyer used WH's
(inaccurate) position for NGC 296 to compute a position for the
"nova" GC 5123 (future NGC 296) in the GC Supplement and NGC.
There is nothing
at Copeland's offset from NGC 296.
A 10th magnitude star is near NGC 296 but it's not at the reported
position angle and separation, so it's clear Copeland misidentified the field
and Corwin considered NGC 295 as lost.
Confusing the situation further, the computed position for NGC 295
happens to land on NGC 296! As a result,
all modern catalogues label NGC 296 as NGC 295 and UGC 562 is misidentified as
NGC 296.
Recently (2016)
Yann Pothier was able to identify the correct field about 1¡ ENE, surrounding
mag 7.8 HD 5801 = SAO 54330. This
star is 115" distant in PA 32¡ from CGCG 501-058, so Copeland assumed this
galaxy was NGC 296. The second
object is CGCG 501-056, located 288" in PA 248¡ (southwest) from CGCG
501-058. Although Copeland
discovered both galaxies, NGC 295 applies to CGCG 501-056 and CGCG 501-058 is
left without an NGC designation.
******************************
NGC 296 = (R)NGC
295 = UGC 562 = MCG +05-03-024 = CGCG 501-042 = PGC 3260
00 55 07.6 +31
32 32
V = 12.6; Size 2.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 164d
17.5"
(11/25/87): fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated NNW-SSE, bright
core. Located just 30" W of a
mag 10 star. Brightest in a group
of four with UGC 565 = (R)NGC 296 9' NNE and UGC 567 13' NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 296 = H II-214 on 12 Sep 1784 (sweep 268) and logged "F, E,
preceding a bright star. Appears
almost like a brush issuing from the star, but does not join it by a good
deal." Although his RA was 20
seconds too large and Dec 1' too far north, it is clear from the description
that NGC 296 = UGC 562.
Dreyer used WH's
(poor) position to compute the position of NGC 295, found by Ralph
Copeland. See NGC 295 for the
story on this number.
Coincidentally, the computed position for NGC 295 lands on NGC 296! As a result UGC, CGCG, PGC and RNGC
misidentify NGC 296 as NGC 295. In
addition, RNGC misidentifies UGC 565 as NGC 296.
******************************
NGC 297 = 2MASX
J00545892-0720591 = PGC 3243
00 54 58.9 -07
20 59
Size 0.3'x0.3'
18"
(11/22/03): this extremely faint and tiny galaxy was a marginal object at 257x,
barely glimpsed several times as a fleeting quasi-stellar spot just 1.3' SW of
NGC 298. If this observation is
valid, this is one of the faintest NGC galaxies I've recorded.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 297 = m 19 on 27 Sep 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
simply noted "eF". His
position is 2 sec of RA west and 1' S of much brighter m 20 = NGC 298,
discovered at the same time. It's
possible that Marth confused a close, faint double situated 2' S of NGC 298 as
a nebula. But 1.3' SW of NGC 298
at 00 54 58.9 -07 20 59 (2000) is a nearly stellar galaxy, described here,
which is a more likely candidate.
In any case, NGC 297 is not identical to NGC 298 as stated in the
RNGC. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 298 = MCG
-01-03-033 = PGC 3250
00 55 02.2 -07
20 00
V = 12.7; Size 1.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 87d
18" (11/22/03):
faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 E-W, 1.0'x0.5', weak concentration. Located 11' W of a mag 6 star that I
kept outside the field. NGC 297 is
an extremely difficult companion just 1.3' SW.
17.5"
(10/13/90): very faint, very small, elongated 3:2 E-W. Forms a pair with NGC 293 11' NW. Located 11' W of mag 5.9 SAO 129032 in
field!
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 298 = m 20 (along with NGC 297) on 27 Sep 1864 using Lassell's
48" reflector on Malta. His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 299 = ESO
051-SC005 = Kron 32 = Lindsay 49
00 53 24.8 -72
11 47
V = 11.7; Size 0.9'
25"
(10/17/17 - OzSky): at 244x; bright, fairly small, round, high surface
brightness, 0.8' diameter. Contains an intensely bright quasi-stellar
nucleus. A few stars at resolved
at the edges at 397x. Brightest in
a group of clusters with NGC 306 5' SE, Kron 30 3.7' W, Lindsay 51 8.5' NE, and
Kron 28 14' NW.
Lindsay 51
appeared moderately bright, fairly small, irregular shape, ~30" diameter,
very small bright nucleus. Situated just 0.6' W of a mag 10.6 star (SMC yellow
supergiant) in a rich section of the SMC.
Kron 28 appeared
fairly faint, moderately large, round, ~45" diameter, low surface
brightness glow extending to the west of mag 10.7 HD 5148 = V Tucanae (mag
10-12 eclipsing binary superimposed at east edge).
18"
(7/11/05) - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x appeared fairly bright,
fairly small, round, 50" diameter with a broad weak concentration. Forms a pair with NGC 306 5' SE.
18" (7/9/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 128x, this SMC cluster appeared as a
small, round, bright knot, ~45" diameter. Forms the southeast vertex of an
obtuse triangle with two mag 11 stars ~3.5' NNE and 4' W. Forms a trio with NGC 306 4.7' SE and
Kron 30 3.8' W. Kron 30 appeared
as just a hazy patch, ~1.5' diameter with a few mag 13/14 stars superimposed or
resolved.
18" (7/6/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is the first of two small knots of
stars (the other being NGC 306) located 26' W of NGC 346. At 171x, it appeared as a small glowing
spot, ~40" in diameter, though standing out fairly well in the field. The cluster is embedded within a
scattered group of brighter stars in the field. Forms a pair with NGC 306 4.7' SE. The second edition of Uranometria 2000.0 and DSFG
incorrectly list both objects twice - as open clusters and bright nebulae.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 299 = h2360 on 12 Aug 1834 and recorded this SMC cluster as
"F; vS; R; glbM; r; 15"."
His fourth and final record reads "pB, vS, R, 12", resolvable.
Situated at the upper limit of the nubecula which here is starry. At the other
it is nebulous."
This cluster is
misclassified as a Bright Nebula in the RNGC, and the wrong type was copied
into the NGC 2000.0 and first edition of the Uranometria 2000.0.
******************************
NGC 300 = ESO
295-020 = MCG -06-03-005 = PGC 3238
00 54 53.4 -37
41 00
V = 8.1; Size 21.9'x15.5'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 111d
25"
(10/21/17 - OzSky): at 187x; bright, extremely large, irregular, elongated
roughly 5:3 WNW-ESE, at least 15'x9'.
Contains a large, brighter core region with a mag 11.5 star at the ENE
edge of the core. A mag 9.6 star
is in the halo (along a faint spiral arm), 2.6' SW of center and a mag 10.6
star is superimposed in the outer halo, 5.3' SE of center. Spiral structure was surprisingly
subtle. A low contrast, broad
inner arm extends west from the north side of the core, curls south on the west
side and spreads out. A more
obvious inner arm emerges from the south side of the core and sweeps east and
north, though the root of the arm is not defined. The arm passes through a relatively bright and large HII
patch/OB association, ~25" diameter, situated 3.9' E of center and loses
contrast further north. This giant
HII complex is catalogued in NED as NGC 300:[DCL88] 137 from a 1988 study by
Deharveng et al, "H II regions in NGC 300". A mag 11.5 star is 2.3' further NE in the outer halo of the
galaxy. I didn't have time to examine the galaxy at higher power to search for additional
H II knots.
13.1"
(9/22/84): fairly large oval 3:2 WNW-ESE, very diffuse appearance, bright
stellar nucleus. There is a hint of structure although the galaxy has a
low surface brightness and was viewed at a low elevation (13¡ at most) from my latitude
of +38.5¡. This nearby galaxy is located at a distance of 6 million light
years in the Sculptor group, and may be physically paired with NGC 55.
15x50 IS
binoculars: (11/18/06): visible in binoculars as a relatively large, very low
surface brightness hazy region, roughly 15' in size. A star is
superimposed on the SW side.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 300 = D 530 = h2359 on 5 Aug 1826 with his 9" reflector and
described "a pretty large faint nebula, irregular round figure, 6' or 7'
diameter, easily resolvable into exceedingly minute stars, with four or five
stars of more considerable magnitude; slight compression of stars to the
centre." There are several superimposed Milky Way stars, although the
resolution towards the center was spurious, of course. His position is 8'
E of center and JH (h2359) gave an uncertain identification as D 530 in his
Cape catalogue but removed it in the GC and it is missing in the NGC.
JH observed the
galaxy on 3 occasions. On the first sweep (1 Sep 1834) he described it as
"B; vL; vgpmbM; vmE; irregular figure; 8' to 10' long, 3' or 4' broad; has
subordinate nuclei." His sketch (plate V, figure 10) includes the
nucleus and two or three additional regions of nebulosity. Three nights later,
he noted it as "faint, very large, very gradually brighter towards the
middle; 4' long; 2' broad; has another nebula attached." He noted 10.4' to
the west a "very faint nebula attached to the large one, or a subordinate
nucleus." On 30 Nov 1837 he wrote: "A large oval nebula, containing
three stars." He had tentatively identified it with Dunlop 530, but noted:
"Mr. Dunlop's neb 530 is described by him as easily resolvable into very
minute stars. Its identity with [NGC 300] is therefore very doubtful."
Joseph Turner
sketched NGC 300 using the 48" Great Melbourne Telescope in December 1875
(http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/lithograph_m_1_3.php)
and appears to show a bright HII complex on the east side. He commented,
"The present aspect of nebula and position of stars agrees very fairly
with Herschel's sketch. There is a slight haze to-night, the day having been
very hot. To see this object properly would require a perfectly clear sky;
still, I feel convinced that my sketch represents very accurately its present
aspect. There is not the least appearance or even suspicion of sparkling in the
denser portions; it seems to be purely nebulous matter throughout. It is so
faint that the eye has to be carefully protected from all extraneous light for
some time before it can be distinctly seen."
******************************
NGC 301 = PGC
3345
00 56 18.3 -10
40 25
V = 14.6; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 70d
17.5"
(10/28/89): very faint, very small, round. Situated between two mag 9/9.5 stars with a separation of 15'.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 301 = LM I-18 in 1886 with the 26-inch refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory. His rough
position (nearest minute of RA) is fortunately just 0.2 tmin W of PGC 3345 and
his note that a *8 precedes by 30" applies (though the star is NW) . But
the RNGC still managed to identify a plate defect as NGC 301! He also placed NGC 302 (List I-19) just 1' ENE, but there is only a star
there.
******************************
NGC 302
00 56 19.1 -10
40 42
=* 1.8' ENE NGC
301, Corwin.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 302 = LM I-19 in 1886 and placed 1.0' ENE (PA 75¡) of NGC
301. The only object close to this
position is a faint star. RNGC
misidentifies NGC 302 with PGC 3311, an edge-on galaxy 6' WNW of NGC 301. This error was
followed by PGC and others sources (such as Megastar) based on the PGC. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 303 = PGC
3240
00 54 54.7 -16
39 18
V = 15.3; Size 0.7'x0.2'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 158d
17.5"
(10/21/95): extremely faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, low surface
brightness with just a weak concentration. Can almost hold steadily with averted vision once identified
on my finder chart.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 303 = LM I-20 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at
the Leander McCormick Observatory.
His position is 1' N of PGC 03240.
Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1898-99 using the 20"
refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes) and he noted
the PA was 160¡.
******************************
NGC 304 = UGC
573 = MCG +04-03-018 = CGCG 480-023 = PGC 3326
00 56 06.0 +24
07 37
V = 13.0; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 175d
17.5"
(10/20/90): fairly faint, very small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, small very bright
core. Forms pair with CGCG 480-021
4' WNW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 304 = St IX-2 on 23 Oct 1878 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory . His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 305
00 56 20.9 +12
03 54
17.5"
(9/26/92): small group of 7 stars in 3' diameter. Includes a mag 9.5 star. A small equilateral triangle of three mag 11-12 stars is
just south. Unimpressive but
fairly distinctive in a very sparse field. RNGC, PGC and RC 3 incorrectly equate NGC 305 with the
galaxy UGC 571.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 305 = h76 on 17 Oct 1825 as "a small cluster of p closely
scattered stars". At
Herschel's position is a small unimpressive asterism (not a cluster). MCG, RNGC
and RC3 misidentify the galaxy UGC 571 as NGC 305. HyperLeda now shows NGC 305 as stellar (or stars) and
NED correctly identifies the number as "six galactic stars". Discussed in Malcolm Thomson's
"Catalogue Corrections" and Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 306 = ESO
029-SC023 = Kron 33 = Lindsay 50
00 54 14.7 -72
14 30
V = 12.1; Size 1.1'
25"
(10/17/17 - OzSky): NGC 306 is slightly fainter and smaller than NGC 299 4.7'
NW. At 244x; fairly bright, fairly
small, round, ~35" diameter.
At 397x, two faint stars are resolved at the northeast and southwest
end. Two brighter mag 12 and 13
stars lie 1.8' ESE and 2' ENE. A
fairly close pair of mag 13/14 star (~9" separation) is 1.4' WNW.
18"
(7/11/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): slightly fainter of a pair with
NGC 299 5' NW. Appeared fairly
faint, fairly small, round, 40" diameter, smooth surface brightness, no
resolution. Two mag 12 stars lie
2' E and SE.
18" (7/9/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): NGC 306 is a slightly smaller and fainter
companion of NGC 299, situated 4.7' NW.
At 128x it appeared small, round, fairly faint, ~35" diameter with
no sign of resolution. Forms the west vertex of a small triangle with two mag
12 stars ~2' SE and a 2' E.
18" (7/6/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is a fainter of a pair of small SMC
clusters with NGC 299 and located 4.7' SE of NGC 299. At 171x it was just a small, hazy compact knot, ~30" in
diameter, with no resolution and fairly even surface brightness to the edge. A mag 12 star is ~2' SE. In the same low power field with the
impressive NGC 346 located 22' ENE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 306 = h2361 in the SMC on 4 Oct 1836 and recorded "an
extremely small *faint* knot of the Nubec. Min. 15" diameter." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 307 = UGC
584 = MCG +00-03-035 = CGCG 384-039 = LGG 013-005 = PGC 3367
00 56 32.5 -01
46 19
V = 12.8; Size 1.6'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 85d
18"
(10/16/09): at 285x appeared fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 E-W,
0.8'x0.3', sharply concentrated with a very small bright core. This galaxy is in the foreground of
Abell Galaxy Cluster 119, which lies 1/2 degree to the north.
17.5"
(10/8/88): faint, very small, oval 3:2 E-W, small bright core. A mag 15.5 star (NGC 308) is 1'
SSE. The center of AGC 119 lies 30' N.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 307 = h77 on 6 Sep 1831 and logged "pF; S; E;
15"." His position
matches UGC 584 = PGC 3367. This
galaxy is located just south of the central region of AGC 119 but the redshift
is only z = .013, which is 3 times less than the other cluster members so it is
very unlikely to be a member.
******************************
NGC 308
00 56 34.3 -01
47 03
=*, Corwin.
Sir Robert Ball
discovered NGC 308 on 31 Dec 1866 while observing the field of NGC 307. He recorded a faint "Nova" in
PA 147¡ (SE) at a separation of 60" (measured at 52" on 23 Oct
1876). In this position (51"
separation) is a 15th magnitude star that Ball apparently mistook for a very
small nebulous object. The RNGC
misidentifies PGC 3354, an extremely faint galaxy 3' SSW of NGC 307, as NGC
308. I listed this RNGC error in
my RNGC Corrections #3. See
Corwin's notes for more.
******************************
NGC 309 = MCG
-02-03-050 = Holm 27a = PGC 3377
00 56 42.8 -09
54 50
V = 11.9; Size 3.0'x2.5'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 175d
24"
(12/21/16): at 282x; fairly faint, moderately large, roundish, fairly low but
uneven surface brightness, contains a brighter core that increases somewhat to
the center. Hints of spiral arms
in halo (slightly brighter arcs).
A mag 12.5 star is 2' NNE.
A mag 15 star is off the west side, 1.5' from center. IC 1602, the brightest member of AGC
117, lies 13' WSW. It appeared
fairly faint, small, round, 20" diameter, slightly brighter nucleus.
17.5"
(10/28/89): fairly faint, fairly large, slightly elongated ~E-W, weak
concentration. A mag 12.5 star is
off the NNE edge 2.1' from center.
A mag 15 star is off the west edge.
8"
(10/13/81): very faint, slightly elongated, even surface brightness.
At a redshift
distance of ~260 million light years, NGC 309 is one of the largest and most
luminous spiral galaxies known.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 309 = T I-4 in 1876 with an 11" refractor at the Arcetri
Observatory. His position is 10
sec of RA west and 2' S of MCG -02-03-050 = PGC 3377. Bigourdan measured an accurate position on 26 Oct 1897 as
well as Howe in 1898-99 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory.
******************************
NGC 310
00 56 48.1 -01
45 58
=*, Corwin and
Gottlieb.
Sir Robert Ball
discovered NGC 310 on 31 Dec 1866 while observing the field of NGC 307. His placed this object, with respect to
NGC 307, at 225" separation in PA 81¡. The offset was measured again on 23 Oct 1876 as 239" in
PA 84.8¡. At this position
(233" in PA 85¡) is a single mag 15.3 star that Harold Corwin identifies
as NGC 310.
The RNGC and PGC
misidentify LEDA 3325895 = PGC 3396 as NGC 310. This extremely faint galaxy is situated 303" in PA 91¡
of NGC 307. As the single star was
measured twice and is a much closer fit, this identification is very
unlikely. See Corwin's
identification notes under NGC 308.
******************************
NGC 311 = UGC
592 = MCG +05-03-028 = CGCG 501-049 = PGC 3434
00 57 32.7 +30
16 51
V = 13.0; Size 1.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 120d
17.5"
(10/17/87): fairly faint, small, round, small bright core, faint stellar
nucleus. First of three on line
and equally spaced with NGC 315 6' NE and NGC 316 12' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 311 = h78 on 15 Sep 1828 while observing H II-210 = NGC 313, and
recorded "F, vS; R; bM; 6".
The next sweep he logged "pB; R; gbM; 10"."
******************************
NGC 312 = ESO
151-006 = PGC 3343
00 56 15.6 -52
46 58
V = 12.4; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 62d
30"
(10/13/15 - OzSky): at 394x; bright, fairly small, high surface brightness,
40"x30", sharply concentration with an intense core. The halo is extended 4:3 or 5:4
WSW-ESE. A mag 11.3 star lies 2.4'
W. NGC 312 is the furthest north in a group of 8 galaxies in a 25' string to
the south. The galaxies share a
common redshift of z = .026, implying a distance of ~350 million l.y. The closest companion is ESO 161-005 3'
SSW, which appeared fairly faint to moderately bright, elongated at least 2:1
N-S, sharply concentrated with a small bright core and faint extensions
~40"x20". NGC 328 lies
10.6' SE and NGC 323 is 12' SSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 312 = h2363 on 5 Sep 1836 and noted "vF, S, R". On a later sweep he logged "F, S,
R, 15", follows a star 12th mag on same parallel". The mag 12 star mentioned in the
description is 2.5' W. His mean
position from 2 observations is accurate.
******************************
NGC 313 = Holm
28c
00 57 45.7 +30
21 56
=** 1' NW of
core of NGC 314, Carlson and de Vaucouleurs. =***, Corwin
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 313, along with NGC 316, on 29 Nov 1850 using Lord Rosse's
72". Stoney's offset of 1' NW
of NGC 315 points directly to a double star (clearly resolved on the DSS) at 00
57 45.7 +30 21 56 (2000) - position on the southern star. The sketch in the 1861 publication
shows two stars encased in a small nebula (labeled as Gamma), but in the 1880
publication there are only two stars.
Dorothy Carlson
(in her 1940 NGC Correction paper) and Harold Corwin identify this double star
(the northern component itself is a very close double, so technically a triple)
as NGC 313.
******************************
NGC 314 = ESO
411-032 = MCG -05-03-015 = PGC 3395
00 56 52.3 -31
57 48
V = 13.2; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 168d
17.5"
(12/3/88): faint, very small, round, weak concentration. A mag 12 star is 2.1' ESE of center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 314 = h2362 on 27 Sep 1834 and recorded "F, eS, R, sbM to a
stellar nucleus." On a later sweep he logged "eeF, vS; almost
doubtful whether really the object looked for. Has a pB star following 2' distant. (N.B. The coincidence of
the places destroys this doubt)."
His mean position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 315 = UGC
597 = MCG +05-03-031 = CGCG 501-052 = Holm 28a = PGC 3455
00 57 48.8 +30
21 09
V = 11.2; Size 3.2'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 40d
17.5"
(10/17/87): fairly bright, fairly small, oval 3:2 ~SW-NE, bright core, stellar
nucleus. Located 3.5' NW of mag
8.5 SAO 54298. Brightest of three
and at midpoint connecting NGC 311 6' SW and NGC 318 6' NE. A close faint double star is 1' NW of
center = NGC 313.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 315 = H II-210 = h79 on 11 Sep 1784 (sweep 266) and noted
"F, pL, unequally bright, resolvable, near a pB star." JH observed this nebula on 3 sweeps and
NGC 311 was also found. When the
field was observed using Lord Rosse's 72", NGC 318 was also discovered,
though a nearby single star (NGC 316) and a double star (NGC 313) were mistaken
as nebulous.
******************************
NGC 316 = Holm
28b
00 57 52.4 +30
21 16
=* 47"
following NGC 315, Gottlieb. =**,
de Vaucouleurs.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 316, along with GC 5059 = NGC 313, on 29 Nov 1850 at Birr
Castle. He "suspected .. a
faint nebula (labeled Delta) 44" ENE of the center of NGC 315, but at this
offset is a single star (noted as
such in the 1855 observation published in 1861). JH repeated it was a star in the GC notes but Dreyer still
added it to the GC Supplement.
******************************
NGC 317 = UGC
594 = MCG +07-03-010 = CGCG 536-013 = V Zw 42 = KTG 2B = PGC 3442
00 57 40.4 +43
47 32
V = 13.9; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 105d
24"
(10/5/13): this is the larger component of a close double system with NGC 317A
= UGC 593 just 35" NNW (between centers). At 375x appeared fairly faint, very elongated WNW-ESE,
~45"x15", weak concentration, slightly brighter core. Two mag 11.5/13.8 stars lie 1' W. NGC 317A appeared fairly faint to
moderately bright, small, fairly high surface brightness (core region)
~15". With averted vision,
the core is surrounded by a thin, very low surface brightness halo increasing
the diameter to 25". CGCG 536-014 lies 5.5' S, forming the isolated
triplet KTG 2.
17.5"
(8/29/92): the SSE component of this double galaxy appeared very faint, very
small, round, low even surface brightness. A mag 11 star is 1' W and a faint mag 14 star is 1' SW,
forming a wide 30" double.
The NNW component is the slightly brighter of the pair and appears
faint, very small, very small bright core, stellar nucleus. On the POSS the SSE
galaxy is the brighter component.
MCG +07-03-011 lies 6' S.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 317 = Sw II-11 on 1 Oct 1885 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory. His position
is 28 sec of RA east and 1' N of PGC 3442. He mentions a "Double star close following", but
he confused the directions as the pair of stars is close preceding. This galaxy is identified as NGC 317A
in the MCG as the close pair are given separate designations.
******************************
NGC 318 = CGCG
501-054 = PGC 3465
00 58 05.2 +30
25 32
V = 14.2; Size 0.5'x0.3'; PA = 15d
17.5"
(10/17/87): very faint, very small, round, weak concentration. A mag 13.5 is off the NW edge 0.9' from
the center. Located 5.6' NE of NGC
315 and the third of three in a group.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 318 = St XII-7 using Lord Rosse's 72" on the 3 Nov 1855
observation (only) of NGC 315 and noted as "F, S, R." It is placed accurately on the sketch
in line with NGC 311 and 315. ƒdouard
Stephan independently found this galaxy on 6 Nov 1882 and listed it as new in
his 12th discovery list, missing the earlier GC entry. Stephan's position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 319 = ESO
243-013 = MCG -07-03-001 = PGC 3398
00 56 57.5 -43
50 20
V = 13.3; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 35d
30"
(10/13/15 - OzSky): at 394x; moderately bright, fairly small, slightly
elongated SSW-NNE, 0.6'x0.5', contains a very small brighter nucleus. A mag 15.4 star is 33" SW of
center and a mag 13 star is 2.3' SSE.
Forms a pair NGC 322 7.1' NNE.
24"
(10/5/13): at 225x appeared faint to fairly faint, small, slightly elongated
~N-S, 20"x15". NGC 322
lies 7' NNE. Despite an elevation
of only 10¡, both galaxies were easily seen.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 319 = h4007, along with NGC 322, on 5 Sep 1834 and remarked
"eF; vS; R; lbM." His
CGH position has a typo of 23h instead of 00h in RA, but he corrected this
mistake in his errata list at the end.
******************************
NGC 320 = ESO
541-003 = MCG -04-03-037 = PGC 3510
00 58 46.5 -20
50 24
V = 13.5; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 159d
17.5"
(11/6/93): faint, very small, round, very small bright core, very faint stellar
nucleus, diffuse slightly elongated halo.
A mag 12 star is 1.5' NNW.
Located 15' SE of mag 7.8 SAO 166710.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 320 = LM II-295 in 1886 with a 26" refractor at
the Leander McCormick Observatory.
There is nothing at his position but 1.4 tmin of RA east is ESO 541-003
and his published position angle (160¡) matches this galaxy. Herbert Howe
measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at
Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 321 = MCG
-01-03-043 = PGC 3443
00 57 39.1 -05
05 11
V = 14.8; Size 0.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.8
24"
(12/1/13): faint, very small, round, 15" diameter. Easily visible 1.5' SE of a mag 12.5
star and 5.7' WSW of NGC 329 in a group.
17.5"
(12/11/99): very faint, very small, round, 15" diameter. The faintest of 5 galaxies in the field
(NGC 325 = MCG -01-03-045 not seen in very soft seeing) including NGC 327 4.8'
SE, MCG -01-03-041 5.1' NNW and NGC 329 5.7' WNW. Located 1.4' SE of a mag 12 star.
13.1"
(7/12/86): very faint, small, round.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 321 = m 21 (along with NGCs 325, 327 and 329) on 27 Sep 1864
using Lassell's 48" on Malta.
His description simply reads "eF, vS", but his position
matches MCG -01-03-043.
Nevertheless, the RNGC, MCG, RC3 and others misidentify MCG -01-03-041
(located 5' further N) as NGC 321.
Furthermore, MCG -01-03-043 is misidentified as NGC 325 in RNGC, MCG,
PGC and other sources. MCG
-01-03-041 was visible in my 13" so it is odd that Marth did not notice
this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 322 = ESO
243-015 = AM 0054-435 = MCG -07-03-003 = PGC 3412
00 57 10.0 -43
43 39
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 153d
30"
(10/13/15 - OzSky): at 394x; moderately bright and large, very elongated 7:2
NNW-SSE, 0.9'x0.25', contains a very small bright nucleus. PGC 95427, an extremely faint companion
at the west edge [13" from center], was barely distinguishable from a very
dim star. NGC 319 lies 7.1' SSW.
24"
(10/5/13): fairly faint, fairly small, oval 5:3 NNW-SSE,
25"x15". A mag 13 star
lies 1.4' SW. Brighter of a pair
with NGC 319 7' SSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 322 = h4007, along with NGC 319, on 5 Sep 1834, and recorded
"vF; vS; R; lbM; follows 3 stars 12, 13 and 14m." His position is 6 sec of RA east and 1'
south of ESO 243-015 = PGC 3412 (after corrected for a 1 hour typo in the Cape
catalogue).
******************************
NGC 323 = ESO
151-009 = PGC 3374
00 56 41.6 -52
58 34
V = 12.6; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 178d
30"
(10/13/15 - OzSky): at 394x; fairly bright, fairly small, round, high surface
brightness, 40" diameter, very small bright core. In a group of galaxies (8 recorded in a
25' string N-S) with NGC 328 4' NE and ESO 151-010 4.7' N. Forms a very close pair with PGC 95384
1.0' S. The close companion (not
catalogued in Megastar) is faint, very small, slightly elongated,
15"x10", low surface brightness.
ESO 151-012,
situated 7.3' SSE, appeared fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1
WNW-ESE, ~50"x25", sharply concentrated with a bright core and
stellar nucleus. A mag 15 star is
1.5' SE and a mag 15.5 star is 1' N.
ESO 151-012 is located 10' NE of mag 6.6 HD 5474 and I'm surprised that
John Herschel missed it. Just 2' E
of the bright star is ESO 151-004.
This galaxy appeared fairly faint to moderately bright, very elongated
7:2 NNW-SSE, contains a slightly brighter elongated core. A mag 14.5-15 star is at the south tip,
45" from center. The nearby
mag 6.6 star detracts from the view.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 323 = h2365 on 3 Oct 1834 and recorded "vF, S, R. The RA
may err several seconds. The PD also is not very good." On a much later
sweep he recorded "Viewed; found exactly in the place of No 29, Sweep 498
[previous description] pB, S, R, bM, 15 arcseconds, there is also another [NGC
328], pos = 36.8 degrees [NE], delta in PD = 4'." JH's RA is 0.1 tmin too large.
******************************
NGC 324 = ESO
295-025 = AM 0054-411 = MCG -07-03-002 = PGC 3416
00 57 14.7 -40
57 34
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 95d
25"
(10/15/17 - OzSky): at 397x; moderately bright and large, elongated at least
3:1 E-W, ~1.0'x0.3'. Strongly concentrated with a bright core and much fainter
extensions that were initially missed.
Resides in a sparsely populated field with a mag 12 star 5' WNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 324 = h2364 on 23 Oct 1835 and recorded "F, S, Stellar, the
bad definition of a south-easter prevents certainty, but I think it is not a
star." There is nothing at
his position, but exactly 30' S is ESO 295-G25 = PGC 3416, a galaxy that fits
Herschel's description, assuming he noticed only the central region. ESO, MCG and RC3 correctly identify
this galaxy as NGC 324 but RNGC misidentifies IC 1609 as NGC 324, and as a
further complication gives incorrect coordinates for IC 1609. Nothing exists at the RNGC position on
the POSS, but the photographic description clearly applies to IC 1609.
******************************
NGC 325 = MCG
-01-03-045 = FGC 111 = PGC 3454
00 57 47.8 -05
06 45
V = 14.6; Size 1.5'x0.2'; PA = 90d
24"
(12/22/14): at 260x; very faint, small, elongated 2:1 E-W,
~20"x10". Occasionally a
mag 16.5 star appeared to be involved [DSS shows a very faint star just north
of the core]. Situated 2.1' NW of
NGC 327.
17.5"
(11/6/93): only highly suspected several times as an extremely faint and small
glow situated 2.1' NW of NGC 327.
This galaxy is a very low surface brightness edge-on in a group with NGC
329 4' NE and NGC 321 2.7' NW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 325 = m 22 on 27 Sep 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
noted "vF, vS." His
position matches MCG -01-03-045 = PGC 3454, an extremely faint edge-on in a
quartet.
RNGC and MCG
misidentify NGC 321 = MCG -01-03-043 as NGC 325. RC3 doesn't label MCG -01-03-045 as NGC 325. The "Deep Sky Field Guide"
(version 1) mentions a "faint, anonymous galaxy 2' NW" of NGC 327 and
this is probably NGC 321. I find
it odd that Marth described NGC 325 as "vF", while NGC 321, which is
noticeably brighter, is described as "eF".
******************************
NGC 326 = UGC
601 = MCG +04-03-025 = CGCG 480-026 = IV Zw 35 = PGC 3482
00 58 22.7 +26
51 56
V = 13.2; Size 1.4'x1.4'; Surf Br = 14.0
17.5"
(10/20/90): faint, small, round, weak concentration. A mag 13 star is 1.2' W. Situated at the center of an isosceles triangle consisting
mag 7.2 SAO 74405 5' SSE, mag 8.5 SAO 74400 5' NW (nice close double star) and
mag 9 74409 3.6' E.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 326 on 24 Aug 1865 with the 11" refractor at
Copenhagen. His position (measured
on 2 nights) matches UGC 601 = PGC 3482 and he accurately measured the mag 9-10
star that follows by 15.5 seconds of time and 26" south. MCG misidentifies +04-03-024 (a
much fainter galaxy to the NW) as NGC 326, instead of +04-03-025. NGC 326 has a double nucleus and
appears to be a close pair of merged compacts in a common halo.
******************************
NGC 327 = MCG
-01-03-047 = Holm 30a = PGC 3462
00 57 55.2 -05
07 50
V = 13.3; Size 1.6'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 175d
24"
(12/1/13): at 375x appeared moderately bright and large, very elongated 3:1
N-S, ~48"x15", fairly high even surface brightness with only a weak
concentration. Brightest in a
small group with NGC 329 3.9' NNE and NGC 321 4.8' NW.
13.1"
(7/12/86): faint, small, slightly elongated, weak concentration. Second of three with similar NGC 329
3.8' NNE and MCG -01-03-041 9' NW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 327 = m 23 (along with NGC 321, NGC 325 and NGC 329) on 27 Sep
1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and recorded "F, E." His position and description is
appropriate.
******************************
NGC 328 = ESO
151-013 = PGC 3399
00 56 57.4 -52
55 26
V = 13.3; Size 2.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 100d
30"
(10/13/15 - OzSky): at 394x; moderately to fairly bright, moderately large,
very elongated 4:1 WNW-ESE, 1.4'x0.35', contains a slightly bulging core that
is only weakly concentrated. In a
group of 8 galaxies in a 24' string N-S including NGC 323 4' SW and ESO
151-010 2.6' NW. The ESO galaxy (B = 15.7) appeared
fairly faint, very small, slightly elongated WSW-ENE, 15"x10".
John Herschel
discovered NGC 328 = h2366 on 5 Sep 1836 and logged "vF, lE,
vgbM.". His position is 0.1
min of RA east and 1' north of ESO 151-013 = PGC 3399. Both NGC 323 and 328 were observed on
the same sweep (730), although NGC 323 was first picked up on an earlier sweep.
******************************
NGC 329 = MCG
-01-03-048 = Holm 30b = PGC 3467
00 58 01.4 -05
04 17
V = 13.4; Size 1.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 20d
24"
(12/1/13): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE,
45"x15". NGC 327, the
brightest member in the group, lies 3.9' SSW.
13.1"
(7/12/86): faint, small, slightly elongated, weak concentration. Third of three with NGC 327 3.8' SSW
and MCG -01-03-041 8' NW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 329 = m 24 on 27 Sep 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
noted "F, E." This
galaxy is the last in a quartet along with NGC 321, NGC 325 and NGC 327. His description and position applies to
MCG -01-03-048 = PGC 3467.
******************************
NGC 330 = ESO
029-SC024 = Lindsay 54
00 56 19 -72 27
48
V = 9.6; Size 1.9'
25"
(10/17/17 - OzSky): at 397x; extremely bright, fairly large, elongated NW-SE,
~1.5' diameter, high surface brightness cluster. Easily over 20 stars resolved and three dozen if I include
outlyers around the periphery. In
a rich, glowing section of the SMC just 20' SW of NGC 346, the top HII region
in the SMC.
18" (7/6/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is one of the brightest SMC clusters
and a fascinating object at 228x.
It appears as a bright, extremely rich knot of stars, just 1'- 1.5'
diameter, which was only partially resolved. Streaming out from the dense core are numerous mag 12 and
fainter stars, some arranged in a curving chain off the following side of the
core. The bright outliers seem
scattered about to at least 5' (Hodge Association 40). NGC 330 is situated 20' SW of the
remarkable HII region NGC 346 within a rich star field!
10x30 IS
binoculars (11/4/12 - Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand): visible as a very
small, but non-stellar knot.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 330 = D 23 = h2367 on 1 Aug 1826 with a 7" reflector and
recorded "A small, but very bright nebula, exceedingly condensed. This is
the brightest nebula in the small cloud. I think I perceive two bright nuclei
in this body." Dunlop observed the cluster 8 times during his survey and
his position was just 2' N of the cluster.
JH observed the
cluster on 5 separate sweeps, first recording on 11 Apr 1834, "pretty
bright, small, oval, resolved, 60"." His second sweep reads
"globular cluster, S, B, little elliptic, gbM; 2' across. Fairly resolved
into rather large and not very crowded stars." His third observation reads "globular cluster, vB, S,
lE, resolvable or resolved; 90" long, 60" broad; a close compressed
knot of stars with outliers."
******************************
NGC 331 = MCG
-01-03-012 = PGC 2759
00 47 06.9 -02
43 51
V = 14.7; Size 0.8'x0.5'; PA = 127d
17.5"
(11/28/97): extremely faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Requires averted to glimpse and can only
view for moments knowing exact location.
A nice mag 13/14 double lies 6' N [at 20" separation]. Located 14' W of NGC 259. The identification NGC 331 = MCG
-01-03-012 is very tentative.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 331 = LM II-296 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at the Leander McCormick Observatory.
There is nothing at his position, though he mentions the RA (which is
often bad) is doubtful. Harold Corwin
suggests the possible identification NGC 331 = MCG -01-03-012 = PGC 2759
(listed here), though that assumes Leavenworth made a 10 min error in RA. Leavenworth's description mention a *12
located 3' NE and there is a faint star (closer to mag 15) in this relative
position. RNGC and PGC misidentify MCG -01-03-039 as NGC 331. This galaxy is closer to Leavenworth's
position but has a mag 7 star 5' NW, so does not fit his description. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 332 = UGC
609 = CGCG 410-021 = PGC 3511
00 58 49.1 +07
06 41
V = 13.5; Size 1.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(10/5/91): faint, small, bright core, slightly elongated NW-SE. A line of three mag 12-13 stars is
close SW. Located 18' NNE of a mag
6.9 star SAO 109563.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 332 = Sw V-10 on 22 Oct 1886 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory. His position
and description ("5 or 6 stars near south in a curve") matches UGC
609 = PGC 3511.
******************************
NGC 333 = MCG
-03-03-013 = PGC 3519
00 58 51.3 -16
28 09
V = 13.7; Size 1.6'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 119d
17.5" (11/6/93):
very faint, small, elongated 3:2 ~E-W, very slight central brightening. Almost on a line with two mag 13 stars
3' SE and 5' SE. This is a double
system (not resolved).
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 333 = T I-5 in 1877 with an 11" refractor at the Arcetri
Observatory. Tempel's position is
10 sec of RA west and 4' south of PGC 3519. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1898-99 using
the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2
notes). This is a double galaxy
(often listed as NGC 333A and 333B) with a very small companion just southwest
of the nucleus. Based on RA
order, the main galaxy is identified as NGC 333B in NED, RNGC and MCG, and the
companion (PGC 3073571) as NGC 333A.
******************************
NGC 334 = ESO
351-026 = MCG -06-03-012 = PGC 3514
00 58 49.8 -35
06 58
V = 13.8; Size 1.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 169d
17.5"
(10/4/97): extremely faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, no
concentration. Best viewed at
280x. Forms the north vertex of an
equilateral triangle with two mag 11-12 stars 2.5' SW and 2.5' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 334 = h2368 on 25 Sep 1834 and recorded "F, S, R, glbM;
makes a triangle with two stars south of nebulosity." On later sweep he
logged "eF, S, R, at the northern angle of an equilateral triangle formed
with two stars 11th mag." His
position and description (of the nearby mag 11 stars) clearly establishes NGC
334 = ESO 351-026.
******************************
NGC 335 = ESO
541-006 = MCG -03-03-015 = PGC 3544
00 59 19.5 -18
14 01
V = 14.3; Size 1.1'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 137d
17.5"
(10/21/95): extremely faint, small, elongated 5:2 NW-SE, 0.8'x0.3', low even
surface brightness. NGC 336 lies
20' SW.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 335 = LM I-21 on 9 Oct 1885 with the 26" Clark
refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. His very rough position is just 0.1 tmin of RA east and 2' S
of ESO 541-006. He gave the same
RA as NGC 336 although both are shown on his discovery sketch (examined by
Corwin). Herbert Howe measured an
accurate position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin
Observatory.
******************************
NGC 336 = ESO
541-002 = PGC 3470
00 58 02.8 -18
23 05
V = 14.5; Size 0.7'x0.3'; PA = 42d
17.5"
(10/21/95): very faint, very small, round, low surface brightness. A mag 13 star is 2.2' NW of
center. NGC 335 lies 20' NE. Incorrect identification in RNGC.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 336 = LM I-22 on 31 Oct 1885 with the 26"
refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. Corwin examined the discovery sketch and verified NGC 336 =
ESO 541-002 = PGC 3470. The RNGC,
PGC and ESO misidentify ESO 541-004 = PGC 3526 (located 30' SSW of NGC 335) as
NGC 336. See Corwin's notes and my
RNGC Corrections #5.
******************************
NGC 337 = MCG
-01-03-053 = IV Zw 35 = PGC 3572
00 59 50.3 -07
34 43
V = 11.6; Size 2.9'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 130d
48"
(11/1/13): at 488x appeared bright, fairly large, very irregular with a number
of obvious clumps. Although the
galaxy is generally elongated 3:2 or 5:3 NW-SE it contains a bright, elongated
N-S central region that seems to be a bar. On the south end of the "bar" is a brighter
elongated patch extending towards the WSW. Another brighter knot is at the north end of the bar,
extending to the east. On the
southeast flank of the galaxy is an elongated, fainter patch. The northwest side of the halo extends
further out, giving an asymmetric outline, and one or two small knots are
involved. A mag 11 star lies 5' E.
17.5"
(12/26/00): fairly bright and large, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, ~1.8'x1.2', broad
concentration. The appearance is
asymmetric -- with a noticeably mottled or irregular surface brightness. Brighter knots within the halo are also
clearly visible at moments. The
visual impression matches well with the DSS image, which shows a chaotic
structure with a number of large HII knots. NGC 337A, a large faint dwarf spiral, lies 27' E.
13"
(9/29/84): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated NW-SE, fairly even surface
brightness, diffuse outer halo. A
mag 11.5 star is 5.4' E of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 337 = H II-433 = h80 on 10 Sep 1785 (sweep 435) and noted
"pB, pL, bM, irregular parallelogram in the direction of the
meridian." His position is
pretty accurate.
R.J. Mitchell
observed this irregular galaxy using LdR's 72" on 3 Oct 1856 and recorded
"pL, not vF. Its brightest
part is a line running diagonally, and there is a knot at either end. Perhaps it shaped like an
"S". The galaxy has a distorted
appearance on CCD photo.
******************************
NGC 338 = UGC
624 = MCG +05-03-034 = CGCG 501-061 = LGG 014-015 = PGC 3611
01 00 36.4 +30
40 09
V = 12.8; Size 1.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 109d
17.5"
(10/5/02): nice, fairly small edge-on oriented WNW-ESE, 0.8'x0.25', very small
bright core. A pair of evenly
matched mag 14 stars are close off the south side.
17.5"
(11/25/87): moderately bright, very elongated WNW-ESE, moderately large, bright
core. An easy mag 14 double star
at 22" separation is off the SSE edge just 0.8' from center.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 338 = T I-6 in 1877 with an 11" refractor at the Arcetri
Observatory and recorded "small but class III; has 2 stars mag 14-15 near the south end." His position is 11 tsec W and 1' S of
UGC 624 and the description of the nearby stars fits. ƒdouard Stephan (XII-8) independently found the galaxy on 6
Nov 1882 with the 31" reflector at Marseille Observatory and the position
was accurately measured.
******************************
NGC 339 = ESO
029-SC025 = Lindsay 59
00 57 46.4 -74
28 24
V = 12.8; Size 2.2'
30"
(11/6/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): moderately bright, fairly large, roundish, 3'
diameter, weak concentration to a small brighter core. The outer halo appears ragged and
mottled but the only definite resolution is a star on the east side of the
halo. Located 15' SE of mag 6.7 HD
5499. There are no brighter stars
within 5'. NGC 339 is a massive
intermediate age cluster (6.5 billion years old). Kron 37 lies 8.6' N.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 339 = h2369 on 18 Sep 1835 in the SMC and recorded "vF, L,
R, vgbM, 3' or 3.5' diameter".
His position is 1.3' NNW of center.
******************************
NGC 340 = MCG
-01-03-055 = PGC 3610
01 00 34.9 -06
52 00
V = 14.4; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 65d
17.5"
(10/20/90): very faint, small, elongated 2:1 WSW-ENE, bright core. First of six in the NGC 349 group with
NGC 342 7' NE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 340 = m 25 on 27 Sep 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
logged "vF, S, E". This
is the first in a group of 6 galaxies he discovered that night (NGC 340, 342,
345, 347, 349, 350). His position
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 341 = Arp 59
= VV 361 = MCG -02-03-063 = PGC 3620
01 00 45.8 -09 11
09
V = 13.4; Size 1.1'x1.0'; PA = 55d
17.5"
(10/28/89): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated NW-SE, weak
concentration. Located along the
west side of a triangle formed by a mag 11.5 star 2.5' N, a mag 12.5 star 3'
ESE and a mag 13.5 star 3' SSE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 341 = St XII-9 on 21 Oct 1881 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory. His
position is an exact match with MCG -02-03-063 = PGC 3620, though the RC3 does
not label this galaxy as NGC 341.
Forms a double system (Arp 59) w/NGC 341B = PGC 3627 on the east edge.
In the Arp category of spiral galaxies with small, high surface-brightness
companions on arms.
******************************
NGC 342 = MCG
-01-03-058 = PGC 3631
01 00 49.8 -06
46 22
V = 13.5; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 105d
17.5"
(10/20/90): very faint, very small, slightly elongated, weak
concentration. Forms a pair with
NGC 340 7' SW and second of six in the NGC 349 group. Located 11' WNW of mag 7.2 SAO 129088.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 342 = m 26 on 27 Sep 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
logged "vF, vS". Second
in a group of 6 galaxies he discovered that night (NGC 340, 342, 345, 347, 349,
350).
******************************
NGC 343 = AM
0055-232 = PGC 133741
00 58 24.1 -23
13 30
Size
0.7'x0.3'; PA = 9d
18"
(12/3/05): extremely faint, very small, ~12" diameter. Appears as a very low surface
brightness spot with averted vision located 2' W of a 1.2' pair of mag 14
stars. Forms a very close pair
with NGC 344. Uncertain historical
identification due to a poor position at Leander McCormick observatory.
18"
(11/6/04): extremely faint, small, round, very low surface brightness. Situated 2' W of a N-S pair of mag 14
stars. A mag 15 star is 1' N. NGC 344 close SE was not seen. The identification of this pair is
uncertain.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 343 = LM II-297 (along with NGC 344 = LM II-298) in 1886 with
the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. This nebula was placed 1' N of NGC 344
but there is nothing at Muller's position. Corwin suggests NGC 343/NGC 344 are the faint pair of
galaxies AM 0055-232 = PGC 133741/PGC 198261, located 2.5 min of RA following
Muller's position, but matching in declination. As the Leander McCormick positions are often well off in RA
(but generally good in dec), this candidate is reasonable, though
uncertain. ESO and RNGC apply NGC
343 to a single star 1' N of ESO 475-006 and ESO 475-006 is misidentified as
NGC 344 in ESO and RNGC.
******************************
NGC 344 =
2MASXJ00582543-2313456 = PGC 198261
00 58 25.4 -23
13 46
Size 0.3'x0.2'
18"
(12/3/05): extremely faint and small, 5" diameter. Forms a very close pair with NGC 343
close preceding, just 24" between centers. At times this object appeared stellar and easier to view
than NGC 343, though there doesn't appear to be a faint star close by that I
might have confused it with.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 344 = LM II-298 (along with NGC 343 = II-297) in 1886 with the
26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory.. Muller described both objects as
possible stars and his position is 0.3 min of RA east and 1.5' north of ESO
475-006. Corwin suggests that NGC
343 and NGC 344 may instead refer to a faint pair of galaxies (Arp-Madore
0055-232 = PGC 13374/198261) about 2.5 min of RA due east of Muller's
position. If Muller observed this
pair, then NGC 344 (fainter SE component) at B = 17.2 is the faintest discovery
at Leander McCormick Observatory with the Clark refractor.
******************************
NGC 345 = MCG
-01-03-064 = PGC 3665
01 01 22.0 -06
53 04
V = 12.7; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 140d
17.5"
(10/20/90): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, even surface
brightness. Located 6' SSW of mag
7.2 SAO 129088. Third of six in
the NGC 349 group with NGC 347 5' N.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 345 = m 27 on 27 Sep 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
logged "vF, vS, gbM".
Third in a group of 6 galaxies he discovered that night (NGC 340, 342,
345, 347, 349, 350) and placed accurately.
******************************
NGC 346 =
SMC-N66 = ESO 051-SC010 = Lindsay 60 = SMC Ass 45
00 59 05 -72 10
36
V = 10.3; Size 14'x11'
18" (7/6/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is the largest HII region in the SMC
and an amazing sight at 171x and UHC filter. The brightest section is a "bar" extending NW-SE
with a well-defined edge along the northern side. Extending from the central region, are two sweeping
"arms" or extensions, creating an exaggerated "S"
appearance similar to a barred spiral galaxy! The longer but lower surface brightness arm is attached at
the southeast end of the central region and broadly sweeps towards the west,
below the bar. The shorter, but
high surface brightness arm is attached at the northwest end and hooks towards
the east. These extensions
increase the diameter to 8'-10' in total size! Without the filter, the nebula is set in a rich star field
(Hodge Association 45) and a number of stars are superimposed or involved with
the nebula, some in the center. NGC 346 hosts 33 O-type stars, several in a
small clump including a massive 02-type mag 12.8 star and an O4-type mag 12.6
star.
NGC 371 is in
same low power field 22' NE and NGC 330 lies 21' SW. The small clusters NGC 306 and 299 lies 22' WSW and 26' W,
respectively. NGC 346 is easily
visible in 10x30 and 15x50 IS binoculars.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 346 = D 25 on 1 Aug 1826 with his 9" speculum reflector and
recorded a "pretty large, pretty bright nebula, about 2.25' diameter,
irregular round figure, resolvable, very slight condensation, not well defined
at the edges. He observed it on 7
occasions and his position is unusually accurate.
John Herschel
gives 5 descriptions in his Cape observations: He first observed it on 11 Apr
1834 as "B, L, pmE, pgmbM, 5', resolvable (ill seen, below the
pole)." On a second sweep he called it "Cluster, imperfectly
resolved; rather irregular figure; 5' diameter. Not equally condensed about
centre; fades imperceptibly; has a double star (12th mag) in centre." His
third observation was recorded as "B, L, irregularly round, gmbM, 3' or 4'
in extent, fades away insensibly." His next sweep was recorded as "B,
L, neb with resolvable centre; irregularly extended into a kind of broad train
as in figure, gently graduating away to the borders. 6' diameter." His
final observation was logged as "B, L, irregular figure, with a star 13th
mag in most compressed part."
His published sketch is in the CGH catalogue, plate IV, figure 6.
Joseph Turner
sketched NGC 346 using the 48" Great Melbourne Telescope in 1875, which
shows the "arm" attached on the NW end of bar, hooking to the east
(see
http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/lithograph_m_1_4.php). He commented, "It is very unlike
H.'s drawing and description; indeed I cannot trace any resemblance between
that and its present appearance; and were it not for its position, and the fact
that L.S. observed and sketched it on 5th February 1870, I should be in great
doubt as to its being the proper object. The position, however, accords with
that given by H., and L.S.'s sketch is, in its general features, very like
mine, so that there is no room for doubting its identity. The central portion
is by far the brightest, being a cluster of stars so very distinct that they
could almost be counted; and the nebula here also appears the most dense. From
this point it proceeds s.f. for almost 1' 30", terminating in a few very
faint stars. Towards the n.p. direction it forms a complete bend or hook, and
is here very faint. A little n.f. the main or central portion is a very small
and faint round patch, which at times looks like a cluster of very faint stars,
but I cannot with certainty determine whether or not it be stars or only
nebula, although the night is an exquisite one, being clear and steady."
******************************
NGC 347 = PGC
3673
01 01 35.2 -06
44 02
V = 14.8; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(10/8/94): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, very weak
concentration. Located 4' N of mag
7.5 SAO 129988. A mag 13.5 star is
2.1' NE. Member of the NGC 349
group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 347 = m 28 on 27 Sep 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
logged "vF, vS". This is
the 4th in a group of 6 galaxies discovered that night (NGC 340, 342, 345, 347,
349, 350). At Marth's position is
PGC 3673, situated 4' N of mag 7.2 HD 6031 and Karl Reinmuth, in his 1926
survey of Herschel's catalogues based on Heidelberg plates, identifies this
galaxy as NGC 347.
But RNGC
misidentifies PGC 1028378 as NGC 347 and it is misplotted on the first edition
of the Uranometria 2000 Atlas..
PGC 1028378 is located at 01 01 29.1 -06 48 41 (J2000), just 1.5' SW of the
mag 7.2 star, and is a more difficult object visually (see notes). PGC correctly identifies NGC 347 but
also claims it is equal to IC 71.
See Corwin's notes and my RNGC Corrections #7.
******************************
NGC 348 = ESO
151-017 = PGC 3632
01 00 52.0 -53
14 41
V = 13.7; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 91d
25"
(10/15/17 - OzSky): at 244x and 397x; NGC 348 and ESO 151-018 form a
contrasting 7' pair with two bright stars nearby. NGC 348 appeared moderately bright at best, fairly small,
slightly elongated E-W, at most 30" diameter, irregular surface
brightness. A mag 14.5 star is at
the north edge. The galaxy forms
the western vertex of a triangle with mag 8.4 HD 6143 9' SE and mag 8.4 HD 6158
10' NE. A mag 10.8 star, 5.2' W of
NGC 348, forms a larger triangle with the two bright stars, and the two
galaxies are just south of this mag 10.8 star and HD 6158.
ESO 151-018,
situated 7' ENE of NGC 348, appeared fairly faint, very elongated 3:1 N-S,
0.6'x0.2', small bright core. The
extensions fade out at the tips.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 348 = h2371 on 3 Oct 1834 and recorded "eF, S,
R." On a later sweep he noted
"eeeF, seems to have a vF star involved." His position and description matches ESO 151-017 = PGC 3632,
with the faint star at the north edge.
******************************
NGC 349 = MCG
-01-03-068 = PGC 3687
01 01 50.7 -06
47 59
V = 12.7; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 140d
17.5"
(10/20/90): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, broad
concentration. Located 4' E of mag
7.2 SAO 129088! Forms a close pair
with NGC 350 1.5' E. Brightest in
a group of six galaxies.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 349 = m 29 on 27 Sep 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
logged "vF, vS". This is
the fifth in a group of 6 galaxies discovered that night (NGC 340, 342, 345,
347, 349, 350). His position is
just 1' too far south (same offset as NGC 350).
******************************
NGC 350 = MCG
-01-03-069 = PGC 3690
01 01 56.6 -06
47 45
V = 14.5; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(10/20/90): very faint, very small, round, bright core. A mag 11 star is 1.2' E. Last of six in the NGC 349 group and forms
a close pair with NGC 349 1.5' W.
Located 6' W of a mag 7.2 SAO 129088.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 350 = m 30 on 27 Sep 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
logged "eF." This galaxy
is the last in a group of 6 he discovered that night (NGC 340, 342, 345, 347,
349, 350). His position is 1' S of
MCG -01-03-069 = PGC 3690.
******************************
NGC 351 = UGC
639 = MCG +00-03-057 = CGCG 384-057 = PGC 3693
01 01 57.8 -01
56 12
V = 13.2; Size 1.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 142d
17.5" (10/5/91):
fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, broad concentration. Forms a pair with NGC 353 at 7' ESE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 351 = Sw III-3 (along with NGC 353 = Sw III-4) on 10 Nov 1885
with the 16" refractor at the Warner Observatory. His position is 12 sec of RA following
UGC 639. Bigourdan measured an
accurate micrometric position on 25 Oct 1897 as well as Howe in 1897 using the
20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory.
******************************
NGC 352 = MCG
-01-03-071 = PGC 3701
01 02 09.2 -04
14 45
V = 12.6; Size 2.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 165d
17.5"
(11/30/91): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, 1.5'x0.5',
broadly concentrated with fainter extensions.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 352 = H III-191 = h81 on 20 Sep 1784 (sweep 280) and logged
"vF, mE." His position
was poor but JH measured a fairly accurate (mean) position.
Harold Corwin's
ESGC and the Deep Sky Field Guide (first edition) give an incorrect PA = 10¡. Karl Reinmuth, in his 1926 survey of
Herschel's objects based on Heidelberg plates, correctly gives the PA = 165¡.
******************************
NGC 353 = UGC
641 = MCG +00-03-058 = CGCG 384-058 = PGC 3714
01 02 24.6 -01
57 28
V = 13.7; Size 1.3'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 26d
17.5"
(10/5/91): faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE, bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 351 7' WNW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 353 = Sw III-4 (along with NGC 351 = Sw III-3) on 10 Nov 1885
with the 16" refractor at the Warner Observatory. His position is 9 sec of RA following
UGC 641 (similar offset as NGC 351).
******************************
NGC 354 = UGC
645 = MCG +04-03-037 = Mrk 353 = PGC 3763
01 03 16.3 +22
20 33
V = 13.4; Size 0.8'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 29d
17.5"
(9/26/92): fairly faint, very small, slightly elongated, fairly high surface
brightness. A mag 13 star is at
the WNW end and a mag 11 star is 1' E.
Located 3.3' NNW of mag 9.1 SAO 74452.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 354 = St XII-10 on 24 Oct 1881 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory and recorded "eF and S; R; a mag 14 star
precedes by 1 sec". His
position and description is accurate.
******************************
NGC 355 = MCG
-01-03-077 = PGC 3753
01 03 06.9 -06
19 26
V = 14.3; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 125d
17.5"
(9/26/92): extremely faint, very small, round. Near my visual threshold and only glimpsed with averted
vision for moments. Located just
4' WNW of NGC 357. Appears extremely faint on the POSS (16 pg) with a nearly
stellar core and very small low surface brightness arms that were not
visible. Previously missed using
my 13.1".
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 355 = m 31 on 27 Sep 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
noted "eF, vS." His
position matches MCG -01-03-077 = PGC 3753, although it is surprisingly faint
and was barely visible in my 17.5" (missed with my 13").
******************************
NGC 356 = MCG
-01-03-078 = VV 486 = PGC 3754
01 03 07.0 -06
59 17
V = 12.7; Size 1.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 70d
17.5" (10/20/90):
faint, fairly small, slightly elongated 3:2 SW-NE, very weak
concentration. Located about 30'
SE of the NGC 349 group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 356 = m 32 on 27 Sep 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
logged "vF, S, iR." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 357 = MCG
-01-03-081 = PGC 3768
01 03 21.9 -06
20 22
V = 12.0; Size 2.4'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 20d
13.1"
(9/3/86): moderately bright, small, compact, very bright core. A faint mag 14 star is at the ENE
edge. NGC 355 4' WNW not seen in
13.1" but glimpsed in 17.5".
William Herschel
discovered NGC 357 = H II-434 = h82 on 10 Sep 1785 (sweep 435) and recorded
"F, S, irr figure, bM, resolvable." His position is accurate. JH observed this galaxy on 3
sweeps, logging on 10 Oct 1828: "F; R; sbM; to a *13m; 20" a *14 10
sec nf." His position and
description is a perfect match with MCG -01-03-081 = PGC 3768.
******************************
NGC 358
01 05 10.9 +62
01 14
17.5"
(11/6/93): consists of just four mag 11-12 stars in a 2'x1' trapezoid at the
NGC position. This appears to be
just a small asterism. 10' SE is
also a scattered group in two detached sections elongated E-W with about a
dozen mag 12-13.5 stars in each group.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 358 on 4 Feb 1865 with the 11" refractor at
Copenhagen while observing h 83 = NGC 366. Harold Corwin suggests his description (translated roughly
from Latin) is "A cluster of several stars -- not many members. Found when inspecting the cluster h 83
[NGC 366], which is nearly of the same nature." His position matches the group of 4 stars in my visual
observation although the NGC description ("Cl, vl Ri") is inaccurate.
******************************
NGC 359 = UGC
662 = MCG +00-03-066 = CGCG 384-066 = PGC 3817
01 04 16.9 -00
45 53
V = 13.3; Size 1.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 135d
17.5"
(10/5/91): faint, small, elongated 4:3 NW-SE, bright core. A mag 14.5 star is 1.2' SSE. Forms a pair with NGC 364 7' ESE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 359 = m 33 (along with NGC 364) on 2 Sep 1864 with Lassell's
48" on Malta and called "eF, vS".
******************************
NGC 360 = ESO
079-014 = FGC 119E = PGC 3743
01 02 51.4 -65
36 36
V = 12.6; Size 3.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 144d
25"
(10/15/17 - OzSky): at 244x and 397x; excellent large, thin edge-on NW-SE with
tapered tips, stretching ~2.5'x20".
The center is slightly brighter with a mottled or clumpy appearance. A
faint double (mag 14.5/15) at ~12" is just west of the southeast end. Two bright stars are near; mag 8.8 HD
6221 lies 6.5' WSW (just outside the field at 397x) and mag 6.3 HD 6311 lies 9'
N.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 360 = h2372 on 2 Nov 1834 and remarked "eF, vmE, vlbM; a
Ray nebula, pos = 145.4¡".
His position and descriptions matches ESO 079-014 = PGC 3743.
******************************
NGC 361 = ESO
051-SC012 = Lindsay 67 = Kron 46
01 02 11 -71 36
24
V = 11.8; Size 1.6'
18"
(7/11/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x, this SMC cluster appeared
moderately bright and large, round, 1' diameter, weak concentration to center,
grainy. A single star or clump is
resolved. Located 4.5' SE of mag 7.8 HD 6222 (2' pair with a mag 9.8
companion). Observation made
through thin clouds.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 361 = D 54 = h2374 on 6 Sep 1826 with a 9" speculum
reflector and recorded "a small round pretty well-defined nebula, 15"
or 20" diameter." His
position is 7' SE of this SMC cluster.
There are other Dunlop entries near this cluster that may also refer to
it, though this description seems to fits best. JH swept it on 11 Apr 1834 and noted "vF, L, oval,
vgvmbM." Herschel noted the
possible equivalence with D 55, whose position is off by 10' east.
******************************
NGC 362 = ESO
051-SC013 = 75 Tuc
01 03 14 -70 50
54
V = 6.6; Size 12.9'; Surf Br = 0.1
18" (7/6/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): At 228x, NGC 362 appeared very bright and
well-resolved into a couple of hundred stars! The rich halo is plastered
with stars and extends to nearly 8Õ diameter. The 2' compressed core is
well-concentrated to a blazing center (concentration class III). Stars
appear to stream out of the core in curving spiral lanes. This globular
has a classic symmetric appearance with a prominent, round core and halo. NGC
362 is situated just north of the SMC, though 47 Tuc (NGC 104) overshadows the
splendor of NGC 362.
Naked-eye
(11/4/12 - Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand): this 6.6-magnitude globular was
just visible naked-eye to the north of the SMC.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 362 = D 62 on 1 Aug 1826 with a 9" speculum reflector and
described "a beautiful bright round nebula, about 4' diameter, exceedingly
condensed. This is a good representation of the 2nd of the Connaissance des
Temps [M2] in figure, colour, and distance; it is but a very little easier
resolved, rather a brighter white, and perhaps more compact and globular. This
is a beautiful globe of white light; resolvable; the stars are very little
scattered." He observed the globular 11 times and his published position
is just 2' NE of center.
John Herschel
(h2375) reported it with his 18" reflector from the Cape of Good Hope on
12 Aug 1834 as a "Fine, highly condensed globular cluster; psbM; diameter
4'." On 3 Nov 1834 he called it "vB; vL; psvmbM; round; 5' or 6'
diameter; all resolved." Observing the next night, he recorded it as
"a globular cluster; vB; vlE; gvmbM. Diameter of more condensed part
approx. 60 sec in RA; but there are loose stars to a considerably greater
distance, stars 13 or 14 mag all nearly equal and distinct, but run into a
blaze in centre." His final observation reads: "globular cluster, vB,
very compact; psvmb; 4' across; all resolved into stars 13..15 magnitude."
There was a 1.0
tmin error in reduction in the NGC position too far west (Dreyer, IC 2 notes). This
error was noted in Harvard College Observatory NGC corrections.
******************************
NGC 363 = MCG
-03-03-023 = PGC 3911
01 06 15.8 -16
32 34
V = 14.2; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 49d
17.5"
(11/6/93): very faint, very small, round, 0.5' diameter, very small brighter
core. A mag 12 star is 3' NNE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 363 = LM I-23 on 28 Nov 1885 with the 26"
refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. His rough position is 1.5 min of RA west of MCG -03-03-023 =
PGC 3911. Herbert Howe measured an
accurate position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin
Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes). The MCG does not identify their entry
as NGC 363.
******************************
NGC 364 = UGC
666 = MCG +00-03-069 = CGCG 384-067 = PGC 3833
01 04 40.8 -00
48 10
V = 13.1; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 30d
17.5"
(10/5/91): faint, small, elongated 4:3 SW-NE, bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 359 7' WNW. Plotted too far south on the first
edition of the Uranometria 2000.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 364 = m 34 (along with NGC 359) on 2 Sep 1864 with Lassell's
48" on Malta and logged "vF, vS". His position matches UGC 666 = PGC 3833. The RNGC position is 3' too far S,
CGCG does not identify their entry
as NGC 364 and the UGC position is 26' too far S!
******************************
NGC 365 = ESO
352-001 = MCG -06-03-017 = PGC 3822
01 04 18.7 -35
07 17
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 5d
17.5"
(10/4/97): very faint, small, round, 30" diameter. A pair of mag 11/13 stars [45"
separation] lie ~5' SE. Requires
averted vision to comfortably view the galaxy.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 365 = h2373 on 25 Sep 1834 and recorded "F, S, R, gbM,
20"." His mean declination from two observations is ~1.3' S of ESO
352-001.
******************************
NGC 366 = Cr 9 =
OCL-286 = Lund 37
01 06 26 +62 13
42
Size 3'
24"
(1/4/14): small, rich group with 30 stars resolved in a 3' region at 260x, with
several small knots of stars. On
the south side is the multiple star STI 177 A/B/C = 12/12.9/13 at 3.8" and
10". Just 48" NE, is the
12" mag 12/13 D and E components with a fainter component at 7" and
another close pair or triple is ~30" E. On the N end of the group is DAM 304 = 12/14 pair at
9". A string of mag 14-15
stars oriented SW-NE is on the west side of the main grouping.
17.5"
(11/6/93): 10 stars mag 12-14 in a small 3' group. Consists of two mag 12-13 stars both of which form very
close doubles and a tight trio of mag 13-14 stars on the east side. The rest are faint stars and the
cluster is set over unresolved haze.
Not impressive but stands out clearly in field.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 366 = h83 on 27 Oct 1829 and reported a "small cl 2' in
diam. Place that of the double
star h 1070." His position,
though, is 2' S of the double star.
******************************
NGC 367 = PGC
3894
01 05 48.9 -12
07 42
V = 14.5; Size 0.7'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 15d
17.5"
(12/26/00): extremely faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, low even
surface brightness. Requires
averted vision but visible ~80% of the time with concentration at 280x once
identified in the eyepiece field.
Elongation not noted so I probably only picked up the brighter central
region.
17.5"
(10/4/97): uncertain sighting.
Possibly barely glimpsed on a couple of occasions using a GSC finder
chart to pinpoint location and averted vision at 280x. No elongation noticed.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 367 = LM II-299 in 1866 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 16.0, 1.0'x0.2', E 175¡, bn, 3 st
12, np 30¡. There is nothing at
his position but 1 min of RA east is PGC 3894. This galaxy is elongated SSW-NNE
(Muller's PA is nearly N-S) and his description of three nearby stars matches
this galaxy. RNGC misidentifies
FGC 120 = PGC 90518, an extremely thin edge-on, as NGC 367. PGC 90518 is 13' S of Muller's position
and does not match his description.
******************************
NGC 368 = ESO
243-023 = PGC 3826
01 04 21.9 -43
16 36
V = 13.6; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.7
24"
(10/5/13): at 225x; very faint, very small, round, 18" diameter. Situated 3.1' NE of mag 8.8 HD
6368. Viewed at ~10¡ elevation
from Lake San Antonio.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 368 = h4012 on 5 Sep 1834 and logged "eeF; vS; N.f. a star
7-8 mag distant 3'." His
position and description is accurate (after correcting for a 1 hr typo in RA).
******************************
NGC 369 = ESO
541-017 = MCG -03-03-022 = PGC 3856
01 05 08.9 -17
45 32
V = 13.8; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 52d
17.5"
(11/6/93): faint, small, round, 0.8' diameter, gradually weak
concentration. A similar pair of
mag 10.7 and 11.1 stars oriented NW-SE lie 5' SW.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 369 = LM I-24 on 9 Oct 1885 with the 26"
refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. His rough position is 3' S of ESO 541-017 = PGC 3856. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory
(repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 370 = NGC
372
01 06 44.6 +32
25 43
See observing
notes for NGC 372. Identification
uncertain.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 370 = Au 5 on 7 Oct 1861 with the 11-inch refractor at
the Copenhagen Observatory. There
is nothing at his single position, though he mentions a mag 13 star is 15"
to the south.
Harold Corwin
suggests that NGC 370 is possibly equal to NGC 372, a triple star found by
Dreyer at Birr Castle on 12 Dec 1876, at a mean position of 01 06 44.6 +32 25
43 (2000). This triplet is about
10 seconds of time greater and 1' further north than d'Arrest's position. The separation for the north-south pair
is close to d'Arrest's estimate.
This identification is uncertain, but there is nothing else in the
vicinity that matches.
******************************
NGC 371 =
SMC-N76 = ESO 051-SC014 = Lindsay 71 = Kron 48 = SMC Ass 53
01 03 30 -72 03
24
Size 8'
18" (7/6/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 171x and UHC filter, this is a fairly
bright, prominent, round SMC nebulous cluster, up to 6' in diameter with a
fairly well-defined edge. The haze
has a fairly consistent high surface brightness and seems suspended in a large,
scattered cluster or star cloud (Hodge Association 53). A 5' string of four mag 10-11 stars
oriented NW-SE is superimposed on the glow as well as a number of fainter
stars. This is an excellent low
power field with the striking HII region NGC 346 22' WSW and NGC 395/IC 1624
8'-10' NE.
10x30 and 15x50
IS binoculars: easily visible along with NGC 346.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 371 = D 31 = h2376 on 1 Aug 1826 with his 9" reflector at
Parramatta and recorded "a pretty large unequally bright nebula, about 5'
diameter, round figure, resolvable into stars of mixt magnitudes." He made 5 observations and his
published position is 8' too far south.
JH made 5
observations beginning on his sweep of 11 Apr 1834, recording "cluster,
6th class; faint, round, 10' diameter, stars 15..18th mag." The next observation was logged as
"vF, L, p rich cluster, 6th class. Stars 14..15th mag." On a third
sweep he noted it as "a F, L, p compressed cl of 6th class. 10' diameter.
gbM; stars 12..16th mag - in some parts almost nebulous." The fourth
observation was recorded as a "cluster 6th class; stars 12..15th mag, a
few = 10th mag and one of 9th mag; much compressed in the middle; fills field
and has loose straggling lines and crooks branching off." The final sweep
was recorded as "F, L, cl; little compressed; gbM; 7' diam; resolved into
stars 14..16th mag." Herschel
noted that this may be Dunlop 31.
******************************
NGC 372 = NGC
370
01 06 44.6 +32
25 43
18"
(11/18/06): faint triple star resolved at 280x. The components form a very small equilateral triangle 1' N
of a mag 12 star with the components ~10" apart. The brightest component of the triple is at the north vertex
and the other two are mag 15-15.5.
NGC 370 may also refer to this multiple star.
J.L.E. Dreyer
discovered NGC 372 on 12 Dec 1876 with the 72" at Birr Castle and stated
"the last nova [GC 5146 = NGC 372] looks at first sight like a hazy *, the
higher power seems to resolve it, at all events sev luminous points were seen.
Has a *12 in pos 166.5d, dist, 74"." This pins down the equivalence with a triple star with a mean
position of 01 06 44.6 +32 25 43 (2000).
Heinrich d'Arrest *possibly* also observed this triple star (or one or
more of its components) on 7 Oct 1861 and it was catalogued as GC 197 = NGC
370.
******************************
NGC 373 = PGC
3946
01 06 58.2 +32
18 31
V = 14.9; Size 0.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.0
18"
(11/18/06): extremely faint, very small, round, 15"-20"
diameter. There appears to be a
15-16th magnitude star superimposed as a stellar point was sometimes visible
offset from the center. Located on
the SW side of the "Pisces Group", 9' SW of NGC 383.
17.5"
(9/19/87): very faint, very small, slightly elongated ~E-W. Located 8.3' SW of NGC 383 in the core
of the cluster. Forms a pair with
NGC 375 2.8' NNE.
J.L.E. Dreyer
discovered NGC 373 on 12 Dec 1876 using the 72" at Birr Castle in the NGC
383 group. His description is
simply "vF, vS" but he accurately placed it 428" in PA 225.8¡
with respect to a mag 12.2 star situated SSW of NGC 382/383. This offset matches PGC 3946. This is one of 8 galaxies in the Pisces
Group discovered at Birr Castle.
Karl Reinmuth, in his 1926 survey based on Heidelberg plates, described
this object as a double nebulous star (there appears to be a very faint star at
the NW edge) and Dorothy Carlson, in her 1940 NGC Corrections list, states
"nebula + star".
******************************
NGC 374 = UGC
680 = MCG +05-03-048 = CGCG 501-080 = PGC 3952
01 07 05.8 +32
47 42
V = 13.4; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 175d
17.5"
(9/26/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, bright core,
faint stellar nucleus or mag 15 star is superimposed. Located almost midway between two mag 14 stars 0.7' NE and
0.9' SW. Located about 25' N of
the core of the NGC 383 group.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 374 = Au 6 on 7 Oct 1861 with the 11-inch Fraunhofer
refractor at the observatory in Copenhagen. His single position is accurate and he noted the nebula was
"between 2 stars mag 15." The discovery was early enough to be included in
Auwers 1862 list of new nebulae.
******************************
NGC 375 = PGC
3953
01 07 05.9 +32
20 53
V = 14.5; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0
18"
(11/18/06): very faint, extremely small, round, 15" diameter, weak
concentration. Situated ~2' W of a
triangle of mag 12/13/14 stars (on the opposite side from NGC 384/385) and 5.6'
SW of NGC 383 in the "Pisces Group". The closest cluster member is NGC 373 situated 3' SSW.
17.5"
(9/19/87): extremely faint and small, round. Three mag 12-13.5 stars forming an isosceles triangle with
the long base oriented N-S are about 2' SE. Located 5.6' SW of NGC 383 in the core of the cluster. Forms a pair with NGC 373 2.8' SSW.
Lawrence
Parsons, 4th Earl of Rosse, discovered NGC 375 on 1 Dec 1874 with his father's
72" and shown on the constructed sketch of the entire Pisces Group in the
1880 publication. The GC and NGC
position matches PGC 3953, an extremely compact elliptical. MCG misidentifies UGC 679 = MCG
+05-03-049 (an extremely low surf brightness edge-on ~2.5' north) as NGC 375.
******************************
NGC 376 = ESO
029-SC29 = Lindsay 72
01 03 54 -72 49
30
V = 10.9; Size 1.0'
25"
(10/17/17 - OzSky): at 397x; very bright, fairly small, irregular or triangular
shape, 35"-40" diameter.
A half dozen stars are resolved within the glow surrounded by a much
fainter halo. Brighter and larger
NGC 419 lies 20' ESE.
Lindsay 60 is
16' ENE (see NGC 419 for notes) and Lindsay 66 is 18' NW. The latter resolved into three brighter
stars in a small string oriented WSW-NNE [length of 21"]. At 397x, the middle "star"
was a very small knot, ~6"-8" diameter. This is probably the core of the cluster. The three stars
seem surrounded by an extremely low surface brightness halo.
Henize N63 and
N64 are a fairly similar pair of compact emission nebulae 27' WNW. Both are ~30" in diameter and
separated by 1.4' NW-SE. They were
easily noticed at 397x with N63 on the NW side slightly brighter. The contast was increased at 244x
through an NPB filter. A mag 12
star lies 0.7' NW of N63.
18" (7/11/05
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): moderately bright, small, round, 30"
diameter, a few individual stars or clumps are resolved. A 10' string of stars
(Hodge Association 56) passing ~4' N and angles towards the NE. NGC 419 follows by 20'. Observation made through thin clouds.
James Dunlop
probably discovered NGC 376 = D 36 = h2378 with his 9" reflector on 2 Sep
1826 and recorded "a faint ill-defined nebula, about 1 1/2'
diameter." He made a single
observation and his published position is 9.5' ESE. JH recorded this cluster on two sweeps: on 12 Aug 1834 he
logged "pretty faint, small, round, resolvable, pretty compact." On a later sweep he recorded it as a
"globular cluster, a vS, vB knot of visible stars 15 or 20" diameter
almost like a solid mass."
His position and description on both sweeps is accurate, although Dreyer
quotes DeLisle Stewart in the IC 2 notes, "only a D*, pos 270d, Dist
10" (from Harvard College Observatory NGC corrections). JH credited Dunlop as the possible
discoverer (D 36) in the GC but not the Cape observations.
******************************
NGC 377 = ESO
541-019 = MCG -04-03-053 = PGC 3931
01 06 34.8 -20
19 57
V = 15.1; Size 1.0'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 30d
24"
(12/1/13): at 325x appeared extremely faint, small, round, 18"
diameter. Visible perhaps 25% of
the time as an extremely faint patch and too fleeting to detect an elongated
shape. Forms the northern vertex
of a triangle with a mag 14.5 star 6' SW and a mag 13.5 star 4.7' SE. A large scattered group of stars
including several mag 10-11 lies ~10' E.
18"
(12/3/05): not seen at 225x.
18"
(11/6/04): extremely faint, small, round, 20" diameter (core only
viewed?). Only visible
intermittently with averted and concentration (in fairly poor seeing) but
sighting definite.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 377 = LM I-25 on 15 Oct 1885 with the 26"
refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. Based on the discovery sketch, Corwin determined NGC 377 =
ESO 541-019 = PGC 3931. This would
place NGC 377 17' S of Leavenworth's rough position, an unusual error in
declination. ESO misidentifies
541-019 as possibly NGC 412 (also from Leavenworth).
******************************
NGC 378 = ESO
412-005 = AM 0103-302 = MCG -05-03-024 = PGC 3907
01 06 12.1 -30
10 41
V = 13.1; Size 1.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 90d
17.5"
(11/6/93): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 E-W, 1.2'x0.8'. A mag 11.5 star is 3' NNE. Located 8' WSW of mag 10.7 SAO 192929.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 378 = h2377 on 28 Sep 1834 and noted "vF, S, R, glbM, 15
arcseconds." His position matches ESO 412-005 = PGC 3907. Listed in category 8 (Galaxies with
apparent companions) in the Arp-Madore catalogue and an image is on page 8.2.
******************************
NGC 379 = Arp
331 NED1 = UGC 683 = MCG +05-03-050 = CGCG 501-082 = VV 193 = IV Zw 38 NED1 =
PGC 3966
01 07 15.7 +32
31 13
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 0d
18"
(11/18/06): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 N-S, 0.8'x0.5',
broad concentration with a slightly brighter core. Forms a similar pair with NGC 380 2.3' S. This galaxy is at the north end of the
Pisces Group centered on NGC 383 and is one of 11 NGC galaxies viewed in the
field at 280x!
17.5"
(9/19/87): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated ~N-S, even surface
brightness. Forms a pair with
similar NGC 380 2' S in the NGC 383 group.
13"
(9/29/84): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated N-S, bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 379 = H II-215 = h84, along with NGC 380 = II-216 and NGC 383 =
II-217, on 12 Sep 1784 (sweep 268) and recorded "Three, F, vS, R, all in a
row in the meridian, nearly of equal size, the distance between the two most
south [NGC 383 and 383] is about double that of the other."
******************************
NGC 380 = Arp
331 NED2 = UGC 682 = MCG +05-03-051 = CGCG 501-081 = LGG 017-001 = PGC 3969
01 07 17.6 +32
28 59
V = 12.5; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.2
18"
(11/18/06): moderately bright, fairly small, round, 40" diameter, sharply
concentrated with a very small, very bright core. Forms a 2.2' pair with NGC 379 and 4.5' NNW of NGC 383 at
the north end of the "Pisces Group".
17.5"
(9/19/87): fairly faint, small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus. Forms a pair with NGC 379 2' S in the
NGC 383 group.
13"
(9/29/84): fairly faint, small, round, bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 380 = H II-216 = h85, along with NGC 379 = II-215 and NGC 383 =
II-217 on 12 Sep 1784 (sweep 268).
See description under NGC 379.
******************************
NGC 381 = Cr 10
= OCL-317 = Lund 38
01 08 18 +61 35
Size 6'
24"
(1/4/14): nice group of ~75 stars, fairly uniformly distributed in a 6'
group. A triple star (STI 185 =
10.8/12.5 at 9" and third closer companion) is just north of center. The cluster is roughly circular with no
denser patches, but it does include a number of faint stars so the appearance
is fairly rich. Pretty well
detached in the 50' field at 125x (less so on the north side).
17.5"
(8/16/93): 40 stars mag 11-15 in loose 6' diameter, stands out best at 100x. The brightest mag 10.8 star is part of
a triple along the north side.
Fairly uniform in mag 12/13 stars with a scattering of faint stars,
fairly even distribution with no rich regions. Not recognizable as a cluster at 220x.
17.5"
(11/2/91): about three dozen stars in 6' diameter, fairly faint, roughly a
circular group. Consists mostly of
mag 12/13 stars. Includes a triple
star (10.8/12.5/13 at 8"/~3") and two mag 11 stars on the west
side. Several stars are arranged
in strings. Relatively few stars
in center. A line of mag 10 stars
trail off to the north edge of field and the mag 10 star at the end of the
string 11' N is a close double star.
8": ~30
stars in a circular group, bright curving string to the north. A mag 8 star is 10' E.
Caroline
Herschel is generally attributed with the discovery of NGC 381 = H VIII-64 on
27 Sep 1783, though according to an article in Aug 2007 S&T, Caroline's
discovery preceded Gamma Cass instead of following and likely refers to NGC 189
instead. WH observed the cluster
on 3 Nov 1787 (sweep 774) and noted "a forming cluster of pretty
compressed stars." In his
second published catalogued he added "C.H. disc. 1783."
******************************
NGC 382 = Arp
331 NED5 =VV 193b = UGC 688 = MCG +05-03-052 = CGCG 501-086 = LGG 018-002 = PGC
3981
01 07 23.9 +32
24 15
V = 13.2; Size 0.5'x0.5'
18"
(11/18/06): fairly faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, slightly
brighter corer, faint stellar nucleus with direct vision. Situated at the south edge of the halo
of NGC 383 (the brighter member of the "Pisces Group"), just 30"
from the center.
17.5"
(9/23/00): very faint, extremely small, round, 20" diameter, very faint
quasi-stellar nucleus at moments.
Viewed SN 2000dk, just 5 days after discovery on 9/18/00, as a mag 15.5
"star" at the NW edge of the halo. At the first glance using 280x, the galaxy appeared
elongated in the direction of the SN, but in moments of better seeing, the SN
was clearly resolved and similar in brightness to the nucleus of NGC 382. This galaxy is the fainter of a close
pair with NGC 383 in the Pisces group.
17.5"
(9/19/87): faint, very small, round.
Forms a double system with much brighter NGC 383 30" NNE in a
group.
13"
(9/29/84): very faint, extremely small, round. Nearly attached to NGC 383.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 382 on 4 Nov 1850 using Lord Rosse's 72" and labeled as
"Gamma prime" in his sketch of the Pisces Group. Heinrich d'Arrest independently found
this nebula on 26 Aug 1865 with the 11-inch Fraunhofer refractor in Copenhagen. This is one of 5 galaxies discovered by
Stoney on that night including NGCs 384, 385, 386 and 388.
******************************
NGC 383 = Arp
331 NED6 = VV 193a = UGC 689 = MCG +05-03-053 = CGCG 501-087 = LGG 018-003 =
PGC 3982
01 07 24.9 +32
24 45
V = 12.4; Size 1.4'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 30d
18"
(11/18/06): fairly bright, moderately large, irregularly round, 1.3' diameter,
broadly concentrated to a bright core that increases to a 6" nucleus. Forms an interacting pair with NGC 382
30" S of center. This galaxy
is the brightest and largest member of the "Pisces Group" (at the
southwest end of the Pisces-Perseus Supercluster) and is surrounded by 10
galaxies within 8'!
17.5"
(9/19/87): brightest in the NGC 383 cluster. Fairly bright, moderately large, slightly elongated, broadly
concentrated halo. Forms a double
system with NGC 382 30" SW.
NGC 380 is 4.5' NNW, NGC 379 6.8' NNW, NGC 386 3.3' SSE, NGC 385 5.5'
SSE.
13"
(9/29/84): fairly bright, almost round, bright core. Forms a double with NGC 382.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 383 = H II-217 = h86, along with NGC 379 = II-215 and NGC 380 =
II-216, on 12 Sep 1784 (sweep 268).
See description under NGC 379.
******************************
NGC 384 = Arp
331 NED3 = UGC 686 = MCG +05-03-055 = CGCG 501-084 = LGG 017-002 = PGC 3983
01 07 25.0 +32
17 34
V = 13.1; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 135d
18"
(11/18/06): moderately bright, fairly small, irregularly round, 0.6'x0.5',
fairly well concentrated with a small bright core. At the south end of the "Pisces Group" with NGC
385 1.7' N.
17.5"
(9/19/87): fairly faint, slightly elongated, bright core. NGC 385 2' N and NGC 386 is 4.3' NNE in
the NGC 383 group.
13"
(9/29/84): fairly faint, small, round, small bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 385.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 384 = Au 7 on 4 Nov 1850 with LdR's 72" and labeled it
"Zeta" on his sketch of the Pisces Group. Heinrich d'Arrest rediscovered this galaxy (along with NGC
385) and measured an accurate position on 12 Oct 1861 with the 11-inch
Fraunhofer refractor in Copenhagen.
Auwers published d'Arrest's observation in his 1862 catalogue of new
nebulae and JH credited d'Arrest with the discovery in the GC. Dreyer included
LdR, as well as d'Arrest, in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 385 = Arp
331 NED4 = UGC 687 = MCG +05-03-056 = CGCG 501-085 = LGG 018-004 = PGC 3984
01 07 27.2 +32
19 12
V = 13.0; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.9
18"
(11/18/06): moderately bright, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter, strong concentration
with a bright 20" core.
Located near the south end of the "Pisces Group" and appears
slightly larger and brighter than nearby NGC 384 1.7' SSW. A trio of mag 12-13 stars lies 2'-3'
WNW and the two northern stars are collinear with the galaxy.
17.5"
(9/19/87): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, bright core. Forms a trio with NGC 386 2.6' N and
NGC 384 1.8' S in the NGC 383 group.
13"
(9/29/84): fairly faint, small, small bright core, similar to NGC 384.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 385 = Au 8 on 4 Nov 1850 with Lord Rosse's 72" and labeled
"Epsilon" in his sketch of the NGC 383 (Pisces) Group. Heinrich d'Arrest independently found
this galaxy on 7 Oct 1861 with the 11-inch Fraunhofer refractor in Copenhagen
and measured an accurate position (4 measurements). d'Arrest's observation was included in Auwers 1862 catalogue
of new nebulae and JH credited d'Arrest with the discovery in the GC. Dreyer credited both LdR and d'Arrest
when compiling the NGC.
******************************
NGC 386 = Arp
331 NED7 = MCG +05-03-057 = CGCG 501-088 = PGC 3989
01 07 31.3 +32
21 43
V = 14.3; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.6
18"
(11/18/06): faint, fairly small, round, 25" diameter, gradually increases
to a very small brighter core.
Located 3.3' SSE of NGC 383 and on a line to the north of the NGC
384/385 pair in the core of the "Pisces Group".
17.5"
(9/19/87): very faint, very small, round, bright core. Located 3.3' SSE of NGC 383 in a
group. NGC 385 lies 2.6' S.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 386 on 4 Nov 1850 with Lord Rosse's 72" and he labeled this
nebula as "Delta" in his sketch of the NGC 383 (Pisces) Group.
******************************
NGC 387 = PGC
3987
01 07 33.0 +32
23 28
V = 15.5; Size 0.3'x0.3'
18"
(11/18/06): at 280x appeared very faint, very small, round, 8"
diameter. This is perhaps the
smallest and faintest NGC galaxy in the "Pisces Chain". Located 2' SE of NGC 383 and 2.5' N of
NGC 386 in the heart of the "Pisces Group".
17.5"
(9/19/87): extremely faint, round, almost stellar. Located 1.8' NNE of NGC 386 and 2.1' SE of NGC 383 in the
NGC 383 group. Not 100% certain of
its non-stellar appearance.
Lawrence Parsons
discovered NGC 387 on 10 Dec 1873 with Lord Rosse's 72" and included it on
the sketch that was made of the cluster (later labeled as GC 5149), along with
offsets from NGC 383. The GC
(5149) and NGC position matches PGC 3987.
******************************
NGC 388 = Arp
331 NED8 = MCG +05-03-059 = CGCG 501-090 = LGG 018-018 = PGC 4005
01 07 47.1 +32
18 36
V = 14.3; Size 0.6'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 168d
18"
(11/18/06): at 280x appeared faint, small, round, 20" diameter. Located 4.5' E of the NGC 384/385 pair
at the south end of the "Pisces Group".
17.5"
(9/19/87):extremely faint and small, round, size 10"-15". Located 5'-6' E of NGC 385 in the NGC
383 group.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 388 on 4 Nov 1850 with Lord Rosse's 72" and labeled it as
"Theta" in the sketch made of the NGC 383 (Pisces) Group.
******************************
NGC 389 = UGC
703 = MCG +06-03-014 = CGCG 520-017 = PGC 4054
01 08 30.0 +39
41 44
V = 13.8; Size 1.3'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 54d
17.5"
(1/1/92): very faint, very small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, even surface
brightness. A mag 11 star is just
off the NE edge 0.7' from center which detracts from viewing. Forms a pair with NGC 393 3.3' SSE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 389 = Sw II-12 on 6 Sep 1885 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory. His position
is 30 sec of RA west and 1.5' north of UGC 703 = PGC 4054. His description "* near"
applies to the star just off the NE end of this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 390
01 07 54.4 +32
25 59
=*, Corwin.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 390 = Big. 9 on 19 Nov 1884 with the 12"
refractor at the Paris Observatory and recorded "mag 13.4-13.5; stellar
aspect". According to Harold
Corwin (private correspondence), Bigourdan's offsets match a star at 01 07 54
+32 25 59 (2000).
RNGC
misidentifies PGC 4021 as NGC 390.
PGC 4021 is 4' ENE of
Bigourdan's place.
******************************
NGC 391 = UGC
693 = MCG +00-03-075 = CGCG 384-077 = PGC 3976
01 07 22.6 +00
55 33
V = 13.4; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 45d
17.5"
(11/30/91): fairly faint, very small, round, compact, well-defined edge, small
bright core. Located 1.7' SSE of a
mag 9.5 star and 4.4' NNE of mag 9.5 SAO 109686.
George Bond,
director of Harvard College Observatory, discovered NGC 391 = HN 3 = Au 9 on 8
Jan 1853 with the 15-inch Merz & Mahler refractor while taking micrometric
positions of stars for the Harvard Zone Catalogue. He noted a "faint
nebula, 1' 30" south following star number 32 [11th magnitude]." At
this exact position is UGC 693 = PGC 3976. Auwers included Bond's
discovery in his 1862 Catalogue of new nebulae, before the GC was published.
******************************
NGC 392 = UGC
700 = MCG +05-03-062 = CGCG 501-094 = Holm 36a = KTG 3A = PGC 4042
01 08 23.5 +33
08 00
V = 12.8; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 50d
24"
(10/5/13): brightest member of the KTG 3 triplet with NGC 394 1.0' NNE and NGC
397 2.2' SE. At 375x appeared
fairly bright, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE, 30"x25",
increases to a bright stellar nucleus.
A mag 13 star lies 1.2' SW.
Also recorded IC 1619 13' WSW and UGC 692 15' SW.
17.5"
(12/23/89): fairly faint, round, bright core, sharp stellar nucleus. A mag 13 star is 1' SW. Brightest of three (KTG 3) with NGC 394
1' NE and NGC 397 2' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 392 = H II-218 = h87 on 12 Sep 1784 (sweep 268) and simply noted
"F, resembling the foregoing [NGC 379, 380, 383]." JH remarked "pF; bM nearly to a *;
between 2 stars" and measured an accurate position. Both Herschels missed the nearby
galaxies NGC 394 and 397.
******************************
NGC 393 = UGC
707 = MCG +06-03-015 = CGCG 520-018 = V Zw 52 = PGC 4061
01 08 37.0 +39
38 39
V = 12.5; Size 1.7'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 20d
17.5"
(1/1/92): fairly faint, small, elongated 4:3 SW-NE, sharp concentration, faint
halo, two mag 13/13.5 star are 1.2' WNW and 1.6' NW with a separation of
36". Forms a pair with NGC
389 3.3' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 393 = H I-54 = h88 on 5 Oct 1784 during sweeps 281-285, which
were made in the east (not in CH's fair copy of the sweeps). On 18 Oct 1786 (sweep 618) he recorded
"pB, S, R, vgbM." When
JH took a look on 1 Oct 1828, he logged "vF; vS; lE; gbM; 10". Allowing the moon & c. this cannot
be a 1st class neb [as his father placed it]; no other neb near it." In the GC notes, JH mentions "This
(h88) is not the I. 54 of the P.T, which proved to be one of Messier's nebulae,
but another subsequently inserted by WH, so as not to break the order of the
numbers..." Both Herschels
missed nearby NGC 389 (discovered by Lewis Swift).
******************************
NGC 394 = MCG
+05-03-063 = CGCG 501-095 = Holm 36b = KTG 3B = PGC 4049
01 08 26.0 +33
08 52
V = 13.8; Size 0.5'x0.2'; Surf Br = 11.3; PA = 135d
24"
(10/5/13): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 0.4'x0.2',
small brighter core. Second
brightest in a small triplet (KTG 3) with brighter NGC 392 1.0' SW and NGC 397
2.6' SSE.
17.5"
(12/23/89): faint, small, oval NW-SE, small brighter core. In a group with NGC 392 1' SW and NGC
397 3' SSE.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 394 using Lord Rosse's 72" on 26 Oct 1854. His description for NGC 392 (GC 212)
reads "B, S, R, bM. [John Herschel] described it as between 2 stars. I think the northernmost one is a
nebula [NGC 394] of same character but smaller." There are two entries for this galaxy in the GC, the second (GC
215) from Heinrich d'Arrest's independent discovery on 22 Aug 1862. Both GC entries were combined in the
NGC.
******************************
NGC 395 =
SMC-N78A/B = ESO 051-SC16 = Kron 51 = Lindsay 75
01 05 07.9 -71
59 37
Size 2'
18" (7/6/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): easily picked up in the same field as
brighter NGC 371. At 171x, this is
a moderately bright 4' round knot of mag 14 or fainter stars with a good
response to the UHC filter (emission component = SMC-N78). The surface brightness is fairly high
with the filter although it is just described as a "star group" in
Hartung. Forms a pair with IC 1624
3.2' SSE. Located 8' NE of NGC
371.
IC 1624 appeared
about half the size of NGC 395, roughly 1' in diameter with a mottled
appearance and no central condensation or resolution. A mag 13 star is close west with a mag 11 star 2' W
(supergiant SK 118). A very small
nebulous knot (SMC-N78C) was also noted ~2' SE. A large, scattered group of
stars (OB-association) is superimposed on the field.
James Dunlop
probably discovered NGC 395 = D 35
= D 34? = h2379 on 1 Aug 1826 with his 9" reflector and recorded (for D
35) "a very small faint nebula, with a small star in the south
margin." He made two
observations of D 35 and one observation of D 34 and his published position for
D 35 is 7' too far south. JH made
a single observation on 5 Nov 1836 and recorded "very faint, pretty large,
round, gradually a little brighter in the middle; 2' across." His position and description is
accurate and no mention is made of Dunlop's possible discovery. See NGC
Corrections list from Harvard College Observatory and the IC 2
notes/corrections, DeLisle Stewart.
******************************
NGC 396 =
2MASXJ01080838+0431509 = PGC 99944
01 08 08.4 +04
31 51
V = 14.2; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 140d
17.5"
(10/4/97): very faint, very small, slightly elongated. Required averted vision to identify
with GSC finder chart but with concentration can just hold steadily. Located 2.1' NNW of a mag 13 star. By a remarkable coincidence, Saturn was
in the same low power field just 15' due S! Best view of NGC 396 at 280x with Saturn sufficiently out of
field to avoid any glare.
Misidentified in RNGC (MCG +00-04-020).
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 396 = m 35 on 27 Oct 1864 with William Lassell's 48" on
Malta and recorded "eF, S, lE."
Harold Corwin notes that a faint galaxy (PGC 99944) is very close to
Marth's position (just 5 sec of RA west) with a star superimposed on the north
side. RNGC misidentifies UGC 729
as NGC 396. UGC 729 is located 1¡
S and 2.2 min of RA east of Marth's position!
******************************
NGC 397 = MCG
+05-03-064 = CGCG 501-096 = KTG 3C = PGC 4051
01 08 31.0 +33
06 33
V = 14.6; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.3
24"
(10/5/13): faintest in the KTG 3 triplet with brighter NGC 392 2.2' NW and NGC
394 2.5' NNW. At 375x appeared
fairly faint, small, 15"x12", slightly elongated SW-NE, very weak
concentration.
17.5"
(12/23/89): extremely faint and small, slightly elongated, very low even
surface brightness. Faintest of
three with NGC 392 2' NW.
Sir Robert Ball,
an assistant on Lord Rosse's 72" telescope, discovered NGC 397 on 6 Dec
1866. While observing GC 212 = NGC
392 he noted a "suspected neb preceded by a vF*". The closest match is MCG +05-03-064 and
MCG gives the tentative identification "NGC 397?". There is no
"very faint star" preceding this compact galaxy but there is one
close following.
******************************
NGC 398 = MCG
+05-03-065 = CGCG 501-100 = PGC 4090
01 08 53.6 +32
30 52
V = 14.5; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 135d
18"
(11/18/06): very faint, very small, round, 10" diameter. Member of the "Pisces Group"
(z = 0.016), though located 20' NE of NGC 383.
17.5"
(12/23/89): extremely faint and small, round, low surface brightness. Requires averted to see well. NGC 399 lies 7' NNE.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 398 = Big. 10 on 28 Oct 1886 with the 12"
refractor at the Paris Observatory.
His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 399 = UGC
712 = MCG +05-03-067 = CGCG 501-101 = LGG 018-005 = PGC 4096
01 08 59.2 +32
38 03
V = 13.6; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 40d
18"
(11/18/06): this member of the NGC 383 group ("Pisces Group")
appeared fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 0.7'x0.45', weak even
concentration.
17.5"
(12/23/89): faint, small, slightly elongated N-S, even concentration to bright
core, substellar nucleus. NGC 403
is 7.5' NE and NGC 398 7' SSW.
Lawrence Parsons
discovered NGC 399 on 7 Oct 1874 with the 72" at Birr Castle and noted a
"small nebula" 464.3" (7.7') in PA 205.4¡ (SSW) from GC 217 =
NGC 403. This offset matches UGC
712 = PGC 4096. The actual
separation is 465" and the PA 204¡.
Bigourdan measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 400
01 09 02.5 +32
43 57
=*, HC. =Not found, JS.
Sir Robert Ball,
an assistant on Lord Rosse's 72" telescope, discovered NGC 400 on 30 Dec
1866. He placed his object, with
respect to GC 217 = NGC 403, at a separation of 151" (2.5') in PA 242¡
(WSW). At this offset is a very
faint star at 01 09 02.5 +32 43 57.
NGC 401, described in the same observation, also refers to a faint star!
******************************
NGC 401
01 09 07.7 +32
45 35
=*, HC. =Not found, JS.
Sir Robert Ball,
an assistant on Lord Rosse's 72" telescope, discovered NGC 400 on 30 Dec
1866. He placed his object, with
respect to GC 217 = NGC 403, at a separation of roughly 110" in PA 291.3¡. At this offset is a very faint star at
01 09 07.7 +32 45 35. GC 5153 =
NGC 400, described in the same observation by Ball, is also a faint star!
******************************
NGC 402
01 09 13.3 +32
48 23
=*, HC. =Not found, JS.
Lawrence Parsons
discovered NGC 402 on 7 Oct 1874 with his father's 72" and recorded a
"faint nebulous knot" and placed 281.7" in PA 353¡ from star 1
in the sketch. This star is
87.3" in PA 177¡ from NGC 403 and has a position of 01 09 15.7 +32 43 42
(2000). This offset points to a
very faint star at 01 09 13.3 +32 48 23 (2000).
******************************
NGC 403 = UGC
715 = MCG +05-03-068 = CGCG 501-104 = LGG 018-006 = PGC 4111
01 09 14.1 +32
45 07
V = 12.5; Size 1.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 86d
18"
(11/18/06): fairly bright, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 E-W, ~1.3'x0.4',
sharp concentration with a small, very bright core. The extensions are fairly low surface brightness but appear
a bit asymmetric; possibly misaligned at slightly different angles or slightly
different widths. A group of four
stars nearly forming a trapezoid is close south. Located ~30' NE of the core of the NGC 383 group
("Pisces Group") and one of the brightest members of the
cluster. MCG +05-03-071 lies 2'
SE.
17.5"
(12/23/89): moderately bright, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 E-W, bright
core, small bright nucleus. Four
mag 10-13 stars are close south.
Brightest of a trio with MCG +05-03-071 = CGCG 501-105 2' SE and NGC 399
8' SW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 403 on 29 Aug 1862 with the 11" refractor at
Copenhagen. His position (measured
on 2 nights) matches UGC 715 = PGC 4111 and he also noted the four stars to the
south, measuring the one nearly due south.
******************************
NGC 404 =
Mirach's Ghost = UGC 718 = MCG +06-03-018 = CGCG 520-020 = LGG 011-009 = PGC 4126
01 09 26.9 +35
43 05
V = 10.3; Size 3.5'x3.5'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(10/13/01): bright, fairly large, round, at least 2' diameter. Contains a bright 30" core that
increases steadily to a bright stellar nucleus. Located 7' NW of mag 2.1 Beta Andromedae (Mirach), which
detracts somewhat from viewing.
13"
(12/22/84): bright, round, bright stellar nucleus. Located 7' NW of Beta Andromedae (V = 2.1)!
William Herschel
discovered NGC 404 = H II-224 = h89 on 13 Sep 1784 (sweep 271) and recorded
"pretty bright (not withstanding the light of Beta Andromeda, which is in
the field with it), cL, R, bM."
The observers on LdR's 72" tried to resolve this nebula. R.J. Mitchell reported on 16 Oct 1855,
"pL, B. I have no doubt it is
a cluster. The F borders of the
nebula extend a long way out, involving several stars."
******************************
NGC 405 = ESO
243-*039
01 08 33.9 -46
40 05
= Double star
7.3/8.3 at 1.2", Corwin and ESO.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 405 = h2380 on 6 Sep 1834 and recorded "After a long and
obstinate examination with all powers and apertures, I cannot bring it to a
sharp disc and leave it, in doubt whether it be a star or not. The star [Beta
Phe] immediately preceding offered no such difficulty, giving a good disc with
320." This is clearly a
double star on the Southern Sky Survey (SAO 215379) and is identified in the
Sky Catalogue 2000 as SLR (Sellors) 2 = 7.3/8.3 at 1.2".
******************************
NGC 406 = ESO
051-018 = PGC 3980
01 07 24.4 -69
52 33
V = 12.5; Size 3.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 160d
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 260x, this interesting edge-on is fairly
bright, large, elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, ~2.5'x0.8'. Contains a large, elongated core. Emerging from the east edge of the north end is an extremely
thin extension or arm that stretches north-northwest. A fainter, less obvious arm is attached at the west edge of
the south end. In addition there
appears to be a faint star or knot involved [images reveal a star superimposed
south of the core but also a double HII knot further south near the edge]. This
galaxy is located 1¡ NNE of the bright globular cluster NGC 362 and 3¡ NNE of
the center of the SMC!
John Herschel
discovered NGC 406 = h2381 on 6 Sep 1834 and logged "F, R, vL, vglbM, 3'
dia.". His position matches
ESO 051-018 = PGC 3980. In Harvard
College Observatory NGC corrections, DeLisle Stewart notes that "eE wisps
(arms) at 165d" (repeated in IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 407 = UGC
730 = MCG +05-03-077 = CGCG 501-115 = PGC 4190
01 10 36.5 +33
07 35
V = 13.4; Size 1.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 0d
17.5"
(12/23/89): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 N-S, bright
core. Faintest of three with NGC
410 5' ENE and NGC 414 8.4' E.
13"
(8/23/84): faint, very small, slightly elongated N-S, NGC 410 5' ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 407 = H II-219, along with NGC 410 = II-220, on 12 Sep 1784
(sweep 268) and described both as "Two, eF and vS. The following [NGC 410] the
largest." He gave a single
position, roughly between the two galaxies. ƒdouard Stephan (XIII-9) independently found the galaxy on 2
Oct 1883 at the Marseille Observatory and published an accurate position. Herman Schultz also measured a precise
micrometric position and recorded a nearby star as a "nova" (NGC
408).
******************************
NGC 408
01 10 51.1 +33
09 05
=* 1.6' W of NGC
410, Gottlieb and Carlson.
Incorrect identification in the RNGC. 17.5" (12/23/89): (R)NGC 408 not found.
Herman Schultz
discovered NGC 408 = Nova III on 22 Oct 1867 with the 9.6-inch refractor at the
Uppsala Observatory. Schultz
placed this object just 8 tsec of RA preceding NGC 410. At this offset is a mag 14.5 star at 01
10 51.1 +33 09 05 (2000), which almost certainly is his object. RNGC misidentified PGC 4221 as NGC
408. This galaxy is 3' SW of NGC
410. Since Schultz micrometric
measurement placed his ÒnovaÓ due west of NGC 410, the RNGC identification is
incorrect. Dorothy Carlson, in her
1939 paper on NGC errata, also came to this conclusion based on Mount Wilson
photographs. Finally, the RNGC has
misinterpreted the NGC description to read "406 F 8S" instead of
"410 F 8S". Bigourdan
probably observed PGC 4221 (described as almost stellar) although I missed it
with my 17.5". See Malcolm
Thompson's "Catalogue Corrections" and my RNGC Corrections #5.
******************************
NGC 409 = ESO
352-012 = MCG -06-03-023 = PGC 4132
01 09 33.2 -35
48 21
V = 13.0; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(10/4/97): very faint, small, round, 30" diameter. Located just 45" SE of a mag 13
star. Identified at 280x after
missing at 220x. Brighter than NGC
415 20' NNE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 409 = h2382 on 29 Nov 1837 and reported "eF, R, S, near a
vS star." His position is 8 sec of RA east and 2' north of ESO 352-012 and
the description of the nearby star (to the NW) clinches the identification.
******************************
NGC 410 = UGC
735 = MCG +05-03-080 = CGCG 501-118 = Mrk 562 = PGC 4224
01 10 58.9 +33
09 07
V = 11.5; Size 2.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 30d
17.5"
(12/23/89): moderately bright, moderately large, slightly elongated, broadly
concentrated halo, stellar nucleus.
In a trio with NGC 407 5' WSW and NGC 414 5' SE.
13"
(9/29/84): brightest of 3, fairly bright, bright core, slightly elongated
SW-NE, NGC 414 4.5' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 410 = H II-220, along with NGC 407 = II-219, on 12 Sep 1784
(sweep 268) and recorded "Two. The preceding faint, very small. The
following pretty large". Herman Schultz measured an accurate position at
Uppsala.
******************************
NGC 411 = NGC
422 = ESO 051-SC019 = Kron 60 = Lindsay 82
01 07 55.9 -71
46 00
V = 12.2; Size 1.9'
18"
(7/11/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly faint, moderately large,
round, 1.2' diameter. At 228x,
appears as a low surface brightness glow with a very weak concentration and no
sign of resolution. Located 5' NW
of mag 8.6 HD 7031 and 19' NE of NGC 395.
Viewed through thin haze.
18" (7/6/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this fairly faint SMC cluster was
immediately noticed in the same lower power field while viewing NGC 395/IC 1624
about 20' SW. At 128x it appeared
fairly small, round, ~1.5' diameter, mottled but with no resolution. Located 5.3' NW of mag 8.6 HD 7031 and
13' ESE of mag 7.4 HD 6623.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 411 = h2384 in Sep 1835 and recorded "vF, pL, R, vlbM;
2'." His position is
accurate. On a second sweep he
recorded a similar description and position, but Harold Corwin found the RA minute
(1 tmin too large) was miscopied into his table of "Stars, Nebulae, and
Clusters in the Nubecula Minor" and it later received the designations GC
231 and NGC 422. So, NGC 411 = NGC
422, with NGC 411 the primary designation. See entry for NGC 422.
James Dunlop
possibly discovered NGC 411 = D 56 or D 57 in 1826 with his 9" reflector
and described "a small faint nebula" and "a small faint nebula,
about 15" diameter." The
first entry is 16.6' SSE of the cluster and the second entry is 19' SE, both far
enough off and a vague enough descriptions that neither is very secure.
******************************
NGC 412
01 10 18 -20 01
=Not found, RNGC
and Corwin.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 412 = LM I-26 on 15 Oct 1885 with the 26" Clark
refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory and simply noted
"Neb?" There is nothing near Leavenworth's position. Corwin examined the discovery sketch,
but it wasn't of much help and he was unable to recover this object (or even
identify it with a star). ESO lists
ESO 541-019 = PGC 3931 as a possible candidate, although this galaxy is 3.8 min
of RA west and 19' S of Leavenworth's place. So, at this time NGC 412 is lost.
******************************
NGC 413 = MCG
-01-04-013 = PGC 4347
01 12 31.5 -02
47 37
V = 14.1; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 151d
17.5"
(8/4/97): very faint, diffuse glow located 1.3' SSE of a mag 13.5-14 star. The
galaxy is roundish and ~1' in diameter with little or no concentration. The star to the north is preceded by a
mag 14-14.5 star 1.4' W. The RNGC
identification at 01 12 31.5 -02
47 38 is probably incorrect and this number was deleted from DSFG.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 413 = LM II-301 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at Leander McCormick Observatory.
His very rough position (to nearest minute of RA and given as doubtful)
is 2 tmin west of MCG -01-04-013 = PGC 4347. This galaxy is not identified as NGC 413 in the MCG. RNGC misidentifies MCG -01-04-004, an
edge-on galaxy, as NGC 413.
******************************
NGC 414 = UGC
744 = CGCG 501-123 = IV Zw 39 = PGC 4254
01 11 17.6 +33
06 48
V = 13.5; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.0; PA = 35d
17.5"
(12/23/89): fairly faint, small, elongated NW-SE. Third of three with NGC 410 5' NW and NGC 407 8.4' W. NGC 414 consists of a merged pair of
compacts, though they were not resolved.
13"
(9/29/84): faint, thin streak NW-SE, weak concentration.
Herman Schultz
discovered NGC 414 = Nova IV on 15 Oct 1866 with the 9.6-inch refractor at
Uppsala Observatory. His micrometric
position matches UGC 744 = PGC 4254.
This appears to be the only galaxy in the NGC that Schultz was first to
discover. He independently
discovered NGC 20, but it was discovered earlier at Birr Castle. His GC 5096 [later NGC 90] was also
found earlier at Birr Castle (GC 40).
His GC 6153 [later NGC 7553] was discovered earlier (GC 4913) by LdR
assistant George Stoney and finally NGC 7571 is probably a duplicate of NGC
7597, discovered earlier by Albert Marth.
All of his other NGC objects are single or double stars.
This is a double
or merged system with two nuclei.
The companion on the southeast side is catalogued separately as PGC
93079. Based on Crossley
photographs at Lick Observatory, Heber Curtis described NGC 414 as "very
small, binuclear. The almost
stellar nuclei are 7" apart in p.a. 142¡."
******************************
NGC 415 = ESO
352-014 = MCG -06-03-024 = PGC 4161
01 10 05.7 -35
29 27
V = 13.5; Size 1.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 55d
17.5"
(10/4/97): extremely faint, small, slightly elongated, 30" diameter
(probably only viewed core).
Required averted vision at 280x and could not hold steadily. NGC 409 is located 20' SSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 415 = h2383 on 1 Sep 1834 and noted "vF, R, gbM,
20"." On a later he called it "vF, S, R, glbM, 15"."
Herschel's mean position matches
ESO 352-014.
******************************
NGC 416 = ESO
029-SC32 = Lindsay 83 = Kron 59
01 07 58.6 -72
21 19
V = 11.4; Size 1.1'
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x, this SMC cluster appeared
fairly bright, moderately large, round, 1.2' diameter. A mag 13 star lies 1'
N. Located in a rich faint star
field. Located 31' N of NGC 419
and 27' SE of the large, nebulous cluster NGC 371.
James Dunlop
possibly discovered NGC 416 = D 42 = D 43? = h2386 in Sep 1826 with his 9"
reflector and described a "round well-defined nebula, about 30"
diameter." His position is
13.5' SE of the cluster and with a number of other nearby entries that are
either spurious or with poor positions, this identification is uncertain. JH made 4 observations at the Cape with
the earliest on 11 Apr 1834 recording "F; S; R; 30". His other sweeps gave sizes up to
60" and his positions are accurate.
Herschel made no reference to the earlier Dunlop observations.
******************************
NGC 417 = ESO
541-024 = MCG -03-04-019 = PGC 4237
01 11 05.5 -18
08 54
V = 14.1; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 55d
17.5"
(10/4/97): extremely faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Can almost hold continuously with
averted vision after identified at 280x.
Very weak if any concentration.
No brighter stars in field.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 417 = LM II-300 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at the Leander McCormick Observatory. His RA is 0.4 min west of ESO 541-024, a close enough
match. This is a double system,
though Leavenworth missed the fainter northern component. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position
in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in
the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 418 = ESO
412-009 = MCG -05-04-002 = PGC 4189
01 10 35.5 -30
13 17
V = 12.6; Size 2.0'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 19d
17.5"
(11/6/93): very faint, slightly elongated, fairly small, 1.2' diameter, low
surface brightness though slight broad concentration, gradually fades into the
background. A mag 14 star is 2'
S. Located 7' S of a mag 10 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 418 = h2385 on 27 Sep 1834 and logged "not vF, pL, R, gbM,
60"." On a later sweep
he noted "F, R, vglbM, 40", the preceding of two [with NGC
423]." His mean position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 419 = ESO
029-SC33 = Lindsay 85
01 08 17.3 -72
53 02
V = 10.6; Size 2.6'
25"
(10/17/17 - OzSky): this SMC cluster appeared extremely bright, large, round,
2' diameter, strong concentration with a relatively large bright core. The halo was mottled but no individual
stars were resolved.
Lindsay 80,
located 8' NNW, appeared fairly faint, slightly elongated and irregular,
30"-35" diameter. A mag
13.8 star is at the west edge. A
mag 11 star is 1.6' SSE and a mag 11.3 star is 2.9' E.
30"
(11/6/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): very bright, large, impressive, large bright
core, fainter halo, 2' diameter.
Mottled and lively but not resolved. A mag 9 star lies 8' S and a mag 7 star lies 9' SE.
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): quite bright, fairly large, round,
1.8' diameter, moderately concentrated, granular but no resolution. Appears like an unresolved globular
cluster with a very symmetrical appearance although classified as a rich open
cluster. Located 9' NW of mag 7 HD
7187 and 7.5' N of mag 9 HD 6997.
James Dunlop
probably discovered NGC 419 = D 38 (and possibly D 39 and D44) = h2387 on 2 Sep
1826 with his 9" reflector at Parramatta, and recorded (for D 38) a
"very small oval nebula, a little brighter in the centre; a star of the
8th magnitude south." Dunlop
claimed two observations of D38, two of D39 and one of D44. His position for D38 is 7.8' SSE and
for D44 16' NE (Glen Cozens found a typo in the RA) of this SMC cluster. JH gives 4 observations in the Cape
catalogue, first recording the cluster on 11 Apr 1834 as "pB; pL; R; 2'.
Has two stars near". His
position and description is very accurate. Herschel gave a possible equivalence with D 36, though that
entry more likely applies to NGC 376.
******************************
NGC 420 = UGC
752 = MCG +05-03-083 = CGCG 501-127 = PGC 4320
01 12 09.6 +32
07 24
V = 12.1; Size 2.0'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(12/23/89): fairly faint, moderately large, round, bright core, large fainter
halo. Located 10' W of ·98 =
7.0/8.0 at 20".
William Herschel
discovered NGC 420 = H III-154 = h90, along with NGC 421 = III-155, on 12 Sep
1784 (sweep 268) and logged both as "Two. Both eF, vS. The following [NGC
421] is the largest." Dreyer
commented in the notes section: "Nothing said in the sweep about their
distance apart. John Herschel, d'Arrest (only once, in moonlight), an observer
at Birr Castle and Bigourdan have seen only one neb, no doubt the following
one." Corwin notes that
despite Herschel's comment that the following [NGC 421] is the largest,
"all the observers have assigned the preceding number (H III-154 = NGC 420)
to the object" here.
******************************
NGC 421
01 12 12 +32 07
=Not found,
Carlson.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 421 = H III-155, along with NGC 420 = III-154 on 12 Sep 1784
(sweep 268) and logged both as "Two. Both eF, vS. The following [NGC 421]
is the largest." Dreyer notes
there was no mention in the sweep of the separation between the objects and
that only a single galaxy was observed by JH, Bigourdan, and at Birr
Castle. Perhaps William Herschel
thought that NGC 420 was double?
In any case, although the original description seems to imply that NGC
421 should be the number of the single galaxy here, everyone has assigned NGC
420 to the galaxy. See Corwin's
notes for further discussion.
******************************
NGC 422 = NGC
411 = ESO 051-SC019 = Kron 60 = Lindsay 82
01 07 55.9 -71
46 00
V = 12.2; Size 1.9'
See observing
notes for NGC 411. The cluster
previously assumed to be NGC 422 is IC 1641 and my notes for this cluster are
copied below --
18"
(7/11/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): very faint, small, 30"
diameter, low surface brightness and no hint of resolution. Follows NGC 411 by 7' and forms the
eastern vertex of an equilateral triangle with NGC 411 and a mag 8 star 6'
SW. Observation made through thin
haze.
18" (7/6/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this faint SMC cluster is located 7'
following NGC 411. At 228x it
appeared as just a very faint knot, less than 1' diameter with a low surface
brightness and no resolution.
Located 5.5' NE of mag 8.6 HD 7031.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 422 in 1836 with his 20-foot (18") reflector and it was
included as #162 in his catalogue of "Stars, Nebulae, and Clusters in the
Nubecula Minor". His position
is 30 sec of RA west (very small offset at this declination) of ESO 051-SC022 =
Kron 65 = Lindsay 87, the faint cluster taken as NGC 422 by all modern sources
(ESO, NED, SIMBAD, etc).
But Harold
Corwin found that the entry #162 in "Stars, Nebulae, and Clusters in the
Nubecula Minor" actually derives from Herschel's second observation of NGC
411 = h2384 ("eF; pL; R; glbM 2'.") on sweep 745 (5 Nov 1836) but he
accidentally increased the RA by 1.0 tmin. So, NGC 411 has two entries in this table (both indicated as
deriving from a sweep with his 18") -- #162, which is 1.0 tmin too large,
and #157, which was copied correctly.
Entry #162 later acquired the numbers GC 231 and NGC 422. So, NGC 422 = NGC 411 with NGC 411 the
primary designation.
The cluster
previously assumed to be NGC 422 was later discovered by DeLisle Stewart on
plates taken in 1900 at Harvard's station in Arequipa, Peru and received the
designation IC 1641. Instead, IC
1641 has been misidentified as a very faint cluster (Hodge-Wright 62) just
following the real IC 1641. See
Corwin's notes for more.
******************************
NGC 423 = ESO
412-011 = MCG -05-04-004 = PGC 4266
01 11 22.2 -29
14 04
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 114d
17.5"
(11/6/93): very faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 ~E-W, even surface
brightness. Located 7' S of mag
9.3 SAO 166858.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 423 = h2388 on 14 Nov 1835 and recorded "vF, S, E,
glbM." Two sweeps later he
logged it as "eF, S, lE, 20", following of two [with NGC 418]."
His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 424 = ESO
296-004 = MCG -06-03-026 = PGC 4274
01 11 27.6 -38
05 01
V = 12.8; Size 1.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 60d
17.5"
(10/4/97): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 1.2'x0.6', brighter
core. NGC 438 lies 27' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 424 = h2389 on 30 Nov 1837 and logged "vF, S, R, glbM, 18
arcsec." His position matches
ESO 296-004 = PGC 4274.
******************************
NGC 425 = UGC
758 = MCG +06-03-023 = CGCG 520-026 = PGC 4379
01 13 02.6 +38
46 06
V = 12.6; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.5
17.5"
(8/16/93): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 NW-SE, 0.8'x0.6', fairly
even high surface brightness. A
mag 11 star is just off NW edge [29" from center].
Truman Safford
discovered NGC 425 = Sf 62 on 29 Oct 1866 with the 18.5" refractor at the
Dearborn Observatory and recorded "pS, pB, gar bM." ƒdouard Stephan (X-4) independently
found the galaxy on 11 Oct 1879 with the 31" reflector at the Marseille
Observatory and was credited with the discovery in the NGC, as Safford's
discovery list was published in 1887, too late to have been seen by Dreyer.
******************************
NGC 426 = UGC
760 = MCG +00-04-035 = CGCG 385-026 = PGC 4363
01 12 48.6 -00
17 25
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 140d
17.5"
(11/30/91): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated 4:3 NW-SE, prominent bright
core. First of trio with NGC 429
4' SE and NGC 430 3.5' NE.
Slightly fainter than NGC 430 but comparable in brightness.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 426 = H III-592 = h91, along with NGC 429, on 20 Dec 1786 (sweep
655) and logged "Three, the place is that of the last [NGC 430], which is
the largest and most north, F, S.
The next in size is about 2 or 3' sp [NGC 426], vF, vS. The last [NGC 429] is about 5' south of
the 1st; eF, eS, not verified."
******************************
NGC 427 = ESO
412-014 = MCG -05-04-007 = PGC 4333
01 12 19.2 -32
03 41
V = 14.1; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 0d
17.5"
(10/4/97): extremely faint, very small, round, 20" diameter (only core
viewed?). Required averted vision
and GSC finder chart to identify at 280x.
Located in a sparse field.
A couple of very faint nearby stars were not recorded.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 427 = h2390 on 25 Sep 1834 and recorded "Rather doubtful,
but I strongly incline to the suspicion of its being a vF neb with 2 vS stars
near it". On a second sweep
(#635) he noted "I believe it only 3 vF st, but yet there remains a
suspicion of nebulosity." His
position is just 1.3' S of ESO
412-014, despite the uncertain observations.
******************************
NGC 428 = UGC
763 = MCG +00-04-036 = CGCG 385-028 = PGC 4367
01 12 55.6 +00
58 54
V = 11.5; Size 4.1'x3.1'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 120d
24"
(12/22/14): bright, fairly large, elongated 4:3 ~NW-SE, mottled irregular
appearance, broad weak concentration.
With averted vision the halo increases in size to ~2.5'x2.0'. A quasi-stellar HII region, catalogued
in NED as UM 309 NED1 and NGC 428: [HK83] 44-46, occasionally pops as a very
small detached knot, ~6" diameter.
This is the brightest in a series of blue HII knots on the northwest
side of the outer core [45" WNW of center]. NGC 428 forms the southeast vertex of an isosceles triangle
with mag 8.7 HD 7208 6' W and mag 8.6 HD 7276 8' NNE. Mag 12.5 stars are 2' NW and 2' SSW [6" pair].
13.1" (9/3/86):
fairly bright, moderately large, oval ~N-S, weak concentration. A mag 13 star is at the NW edge 1.8'
from center. Forms the vertex of
an isosceles triangle with two mag 8.5 stars SAO 109728 and SAO 109733 6.0' W
and 6.0' NNE, respectively.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 428 = H II-622 on 20 Dec 1786 (sweep 655) and noted "F, R,
bM, easily resolvable."
Heinrich d'Arrest measured an accurate micrometric position on 30 and 31
Oct 1864.
******************************
NGC 429 = UGC
762 = MCG +00-04-037 = CGCG 385-027 = PGC 4368
01 12 57.4 -00
20 43
V = 13.4; Size 1.4'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 19d
17.5"
(11/30/91): faint, very small, slightly elongated, bright core. A mag 14 star is 1' N. Faintest of three with NGC 430 6' N and
NGC 426 4' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 429 = H III-593 = h92, along with NGC 426, on 20 Dec 1786 (sweep
655) and recorded "The last [NGC 429] is about 5' south of the 1st [NGC
430]; eF, eS, not verified."
******************************
NGC 430 = UGC
765 = MCG +00-04-039 = CGCG 385-029 = PGC 4376
01 13 00.0 -00
15 09
V = 12.5; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 155d
17.5"
(11/30/91): fairly faint, small, round, prominent small bright core, stellar
nucleus. A mag 14 star is 1'
SSW. Brightest in a group with NGC
429 6' S and NGC 426 3.5' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 430 = H II-447 = h93 on 1 Oct 1785 (sweep 448) and noted
"eF, vS, 240 confirmed it with difficulty but left no doubt." His position is accurate. The following year he found NGC 426 and
429, so his summary description reads "F, S. Two more near it. See
III.592.593 [NGC 426 and 429]."
******************************
NGC 431 = UGC
776 = MCG +05-04-002 = CGCG 501-132 = PGC 4437
01 14 04.5 +33
42 15
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 20d
17.5"
(12/23/89): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE, bright core,
stellar nucleus. Located 2.5' SW
of a mag 10.5 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 431 = h95 on 22 Nov 1827 and recorded "F; S;
vsbM". His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 432 = ESO
113-022 = PGC 4290
01 11 46.3 -61
31 40
V = 12.9; Size 1.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 126d
25"
(10/15/17 - OzSky): at 397x; fairly faint, small, round, 25". Contains a small bright nucleus that
gradually increases to a faint stellar peak. Located 35' NE of mag 5.35 Iota Tucanae. NGC 432 is the brightest member of the
unstudied cluster ACO S137 (distance ~365 million l.y., richness class 0).
I didn't make a
careful survey of possible cluster members but picked up the following two
galaxies: PGC 127867, situated 9.5' WSW, appeared faint, very small, round,
12" diameter. A mag 11.0 star is 2.4' ENE. ESO 113-019, located 10.2' WNW, appeared extremely faint,
very small, round, 12" diameter, low surface brightness.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 432 = h2391 on 6 Oct 1834 and logged "F, S, R." No position was determined on that
sweep. On a later sweep he noted
"pF, S, R, gbM, 15 arcseconds, has a star 12th mag following" and
commented the "place is liable to some error".
******************************
NGC 433 = Stock
22 = OCL-319 = Lund 41
01 15 09 +60 07
36
Size 3'
24"
(1/4/14): the most distinctive part of this cluster is a mag 9.3 star
surrounded by a 2' cloud (mostly south) of ~15 mag 13-14 stars. A mag 11 star is at the NW corner, a
50" pair of mag 11 stars is at the SE end and a mag 11.5 star is at the SW
corner. A small string of stars
extends from the mag 9.3 star to the southwest.
17.5"
(8/16/93): 30 stars mag 10-14 in a 6' triangular outline although very few
stars are inside the triangle. The
mag 10 star at the north vertex is surrounded (mostly on the south side) by a
rich subgroup of faint stars,
including at least three close multiple systems. Mag 8.7 SAO 22122 is just south of the
triangle and 8' SSW of the mag 10 star in the cluster.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 433 = h94 on 29 Sep 1829 and described a "star 8m the chief
of a small loose cluster." The mag 9.3 star is on the north side of the
cluster. Robert Ball observed the cluster using the 72" at Birr Castle and
logged "Loose CL. consisting of 50 or 60 stars of various sizes from about
8 mag down."
******************************
NGC 434 = ESO
113-023 = AM 0110-583 = KTS 8A = PGC 4325
01 12 14.2 -58
14 51
V = 12.0; Size 2.1'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 6d
25"
(10/15/17 - OzSky): at 397x; bright, moderately large, oval 4:3 or 3:2 N-S,
~1.25'x0.9'. Sharply concentrated
with a bright, elongated core enclosing a round, intensely bright nucleus. The halo has a subtle but definite
uneven surface brightness.
Brightest in a trio (KTS 8) with NGC 440 5' SE and NGC 434A 3.2'
NE. A mag 11.8 star is midway
between NGC 434 and 440. Located
37' SSE of mag 6.4 HD 7082.
NGC 434A
appeared extremely faint, very small, round, 12", very low surface
brightness. This galaxy is a thin
edge-on with very faint curving arms similar to the Integral Sign galaxy, but
only the core was noticed.
Faintest in a trio (KTS 8) and situated 3.2' NE of NGC 434.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 434 = h2392 on 28 Oct 1834 and logged "B, R, psbM, 40"
dia." His position is
accurate (2 sweeps).
******************************
NGC 435 = UGC
779 = MCG +00-04-046 = CGCG 385-035 = PGC 4434
01 13 59.9 +02
04 18
V = 14.2; Size 1.1'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 20d
17.5" (12/23/92):
very faint, very small, round, low even surface brightness. A mag 14 star is just off the WSW edge
20" from the center. Located
midway between mag 8.5 SAO 109745 2.5' SSW and mag 10.5 2.5' N. NGC 445 lies 15' SE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 435 = m 36 on 23 Oct 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
noted "eF, S, E". His
position is 2' N of UGC 779 = PGC 4434.
******************************
NGC 436 = Cr 11
= Mel 6 = OCL-320
01 15 58 +58 49
00
V = 8.8; Size 6'
24"
(1/4/14): at 200x, ~50 stars are resolved in a rich, 4' group that is
well-detached and distinctive. The
main group is confined within a triangular outline with a mag 10.9 star at the
S end, a mag 12 star at the W end and a mag 11.5 star at the N end. Contains a very rich central region
~1.5' diameter and includes STI 1550, a close triple with components
11.2/11.3/11.8 at 9" and 12".
Another uncatalogued pair is just 0.6' S of STI 1550. Two mag 9.5/10 stars are collinear to
the east of the mag 10.9 star at the south end.
17.5" (8/16/93):
40 stars mag 10-15 in 4' diameter.
Includes a rich 1.5' region with 15 stars with a nice triple star in a
tight equilateral triangle. Other
brighter stars in this grouping form a pentagon outline. Three equally spaced mag 9-10 stars
oriented E-W begin just off the south side. Several sprays of stars emanate out in various directions
from the central region.
17.5"
(11/2/91): fairly bright and compact, ~30 stars mag 9-14 at 220x in a 4' diameter, distinctive group. Just north of center is a tight triple
star with 4th star to E, also second trio of stars is close south. A mag 9 star near the south edge is
collinear with two mag 9 stars 2' SE and 4' SE all equally spaced.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 436 = H VII-45 on 3 Nov 1787 (sweep 774). His summary description is "a
small pretty compressed cluster of stars, not rich, iF, like a forming
one." The NGC position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 437 = UGC
788 = MCG +01-04-005 = CGCG 411-009 = PGC 4464
01 14 22.3 +05
55 37
V = 12.8; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 130d
17.5"
(11/30/91): fairly faint, small, round, small bright core, stellar
nucleus. A mag 13.5 star is 1.1'
NW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 437 = Sw V-11 on 22 Oct 1886 with the 16" refractor at the
Warner Observatory. His position
is 8 tsec west of UGC 788 = PGC 4464 and his description "F * nr np"
applies to this galaxy. Kolbold
later measured an accurate position at the Strasbourg Observatory.
******************************
NGC 438 = ESO
296-007 = MCG -06-03-029 = PGC 4406
01 13 34.2 -37
54 06
V = 12.8; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 126d
17.5"
(10/4/97): faint, fairly small, round, 40" diameter, weak even
concentration. Situated just
following the midpoint of two mag 13 stars 3.1' SSE and 2.8' NNE. NGC 424 lies 27' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 438 = h2393 on 1 Sep 1834.
On one sweep he called this nebula "vF" and another time
"pB". His mean position matches ESO 296-007 = PGC 4406.
******************************
NGC 439 = ESO
412-018 = MCG -05-04-015 = PGC 4423
01 13 47.2 -31
44 51
V = 11.5; Size 2.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 156d
24"
(9/15/12): at 175x appeared fairly bright, moderately large, oval 4:3 NNW-SSE,
1.5'x1.2', increases to a bright core.
Brightest in
cluster ACO S141 = Klemola 1 with NGC 441 2.6' SSE, MCG -05-04-018 7' SE and a
trio of MCGs (-011/-012/-013) 5' SW.
MCG -05-04-018 appeared fairly faint, fairly small, oval 3:2 E-W,
24"x16" and the small trio of MCGs were all extremely to very faint,
round, 12" to 18" diameter.
17.5"
(11/6/93): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 4:3 NNW-SSE, 1.5'x1.2',
broad concentration. A mag 13.5
star is 2.3' SW and a mag 14 star is 2.2' SE of center. Brighter of a pair with NGC 441 2.5'
SSE. Located 11' NE of mag 8.2 SAO
192988. This is the brightest
member of ACO S141.
8"
(1/1/84): very faint, small, round.
Can just hold steadily with averted vision. A mag 8 star is 10' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 439 = h2394 (along with NGC 441 = h2395) on 27 Sep 1834 and
logged "pB, R, bM, 20 arcseconds." His mean position from 2 sweeps is accurate.
******************************
NGC 440 = ESO
113-025 = AM 0110-583 = KTS 8C = PGC 4361
01 12 48.5 -58
16 56
V = 13.2; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 45d
25"
(10/15/17 - OzSky): at 397x; moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1
SW-NE, 0.6'x0.3', well concentrated with a very small bright core and much
fainter extensions. Second
brightest in a trio (KTS 8) with NGC 434 5' NW and NGC 434A 5' NW. A mag 11.8 star is 2.3' WNW, midway to
NGC 434 and a mag 10.8 star is 2.8' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 440 = h2396 on 27 Sep 1834 and logged "F, S, R, 15"
dia." His position (typo
corrected at the end of the Cape of Good Hope catalog) matches ESO 113-25 = PGC
4361.
******************************
NGC 441 = ESO
412-019 = MCG -05-04-016 = PGC 4429
01 13 51.1 -31
47 19
V = 12.7; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 135d
24"
(9/15/12): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 4:2 WSW-ENE, bright
core, increases to the center. A
mag 14 star lies 1.2' NE. Second
brightest member of ACO S141 with NGC 439 2,6' NNW.
17.5"
(11/6/93): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, weak
concentration. A mag 14 star is
1.3' NE. Forms a close pair with
NGC 439 2.5' NNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 441 = h2395 (along with NGC 439 = h2394) on 27 Sep 1834 and
recorded "vF; S; R; gbM."
His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 442 = UGC
789 = MCG +00-04-054 = CGCG 385-041 = PGC 4484
01 14 38.7 -01 01
14
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 157d
13.1"
(9/3/86): Located 3.9' SW of 38 Ceti (V = 5.7). Fairly faint, small, bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 450.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 442 = Sw V-12 on 21 Oct 1886 with the 16" refractor at the
Warner Observatory. His position
is 11 seconds of RA west and 15" south of UGC 789 = PGC 4484. His description mentions "B *
sf", but the mag 5.7 star is actually northeast.
******************************
NGC 443 = IC
1653 = UGC 796 = MCG +05-04-005 = CGCG 502-010 = PGC 4512
01 15 07.5 +33
22 38
V = 13.0; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.3
17.5"
(9/19/87): fairly faint, small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus. Located 20' NNW of NGC 447. Identified as IC 1653 in the UGC and
CGCG.
Heinrich d'Arrest
discovered NGC 443 = Au 10 = Big. 114 on 8 Oct 1861 with the 11-inch Fraunhofer
refractor in Copenhagen. There is
nothing at his single position, but he measured a mag 15 star that he placed
8.3 seconds of time directly west.
UGC 796 is 9' due north of his position and 8 seconds west of this
galaxy is a very faint star, matching d'Arrest's description. So, this identification is
certain. Bigourdan measured an
accurate position and noted d'Arrest's error in the remarks section of his
second Comptes Rendus list (1887).
Stephane Javelle
independently discovered the galaxy on 17 Oct 1903 with the 30-inch refractor
at the Nice Observatory, placed it accurately, and Dreyer recatalogued J. 3-849
as IC 1653. UGC, MCG (+05-04-005)
and CGCG (502-010) label this galaxy IC 1653, although the primary designation
should be NGC 443. Malcolm Thomson
noted this error in his unpublished "CGCG Corrections".
******************************
NGC 444 = IC
1658 = UGC 810 = MCG +05-04-007 = CGCG 502-015 = PGC 4561
01 15 49.6 +31
04 50
V = 14.3; Size 1.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 157d
17.5"
(12/23/89): extremely faint, fairly small, very elongated 4:1 NNW-SSE. A mag 11 star is 3' ESE. Forms a pair with NGC 452 6' SE. Appears fainter than the CGCG
magnitude.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 444 on 26 Oct 1854 with Lord Rosse's 72" at Birr Castle
while observing NGC 452. The first
description reads "vvF ray, elongated NW-SE, without nucleus." The NGC RA is 28 sec too small but
Mitchell's description and sketch clearly identifies NGC 444 = UGC 810 =
4561. Javelle independently
discovered the galaxy on 17 Oct 1903 with the 30" refractor at Nice,
assumed it was new and placed it correctly in paper 3-851 (later 1658). So, NGC 444 = IC 1658 with discovery
priority to Mitchell.
******************************
NGC 445 = CGCG
385-047 = PGC 4493
01 14 52.6 +01
55 03
V = 14.1; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 135d
17.5"
(12/23/92): faint, very small, round, broad concentration. On a line between a mag 12 star 0.9' WNW
and a mag 11 star 1.9' ESE. NGC
435 lies 15' NW. UGC 791 6.3' SW
not seen.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 445 = m 37 on 23 Oct 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
reported "vF, vS". His
position matches CGCG 385-047 = PGC 4493.
This galaxy is not included in the MCG, although MCG +00-04-052, located
6.3' SW, is listed as possibly NGC 445.
******************************
NGC 446 = IC 89
= UGC 818 = MCG +01-04-012 = CGCG 411-016 = PGC 4578
01 16 03.6 +04
17 38
V = 12.4; Size 2.0'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(12/23/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 NW-SE, prominent sharp
bright core with a nearly stellar nucleus. This galaxy is identified as IC 89 in UGC, CGCG and RC3. NGC 446 lies 19' WSW and NGC 462 is 30'
ESE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 446 = m 38 on 23 Oct 1864 with Lassell's 48-inch on Malta and
recorded "F, vS, stellar".
There is nothing at Marth's position but Corwin suggests NGC 446 = UGC
818 = PGC 4578, located exactly 1.0 min of RA east of Marth's position. Javelle independently discovered this
galaxy on 20 Aug 1892 with the 30-inch refractor at Nice, placed it correctly,
and it was catalogued again as IC 89.
UGC, CGCG, MCG and RC3 use IC 89 as the primary designation for this galaxy. Karl Reinmuth also makes the
equivalence NGC 446 = IC 89 and gives the IC position. UGC, CGCG (411-010) and RNGC identify
UGC 794 = PGC 4494 as NGC 446.
This galaxy is located 13 sec of RA east and 7' north of UGC 794, which
would require random errors in both directions by Marth instead of a single
digit error.
******************************
NGC 447 = IC
1656 = UGC 804 = MCG +05-04-006 = CGCG 502-013 = PGC 4550
01 15 37.6 +33
04 04
V = 14.0; Size 2.2'x2.2'; Surf Br = 15.5
17.5"
(9/19/87): very faint, very small, round.
A mag 15 star is involved at the southeast end. In a group with NGC 449 and NGC
451. Incorrectly identified as NGC
449 in the RNGC, CGCG, UGC.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 447 = Au 11 on 8 Oct 1861with the 11-inch Fraunhofer
refractor in Copenhagen. His
position (measured on 4 nights) is accurate and he noted the mag 11 star that
follows by 9.2 seconds of RA and 110" north as well as an involved star
about 18-19th magnitude (the star is closer to mag 15). Auwers included this discovery in his
1862 list of 50 new nebulae.
Barnard
independently found this galaxy visually, along with NGC 451, on 25 Oct 1888
using the 12-inch refractor at Lick Observatory. He noted the "nebula is s.p. comparison star [mag 6 HD
7578] and close n.p. a small star.
A 9 1/2m star is s.f. 3'+/- [should read n.f.], a 12m star is s.f.
1/4'." His offset in RA from
the bright star (~40 seconds of time) matches NGC 447, though his declination
is 1.4' too far north (similar offset as IC 1661 = NGC 451). He reported the discovery directly to
Dreyer who recatalogued it as IC 1656.
So, NGC 447 = IC 1656. In Barnard's notebook, he later added the comment
"This is NGC 447. The star is
wrongly located in NGC." See
NGC 443 = IC 1653 and NGC 451 = IC 1661 for more duplicate IC entries.
Based on the NGC
positions, the RNGC has reversed the identifications of NGC 447 and NGC 449
whose correct orientations should be SW-NE. UGC and CGCG misidentify NGC 447 = PGC 4550 as NGC 449 = IC
1656 and NGC 449 is misidentified as IC 1661 in CGCG. MCG identifies these galaxies correctly. These errors were noted in my RNGC
Corrections #3 and Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 448 = UGC
801 = MCG +00-04-060 = CGCG 385-051 = PGC 4524
01 15 16.5 -01
37 35
V = 12.1; Size 1.6'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 116d
17.5"
(10/5/91): fairly bright, fairly small, elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE, brighter along
major axis, bright core, high surface brightness.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 448 = Sw IV-5 on 2 Sep 1886 with the 16" refractor at the
Warner Observatory. His position
is just 5 tsec of RA east and 33" S of UGC 801 = PGC 4524.
******************************
NGC 449 = MCG
+05-04-009 = CGCG 502-018 = Mrk 1 = PGC 4587
01 16 07.2 +33
05 22
V = 14.2; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(9/19/87): very faint, very small, round, bright core. Forms a close pair with NGC 451 1.9'
SE. Located 2.9' SW of mag 6.0 SAO
54567. Incorrectly listed as NGC
447 in RNGC and IC 1661 in CGCG.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 449 = St XII-11 on 11 Nov 1881 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory. Stephan's
original published position matches CGCG 502-018 = PGC 4587, although the RA is
slightly off in the NGC. The RNGC
misidentifies NGC 447 as NGC 449 (reversing the identifications of NGC 447 and
NGC 449. CGCG labels NGC 449 as IC
1661. Although it is possible that IC 1661 (discovered by Barnard) is a
duplicate observation of NGC 449, Corwin feels it is more likely that IC 1661
is a duplicate of NGC 451. See
RNGC Corrections #3 and Thomson's "CGCG Corrections".
******************************
NGC 450 = UGC
806 = MCG +00-04-062 = CGCG 385-052 = PGC 4540
01 15 30.4 -00
51 40
V = 11.5; Size 3.1'x2.3'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 72d
48"
(10/22/11): at 610x this double system is dominated by NGC 450, which appeared
bright, large, 2.3' diameter. Sharply concentrated with a relatively large
30" bright core, surrounded by a very large, low surface brightness
halo. The halo is slightly
asymmetric and more extensive on the west side.
Three faint
"stars" are superimposed on the east side of the galaxy; two appeared
stellar, but the faintest and most westerly object was clearly "soft"
at 610x. These are apparently HII
knots in the galaxy and the southeast object is listed in NED as UM 311 from
the University of Michigan Emission Line Survey.
NGC 450 has a
very close companion, UGC 807, which is attached at the northeast side of the
halo, 1.4' between centers. UGC
807 appeared fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 SW-NE, 0.7'x0.3', even
surface brightness except for a very small brighter nucleus. Despite the fact that UGC 807 appears
to form a double system, the companion has a redshift that is over 6x greater
than NGC 450, so they are a line-of-sight pair.
13.1"
(9/3/86): very large, diffuse, broad concentration, slightly elongated. Located 12.5' NE of 38 Ceti.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 450 = H III-440 on 1 Oct 1785 (sweep 448) and logged as
"vF, vL, requires great attention." His RA was 25 tsec too large, but Heinrich d'Arrest provided
an accurate position used in the NGC.
This system is a noninteracting spiral pair with the companion (UGC 807)
over 6 times as distant.
******************************
NGC 451 = IC
1661 = MCG +05-04-011 = CGCG 502-019 = Mrk 976 = PGC 4594
01 16 12.4 +33
03 51
V = 13.9; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.5
17.5"
(9/19/87): very faint, very small, oval.
Located 3.3' SSW of mag 6.0 SAO 54567! Forms a close pair with NGC 449 1.9' NW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 451 = St XII-12 on 10 Nov 1881 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory. His
position matches CGCG 502-019 = PGC 4594. Barnard independently found this galaxy visually,
along with NGC 447, on 25 Oct 1888 using the 12-inch refractor at Lick
Observatory. He noted it was 6
seconds of time preceding his comparison star (mag 6 HD 7578) and called it
"vvF, S, R." The
rediscovery was sent directly to Dreyer who recatalogued it as IC 1661, though
his declination is 1.2' too far north (similar error with IC 1656 = NGC 447). Barnard later wrote in pen in his
notebook that "This is NGC 451". CGCG labels this galaxy IC 1661, though NGC 451 should be
the primary designation.
******************************
NGC 452 = VV 430
= UGC 820 = MCG +05-04-010 = CGCG 502-020 =PGC 4596
01 16 14.8 +31
02 02
V = 12.6; Size 2.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 43d
17.5"
(12/23/89): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated SW-NE, bright core. Located 3.2' SE of a mag 10.5
star. Forms a pair with NGC 444 6'
NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 452 = h96 on 22 Nov 1827 and reported "vF; E; a ....and a S
* nf at the extremity of the nebula." Part of the description is not readable on my photocopy of
Herschel's catalogue but his position is accurate and a star is superimposed at
the NE end. The field was observed
7 times using Lord Rosse's 72".
R.J. Mitchell's observation on 3 Nov 1855 reads "mE, pB nucleus and
a star in north end; np. this neb. is a star of the 9th mag, and about the same
distance preceding this star is another neb., vF, mE [NGC 444].
******************************
NGC 453
01 16 17.4 +33
00 51
=***, Corwin.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 453 = St XII-13 on 10 Nov 1881 (same night he discovered NGC
451) with the 31" reflector at the Marseille Observatory. His position corresponds with a
collinear triple star 2.2' SSE of NGC 451. The triple is cleanly resolved on
the DSS. It is very possible the
two brighter (northern) stars were unresolved (nebulous) to Stephan.
******************************
NGC 454 = ESO
151-036 = PGC 4468
01 14 23.0 -55
23 54
V = 12.3; Size 1.8'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.5
25"
(10/15/17 - OzSky): NGC 454 was resolved into a neat contact double system at
244x [28" separation between centers], though better viewed at 397x. The main component is on the east side
and appeared moderately bright, fairly small, elongated ~2:1 E-W,
~50"x25". At 397x it was
sharply concentrated with an extremely high surface brightness elongated core
and stellar nucleus. The interacting companion, PGC 4461, appears as an
appendage, poking out of the southwest side and was easily seen at 397x. It
appeared faint or fairly faint, small, probably elongated ~3:2 N-S,
~20"x14". On the DSS,
this galaxy is highly disrupted with plumes and knots. A mag 11.9 star lies 1.6' NNW. Situated 4.7' WSW of mag 8.3 HD 7597.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 454 = h2397 on 5 Oct 1834 and logged "vF, S, R, bM, 15
arcsec." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 455 = Arp
164 = UGC 815 = MCG +01-04-011 = CGCG 411-015 = PGC 4572
01 15 57.6 +05
10 43
V = 12.6; Size 1.9'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 165d
17.5"
(10/5/91): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, bright core. Located 2.5' NW of a mag 10.5 star.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 455 = m 39 on 27 Oct 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
logged "F, vS, alm stell".
His position is 1' N of UGC 815 = PGC 4572
******************************
NGC 456 =
SMC-N83A = ESO 029-SC38 = Kron 65 = Lindsay 94
01 13 44.4 -73
17 26
Size 5'
18" (7/6/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is the first of an unusual chain of
three nebulous clusters with NGC 460 and NGC 465 within 10'. The best view of the entire group was
at 171x using an UHC filter. At
220x the largest in the trio is NGC 456, appearing as a roundish 3' glow with a
very small knot embedded in the SE end (SMC-N83A). A few stars are superimposed (Hodge Association 61) on the
glow. NGC 460 lies 4' ESE. Visible in 10x30 IS binoculars.
James Dunlop
probably discovered NGC 456 = D 7
= h2399 on 1 Aug 1826 with his 9" reflector and described "a faint
round nebula, 35" diameter, with a small star near the south margin, but
not involved." D10 is
possibly a duplicate observation - the description is similar "an
elliptical nebula, about 1' long and 40" broad, with three minute stars in
it." and the position is 20' ENE of NGC 456. JH observed this object on at least 3 sweeps from the Cape
as the first of 3 nebulous clusters with NGC 460 (observed 4 times) and NGC 465
(recorded once). In addition it
appears that h2398, which did not enter the GC or NGC is a 4th observation of
h2399 = NGC 456 but with a poor RA.
Herschel equated D 7 with h2399.
******************************
NGC 457 = Cr 12
= Mel 7 = OCL-321
01 19 33 +58 17
30
V = 6.4; Size 13'
17.5"
(9/19/87): ~150 stars in a beautiful cluster including mag 5 Phi 1 (likely a foreground
star) and mag 7 Phi 2 Cassiopeiae.
Includes many mag 14-15 stars.
8"
(1/1/84): ~75 stars in cluster at 100x.
6: striking
bird-shape with two prominent "arms". One of my favorite objects in this scope at 36x.
15x50mm
(7/26/06): the cluster was slightly resolved in IS binoculars.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 457 = H VII-42 = h97 on 18 Oct 1787 (sweep 769) and described
"A star [Phi Cass]. About 50
seconds preceding is a cluster of small scattered stars, not very rich." JH recorded "a double star 10m,
pos 324.5¡, dist 12", in the midst of a p rich L cl which fills the
field. The stars are 10m; one of 7
and 1 of 8m in the sf part."
By analyzing
William Herschel's early "reviews" of bright stars (before his
systematic sweeps), Wolfgang Steinicke recently found (email Oct '16) that
Herschel first discovered the cluster on 12 Oct 1782 using his 6.2"
reflector.
******************************
NGC 458 = ESO
051-SC026 = Lindsay 96
01 14 54 -71 32
54
V = 11.7
18" (7/6/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this cluster is an outlying member of the
SMC to the NE of the main body and 70' SE of NGC 362. At 228x, it appears fairly bright, small, 1.5'-2' diameter,
brighter core, slightly elongated.
The surface brightness is irregular with some mottling but there was no
apparent resolution. Three mag 10
stars are on the SW edge of the field, 10' from the cluster.
James Dunlop
probably discovered NGC 458 = D 60 = h2401 on 6 Sep 1826 with his 9"
reflector from Parramatta and described "a round well-defined nebula,
gradually brighter to the centre, about 25" diameter." He made a
single observation (no others nearby) and his position is 12' too far
east. JH made 2 observations,
recording on 12 Aug 1834 "F, L, R, vgbM, 4' dia." Herschel noted the equivalence with D
60.
******************************
NGC 459 = UGC
832 = MCG +03-04-017 = CGCG 459-024 = PGC 4665
01 18 08.1 +17
33 44
V = 14.4; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 14.1
17.5"
(8/16/93): extremely faint, very small, round, very low even surface brightness. A mag 14 star is 1' SE. Located 5' WSW of two mag 10/11.5
stars.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 459 = H III-205 on 15 Oct 1784 (sweep 291) and described as
"eF, 240 left a doubt, though it rather confirmed it. I perceived it in
counting a field, otherwise I should never have suspected it." WH's position for III-205 is 01 18.2
+17 39 which is 7' north of UGC 832 = PGC 4665, and this is the only nearby
candidate.
******************************
NGC 460 =
SMC-N84A = ESO 029-SC39 = Kron 66 = Lindsay 97
01 14 41 -73 17
50
V = 12.5; Size 1.8'
18" (7/6/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is the second of three SMC clusters
with NGC 456 and NGC 465 in a chain.
At 128x and UHC filter, two close nebulous patches roughly oriented
NW-SE were visible, separated by a dusky lane oriented SW-NE. The total diameter is ~2.5'. The northwest component, which
corresponds with John Herschel's position, has a very small knot or star
(SMC-N84A) at the south end.
The fainter
southeast section has some stars involved (Lindsay 97), including mag 12.5 Sk
155, a massive O9-type star and mag 14.2 SMC-N84B, an emission-line
"star" [resolved by HST as a compact HII knot]. Located 4' ESE of NGC 456 with NGC 465
a similar distance southeast. A mag 10 star is close north.
James Dunlop
possibly discovered NGC 460 = D 8? = h2402 in 1826 with his 9" reflector
and described a "a small oval nebula, about 10" diameter" and
his position is just 2' NE of this nebulous cluster. The close match in position might be a pure coincidence
given Dunlop's poor positions.
In any case,
this SMC cluster/nebula was discovered by JH on 11 Apr 1834 and observed on 4
sweeps. Described as the second of
three nebulous clusters with NGC 456 (observed 3 times) and NGC 465 (observed
once). JH placed h2402 at a mean
position of 01 14 40 -73 18.2 (2000) and this position was used in the GC and
NGC. Nevertheless, the declination
given in RNGC, Deep Sky Field Guide (first edition only), NGC 2000.0 and Uranometria
2000 Atlas (first edition only) is one degree too far north. The declination given in ESO is
correct.
******************************
NGC 461 = ESO
352-033 = PGC 4636
01 17 20.4 -33
50 28
V = 13.4; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 23d
17.5"
(10/4/97): very faint, small, round, 30" diameter, low surface brightness,
no concentration. Lies in a barren
field with a mag 13 star 3.3' SW.
Incorrect position in RNGC and on U2000 atlas.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 461 = h2400 on 25 Sep 1834 and recorded "pB, R, glbM, 20
arcseconds". There is nothing
at his position but 30' S is ESO 352-033 = PGC 4636. He noted in his observation that because he was not able to
relocate this galaxy he probably made an error in the declination. So, h2400 =
ESO 352-033 = PGC 4636. The RNGC
position is 1.1 tmin too far W and 7' S (17' SW) of this galaxy and it is
plotted incorrectly on the first edition of Uranometria 2000. MCG (-06-04-002) missed assigning the
NGC number.
******************************
NGC 462 = PGC
4667
01 18 10.9 +04
13 34
Size 0.4'x0.4'
17.5"
(12/23/92): extremely faint and small, round, visible continuously with averted
vision. A mag 13.5 star is 2.5'
S. The galaxy is almost collinear
with mag 9.2 SAO 109796 5' SE and mag 9.1 SAO 109798 10.5' SE. IC 89 lies 30' WNW.
Albert Marth discovered
NGC 462 = m 40 on 23 Oct 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and logged
"eF, vS, stellar". His
position is accurate. This galaxy
is not included in the CGCG, MCG, RC3 and UGC.
******************************
NGC 463 = UGC
840 = MCG +03-04-019 = CGCG 459-025 = PGC 4719
01 18 58.2 +16
19 33
V = 14.3; Size 1.1'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 4d
17.5"
(12/23/92): very faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE, very small
brighter core, extremely faint extensions. NGC 473 lies 20' NE.
ƒdouard Stephan discovered
NGC 463 = St III-1 on 16 Dec 1871 with the 31" reflector at the Marseille
Observatory. His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 464
01 19 26.7 +34
57 20
=** or asterism
of 4*, Gottlieb. Unlikely
identification in the RNGC.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 464 with the 11" refractor at the Arcetri Observatory,
Italy, and recorded it in list V at 01 19 33 +34 57.7 (2000). According to Bigourdan who searched for
NGC 464, Tempel's entry may refer to a small asterism of four stars close
northeast. But just 1' W of his
position is a 9" pair of mag 14 stars with a mean position of 01 19 26.7
+34 57 20 (2000). Interestingly,
my observing notes with the 17.5" indicate that I thought the close faint
double could possibly be a non-stellar object!
RNGC and PGC
misidentify PGC 4721 as NGC 464.
This extremely faint galaxy is located just 6' W of the NGC position and
is missing in the CGCG, MCG and UGC.
But Corwin mentions that although Tempel included this object in his 5th
list, the original observation was made by the BD observers with a 78mm
refractor and hence the faint RNGC candidate is not plausible. Listed in my
RNGC Corrections #5.
******************************
NGC 465 = ESO
029-SC040 = Kron 67 = Lindsay 99
01 15 42.7 -73
19 27
V = 11.5; Size 4'
18" (7/6/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is the last in a chain of interesting
knots and clusters including NGC 456, NGC 460nw and 460se. At 171x it appears as a 4' curving
chain of stars (Hodge Association 63) with no central concentration situated 4'
following NGC 460. There is
possibly some faint haze involved or this is just dim stars (no significant
nebulosity shows on the Red DSS 2 image).
The entire complex of stars and nebulosity is ~10' in length and
fascinating in a 171x field (29').
James Dunlop
probably discovered NGC 465 = D 9 = h2404 on 1 Aug 1826 with his 9"
reflector and described "a faint nebula, about 1 1/2' diameter, of an
irregular round figure. His
position is 6' E of this SMC cluster.
JH observed the cluster on 4 Oct 1836 and described it as the third of
three "in an irregular line of loose stars and nebula." This object was only recorded on one
sweep, though while NGC 456 and 460 were recorded 3 or 4 times.
******************************
NGC 466 = ESO
113-034 = AM 0115-591 = LGG 019-004 = PGC 4632
01 17 13.4 -58
54 36
V = 12.6; Size 1.8'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 103d
25"
(10/15/17 - OzSky): at 244x and 397x; moderately bright, fairly small, round,
0.6' diameter. Gradually increases
to a small brighter nucleus and a stellar peak. An extremely low surface brightness outer halo was not seen
at higher power. Collinear with a
mag 11.7 star 3.5' N and a mag 12.2 star 9' N.
ESO 113-035,
located 16' NE, appeared fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated N-S,
0.5'x0.4', broad concentration.
Situated within a group of stars including a mag 11.7 star 2.7' NNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 466 = h2403 on 3 Oct 1836 and logged "vF, R, gbM, 30"
dia." His position matches
ESO 113-034 = PGC 4632. RNGC
classifies this galaxy as an "unverified southern object".
******************************
NGC 467 = UGC
848 = MCG +00-04-079 = CGCG 385-065 = KTG 5A = PGC 4736
01 19 10.1 +03
18 02
V = 11.9; Size 1.7'x1.7'; Surf Br = 12.9
24"
(1/12/13): bright, moderately large, round, 1.2' diameter, sharply concentrated
with a relatively large high surface brightness core that increases to a very
small, very bright nucleus.
Located 3.5' WNW of mag 7.5 HD 7991. First in a trio with NGC 470 and 474 to the northeast. CGCG 385-068 (which has a similar
redshift) lies 6.8' SE.
13.1"
(8/24/84): moderately bright, slightly brighter core.
13.1"
(11/13/82): fairly faint, small, round, weak concentration. Collinear with mag 8.1 SAO 109805 3.6'
ESE at midpoint and mag 10 SAO 109809 6.9' ESE. NGC 470 is 11' NE and NGC 474 15' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 467 = H I-108 = h99 on 8 Oct 1785 (sweep 462) and logged "cB, vL, iR, preceding a very
bright star." Heinrich
d'Arrest measured an accurate micrometric position.
******************************
NGC 468 = NGC
472 = UGC 870 = MCG +05-04-022 = CGCG 502-034 = PGC 4833
01 20 28.7 +32
42 32
V = 13.0; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.0
See observing
notes for NGC 472.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 468 = h98 on 22 Nov 1827 and recorded "vF; eS;
stellar." His position is
3.6' south of IC 92 = CGCG 502-029 = PGC 4780, and this galaxy has been assumed
to be NGC 468 until recently.
In March 2015,
Harold Corwin checked JH's observing logs (in response to an inquiry from Courtney
Seligman about the identity), and found he made an error in reducing the
position of NGC 468 by 37 seconds in RA (recording the wrong wire). Once corrected for an additional 37
seconds, the position of h98 = NGC 468 is a close match with UGC 870 -- a
significantly brighter galaxy than IC 92.
Heinrich d'Arrest independently discovered this galaxy on 29 Aug 1862,
measured an accurate position, and it was catalogued as NGC 472. So, NGC 468 = NGC 472. By historical discovery, the primary
designation should be NGC 468, but this galaxy has been known only as NGC 472
up to this time. See Corwin's
notes for the full story.
******************************
NGC 469 = MCG
+02-04-023 = CGCG 436-024 = Holm 39a = PGC 4753
01 19 32.9 +14
52 19
V = 14.7; Size 0.7'x0.5'
17.5"
(11/30/91): faint, small, round, weak concentration. Located 5.1' NNE of mag 8.6 SAO 92336. Situated just north of a string of
three mag 11-13 stars oriented NNW-SSE with a length of 3.3'. Pair with NGC 471 10' SE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 469 = m 41 (along with NGC 471 and NGC 475) on 3 Nov 1864 with
Lassell's 48" on Malta and noted as "eF, S, R". His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 470 = Arp
227 NED1 = UGC 858 = MCG +00-04-084 = CGCG 385-070 = KTG 5B = PGC 4777
01 19 44.8 +03
24 36
V = 11.8; Size 2.8'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 155d
48"
(10/25/14): very bright, large, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, ~1.8'x1.2'. The bright core contains an intense
circular nucleus. Two spiral arms
are visible with the brighter and better defined arm on the southwest side of
the core. It extends ~40"
SW-NE and is fairly narrow and straight.
A second matching arm to the northeast of the core also stretches SW-NE,
but has a lower contrast. Neither
arm clearly connects to the nucleus, so they appear more as bright arcs.
24"
(1/12/13): very bright, fairly large, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 1.8'x0.9', high
surface brightness. The halo
gradually and weakly increases towards the center and then a sharp increase to
a bright, quasi-stellar nucleus.
Forms a 5.5' pair with NGC 474 to the east. NGC 467 lies 11' SW.
13.1"
(8/24/84): fairly faint, moderately large, diffuse, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, weak
concentration at center. Largest
of three with NGC 467 11' SW and NGC 474 6' E.
8" (10/13/81):
faint, small, round.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 470 = H III-250, along with NGC 474, on 13 Dec 1784 (sweep 338)
and logged both as "Two. vF, vS, R, almost stellar 4' or 5' from each
other, nearly in a parallel."
On 8 Oct 1785 (sweep 462) he noted "pB, L, R, mbM." and on 3
Dec 1787 (sweep 788) he noted "pB, cL, R, gbM, the preceding of two."
******************************
NGC 471 = UGC
861 = MCG +02-04-024 = CGCG 436-029 = PGC 4793
01 19 59.6 +14
47 10
V = 13.3; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 85d
17.5"
(11/30/91): fairly faint, very small, round, very small very bright core, sharp
stellar nucleus. NGC 469 is 10'
NW. Superimposed on the distant
cluster AGC 175.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 471 = m 42 (along with NGC 469 and NGC 475) on 3 Nov 1864 with
Lassell's 48" on Malta and noted as "neb *12m". His dec is 1' N of UGC 861. Engelhardt provided a micrometric
position.
******************************
NGC 472 = NGC
468 = UGC 870 = MCG +05-04-022 = CGCG 502-034 = PGC 4833
01 20 28.7 +32 42
32
V = 13.5; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(12/23/89): faint, small, round, small bright core. Located 3.5' SE of a mag 10 star. IC 92 (generally misidentified as NGC 468) lies 10' WNW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest found NGC 472 on 29 Aug 1862 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position (measured
on 3 nights) and description (he measured the nearby mag 9.7 star as preceding
by 14 seconds) corresponds with UGC 870 = PGC 4833. d'Arrest is credited with the discovery in the GC and NGC,
but in Mar 2015 Harold Corwin found that JH's h98 = NGC 468, which had
previously been equated with IC 92, actually refers to this galaxy. So, NGC 472 = NGC 468, with discovery
priority to JH. See NGC 468.
******************************
NGC 473 = UGC
859 = MCG +03-04-022 = CGCG 459-030 = PGC 4785
01 19 55.1 +16
32 41
V = 12.5; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 153d
17.5"
(12/23/92): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 NW-SE,
1.4'x0.7', broad concentration, bright core, stellar nucleus. Several bright stars are in the field
including three mag 9 stars 5' SE, 10' SSW and 11' NW. NGC 463 lies 20' SW.
13"
(10/20/84): moderately large, very diffuse, slightly elongated. Two very faint stars are off the east
edge and a mag 9 star follows.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 473 = H III-206 on 15 Oct 1784 (sweep 291) and noted "eF,
S." His position is 5'
southeast of UGC 859 = PGC 4785, but this is the only nearby galaxy.
******************************
NGC 474 = Arp
227 NED2 = UGC 864 = MCG +00-04-085 = CGCG 385-071 = KTG 5C = PGC 4801
01 20 06.7 +03
24 56
V = 11.5; Size 7.1'x6.3'; Surf Br = 15.5; PA = 75d
48"
(10/25/14): the outer halo of NGC 474 was examined closely at 375x for evidence
of the outer, concentric shells and circular streams that are visible on deep
images. Immediately there was a
strong sense of arcs from two more different shells. The easiest arc to confirm
was the outermost on the eastern side, which curves south from a mag 13.3 star
situated 3.3' NE of center. The
arc passes through a mag 16.3 star and extends 30¡-40¡. A second outer arc on the northeast
side is half the distance (~1.6') to the center. This arc has a stronger curvature and measures roughly 60¡. Only a single outer arc (slightly more
difficult to confirm) was noted on the southwest side, 2'-2.5' from
center. My rough sketch shows it
also curving ~60¡. Additional
inner arcs or ripples were strongly sensed in the main halo of the galaxy, but
too subtle and fleeting to pinpoint locations. The center is sharply concentrated with a very prominent 1'
core. The core itself is sharply
concentrated to a small, blazing nucleus.
24"
(1/12/13): bright, very large with a huge very low surface brightness halo,
extending roughly 4'x3.5' NW-SE.
Very sharply concentrated with a very bright, slightly oval core,
~1.0'x0.8', which increases to a small intense nucleus. Largest in a trio with NGC 470 5.5' W
and NGC 467 16' SW.
13.1"
(8/24/84): fairly bright, small, round, small bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 470 6' W. NGC 467 lies 15' SW and NGC 479 is 30'
NE.
8"
(10/13/81): faint, very small, round, bright core. Located 30' ESE of mag 5.2 89 Piscium.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 474 = H III-251, along with NGC 470, on 13 Dec 1784 (sweep 338)
and logged both as "Two. vF, vS, R, almost stellar 4' or 5' from each
other, nearly in a parallel."
On 8 Oct 1785 (sweep 462) he noted "pB, pL, mbM." Again on 3 Dec 1787 (sweep 788),
he reported "pB, S, R, smbM, the following of 2."
******************************
NGC 475 = IC 97
= PGC 4796
01 20 02.0 +14
51 40
V = 15.0; Size 0.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(10/4/97): threshold object that was barely glimpsed on a couple of occasions
at 280x with averted vision using a GSC finder chart to pinpoint the
location. Visible less than 10% of
time and would not have detected at all without first knowing precise
position. Appeared ~10"
diameter but much too faint for any details. Located 4.5' N of NGC 471 and 7' E of NGC 469.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 475 = m 43 on 3 Nov 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
logged "eF, S". His
original position matches PGC 4796 and Dreyer used Marth's position in the GC
Supplement (GCS 5666). But
Dreyer's NGC position (supposedly an improved micrometric position from C.H.F.
Peters) is 0.3 minutes of RA too far east. Bigourdan independently found this galaxy with the 12"
refractor at the Paris Observatory, listed it as nova Big. 117 (misidentifying
NGC 475 with a star). Dreyer
mistakenly assumed this was a new object and catalogued it again as IC 97. So, NGC 475 = IC 97, with NGC 475 the
primary designation.
******************************
NGC 476 = MCG
+03-04-023 = CGCG 459-033 = Holm 40a = PGC 4814
01 20 19.9 +16
01 13
V = 14.3; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(12/4/93): very faint, very small, 20" diameter, weakly concentrated
core. Located just east of
distinctive 13' string of six mag 12-13 stars oriented NW-SE including a mag 13
star 3' NW and a mag 11.5 star 3.5' SW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 476 = m 44 on 3 Nov 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
logged "eF, vS, stellar".
His position is a close match with PGC 4814.
******************************
NGC 477 = UGC
886 = MCG +07-03-032 = CGCG 536-032 = PGC 4915
01 21 20.3 +40
29 17
V = 13.0; Size 1.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 135d
18"
(7/11/10): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 0.6'x0.4', weak
concentration with just a slightly brighter center but no core or zones. A mag 13.5 star lies 0.8' SE. Brightest of three with MCG +07-03-031
2.3' SW ("very faint, small, slightly elongated, 25"x20", low
even surface brightness") and MCG +07-03-029 4.4' SW ("barely visible
as an extremely faint, elongated glow, roughly 0.4'x0.15'.")
17.5"
(8/16/93): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 1.0'x0.5', weakly concentrated
but no core, larger halo with averted.
A mag 13.5 star is at the SE edge.
Forms a very close pair with MCG +07-03-031 2.3' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 477 = H III-577 = h100 on 18 Oct 1786 (sweep 618) and noted
"vF, pL, lE, lbM." The
NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 478 = ESO
476-IG 003 = VV 398 = MCG -04-04-005 = PGC 4803
01 20 08.9 -22
22 40
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 128d
17.5"
(12/20/95): very faint, very small, round, 30" diameter, low even surface
brightness. Situated between two
mag 13.5-14 stars ~1.5' S and a similar star 1.2' NNW. ESO 476-G5 lies 30' SE (picked up first
sweeping in the region).
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 478 = LM II-302 in 1886 with the 26" refractor of
the Leander McCormick Observatory.
His position is just 14 sec of RA east of ESO 476-003 = PGC 4803.
******************************
NGC 479 = UGC
893 = MCG +01-04-031 = CGCG 411-031 = PGC 4905
01 21 15.7 +03
51 44
V = 13.9; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(12/23/89): very faint, small, round, broad mild concentration. Forms the east vertex of a near
equilateral triangle with a mag 11 star 6.6' WSW and a mag 12 star 7' NW. NGC 474 lies 30' SW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 479 = m 45 on 27 Oct 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
logged "eF, S, R". His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 480 = PGC
4845
01 20 34.3 -09
52 50
V = 15.2; Size 0.5'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 65d
17.5"
(10/4/97): extremely faint and small, round, ~10" diameter. This marginal object required averted
vision and the GSC finder chart to glimpse at 280x. Located 8' E of mag 7 SAO 147742 and nearly at the midpoint
of two mag 12 stars 3.7' SW and 3.3' NE.
Listed as nonexistent in RNGC and this identification of a Leavenworth
discovery is uncertain (see notes).
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 480 = LM II-304 in 1886 with the 26" Clark
refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. His position is 25 sec of RA following PGC 4845 (described
here). This galaxy satisfies the condition of being 40' S of NGC 481 which is
the difference in dec given by Leavenworth and Corwin identifies PGC 4845 = NGC
480. Bigourdan failed to find NGC
480 at Leavenworth's position and the number is listed as nonexistent in the
RNGC.
******************************
NGC 481 = MCG
-02-04-030 = PGC 4899
01 21 12.4 -09
12 40
V = 13.7; Size 1.7'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 85d
17.5"
(12/23/92): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, small bright core,
fairly bright stellar nucleus. A
mag 13 star is 1' NW.
Lewis Swift
independently discovered NGC 481 = Sw VI-7 on 20 Nov 1886 with the 16"
refractor at the Warner Observatory, along with Francis Leavenworth (II-303)
sometime in 1886 or early 1887 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick. The discovery priority
is unknown. Swift's comment
"F * nr np" applies to PGC 4899. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1897 using the
20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory.
******************************
NGC 482 = ESO
296-013 = MCG -07-03-017 = AM 0118-411= PGC 4823
01 20 20.5 -40
57 59
V = 13.7; Size 2.2'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 84d
25"
(10/16/17 - OzSky): at 244x; very nice thin edge-on, elongated at least 6:1
E-W, ~1.5'x0.25'. Contains a
slightly bulging core and very narrow tips. Slightly brighter along a thin strip of the major axis.
Located 13' W of mag 8.6 HD 8283.
ESO 296-012,
located 5.7' N, appeared faint to fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1
N-S, 30"x15", low nearly even surface brightness, faint
extensions. The major axis is
perpendicular and points to NGC 482.
The interacting
pair VV 578 = ESO 296-011 lies 17' SSW.
It appeared faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2, ~24"x18". I
was too tired at the end of a long night to use high power for resolving the
components.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 482 = h2405 on 23 Oct 1835 and logged "eF, lE, 20". A
difficult object but certain after long attention with the left eye." His position is 1' S of ESO 296-013 =
PGC 4823.
******************************
NGC 483 = UGC
906 = MCG +05-04-029 = CGCG 502-050 = PGC 4961
01 21 56.3 +33
31 17
V = 13.2; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.4
24"
(10/4/13): fairly bright, fairly small, round, 30" diameter, high surface
brightness, increases gradually to a small bright nucleus. The halo is slightly elongated with
averted vision. Two mag 10.2/11
stars lie ~3' E. IC 1679 lies 3'
SW (very faint, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 20"x14") and PGC 169764
("extremely faint and small, round, 8" diameter") is just 1.2'
SE. Member of the NGC 507 Group.
13.1"
(8/8/86): faint, small, round, weak concentration. There is a string of three stars oriented SSW-NNE following
including two mag 10 stars 2.6' ESE and 3' ENE and a mag 13 star 3.8' NE. Member of the NGC 499/507 group.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 483 = h102 on 11 Nov 1827 and reported "vF, so that had
difficulty in finding it again when it had quitted the field". His declination is 5' S of UGC 906, but
it was marked as uncertain in the observation and he assumed it was a reobservation
of his father's H III-156 = NGC 495.
The NGC position is correct (Heinrich d'Arrest and Herman Schultz
provided accurate positions). See
Corwin's notes for NGC 499.
******************************
NGC 484 = ESO
113-036 = LGG 019-005 = PGC 4764
01 19 34.7 -58
31 28
V = 12.1; Size 1.9'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 94d
25"
(10/15/17 - OzSky): at 397x; bright, fairly small, oval 4:3 E-W,
~1.0'x0.7'. Sharply concentrated
with a very bright nucleus that increases to a nearly stellar peak and a much
fainter halo. A mag 15.1 star is
barely off the southeast side and a mag 14.7 star is 1.7' WSW. Brightest in a group (LGG 019) with ESO
113-035 14' SW and NGC 466 30' SW (on a line).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 484 = h2406 on 28 Oct 1834 and logged "vB, S, lE,
psmbM." His mean position
from 2 observations is accurate.
******************************
NGC 485 = UGC
895 = MCG +01-04-032 = CGCG 411-032 = PGC 4921
01 21 27.6 +07
01 07
V = 13.0; Size 1.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 3d
17.5"
(11/30/91): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 N-S, weak concentration. Located 3.7' NE of mag 8.6 SAO 109824.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 485 = h101 on 8 Jan 1828 and recorded "eF; pL; R; has a red
* 7.8m 45 degrees south preceding."
Herschel's description and the NGC position (from Heinrich d'Arrest and
Herman Schultz) matches UGC 895.
******************************
NGC 486 = PGC
1281966
01 21 43.1 +05
20 47
V = 16.5; Size 0.3'x0.25'
17.5"
(10/4/97): A stellar object was glimpsed a few times at my plotted position
5.5' N of NGC 488. On the DSS the
nearly stellar galaxy forms a close pair with a very faint star off the NE
side. It is possible that I
glimpsed this star, which may be brighter than the galaxy.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 486, along with NGC 490, 492 and 500, on 6 Dec 1850 with the
72" at Birr Castle. The field
was observed on four nights, although this object was mentioned twice as only
"suspected" (labeled Delta on the sketch in the 1880
publication). The micrometric
position from the 22 Oct 1876 observation is 339" N (PA 353¡) of NGC
488. This corresponds with an
extremely faint galaxy along with a faint star. This galaxy is too faint to be included in CGCG, MCG, RC3,
PGC but is now listed in HyperLeda as PGC 1281966. RNGC, PGC and DSFG misidentify MCG +01-04-037 = PGC 4975
(situated close southwest of NGC 492) as NGC 486. Discussed in Malcolm Thomson's unpublished Catalogue
Corrections.
******************************
NGC 487 = MCG
-03-04-056 = PGC 4958
01 21 55.1 -16
22 14
V = 13.2; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 112d
17.5"
(11/6/93): faint, small, slightly elongated, 30" diameter, weak
concentration.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 487 = LM I-27 on 28 Nov 1885. His rough position (nearest min of RA)
is 0.6 tmin west of PGC 4958. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in
1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the
IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 488 = UGC
907 = MCG +01-04-033 = CGCG 411-033 = PGC 4946
01 21 46.8 +05
15 25
V = 10.3; Size 5.2'x3.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 15d
17.5"
(11/1/86): bright, large, very bright core, oval 4:3 ~N-S. A mag 11 star is at the south edge just
1.6' SSE of center and a mag 10 star lies 3' SW. Located 9' W of mag 8.3 SAO 109832. In a group with NGC 490 8' NE, NGC 488
5.5' N and NGC 500 18' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 488 = H III-252 = h103 on 13 Dec 1784 (sweep 338) and recorded
"vF, pL, iR, lbM."
JH gave a more detailed
description: "B; L; svmbM, and losing itself imperceptibly; resolvable in
centre with 320x; *7m in parallel 1 min following." The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 489 = UGC
908 = MCG +01-04-034 = CGCG 11-034 = LGG 023-001 = PGC 4957
01 21 53.9 +09
12 24
V = 12.6; Size 1.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 11.9; PA = 120d
18"
(12/3/05): moderately bright, fairly small, edge-on streak NW-SE, 0.9'x0.2',
well concentrated with a very small bright core. Contains a faint quasi-stellar nucleus with direct vision. Furthest west of a large group of galaxies
in the NGC 524 group.
17.5"
(10/17/87): moderately bright, fairly small, edge-on WNW-ESE, bright core. Member of the NGC 524 group with NGC
502 18' SE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 489 on 22 Dec 1862 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position (measured
on 3 nights) and description (he also noted the double star that precedes by 22
seconds) matches PGC 4957.
******************************
NGC 490 = MCG
+01-04-035 = CGCG 411-035 = PGC 4973
01 22 02.9 +05
22 02
V = 14.3; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(11/1/86): very faint, small, round, bright core. Located 8' NE of NGC 488. Forms the northern vertex of an equilateral triangle with
NGC 488 and mag 8.3 SAO 109832 8' SE.
Seeing conditions very poor.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 490 (along with NGC 486, 492 and 500) on 6 Dec 1850 with Lord
Rosse's 72", during his observation of NGG 488. Shown as Beta in the sketch and described as
"vvF". The NGC position
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 491 = ESO
352-053 = MCG -06-04-011 = PGC 4914
01 21 20.2 -34
03 49
V = 12.5; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 93d
17.5"
(11/6/93): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 E-W, slightly brighter
along major axis. A mag 13.5 star
is off the west edge 50" WSW of core. ESO 352-041 lies 27' W.
8"
(1/1/84): extremely faint, round, very small, threshold object. A mag 13.5 star is off the west edge.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 491 = h2407 on 25 Sep 1834 and reported "B, vlE, pgmbM,
near a vS star." His mean
position (2 observations) and description matches ESO 352-053 = PGC 4914.
******************************
NGC 492 = MCG
+01-04-038 = CGCG 411-036 = PGC 4976
01 22 13.6 +05
25 01
V = 14.7; Size 0.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(10/4/97): extremely faint, small, round, 25" diameter, low surface
brightness, no concentration. On
line with a mag 12 star 3.7' NW and a faint pair of mag 14-14.5 stars [at
22" separation] 2' NW. Forms
a close pair with MCG +01-04-037 1' SW (not seen). NGC 492 is located 12' NE of
NGC 488 member with several other faint galaxies (NGC 486 8.5' SW, NGC 490 4'
SW, NGC 500 7' ESE) in the field.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 492 on 6 Dec 1850 with Lord Rosse's 72", during his
observation of the NGC 488 field.
It was labeled "Delta" in the diagram and described as
"vvF". The sketch and
position clearly identifies NGC 492 = PGC 4976. The sketch appears to show a
faint double star mentioned in my notes close NW but not the close companion to
the SW, which was noted in Heber Curtis' published descriptions of nebulae
photographed with the Crossley reflector (1918) at Lick.
******************************
NGC 493 = UGC
914 = MCG +00-04-099 = CGCG 385-084 = PGC 4979
01 22 09.1 +00
56 47
V = 12.5; Size 3.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 58d
17.5" (11/27/92):
fairly faint, fairly large, very elongated 7:2 SW-NE, 3.5'x1.0', weakly
concentrated.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 493 = H III-594 = h105 on 20 Dec 1786 (sweep 655) and logged
"vF, mE, bM, 3.5' long, 1.5' broad."
******************************
NGC 494 = UGC
919 = MCG +05-04-034 = CGCG 502-057 = PGC 5035
01 22 55.4 +33
10 26
V = 12.9; Size 2.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 100d
24"
(10/4/13): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE,
50"x20", large bright elongated core. A mag 15.5 star is at the south edge [16" from
center]. A wide pair of mag 13.5
stars lie 1.4' SW and a similar star is 1.4' SE. Located near the center of the NGC 507 Group with IC 1685
2.6' NE, NGC 504 7' ENE, NGC 507 11' NE and IC 1682 10' NW. IC 1685 appeared very faint, extremely
small, round, 10" diameter.
13.1"
(8/8/86): fairly faint, very elongated 3:1 ~E-W, bright core. A wide mag 13
double star at 30" separation is just 1' SW. Forms the vertex of a right triangle with mag 7.8 SAO 54647
8' NNE and mag 8.7 SAO 54632 11' WNW.
First in a group with NGC 504 7' ENE, NGC 507 11' NE, NGC 508 12' NE and
IC 1685 2.5' NE (seen in 17.5" only).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 494 = h104 on 22 Nov 1827 and logged "vF; E; has a D* to
s". His position and description
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 495 = UGC
920 = MCG +05-04-035 = CGCG 502-058 = WBL 038-008 = PGC 5037
01 22 55.9 +33
28 18
V = 12.9; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 170d
24"
(10/4/13): fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 N-S,
30"x20", contains a small bright core. Bracketed by two 14th magnitude stars 1' SSW and 1'
NNE. Located in the core of the NGC
507 group (actually the NGC 499 subgroup), with NGC 499 3.3' ESE, NGC 498 3.4'
ENE, IC 1684 3.5' S, NGC 496 4.8' NE and NGC 501 6' SE.
13.1"
(8/8/86): faint, small, slightly elongated, small bright core. Located midway two mag 14 stars 1.1'
SSW and 1.1' NNE. First of three
with NGC 496 4.8' NE and NGC 499 3.3' ESE. Located in a rich galaxy group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 495 = H III-156, along with NGC 496 and NGC 499, on 12 Sep 1784
(sweep 268) and logged "Three [along with NGC 496 and 499], eS and F,
forming a triangle." He
observed this trio again the next night (sweep 271) in more detail:
"Three, forming a [right triangle]; the [right angle] to the south [NGC
499], the short leg preceding [NGC 495], the long towards the north [NGC
496]. Those in the legs [NGC 495
and 496] the faintest imaginable; that at the rectangle [NGC 499] a deal larger
and brighter, but still vF."
The NGC position (from Heinrich d'Arrest and Herman Schultz) is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 496 = UGC
927 = MCG +05-04-036 = CGCG 502-060 = WBL 038-010 = PGC 5061
01 23 11.6 +33
31 48
V = 13.3; Size 1.6'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 28d
24"
(10/4/13): fairly faint to moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1
SSW-NNE, 0.9'x0.45', low fairly even surface brightness with a weak
concentration. but no distinct core.
Located in the NGC 499 subgroup of the NGC 507 Group with NGC 498 2.4'
S, NGC 499 4.2' S, NGC 495 4.8' SW and NGC 501 6.3' SSE.
13.1"
(8/8/86): faint, low even surface brightness. Second and largest of three with NGC 495 4.8' SW and NGC 499
4.2' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 496 = H III-157, along with NGC 495 and NGC 499, on 12 Sep 1784
(sweep 268) and observed again the next night (sweep 271). See description under NGC 495. The NGC
position is 0.1 tmin west and 1' south of UGC 927 = PGC 5061.
******************************
NGC 497 = Arp 8
= UGC 915 = MCG +00-04-100 = CGCG 385-085 = PGC 4992
01 22 23.8 -00
52 30
V = 13.0; Size 2.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 132d
17.5"
(11/27/92): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, weak concentration. A mag 13 star is 2.2' SE of center. Located northwest of the core of AGC
194.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 497 = St XII-14 on 6 Nov 1882 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory. His
position is accurate. Lewis Swift
independently found the galaxy again on 31 Oct 1886 with his 16" Clark
refractor and recorded it in list V-13.
******************************
NGC 498 = MCG
+05-04-037 = PGC 5059
01 23 11.3 +33
29 22
V = 15.0; Size 0.5'x0.5'
24"
(10/4/13): very faint, very small, slightly elongated, 15"x12", low
surface brightness. Located 1.8' N
of NGC 499 and 2.4' S of NGC 496, on a line between the two brighter
galaxies. This is perhaps the
faintest NGC galaxy in the NGC 507 Group.
17.5"
(10/4/97): extremely faint and small, no details visible. This very difficult object was only
detected after extended viewing at 220x, 280x and 420x. Finally started to glimpse a virtually
stellar spot for moments at 280x using a detailed finder chart to pinpoint the
location. Located 1.7' N of NGC
499 and 2.4' S of NGC 496 within the cluster.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 498 on 23 Oct 1856 with Lord Rosse's 72" and placed on two
sketches (object D in the original sketch) in the field of NGC 499. His description says "only
suspected", but the object is placed correctly on the sketch between NGC
496 and 499.
******************************
NGC 499 = IC
1686: = UGC 926 = MCG +05-04-038 = CGCG 502-059 = LGG 024-002 = PGC 5060
01 23 11.5 +33
27 37
V = 12.2; Size 1.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 82d
24"
(10/4/13): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 4:3 WSW-ENE,
60"x45", well concentrated with a very bright core. Brightest member of a subgroup of the
NGC 507 Group with NGC 498 1.8' N, NGC 501 2.8' SE, NGC 498 3.4' WNW, NGC 496
4.2' N.
13.1"
(8/8/86): moderately bright, moderately large, very bright core with a much
fainter halo! Third of three with
NGC 495 3.3' WNW and NGC 496 4.2' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 499 = H III-158 = h106, along with NGC 495 and 496, on 12 Sep
1784 (sweep 268) and the trio was observed again the next night (sweep
271). See NGC 495 for his
description. JH made two
observations and recorded (sweep 100) "pB; R; bM. Nebulae numerous hereabouts."
Stephane Javelle
independently found this galaxy on 1 Dec 1899 with the Nice Observatory
30" refractor and it was also catalogued as IC 1686. His position is 1.7' S of NGC 499
(matches in RA) but this is a similar offset that he gave for IC 1684 and IC
1692. This makes the equivalence
NGC 499 = IC 1686 pretty certain, although Javelle claims he also measured NGC
499 so there is still some doubt on the equivalence.
******************************
NGC 500 = MCG
+01-04-040 = CGCG 411-039 = PGC 5013
01 22 39.4 +05
23 14
V = 14.1; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7
17.5"
(12/23/92): very faint, very small, round, weak concentration, stellar
nucleus. A mag 11 star is 1'
NE. Located 10' NE of a mag 8
star. NGC 490 is 9' WSW and NGC
488 18' SW.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 500, along with NGC 486, 490 and 492, on 6 Dec 1850 with Lord
Rosse's 72" while examining the NGC 488 field. NGC 500 is labeled Epsilon on the sketch in the 1861 and
1880 publications and simply described as "vF."
******************************
NGC 501 = CGCG
502-062 = PGC 5082
01 23 22.4 +33
25 59
V = 14.5; Size 0.4'x0.4'
24" (10/4/13):
fairly faint, very small, slightly elongated, 20"x15", very small
brighter nucleus. Located 2.8' SE
of NGC 499 and 1.8' SW of a mag 11.3 star in the NGC 507 Group.
17.5"
(10/4/97): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Can just hold continually with averted
vision once identified. Located
2.8' SE of NGC 499 in a cluster. A
mag 10.5 star lies 1.8' NE.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 501 on 28 Oct 1856 using Lord Rosse's 72". It was sketched as object "E"
and described as "vF, S."
******************************
NGC 502 = UGC
922 = MCG +01-04-043 = CGCG 411-040 = LGG 023-002 = PGC 5034
01 22 55.6 +09
02 57
V = 12.8; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.9
18"
(12/3/05): fairly faint, small, round, 25" diameter, sharply concentrated
with a very small, very bright core ~10" diameter.
17.5"
(10/17/87): fairly faint, small, small bright core, possible faint stellar
nucleus. Member of the NGC 524
group.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 502 on 25 Sep 1862 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position (measured
on 4 nights) matches UGC 922 = PGC 5034.
The identifications of NGC 502 and NGC 505 are reversed in the MCG and
should read NGC 502 = MCG +01-04-041 and NGC 505 = MCG +01-04-043.
******************************
NGC 503 = MCG
+05-04-040 = CGCG 502-065 = WBL 038-014 = PGC 5086
01 23 28.4 +33
19 55
V = 14.3; Size 0.4'x0.3'
24"
(10/4/13): fairly faint, very small, slightly elongated,
20"x15". Two mag
13.4/13.8 stars 0.6' SE and 1.1' SE are collinear with the galaxy. Located 4' NE of mag 7.6 HD 8347 and 5'
NNW of NGC 507, in the central hub of the cluster.
17.5"
(10/4/97): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Collinear with two mag 13.5 stars 0.6'
SE and 1.0' SE. Located 4' NE of
mag 7.5 SAO 54647 within the NGC 507 Group (NGC 507/508 in the field).
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 503 on 13 Aug 1863 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His single micrometric
position is an exact match with CGCG 502-065 = PGC 5086. He was uncertain if it might be one of
WH's III 156-158 [NGC 495, 496, 499].
******************************
NGC 504 = NGC
506: = UGC 935 = MCG +05-04-041 = CGCG 502-064 = PGC 5084
01 23 27.9 +33
12 16
V = 13.0; Size 1.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 47d
24"
(10/4/13): fairly bright, fairly small, elongated 5:2 SW-NE,
~40"x16", well-concentrated with a very bright elongated nucleus and
faint extensions. Located 4' SW of
NGC 507 in the core of the NGC 507 Group.
IC 1687 is 4.7' NNW, NGC 508 5.2' NE, NGC 494 7' WSW.
13.1"
(8/8/86): faint, small, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE, small bright core. First of three with NGC 507 4' NNE and
NGC 508 5.3' NNE. Also NGC 494
lies 7.2' WSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 504 = h107 = Au 12 on 22 Nov 1827. No visual description was recorded but he noted this nebula
"precedes III.159 [NGC 507] by about 10 sec, and is half a field to the
south of it." Heinrich
d'Arrest independently discovered this object on 8 Oct 1861 with the 11-inch
Fraunhofer refractor in Copenhagen and assumed it was new. His observation was included in Auwers
1862 catalogue of new nebulae. JH
catalogued the two observations separately as GC 291 and 292, but Dreyer
combined these in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 505 = UGC
924 = MCG +01-04-041 = PGC 5036
01 22 57.1 +09
28 08
V = 13.8; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1
18"
(12/3/05): faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Contains a faint stellar nucleus with
direct vision. Located 7' WNW of
NGC 509 in the NGC 524 group.
17.5"
(10/17/87): very faint, extremely small, round. NGC 509 lies 7' ESE.
13"
(8/24/84): extremely faint, slightly elongated ~E-W? Located 7' WNW of NGC 509 in the NGC 524 group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 505 = m 46 on 1 Oct 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
logged "vF, vS, stellar".
His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 506
01 23 35.3 +33
14 41
V = 15.3
24"
(10/4/13): this number probably applies to a mag 15.3 star 1.3' SW of the
center of NGC 507, beyond the halo.
Lawrence
Parsons, the 4th Earl of Rosse, discovered NGC 506 on 7 Nov 1874 during the 8th
and last observation of the NGC 499/507 Group. There is no description but a micrometric measure is given
223.1" in PA 153.7¡ from mag 7.6 HD 8347 at 01 23 12.1 +33 17 24
(J2000). There is no object at
this offset but the NGC position is further southeast (perhaps Dreyer had
additional information) and the NGC description adds "sp 507". Near this position is a single star
given here that Corwin identifies as NGC 506. RNGC mistakenly equates NGC 506 with NGC 504.
******************************
NGC 507 = Arp
229 NED1 = VV 207a = UGC 938 = MCG +05-04-044 = CGCG 502-067 = PGC 5098
01 23 40.0 +33
15 22
V = 11.2; Size 3.1'x3.1'; Surf Br = 13.5
24"
(10/4/13): bright, moderately large, round, 1.5' diameter, sharply concentrated
with a blazing core that increases to the center. The outer halo gradually fades out, so there is no distinct
edge, but just beyond the halo on the north side is NGC 508 (1.5' between
centers). A number of galaxies are
nearby including NGC 504 4' SW, IC 1687 4.6' WNW, PGC 5100 3.0' S, CGCG 502-072
5.1' NE ("fairly faint, small, round, 18" diameter") and NGC 503
5.2' NNW. A mag 14.3 star is just
off the NW side, 1.3' from center and a mag 15.3 star (= NGC 506) is off the
southwest side, 1.3' from center.
Mag 7.6 HD 8347 lies 6.2' WNW.
13.1"
(8/8/86): moderately bright, moderately large, round, very bright core. Second of three with NGC 508 1.5' N and
NGC 504 4' SSW in a large group.
Located 6' ESE of mag 7.8 SAO 54647.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 507 = H III-159 = h108, along with NGC 508 = III-160, on 12 Sep
1784 (sweep 268) and recorded both as "Two. Both eF, S, but
unequal." The NGC position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 508 = Arp
229 NED2 = VV 207b = UGC 939 = MCG +05-04-045 = CGCG 502-068 = PGC 5099
01 23 40.6 +33
16 51
V = 13.1; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.6
24"
(10/4/13): moderately bright to fairly bright, moderately large, round, broad
concentration with a brighter nucleus.
Forms a close pair with NGC 507 1.5' S in the central region of the NGC
507 Group. Also nearby is NGC 503
3.9' NW, CGCG 502-72 4.2' NE, IC 1687 4.6' W and NGC 504 5.3' SW. Mag 7.6 HD 8347 lies 6' W.
13.1"
(8/8/86): fairly faint, small, round.
Forms a close pair with NGC 507 1.5' S. Third of three with NGC 504 5.3' SSW. Located 6' E of mag 7.8 SAO 54647.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 508 = H III-160 = h109, along with NGC 507, on 12 Sep 1784
(sweep 268) and recorded both as "Two. Both eF, S, but unequal." The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 509 = UGC
932 = MCG +01-04-045 = CGCG 411-043 = LGG 023-011 = PGC 5080
01 23 24.1 +09
26 01
V = 13.4; Size 1.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 82d
18"
(12/3/05): faint, fairly small, elongated nearly 2:1 ~E-W, 1.0'x0.5', broad
weak concentration. Situated
between two mag 13.8/14.3 stars less than 2' SW and NNE. NGC 505 lies 7' WNW. Member of the NGC 524 group.
17.5"
(10/17/87): faint, small, elongated ~E-W.
Located between a mag 14 star 1.9' SW and a mag 13.5 star 1.4' N. Forms a pair with NGC 505 7' WNW in the
NGC 524 group.
13"
(8/24/84): very faint, small, slightly elongated ~E-W. Two faint stars are north and south.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 509 = m 47 on 1 Oct 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
logged "vF, S, E." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 510
01 23 55.6 +33
29 49
17.5"
(10/4/97): this is a faint and difficult double star that was just resolved at
280x. The fainter eastern
component is difficult to cleanly resolve [separation 8"] and it is easy
to imagine that Schultz would mistake this oibject as nonstellar. Located 7' ESE of NGC 499 and 9' WNW of
NGC 515 in the field of the NGC 507 Group. The RNGC mislabels PGC 5102 as NGC
510.
Herman Schultz
discovered NGC 510 = Nova V on 11 Nov 1866 with the 9.6-inch refractor at
Uppsala Observatory. At Schultz's
micrometric position (44 seconds following NGC 499) is a close, faint double
star (also observed by Bigourdan) with a separation of 8" and mean
position of 01 23 55.6 +33 29 49.
The RNGC and PGC misidentify PGC 5102 as NGC 510. PGC 5102 is 32 sec east in RA and 3' S
of NGC 499. Discussed in Malcolm Thomson's "Catalogue
Corrections".
******************************
NGC 511 = UGC
936 = MCG +02-04-033 = CGCG 436-037 = PGC 5103
01 23 30.7 +11
17 27
V = 13.7; Size 1.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.1
17.5"
(10/17/87): very faint, very small, round. A mag 14 star is attached at the south edge 17" from
center.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 511 = St VIII-4 on 26 Oct 1876 with the 31" silvered-glass
reflector at the Marseille Observatory.
His description reads "eF, diffuse, vS, S* inv, S*
attached". His description
and position matches UGC 936 = PGC 5103, with the two faint stars on the west
side.
******************************
NGC 512 = UGC
944 = MCG +06-04-013 = CGCG 521-018 = PGC 5132
01 23 59.8 +33
54 30
V = 13.2; Size 1.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 116d
13.1"
(8/8/86): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated WNW-ESE. A mag 14 star is just off the SE edge
0.6' from center and a mag 12 star is 1.6' SSW. Located 6.5' NE of a mag 11 star. NGC 513 lies 9' SE.
The RNGC misidentifies NGC 512 with a faint companion 2.5' S.
13.1"
(12/22/84): faint, small, edge-on streak NW-SE, requires averted.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 512 = h110 on 17 Nov 1827 and recorded "vF; vS." His position (from a single
observation) is just 23" S of UGC 944. The new description in the RNGC refers to CGCG 521-017,
located 2.5' S of NGC 512. The
bright, elongated companion mentioned as 2' N of NGC 512, actually refers to
NGC 512! This misidentification
was mentioned in my RNGC Corrections #1 and the Webb Society Quarterly Journal
in April 1980.
******************************
NGC 513 = UGC
953 = MCG +06-04-016 = CGCG 521-020 = PGC 5174
01 24 26.8 +33
47 59
V = 12.9; Size 0.7'x0.3'; Surf Br = 11.1; PA = 75d
13.1"
(8/8/86): fairly faint, small, elongated WSW-ENE, weak concentration. Located at the NE end of a line of four
mag 12-13 stars which extend to SW; the closest mag 13.5 star is 0.9' SW and is
followed by a second parallel line of stars. NGC 512 lies 9' NW.
Incorrect RA by 0.6 minutes west in the RNGC and plotted incorrectly on
the U2000.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 513 = H III-169 = h111 on 13 Sep 1784 (sweep 271) and simply
noted "stellar." This
object is in a large group of galaxies found on this sweep using Beta
Andromedae as a reference star.
Seven of these objects have varying errors in RA except for NGC 404. In
this case, Herschel's RA is off by ~30 seconds from UGC 953. JH made the single observation "F;
S" and measured a good position.
The RA in the
RNGC is also 0.6 min too far west and the galaxy is misplotted on the first
version of Uranometria 2000. The position is given correctly in UGC and
RC3. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 514 = UGC
947 = MCG +02-04-035 = CGCG 436-038 = PGC 5139
01 24 03.9 +12
55 03
V = 11.6; Size 3.5'x2.8'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 110d
17.5"
(1/1/92): fairly faint, fairly large, 2.5'x2.0', elongated ~E-W, broad weak
concentration, edges fade into background, low surface brightness but granular
or mottled texture. Located 3.1'
WNW of a mag 9.5 star. A mag 13.5
star is 3.4' SW. Several faint
stars are very close including a mag 14 star at the NE edge and a mag 15 star
at the south edge 1.5' from center.
8"
(1/1/84): faint, moderately large, very diffuse, even surface brightness. A mag 9 star off the east edge
interferes with viewing.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 514 = H II-252 = h112 on 16 Oct 1784 (sweep 295) and logged
"F, pL, oval, lbM, preceding a pretty bright star." This galaxy was observed 6 times using
Lord Rosse's 72". The
earliest observation on 13 Dec 1848 noted "h's D* [referring to John
Herschel's h 13] is triple and perhaps quadruple. 2 nuclei or nucleus and star in nebula." The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 515 = UGC
956 = MCG +05-04-052 = CGCG 502-077 = PGC 5201
01 24 38.6 +33
28 22
V = 13.5; Size 1.4'x1.1'
24"
(10/4/13): moderately bright, elongated 3:2 ~NW-SE, ~36"x24", fairly
well concentrated with a bright core.
A mag 15.7 star is superimposed on the NW side. Forms a pair with NGC 517 2.9' SE. Located on the east side of the NGC 507
Group.
13.1"
(8/8/86): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, faint stellar nucleus. An extremely faint mag 16 star is
suspected at the NW end (confirmed on the POSS). Forms a pair with NGC 517 3' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 515 = H III-167 = h113, along with NGC 517, on 13 Sep 1784
(problematic sweep 271 using Beta Andromedae as the reference star). WH simply noted "Two, both
stellar" and his single position (marked uncertain) is about 35 sec of RA
east of UGC 956. JH made the single observation "Precedes [NGC 517] and is
2' north." Heinrich d'Arrest
measured an accurate position (4 nights) and noted the error in WH's position.
******************************
NGC 516 = UGC
946 = MCG +01-04-048 = CGCG 411-046 = LGG 023-004 = PGC 5148
01 24 08.1 +09
33 06
V = 13.1; Size 1.4'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 44d
18"
(12/3/05): fairly faint, moderately large, appears as a thin streak,
~1.0'x0.25' oriented SW-NE, weak concentration, bulging core and tapering
extensions. Member of the NGC 524
group.
17.5"
(10/17/87): faint, fairly small, very elongated SW-NE, weak concentration.
Located 10' W of NGC 524.
13"
(8/24/84): faint, small, slightly elongated SW-NE, even surface
brightness. Located about 10' W of
NGC 524.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 516 on 25 Sep 1862 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His mean position and
offset from NGC 524 (41 seconds preceding) is an exact match with UGC 946 = PGC
5148.
******************************
NGC 517 = VV 36a
= UGC 960 = MCG +05-04-054 = CGCG 502-079 = PGC 5214
01 24 43.8 +33
25 47
V = 12.4; Size 2.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 20d
24"
(10/4/13): moderately to fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1
SSW-NNE, ~45"x22", well concentrated with a bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 515 2.9' NNW. Member of the NGC 507 Group.
13.1"
(8/8/86): fairly faint, small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE. Appears slightly brighter than NGC 515 3' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 517 = H III-168 = h114, along with NGC 515, on on 13 Sep 1784
(problematic sweep 271 using Beta Andromedae as the reference star). WH simply noted "Two, both
stellar" and his single position (marked uncertain) is about 35 sec of RA
east of NGC 515 = UGC 956. JH made
the single observation "pB; R". Heinrich d'Arrest measured a pretty
accurate position (3 nights). See
Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 518 = UGC
952 = MCG +01-04-049 = CGCG 411-047 = LGG 023-009 = PGC 5161
01 24 17.7 +09
19 52
V = 13.3; Size 1.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 98d
18"
(12/3/05): faint or fairly faint, very elongated E-W, 1.0'x0.3', weak
concentration with a slightly brighter core, irregular surface brightness. A mag 14.5 star lies 1' SW. Located 2.5' SW of a mag 10.5 star.
17.5"
(10/17/87): faint, fairly small, very elongated ~E-W, weak concentration. A mag 14 star is off the SSW side 0.9'
from center. Located 2.5' SW of a
mag 10 star and 15' SSW of NGC 524 in a group.
13"
(8/24/84): very faint, small, elongated ~E-W. A mag 10 star is NE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 518 = m 48 on 17 Dec 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
logged "F, vS, R." His
position is 1' S of UGC 952 = PGC 5161.
******************************
NGC 519 = CGCG
385-103 = PGC 5182
01 24 28.6 -01
38 29
V = 14.3; Size 0.5'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 140d
17.5"
(9/19/87): extremely faint and small, round. A mag 14 star is 45" S. Member of the AGC 194 cluster.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 519 = Sw VI-8 (along with NGC 530, 538, 557) on 20 Nov 1886 with
the 16" refractor at the Warner Observatory. His position is 7 sec of RA west and 1.3' south of CGCG
385-103 = PGC 5182.
******************************
NGC 520 = Arp
157 = VV 231 = UGC 966 = MCG +01-04-052 = CGCG 411-050 = PGC 5193
01 24 34.4 +03
47 42
V = 11.4; Size 4.5'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 130d
48"
(10/22/11): the view of this very bright, highly irregular, disrupted galaxy
was fascinating at 488x. The most
prominent feature is a very high surface brightness curving "bar"
oriented NW-SE (VV 231a), bending out in the middle towards the southwest, and
fading out on the southeast end with a faint extension. The total length of the banana-shaped
bar is close to 2.5'. The
brightest part is at the northwest end, where there is a large, bright knot,
24" diameter that increases to the center. In AJ, 134, 212 (2007), Rossa et all refer to this knot as
the northern nucleus. The edge of the bar is very well defined along the north
side. At the southeast end of the
main bar, the brightness dims sharply but a much fainter hazy glow continues
further southeast (VV 231c) and spreads out.
On the south
side is a fairly bright, elongated section oriented WNW-ESE (VV 231b), that is
separated from the northern "bar" by a prominent, irregular dark lane
running NW to SE, paralleling the bar in the central region. A slightly
brighter "knot" is located is the middle of the southern section. According to the Rossa paper, the dust
lane just north of this knot optically obscures the southern nucleus. At the southeast end, the glow dims
rapidly and fans out further southeast.
18"
(10/19/06): bright, fairly large, very elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, 2'x0.6'. This disturbed galaxy has a very
unusual appearance with a bright knot at the NNW end. The SSE end is wider and fainter and appears to feather out
with a fainter, more delicate section that branches from the main body (VV
231b). The periphery at the SSE
end is difficult to trace due to this chaotic structure.
17.5"
(1/1/92): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 5:2 NW-SE, 3.0'x1.2'. Very unusual appearance; the NW portion
is noticeably brighter with a bright knot at the NW tip and a mottled texture. Fades towards the SE where it merges
into a fainter section which is tilted ~E-W with an irregular surface
brightness and ill-defined edges.
8"
(11/28/81): faint, diffuse, elongated N-S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 520 = H III-253 = h116 on 13 Dec 1784 (sweep 338) and remarked
"eF, cL, E." On 3 Dec
1787 (sweep 788), he reported "cL, E from sp to nf." Using LdR's 72", Bindon Stoney
wrote on 18 Dec 1851, "South end is like a brush or broom with a split in
it." His sketch was included
in the 1861 publication (as well as 1880). A second observation on 9 Nov 1876
reads "Lord Rosse thought it had two points of condensation 3/4'
apart. I (Dreyer) thought it
spread out in the following end like a fan. Not well seen."
In Arp's
category of disturbed galaxies with interior absorption.
******************************
NGC 521 = UGC
962 = MCG +00-04-118 = CGCG 385-106 = PGC 5190
01 24 33.8 +01
43 53
V = 11.7; Size 3.2'x2.9'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 20d
24"
(9/23/17): at 375x; bright, large, round, at least 2' diameter, sharply
concentrated with a large bright core that gradually increases to the center
(quasi-stellar nucleus), halo fades out at the periphery. NGC 533 lies 14' ENE.
13.1"
(1/1/84): sharply concentrated with a very small bright core surrounded by a
fairly large but very diffuse round envelope. Located 14' W of NGC 533.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 521 = H II-461 = h115 on 8 Oct 1785 (sweep 462) and recorded
"F, pL, irr R, bM." On
20 Dec 1786 (sweep 655) he noted "vF, R, vgbM, 1 1/2' diam." JH made two observations, calling it
"B" and "vF" on the two sweeps. R.J. Mitchell, using Lord Rosse's 72" on 3 Oct 1856,
logged "pB, S, disc enveloped in F outlying neby and looks like an
unresolved cluster." The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 522 = UGC
970 = MCG +02-04-038 = CGCG 436-043 = FGC 163 = LGG 023-009 = PGC 5218
01 24 45.9 +09
59 40
V = 12.9; Size 2.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 33d
18"
(12/3/05): faint to fairly faint edge-on streak SW-NE, 1.2'x0.2'. This is a pretty slash with a slightly
brighter core. Fades at the tips
but uniformly narrow in width (does not bulge in the center). NGC 525 lies 17' S within the NGC 524 group. A couple of faint members, IC 101 and
IC 102, lie 10' SW and 8' SW.
IC 101 is a faint
hazy spot, irregularly round, ~20"-25" diameter. A mag 14.5 star lies 1' S. IC 102 is
extremely faint, very small, 15" diameter, no details. This marginal object was just glimpsed
as drifted through the field.
17.5"
(10/17/87): faint, pretty edge-on steak SSW-NNE, weak concentration. Located 27' N of NGC 524 in a group.
13"
(8/24/84): very faint, edge-on streak SSW-NNE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 522 on 25 Sep 1862 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His mean position (2
observations) matches UGC 962 = PGC 5190.
******************************
NGC 523 = Arp
158 = NGC 537 = UGC 979 = MCG +06-04-018 = CGCG 521-022 = IV Zw 45 = VV 783 =
PGC 5268
01 25 20.8 +34
01 30
V = 12.7; Size 2.5'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 108d
24"
(11/24/14): fairly bright, moderately bright, very elongated 7:2 ~E-W,
~1.1'x0.3'. This disrupted galaxy
(or merger) appeared very asymmetric, widening a bit at the east end and
tapering slightly to the west. A
small, relatively bright knot (HII complex or core of companion?), ~10"
diameter, is at the east end. An
easily visible mag 14-14.5 star is embedded at the west end. The main body, which extends ~40"
from the knot to the star, is fairly thin and only very weakly brighter in the
center. With careful viewing, a
very faint narrow plume extends west of the main glow.
13.1"
(12/22/84): moderately bright, thin edge-on 4:1 ~E-W. Located north of the NGC 483-517 cluster.
Heinrich
d'Arrest found NGC 523 on 23 Aug 1862 and described this galaxy as a
"Double Nebula, F, S, both very near. A *11 precedes by 11.65 seconds." As he noted this object as a
"Nebula duplex", he apparently saw the knot at the east end (identified
in NED as NGC 523 NED02). WH
probably discovered this galaxy earlier on 13 Sep 1784 (problematic sweep 271)
and simply noted H III-170 = NGC 537 as "stellar". His RA readings for objects in this
sweep are poor (given to the nearest minute) and assuming H III-170 has an
error of about 55 sec in RA, then NGC 523 = NGC 537. The eastern knot was the site of SN 2001EN.
******************************
NGC 524 = UGC
968 = MCG +01-04-053 = CGCG 411-051 = LGG 023-005 = PGC 5222
01 24 47.8 +09
32 19
V = 10.3; Size 2.8'x2.8'; Surf Br = 12.3
18"
(12/3/05): very bright, large, round, well concentrated with a bright core
increasing to a very bright small nucleus. The halo extends to 2.0' or 2.5'. A mag 11 star lies 2.3' S of center. Brightest in a large group of 8 NGC
galaxies and a few IC galaxies.
17.5"
(10/17/87): very bright, fairly large, very bright core, large faint halo,
bright stellar nucleus. A mag 11
star is 2.5' S. Brightest in the
NGC 524 group including NGC 505, NGC 509, NGC 516, NGC 518, NGC 522, NGC 525,
NGC 532.
13"
(8/24/84): bright, small very bright core surrounded by fainter round halo.
8"
(11/8/80): fairly faint, round, bright core. Located just north of a mag 10 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 524 = H I-151 = h117 on 4 Sep 1786 (sweep 581) and logged
"cB, cL, R, cometic, vgmbM to a nucleus, several small stars
near." The NGC position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 525 = UGC
972 = MCG +01-04-054 = CGCG 411-053 = PGC 5232
01 24 52.9 +09
42 12
V = 13.2; Size 1.5'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 5d
18"
(12/3/05): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, ~50"x40",
symmetrical appearance and increases steadily to a brighter core and faint
stellar nucleus. Member of the NGC
524 group. A mag 11 star lies 2' NW.
17.5"
(10/17/87): faint, very small, slightly elongated, weak concentration. Located 2' SE of a mag 10.5 star in the
NGC 524 group.
13"
(8/24/84): faint, small, almost round.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 525 on 25 Sep 1862 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His mean position (2
observations) is fairly accurate and also noted the nearby mag 11-12 star (2'
northwest) as 5 seconds preceding and 1.5' north.
******************************
NGC 526 = ESO
352-IG 066nw = MCG -06-04-019 = PGC 5120
01 23 54.2 -35
03 56
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 112d
17.5"
(11/1/97): at first impression appeared as a very faint, small glow, slightly
elongated WNW-ESE. After extended
viewing, it resolved at times into a close double system with NGC 526B = MCG
-06-04-020 = PGC 5135, [35" between centers] and oriented WNW-ESE. Both galaxies had very small brighter
cores at moments. Forms a trio
with NGC 527 3.1' S.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 526 = h2408 (along with NGC 527 = h2409) on 1 Sep 1834 and
recorded "pB, S, rather a doubtful object. The preceding of two [with NGC
527]". On a later sweep he
noted "vF;; S; lE; this is the "doubtful" neb of a former
sweep." This double system
consists of NGC 526A = PGC 5120 and NGC 526B = PGC 5135.
******************************
NGC 527 = ESO
352-068 = MCG -06-04-021 = PGC 5128
01 23 58.1 -35
06 54
V = 13.0; Size 1.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 14d
17.5"
(11/1/97): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE, 1.0'x0.4', weak
concentration to a slightly brighter core. A mag 13 star lies 1' NE. The double system NGC 526 is 3.1' N. NGC 527, itself, is a double system
with MCG -06-04-022 = PGC 5142 (not seen), a faint edge-on system, close
following the south end and just 46" between centers.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 527 = h2409 (along with NGC 526 = h2408) on 1 Sep 1834 and
recorded "pB, S, E, bM, 20".
The following of 2 [with NGC 526]".
******************************
NGC 528 = UGC
988 = MCG +05-04-057 = CGCG 502-083 = PGC 5290
01 25 33.6 +33
40 18
V = 12.5; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 55d
13.1"
(8/8/86): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated SW-NE, bright core. There is a string of mag 10 stars to
the north including two mag 10.5 stars 3.6' NNW and 7.6' NE and a mag 9.5 star
5.6' NNE. Two bright stars lie SE
including a mag 10 star 6' SSE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 528, which was missed by both Herschels, on 22 Aug 1865
with the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen.
His single position is quite accurate.
******************************
NGC 529 = HCG
10B = UGC 995 = MCG +06-04-019 = CGCG 521-023 = PGC 5299
01 25 40.3 +34
42 47
V = 12.1; Size 2.4'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 160d
17.5"
(8/31/86): moderately bright, fairly small, bright core. Located 10' NW of mag 6.3 SAO
54695. Brightest along with NGC
536 8.5' E in the HCG 10 group.
13.1"
(12/22/84): faint, diffuse.
Located among group of 4-5 mag 10-11 stars with a mag 6 star 10'
ESE. Brightest in a group.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 529 = h118 on 17 Nov 1827 and recorded "pB; vS; sbM. The preceding of two [with H III-171 =
NGC 536]. Corwin suggests that
NGC 529 = UGC 995 was probably discovered earlier by William Herschel and
catalogued as H III-171, but with an error in RA of over 1 min. But Wolfgang Steinicke argues that
III-171 = NGC 536, based on analyzing the sweep order. R.J. Mitchell, LdR's assistant,
discovered the other two members of HCG 10 in 1855.
******************************
NGC 530 = IC 106
= UGC 965 = MCG +00-04-119 = PGC 5210
01 24 41.7 -01
35 14
V = 13.0; Size 1.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 134d
17.5"
(9/19/87): fairly faint, fairly small, oval NW-SE, weak concentration. A mag 13 star is at the SE end 0.9'
from center. Forms a pair with IC
1696 3' SE within AGC 194.
13"
(9/22/84): moderately bright, edge-on NW-SE, bright core. A mag 12 star is off the SE end.
Lewis Swift discovered
NGC 530 = Sw VI-9 on 20 Nov 1886 with the 16" refractor at the Warner
Observatory. His position is 15
sec of RA east of UGC 965 = PGC 5210.
This galaxy was found again by Guillaume Bigourdan on 16 Nov 1887,
assumed to be new, and reported as Big. 119 (later IC 106). Herbert Howe
measured an accurate position in 1897 using the 20" refractor at
Chamberlin Observatory. The
equivalence of NGC 530 and IC 106 was mentioned in the IC 2 Notes. MCG identifies this galaxy as IC 106
only (NGC 530 is misidentified as MCG +00-04-122) but UGC states NGC 530 = IC
106. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 531 = HCG
10C = UGC 1012 = MCG +06-04-020 = CGCG 521-024 = PGC 5340
01 26 18.8 +34
45 15
V = 13.8; Size 1.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 34d
17.5"
(8/31/86): faint, fairly small, oval SW-NE, fairly small. A mag 12 star is just off the NE end
1.0' from center. Member of the
NGC 529-536 group = HCG 10 with NGC 536 3.1' SSE.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 531 (along with NGC 542) with Lord Rosse's 72" on 16 Oct
1855 while observing NGC 529 and 536 (found earlier by the Herschels). His position is 28 sec of RA west of
UGC 1012 = PGC 5340, but the sketch confirms the identity. The error in the position was caused by
a confusion in the reference object.
PGC 5340 is not identified as NGC 531 in UGC (1012), CGCG (521-024) or
MCG (+06-04-020). Carlson
advocated removal of NGC 531 from the NGC. See Thomson's Catalogue Corrections and WSQJ April 1986.
******************************
NGC 532 = UGC
982 = MCG +01-04-056 = CGCG 411-055 = LGG 023-006 = PGC 5264
01 25 17.3 +09
15 51
V = 12.9; Size 2.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 28d
18"
(12/3/05): moderately bright, fairly large, elongated 7:2 SW-NE, ~2.0'x0.4',
broad concentration, patchy appearance with an irregular surface
brightness. Member of the NGC 524
group.
17.5"
(10/17/87): fairly faint, fairly large, edge-on 3:1 or 4:1 SSW-NNE, broad
concentration. Member of the NGC
524 group with NGC 518 15' W and NGC 524 18' NW.
13"
(8/24/84): fairly faint, thin streak elongated SSW-NNE, slightly brighter core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 532 = H III-556 = h119 on 4 Sep 1786 (sweep 581) and noted
"vF, mE, about 1 1/2' long; the extent about 15' from the meridian from sp
to nf." JH recorded "not
vF, L, R, bM, 40" dia."
When JH compiled the GC, he included both his fathers and his own
observations as separate entries as "the description differ so materially,
especially in the particular of extension." Nevertheless, GC 313 = GC 314. Dreyer combined both entries into NGC 532. The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 533 = UGC
992 = MCG +00-04-131 = CGCG 385-121 = PGC 5283
01 25 31.4 +01
45 33
V = 11.4; Size 3.8'x2.3'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 50d
24"
(9/23/17): at 375x; bright, large, oval 3:2 SW-NE, ~2.5'x1.6', sharply
concentrated with a large bright core that is slightly elongated, halo
gradually fades into the background sky.
NGC 521 lies 14' WSW and IC 103/105/109 is ~20' NNW.
13.1"
(1/1/84): moderately bright, bright core, faint stellar nucleus suspected,
elongated halo WSW-ENE. A mag 13.5
star is 3.4' WNW.
8"
(1/1/84): very faint, very small, weak concentration. A mag 13.5 star is 3.5' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 533 = H II-462 = h121 on 8 Oct 1785 (sweep 462) and logged
"pB, R, pL, mbM." On 20
Dec 1786 (sweep 655) he noted "pB, R, vgbM, about 1.5' dia." and on 3
Dec 1787 (sweep 788), "F, S, R, gbM." JH recorded on 16 Dec 1827 (sweep 110), "B; pL; R;
bM."
******************************
NGC 534 = ESO
296-021 = MCG -06-04-026 = PGC 5215
01 24 44.6 -38
07 45
V = 13.4; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 142d
17.5"
(11/1/97): very faint, very small, round, ~25" diameter, weak
concentration. Slightly fainter
than NGC 544 5.8' ENE. First in a
group with NGC 544, NGC 546 and NGC 549 (latter not seen). Located 4' NNW of a mag 11 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 534 = h2410 (along with nearby NGC 544 and 546) on 23 Oct 1835
and logged "eeF, S, bM."
His mean position from two sweeps matches ESO 296-021 = PGC 5215.
******************************
NGC 535 = UGC
997 = MCG +00-04-133 = CGCG 385-124 = PGC 5282
01 25 31.1 -01
24 30
V = 13.8; Size 1.0'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 58d
17.5"
(9/19/87): faint, small, oval SW-NE, weak concentration. In the central core of the AGC 194
cluster on line with NGC 541 3.8' NE and NGC 545/NGC 547 8' NE.
13"
(9/22/84): extremely faint, elongated SW-NE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 535 on 31 Oct 1864 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen and recorded "eF, vS, 1st of 3 in a line [with NGC 541 and 545
(double)]".
******************************
NGC 536 = HCG
10A = UGC 1013 = MCG +06-04-021 = CGCG 521-025 = PGC 5344
01 26 21.7 +34
42 12
V = 12.4; Size 3.0'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 62d
17.5"
(8/31/86): moderately bright, slightly elongated WSW-ENE. A mag 14 star is involved at the north
edge. Located 8' NNE of mag 6.3
SAO 54695. Brightest along with
NGC 529 in HCG 10 with NGC 529 8.5' W, NGC 542 2.6' SE and NGC 531 3.1' NNW.
13"
(12/22/84): fairly faint, very small, elongated ~E-W, very small faint core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 536 = H III-171 = h120 on 13 Sep 1784 (problematic sweep 271)
and noted "stellar".
Objects discovered on this sweep (NGC 513, 515, 517, 523, 536, 552, 553,
614) have various offset errors in RA.
His position for III-171 is 1.0 min of RA east of UGC 1013. JH made the single observation
"pB; pL; gbM; the following of two." and measured an accurate
position. Heinrich d'Arrest made 3
observations and mentioned the star involved on the north side.
Analyzing the
sweep data, Harold Corwin suggests H III-171 applies to NGC 529, which is 1 min
40 sec west of WH's place, but Wolfgang Steinicke argues that III-171 must
apply to NGC 536 (coming from the previous object NGC 537 in the sweep).
******************************
NGC 537 = NGC
523 = UGC 979 = MCG +06-04-018 = CGCG 521-022 = Arp 158 = IV Zw 45 = PGC 5268
01 25 20.8 +34
01 30
See observing
notes for NGC 523.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 537 = H III-170 on 13 Sep 1784 (problematic sweep 271) and
simply noted "stellar".
All the RA positions are off by varying amounts in this sweep, computed
with respect to Beta Andromedae (except for NGC 404) in varying amounts. Dreyer questioned if this object was
identical to Heinrich d'Arrest's NGC 523 and these numbers are equated in the
RNGC. If Dreyer's suggestion is
correct, WH's RA 1.0 tmin too large and Corwin came to the same
conclusion. See his notes for more
on the story.
******************************
NGC 538 = UGC
991 = MCG +00-04-130 = CGCG 385-120 = PGC 5275
01 25 26.1 -01
33 02
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 40d
17.5"
(9/19/87): faint, very small, elongated SSW-NNE, weak concentration. A mag 12 star is at the north edge
34" from center. UGC 995 lies
3' NNW within AGC 194.
13"
(9/22/84): fairly faint, elongated SW-NE, star on NE tip.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 538 = Sw VI-10 on 20 Nov 1886 with the 16" refractor at the
Warner Observatory and recorded "eF; S; vE; pF * close N; Not 5180 [NGC
558]". Swift's position is 10
sec of RA east of UGC 991 = PGC 5275 and his comment "pF * close N"
applies, though the star is not faint.
******************************
NGC 539 = NGC
563 = ESO 542-010 = MCG -03-04-063 = PGC 5269
01 25 21.7 -18
09 51
V = 13.5; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 145d
17.5"
(12/23/92): very faint, fairly small, slightly elongated N-S, low even surface
brightness. Followed by a line of
three mag 13-14 stars oriented SSW-NNE located 3.2' SSE, 2.6' SE and 2.7' NE.
Francis Leavenworth
discovered NGC 539 = LM I-28 on 31 Oct 1885 with the 26" refractor at
Leander McCormick Observatory. His
rough position is just 1' to 2' S of ESO 542-010 = PGC 5269. NGC 563 (found again by Leavenworth the
next year) is a duplicate observation with a 2 tmin error in RA. So, NGC 539 = NGC 563.
******************************
NGC 540 = ESO
542-012 = PGC 5410
01 27 08.9 -20
02 12
V = 14.6; Size 0.8'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 179d
17.5"
(10/4/97): extremely faint and small, round. Only glimpsed at moments at 280x using GSC finder chart but
several times appeared virtually stellar.
On two occasions a 20" halo was visible (too faint to determine
elongation but extended 2:1 N-S on DSS). A mag 14 star lies 1.3' due north.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 540 = LM I-29 on 15 Oct 1885 with the 26"
refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. There is nothing at his position by ~2 min of RA east and 5'
south is ESO 542-012 = PGC 5410.
Corwin examined the sketch, but there is only one star shown, so the
field cannot be confirmed and identification is uncertain.
******************************
NGC 541 = Arp
133 = UGC 1004 = MCG +00-04-137 = CGCG 385-128 = PGC 5305
01 25 44.3 -01
22 46
V = 12.1; Size 1.8'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.2
48"
(10/22/11): very bright, fairly large, round, sharply concentrated with an
intense core 30" core surrounded by a much fainter halo, nearly 1.5'
diameter. Just off the east side
of the halo are two faint galaxies: PGC 86298 1' E and Minkowski's Object 0.8'
NE. PGC 86298 was faint, very
small, round, 10" diameter, visible continuously. Minkowski's Object was very faint, very
small, round, 10" diameter, low even surface brightness. A mag 17 star 40" NE forms an
equilateral triangle with the pair of galaxies. A 17th magnitude star is 1.4'
NE of center and forms an equilateral triangle with the pair of faint galaxies.
Minkowski's
object, experiencing a burst of star formation, was actually triggered by the
jet from the nucleus of NGC 541 because the body of the jet can be traced all
the way to the region where the new stars are forming.
17.5"
(9/19/87): fairly faint, fairly small, bright core, oval SSW-NNE. Slightly fainter than NGC 545/NGC 547
4.4' NE in the core of AGC 194.
Also at midpoint with NGC 545/547 and NGC 535 3.7' SW. A bridge of stars and gas connects NGC
541 and the interacting pair NGC 545/547.
Embedded in the bridge just NE of NGC 541 is "Minkowski's Object"
(not seen) which has a very unusual optical spectrum.
13"
(9/22/84): moderately bright, round.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 541 on 30 Oct 1864 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen and measured on 3 nights.
I'm surprised that WH missed this galaxy in his discovery observation of
NGC 545/547.
A bridge of
stars and gas connects NGC 541 and the interacting pair NGC 545/547. Embedded in the bridge just northeast
of NGC 541 is "Minkowski's Object" which has a very unusual optical
spectrum. See "Minkowski's
object - A starburst triggered by a radio jet" at
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?1985ApJ...293...83V. A brief summary and excellent image is
at http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/M/Minkowskis_Object.html.
******************************
NGC 542 = HCG
10D = MCG +06-04-022 = CGCG 521-026 = PGC 5360
01 26 30.8 +34
40 32
V = 14.7; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(8/31/86): faint, diffuse, slightly elongated. Located 2.6' SE of NGC 536 in the HCG 10 = NGC 529-536
group.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 542 on 16 Oct 1855 with Lord Rosse's 72" while observing
NGC 529 and 536 (discovered earlier by the Herschels). This nebula was shown on the sketch as
Delta and Dreyer measured a micrometric position.
******************************
NGC 543 = MCG
+00-04-138 = CGCG 385-130 = PGC 5311
01 25 50.0 -01
17 34
V = 13.1; Size 0.6'x0.3'; Surf Br = 10.9; PA = 90d
48"
(10/22/11): fairly bright/bright, fairly small, elongated 3:1 E-W, 0.6'x0.2',
contains a small bright core. MCG
+00-04-140 lies 1.5' SSE. In a
string of galaxies oriented SSW-NNE in AGC 194 with NGC 545/547 4' SE.
17.5"
(9/19/87): faint, small, very elongated ~E-W. Located 4.5' NW of NGC 545/NGC 547 duo in the core of AGC
194.
13"
(9/22/84): very faint, very small.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 543 on 31 Oct 1864, while measuring positions for other
members of AGC 194 with the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen. His single micrometric position is just
off the south edge of CGCG 385-130 = PGC 5311.
******************************
NGC 544 = ESO
296-024 = MCG -06-04-028 = PGC 5253
01 25 12.0 -38
05 41
V = 13.4; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 2d
17.5"
(11/1/97): very faint, very small, round, 25" round, weak concentration to
a slightly brighter core. Precedes
a mag 14 star by 1.5' and forms a close pair with NGC 546 1.5' N; the two
galaxies and the star form a nearly perfect equilateral triangle. Located ~15' SW of the core of the
distant AGC 2911.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 544 = h2411 (along with nearby NGC 534 = h2410 and NGC 546 =
h2412) on 23 Oct 1835. His
description reads "eeF; the Sp of two [with NGC 546] which form an
equilateral triangle with a star 13th mag" and matches ESO 296-024 = PGC
5253.
******************************
NGC 545 = Arp
308 NED1 = UGC 1007 = MCG +00-04-142 = CGCG 385-132 = Holm 42a = 3C 40 = PGC
5323
01 25 59.1 -01
20 25
V = 12.2; Size 2.4'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 55d
48"
(10/22/11): very bright, large, oval 2:1 SW-NE, 1.4'x0.7', well concentrated
with a large bright core and fainter halo that merges with NGC 547 on the
southeast side.
CGCG 385-129,
situated 2.5' NW of NGC 545, is moderately bright, small, elongated 3:2 ,
0.4'x0.3' WNW-ESE, small bright core.
CGCG 385-127, located 3' due west of NGC 545, appeared moderately
bright, fairly small, elongated 4:3 SSW-NNE, 0.4'x0.3', contains a small bright
core.
17.5" (9/19/87):
NGC 545 is the brightest member of AGC 194. It appeared moderately bright, small, round, small bright
core. Forms a double system with
NGC 547 in a common envelope.
CGCG 385-129,
located 2.5' NW of NGC 545, is extremely faint and small, round. It forms the eastern vertex of an
equilateral triangle with a pair of mag 13 stars 45" SW and NW. RNGC and MCG misidentify CGCG 385-129
as NGC 545. CGCG 385-127, located
3' W of NGC 545 is extremely faint and small, almost round.
13"
(9/22/84): moderately bright, round, bright core. Preceding of a double system with NGC 547 0.5' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 545 = H II-448, along with NGC 547, on 1 Oct 1785 (sweep 448)
and recorded both as "Two, stellar of equal size and within 1' of each
other. Their nebulosities run
together and at first sight seem to form only one extended nebula." These galaxies form a double system and
are the brightest members of AGC 194.
RNGC
misidentifies the double system NGC 545/547 as NGC 547/547A. MCG calls the double galaxy NGC
547a/NGC 547b. RNGC and MCG both
misidentify MCG +00-04-140 as NGC 545. See RNGC Corrections #1 and the Webb Society
Observer's Handbook, Volume 5.
******************************
NGC 546 = ESO
296-025 = MCG -06-04-029 = PGC 5255
01 25 12.7 -38
04 09
V = 13.6; Size 1.4'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 35d
17.5"
(11/1/97): extremely faint, very small, round, requires averted to view. Located 1.5' N of brighter NGC
544. A mag 13.5 star lies 1.5' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 546 = h2412 (along with nearby NGC 534 = h2410 and NGC 544 =
h2411) on 23 Oct 1835 and recorded "eeF. The on f of two."
On a later sweep he logged "eeF; S; R; vgbM." His mean position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 547 = Arp
308 NED2 = UGC 1009 = MCG +00-04-143 = CGCG 385-133 = Holm 42b = 3C 40 = PGC
5324
01 26 00.7 -01
20 43
V = 12.2; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 85d
48"
(10/22/11): very bright, round, moderately large, 1' diameter, very bright
core. The halo merges with NGC
545, which is in contact on the NW side.
17.5"
(9/19/87): moderately bright, small, round, small bright core. Forms a contact pair with NGC 545 0.5'
NW and the brightest (pair) in AGC 194.
NGC 541 is 4.6' SW and NGC 543 lies 4.1' NW.
13"
(9/22/84): moderately bright, round, bright core, in contact with NGC 545 very
close NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 547 = H II-449, along with NGC 545, on 1 Oct 1785 (sweep 448)
and reported both as "Two, stellar of equal size and within 1' of each
other. Their nebulosities run
together and at first sight seem to form only one extended nebula." These galaxies form a double system and
are the brightest members of AGC 194.
MCG identifies this galaxy as NGC 547b.
******************************
NGC 548 = UGC
1010 = MCG +00-04-141 = CGCG 385-134 = PGC 5326
01 26 02.5 -01
13 32
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 135d
17.5"
(9/19/87): faint, small, slightly elongated, broad concentration. Member of AGC 194.
George Searle
discovered NGC 548 = HN 33 on 2 Nov 1867 using the 15-inch Merz Refractor
(Annal of Harvard Obs, Vol 13, #25) at Harvard Observatory. His micrometric position matches UGC
1010 = PGC 5326.
******************************
NGC 549 = ESO
296-022 = PGC 5243
01 25 07.1 -38
00 29
V = 14.5; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 100d
18"
(12/17/11): extremely faint, fairly small, round, no structure, required
averted vision. Located ~5' NNW of
NGC 544/546 pair. Viewed at 11¡
elevation.
17.5"
(11/1/97): not visible
John Herschel
discovered NGC 549 = h2413 on 29 Nov 1837 and recorded "eeeF, S, R, vgbM.
The 4th of a group of four [with NGC 534, 544 and 546]." There is nothing at this position, but
15' N is ESO 296-026 = PGC 5278, and ESO, SGC and RC3 identify ESO 296-026 =
NGC 549. These galaxies were observed on two sweeps and given very accurate
positions.
Instead, I
suggested that NGC 549 = ESO 296-022 = PGC 5243. This galaxy matches JH's
position in declination but his RA would be off by 18 tsec. Although ESO 296-022 is much smaller
and fainter than ESO 296-026, it is closer in position (off only in RA) and a
much better match with JH's description "The 4th of a group of 4"
[with NGC 534, 544 and 546]. So,
although the identification of NGC 549 is not definite, NGC 549 = PGC 5243
appears to be a much better choice.
See Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 550 = UGC
1021 = MCG +00-04-146 = CGCG 385-139 = PGC 5374
01 26 42.5 +02
01 20
V = 12.7; Size 1.5'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 120d
17.5"
(1/1/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE, 1.0'x0.5', bright
core has a fairly high surface brightness, faint stellar nucleus, faint
halo. Located 9' SW of a mag 9.5
star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 550 = H II-463 = h122 on 8 Oct 1785 (sweep 462) and noted
"F, S, lE." On 20 Dec
1786 (sweep 655) he logged "F, S, mbM, irr lE nearly in the parallel"
and on 3 Dec 1787 (sweep 788), "F, vS, irr R, lbM." JH reported on 16 Dec 1827 (sweep 110)
"pB; S; E from p to f; BM; has a granulated (i.e. a resolvable) appearance." Dreyer observed the galaxy on 23 Oct
1876 with the 72" at Birr Castle and recorded "F, pL, E npsf, 2 st
13-14m p & np 2.5'. Orange-red *9-10 (with a F companion
3/4' preceding) is 9.2' NE."
The mag 9.0 star is K2-type HD 8827.
******************************
NGC 551 = UGC
1034 = MCG +06-04-027 = CGCG 521-030 = PGC 5450
01 27 40.6 +37
10 59
V = 12.7; Size 1.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 140d
17.5"
(12/23/89): fairly faint, fairly small, oval NW-SE, even surface
brightness. A mag 13 star is at
the NW end 1.1' from center. A
close mag 14.5 double is just following the SE end.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 551 = H III-560 = h123 on 21 Sep 1786 (sweep 599) and noted
"vF, S, E, among some stars."
R.J. Mitchell observed this galaxy (UGC 1034 = PGC 5450) on 18 Sep 1857
with Lord Rosse's 72"and recorded "much elongated np-sf. Faint triple star following; at Alpha a
vF * or neb. patch." Although
the orientation of the sketch is not shown, at the position of Alpha there is
just a very faint star. The NGC
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 552
01 26 10.1 +33
24 22
17.5"
(12/9/01): this number possibly applies to the mag 15 star just 30"
preceding CGCG 502-084, assuming NGC 553 applies to CGCG 502-084. The star was actually slightly easier
to view than the galaxy.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 552 = H III-172, along with NGC 553, on 13 Sep 1784 (problematic
sweep 271) and noted "Two [with NGC 552 = III-172]. Both vS. stellar, but
a little doubtful." There is
nothing near his position and Harold Corwin suggests NGC 552 may apply to a
star at 01 26 10.1 +33 24 21, which is just preceding CGCG 502-084 = NGC
553? Wolfgang Steinicke also
identifies it as a star, but at 01 26 57.0 +33 33 29. See
NGC 553.
******************************
NGC 553 = CGCG
502-084 = Mrk 1155 = LGG 026-033 = PGC 5333
01 26 12.6 +33
24 19
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 15d
17.5"
(12/9/01): extremely faint, very small, round, 15" diameter (viewed core
only of this faint edge-on), requires averted. A slightly brighter mag 15 star (possibly NGC 552) is
30" preceding. Located 18'
ESE of NGC 517, just following the NGC 507 Group.
This
identification is very uncertain due to a poor position by William Herschel.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 553 = H III-173, along with NGC 552, on 13 Sep 1784 (problematic
sweep 271). He simply recorded
"Two [with NGC 552 = III-172]. Both vS. stellar, but a little
doubtful." There is nothing
near his position and RNGC classifies NGC 553 as nonexistent. Dreyer notes the
observation by Sir Robert Ball at Birr Castle on 4 Jan 1867 ("Two, perhaps
3 neb, but I had not time to examine the field closely. Alpha is F, vS; Beta extremely faint;
Gamma is doubtful") may refer to other objects.
Harold Corwin suggests
that NGC 553 is possibly CGCG 502-084 = PGC 5333. NGC 552 could apply to the faint star close preceding. This assumes Herschel's RA is 1.6 min
too large, and his dec 3' too far north (his errors in RA were greater as the
sweep progressed). But Wolfgang
Steinicke disagrees. He argues that WH's sweep path from III-171 = NGC 536, the
previous object in the sweep, is not consistent with CGCG 502-084, which is too
far west and south to be seen. So,
perhaps it is best to simply classify NGC 553 and 552 lost.
******************************
NGC 554 = ESO
476-IG011 = MCG -04-04-013 = PGC 5412
01 27 09.6 -22
43 30
V = 13.7; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 177d
18"
(12/3/05): fairly faint, fairly small, irregular round, 40" diameter, weak
concentration. Two mag 12 stars
follow 1.8' E and 2.5' SE. Close
pair with NGC 552 2.3' S. NGC 554
is a merged pair with the two nuclei separated by only 5"-6".
17.5"
(11/6/93): faint, small, round.
Forms the SW vertex of an equilateral triangle with a mag 13.2 star 1.8'
NE and a mag 12.8 star 1.8' E.
Forms a close pair with NGC 555 2' S.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 554 = LM II-305 (along with NGC 555 = LM II-306 and NGC 556 = LM
II-307) in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick
Observatory. His position is 0.4
min of RA too far west. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00
using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2
notes). This is an extremely close
double system (PGC 5412 and 5413), with the two components identified as NGC
554A and 554B in NED and NGC 554 and 554A in PGC.
******************************
NGC 555 = ESO
476-012 = MCG -04-04-014 = PGC 5419
01 27 11.8 -22
45 44
V = 14.1; Size 0.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 13d
18"
(12/3/05): extremely faint, very small, round. Appears as a very low surface brightness hazy spot with
averted vision. ~15" diameter.
Visible at best 1/3 of the time with averted vision. Located 2.3' S of NGC 554.
17.5"
(12/9/01): extremely faint, very small, round. In a small group with NGC 554 2' N and NGC 556 (not seen).
17.5"
(11/6/93): extremely faint, very small, just glimpsed at moments though
definitely visible. A mag 13 star
is 1.5' ENE. Forms a close pair
with NGC 554 2' N.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 555 = LM II-306 (along with NGC 554 = LM II-305 and NGC 556 = LM
II-307) in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick
Observatory. His position is 0.4
tmin west of ESO 476-012 = PGC 5419.
Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using the 20"
refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 556 = ESO
476-013 = PGC 5420
01 27 12.6 -22
41 52
V = 14.5; Size 0.4'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 136d
18"
(12/3/05): marginal object, glimpsed a few times but confirmed off the NNE side
of NGC 554 and faintest in a close trio with NGC 554 and NGC 555. Appeared quasi-stellar, ~6" in
diameter. Situated just 1.8' NNE
of NGC 554.
17.5"
(11/6/93): not seen.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 556 = LM II-307 (along with NGC 554 = LM II-305 and NGC 555 = LM
II-306) in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick
Observatory. His position is 0.5
min of RA east of ESO 476-013 = PGC 5420.
Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using the 20"
refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 557 = IC
1703 = UGC 1016 = MCG +00-04-144 =
PGC 5351
01 26 25.1 -01
38 20
V = 13.5; Size 1.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 45d
17.5"
(1/1/92): faint, small, round, broad concentration, halo gradually fades into
background. Located 4.5' WNW of
mag 8.7 SAO 129302 and 20' SE of the core of AGC 194.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 557 = Sw VI-11 on 20 Nov 1886 with the 16" refractor at the
Warner Observatory and recorded "eF; S; B * f 15 seconds and is on of
it." His position is poor; 46
sec of RA east of UGC 1016 = PGC 5351 and the bright star is southeast of the
galaxy, but the identification NGC 557 = UGC 1016 is secure. Bigourdan couldn't find the galaxy at Swift's
position but "rediscovered" it on 27 Oct 1897 assuming it was
new. Big. 369 (later IC 1703) has
an accurate position. So, NGC 557
= IC 170, with NGC 557 the primary designation. UGC and CGCG label this galaxy as IC 1703 but RC3 identifies
it as NGC 557.
******************************
NGC 558 = CGCG
385-143 = PGC 5425
01 27 16.1 -01
58 16
V = 14.3; Size 0.4'x0.2'; Surf Br = 11.1; PA = 110d
24"
(9/23/17): at 375x; fairly faint, small, slightly elongated WNW-ESE, ~20"
diameter. Appears to have a
brighter bar oriented WNW-ESE [confirmed on the SDSS]. A mag 12.0 star is 1.3' WNW. NGC 560 lies 4.2' NNE. In AGC 194.
17.5"
(1/1/92): very faint, very small, very small bright core, faint stellar
nucleus, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE in direction of a mag 12.5 star 1.3' WNW of
core. Member of AGC 194 with NGC
560 4' NNE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 558 on 1 Feb 1864 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen, while measuring nearby H III-441 = NGC 560 and H III-442 = NGC
564. He also accurately placed the
nearby mag 12 star (called mag 10) as 5 seconds preceding.
******************************
NGC 559 = Cr 13
= OCL-322 = Lund 45
01 29 34 +63 18
12
V = 9.5; Size 4'
17.5"
(11/2/91): about 50 stars mag 10-15 at 220x in a 6'x4' region. Fairly compact and rich with an
irregular outline. Includes a thin
isosceles triangle of three mag 10 stars with the base to the south. The southeast star in this base is a
close unequal double. A number of
the stars are arranged in strings including four mag 13-14 stars over haze
trail from base to the north. Also
four mag 8/9 stars precede the cluster to the northwest in a 10' string.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 559 = H VII-48 = h124 on 9 Nov 1787 (sweep 777) and noted
"a compressed cluster of some pL and many vS stars, iR, 6' or 7'
diameter." JH independently
found this cluster on 5 Oct 1829 and described "A fine rich cluster 5'
diameter, irregular." He made
a clerical error in reducing the PD, which is 1¡ too far south (error caught by
Auwers), so he thought it was a new discovery when compiling the Slough
Catalogue, but corrected this error and equated h124 = H VII-48 in the GC.
******************************
NGC 560 = IC 117
= UGC 1036 = MCG +00-04-151 = CGCG 385-145 = PGC 5430
01 27 25.4 -01
54 47
V = 13.0; Size 1.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 178d
24"
(9/23/17): at 375x; fairly faint to moderately bright, very elongated at least
3:1 N-S, ~50"x15", slightly brighter core, small bright nucleus. Middle of 3 with NGC 558 4' SW and NGC
564 6' ENE. Also IC 120 is 12' E
and IC 119 is 11' SE.
17.5"
(1/1/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 N-S, well-defined very
small bright core, faint narrow extensions. In a trio with NGC 558 4' SSW and NGC 564 6' ENE within in
AGC 194.
13"
(9/22/84): fairly faint, small, elongated ~N-S, bright core. Located 5' WSW of NGC 564.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 560 = H III-441 on 1 Oct 1785 (sweep 448) and logged "vF,
vS, iE." ƒdouard Stephan
independently found the galaxy (St VIII-1, second list) on 21 Nov 1878 with the
31" reflector at the Marseille Observatory. He noted his object was probably the same as H. III-411 and
St VIII-2, second list, was the probably the same as H. III-442 (later NGC
564). Harold Corwin found that
Stephane Javelle's J. 1-58 (later IC 117) was found by Corwin to be a duplicate
observation, due to an error in identifying the offset star. So, NGC 558 = IC 117. See Corwin's write-up on this error.
******************************
NGC 561 = UGC
1048 = MCG +06-04-029 = CGCG 521-032 = PGC 5489
01 28 18.8 +34
18 30
V = 12.9; Size 1.6'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(12/23/89): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated NW-SE, weak
concentration. Located 15' ESE of
mag 6.3 SAO 54705.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 561 on 23 Aug 1862 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen and logged "eF, 30" dia, R". His single position matches UGC 1048 =
PGC 5489. WH and JH missed this
galaxy although they both swept up many galaxies in the region.
******************************
NGC 562 = UGC
1049 = MCG +08-03-025 = CGCG 551-020 = PGC 5502
01 28 29.3 +48
23 15
V = 13.3; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 20d
17.5"
(11/27/92): faint, fairly small, round, even surface brightness. A bright wide double star is located 4'
S with components 8/10 at 21".
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 562 = Sw III-5 on 30 Nov 1885 with the 16" refractor at the
Warner Observatory and noted "eF; pS; R; D * near south". His position is 17 tsec following UGC
1049 and his comment "D * near south" applies to a wide pair 4' S of
this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 563 = NGC
539 = ESO 542-010 = MCG -03-04-063 = PGC 5269
01 25 21.7 -18
09 51
See observing
notes for NGC 539.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 563 = LM I-30 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at
the Leander McCormick Observatory.
The description mentions "sev faint stars follow in a line n and
s". Corwin identifies NGC 563
as a duplicate observation of NGC 539 = ESO 542-010 = PGC 5269 (discovered
earlier by Leavenworth) with a 2 tmin error in RA as the description of the
line of faint stars matches NGC 539.
ESO 542-013 is misidentified as NGC 563 in RNGC, SGC and RC3 as well as
in Megastar.
******************************
NGC 564 = UGC
1044 = MCG +00-04-154 = CGCG 385-148 = Holm 44a = PGC 5455
01 27 48.2 -01
52 46
V = 12.5; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 145d
24"
(9/23/17): at 375x; moderately bright, fairly small, round, small bright core,
30" diameter. A mag 14 star
is 1.4' S and a mag 15 star is 40" NW of center.
17.5"
(1/1/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, very small bright
core. A mag 15 star is just off
the west edge. Third of three and
similar to NGC 560 6' WSW although different position angles. Located 7' NNW of mag 8.6 SAO 129314
and 10' NNW of mag 6.9 SAO 129315.
Member of the AGC 194 cluster.
13"
(9/22/84): fairly faint, fairly small, almost round, bright core. Two bright stars are in the field to
SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 564 = H III-442 on 1 Oct 1785 (sweep 448) and logged "vF,
vS, iE." ƒdouard Stephan
(VIII-2, second list) independently found the galaxy on 21 Nov 1878 with the
31" reflector at the Marseille Observatory, although Stephan noted the
probable equivalence with H III-441.
******************************
NGC 565 = UGC
1052 = MCG +00-04-158 = CGCG 385-153 = PGC 5481
01 28 10.1 -01
18 22
V = 13.5; Size 1.3'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 36d
17.5"
(1/1/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE, bright core. Located just west of the midpoint of
two mag 10 stars 3.9' NE and 4.7' S in the rich cluster AGC 194.
George Searle
discovered NGC 565 = HN 34 on 2 Nov 1867 using the 15-inch Merz Refractor
(Annal of Harvard Obs, Vol 13, #26) at the Harvard Observatory. His micrometric position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 566 = UGC
1058 = MCG +05-04-062 = CGCG 502-092 = PGC 5545
01 29 03.0 +32
19 56
V = 13.5; Size 1.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 178d
17.5"
(12/23/89): very faint, fairly small, elongated N-S, even surface
brightness. NGC 571 lies 15' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 566 = h125 on 22 Nov 1827 and noted "vF; S; R". His position matches UGC 1058 = PGC
5545.
******************************
NGC 567 = MCG
-02-04-053 = PGC 5402
01 27 02.3 -10
15 55
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 125d
17.5"
(11/6/93): faint, very small, round, small bright core, stellar nucleus. A mag 11.5 star is 4.5' S.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 567 = LM I-31 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at
Leander McCormick Observatory and logged "mag 15, vS, R". His rough position (RA given as
uncertain) is 1.0 tmin east of MCG -02-04-053 = PGC 5402.
******************************
NGC 568 = IC
1709 = ESO 353-003 = MCG -06-04-037 = PGC 5468
01 27 57.0 -35
43 04
V = 12.6; Size 2.2'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 137d
17.5"
(11/1/97): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, 1.0' diameter, weak
concentration to a small brighter core.
Larger of pair with NGC 574 15' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 568 = h2414 on 29 Nov 1837 and recorded "very faint, small,
round." His position matches
ESO 353-003 = PGC 5468, although he was uncertain of the declination. Lewis Swift found the galaxy on 4 Sep
1897 and assumed it was a new discovery, reporting it in list XI-21. His position is 10 seconds of RA east
and 2.8' south of PGC 5468. The ESO, PGC and Deep Sky Field Guide (first
edition) misidentify ESO 353-004, a much fainter galaxy 4.3' NE, as IC
1709. As Swift makes no mention of
NGC 568 in his description, it is much more likely he picked up this brighter
galaxy. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 569 = UGC
1063 = Mrk 997 = MCG +02-04-053 = PGC 5548
01 29 07.2 +11
07 54
V = 14.3; Size 1.1'x0.5'; PA = 163d
24"
(10/1/16): fairly faint, but moderately large, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE,
~40"x20", fairly low surface brightness, weak concentration. Forms a disrupted interacting pair with
UGC 1065 1.1' NE. The companion
was only occasionally visible as an extremely faint hazy spot (probably the
core).
17.5"
(1/1/92): very faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, 1.0'x0.5', low
surface brightness with weak concentration.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 569 = m 49 on 1 Oct 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta. He noted "eF, vS, R" and
measured a fairly accurate position.
******************************
NGC 570 = UGC
1061 = MCG +00-04-162 = CGCG 385-159 = PGC 5539
01 28 58.6 -00
56 57
V = 12.8; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 175d
17.5"
(1/1/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 E-W, small bright
core. Contains a faint stellar
nucleus offset towards the west end or a very faint star is superimposed. A mag 13 star is 1.8' SSW. Member of AGC 194.
George Searle
discovered NGC 570 = HN 32 on 31 Oct 1867 using the 15-inch Merz Refractor
(Annal of Harvard Obs, Vol 13, #27) at Harvard Observatory. His micrometric position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 571 = UGC
1069 = MCG +05-04-063 = CGCG 502-098 = PGC 5587
01 29 56.1 +32
30 04
V = 13.6; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.0
17.5"
(12/23/89): extremely faint, small, round, very diffuse. A close mag 14/15 double star is close
west. Located 5.6' SSW of mag 9.0
SAO 54740. NGC 566 lies 15' SW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 571 on 1 Oct 1864 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. As well as providing
an accurate position he measured the mag 14 star that precedes by 6 seconds of
RA (or 74" separation), though did not note it was double.
******************************
NGC 572 = ESO
296-031 = MCG -07-04-009 = PGC 5508
01 28 36.4 -39
18 26
V = 14.1; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5
24"
(10/3/13): although quite low from central California, viewed at 280x and 375x
and appeared faint, very small, round, 18" diameter (core only). A mag 14.6 star is at the NW edge. A mag 10.3 star lies 6.2' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 572 = h2415 on 4 Sep 1834 and reported "eF, S; attached to
a minute star, and very near a bright one.". His position and description apply to ESO 296-031 = PGC
5508.
******************************
NGC 573 = UGC
1078 = CGCG 537-010 = PGC 5638
01 30 49.3 +41
15 26
V = 13.1; Size 0.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 10.9
17.5"
(11/27/92): fairly faint, small, fairly strong smooth surface brightness, only
a gradual concentration but no core or nucleus. A mag 13.5 star is 30" SW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 573 = St XII-15 on 21 Oct 1881 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory and recorded "vF, vS, R, gradually brighter to
the center". His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 574 = ESO
353-006 = MCG -06-04-039 = PGC 5544
01 29 03.0 -35 35
57
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 2d
17.5"
(11/1/97): faint, small, slightly elongated, weak even concentration to a
brighter core. Follows an asterism
of four mag 13 stars, the closest being 2.4' W. In same field with NGC 568 15' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 574 = h2416 on 1 Sep 1834 and described "A Double Star. The
left eye leaves no doubt of its being involved in a vF neb. diffused over
15". An extremely delicate and difficult object. Pos. of the double star
225 degrees; dist. 4", 15 and 16 mag." On a later sweep he noted
"vF, S, R." and the next sweep he recorded it again: "There is a
nebula but I perceive no double star in it." This galaxy is a barred spiral, and possibly he detected a
brightening in the bar at one end.
******************************
NGC 575 = IC
1710 = UGC 1081 = MCG +03-04-051 = CGCG 459-072 = PGC 5634
01 30 46.7 +21
26 25
V = 12.8; Size 1.7'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(11/30/91): faint, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter, low almost even surface
brightness, broad mild concentration, edges fade into background.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 575 = St VIIIa-5 on 17 Oct 1876 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory and described "eF, almost unobservable, irr R,
dia 3/4 to 1'." His published
position matches UGC 1081, although the GC Supplement and NGC position is two
degrees too far north (transcription error by Dreyer). Stephane Javelle found this galaxy
again on 18 Jan 1896, placed it correctly, and reported it in list 3-888 (later
IC 1710). So, NGC 575 = IC
1710. CGCG, UGC and MCG use the IC
designation based on position, although NGC 575 should apply based on
historical discovery. Karl
Reinmuth, in his 1926 survey based on Heidelberg plates, noted the equivalence
of NGC 575 with IC 1710. See
Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 576 = ESO
196-007 = AM 0126-515 = PGC 5535
01 28 57.7 -51
35 55
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 18d
25"
(10/15/17 - OzSky): at 244x and 397x; moderately bright, fairly small, 30"
diameter. Sharply concentrated
with an elongated bar oriented NW-SE containing a faint stellar nucleus. The outer halo has an extremely low
surface brightness. Situated along
the north side of a pentagon of mag 11.3-14 stars. Located 7.6' SE of mag 7.7 HD 9195 and 19' ESE of mag 7.5 HD
8926.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 576 = h2417 on 3 Oct 1834 and logged "F; S; R; bM; among 5
or 6 stars 11m." His position
and description matches ESO 196-007 = PGC 5535.
******************************
NGC 577 = NGC
580 = UGC 1080 = MCG +00-04-165 = CGCG 385-165 = PGC 5628
01 30 40.7 -01
59 40
V = 12.9; Size 1.8'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 140d
17.5"
(9/26/92): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated 4:3 NW-SE, weak
concentration, occasionally a very faint stellar nucleus is visible. Located near the east edge of AGC 194
and 5' WSW of a mag 10 star.
Aaron Skinner
discovered NGC 577 = Sf 100 = T I-7 on 23 Oct 1867 with the 18.5" Clark
refractor at the Dearborn Observatory. Truman Safford published the
discovery list 20 years later (1887), so Dreyer didn't notice it in time for
Skinner to be credited in the NGC. Wilhelm Tempel independently found the
galaxy on 14 Aug 1877 with an 11" refractor at the Arcetri Observatory and
recorded it in his list I-7 and IV-5. Tempel claimed he found two nebulae
2m 50s following NGC 560 and 564 (there is only a single galaxy at this
position), which Dreyer assigned to NGC 577 and NGC 580. Tempel is
credited with the discovery of NGC 577 in the NGC. So, NGC 577 = NGC 580.
******************************
NGC 578 = ESO
476-015 = MCG -04-04-020 = UGCA 18 = PGC 5619
01 30 28.9 -22
40 00
V = 10.9; Size 4.9'x3.1'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 110d
17.5"
(1/1/92): fairly faint, fairly large, elongated 4:3 WNW-ESE, ~4'x3', slightly
brighter middle is mottled, no distinct core. A mag 14 star or knot is at the east end 1.3' from the
center. The SDSS image reveals
this is a galaxy, catalogued as PGC 133775. Located 11' SE of mag 7.8 SAO 81972.
8"
(9/25/81): faint, fairly large, elongated. Lies SE of a mag 8 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 578 = h2418 on 11 Nov 1835 and logged "B; L; pmE; gpmbM; 3'
long, 2' broad." His position
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 579 = UGC
1089 = MCG +05-04-064 = CGCG 502-103 = PGC 5691
01 31 46.6 +33
36 55
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(12/23/89): fairly faint, moderately large, almost round, weakly concentrated
but no core. Pair with NGC 582 8'
SSE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 579 = h127 on 22 Nov 1827 and logged "vF; pL;
gbM". His position matches
UGC 1089 = PGC 5691. Herschel
missed NGC 582 (discovered later by Heinrich d'Arrest), located 8.7' SSE.
******************************
NGC 580 = NGC
577 = UGC 1080 = MCG +00-04-165 = CGCG 385-165 = PGC 5628
01 30 40.7 -01
59 40
See observing
notes for NGC 577.
Wilhelm Tempel
found NGC 580 = T I-8 on 14 Aug 1877 with the 11" refractor at the Arcetri
Observatory, claiming to see two nebulae 2m 50s following NGC 560 and 564. The
second object was assigned NGC 577. But there is only the single galaxy UGC
1080 = PGC 5628 at this position, so possibly one of his objects was a faint
star. NGC 580 is generally equated with NGC 577. Aaron Skinner discovered this
galaxy 10 years earlier on 23 Oct 1867 with the 18.5-inch Clark refractor at
Dearborn. As the discovery wasn't published until 1887, Skinner wasn't
credited in the NGC.
Lewis Swift
found the galaxy again on 20 Nov 1886 and reported it as new in list VI-12. Dreyer
assigned Swift's position to NGC 580 with Swift and Tempel credited in the NGC.
Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using the 20"
refractor at Chamberlin Observatory.
******************************
NGC 581 = M103 =
Cr 14
01 33 22 +60 39
30
V = 7.4; Size 6'
13.1"
(10/20/84): 50-60 stars in cluster, fairly rich. Includes several bright stars in a distinctive triangular
wedge shape containing ·131 at the NW edge (7.3/9.9/11.8 at 14" and
28" lined up to the SE) , colorful orange mag 8.4 SAO 11826 (M2-class
supergiant) just SE of center, mag 8.9 SAO 11824 1' S of SAO 11826 and mag 8.2 HD 9365 on the SE edge [not
a cluster member].
Pierre MŽchain
discovered M103 = NGC 581 = h126 in April 1781 and was added by Messier into
his 1781 catalogue (without confirmation). John Herschel included M103 in his Slough Catalogue (h126)
but only referenced ·131, Struve's entry (1825) from his catalogue of double
stars, so he was apparently unaware of the equivalence with M103.
On 8 Aug 1783 WH
described M103 as "14 or 16 pretty large stars with a great many eS ones.
Two of the large ones are double, one of the 1st the other of the 2nd class.
The compound eye glass shews a few more that may be taken into the cluster so
as to make about 20. I exclude a good many straggling ones, otherwise there
would be no knowing where to stop."
******************************
NGC 582 = UGC
1094 = MCG +05-04-065 = CGCG 502-105 = PGC 5702
01 31 58.1 +33
28 35
V = 13.2; Size 2.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 58d
17.5"
(12/23/89): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE, weak
concentration. Pair with NGC 579
8' NNW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 582 on 9 Aug 1863 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. He mentioned the mag
12-13 star that precedes by 4.5 seconds of time and measured an accurate
position.
******************************
NGC 583 = ESO
542-G20 = MCG -03-04-077 = PGC 5576
01 29 44.1 -18
20 22
V = 14.1; Size 0.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 40d
17.5"
(10/21/95): very faint, very small, round, 30" diameter, very weak
concentration with no distinct core.
A mag 12 star is 1.5' NW of center.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 583 = LM II-308 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at Leander McCormick Observatory.
His typical poor position is 1 min of RA east of ESO 542-020 = PGC 5576. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory
(repeated in the IC 2 notes). MCG
(-03-04-077) does not equate their entry with NGC 583.
******************************
NGC 584 = IC
1712 = MCG -01-04-060 = Holm 45b = LGG 027-001 = PGC 5663
01 31 20.7 -06
52 06
V = 10.5; Size 4.2'x2.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 55d
24"
(12/28/16): at 200x and 375x; very bright, large, oval ~3:2 SW-NE, ~2.4'x1.6',
sharply concentrated with an intensely bright core that gradually increases to
quasi-stellar nucleus. Brightest in a group (LGG 027) with NGC 586 4.3'
SE. LEDA 1028168, 7' WNW, appeared
extremely faint, fairly small, irregularly round, 20" diameter, very low
surface brightness.
17.5"
(8/2/86): very bright, moderately large, oval WSW-ENE, very bright large
core. Forms a pair with NGC 586
4.5' SE.
8"
(9/25/81): bright, round, bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 584 = H I-100 = h128 on 10 Sep 1785 (sweep 435), along with NGC
586, and recorded both as "two, the first [NGC 584] cB, pS, R, mbM. The second [NGC 586] eF, S, about 5 or
6' following the former, requires great attention to be seen. His position is fairly accurate.
E.E. Barnard
found this galaxy while observing his comet discovery C/1888 RI with the comet nearly
occulting the galaxy! He commented
"The comet's nucleus passed some 30" N of the nucleus of the
nebula. The comet is probably 5
times as bright as the nebula and is a great many times larger." The discovery was reported directly to
Dreyer, who catalogued it again as IC 1712. As Barnard's position is nearly identical to NGC 584, it's
strange Dreyer didn't noticed the equivalence, though Barnard later added in
his notebook "NGC 584".
******************************
NGC 585 = UGC
1092 = MCG +00-05-001 = CGCG 386-001 = PGC 5688
01 31 42.4 -00
55 55
V = 13.1; Size 2.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 86d
17.5"
(1/1/92): faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 E-W, 1.2'x0.4', small bright
core, faint thin extensions. This
is an outlying member of AGC 194 cluster.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 585 = h129 on 20 Dec 1827 and reported "vF; R; bM;
25"." His position is 7
sec of RA west and 1' south of UGC 1092 = PGC 5688.
******************************
NGC 586 = Holm
45a = MCG -01-05-001 = LGG 027-002 = PGC 5679
01 31 37.0 -06
53 38
V = 13.2; Size 1.6'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 10d
24"
(12/28/16): at 200x and 375x; moderately bright and large, very elongated 5:2
N-S, 1.0'x0.4', small bright core.
Forms a pair with much brighter NGC 584 4.3' NW.
17.5" (8/2/86):
fairly faint, fairly small, diffuse, very weak concentration. Located 4.5' SE of NGC 584.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 586 = H III-431 = h130 = Sw III-6 on 10 Sep 1785 (sweep 435)
along with NGC 584. See description under NGC 584. JH made the single observation "vF; R; 15
arcsec". R.J. Mitchell
observed NGC 586 with LdR's 72" on 28 and 29 Nov 1856. JH entered the Birr Castle observations
as GC 343 = R. nova. In compiling
the 1880 Rosse Catalogue, though, Dreyer noted the equivalence with h130 = III
431. Lewis Swift apparently also
thought he discovered this object on 30 Nov 1885 as it is listed as Sw III-6,
though his position is 19 tsec too far east. His description mentions "south-following GC 363 [NGC
615], but this must be a typo.
******************************
NGC 587 = UGC
1100 = MCG +06-04-037 = CGCG 521-045 = PGC 5746
01 32 33.4 +35
21 30
V = 12.8; Size 2.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 67d
17.5"
(12/23/89): fairly faint, fairly small, oval WSW-ENE, even surface brightness.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 587 on 27 Aug 1862 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His single position is
4.5' south of UGC 1100 = PGC 5746, an unusually large error, though there are
no other candidates nearby.
The CGCG, UGC
and PGC label this galaxy IC 1713, although according to Malcolm Thomson,
Bigourdan's micrometric position for Big. 247 = IC 1713 on 28 Nov 1891 clearly
refers to a faint star near NGC 587.
Bigourdan also determined the position of NGC 587 so NGC 587 cannot be
equal to IC 1713. See Corwin's
notes.
******************************
NGC 588 =
M33-A27 = BCLMP 280
01 32 45.9 +30
38 51
Size 0.5'
18"
(12/8/07): moderately bright M33 HII region, ~40"x30", well-defined
outline. Situated at the western
edge of M33 along the outer spiral arm that winds counterclockwise from the
south to the west.
17.5"
(7/5/86): extremely faint nebulosity in M33, requires averted vision to
view. Located 14' W of the center
of M33 and forms the western vertex of a very obtuse isosceles triangle with NGC
592 6' E and NGC 595. Nearly
collinear with NGC 592 and the core of M33. This is a HII region and star
cluster.
13.1":
barely visible with averted.
Almost collinear with NGC 592 and NGC 595.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 588 = Au 13 in M33, along with NGC 592, on 2 Oct 1861
with the 11-inch Fraunhofer refractor in Copenhagen. His micrometric position (measured on several nights) is
accurate. Auwers included this HII
region in his 1862 catalogue of 50 new nebulae.
******************************
NGC 589 = MCG
-02-05-004 = Mrk 999 = PGC 5758
01 32 39.9 -12
02 34
V = 14.0; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.4
17.5"
(9/26/92): faint, very small, round, small brighter core, very faint stellar
nucleus. A mag 12 star is 2.3'
SW. In a trio with NGC 599 10' SSE
and NGC 593.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 589 = LM II-309 in 1886 with the 26" Clark refractor of the
Leander McCormick Observatory. His position is 50 sec of RA west of MCG
-02-05-004 = PGC 5758. Herbert
Howe measured an accurate position in 1897 using the 20" refractor at
Chamberlin Observatory.
******************************
NGC 590 = UGC
1109 = MCG +07-04-003 = CGCG 537-013 = PGC 5808
01 33 40.9 +44
55 44
V = 12.9; Size 2.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 150d
17.5"
(9/26/92): fairly faint, small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, broad concentration, faint
almost stellar nucleus, rich star field.
There is a group of mag 10 stars in the field to the north including mag
10 stars 2.1' ENE, 3.2' N and 4.5' NNE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 590 on 22 Sep 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His single position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 591 = UGC
1111 = MCG +06-04-038 = CGCG 521-046 = Mrk 1157 = PGC 5800
01 33 31.2 +35
40 06
V = 12.9; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 5d
17.5"
(12/23/89): faint, small, oval NW-SE, even surface brightness. A mag 14.5 star is 0.8' N and a faint
mag 15.5 star 1.5' WNW. Located
6.6' NW of 7.3 SAO 54785.
Truman Safford
discovered NGC 591 = Sf 61 on 10 Oct 1866 with the 18.5" refractor at the
Dearborn Observatory and described as "pF, S, R, bM." Safford was not credited in the NGC as
Dreyer missed his discovery list published in 1887, just prior to the NGC.
Lewis Swift independently found the galaxy again on 30 Nov 1885, recorded it in
list III-7, and Dreyer credited Swift with the discovery in the NGC. Swift's position is 13 sec off in RA
from UGC 1111 = PGC 5800.
******************************
NGC 592 =
M33-A59 = BCLMP 277
01 33 12.5 +30
38 50
Size 0.8'x0.7'
18"
(12/8/07): moderately bright HII complex, ~40"x30". There appears to be faint star or
stellar knot superimposed. Located
8' due west of the core with NGC 588 an additional 6' further west on the same
line.
17.5"
(7/5/86): faint nebulosity in M33 9' WSW of the core. Forms the vertex of an obtuse isosceles triangle with NGC
588 6' W and NGC 595 6' NE.
13.1"
(8/15/82): fairly easy HII region with averted vision.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 592 = Au 14 in M33, along with NGC 588, on 2 Oct 1861
with the 11-inch Fraunhofer refractor in Copenhagen. His micrometric position (measured on 3 nights) is fairly
accurate. Auwers included the
discovery in his 1862 catalogue of new nebulae.
******************************
NGC 593 = MCG
-02-05-003 = PGC 5733
01 32 20.7 -12
21 16
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 12d
17.5"
(9/26/92): extremely faint, small, very elongated 3:1 ~N-S, low surface
brightness. In a small group with
NGC 589 12' NE and NGC 601 3.3' ESE (see observation of 10/4/97). Incorrectly described as a nebulous
cluster by Stephan.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 593 = St XII-17 on 2 Nov 1882 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and described a "vS group of stars, little elongated SSW-NNE, contains very
slight nebulosity". His
position is accurate though Stephan description of a cluster is of course
incorrect.
******************************
NGC 594 = MCG
-03-05-005 = PGC 5769
01 32 57.0 -16
32 08
V = 13.4; Size 1.3'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 32d
17.5"
(12/23/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, bright core. Located in a barren field 9' SSE of mag
8.8 SAO 147877.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 594 = LM I-32 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at
Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 12.5, pS, E 225¡."
His rough position essentially matches MCG -03-05-005 = PGC 5769 and the
position angle is close (SW-NE).
Harold Corwin suggests Lewis Swift may have rediscovered this galaxy on
29 Sep 1897 and recorded it in list XII-7 (later IC 1714). Swift's position is 3 degrees north of
NGC 594.
******************************
NGC 595 =
M33-A62 = BCLMP 49
01 33 33.5 +30
41 31
18"
(12/8/07): fairly bright knot near the core of M33, just 4' NW of center and
close west of the spiral arm that winds north from the core on the west
side. Appears elongated SSW-NNE,
~40"x30", with a fairly well-defined outer edge. This is the second most luminous HII
region in M33 after NGC 604.
17.5"
(7/5/86): very faint nebulosity in M33, located 4' NW of the center. Situated just off the west edge of the
beginning of the spiral arm that extends north and then northeast from the core
on the west side. This is a
combination star cluster and HII region.
13.1"
(8/15/82): visible faintly with averted.
Situated at the edge of a spiral arm.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 595 = Sf 63 on 1 Oct 1864 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen and measured a fairly accurate position (4 seconds of RA too large).
Truman Safford rediscovered it on 1 Nov 1866 with the 18.5" refractor at
the Dearborn Observatory and recorded "pF, vS, probably a well-known
outlier of M33".
******************************
NGC 596 = MCG
-01-05-005 = LGG 027-003 = PGC 5766
01 32 51.9 -07
01 54
V = 10.9; Size 3.2'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 40d
17.5"
(8/2/86): fairly bright, fairly small, very bright core, surrounded by a small
faint halo. Located 12' W of mag
5.8 SAO 129371.
8"
(9/25/81): fairly faint, small, round, bright core. Located 12' W of a mag 6 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 596 = H II-4 = h132 on 13 Dec 1783 (early sweep 44). On 10 Sep
1785 (sweep 435) he logged "pB.
Much like the brightest of the two preceding [NGC 584]; but rather
smaller." His summary description from 6 observations reads "pB, pS,
R, mbM, resembling a telescopic comet." On 31 Oct 1877, R.J. Mitchell observing with Lord
Rosse's 72-inch, noted "B, S, R, Nucl, a vF * preceding and another
north." The stars mentioned
are ~mag 16-16.5. The NGC position
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 597 = ESO
353-011 = MCG -06-04-044 = PGC 5721
01 32 14.7 -33
29 44
V = 13.2; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(12/26/00): very faint, small, round, 30" diameter. Located just 1.9' NNW of a mag 12.5
star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 597 = h2419 on 25 Sep 1834 and recorded "vF, R,
25"." On a later sweep he logged "F, S, R, bM, 15"."
His mean position matches ESO 353-011 = PGC 5721.
******************************
NGC 598 = M33 =
UGC 1117 = MCG +05-04-069 = CGCG 502-110 = Triangulum galaxy = PGC 5818
01 33 50.9 +30
39 37
V = 5.7; Size 70.8'x41.7'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 23d
17.5"
(11/1/86): bright, very large, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, weakly concentrated
irregular halo, rises suddenly to a small bright core. Two prominent spiral arms form an
"S-pattern" with an irregular surface brightness. At least a dozen HII regions or
clusters are resolved (see the numerous IC listings). Overall, the entire galaxy is very mottled and the outer
extent is difficult to define.
13.1"
(8/23/84): two prominent spiral arms distinctly visible.
8" (10/4/80):
the bright central region is slightly grain with the halo showing some
indication of spiral arms. The
edge of the arms were glimpsed with averted vision.
Naked-eye
(several times): just glimpsed in very dark skies, perhaps visible 25% of the
time in best conditions.
Charles Messier
discovered M33 = NGC 598 = H V-17 = h131 on 25 Aug 1764 or possibly earlier by
Hodierna. WH assumed it was new (not at Messier's position) and
catalogued it as V-17 on 11 Sep 1784 (sweep 266). On 11 Jan 1787 (sweep 680)
he noted "The large nebula. The middle of it easily resolvable and
some of the stars visible; it is impossible to say how far it may extend; the
nebulosity losing itself so gradually, but goes undoubtedly a great way in
every direction, but chiefly from sp to nf."
Lord Rosse
recognized M33 as a spiral on 16 Sep 1849 and his drawing with four or more
spiral arms was included in the 1850 PT paper, plate XXXVI, figure 5. The
description reads, "New spiral, s(outh) branch the brightest, none F, nf
one short but pB, p(receding) on pretty distinct, sf one but suspected; the
whole involved in F neby which probably extends past several knots which lie
about it in different directions. Faint nebulosity seems to extend very
far following." R.J. Mitchell produced a more detailed drawing on 18
Dec 1857 (included in the 1861 publication).
******************************
NGC 599 = MCG
-02-05-005 = PGC 5778
01 32 53.7 -12
11 28
V = 13.7; Size 1.7'x1.4'; Surf Br = 14.5; PA = 135d
17.5"
(9/26/92): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, weak concentration, in a
poor star field. NGC 589 lies 10'
NNW and NGC 593 12' SW. Forms a
close pair with NGC 601 3.3' ESE (not seen but appears stellar on the POSS).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 599 = H II-473 = LM II-310 on 27 Nov 1785 (sweep 478) and logged
"F, S, iF, easily resolvable, some of the stars visible.". His position is fairly accurate. This is an S0 galaxy, so I wouldn't
expect that Herschel would find it mottled or resolvable. Frank Muller independently found it
again in 1886 at the Leander McCormick Observatory and it was recorded in list
II-310 as mag 13.0, 0.8' dia, gbM.
******************************
NGC 600 = MCG
-01-05-007 = LGG 027-004 = PGC 5777
01 33 05.3 -07
18 43
V = 12.4; Size 3.3'x2.8'; Surf Br = 14.6; PA = 85d
17.5"
(9/26/92): faint, fairly large, round, 2.5' diameter. Appears as a low surface brightness glow without core or
structure.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 600 = H III-432 on 10 Sep 1785 (sweep 435) and simply noted
"eF". JH made no
observations of this low surface brightness galaxy and it was probably missed
at Birr Castle. The single
observation on 29 Nov 1850 with Lord Rosse's 72" commented "searched
for 20' sf [NGC 596], doubtful whether found, perhaps it was a vF stellar
object 2.5' S of a *13m and about 6' S of a *10m." This appears to refer to a 15th mag
star and not the galaxy.
******************************
NGC 601 = Mrk
1000 = PGC 73980
01 33 06.5 -12
12 32
Size 0.3'x0.3'
17.5"
(10/4/97): extremely faint and small, round. Initially appeared as a mag 15.5 "star" but a very
small 10" halo was visible after extended viewing. Located 3.3' ESE of NGC
599. Listed as nonexistent in the
RNGC. Appears stellar on the POSS.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 601 = LM II-311 (close southeast of II-310 = NGC 599) in 1886
using the 16" Clark refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. His position is just 5 sec of RA west
of PGC 73980 and his PA of 115¡ with respect to NGC 599 is within 5¡ of the
correct value. Bigourdan missed
this object and RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent. PGC 73980 is not catalogued in the MCG
or RC3, but is included in Harold Corwin's Southern Equatorial Galaxy Catalogue
(ESGC). It appears virtually
stellar on the POSS with a slightly "soft" appearance. PGC equates NGC 599 = NGC 601.
******************************
NGC 602 =
SMC-N90 = ESO 029-SC43 = Lindsay 105 = SMC Ass 68
01 29 26 -73 33
36
Size 3'
25"
(10/17/17 - OzSky): at 244x; NGC 602 is a large nebulous cluster (SMC-N90) that
is clearly brighter on the southeast end.
The total size is ~3' with the southeast end fairly bright, fairly
large, irregular shape, includes a tight knot of three stars near the cneter.
Additional stars are involved near the edges. On the west end is a weak dust lane oriented SW-NE,
separating the roundish western section.
A mag 13.8 star is involved just west of the dust lane. This star (Sk
183) is one of the massive O-type stars in the SMC and the dominant ionizing
source of the nebula. The two
portions are separated (barely) without a filter but tangent when I added a NPB
filter. A mag 12.5 star is off the
SW side (1.8' from center) and a mag 13 star is off the north side, 2.2' NNW of
center. NGC 602, along with N89
and N88 to the northwest, are situated along the boundary of SMC-1, the only
supergiant shell (~1¡ diameter) in the SMC.
SMC-N89, located
20' NW, is fairly faint, large, roundish, irregular glow, ~3.5' diameter. At the northeast end are four mag
11.5/12/12.5/13 stars (part of Hodge association 67) in a near equilateral
triangle with a 4th star at the center and a 12th mag star is at the E or SE
end of the nebulosity.
Lindsay 104 is a very faint, unresolved patch (cluster) just southwest
of the four distinctive stars. Situated at the western boundary of SMC-1.
SMC-N88, located
33' NW, is dominated by a Highly Ionized Blob (HEB) of only 3.5" diameter
and mag ~12.5. At 244x + NPB
filter it appeared as a bright "star" or quasi-stellar object
surrounded by faint nebulosity on the east and south side. I assume there was a contrast gain with
the filter as this dense, high-excitation object has a ratio of O III
lines/H-beta > 10.5. The
nebula is surrounded by Hodge Assoication 64 including a mag 14 star 2' E, two
close mag 14 stars 1.8' SE and a mag 14.5 star 1' SSE. A mag 11.2 star (part of Hodge
Associatin 65) lies 5.6' S.
Situated at the NW edge of supershell SMC-1.
18" (7/6/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x, a knot of stars is embedded in a
3' fairly bright oval nebula (Henize N90). On closer inspection the knot of stars is offset to the SE
side of the nebula. At 171x and
UHC filter, the nebulosity is fairly bright and clearly locally brighter on the
SE end around the knot of stars. A
weak dark rift, running SW-NE, separates the fainter portion of nebulosity to
the NW. This nebulous cluster is
an outlying member of the SMC.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 602 = D 17 = h2421 on 1 Aug 1826 with his 9-inch f/12 speculum
reflector and described "a faint round nebula, about 2' diameter, a very
little brighter in the middle, with some minute stars in it." Dunlop's position is just 3' E of this
SMC cluster. On his first sweep on
11 Apr 1834, JH logged "pB, S, irregularly round, psb but not to the
middle, but rather to a point near the southern edge. Is decidedly resolved,
and has scattered stars. (This is an outlier of the Nubecula Minor)". On a second sweep he called it "B,
R or lE, psbM to a star; has also a star involved which looks like a second
nucleus and several small stars about it." JH credited Dunlop with the discovery.
******************************
NGC 603
01 34 44.0 +30
13 58
17.5"
(9/28/02): identified at 162x as a slightly fuzzy glow and cleanly resolved
into a faint triple star at 325x (7.5mm Tak and Paracorr). Situated ~30' SE of the core of M33.
17.5"
(8/11/96): this is a faint, close triple star within M33 described as a "A
south neb. or Cl. with 3 st in it" by Lord Rosse. It appeared as a faint nebulous spot at
low power and was barely resolved at 220x. The trio of mag 14/15 stars was cleanly resolved at
410x. The maximum separation is
15", the close pair at 9" separation and the other side 12" with
the trio forming a 3-4-5 right triangle!
Located 28' SE of the center of M33.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 603 on 29 Nov 1850 with Lord Rosse's 72" and recorded
"A S neb. or Cl. with 3 st in it.
It is about 8' ssp a [double star] whose components are of the 11
m. RA 1h 26m +/- NPD 60d 35'
+/-. (I obs)." This description pins down the
identification as a triple star whose components have a maximum separation of
15". This identification was
noted by Mayall and Aller (1942) in the article "The Rotation of the
Spiral Nebula Messier 33," ApJ, 95, pp. 5-23. Karl Reinmuth, in his 1926 survey based on Heidelberg
plates, states "Cl of 3 st 14".
In the IC 2 notes, Dreyer mentioned he only saw an extremely faint star
on plates of M33. See Corwin's
Notes.
******************************
NGC 604 =
M33-A84 = BCLMP 680
01 34 31.9 +30
47 13
18"
(12/10/07): bright, large HII knot in M33 at the end of the spiral arm that
trails to the east on the north side of the core. A mag 10.5-11 star is located 1.5' SE and NGC 604 is
elongated 3:2 in the direction of this star. The outline is oval, though a bit irregular, particularly on
the east side. It appears brighter
and mottled on the northwest side and with direct vision a slightly brighter
stellaring is embedded near the northwest end.
13.1"
(7/5/86): bright HII region located 12' NE of the core of M33. Situated at the end of the large spiral
arm of M33 that extends north and then east of the core. Bright, fairly small, ~30"
diameter, round.
8": fairly
bright, round, knot in M33.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 604 = H III-150 = h133 on 11 Sep 1784 (sweep 266) and noted
"vF, S, R nebula, brightest in the middle." The 13 Sep 1850 observation with Lord Rosse's 72"
describes a "large spiral full of knots, north following is a bright,
small neb [NGC 604], which on a very good night might appear attached to the
spiral, than which it is brighter."
******************************
NGC 605 = UGC
1128 = MCG +07-04-004 = CGCG 537-014 = PGC 5891
01 35 02.4 +41
14 53
V = 12.9; Size 2.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 145d
17.5"
(9/26/92): faint, very small, slightly elongated NW-SE, small bright core,
stellar nucleus, very small halo surrounds core.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 605 = St XII-18 on 21 Oct 1881 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory and recorded "vF; eS; R; bN". His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 606 = UGC
1126 = MCG +03-05-010 = CGCG 460-011 = PGC 5874
01 34 50.2 +21
25 05
V = 13.4; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.9
17.5"
(11/30/91): faint, small, round, weak concentration. Located 2.5' S of mag 8.8 SAO 74804. A 30" pair of mag 12 stars is 3'
W.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 606 = St XII-16 on 18 Oct 1881 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory and logged "eF; R, diam = 45", very little
central concentration, seems resolvable". His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 607
01 34 16.3 -07
24 46
V =
11.7/13.9; Size 14"
=**,
Spitaler. =***, Carlson.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 607 = Au 15 on 23 Aug 1855 with a 4.6-inch Fraunhofer
refractor at Leibniz. At his
micrometric position (measured on two nights) is a pair of mag 12/14 stars at
14" separation. He also
measured a mag 9.2 star (called mag 11) that follows by 29.7 seconds and 2'
north), so this identification is certain. Auwers included this object in his 1862 catalogue of new
nebulae. In the NGC notes, Dreyer
mentioned "no nebulosity seen by Schšnfeld, but Auwers saw it [with the
Konigsberg heliometer and reported the observation in the notes section of the
catalogue]." Spitaler found a
double star (mag 11 with a 14th magnitude companion), which was mentioned in
the IC 1 Notes section.
******************************
NGC 608 = UGC
1135 = MCG +05-04-073 = CGCG 502-117 = PGC 5913
01 35 28.2 +33
39 24
V = 13.2; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 32d
17.5"
(12/23/89): fairly faint, small, oval SSW-NNE, gradually increases to small
bright core. Forms a pair with NGC
614 5' ENE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 608 = h134 on 22 Nov 1827 and recorded "vF; psbM. Stellar". His position in the Slough and General
Catalogue is 7 sec of RA west of UGC 1135 = PGC 5913. The NGC gives an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 609 = Cr 16
= King 3 = OCL-325
01 36 27 +64 32
12
V = 11.0; Size 3'
24"
(1/4/14): at 200x, ~15 faint to very faint stars sparkle over an unresolved
background glow ~2.5' diameter.
Two brighter mag 12/13 stars are detached, just off the southwest
end. The cluster is 2.5' NW of MLB
187, a 5" pair of mag 9/9.5 stars.
13.1"
(12/7/85): faint, fairly small, diffuse, about six very faint stars over
unresolved haze. Located 10' SSW
of mag 6.6 SAO 11875.
8"
(1/1/84): not found.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 609 on 9 Aug 1863 (one of two open clusters he found,
along with NGC 133) with the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen. He noted it as
"subtle and elegant group of stars mag 14-15; 4' dia; nearly
round." His single RA measure
is ~50 seconds too large and this error was carried over into the NGC, RNGC and
Sky Catalogue 2000.
******************************
NGC 610 = ESO
542-?029
01 34 18 -20 09
=Not found, RNGC
and Corwin.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 610 = LM II-312 (along with NGC 611 = LM II-313) in 1886 with
the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. There is nothing at his position and
Corwin was unable to recover this object after an extensive search for a
candidate. Listed as nonexistent
in RNGC.
******************************
NGC 611 = ESO
542-?029
01 34 18 -20 08
=Not found, RNGC
and Corwin.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 611 = LM II-313 (along with NGC 610 = LM II-31) in 1886 with the
26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. There is nothing at his position and
Corwin was unable to recover this object after an extensive search for a
candidate. Listed as nonexistent
in RNGC.
******************************
NGC 612 = ESO
353-015 = MCG -06-04-046 = PGC 5827
01 33 57.7 -36
29 36
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 172d
17.5"
(11/10/96): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 N-S, ~1.2'x0.8', weak
concentration. Located 1.0'
following a mag 11 star. First of
three with NGC 619 11' E and NGC 623 14' E.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 612 = h2423 on 29 Nov 1837 and recorded "F, R, 12",
follows a star 12th mag. This is possibly identical with the next [h2424 = NGC
619] but one with a mistaken minute." His position is 1' S of ESO 353-015
= PGC 5827 and the description applies.
******************************
NGC 613 = ESO
413-011 = MCG -05-04-044 = VV 824 = AM 0132-294 = PGC 5849
01 34 18.2 -29
25 06
V = 10.1; Size 5.5'x4.2'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 120d
30"
(10/15/15 - OzSky): this very large barred spiral was a stunning showpiece at
303x! The bright central bar
region is oriented NW-SE and extends ~2.5'x1' with the halo and arms stretching
~5'x3.6'. The central region is
sharply concentrated with a very intense core that increases to a bright
stellar nucleus. A prominent
spiral arm is easily visible on the southeast end. It has a well defined edge and a high contrast as it emerges
from the central region and unfurls east and north. The arm then dims but can be followed as it bends backwards
on the east side towards the northwest!
The arm dims out before reaching a mag 9.6 star 2.2' NE of center. A second bright, well-defined arm is
attached on the northwest end and curls south on the west end of the halo.
17.5"
(12/4/93): fairly bright, very elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE, 4.0'x1.3', prominent
elongated core, almost stellar nucleus with direct vision. The halo is
broader with averted vision. Southeast of the core there appears to be a
very faint extension or large knot. The DSS reveals this feature to be the
bright spiral arm extending southeast from the central bar. Located 2.4'
SW of mag 9 SAO 167149.
8"
(11/28/81): faint, moderately large, diffuse, small bright core. A mag 9 star
lies 2.5' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 613 = H I-281 = h139 = h2422 on 9 Dec 1798 (sweep 1084) and
recorded "cB, E np-sf, 5 or 6' long, 1 1/2' broad, a nucleus in the
middle, A pretty considerable star is about 3' north of it, and a little
following." James Dunlop independently found the galaxy on 5 Aug 1826 with
his 9-inch f/12 speculum reflector and recorded "a very small round
nebula, about 15" diameter, pretty well defined, bright at the
center." Stephen O'Meara notes it is curious that Dunlop failed to note
any elongation and didn't mention its proximity to the 10th magnitude star just
off its NE flank.
JH observed the
galaxy both at Slough and at the Cape of Good Hope. On 27 Sep 1834, his
Cape observation reads "vB; vL; vmE; pos 118.3 ; 1st gradually then
suddenly much brighter to the middle to a nucleus 4' long 1.5' broad, has a
star 9th mag N.f." He also noted that the position assigned in his
Slough Catalogue is incorrect. On a second sweep, he logged "pB;
vmE; pslbM, 2 1/2' length. No other near it within 3 fields in RA and 1
field's breadth in declination." Finally on a third sweep he logged
"vB; L; vmE; pspmbM; has a *10; N.F."
******************************
NGC 614 = NGC
627 = UGC 1140 = MCG +05-04-075 = CGCG 502-118 = PGC 5933
01 35 52.3 +33
40 55
V = 12.7; Size 1.4'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(12/23/89): fairly faint, fairly small, round, broadly concentrated, faint
stellar nucleus. Forms a pair with
NGC 608 5' WSW. Located 9' S of
mag 7 SAO 54817.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 614 = H III-174 = h135 on 13 Sep 1784 (last object using Beta
And as the reference star in sweep 271) and noted "Stellar, verified with
240 power." There is nothing
at his position, but 78 sec of RA preceding his position is UGC 1140 = PGC 5933. JH measured an accurate position and
also discovered NGC 608 to the southwest.
NGC 627 and NGC 618 may be duplicate observations – see comments
on these numbers.
******************************
NGC 615 = MCG
-01-05-008 = LGG 027-005 = PGC 5897
01 35 05.6 -07
20 27
V = 11.6; Size 3.6'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 155d
17.5"
(1/1/92): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE, 2'x1',
evenly concentrated halo, very small bright core, bright stellar nucleus. Located 5.4' ENE of mag 8.5 SAO 129385
but otherwise the immediate field is almost devoid of stars.
8"
(11/28/81): faint, small. Located
5' E of an 8th magnitude star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 615 = H II-282 = h137 on 10 Jan 1785 (sweep 355) and recorded
"pF, cL, irregular brightest about the middle, r." His summary description (including an
observation on 10 Sep 1785, sweep 435) reads "pB, cL, lE, mbM". JH made the single observation
"pB; R; is sf a * 8m distant 10'." The galaxy is only 5' north-following the star. Rudolph Spitaler measured an accurate
position with the 27" refractor at Vienna. The RC3 position angle of 25¡
is incorrect.
******************************
NGC 616
01 36 04.3 +33
46 12
=**, Carlson and
Corwin.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 616 on 14 Aug 1863 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen and noted (single observation) a "double star veiled in faint
nebulosity." He measured the
offset to nearby mag 6.5 HD 9728 and his position matches a pair of mag 14
stars at 11" separation.
Harold Corwin and Dorothy Carlson equate NGC 616 with this double star.
******************************
NGC 617 = MCG
-02-05-007 = PGC 5831
01 34 02.5 -09
46 27
V = 14.5; Size 0.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.5
17.5"
(11/1/97): at 220x appeared extremely faint, very small, round, 25"
diameter, low even surface brightness.
Requires averted to view and cannot hold steadily. Slightly easier to view at 280x. Located 30' NW of NGC 624.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 617 = LM II-314 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at the Leander McCormick Observatory.
His position is 1.2 tmin east of MCG -02-05-007 = PGC 5831, a common
error with the observations there.
MCG (-02-05-007) does not label this galaxy as NGC 617.
******************************
NGC 618
01 36 18 +33 24
= NGC 614??,
Corwin. = Not found, Dreyer and
DC. =*?, IC 1 notes. = NGC 608?, Burnham.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 618 = h136 on 16 Nov 1827 and reported "pB; pL; bM;
precedes a * 2m 51.0s". There
is nothing at Herschel's position and no fairly bright star at the required
separation east of his position. In the NGC Notes section, Dreyer commented
"never found at Birr [in 4 attempts], nor by d'Arrest. Schšnfeld (II) has two observations,
vF, eS = *13, place agreeing with [John Herschel]. Query: only a faint star..." In the IC 1 Notes and Corrections entry for NGC 618
and 627, Dreyer adds "Not observed by John Herschel in the same sweep as
[NGC 608 and 614]. Neither of them
seen by Burnham."
Wolfgang
Steinicke suggests NGC 618 may be a mag 10 star at 01 41 36.6 +33 17 40 (J2000)
with a mag 12.7 star 30" southwest and a mag 15.7 star 30"
south. Harold Corwin is skeptical
this combo would mimic a pB nebula and suggests that NGC 618 is possibly a
duplicate observation of NGC 614, although the brighter star following is not
at the required separation, unless Herschel meant 51 seconds, instead of 2m
51s. Wolfgang Steinicke analyzed
the sweep data and arrived at a different position, close to 01 42 +33¡ 23'
(J2000), assuming the bright star precedes the object, but this
"corrected" position has no "pB" objects nearby.
******************************
NGC 619 = ESO
353-021 = MCG -06-04-051 = PGC 5878
01 34 51.7 -36
29 22
V = 13.5; Size 1.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 130d
17.5"
(11/10/96): very faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, 1.0'x0.8'. Difficult to determine orientation as
requires averted to glimpse (probably affected by fairly low elevation). Preceding of pair with brighter NGC 623
2.9' E. In a group with NGC 612
11' W.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 619 = h2424 on 30 Nov 1837 and noted "eeF, vS, R; the preceding
of two [with NGC 623] in the field together." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 620 = UGC
1150 = MCG +07-04-006 = CGCG 537-016 = PGC 5990
01 36 59.8 +42
19 23
V = 13.1; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.7
17.5"
(11/30/91): fairly faint, small, round, broad concentration, fairly high
surface brightness. A mag 12 star
is 45" WSW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 620 = St III-2 on 14 Dec 1871 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and reported "eF, vS, R, bM but no nucleus." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 621 = UGC
1147 = MCG +06-04-045 = CGCG 521-055 = IV Zw 54 = PGC 5984
01 36 49.0 +35
30 43
V = 12.7; Size 1.9'x1.8'; Surf Br = 14.0
17.5"
(12/23/89): faint, small, almost round, broad concentration. Located 2' SW of a mag 10.5 star and 7'
S of mag 8.4 SAO 54831.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 621 = St XIII-10 on 24 Nov 1883 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory and noted "vF, eS, R, bM and nucleus". His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 622 = UGC
1143 = MCG +00-05-014 = CGCG 386-016 = Mrk 571 = PGC 5939
01 36 00.1 +00
39 49
V = 12.9; Size 1.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 45d
17.5"
(12/23/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 ~E-W. Even surface brightness except for a
well-defined very small bright core and faint stellar nucleus or faint star
superimposed.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 622 = H III-454 = h138 on 9 Oct 1785 (sweep 463) and logged
"Suspected, eF, pL, 240 power left it doubtful." The NGC position matches UGC 1143 = PGC
5939.
******************************
NGC 623 = ESO
353-023 = MCG -06-04-052 = PGC 5898
01 35 06.4 -36
29 25
V = 12.5; Size 2.0'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 94d
17.5"
(11/10/96): brighter of pair with NGC 619 2.9' preceding. Fairly faint, fairly small, 1.0'
diameter, round. Collinear with
NGC 619 and NGC 612 14' W.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 623 = h2425 on 30 Nov 1837 and recorded "F, S, R; the
following of two [with h2424 = NGC 619]." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 624 = MCG
-02-05-010 = PGC 5932
01 35 51.0 -10
00 10
V = 12.8; Size 1.7'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 100d
17.5"
(9/26/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 E-W, 1.0'x0.5'. A mag 13 star is at the south edge
30" from center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 624 = H III-471 = h140 on 30 Nov 1837 (sweep 479) and described
"a few small stars mixed with seeming nebulosity. 240 showed the
same." There is a star at the
south edge and another 1.4' N. JH
also noted "eF; S; among 2 or 3 vF st, very difficult". The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 625 = ESO
297-005 = MCG -07-04-017 = PGC 5896
01 35 05 -41 26
12
V = 11.1; Size 5.8'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 92d
17.5" (11/1/86):
fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 5:2 E-W, brighter core. Viewed at
a very low elevation (less than 10¡).
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 625 = D 479 = h2426 on 2 Sep 1826 with his 9" reflector and
described "a very faint nebula, of a round figure, with two or three
minute stars in it near the meridian". His position is ~8' east of ESO 297-005 = PGC 5896. JH logged on 5 Sep 1834, "B, pL,
mE, nearly in the parallel; pmbM." On a second sweep on 4 Dec 1836 he
called it "B, mE, gbM, 80"." The next night he logged the galaxy
again as "B, L, mE, gbM, 1.25' long."
******************************
NGC 626 = ESO
297-006 = MCG -07-04-018 = AM 0133-392 = PGC 5901
01 35 12.0 -39
08 48
V = 12.7; Size 1.9'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 43d
18"
(10/25/08): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter, small bright
core, very faint halo. NGC 630/ESO
297-008 lies 13.5' SSE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 626 = h2427 on 4 Sep 1834 and recorded "pF, S, R, bM,
15"." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 627 = NGC
614? = UGC 1140 = MCG +05-04-075 = CGCG 502-118 = PGC 5933
01 35 52.3 +33
40 55
= NGC 614?,
Corwin. =**, Steinicke.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 627 = h141 on 11 Nov 1827 and recorded "vF; R; another
precedes; which must be III.174 [NGC 614]. The RA conjectural and PD liable to some error." Heinrich d'Arrest was unsuccessful in
locating an object at Herschel's position and he commented "is not in the
heavens. Anyway, the place assigned [by Herschel] as doubtful, is errant."
Sherburne
Burnham (Publ of the Lick Observatory, Vol II) was also unable to find the
object and Dreyer concludes "should be struck out" in the IC 1 notes
section. Burnham suggested this
might be a duplicate observation of NGC 614 in which case the object that
precedes would be NGC 608 (misidentified as III 174). See Corwin's identification notes. But Wolfgang Steinicke argues that NGC 614 is located 2.4¡
due north of ·137, the previous object in the sweep, so he could not have
arrived at the field of NGC 614 as the next object.
******************************
NGC 628 = M74 =
UGC 1149 = MCG +03-05-011 = PGC 5974
01 36 41.6 +15
47 03
V = 9.4; Size 10.5'x9.5'; Surf Br = 14.2
48"
(10/22/11): beautiful face-on spiral with long, graceful arms wrapping around
an intense 1' core that increases towards the center, but there is no sharp
nucleus. At first glance at 375x
there appeared to be four arms, but with a more careful look there are two main
arms that each wrap more than 360¡ around the core as well as a couple of side
branches. Each arm is studded with
a number of non-stellar HII regions that highlight the arms. In addition, a number of stars are
superimposed, both in the inner region (two faint stars are within 25" of
the center) and around the edge of the halo, which extends to 7'-8' diameter.
The more
prominent arm "southern" arm is very regular - emerging from the core
on the south side and wrapping counterclockwise around the core to the north,
unwinding gradually as it curves to the east and then pulls away from the
central region more suddenly on the south side. This arm is very patchy and delineated by a large number of
HII knots with the two most prominent ones near the outer southern end. The "northern" arm begins to
emerge from north of the core, tightly wraps counterclockwise around the core,
passing near or through a few superimposed stars on the south side of the core,
unwinding more as it stretches again to the north. The arm structure is a bit more complex on the north side
due to side branches and the embedded HII knots are more scattered.
The HII regions
were viewed more carefully at 610x.
The following identifications are from Paul Hodge's 1976 "HII
regions in NGC 628" (ApJ, 205, 728), which lists over 700 HII knots. The brightest is #627, near the end of
the outer southern arm 2.7' SSW of center. It appeared fairly bright, fairly
small, round, ~20" diameter.
Moving clockwise along this arm towards the core, the next prominent knot
is #598 situated 2.2' SSE of center.
It was slightly fainter than #627, round, 15" diameter. Next in line is #552, a faint round
knot of 10" situated 1.8' SE of center. East of the core by 1.5' is #406, a very faint, round
10" knot situated 36" S of a superimposed mag 14.5 star. Just 30" W of this star and 1.2'
NE of center is #292, a fairly faint, very small knot, ~8" diameter. Continuing inward along this arm, the
next knot is #196, a very faint hazy spot 1.3' N of center. Finally, less than 1' NW of center is
another very faint patch with multiple Hodge numbers #260-268.
There were no
notable knots on the inner southern portion of the northern arm, but a
noticeable clump of knots is on the NW portion of this arm. First was #167/168, a faint 10"
knot 1.6' NW of center. Continuing
outward 2.0' NNW of center is a faint, elongated patch, ~25" diameter,
consisting of #91-95 and #49 at the north end of the glow. I didn't search the outer region of the
halo for additional HII knots, except noted #330, a 10" knot situated
between two mag 12-13 stars at the eastern edge of halo, 3.9' from center.
17.5"
(8/31/86): bright, large, round, very bright core. A spiral arm is attached at the east side of core winding
towards the west along the south side.
A dark gap is visible between the arm and the main central portion. Several stars are superimposed in the
halo.
13.1"
(8/24/84): very prominent, fairly small bright core surrounded by a very large,
diffuse glow. Visible in 16x80
finder.
8": very
small bright core surrounded by a large faint halo.
Pierre MŽchain
discovered M74 = NGC 628 = h142 in September 1780. William Herschel made several observations of M74 in which
he claimed to partially resolve M74 into a number of extremely faint stars. On 14 Oct 1784 (sweep 289) he noted
"easily resolvable; some stars visible in it, the coma eF at the edges and
not resolvable."
On 13 Dec 1848,
William Parsons (3rd Earl of Rosse) detected spiral structure with his 72"
and noted "Rough sketch made. Spiral?" The next night he "confirmed last night's observations;
feel confident it is a spiral."
Listed as "Spiral or curvilinear" in Parsons' 1850 paper.
******************************
NGC 629
01 38 58.5 +72
52 01
17.5"
(10/13/01): near Struve's position is a striking 1' chain of 5 stars mag
12.5-13.5 extended WSW-ENE. Two of
the stars at the following end of the chain form a very close pair. There is also a wider trio of stars
which follows by 6', but this is a courser, less interesting group in the field
and less likely to fit Struve's description "3*+ neb".
Wilhelm Struve
discovered NGC 629 = · 2 = Au 16 in 1825 with the 9.6" Fraunhofer
refractor at Dorpat. Auwers
included this object in his 1862 catalogue of new nebulae with the description
"irregular nebula with 3 *.", though he couldn't find it in the Kšnigsberg
Heliometer in Feb 1861. About 6'
west of Struve's position is a tight string of 5 stars within 1' and Harold
Corwin identifies this asterism as NGC 629. The brightest mag 12.2 star has
companions at 11" and 13".
******************************
NGC 630 = ESO
297-009 = MCG -07-04-020 = PGC 5924
01 35 36.5 -39
21 29
V = 12.5; Size 1.6'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 60d
18"
(10/25/08): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated, 0.6'x0.45,
small bright core increases to the center, fairly high surface brightness. Forms a close pair with slightly
fainter ESO 297-008 1.8' SW, which was surprisingly missed by John Herschel.
NGC 626 lies 13.5' NNW. The
companion is just over the constellation border into Phoenix and appeared faint
or fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 SW-NE, 0.8'x0.6', low even surface
brightness.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 630 = h2428 on 23 Oct 1835 and recorded "pF, S, R, bM,
15", precedes two stars 11th mag.
The two stars are there and Herschel's position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 631 = UGC
1153 = MCG +01-05-007 = CGCG 412-006 = PGC 5983
01 36 47.0 +05
50 07
V = 13.3; Size 1.7'x1.5'; Surf Br = 14.3
17.5"
(12/18/89): faint, small, round, smoothly increases to small bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 632 8' ENE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 631 = m 50 on 27 Oct 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
noted "vF, S, gbM." His
position matches UGC 1153 = PGC 5983.
******************************
NGC 632 = UGC
1157 = MCG +01-05-010 = CGCG 412-008 = Mrk 1002 = PGC 6007
01 37 17.5 +05
52 39
V = 12.3; Size 1.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 170d
17.5"
(12/18/89): fairly faint, small, very small very bright core dominates,
slightly elongated much fainter halo.
A mag 14.5 star is embedded in the north side. Forms a pair with NGC 631 8' WSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 632 = h143 on 24 Sep 1830 and logged "pB; S; R; psbM;
15"." His position
matches UGC 1157 = PGC 6007.
******************************
NGC 633 = ESO
297-011 = MCG -06-04-056 = PGC 5960
01 36 23.4 -37
19 18
V = 12.7; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 177d
17.5"
(11/10/96): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated ~N-S, 0.8'x0.6', weak
concentration (hampered by low elevation). Located 3' SE a mag 9/10 double star at 15" separation. Forms a pair with ESO 297-G12 1.1' S
(not seen).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 633 = h2429 on 1 Sep 1834 and logged "pB, S, R, gbM,
15"; follows a pretty bright double star." On a later sweep he logged
"Not vF, R, 30", has a double star N.p." His mean position and description
matches ESO 297-11 = PGC 5960. He
missed a fainter companion (ESO 297-12 = PGC 5959) 1.1' S.
******************************
NGC 634 = UGC
1164 = MCG +06-04-048 = CGCG 521-060 = PGC 6059
01 38 18.5 +35
21 54
V = 13.0; Size 2.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 167d
17.5"
(12/23/89): faint, small, very elongated ~N-S. A mag 15 star is at the west edge. Located 2' ENE of mag 7.7 SAO 54855.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 634 = St VIIIa-6 on 26 Oct 1876 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory and logged "eF, eS, sev F* inv". His position matches UGC 1164 = PGC
6059.
******************************
NGC 635 = MCG
-04-05-002 = PGC 6062
01 38 17.8 -22
55 44
V = 14.6; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(12/9/01): very faint, small, round, 20" diameter, weak
concentration. Forms the SW vertex
of a triangle with a mag 10 star (SAO 167193) 2.9' ENE and a mag 12.5 star 1.6'
NNE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 635 = LM I-33 on 15 Oct 1885 with the 26"
refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. There is nothing at his rough position but based on the
discovery sketch (which shows two or three stars to the NE and another to the
SSE), Harold Corwin has identified NGC 635 = PGC 6062. In this case, Leavenworth's dec was 3¡
too far north. RNGC lists the
number as nonexistent (not found).
See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 636 = MCG
-01-05-013 = LGG 027-006 = PGC 6110
01 39 06.5 -07
30 46
V = 11.5; Size 2.8'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 140d
17.5"
(9/26/92): fairly bright, fairly small, round, bright well-defined circular
core, very small nucleus. The
faint halo increases diameter to almost 2'. A mag 12 star is 3' ENE.
8"
(11/28/81): faint, small, round, small bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 636 = H II-283 = h144 on 10 Jan 1785 (sweep 355) and recorded
"pB, S, of equal light, r, a star or two visible in it." On a second observation on 10 Sep 1785
(sweep 435) he noted "pB, S, mbM." The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 637 = Cr 17
= OCL-329 = Lund 51
01 43 03 +64 02
12
V = 8.2; Size 4'
18"
(10/25/08): very pretty cluster at 283x.
The central 2.5' region is rich and contains roughly 3 dozen stars
including a mag 10.2/11.4 double (STI 264 = ADS 1342) at 9.5" separation. A third mag 11 star forms a wide
trio 46" to the south. An arc or "C" shaped curve of
stars passes through the central double and opens to the north. A chain of brighter stars begins at the
center of the open end of the arc (on north side) and zigzags to the north and
NE. A wide bright double (23"
separation) sits at the east end of the central region. Finally another fainter linear chain of
stars heads to the west of the central region. Within a 5' region, 50-60 stars are resolved.
13.1"
(12/7/85): rich cluster of two dozen stars arranged in an arc. There are five bright stars including a
mag 10/11.2 double star at 9" separation.
8"
(1/1/84): 10 stars in cluster includes four mag 10 stars and fainter, mottled,
over haze.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 637 = H VII-49 on 9 Nov 1787 (sweep 777) and noted "a
cluster of some cL stars and many eS, so as hardly to be visible. The large
ones arranged in circular order 3' or 4' diameter."
******************************
NGC 638 = UGC
1170 = MCG +01-05-014 = CGCG 412-011 = Mrk 1003 = PGC 6145
01 39 37.8 +07
14 15
V = 13.8; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 20d
17.5"
(12/18/89): faint, small, oval 3:2 SSW-NNE, almost even surface brightness.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 638 = Sw V-14 on 22 Oct 1886 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory. His position
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 639 = ESO
413-013 = MCG -05-05-002 = VV 419 = AM 0136-301 = PGC 6105
01 38 59.1 -29
55 31
V = 14.1; Size 1.0'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 31d
17.5"
(12/20/95): extremely faint, very small.
Fainter of a close pair with NGC 642 1.7' NE. At first only a 10" round core seen, but with extended
viewing can just detect faint extensions which increase dimensions to 0.9'x0.2'
SW-NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 639 = h2430 (along with NGC 642 = h2431) on 27 Sep 1834 and
noted "vF, vS; the preceding of two [with NGC 642].". His mean position from 3 observations
matches ESO 413-013 = PGC 6105.
******************************
NGC 640 = MCG
-02-05-031 = PGC 6130
01 39 24.8 -09
24 03
V = 15.1; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 14.0
17.5"
(10/29/94): very faint, small, round, 20" diameter, no concentration. Collinear with a mag 11-12 double star
(30" separation) located 6' NNE.
A mag 11.5 star lies 4.0' SSW of center.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 640 = LM II-315 in 1886 and reported "mag 15.8;
0.6'; lE 170¡; lbMN; *10 s 4'.".
His position is only 9 sec of RA east of MCG -02-05-031 = PGC 6130 and
the star 4' S is just where he placed it.
******************************
NGC 641 = ESO
244-042 = AM 0136-424 = MCG -07-04-026 = PGC 6081
01 38 39.1 -42
31 40
V = 12.1; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.7
24"
(10/3/13): at 375x appeared fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small,
round, 36", well-defined E-type appearance, gradually increases to the
center. A mag 10 star lies 4.2' SW
and a mag 13 star is 1.9' NE, but the field is quite barren of stars. Forms a pair with NGC 644 4.3' SE. Located 24' N of mag 6.7 HD 10167. Surprisingly bright for a galaxy at
only 10¡ elevation.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 641 = h2432 (along with NGC 644 = h2433) on 5 Sep 1834 and
recorded "pB, S, R, gpmbM; the preceding of two [with NGC 644]." His mean position from 3 sweeps matches
ESO 244-042 = PGC 6081.
******************************
NGC 642 = ESO
413-014 = MCG -05-05-003 = VV 419 = PGC 6112
01 39 06.3 -29
54 56
V = 12.9; Size 2.0'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 31d
17.5"
(12/20/95): brighter of a pair with NGC 639 1.7' SW. Faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 ~N-S, ~1.2'x0.8' (fades
into background so difficult to estimate PA and size), broad weak
concentration. A mag 13 star is
just off the SE end 50" from center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 642 = h2431 (along with NGC 639 = h2430) on 27 Sep 1834 and
recorded "F, S, R, gbM, 15", has a star near it,
following.". His mean from 3
observations matches ESO 413-014 = PGC 6112.
******************************
NGC 643 = ESO
029-SC050 = Lindsay 111
01 35 02 -75 33
24
V = 13.5
30"
(11/6/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly faint, moderately large, round, 1.2'
diameter, broad weak concentration without a distinct core, some mottling but
no resolution. Located 8.5' NNE of
mag 8 HD 10041. This object is an
outlying cluster of the SMC on the southeast side.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 643 = h2435 on 18 Sep 1835 and logged "eF, R, vglbM,
40"."
In 1957, Gerard
de Vaucouleurs concluded (based on Mt Stromlo plates) that NGC 643 was an
outlying cluster of the Small Magellanic Cloud and not a galaxy as listed in
the Shapley-Ames Catalogue. RNGC
gives the type as 28 (cluster in the LMC) instead of 29 (cluster in the
SMC). NGC 2000.0 classifies it as
a globular cluster. NGC 643B = ESO
029-053 = PGC 6117 is misidentified as NGC 643 in the RC3 (letter designation
from the RC1).
******************************
NGC 644 = ESO
244-043 = AM 0136-425 = MCG -07-04-027 = PGC 6097
01 38 53.1 -42
35 06
V = 14.0; Size 1.3'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 155d
24"
(10/3/13): difficult due to low elevation (10¡) and fairly poor seeing this far
south. At 200x appeared very
faint, slightly elongated NNW-SSE, ~24"x18", required averted. Forms a pair with brighter NGC 641 4.3'
NW. A mag 10 star lies 6.8' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 644 = h2433 (along with brighter NGC 641 = h2432) on 5 Sep 1834
and recorded "F, S, lE, glbM. The following of two [with NGC
641].". His position and
description matches ESO 244-043 = PGC 6097.
******************************
NGC 645 = UGC
1177 = MCG +01-05-016 = CGCG 412-013 = PGC 6172
01 40 08.7 +05
43 35
V = 12.6; Size 2.6'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 125d
17.5"
(12/18/89): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE, slight broad
concentration. A line of three mag
9.5-10.5 stars aligned E-W are located just north including a mag 9.5 star 3'
NW, a mag 10.5 star 2.2' N and a mag 10 star 4.7' ENE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 645 = m 51 on 27 Oct 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
noted "F, pL, mE." His
position and description applies to UGC 1177.
******************************
NGC 646 = ESO
080-002 = VV 443 = AM 0135-650 = PGC 6010
01 37 21.2 -64
53 42
V = 13.5; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 107d
25"
(10/16/17 - OzSky): this interacting double system (NGC 646 + PGC 6014) was
resolved at 244x, though more cleanly viewed at 397x. NGC 646, the brighter and larger western galaxy, appeared
fairly faint, fairly small, roundish, 24" diameter, weak
concentration. I didn't notice the
very low surface brightness stretched spiral arms (one extends to to PGC
6014). PGC 6014 appeared faint,
very small, round, 12" diameter.
It was easily seen close east of NGC 646 [0.9' separation between
centers]. The pair is located 8'
NE of mag 9.5 HD 10080.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 646 = h2434 on 2 Nov 1834 and logged "vF, irregularly
round, vglbM." His position
matches this double system.
******************************
NGC 647 = MCG
-02-05-033 = PGC 6155
01 39 56.1 -09
14 33
V = 13.7; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 45d
17.5"
(9/26/92): faint, small, elongated 4:3, small bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 649 3.3' SE. Located 5' W of mag 8.8 SAO 129437.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 647 = LM II-316 (along with NGC 649 = LM II-317) in
1886) with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. His position is 0.4 tmin east of MCG -02-05-033
= PGC 6155. The galaxy identified
as NGC 647 in the MCG is actually NGC 649.
******************************
NGC 648 = IC 146
= ESO 543-006 = MCG -03-05-011 = PGC 6083
01 38 39.8 -17
49 53
V = 13.7; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 114d
17.5"
(12/4/93): faint, slightly elongated, 0.8'x0.6', weak concentration. A bright uneven double star h2067 =
7.6/11.6 at 34" lies 10' ENE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 648 = LM I-34 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at
Leander McCormick Observatory. His
rough position (nearest min of RA) is 1.6 min of RA east of ESO 543-006 = PGC
6083. Because of the poor
position, Bigourdan was unable to recover the galaxy. Stephane Javelle independently discovered the galaxy on 30
Sep 1892 with the 30" refractor at the Nice Observatory, assumed it was
new, and Dreyer catalogued J. 1-70 as IC 146. Herbert Howe reobserved and measured an accurate position
for NGC 648 around 1900 (repeated in the IC 2 notes), though neither Howe nor
Dreyer noticed the equivalence NGC 648 = IC 146. ESO states the equivalence NGC 648 = IC 146. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 649 = MCG
-02-05-034 = PGC 6169
01 40 07.4 -09
16 18
V = 14.2; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 20d
17.5"
(9/26/92): extremely faint, very small, round. Located 3' SW of mag 8.8 SAO 129437, which hampers the
observation. Forms a pair with NGC
647 3.3' NW.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 649 = LM II-317 (along with NGC 647 = II-316) in
1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. His position angle (N-S) is off by 20¡
but it is clear that NGC 649 = MCG -02-05-034 = PGC 6169. MCG misidentifies NGC 649 as NGC 647.
******************************
NGC 650 = M76 =
Little Dumbbell Nebula = PK 130-10.1 = PN G130.9-10.5
01 42 18.1 +51
34 16
V = 10.1; Size 163"x107"
18"
(10/19/06): superb view at 225x using a UHC filter. The main bi-polar body was very bright, elongated ~SW-NE and
dominated by two large, irregular knots at either end. The SW knot is brighter and the
brightest portion is more elongated in the direction of the minor axis. Both knots are somewhat irregular in
shape and brightness. A faint star
is just off the SW end. The two bright knots are attached with a fainter bridge
of nebulosity. Extending off the north end is a large "arm" that
sweeps around towards the west and a slightly less obvious counterpart is
attached at the south end and sweeps towards the east. The overall effect mimics a photograph
of a barred spiral galaxy or perhaps a rotating sprinkler head with jets of
water curving away.
17.5"
(8/2/86): bright, fairly large, consists of two prominent irregular lobes with
a darker center; the SW lobe is brighter with straight edges while the NE lobe
has a slightly curved edge. A mag
13.5 star is attached at the southern edge of the SW lobe. Extending from the main body of this
striking bipolar planetary is a large halo that contains two large outer arms
or wings similar to a spiral galaxy!
The outer "arm" attached at the NE end is brighter and longer
and curves to the west. The
southern extension is short, fainter and less defined. The general features described above
were clearly seen in my 13.1" at 166x using an OIII filter on 10/10/86.
13": SW end
is brighter while the NE end is slightly curved. Boxy appearance with a dark center.
80mm (1/20/07):
at 12.5x appears as a very faint, very small low surface brightness spot that
blinks well using an OIII filter and increases significantly in contrast. At 25x and OIII filter appears as a fairly
faint, round knot with a fairly high surface brightness.
Pierre MŽchain
discovered M76 = NGC 650 = H I-193 on 5 Sept 1780 with a 3"
refractor. WH described the
planetary on 12 Nov 1787 as "Two close together, their nebulosities run
into each other; distance of their centers is 1 1/2 or 2'." The second nebula was catalogued as NGC
651.
Sir Robert Ball
described M76 in detail on 5 Nov 1866 using the 72" at Birr Castle:
"remarkable object; a new spiral possessing details of interest. Previous observation as to form
confirmed with some further particulars well seen in single lens. It consists principally of the two B
knots which according to Herschel are the pair of double nebula, and third much
fainter knot p the other two. Form
compared to a reaping hook.
Sketched by Lord Oxmantown.
The nebulosity terminates very suddenly on the s edge where there is a
star, probably distinct from, through very close to the nebulosity. A branch of nebulosity in the foll
direction was suspected by both observes preceding from between the two
knots."
Based on a
Crossley photograph, Curtis (1918) described, "central star of mag
16. Quite irregular, but evidently
to be included as one of the larger members of the planetary class. The central and brighter portion of the
nebula is an irregular, patchy oblong 87"x42" in pa 40¡ from the ends
of which faint, irregular, ring-like wisps extend total length 157" in pa
128¡. Brightest patch at southern
end of central part."
******************************
NGC 651 = PK
130-10.1 = M76 = Little Dumbbell Nebula = PN G130.9-10.5
01 42 21.9 +51
34 49
V = 10.1
17.5": part
of NGC 650 = M76, see description for NGC 650.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 651 = H I-193 on 12 Nov 1787 (sweep 780) and recorded "Two
close together; both vB, their nebulosities run into each other. Distance of their centers 1 1/2' or 2'
from sp to nf." As one was
M76 he assigned one new number.
Dreyer assigned NGC 650 to M76 and NGC 651 to H I-193 (following of the
double nebula).
******************************
NGC 652 = UGC
1184 = MCG +01-05-017 = CGCG 412-014 = PGC 6208
01 40 43.2 +07
58 58
V = 13.6; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 55d
17.5"
(12/18/89): very faint, very small, slightly elongated, very weak
concentration.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 652 = Sw V-15 on 22 Oct 1886 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory. His position
is 14 tsec east of UGC 1184 = PGC 6208.
See Corwin's notes for more info on Swift's discoveries that night.
******************************
NGC 653 = UGC
1193 = MCG +06-04-058 = CGCG 521-070 = PGC 6290
01 42 25.7 +35
38 18
V = 13.4; Size 1.5'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 39d
17.5"
(12/23/89): fairly faint, fairly small, edge-on SSW-NNE, small bright
core. A mag 12.5 star is 1.3' ESE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 653 = St XIII-11 on 29 Nov 1883 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory and recorded "vF, pL, mE, 1' major axis, lbM,
sev * inv". His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 654 = Cr 18
= Mel 9 = OCL-330
01 43 59 +61 53
00
V = 6.5; Size 5'
13.1"
(10/20/84): 35 stars, rich, includes several doubles. Located just northwest of mag 7.3 HD 10494, which is a
likely member.
8": rich in
faint stars including doubles. A
mag 7 star is at the southeast edge.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 654 = H VII-46 = h145 on 3 Nov 1787 (sweep 774) and noted
"a small cluster of pretty large stars, pretty rich." JH described "a fine rich cluster;
stars 11...14m; 3' dia; irreg fig; place that of the most compressed part; one
star 6.7 mag, south-following the center, is ruddy."
******************************
NGC 655 = MCG
-02-05-037 = PGC 6262
01 41 55.1 -13
04 56
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 45d
17.5"
(12/23/92): faint, small, round, weakly concentrated halo, rises quickly to
small bright core. A mag 12/14
double star at 20" separation is 2' S. Located 10' NNW of a mag 9.5 star.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 655 = LM I-35 on 12 Dec 1885 with the 26" refractor at
Leander McCormick Observatory. His
position is 2' S of MCG -02-05-037037 = PGC 6262. Bigourdan was unable to find this galaxy. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory
(repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 656 = UGC
1194 = MCG +04-05-002 = CGCG 482-004 = PGC 6293
01 42 27.3 +26
08 35
V = 12.4; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 35d
17.5"
(11/30/91): fairly faint, small, round, 1.0' diameter, bright core. A mag 11 star is 1.5' NW. Located 8' ESE of mag 9 SAO 74879.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 656 on 20 Sep 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. He measured a very
accurate position on 2 nights as well as the nearby mag 10 star (5 seconds
preceding and 1 1/4' north).
******************************
NGC 657 =
OCL-337 = Lund 52
01 43 47 +55 52
42
17.5"
(10/25/97): very unimpressive asterism near at the double star O· 35 = 7.2/10.4
at 13". Possibly John
Herschel was attracted to a group of ~10 stars 4'-5' SW of the bright
double. There are a few additional
stars following this group which lead back to the double. This grouping includes a couple of
close, faint doubles but appears to be a weak asterism at all powers as there
is no evident clustering.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 657 = h146 on 28 Nov 1831 and noted "A double star (h2070),
the chief of a p rich loose cl; st 12m."
******************************
NGC 658 = UGC
1192 = MCG +02-05-009 = CGCG 437-009 = PGC 6275
01 42 09.7 +12
36 06
V = 12.5; Size 3.0'x1.6'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 20d
17.5"
(1/1/92): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, broad
concentration, fairly faint small core.
Located 4' SSW of mag 8.8 SAO 92587.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 658 = St IX-1 on 27 Nov 1880 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and recorded "very faint, very small, irregular,
brighter in the middle." His
position matches UGC 1192 = PGC 6275. This galaxy was independently found by
Lewis Swift on 17 Sep 1885 with a 16" refractor at Warner Observatory and
reported it in list II-13. His
position and description is good, though he criticized Stephan's description by
writing "pB; pL; vE; nearly bet 2 pB st. If this is Stephan's No 1 of his catalogue of 60 nebulae,
A.N. 2390, then his description is wrong in every particular."
******************************
NGC 659 = Cr 19
= Mel 10 = OCL-332
01 44 23 +60 40
12
V = 7.9; Size 5'
13.1"
(10/20/84): ~20 stars in cluster, not impressive. Located 80' E of M103.
13.1"
(11/5/83): 18 stars at 166x over haze.
In field to NW of NGC 663.
Caroline
Herschel discovered NGC 659 = VIII-65 on 27 Sep 1783 with her 4.2"
comet-seeker reflector. WH
independently discovered the cluster on 3 Nov 1787 (sweep 774) and logged
"a small cluster of small stars, not very rich." In his PT catalogue,
he noted "Caroline Herschel [discovered it in ] 1783."
******************************
NGC 660 = UGC
1201 = MCG +02-05-013 = CGCG 437-012 = PGC 6318
01 43 01.7 +13
38 35
V = 11.2; Size 8.3'x3.2'; Surf Br = 14.6; PA = 170d
48"
(10/23/11): this large, striking galaxy contains a very bright, elongated bar oriented
SW-NE, ~2'x1'. The northeastern
half of the bar is noticeably brighter with a very high surface brightness. The
galaxy is fainter and wider on the southwest portion of the bar. The central region in mottled and
dusty, but I didn't notice the X-shaped dust lanes visible on photos. At the southwest end, a broad low
surface brightness spiral arm emerges and sweeps south, curving slightly east
for a length of 2'. A second faint
arm begins at the northeast end of the bar and extends north a similar distance,
bending gradually to the west. The
arms give the galaxy a stretched "S" appearance and significantly
increased the overall size to ~6.5'x2.5', roughly N-S.
17.5"
(12/18/89): fairly bright, large, oval SW-NE, broadly concentrated halo,
mottled. A mag 14 double star is
1.8' ESE of center. Located 10' SE
of mag 8.1 SAO 92589. UGC 1195
lies 22' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 660 = H II-253 on 16 Oct 1784 (sweep 295) and noted "pB,
pl, E, bM, r". Sir Robert
Ball, an assistant with the 72" at Birr Castle, described "a fine neb
of the character of the neb in Andromeda.
cB, vL, E 37.1¡, possibly curved and with details. E Nucl which was suspected to be in two
parts or have some peculiarity."
A later observation by Dreyer reads "pB, pL mE 41¡. Looks like a brush, fades away
gradually south-following, more sharply defined north-preceding. Condensation in nf end."
******************************
NGC 661 = UGC
1215 = MCG +05-05-005 = CGCG 503-014 = PGC 6376
01 44 14.6 +28
42 22
V = 12.2; Size 1.7'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 60d
17.5"
(9/26/92): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 4:3 WSW-ENE, prominent
core, bright stellar nucleus.
Bracketed by two mag 14 stars 75" SW and 75" NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 661 = H II-610 = h147 on 26 Oct 1786 (sweep 626) and noted
"F, S, bM, resolvable".
JH described this nebula as "pF; S; R; psbM". His position matches UGC 1215 = PGC
6376. E.E. Barnard independently
found it on 11 Oct 1882 with his 5-inch refractor and described a "minute
speck of a nebula...which I assume to be new."
******************************
NGC 662 = UGC
1220 = MCG +06-04-060 = CGCG 521-073 = V Zw 98 = PGC 6393
01 44 35.5 +37
41 46
V = 12.9; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 11.8; PA = 20d
17.5"
(11/27/92): fairly faint, very small, fairly high even surface brightness,
elongated 3:2 ~N-S. Located 3' ENE
of mag 6.9 SAO 10617, which hampers viewing.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 662 = St XIII-12 on 22 Nov 1884 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory and noted "F, S, R, rather marked central
condensation". His position
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 663 = Cr 20
= Mel 11 = OCL-333
01 46 16 +61 13
06
V = 7.1; Size 16'
13.1"
(10/20/84): ~75 stars, fairly large, rich. Includes several doubles, the most prominent are ·153 =
9.3/10.3 at 8" and ·152 = 9.0/11.2 at 9" and ·151 = 10.5/10.9 at
7".
William Herschel
discovered NGC 663 = H VI-31 on 3 Nov 1787 (sweep 774) and recorded "a
beautiful cluster of pretty large stars near 15' diameter, considerably
rich." Neither JH nor LdR's
assistants observed the cluster.
******************************
NGC 664 = UGC
1210 = MCG +01-05-029 = CGCG 412-023 = PGC 6359
01 43 45.8 +04
13 23
V = 12.8; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 65d
17.5"
(11/6/93): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE, weak
concentration. Nearby are a mag 15
star 50" NW and two mag 14 stars 1.8' WSW and 2' SSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 664 = h148 on 24 Sep 1830 and noted "vF; R;
20"." R.J. Mitchell,
observing with Lord Rosse's 72" on 11 Dec 1854, recorded "S, R,
bmN. Forms a trapezium [eastern
vertex] with 3 stars."
******************************
NGC 665 = UGC
1223 = MCG +02-05-019 = CGCG 437-019 = PGC 6415
01 44 56.1 +10
25 22
V = 12.1; Size 2.4'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 125d
17.5"
(12/18/89): fairly faint, fairly small, oval WNW-ESE, prominent core, bright
nucleus. Brightest in a group of
four with IC 154 14' NNE, IC 156 11NE and CGCG 437-020 6' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 665 = H II-588 on 4 Sep 1786 (sweep 582) and logged "F, irr
R, r." The NGC position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 666 = UGC
1236 = MCG +06-05-002 = CGCG 521-079 = PGC 6483
01 46 06.3 +34
22 28
V = 13.4; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.2
17.5"
(11/27/92): fairly faint, very small, round, stellar nucleus. Almost collinear with a mag 12.5 star
2' NNE and a mag 13 star 3' NNE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 666 = St XIII-13 on 22 Nov 1883 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory. His
position is accurate and his description "very small star in an extremely
small and faint nebula" applies to the stellar nucleus and small halo.
******************************
NGC 667 = ESO
477-002 = PGC 6418
01 44 56.7 -22
55 09
V = 14.2; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 82d
17.5"
(10/25/97): extremely faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, low surface
brightness. Not seen with
certainty at 220x and verified at 280x.
Located 1.4' SE of a mag 12 star.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 667 = LM II-318 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory. His position is 0.3' west and 2' south of ESO
477-002 = PGC 6418. A mag 10 star
mentioned in his notes as 1.6' in PA 320¡ (NW) clinches the
identification. Herbert Howe
measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at
Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 668 = UGC
1238 = MCG +06-05-003 = CGCG 521-080 = PGC 6502
01 46 22.6 +36
27 37
V = 13.1; Size 1.8'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 30d
17.5"
(11/27/92): fairly faint, slightly elongated SW-NE, broadly concentrated halo,
small bright core. Located 2.5' W
of a mag 10.5 star at the NW edge of AGC 262 galaxy cluster.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 668 = St XI-2 on 4 Dec 1880 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and recorded "pF; pS; R; gbM". His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 669 = UGC
1248 = MCG +06-05-004 = CGCG 522-004 = PGC 6560
01 47 16.2 +35
33 46
V = 12.3; Size 3.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 36d
17.5"
(11/27/92): moderately bright, edge-on 4:1 SW-NE, bright bulging core, thin
tapering extensions, fairly striking appearance. A mag 13 star is just south of the SW tip 1.5' from the
center. Three mag 12 stars form a
shallow obtuse triangle close north with the nearest star 1.8' NW. Located at the SW edge of AGC 262
galaxy cluster.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 669 = St XIII-14 on 28 Nov 1883 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory and logged "pF; mE NE to SW; 1.5' length; gbM;
mottled center or several small stars involved." His position and
description matches UGC 1248 = PGC 6560.
******************************
NGC 670 = UGC
1250 = MCG +05-05-012 = CGCG 503-024 = PGC 6570
01 47 24.9 +27
53 09
V = 12.7; Size 2.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 172d
13.1"
(11/5/83): fairly faint, small, compact, elongated 2:1 N-S, bright core. Located 28' NNW of NGC 672.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 670 = H II-611 = h149 on 26 Oct 1786 (sweep 626) and noted
"F, S, lE". R.J.
Mitchell, using Lord Rosse's 72" on 18 Sep 1857, recorded "S, pretty
much E np sf, bM, is about 2' preceding a double star." The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 671 = UGC
1247 = MCG +02-05-029 = CGCG 437-027 = PGC 6546
01 46 59.1 +13 07
31
V = 13.2; Size 1.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 55d
17.5"
(12/18/89): fairly faint, fairly small, oval SW-NE, seems brighter at both
ends. A double star with
components mag 12.5/13.5 (oriented NW-SE with separation 20") lies 3' S. Located very close to the Pisces
border.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 671 = Sw II-14 on 17 Sep 1885 with the 16" Clark refractor
at Warner Observatory and logged "eF; pS; R; "between a double star
and a star with a distant companion." Swift's position is 18 sec of RA east of UGC 1247 =
PGC 6546 and his description of the nearby stars to the north and south pins
down the identification. Herbert
Howe measured an accurate position in 1897 using the 20" refractor at
Chamberlin Observatory.
******************************
NGC 672 = VV
338b = UGC 1256 = MCG +04-05-011= CGCG 482-016 = Holm 46a = KTG 8B = PGC 6595
01 47 53.9 +27
25 56
V = 10.9; Size 7.2'x2.6'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 65d
24"
(12/28/13): at 225x appeared very bright, very large, elongated 5:2 WSW-ENE,
mottled appearance. Contains a
brighter, elongated "bar" that is slightly angled (roughly 7:2 E-W)
to the major axis of the halo.
Slightly brighter "patches" were visible just beyond the bar
(on both the east and west side), probably where spiral arms attach to the
bar. IC 1727 lies 8' SW.
13.1"
(11/5/83): fairly bright, elongated 5:2 WSW-ENE, even surface brightness. Bracketed by a mag 13.5 star 2.2' WNW
and a mag 13 star 3.2' E.
Brightest in a group with IC 1727 8' SW.
8"
(11/13/82): fairly faint, low even surface brightness, fairly large,
diffuse. Two mag 13.5 stars lie NW
and at the east edge.
8"
(11/28/81): faint, fairly large, very diffuse, elongated ~E-W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 672 = H I-157 = h150 on 26 Oct 1786 (sweep 626) and logged
"cB, cL, extended in the parallel, mbM, about 6 or 7' long, 3'
broad." This galaxy was
observed 7 times with the 72" at Birr Castle. On 26 Oct 1854, R.J. Mitchell recorded "A tolerably B
ray, bM. The B portion is narrow,
but I think F neby extends laterally; * south of centre and another fainter one
sp center? [this may refer to an HII region]." I'm surprised, though, that IC 1727 was missed during these
observations. The NGC position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 673 = UGC
1259 = MCG +02-05-033 = CGCG 437-030 = PGC 6624
01 48 22.5 +11
31 18
V = 12.6; Size 2.1'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 0d
17.5"
(12/18/89): moderately bright, moderately large, slightly elongated SSW-NNE,
weak concentration. Located 3.1'
WSW of a mag 10 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 673 = H II-589 on 4 Sep 1786 (sweep 582) and logged "F, pL,
E, brightest following the middle, 2' south-preceding a considerably bright
star [10th mag]." Using the
72" at Birr Castle in 1875, J.L.E. Dreyer accurately described the galaxy
as "pB, pL, irr R, vlbM, *10-11m Pos. 65.8¡, Dist 195.6".
******************************
NGC 674 = NGC
697 = UGC 1317 = MCG +04-05-022 = CGCG 482-027 = PGC 6848
01 51 17.4 +22
21 28
See observing
notes for NGC 697.
Heinrich
d'Arrest found NGC 674 on 2 Dec 1861 with the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen
and noted "pretty bright, elongated, *14 follows by 8 seconds." There is nothing at his position, but
2.0 min of RA east is NGC 697 and the description fits! JH and Dreyer assumed this was a new discovery
and catalogued d'Arrest's object as GC 398 = NGC 674. Curiously, he claims the object was found the same night
(4th of 411) that he also observed NGC 697. Father Hagen and Bigourdan searched fruitlessly for NGC 674
and Karl Reinmuth, in his 1926 survey based on Heidelberg plates, says
"not found, = NGC 697?"
That conclusion is warranted.
See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 675 = UGC
1273 = MCG +02-05-041 = CGCG 437-037 = PGC 6665
01 49 08.6 +13
03 35
V = 14.5; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 99d
17.5"
(12/18/89): extremely faint, small, elongated E-W. Forms a pair with NGC 677 1.4' ENE. Located just SW of a mag 14 star, which
is 1' W of NGC 677.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 675 = Sw V-16, along with NGC 677 = Sw V-17, on 25 Sep 1886 with
the 16" refractor at Warner Observatory. His position is 5 tsec west and 17" south of UGC 1273 =
PGC 6665.
******************************
NGC 676 = UGC
1270 = MCG +01-05-034 = CGCG 412-028 = PGC 6656
01 48 57.3 +05
54 24
V = 11.9; Size 4.0'x1.2'; PA = 172d
17.5"
(12/18/89): very unusual appearance as a mag 10 star (BD +5 244) is
superimposed on the core! Fairly
faint, very elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, almost even surface brightness except for
the bright star. NGC 693 lies 26'
NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 676 = H IV-42 = h151 on 30 Sep 1786 (sweep 607) and recorded
"a star with vF branches in the direction of the meridian, each branch
about 1' in length; the star about 8 or 9 m; other stars of the same size are
free from these branches".
Interestingly, he used this example in his 1814 PT paper to argue, not
only of the association of the star [very near the center] and the nebula, but
that the nebula was brighter near the star because nebulous matter was being
drawn by gravity to the star. JH
observed the galaxy on two sweeps and described it as "a *9m with a vF
narrow ray of nebulosity; a most curious object." The galaxy was observed 4 times at Birr
Castle. On 8 Nov 1876, J.L.E.
Dreyer recorded "*9m with pF neb elongated 168.4¡, longer on the side of
*, concave preceding, convex following."
The 9.5-mag star
superimposed at the center is included in the CGCG magnitude (10.5z). Steinicke notes that the separation
from centre is only 9", the smallest value of all cases of bright
superimposed stars in the NGC!
******************************
NGC 677 = IC
152? = UGC 1275 = MCG +02-05-042 = CGCG 437-039 = PGC 6673
01 49 14.0 +13
03 19
V = 12.2; Size 2.0'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(12/18/89): fairly faint, fairly small, round, bright core increases to a very
small brighter nucleus. A mag 14
star lies 1' W and a mag 15 star is 1' S.
Forms a close pair with NGC 675 1.4' WSW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 677 = Sw V-17, along with NGC 675 = Sw V-16, on 25 Sep 1886 with
the 16" refractor at Warner Observatory. His position is 10 tsec west and 14" north of UGC
1275. He described NGC 675 as
"vF" and 677 as "eeF", although NGC 677 is the brighter
galaxy at the eyepiece. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1897
using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory, but identifies the
object as NGC 675.
******************************
NGC 678 = UGC
1280 = MCG +04-05-014 = CGCG 482-018 = LGG 034-002 = PGC 6690
01 49 24.8 +21
59 51
V = 12.2; Size 4.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 78d
24"
(8/30/16): fairly bright, large, very elongated 4:1 WSW-ENE, 2.5'x0.6'. Sharply concentrated with an unusually
brighter core that is irregularly round, stellar nucleus. The arms are long and low surface
brightness, but the warped dust lane was not seen. Forms a striking pair with NGC 680 5.5' ESE.
18"
(11/22/03): fairly bright, moderately large, very elongated 7:2 WSW-ENE,
3.0'x0.8'. Sharply concentrated
with a small bright core that increases to the center. The extensions are much fainter. Forms a pair with NGC 680 5' ESE in the
NGC 697 group (also called the NGC 691 group).
13"
(9/29/84): moderately bright, moderately large, bright core, elongated 3:1
~E-W. Forms a pair with NGC 680 5'
ESE in the NGC 697 group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 678 = H II-228, along with NGC 680, on 15 Sep 1784 (sweep 274)
and described them together as "Two. Both F, pS, irregularly R." The NGC position is accurate. On 13 Nov 1786 (sweep 636) he logged
"pB, S, mbM."
******************************
NGC 679 = UGC
1283 = MCG +06-05-012 = CGCG 522-015 = V Zw 114 = PGC 6711
01 49 43.7 +35
47 08
V = 12.3; Size 2.1'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.8
17.5"
(9/19/87): moderately bright, fairly small, round, broad concentration, in AGC
262.
13"
(9/22/84): moderately bright, round, small bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 679 = H III-175 on 13 Sep 1784 (sweep 271) and simply noted
"stellar." His position
is 17 tsec east and 1' south of UGC 1283 = PGC 6711.
******************************
NGC 680 = UGC
1286 = MCG +04-05-015 = CGCG 482-019 = PGC 6719
01 49 47.3 +21
58 16
V = 11.9; Size 1.9'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 156d
24"
(8/30/16): bright, moderately large, irregularly round, 1.5'x1.2'. Sharply concentrated with a bright
30" core that increases gradually to a stellar nucleus. A mag 10.8 star is 3.5' E. Forms a striking pair with NGC 678 5'.5
WNW. IC 1730 is 3.5' NE.
18"
(11/22/03): fairly bright, high surface brightness elliptical or lenticular,
slightly elongated, 1.7'x1.5'.
Contains a well-condensed 30" bright core surrounded by a fainter
halo that fades gradually.
Surrounded by three mag 10-11 stars 3'-4' S, E and NE. In a trio with NGC 678 5' WNW and IC
1730 3.5' NE.
13"
(9/29/84): moderately bright, fairly small, round, bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 678 5' WNW in the
NGC 697 group (also called the NGC 691 group).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 680 = H II-229, along with NGC 678, on 15 Sep 1784 (sweep
274). On 13 Nov 1786 (sweep 636)
he noted "pB, S, mbM." See NGC 678.
******************************
NGC 681 = MCG
-02-05-052 = LGG 033-002 = PGC 6671
01 49 10.7 -10
25 35
V = 12.0; Size 2.6'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 68d
17.5"
(9/26/92): fairly faint, fairly small, irregularly round, weak concentration,
faint stellar nucleus. A mag 13
star is at the NW edge of the halo.
Just SW is a perfect rhombus asterism consisting of four mag 13 stars
with sides 1.5' with an additional mag 14 star just east of the rhombus. MCG -02-05-053 lies 22' N. On images, this galaxy has a striking
resemblance to the Sombrero Galaxy, although the dust lane was not noticed.
13"
(12/22/84): moderately bright, elongated ~E-W, diffuse edges, weak
concentration, small bright nucleus.
A mag 12.5 star is at the west edge.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 681 = H II-481 = h2436 on 28 Nov 1785 (sweep 479) and noted
"pB, cL, R, about 1.5' following a small star [mag 13]." His position is 7' N of MCG -02-05-052
= PGC 6671. JH, observing from the
Cape of Good Hope, measured an accurate position and noted "F; R; glbM;
35."
******************************
NGC 682 = MCG
-03-05-022 = PGC 6663
01 49 04.5 -14
58 29
V = 12.7; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 95d
17.5"
(12/23/92): fairly faint, moderately large, very small bright core, stellar
nucleus, slightly elongated fainter outer halo. Located 15' SE of mag 7.5 SAO 148020.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 682 = H II-501 = h154 on 30 Dec 1785 (sweep 499) and noted
"F, S, R, very small pretty bright nucleus." The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 683 = UGC
1288 = MCG +02-05-047 = CGCG 437-043 = PGC 6718
01 49 46.7 +11
42 05
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(12/18/89): very faint, small, round.
A pair of mag 14 stars are 2' W.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 683 = h153 on 17 Oct 1825 and noted "eF; AR may be a whole
minute wrong [the transit was missed]." Despite his uncertainly,
Herschel's position matches UGC 1288 = PGC 6718.
******************************
NGC 684 = IC 165
= UGC 1292 = MCG +04-05-017 = CGCG 482-022 = KTG 8C = PGC 6759
01 50 14.0 +27
38 48
V = 12.4; Size 3.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 90d
24"
(12/28/13): fairly bright, beautiful edge-on 7:1 E-W, 1.8'x0.25', sharply
concentrated with a very small, very bright core and a faint stellar nucleus.
17.5"
(12/8/90): fairly faint, fairly small, edge-on 4:1 E-W, even concentration,
small bright core, stellar nucleus.
Located 32' NE of NGC 672 in a group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 684 = H II-612 = h152 on 26 Oct 1786 (sweep 626) and logged
"pB, pL, lE nearly in the parallel, mbM."
Edward Swift,
Lewis' son, found this galaxy again on 18 Jan 1890 while "searching for
Swift's Comet." and it was reported as a new object in list IX-6. In Astronomische Nachrichten #3429,
Isaac Roberts noted the equivalence of IC 165 and NGC 684. Dreyer repeated this identity in the IC
2 notes.
******************************
NGC 685 = ESO
152-024 = PGC 6581
01 47 42.5 -52
45 47
V = 11.0; Size 3.7'x3.3'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 75d
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): bright, large, slightly elongated ~WNW-ESE,
broad concentration with a large brighter core, 3' diameter. Just outside the core, the surface
brightness is irregular or mottled and a couple of extremely faint
quasi-stellar knots (HII regions) are just visible in the outer halo. There is an impression of spiral
structure in the halo, but I couldn't trace the arms.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 685 = h2438 on 3 Oct 1834 and logged "F, vL, R, vgvlbM,
3'.". His position is 1.5' S of ESO 152-024 = PGC 6581.
******************************
NGC 686 = ESO
477-006 = MCG -04-05-008 = PGC 6655
01 48 56.1 -23
47 54
V = 12.4; Size 1.8'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 0d
17.5"
(11/6/93): moderately bright, small, round, bright core, fairly bright stellar
nucleus. Forms the vertex of a
right angle with mag 9.2 SAO 167314 4' WNW and mag 8.1 SAO 167315 5' SW. Located at the NW edge of Fornax on the
Cetus border.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 686 = H III-459 = h155 = h2437 on 26 Oct 1785 (sweep 465) and
noted "vF, vS, easily resolvable." JH observed this galaxy both at Slough, England and at the
CGH. He logged it on sweep 306
from Slough as "vF; R; gbM; 15"; a *8 m sp."
******************************
NGC 687 = UGC
1298 = MCG +06-05-014 = CGCG 522-017 = PGC 6782
01 50 33.2 +36
22 15
V = 12.3; Size 1.4'x1.4'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(9/19/87): moderately bright, fairly small, round, bright core, stellar
nucleus. Member of AGC 262.
13.1"
(9/22/84): moderately bright, small, round, bright core.
13.1"
(12/11/82): fairly bright, small, round, bright core, ~1' diameter.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 687 = H III-561 on 21 Sep 1786 (sweep 599) and noted "vF,
stellar." The NGC position is
4 sec of RA east and 2.3' S of UGC 1298 = PGC 6782.
******************************
NGC 688 = UGC 1302
= MCG +06-05-015 = CGCG 522-020 = Mrk 1009 = PGC 6799
01 50 44.2 +35
17 04
V = 12.7; Size 2.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 145d
17.5"
(9/19/87): fairly faint, fairly small, oval NNW-SSE, weak concentration. Forms a pair with UGC 1299 within in
AGC 262.
13"
(10/20/84): fairly faint, moderately large, diffuse, weak concentration.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 688 on 16 Sep 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position matches
the starburst (nucleus) galaxy UGC 1302 = Mrk 1009 = PGC 6799.
******************************
NGC 689 = ESO
414-005 = MCG -05-05-019 = PGC 6724
01 49 51.7 -27
27 59
V = 13.6; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 68d
17.5"
(11/6/93): very faint, small, round, broad concentration. A mag 14.5 star lies 1.5' SW.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 689 = LM I-89 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander
McCormick Observatory. His rough
position is 0.8 tmin west and 3' north of ESO 414-005 = PGC 6724.
******************************
NGC 690 = MCG
-03-05-021 = A0145-16 (RC2) = PGC 6587
01 47 48.1 -16
43 17
V = 14.2; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 145d
17.5"
(10/25/97): marginal object that required a GSC finder chart and averted vision
just to glimpse. As the
observation was extremely difficult, no details were visible, although it
seemed round, perhaps 20" diameter.
Position confirmed with respect to a couple of collinear mag 12 stars 5'
SE and 10' SE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 690 = LM I-37 on 9 Nov 1885 with the 26"
refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. His rough position is 1.5 tmin east of MCG -03-05-021 = PGC
6587.
******************************
NGC 691 = UGC
1305 = MCG +04-05-019 = CGCG 460-031 = CGCG 482-023 = LGG 034-004 = PGC 6793
01 50 41.7 +21
45 35
V = 11.4; Size 3.5'x2.6'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 95d
18"
(11/22/03): bright, large, slightly elongated E-W, ~2.0'x1.5'. Fairly sharp concentration with a
well-defined 45" core surrounded by an unconcentrated halo. A close pair of mag 9-10 stars
(uncatalogued) is just off the northeast edge! NGC 691 is the brightest in the NGC 691 group (also called
the NGC 697 group) that includes NGC 678, NGC 680, NGC 691, NGC 694, NGC 695,
NGC 697, IC 167, IC 1730 and others.
13"
(9/29/84): fairly faint, fairly large, almost round, very diffuse, weak
concentration. A close double star
is off the NE edge. Located 15'
SSE of NGC 680 in the NGC 697 group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 691 = H II-617 on 13 Nov 1786 (sweep 636) and noted "F, cL,
vglbM". The NGC position
matches UGC 1305 = PGC 6793.
******************************
NGC 692 = ESO
197-003 = PGC 6642
01 48 42.0 -48
38 55
V = 12.3; Size 2.1'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.6
25"
(10/16/17 - OzSky): at 244x; fairly bright, moderately large, roundish,
50"-60" diameter.
Contains a bright, elongated core NW-SE that appears to be a bar
(verified later on the DSS) and a quasi-stellar nucleus. Four stars curl south off the southwest
side including a mag 12 star 3.7' SSW.
Mag 9.8 HD 11265 lies 11.5' NE
John Herschel
discovered NGC 692 = h2439 on 2 Oct 1834 and noted "B, R, gbM,
30"." On a later sweep (744) he described it as "vF, R, gbM,
20"." JH's position
(h2439) is accurate, although there was a 10 tsec error in RA on sweep 744.
******************************
NGC 693 = UGC
1304 = MCG +01-05-035 = CGCG 412-033 = PGC 6778
01 50 30.9 +06
08 42
V = 12.4; Size 2.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 106d
17.5"
(12/18/89): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE, broad
concentration. A mag 10.5 star is
1.4' E of center. NGC 706 is 22' NE
and NGC 676 26' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 693 = H II-859 = h156 on 25 Dec 1790 (sweep 986) and noted
"pB, S, E nearly in parallel, south preceding a small star." The galaxy was observed 5 times at Birr
Castle. On 7 Oct 1850, Bindon Stoney recorded "Light rather equable, a
minute star in the p part, resolvable?". A sketch was made on 8 Nov 1876 and included in LdR's 1861
publication (Plate XXV, fig 2).
******************************
NGC 694 = UGC
1310 = MCG +04-05-020 = CGCG 482-024 = Mrk 363 = V Zw 122 = LGG 034-007 = PGC
6816
01 50 58.4 +21
59 50
V = 13.7; Size 0.8'x0.5'; PA = 160d
18"
(11/22/03): moderately bright, fairly small, 0.7'x0.5'. Fairly high surface
brightness, which increases to an occasional faint stellar nucleus. A mag 10.5 star is 2.3' SE. IC 167, which lies 5.5' SSE, is very
faint, elongated 4:3, 0.8'x0.6', low surface brightness.
13"
(9/29/84): faint, small, round, diffuse, even surface brightness. Member of the NGC 697 group (also
called the NGC 691 group) with IC 167 5.5' SSE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 694 on 2 Dec 1861 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. He noted the nebula
was collinear with two mag 15 stars [probably to the NW and SE].
******************************
NGC 695 = UGC
1315 = CGCG 482-026 = V Zw 123 = PGC 6844
01 51 14.2 +22
34 57
V = 12.8; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 40d
13.1"
(9/29/84): faint, very small, round.
A mag 13 star is at the west end, 0.5' from center. Located 14' N of NGC 697 in a group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 695 = H II-618 on 13 Nov 1786 (sweep 636) and noted "vS,
stellar." The NGC position is
1' S of UGC 1315 = PGC 6844.
******************************
NGC 696 = ESO
353-050 = MCG -06-05-004 = SCG 9 = PGC 6695
01 49 31.2 -34
54 19
V = 13.3; Size 1.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 25d
17.5"
(11/1/97): faint, small, slightly elongated 4:3 SW-NE, 40"x30", weak
concentration. A mag 12 star
follows by 3.3'. Forms a pair with
fainter NGC 698 5.1' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 696 = h2440 (along with NGC 698 = h2441) on 29 Nov 1837 and
noted "F, S, R, 15"."
His position is 0.2 tmin east and 2.5' south of ESO 353-050 = PGC 6695
(same offset as NGC 698).
******************************
NGC 697 = NGC
674 = UGC 1317 = MCG +04-05-022 = CGCG 482-027 = LGG 034-006 = PGC 6848
01 51 17.4 +22
21 28
V = 12.0; Size 4.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 105d
18"
(11/22/03): fairly bright, fairly large, very elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE,
~3.0'x1.3'. Contains a fairly
well-defined bright elongated core and a fairly smooth halo. Located 16' ENE of the bright double
star 1 Arietis. NGC 695 is located
13' N.
13"
(9/29/84): fairly bright, fairly large, very elongated 3:1 ~E-W, only a weak
broad concentration. The striking
double star 1 Arietis (6.2/7.4 at 3") lies 16' WSW. Brightest in the NGC 697 group (also
called the NGC 691 group) with a number of members about 30' S.
8"
(11/28/81): fairly faint, elongated.
Located ~15' E of a close mag 6/7 double (1 Arietis).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 697 = H III-179 on 15 Sep 1784 (sweep 274) and recorded
"vF, pL, lE." On 13 Nov
1786 (sweep 636) he noted "pB, cL, E, mbM." Heinrich d'Arrest independently found this galaxy was on 2
Dec 1861 but his RA was 2 min too small.
Dreyer assumed d'Arrest's object was new, and recatalogued it as NGC
674. So, NGC 697 = NGC 674, with NGC 697 the primary designation.
******************************
NGC 698 = ESO
353-051 = MCG -06-05-005 = SCG 9 = PGC 6710
01 49 43.7 -34
49 52
V = 13.9; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 171d
17.5" (11/1/97):
very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter (probably viewed core only),
low surface brightness, no concentration.
Requires averted vision and cannot hold steadily. Forms the northern vertex of a right
triangle with a mag 12 star 4.7' S and brighter NGC 696 5.1' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 698 = h2441 on 29 Nov 1837 and noted "vvF; S." His single position is 10 tsec of RA
east and 2.5' south of ESO 353-051 = PGC 6710 (same amount of offset as NGC
696).
******************************
NGC 699 = MCG
-02-05-059 = PGC 6798
01 50 43.7 -12
02 09
V = 13.9; Size 1.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 130d
17.5"
(12/23/92): extremely faint, fairly small, edge-on 4:1 NW-SE, very low surface
brightness, brighter core. Located
7' NNE of mag 8.5 SAO 148050.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 699 = LM II-319 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory and logged "mag 16.0, 1.0'x0.4', E 105¡, bnp,
curved; *9.5 p 22 sec". His
position matches MCG -02-05-059 = PGC 6798 and the mag 9 star he described to
the west is accurate.
******************************
NGC 700 = CGCG
522-030 = Holm 49e = WBL 054-006 = PGC 6928
01 52 16.9 +36
02 12
V = 14.2; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(12/19/87): very faint, small, round.
Two mag 14 stars are collinear 1.5' WSW and 2.7' WSW. Located about 8' SW of the central core
of AGC 262 in a group of four galaxies with UGC 1336 3.7' NW. This galaxy (CGCG 522-030) is not
identified as NGC 700 in any of the major catalogues.
17.5"
(9/19/87): extremely faint, small, round.
A mag 14 star lies 1' W.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 700 with the 72" at Birr Castle on 12 Oct 1855 and recorded
"about 8' sp same group [NGC 703, 704, 705, 708] is another neb., F, S,
R" This rough position is a
reasonable match with CGCG 522-030 = PGC 6928. Bindon Stoney possibly observed the galaxy earlier on 28 Oct
1850, though he just mentions a nebula was found preceding the group.
The RNGC, UGC
and CGCG misidentify UGC 1336 as NGC 700.
This latter galaxy is 6.5' WSW the center of the group, but is not as
obvious at the eyepiece. See
Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 701 = MCG
-02-05-060 = Holm 47a = LGG 033-003 = PGC 6826
01 51 03.7 -09
42 10
V = 12.2; Size 2.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 40d
13.1"
(12/22/84): fairly bright, very elongated 3:1 WSW-ENE, broadly concentrated
halo, faint stellar nucleus suspected.
Forms a pair with IC 1738 5.4' S.
The smaller companion appeared faint, small, round.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 701 = H I-62 = h160 = h2442 on 10 Jan 1785 (sweep 355) and noted
"F, pS, irr R." On 28 Nov 1785 (sweep 479) he called this object
"cB; pL; E; bM." It was
placed in class I (Bright Nebulae).
JH observed the galaxy at both Slough and at the Cape, commenting on
sweep 650 from the Cape, "eF, pL; certainly not entitled to a place in the
1st class." In the GC notes, he added d'Arrest missed it with a 4.5-inch
refractor at Leibzig.
******************************
NGC 702 = Arp 75
= MCG -01-05-043 = PGC 6852
01 51 19.2 -04
03 21
V = 13.1; Size 1.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 155d
17.5"
(11/6/93): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, small bright
core, stellar nucleus. Located 10'
NNW of mag 7.3 SAO 129535.
Arp classified
NGC 702 (Arp 75) as a spiral with "small high surface-brightness companion
on arms", though this appears to be a bright emission region. The core of this galaxy, though, may
contain two close nuclei so NGC 702 might be a post-collisional system.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 702 = H III-192 = h158 on 20 Sep 1784 (sweep 280) and noted
"eF, S, 240 verified it with difficulty." JH observed the galaxy on 3 occasions at Slough and his mean
position is accurate. On sweep 97
he logged "eF; lE in meridian; has a * 14m 90" south."
******************************
NGC 703 = UGC
1346 = MCG +06-05-029 = CGCG 522-037 = Holm 49c = PGC 6957
01 52 39.6 +36
10 17
V = 13.3; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 50d
17.5"
(9/19/87): faint, small, oval, weak concentration. A mag 15 star is at the SW end. Located in the central core of AGC 262 with NGC 708 1.8' SE,
NGC 705 1.7' SSE and NGC 704 2.7' S.
13.1"
(10/22/84): faint, very small, third brightest of four in the core of AGC 262.
13.1"
(12/11/82): very faint, round, difficult.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 703 = H III-562 = h157, along with NGC 704, 705 and 708, on 21
Sep 1786 (sweep 599) and recorded "Four, unequal, 3 in a row [NGC 704,
705, 708], the 4th [NGC 703] making a rectangle with them. All in the space of 2 or 3'; the one at
the angular part [NGC 708] is much larger than the others." The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 704 = UGC
1343 = MCG +06-05-028 = CGCG 522-034 = V Zw 134 = Holm 49b = PGC 6953
01 52 37.7 +36
07 37
V = 13.1; Size 0.6'x0.5'
17.5"
(9/19/87): fairly faint, small, oval ~N-S, weak concentration. Located in the dense core of AGC 262
with NGC 705 1.3' NE, NGC 703 2.7'N and NGC 708 2.7' NE. This double galaxy (companion NGC 704A
= PGC 3626786 at the south edge) was unresolved, but probably was merged in the
N-S direction.
13"
(9/22/84): fairly faint, very small.
Second brightest of four in the core of AGC 262.
13.1"
(12/11/82): very faint. On a line
with NGC 705 and NGC 708.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 704 = H III-563, along with NGC 703, 705 and 708, on 21 Sep 1786
(sweep 599). He described the
group as "Four, unequal, 3 in a row [NGC 704, 705, 708], the 4th [NGC 703]
making a rectangle with them. All
in the space of 2 or 3'; the one at the angular part [NGC 708] is much larger
than the others."
R.J. Mitchell,
observing with LdR's 72" on 7 Oct 1855, noted "[NGC 704] is seen with
higher power (single lens) to be double." So, he resolved this double system. I suggested to Harold Corwin (in Mar
2014) that the two components could justifiably be labeled NGC 704A and NGC
704B.
******************************
NGC 705 = UGC
1345 = MCG +06-05-030 = CGCG 522-036 = Holm 49d = VI Zw 90 = PGC 6958
01 52 41.5 +36
08 39
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 117d
17.5"
(9/19/87): very faint, very small, slightly elongated, weak concentration. Located in the core of AGC 262 with NGC
703 1.7' N, NGC 704 1.3' SW and NGC 708 1.1' NE. A mag 14 star is 40" south, midway to NGC 704.
13"
(10/20/84): very faint, very small, star less than 1' SW between NGC 703 and
NGC 704.
13.1"
(12/11/82): extremely faint, very small.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 705 = H III-562, along with NGC 703, 704 and NGC 708, on 21 Sep
1786 (sweep 599). He described the
group as "Four, unequal, 3 in a row [NGC 704, 705, 708], the 4th [NGC 703]
making a rectangle with them. All
in the space of 2 or 3'; the one at the angular part [NGC 708] is much larger
than the others." The NGC
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 706 = UGC
1334 = MCG +01-05-040 = CGCG 412-037 = PGC 6897
01 51 50.5 +06
17 48
V = 12.5; Size 1.9'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(12/18/89): fairly faint, fairly small, almost round, almost even surface
brightness but faint stellar nucleus seen at moments. A mag 13 star is 1.0' N of center. NGC 693 lies 22' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 706 = H II-596 = h161 on 30 Sep 1786 (sweep 607) and noted
"F, S, irr F, about 1' south of a very small star." The star is exactly 1' north and the
NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 707 = MCG
-02-05-063 = PGC 6861
01 51 27.1 -08
30 20
V = 13.7; Size 1.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 85d
17.5"
(12/23/92): faint, very small, round, very small bright core. A faint star is superimposed which
gives the appearance of a double nucleus.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 707 = T IV-6 on 13 Nov 1879 with an 11" refractor at the
Arcetri Observatory and reported "III class, with star in the
middle." His micrometric
position matches MCG -02-05-063 = PGC 6861 (verified by Sherburne Burnham in
the Publications of Lick Observatory, Volume II. Burnham also discovered IC 168 1.0 tmin preceding.
******************************
NGC 708 = UGC
1348 = MCG +06-05-031 = CGCG 522-039 = Holm 49a =PGC 6962
01 52 46.4 +36
09 08
V = 12.7; Size 3.0'x2.5'; Surf Br = 14.9; PA = 35d
17.5"
(9/19/87): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, weak concentration. A mag 15 star is at the north end just
0.2' from center. Located in the
central core of AGC 262 with NGC 703 1.8' NW, NGC 705 1.1' SW and NGC 704 2.7'
SW.
13"
(9/22/84): very faint, small, round, largest in a group of four. A mag 15 star is off the north edge.
13.1"
(12/11/82): brightest in the central group, small, round.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 708 = H III-565 = h159, along with NGC 703, 704 and 705, on 21
Sep 1786 (sweep 599). He described
the group as "Four, unequal, 3 in a row [NGC 704, 705, 708], the 4th [NGC
703] making a rectangle with them.
All in the space of 2 or 3'; the one at the angular part [NGC 708] is
much larger than the others."
The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 709 = CGCG
522-040 = PGC 6969
01 52 50.6 +36
13 25
V = 14.3; Size 0.5'x0.2'; PA = 130d
17.5"
(9/19/87): very faint, very small, elongated NW-SE. Located almost at midpoint of a mag 12 star 1.9' SE and a
mag 10 star 2.0' NW. Located just
north of the central core of AGC 262 with NGC 708 4.3' SSW and NGC 703 3.8' SW.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 709 on 28 Oct 1850 using Lord Rosse's 72" and recorded
"4' or 5' nnf of group [NGC 703/704/705/708] is another nebula, perhaps
two." Lawrence Parsons,
the 4th Earl of Rosse, independently found it again on 18 Nov 1876 and recorded
"Nova [=5195] nf h 157 [NGC 703]., Pos 35.1, Dist. 210.5", vF, pS, it
has a *11 m in Pos 297, Dist 110.3", *12-13m about same distance sf, the 2
st and neb being almost in a line."
The offset and description of nearby stars matches CGCG 522-040 = PGC
6969.
******************************
NGC 710 = UGC
1349 = MCG +06-05-033 = CGCG 522-041 = PGC 6972
01 52 53.9 +36
03 12
V = 13.7; Size 1.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.0
17.5"
(9/19/87): fairly faint, fairly small, oval slightly elongated ~E-W. A mag 15 star is 40" SSW of
center. Located about 6' SSE of
the central four galaxies (NGC 703, NGC 704, NGC 705, NGC 708) in the core of
AGC 262.
13.1"
(9/22/84): fairly faint, slightly elongated, fairly small, largest in field.
13.1"
(12/11/82): faint, round, visible with direct vision, second brightest in the
central core.
Bindon Stoney
probably discovered NGC 710 on 28 Oct 1850 using Lord Rosse's 72" and
recorded "ssf [a group of 5 or more nebula] about 12' is a F, pL nebula
with stars in it." It was
picked up again by R.J. Mitchell on 12 Oct 1855 and noted as "6' or 7' sf
this group is a pB, R, neb, bM."
It was next found by Heinrich d'Arrest on 12 Aug 1863 with the 11-inch
refractor at Copenhagen and his position matches UGC 1349 = PGC 6972. Lawrence Parsons, the 4th Earl of
Rosse, recorded the nebula on 18 Nov 1876 as "Sf the centre of the group
of 4 neb is an eF, pL neb [Nova d'A = 5196], Pos 166¡, Dist 390", it has 2
stars 12-13 mag south."
******************************
NGC 711 = UGC
1342 = MCG +03-05-024 = CGCG 460-038 = PGC 6940
01 52 27.7 +17
30 46
V = 13.1; Size 1.6'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 15d
17.5"
(12/8/90): very faint, very small, oval 3:2 SSW-NNE. A mag 14 star is 20" E.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 711 = St XII-19 on 4 Nov 1881 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and reported a "vF*in vF, vS neby". His position matches UGC 1342 = PGC
6940.
******************************
NGC 712 = UGC
1352 = MCG +06-05-035 = CGCG 522-043 = PGC 6988
01 53 08.5 +36
49 12
V = 12.8; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 85d
17.5"
(10/24/87): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated WSW-ENE, even
concentration, small bright core.
A mag 14 star is close SW 0.6' from center and a mag 12 star is 1'
N. UGC 1353 lies 9' NNE. Member of AGC 262.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 712 = h163 in October 1828 (sweep 188 between 11 and 27 Oct) and
logged "vF; R; among several pB stars." His position and description matches UGC 1352 = PGC 6988
******************************
NGC 713 = MCG
-02-05-075 = PGC 7161
01 55 21.5 -09
05 01
V = 14.0; Size 1.0'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 95d
17.5"
(10/25/97): at 280x, appeared very faint, small, elongated 3:1 E-W, 0.7'x0.2',
low even surface brightness.
Located 7.7' SE of brighter NGC 731.
17.5"
(11/6/93): not found.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 713 = LM II-320 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at Leander McCormick Observatory.
His position is 3 min of RA west of MCG -02-05-075 although his PA of 90¡
matches this galaxy. There is also
a mag 15 star 2.2' NNW in agreement with Leavenworth's note of "*14, np
2'." MCG does not label
-02-05-075 as NGC 713. Karl
Reinmuth, in his 1926 survey based on Heidelberg plates, mentions a galaxy 8'
SE of NGC 731 is much elongated in PA 90¡, which fits Leavenworth's description
for NGC 713.
******************************
NGC 714 = UGC
1358 = MCG +06-05-037 = CGCG 522-047 = PGC 7009
01 53 29.6 +36
13 17
V = 13.1; Size 1.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 112d
17.5"
(9/19/87): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated WNW-ESE, bright core. Two mag 13.5 stars are 1.0' W and 1.4'
NW of center. Member of AGC 262.
13" (9/22/84):
fairly faint, bright core, edge-on WNW-ESE, two faint stars are close west.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 714 on 28 Oct 1850 using Lord Rosse's 72" and recorded
"following this last [NGC 709] is one about 11'." R.J. Mitchell independently found
NGC 714 on 12 Oct 1855 and noted "about 10' nf the group is a pB, 1L neb,
with B Nucl, susp resolvable."
Heinrich d'Arrest next found the nebula on 2 Dec 1863 with the 11-inch
refractor at Copenhagen and measured an accurate position matching UGC 1358 =
PGC 7009. Finally, Lawrence
Parsons observed it again on 18 Nov 1876, noting "forming a triangle with
2 stars 13m preceding and north-preceding (perhaps a 3rd star).". In the 1880 publication Dreyer
indicated the observation was a duplicate of GC 5197 (d'Arrest). d'Arrest and
LdR are attributed with the discovery in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 715 = MCG
-02-05-069 = PGC 6991
01 53 12.5 -12
52 23
V = 15.0; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 14.5; PA = 175d
17.5"
(10/25/97): extremely faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 N-S, 0.8'x0.4'. Located 3.5' N of a mag 11 star. A mag 8 star is 11' NW edge at the edge
of the 220x field. Best viewed at
280x.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 715 = O St I-38 on 12 Dec 1885 with the 26" refractor at
the Leander McCormick Observatory.
There is nothing at his position but 1.5 min of RA east and 3' S is MCG
-02-05-069 = PGC 6991. Due to the
poor position, Guillaume Bigourdan could not recover the galaxy. Herbert Howe
measured an accurate position in 1897 using the 20" refractor at
Chamberlin Observatory.
******************************
NGC 716 = IC
1743 = UGC 1351 = MCG +02-05-054 = CGCG 437-049 = PGC 6982
01 52 59.7 +12
42 30
V = 12.9; Size 1.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 57d
17.5"
(12/4/93): fairly faint, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 1.5'x0.7', broad weak
concentration but no nucleus.
Located 8' WNW of mag 7.5 SAO 92682. Identified as IC 1743 in UGC, MCG and CGCG.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 716 = Sw IV-6 on 1 Sep 1886 with the 16" refractor at the
Warner Observatory. There is
nothing at his position but Corwin identifies NGC 716 = UGC 1351. This implies Swift made a 40' error
(copying?) in declination, though his description matches this galaxy,
including the "bright * near foll".
Bigourdan found
this galaxy again on 1 Jan 1892, placed it correctly as a nova, and Dreyer
catalogued it again as IC 1743.
The description for IC 1743 mentions "=NGC 716?" and in the IC 2 notes Dreyer comments
that Bigourdan couldn't find NGC 716 but B.250 = IC 1743 may equal NGC
716. This galaxy is identified as
IC 1743 in UGC, MCG and CGCG, although the earlier discovery by Swift implies
that NGC 716 should be the primary designation.
******************************
NGC 717 = UGC
1363 = MCG +06-05-041 = CGCG 522-052 = PGC 7033
01 53 55.1 +36
13 46
V = 13.9; Size 1.3'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 117d
17.5"
(9/19/87): faint, small, edge-on WNW-ESE, small bright core. Located 5.1' E of NGC 715 in the core
of AGC 262.
13"
(9/22/84): very faint, slightly elongated ~E-W, 6' E of NGC 714.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 717 on 12 Oct 1855 with Lord Rosse's 72" and noted "5'
nf this nebula [NGC 714] is another fainter ray." Heinrich d'Arrest independently found
the nebula on 16 Sep 1866 with the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen. Lawrence Parsons made another
observation on 18 Nov 1876, recording "Foll last neb [NGC 714] is an eF,
pL neb with a star 15m ~1' sf."
In the 1880 publication Dreyer indicated that the Birr Castle
observation was a duplicate of d'Arrest's GC 5198. LdR and d'A are mentioned as the discoverers in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 718 = UGC
1356 = MCG +01-05-041 = CGCG 412-039 = PGC 6993
01 53 13.2 +04
11 45
V = 11.7; Size 2.3'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 45d
17.5"
(11/6/93): moderately bright, fairly small, round, increases to very small
prominent core, stellar nucleus, very faint larger halo 1.5' diameter.
8"
(10/13/81): faint, very small, round, bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 718 = H II-270 = h164 on 13 Dec 1784 (sweep 338) and logged
"pB, S, iR, mbM". The
NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 719 = IC
1744 = UGC 1360 = MCG +03-05-026 = PGC 7019
01 53 38.8 +19
50 26
V = 13.2; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 150d
17.5"
(12/8/90): very faint, very small, round, broad concentration. Two mag 14 and 15 star are close
east. The bright double star Gamma
Arietis (components 4.4/4.7) lies 30' S.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 719 on 24 Nov 1861 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His single position is
13 sec of RA following UGC 1360 = PGC 7019. Stephane Javelle independently found the galaxy on 18 Jan
1896 with the 30" refractor at the Nice Observatory and measured an
accurate position. Dreyer assumed
J. 3-896 was new and it was catalogued again as IC 1744. So, NGC 719 = IC 1744. MCG labels this galaxy IC 1744 and UGC
equates NGC 719 = IC 1744.
******************************
NGC 720 = MCG
-02-05-068 = PGC 6983
01 53 00.4 -13
44 20
V = 10.2; Size 4.7'x2.4'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 135d
17.5"
(9/26/92): bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 2.0'x1.0',
well-defined very bright core with dimensions 40"x20". A very faint halo extends the major
axis to almost 2' length.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 720 = H I-105 = h165 = h2443 on 3 Oct 1785 (sweep 451) and noted
"cB, pL, iR, mbM.". This
galaxy was observed by JH at Slough and the Cape, where he logged "pB, lE,
psmbM, 40"."
******************************
NGC 721 = UGC
1376 = MCG +06-05-043 = CGCG 522-056 = PGC 7097
01 54 45.5 +39
23 00
V = 13.5; Size 1.7'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 135d
17.5"
(11/27/92): faint, fairly small, 1' diameter, slightly elongated 4:3 NW-SE,
very diffuse, low surface brightness, no central concentration. Located in fairly rich star field.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 721 on 27 Aug 1862 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen and recorded "eF, pL, no ncl". His RA is 8 seconds too large (single measure). MCG doesn't
label their entry as NGC 721.
******************************
NGC 722 = UGC
1379 = MCG +03-05-032 = CGCG 460-046 = PGC 7098
01 54 47.1 +20
41 54
V = 13.5; Size 1.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 138d
24"
(12/1/16): at 225x; fairly faint, small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE,
~30"x20", slightly brighter nucleus. This galaxy lies a mere 7' SSE from the glare of
2.7-magnitude Beta Arietis, but the galaxy was not difficult with the star
placed off the edge of the field.
A group of mag 11.5-13 stars is nearby, including a mag 12 star 2.7'
ENE.
17.5"
(12/8/90): very faint, very small, oval 3:2 NW-SE. Remarkable location as situated 7' SSE of Beta Arietis (V =
2.6) in the same 220x field. This
is a similar situation as NGC 404 near Mirach, but NGC 722 is much fainter.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 722 on 2 Dec 1861 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen and recorded "vF, vS, R, Beta Arietis 7' north." His position (measured on 3 nights)
matches UGC 1379 = PGC 7098, just 6.9' SSE of Beta Ari.
******************************
NGC 723 = NGC
724 = ESO 477-013 = MCG -04-05-016 = PGC 7024
01 53 45.6 -23
45 28
V = 12.4; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(11/6/93): fairly faint, fairly small, almost round, 1.0' diameter, just a
slight central brightening. A mag
12.8 star is 2.5' S. Located very
close to Cetus-Fornax border.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 723 = H III-460 = h166 = h167 = h2444 on 26 Oct 1785 (sweep 465)
and noted "vF, vS". The
galaxy was observed by JH at both Slough (two entries) and at the Cape, where
he logged "pF, R, gbM, 25". No other neb within 15' all
round." His second entry from
Slough (h167 = NGC 724) is a duplicate observation differing in NPD and he
thought it was likely a different object.
The Cape observation made it clear there was only a single object, so
NGC 723 = NGC 724.
******************************
NGC 724 = NGC
723 = ESO 477-013 = MCG -04-05-016 = PGC 7024
01 53 45.8 -23
45 28
See observing
notes for NGC 723.
John Herschel
found NGC 724 = h167 on 14 Sep 1830 and noted "vF; pL; R; gbM; has a small
* 75¡ sp. It is barely possible
that this may be H III 460 [NGC 723] with a mistake in reading the polar
distance." Herschel's
suspicion was correct as he later reobserved the galaxy from the Cape (h2444)
and noted there was only one nebula in the vicinity. Nevertheless, h167 became GC 436 and then NGC 724. So, NGC 723 = NGC 724 and the two
entries are equated by ESO and RNGC.
See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 725 = MCG
-03-05-025 = PGC 6950
01 52 35.5 -16
31 04
V = 13.7; Size 0.8'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.3
17.5"
(10/29/94): very faint, small, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, 30"x20", low
surface brightness, weak concentration.
Located 6.4' WSW of mag 7.8 SAO 148081.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 725 = LM I-39 on 9 Nov 1885 with the 26"
refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. There is nothing at his position but 1.6 min of RA west is
MCG -03-05-025 = PGC 6950.
Bigourdan was not able to recover the object at Leavenworth's position.
Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using the 20"
refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 726 = MCG
-02-06-003 = PGC 7182
01 55 31.8 -10
47 58
V = 13.2; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 100d
17.5"
(12/4/93): very faint, very small, slightly elongated, low smooth surface
brightness. A mag 12 star is 2.8'
E of center. Located 6.5' SE of
mag 8.9 SAO 148102.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 726 = LM I-40 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander
McCormick Observatory. His rough
position (given to the nearest minute of RA) is 1.0 tmin west of MCG -02-06-003
= PGC 7182. He noted a mag 9 star
at 3.6' E, though the separation is 2.8' and the star is closer to mag 12. Bigourdan was unable to recover the
galaxy at Muller's position.
******************************
NGC 727 = NGC
729 = ESO 354-010 = MCG -06-05-012 = PGC 7027
01 53 49.4 -35
51 23
V = 13.9; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 76d
18"
(12/3/05): extremely faint, very small, round, appears as a low surface
brightness hazy spot with averted, no details.
18"
(11/6/04): extremely faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, low surface
brightness. Collinear with two mag
11 and 12 stars 5' NE and 10' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 727 = h2445 on 1 Sep 1834 and logged "F, S, R, bM, 15
arcsec." His position is just
1.5' S of ESO 354-010 = PGC 7027 and there are no other galaxies near, so this
identification is secure. He added
the note in italics that "It is barely possible that this and the next
nebula [h2446 = NGC 729] may be identical with Nos. 2440 [NGC 696] and 2441
[NGC 698] by a mistaken degree in PD." Corwin disagrees, though, and concludes it is more likely
that NGC 729 is a duplicate observation of NGC 727.
******************************
NGC 728
01 55 01.4 +04
13 21
=***, Carlson.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 728 = h168 on 16 Oct 1827 and simply recorded a "suspected
nebula". There are three
cleanly resolved stars on the DSS at Herschel's position. Heinrich d'Arrest and Guillaume
Bigourdan were unable to find Herschel's object. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 729 = NGC
727? = ESO 354-010 = MCG -06-05-012 = PGC 7027
01 53 49.4 -35
51 23
V = 13.9; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 76d
See observing
notes for NGC 727.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 729 = h2446 on 30 Nov 1837 and logged "eeeF, S, R. RA only rudely taken by a star, being
out of the field." Harold
Corwin feels this entry is most
likely a duplicate observation of h2445 = NGC 727, found earlier on 1 Sep
1834. His position happens to be
12 tsec west of a double star located 5.4' NE of NGC 727 at 01 54 11.3 -35 48
17 and ESO equates NGC 729 with this close double. The RNGC classification is a galaxy, although the position
and description "USB, CLOSE DB*?" applies to this double star!
******************************
NGC 730
01 55 18.0 +05
38 11
=*, Carlson.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 730 = Big. 11 on 7 Nov 1885 with the 12"
refractor at the Paris Observatory.
At his position is just a 15th mag star, though he may have logged a
different star on a separate observation.
See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 731 = NGC
757 = MCG -02-05-073 = PGC 7118
01 54 56.1 -09
00 38
V = 12.1; Size 1.7'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(11/6/93): fairly faint, small, round, broad concentration. A mag 13 star is 2.5' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 731 = H III-266 = h2447, along with NGC 755, on 10 Jan 1785
(sweep 355) and reported "eF, stellar, 240 verified it." JH probably
observed the galaxy from the Cape and simply described "eeF; 40
arcsec". Neither of the Herschel's
positions are very accurate.
C.H.F. Peters' provided a more accurate position matching MCG -02-05-073
= PGC 7118. Ormond Stone (I-43)
probably independently discovered the galaxy in 1886, though his rough position
is 1.5 tmin east and 5' north of PGC 7118. Dreyer assumed this was a different object (there is nothing
at Stone's position) and the galaxy was catalogued as NGC 757. So NGC 731 = NGC 757, with NGC 731 the
primary designation.
******************************
NGC 732 = UGC
1406 = MCG +06-05-057 = CGCG 522-076 = Mrk 1011 = PGC 7270
01 56 27.7 +36
48 08
V = 13.5; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 10d
17.5"
(11/14/87): very faint, very small, slightly elongated SSW-NNE. A mag 13 star is 45" NW of
center. Member of AGC 262.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 732 = St XIII-15 on 5 Dec 1883 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory and recorded "vF* involved with a vF, vS, round
neby". His position
corresponds with UGC 1406 = PGC 7270
******************************
NGC 733
01 56 33.9 +33
03 19
=*, Corwin. Listed as a faint galaxy 3.6' NW of NGC
736 in RNGC.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 733 on 11 Oct 1850 and labeled as Epsilon in the field sketch.
No description was given but the measured position is 115" in PA 293.3 deg
(NW) from Alpha [NGC 736]. There
is nothing at his exact offset though a mag 15 star is 97" from NGC 736 in
PA 296 deg. Corwin identifies NGC
733 with this star.
RNGC and PGC
probably misidentify PGC 7255 as NGC 733.
This small elongated galaxy is located 3.6' NW from NGC 736. The separation appears to be too large
to be a match though the PA = 291d is coincidentally close and the galaxy was
(barely) visible in my 17.5".
******************************
NGC 734 = 2MASX
J01532872-1659442 = PGC 170023
01 53 28.7 -16
59 44
Size
0.6'x0.4'; PA = 28d
24"
(10/3/13): faint to fairly faint, small, round, 18" diameter, low even
surface brightness. Can hold
continuously at 375x. Located 10'
SE of mag 5.8 HD 11522. PGC 7121,
identified as NGC 734 in the RNGC and PGC, is located 22' ESE. PGC 7121 appeared extremely faint,
small, slightly elongated, 15"x12", required averted vision.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 734 = LM I-41 on 9 Nov 1885 with the 26"
refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory and reported "mag 14.0, vS, R,
bMN, *11 p[recedes] 11 sec."
His rough position (nearest minute of RA) happens to be just 3' N of PGC
7121, and this galaxy is identified as NGC 734 in the RNGC and PGC. The 11th mag star in the description
(also shown on his discovery sketch) might refer to a star situated 4.3' WNW
(the difference in RA is 17 sec), though a brighter star even closer (3.2' SSE)
is not shown on the sketch. I
proposed to Corwin and Wolfgang Steinicke that a better candidate for NGC 734
is 2MASX J01532872-1659442 = PGC 170023.
This galaxy is brighter than PGC 7121 and has a star 13 tsec due
west. PGC 170023 is further off in
RA from Leavenworth's position than PGC 7121 but is a better match in
declination, typical of the Leander McCormick positions. Corwin agrees with my identification
and is now incorporated in NED, but not HyperLeda.
******************************
NGC 735 = UGC
1411 = MCG +06-05-058 = CGCG 522-078 = V Zw 146 Notes2 = PGC 7275 = PGC 7282
01 56 38.0 +34
10 37
V = 13.3; Size 1.8'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 138d
24"
(11/24/14): at 375x; fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 NW-SE,
36"x15", contains a very small brighter core. A mag 14 star is
superimposed on the NW tip. A mag
10.2 star is 1.5' SW and a mag 12 star is 1.4' NW.
Two faint
companions are nearby, the trio forming V Zw 146. 2MASX J01563383+3411435 = PGC 2045360 is 1.4' NW of
center. It appeared faint, round,
10" dia. Easily visible due
to a reasonably high surface brightness.
It is situated just 35" NNW of the mag 12 star to the NW of NGC
735. PGC 7293 is 1.4' NE of NGC
735 and appeared extremely faint, round, 8" diameter. Only visible
occasionally with averted.
17.5"
(11/27/92): faint, small, very elongated 3:1 NW-SE. The apparent elongation may be exaggerated due to a mag 14
star located at the NW edge 20" from center. Several stars are nearby including a mag 10 star 1.5' SW and
a mag 11.5 star 1.3' NW. Located
about 1¡ north of the NGC 750/751 group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 735 = H III-176 on 13 Sep 1784 (sweep 271) and logged
"Stellar, the faintest imaginable, even 240 left some little
doubt." His position is 7'
north of UGC 1411 = PGC 7282.
Perhaps due to his error in polar distance, Bigourdan was unable to
recover the galaxy. MCG
(+06-05-058) doesn't label this galaxy as NGC 735.
******************************
NGC 736 = UGC
1414 = MCG +05-05-028 = CGCG 503-055 = VI Zw 111 = PGC 7289
01 56 40.9 +33
02 37
V = 12.1; Size 1.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(11/1/86): moderately bright, fairly small, round, small bright core, small
halo. A mag 15 star is 30" N
(this is NGC 737). In a close
quadruple group with NGC 738 1.3' NE, NGC 740 3' SE and (R)NGC 733 3.6' WNW.
13.1"
(10/20/84): moderately bright, small, a faint star is at the north edge. A nearly stellar galaxy (NGC 738:) is
close NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 736 = H II-221 = h169 on 12 Sep 1784 (sweep 268) and logged
"F, pL, mE, r, 1 1/2' long."
JH observed this galaxy on 3 sweeps by and described it on 11 Nov 1827
as "pB; R; bM; has a *13m np".
Both Herschel's positions match UGC 1414 = PGC 7289. JH thought his Father's description was
irreconcileable ("much elongated" vs "R"), so they probably
referred to different objects and he assigned separate GC designations. Bindon Stoney sketched the group on 11
Oct 1850 at Birr Castle and NGC 736 is labeled Alpha.
******************************
NGC 737
01 56 40.8 +33
03 00
17.5"
(11/1/86): mag 15 star only located 30" N of NGC 736.
Bindon Stoney discovered NGC 737 on the 11 Oct
1850 observation of the NGC 736 field and labeled it "Beta" in the
sketch. He measured a distance of
30" in PA 12¡ from NGC 736.
At this offset is a mag 15 star.
The 9 Jan 1874 observation notes "[h169 = NGC 736] has a 12m star
11.9¡, 35.1" distant, this must be beta of Oct 11 1850, when it was
recorded as a nebula. [Sir J
Herschel records 3 observations of this companion object, all taken in Nov
1827. Nov 11 has *13 np, Nov 16
has a "* near it" and lastly, Nov 22 "has a S* or stellar neb to
the n." In the "Publications
of Lick Observatory (Vol II), Sherburne Burnham identified NGC 737 as a mag
15.5 star about 30" N of NGC 736.
He accurately measured the offset from NGC 736 as PA = 10¡, distance
32". Curtis concluded
"Does not exist; is simply a faint star" based on Crossley reflector
plates at Lick and Karl Reinmuth, in his 1926 survey based on Heidelberg
plates, also writes "*14.7 0.7' N of N736, no neb...".
******************************
NGC 738 = CGCG
503-057 = VI Zw 113 = PGC 7303
01 56 45.7 +33
03 30
V = 14.9; Size 0.3'x0.2'
17.5"
(11/1/86): very faint, extremely small, just non-stellar. Forms a pair with NGC 736 1.4' SW.
13.1"
(10/20/84): possible observation as a very faint quasi-stellar object just 1.4'
NE of bright NGC 736.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 738 on 11 Oct 1850 with LdR's 72" and labeled it
"Gamma" in the sketch.
He measured an offset of 79" in PA 46¡ from NGC 736, which matches
CGCG 503-057 = PGC 7303.
CGCG 503-057 is mentioned in UGC notes to NGC 736 but is not identified
as NGC 738.
******************************
NGC 739 = MCG
+05-05-030 = CGCG 503-059 = PGC 7312
01 56 54.7 +33
16 00
V = 13.9; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.3
17.5"
(11/27/92): very faint, very small, round. Forms the south vertex of a triangle with a mag 13.5 star
1.1' NW and a mag 14 star 40" NE.
The galaxy pair NGC 750/NGC 751is in the field 9' SE. Incorrect declination in the NGC (SW of
NGC 750 instead of NW) and not identified as NGC 739 in the CGCG.
Ralph Copeland
discovered NGC 739 on 9 Jan 1874 with the 72" at Birr Castle in an
observation of NGC 750/751 group.
Described as "A cF, vS, R neb, bM (inside a triangle of st) is
south-preceding the n[orth] component". The direction should have read north-preceding the north
component but Copeland gave the correct orientation as PA 292¡ (WNW) and
separation 524" (8.7').
Because of his error the derived position was in error and this was
copied into the NGC. In 1913
Curtis noted there was nothing at the NGC position and suggested MCG +05-05-030
was NGC 739, based on Crossley photographs at Lick. CGCG (503-059) fails to label its entry as NGC 739. See
Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 740 = UGC
1421 = MCG +05-05-031 = CGCG 503-058 = PGC 7316
01 56 54.9 +33
00 55
V = 14.0; Size 1.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 137d
17.5"
(11/1/86): very faint, thin edge-on 4:1 WNW-ESE. Located midway between a mag 10 star 1.3' ESE and a mag 14
star 1.2' WNW. Last in a group
with NGC 736 3' NW.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 740 on 11 Oct 1850 using LdR's 72" and labeled it
"Delta" on the sketch with an offset of 197" in PA 115¡ from NGC
736. Close to this offset is UGC
1421 = PGC 7316. The NGC position
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 741 = IC
1751 = VV 175a = UGC 1413 = MCG +01-06-003 = CGCG 413-008 = III Zw 38a = WBL 061-004 = PGC 7252
01 56 21.0 +05
37 44
V = 11.1; Size 3.0'x2.9'; Surf Br = 13.5
24"
(12/21/16): at 375x; bright, moderately large, round, sharply concentrated with
a small very bright core that increases to the center. The halo increases with averted to over
1'. A mag 11 star is 2.4' NW. NGC 741 is the brightest in a group
(WBL 061) with NGC 742 0.8' E of center, at the edge of the halo. NGC 741 has a extended X-ray halo reaching
a distance of 19' from its center.
Furthermore, twin radio jets emerge from the nucleus of NGC 742 and
spread into a larger lobe that encircles NGC 741. A total of 8 members of the
group were logged within 15' of NGC 741.
CGCG 413-006
(often misidentified as IC 1751) is 1.5' NW. It appeared faint or fairly faint, very small, slightly
elongated N-S, 0.3'x0.2', sharp stellar nucleus. The mag 11 star lies 1.4' W.
CGCG 413-002,
3.3' SW of NGC 741, appeared faint to fairly faint, very small, round, 12"
diameter.
CGCG 413-001,
9.5' NW of NGC 741, is very faint, very small, elongated ~2:1 ~E-W,
18"x9". Not noticed
initially but once picked up could just hold continuously with careful averted
vision.
CGCG 413-010,
11' NNE of NGC 741, is faint, very small, irregularly round,
~15"x12".
UGC 1425, 12' NE
of NGC 741, is fairly faint to moderately bright, small, roundish, 18"
diameter, high surface brightness (core only), occasional sharp stellar
nucleus. Increases a bit in size
with averted.
UGC 1435, 15' E
of NGC 741, is faint, fairly small, oval 3:2 SW-NE, 30"x20", very low
surface brightness patch, no core or zones. Collinear with two 14th magnitude stars 2' and 3' E.
17.5"
(11/6/93): moderately bright, round, prominent core, faint stellar nucleus at
moments, larger halo with averted.
A mag 11 star is 2.4' NW.
In a common halo with NGC 742 attached at the east end at 0.8'
separation in pa 100¡. Brightest
in a group and forms a close triple with MCG +01-06-006 1.5' NNW. CGCG 413-006 (generally misidentified
as IC 1751) appeared very faint, very small, slightly elongated N-S. A mag 10.5 star lies 1.3' WNW.
8"
(1/1/84): faint, round, diffuse edges, small faint core. A mag 12 star is close NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 741 = H II-271 = h172, along with NGC 742, on 13 Dec 1784 (sweep
338). His description from 25 Oct
1785 (sweep 464) reads "F. I
take it to be two very near each other.
240 stregthens the suspicision; not far from from the parallel [E-W].
The following [NGC 742] is the smallest, and most north, it is also the
faintest." R.J. Mitchell ,
observing on 24 Nov 1854 at Birr Castle, described a "D neb, the p one is
pB, R, bM, the f one is smaller and fainter and lbM."
Lewis Swift
found the galaxy on 26 Nov 1897 and reported in list XI-28, "pF; pS; R; 9m
* near np." His position is
6' too far northwest and Dreyer, assuming it was new, catalogued it again as IC
1751. Herbert Howe corrected
Swift's position though didn't make the connection with NGC 741. The CGCG (413-006) labels the galaxy as
IC 1751 instead of NGC 741. See
Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 742 = VV
175b = MCG +01-06-004 = CGCG 413-009 = III Zw 38a = WBL 061-005 = PGC 7264
01 56 24.2 +05
37 36
V = 14.3; Size 0.3x0.3'
24"
(12/21/16): at 375x; fairly faint or moderately bright, small, round, 15"
diameter, high surface brightness.
NGC 742 is 0.8' E of center of NGC 741 (closest companion) and lies near
the edge its halo.
17.5"
(11/6/93): faint, extremely small, round.
Located just off the east edge of NGC 741 in a common halo. Clearly visible, though just
10"-15" diameter.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 742 = H II-272 = h173, along with NGC 741, on 13 Dec 1784 (sweep
338). See description under NGC 741.
R.J. Mitchell ,
using Lord Rosse's 72" on 24 Nov 1854, recorded a "D neb, the p one
is pB, R, bM, the f one is smaller and fainter and lbM." CGCG 413-009 is not labeled as NGC 742.
******************************
NGC 743 =
OCL-343 = Lund 66
01 58 31 +60 10
00
Size 5'
17.5"
(11/26/94): bright, distinctive but scattered group in a triangular outline. Consists of two dozen stars in a 6'
diameter including 10 brighter mag 9-11.5 stars. The brightest star is mag 9.1 SAO 22794 is at the NW end and
a distinctive line with three mag 10 stars heads SE and includes a fairly wide
uneven double star (John Herschel's h1098 = 10/12.5 at 12"). Two mag 8 stars to the NW (mag 7.9 SAO
22785) and SW (mag 8.3 SAO 22796) are collinear with the sides and form a 10'
triangle with the eastern vertex of the cluster. The classification of this group as a true cluster is
uncertain.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 743 = h170 on 29 Sep 1829 and recorded a "double star in
the following part of a L, poor, triangular cluster of 15 or 20 stars
10...13m.". It isn't certain if this group is a physical open cluster.
******************************
NGC 744 = Cr 22
= OCL-345 = Lund 65
01 58 30 +55 28
30
V = 7.9; Size 11'
13.1"
(11/5/83): about two dozen stars in a 7' diameter including several fairly
bright stars. The brightest is mag
7.8 SAO 22809 at the NNE edge.
Pretty scattered appearance.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 744 = h171 on 28 Nov 1831 and logged "p rich, irr fig
cluster of *s 11...13m, 8' dia."
Sir Robert Ball, using Lord Rosse's 72" on 29 Oct 1866, recorded
"about 100 stars, more or less, of various sizes, scattered about, two of
the 7th and the rest from the 8th mag down".
******************************
NGC 745 = ESO
152-032 = AM 0152-565 = PGC 7054
01 54 07.8 -56
41 37
V = 12.6; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 30d
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2
SW-NE, 1.0'x0.6', broad concentration to a brighter core. A mag 15.5 star is just off the east
side, 27" from center. Forms
a close pair with PGC 95386 just 42" NE of center. The companion appeared faint, very small,
elongated at least 2:1 E-W, 18"x8". NGC 754 is in the field 4.5' SSE. A group of 4 stars zigzag to the east including a mag 10
star 4.8' ENE. Located 2.3¡ NE of
Achenar.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 745 = h2449 on 27 Oct 183 and recorded "pB, R, gbM,
30"." His position
matches ESO 152-032 = PGC 7054.
******************************
NGC 746 = UGC
1438 = MCG +07-05-003 = CGCG 538-004 = PGC 7399
01 57 51.0 +44
55 05
V = 13.0; Size 1.9'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 90d
17.5"
(9/26/92): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 E-W, even surface
brightness. A mag 13.5 star is at
the west tip. Several other faint
stars are near and some nice star chains (both faint and fairly bright) lead
off from the west side.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 746 = Sw II-15 on 12 Sep 1885 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory. His position
is just 5 tsec west of UGC 1438 = PGC 7399.
******************************
NGC 747 = MCG
-02-06-007 = PGC 7366
01 57 30.4 -09
27 45
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 175d
17.5"
(10/25/97): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 N-S, no concentration. Located 7' SW of a mag 10.5-11
star. Listed as nonexistent in the
RNGC.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 747 = LM II-321 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded a slightly elongated nebula in PA
180¡. His position is 1.2 min of
RA west of MCG -02-06-007 = PGC 7366 but the position angle matches (N-S)
matches this galaxy, so this identification is very reasonable given the often
poor RA. MCG does not apply the
NGC number and RNGC classifies NGC 747 as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 748 = MCG
-01-06-004 = PGC 7259
01 56 21.7 -04
28 03
V = 12.6; Size 2.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 138d
17.5"
(12/23/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:3 NW-SE, 1.0'x0.6', small
bright core, stellar nucleus.
Located 1.9' SE of a mag 10.5 star and the galaxy is elongated in the
direction of the star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 748 = H III-193 = h176 on 20 Sep 1784 (sweep 280) and reported
"eF, verified with 240 power with difficulty, near a small
star". His position was well
off in RA, but JH measured an accurate position (2 sweeps).
******************************
NGC 749 = ESO
414-011 = MCG -05-05-023 = PGC 7191
01 55 41.1 -29
55 21
V = 12.5; Size 1.9'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 111d
17.5"
(10/29/94): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE,
1.5'x0.8'. Fairly sharp
concentration with a prominent core and faint extensions. The core brightens to a very small but
non-stellar nucleus. A mag 12 star
lies 3.9' W of center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 749 = h2448 on 27 Sep 1834 and logged "B, S, E,
psbM." His mean position from
3 sweeps matches ESO 414-011 = PGC 7191.
See Corwin's comments for IC 1740.
******************************
NGC 750 = Arp
166 NED1 = VV 189a = UGC 1430 = MCG +05-05-034 = CGCG 503-062 = VI Zw 123 = PGC
7369
01 57 32.4 +33
12 37
V = 11.9; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.7
17.5"
(11/1/86): moderately bright, small, round. Forms a contact double system with NGC 751 virtually
attached at the south end.
Resolved into two distinct galaxies at 220x.
13"
(10/20/84): double galaxy with NGC 751 N-S, two distinct nuclei in a common
halo.
8"
(11/28/81): both components merge into a single object.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 750 = H II-222 = h175 on 12 Sep 1784 (sweep 268) and logged
"just like the former."
This refers to NGC 736, which was described as "F, pL, mE, r, 1.5'
long." This close pair was
not resolved by either Herschel but first seen at double by Bindon Stoney using
Lord Rosse's 72" on 11 Oct 1850.
NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 751 = Arp
166 NED2 = VV 189b = UGC 1431 = MCG +05-05-035 = CGCG 503-062 = VI Zw 123 = PGC
7370
01 57 32.9 +33
12 13
V = 12.5; Size 1.4'x1.4'
17.5"
(11/1/86): this is the southern member of double system with NGC 750. Fairly faint, very small, round. Appears smaller and fainter than NGC
750 just off the north edge.
13"
(10/20/84): double nebula with NGC 750 with two distinct nuclei and probably a
common halo, oriented N-S.
8"
(11/28/81): both components of NGC 750/751 merge into a single object.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 751 on 11 Oct 1850 with Lord Rosse's 72" and wrote "D
neb [with NGC 750], Pos 171¡, Dist 25", nf is a third nebula [NGC
761]." On 10 Dec 1873, Ralph Copeland gave a more detailed description:
"D neb, cB, pL, R, sbM and pF, S, R, sbM." John Herschel's entry for GC 456 is confused; his
description "nf h175 [NGC 750]" refers to NGC 761, but he used the
same position as NGC 750 ("D neb"), so his comment could be
interpreted as referring to NGC 751.
Perhaps to avoid confusion, Dreyer added the entry GC 5200 in the GC
Supplement (with reference to the 1861 publication) for NGC 751 and used GC 456
for NGC 761 in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 752 = Cr 23
= Mel 12 = OCL-363
01 57 48 +37 51
00
V = 5.7; Size 50'
17.5"
(11/1/97): easy naked-eye cluster, overfills the 100x field (20mm Nagler). The brightest star is a yellowish mag 7
star just south of center. Two equal mag companions to the south form an
isosceles triangle. There are no
dense regions and the many brighter mag 9-10.5 stars are pretty evenly
distributed throughout the field.
Many of the stars appear to be arrange in long strings and arcs,
though. There are perhaps 150
stars in the field (difficult to count) with a few nice pair and trios. Off the SW side just out of the field
is a wide bright pair of mag 5.7/5.9 stars at 3.6' (naked-eye). The western of these two stars (56
Andromedae) has a striking orange-red hue and a faint companion.
8": very
large, bright, many doubles, overfills low power field. Easy naked-eye open cluster in dark
sky.
Caroline
Herschel discovered NGC 752 = H VII-32 = h174 on 29 Sep 1783, though this
cluster is a naked-eye object. WH
described it on 21 Sep 1786 (sweep 599) as "a vL coarse scattered cluster
of vL stars, irregularly round, very rich. I suppose it takes up half a degree." Later he noted "like a nebulous
star to the naked eye." Italian
astronomer Giovanni Batista Hodierna may have found the cluster earlier around
1654.
******************************
NGC 753 = UGC
1437 = MCG +06-05-066 = CGCG 522-086 = PGC 7387
01 57 42.2 +35
54 58
V = 12.3; Size 2.5'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 125d
17.5"
(11/14/87): fairly bright, moderately large, oval NW-SE, broad
concentration. Bright member of
AGC 262.
13"
(8/8/86): fairly faint, fairly small, round, small bright core.
8"
(9/25/81): faint, small, round.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 753 on 16 Sep 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. He noted a mag 13-4
star follows by 17 seconds and measured an accurate position (2 nights).
******************************
NGC 754 = ESO
152-033 = PGC 7068
01 54 20.9 -56
45 40
V = 14.2; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): moderately bright, fairly small, irregularly
round, 40"x35", weak concentration to a slightly brighter core. Located 4.5' SSE of brighter NGC 745. Two mag 10 stars lie 5' E and NE and a
third mag 11.3 star is 4' NNE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 754 = h2450 (along with NGC 745 = h2249) on 27 Oct 1834 and
recorded "vF, S, R, bM.".
His position matches ESO 152-033 = PGC 7068.
******************************
NGC 755 = NGC
763 = MCG -02-06-005 = PGC 7262
01 56 22.5 -09
03 42
V = 12.6; Size 3.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 50d
17.5"
(12/23/92): moderately bright, fairly large, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE,
2.5'x0.8', brighter along major axis, brighter core but no well-defined
nucleus, appears mottled.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 755 = H III-265 = h177 = h2447 on 10 Jan 1785 (sweep 355) and
logged "vF, lE, verified with 240 power." JH's observations of h177 and h2447, which he assumed
referred to H III-265, may instead apply to NGC 731. The NGC position from
C.H.F. Peters matches MCG -02-06-005 = PGC 7262.
Ormond Stone
independently found this galaxy in 1886 at the Leander McCormick
Observatory. There is nothing at
Stone's position but 1 min of RA west and 5' south is NGC 755 and his size estimate
(1.6'x0.4') and PA (65¡) applies.
So, NGC 755 = NGC 763 with NGC 755 the primary designation.
******************************
NGC 756 = MCG
-03-05-029 = PGC 7078
01 54 29.2 -16
42 27
V = 14.0; Size 0.8'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 50d
17.5" (10/25/97):
very faint, small, round, 25" diameter, weak concentration. Situated ~2' S of a small obtuse
triangle of mag 13-14 stars.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 756 = LM I-42 on 9 Nov 1885 with the 26"
refractor at Leander McCormick.
His rough position is 1.7 min of RA east of MCG -03-05-029 = PGC 7078.
Bigourdan was unable to recover the galaxy at Leavenworth's place. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory
(repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 757 = NGC
731 = MCG -02-05-073 = PGC 7118
01 54 56.1 -09
00 38
See observing
notes for NGC 731.
Ormond Stone
found NGC 757 = O St I-43 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick. There is nothing at his
position, but 10' S is NGC 755.
Harold Corwin originally equated NGC 757 with NGC 755 but now feels NGC
757 is a duplicate of NGC 731. Although there is no discovery sketch for NGC
757, the sketch for NGC 763 (list I-44) shows that NGC 763 = NGC 755. Applying
the same relative offsets suggests NGC 757 = NGC 731 assuming both galaxies
were observed at Leander McCormick on the same night.
******************************
NGC 758 = PGC
7198
01 55 42.1 -03
04 00
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5" (10/29/94):
very faint, small, round, 0.4' diameter, weak even concentration to a very
small core. The RNGC position is
4.5' too far ESE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 758 = LM II-322 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at Leander McCormick. His position
is about 0.6 tmin east of PGC 7198 at 01 55 42.1 -03 04 0. The RNGC position is 0.3 tmin east and
2' south (4.5' ESE) of PGC 7198.
This error is listed in my RNGC Corrections #7.
******************************
NGC 759 = UGC
1440 = MCG +06-05-067 = CGCG 522-087 = PGC 7397
01 57 50.3 +36
20 35
V = 12.7; Size 1.6'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(11/14/87): moderately bright, small, round, bright core. Member of AGC 262 with UGC 1434 6' SW.
13"
(8/8/86): fairly faint, small, round, small bright core, faint elongated halo.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 759 on 17 Sep 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His single position
matches UGC 1440 = PGC 7397.
******************************
NGC 760
01 57 47.4 +33
21 20
=**, Carlson.
Ralph Copeland
discovered NGC 760 on 19 Dec 1873, observing with the 72" at Birr
Castle. With respected to GC 456 =
NGC 761, he placed this nebula 80" distant in PA 202.5¡ (close southwest)
and described it as a "cF, R neb". At this exact offset is a close double star just
resolved on the DSS. Corwin and
Carlson also identify this double star as NGC 760. The MCG misidentifies MCG
+05-05-036 as NGC 760.
******************************
NGC 761 = UGC
1439 = MCG +05-05-036 = CGCG 503-064 = VV 425 = LGG 042-003 = PGC 7395
01 57 49.6 +33
22 37
V = 13.5; Size 1.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 143d
17.5"
(11/1/86): faint, small, slightly elongated NW-SE. A faint triangle of stars is off the north edge. Follows a mag 8.5 star.
13.1"
(10/20/84): extremely faint, small, elongated NW-SE. Located close SW of three mag 13-13.5 stars 1.5' NE, 2.1' NE
and 1.0' ENE. Also 5' SE of mag
8.5 SAO 55129. The NGC 750/NGC 751
pair lies 11' S.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 761 on 11 Oct 1850 and simply noted "nf [NGC 750/751] is a
third neb." On 10 Dec 1873,
Ralph Copeland described it as "pB, cL, 4 S near; it has a *11m in Pos 309¡,
Dist 314.1"." At this
precise offset is UGC 1439 = PGC 7395.
******************************
NGC 762 = MCG
-01-06-006 = Mrk 1012 = PGC 7322
01 56 57.7 -05
24 11
V = 13.5; Size 1.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 25d
17.5"
(12/8/90): faint, very small, round, small bright core, faint stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 762 = H III-464 = h178 = h2451 on 22 Nov 1785 (sweep 474) and
logged "eF, S, I found it in gauging [counting stars in a given region],
otherwise it might have been overlooked." JH observed this galaxy from both Slough and at the Cape,
where he described it as "vF, E, vlbM, 30 arcseconds". The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 763 = NGC
755 = MCG -02-06-005 = PGC 7262
01 56 22.5 -09
03 42
See observing
notes for NGC 755.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 763 = O St I-44 in 1886 with the 26" Clark refractor at
Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded 1.6'x0.4' in PA = 65¡. There is nothing at his position, but
1.0 tmin of RA west and 5' S is NGC 755, which matches his description. Corwin checked the discovery sketch and
confirms NGC 763 is a duplicate of NGC 755 (discovered earlier by WH). Corwin also notes that if NGC 757 was
discovered by Stone on the same night, then the same offset leads to NGC 757 =
NGC 731 (also discovered earlier by WH).
******************************
NGC 764
01 57 03.5 -16
03 51
=**, Carlson and
Corwin. Not found, RNGC.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 764 = O St I-45 on 6 Jan 1886 with the 26" at Leander
McCormick Observatory. There is
nothing near his position and Dorothy Carlson and Harold Corwin identify this
number with a double star. See
Corwin's notes for further comments.
******************************
NGC 765 = UGC
1455 = MCG +04-05-025 = CGCG 482-033 = PGC 7475
01 58 48.0 +24
53 33
V = 12.8; Size 2.8'x2.8'; Surf Br = 14.9
17.5"
(12/8/90): faint, fairly small, round, broad concentration, very faint stellar
nucleus. Located 8' WNW of mag 7.8
SAO 75071 = ·194 = 8.4/8.7 at 1.2".
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 765 = m 52 on 8 Oct 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
noted "vF, vS". His position matches UGC 1455 = PGC 7475.
******************************
NGC 766 = UGC
1458 = MCG +01-06-019 = CGCG 413-019 = PGC 7468
01 58 42.0 +08
20 48
V = 12.7; Size 2.0'x2.0'; Surf Br = 14.2
17.5"
(12/23/92): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 1' diameter, low even
concentration, very small brighter core.
Forms the west vertex of isosceles triangle with a mag 11.5 star 2.4' NE
and a mag 12 star 3.0' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 766 = h180 on 8 Jan 1828 and recorded "vF; S; R;
15...20"; a *10m 15¡ np; 2' dist." His position matches UGC 1458 = PGC 7468 with the star 2.4'
ENE.
******************************
NGC 767 = MCG
-02-06-010 = PGC 7483
01 58 50.7 -09
35 12
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.0; PA = 165d
17.5"
(10/8/94): very faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 ~N-S, very low surface
brightness with no concentration.
A mag 14 star is 2.0' N.
Located 7' W of mag 8.4 SAO 129606.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 767 = LM II-323 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at Leander McCormick Observatory.
His position is 0.6 tmin west of MCG -02-06-010 = PGC 7483 and his
description 1.3'x0.3' in PA 160¡ matches this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 768 = UGC
1457 = MCG +00-06-016 = CGCG 387-018 = PGC 7465
01 58 40.8 +00
31 46
V = 13.2; Size 1.7'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 30d
24"
(12/22/14): fairly faint to moderately bright, elongated at least 2:1 SSW-NNE,
40"x18", brighter along a the major axis (elongated core or
bar?). A mag 15.7 star is 50"
E of center and a mag 14.5 star is 2' NE.
IC 1761 lies 3.7' NE, with the mag 14.5 star nearly at the
midpoint. IC 1761 appeared faint
to fairly faint, small, round 12" diameter (only the core seen with
certainty).
17.5"
(12/8/90): extremely faint, very small, round. Located 8' W of mag 8.2 SAO 110258.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 768 = Sw III-8 on 2 Dec 1885 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory. His position
is 18 seconds east and 1' S of UGC 1457 = PGC 7465, but his comment "B *
32 seconds following" applies to this galaxy. Swift independently found
the galaxy again on 2 Oct 1886 and reported it in list V-18 as "eF; pS; R;
B * 30s f and 1' s." His
second position is just 40" northwest of center.
******************************
NGC 769 = UGC
1467 = MCG +05-05-037 = CGCG 503-066 = PGC 7537
01 59 35.9 +30
54 35
V = 12.8; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 11.6; PA = 73d
13.1" (12/22/84):
fairly faint, elongated WSW-ENE, fairly even surface brightness. A mag 13 star is on the east edge
30" from the center. Located
about 30' SSW of NGC 772.
Truman Safford
discovered NGC 769 = Sf 68 on 9 Nov 1866 with the 18.5" refractor at the
Dearborn Observatory and recorded "S, pF, irr figure, gbM." ƒdouard Stephan (XII-20) independently
found the galaxy on 5 Nov 1882 with the 31" reflector at the Marseille
Observatory and Dreyer credits Stephan with the discovery in the NGC as
Safford's list was not published until 1887, too late for Dreyer to see while
compiling the NGC.
******************************
NGC 770 = UGC
1463 = MCG +03-06-010 = CGCG 461-016 = LGG 040-001 = PGC 7517
01 59 13.6 +18
57 17
V = 12.9; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 15d
48"
(11/1/13): bright, fairly small, slightly elongated SSW-NNE,
~40"x32", very high surface brightness. Forms a double system 3.5' SSW of NGC 772, a showpiece
spiral.
18"
(12/3/05): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 30" diameter, increases to a
small bright core. This is a
companion to NGC 772 and may be the cause of its bright, disturbed spiral arm.
13.1":
faint, very small, round, small bright core. Located 3.5' SSW of NGC 772.
R.J. Mitchell
(GC 464) discovered NGC 770 on 3 Nov 1855 while observing NGC 772. He noted, "has companion neb. 5'
or 6' south." Dreyer later
measured an accurate offset.
Heinrich d'Arrest (GC 461) independently found NGC 770 in 1861 and it
was listed twice in the GC. Both
entries were combined in the NGC with an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 771 = 50 Cas
02 03 26.6 +72
25 16
V = 4.0
=*4.0 = 50 Cas
John Herschel
discovered NGC 771 = h179 on 29 Oct 1831 and noted "I suspect this star to
be nebulous". This entry
refers to 50 Cas (V = 4.0), which is the brightest single star in the NGC. There are several other instances where
Herschel thought a bright star had a nebulous halo (e.g. NGC 4530). Dorothy Carlson may have first noted
there is no nebulosity here.
******************************
NGC 772 = Arp 78
= UGC 1466 = MCG +03-06-011 = CGCG 461-018 = LGG 040-002 = PGC 7525
01 59 19.8 +19
00 30
V = 10.3; Size 7.2'x4.3'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 130d
48"
(11/1/13): very bright, very large, elongated at least 5:3 WNW-ESE, ~5.4'x3',
sharply concentrated with a blazing core that increases to the center. Contains two spiral arms, though
dominated by a bright, long arm that attaches to the core on the east side,
wraps counterclockwise to the north of the core and then extends in a fairly
thin arch to the west. The arm
extends over 3' in length and ends at the northwest tip of the galaxy, ~2.5'
from the center. It contains 1 or
2 very faint HII knots. A second
low contrast arm begins at the south end of the core and spirals out clockwise
to the east. This arm is broader
and does not have a sharply defined edge but was fairly easily visible. The outer halo to the southeast of this
arm has a very low surface brightness.
Forms an interacting pair with NGC 770 3.5' SSW. PGC 212884 (8x the redshift) was easily
picked up 5.8' SW and appeared fairly faint, small, round, 18" diameter.
24"
(9/7/13): bright, very large, elongated 5:3 WNW-ESE, 4'x2.5'. Strongly concentrated with a very
bright oval core. The halo is
clearly asymmetric and more extensive on the NW side. With careful viewing a long arm is visible at 200x extending
from the central region towards the NW.
The arm is better separated from the main body at 450x and ends near NGC
772:[HK83] 57, a slightly brighter HII knot that appears as an extremely faint,
"soft" star.
18"
(12/3/05): bright, very large, elongated 4:3 WNW-ESE, roughly 4'x3'. The halo is asymmetric and more
extensive on the NW side with a very strong impression of a spiral arm attached
on the north side and sweeping to the west (confirmed on image). Forms a pair with much fainter NGC 770
3.5' SSW.
13.1"
(11/5/83): bright, moderately large, slightly elongated, sharp
concentration. Forms a close pair
with NGC 770 3.5' SSW.
8"
(10/4/80): fairly faint, fairly large, oval, bright core, two mag 11 stars to
SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 772 = H I-112 = h181 on 29 Nov 1785 (sweep 481) and logged
"cB or vB, L, R, mbM, 3 or 4' dia, difficulty resolving. In the most resolvable part a faint red
colour perceivable." On 3 Nov
1855, R.J. Mitchell wrote "...One branch in particular strongly suspected
as at A [in diagram] curved towards the * preceding." This description refers to the northern
spiral arm and star preceding (indicated on the diagram) is the HII region NGC
772:[HK83] 57, from Hodge & Kennicutt's "An Atlas of H II regions in
125 galaxies". It was also
noted by Dreyer on 9 Jan 1875: "An eeF neb point was by glimpses seen by
both observers in Pos 315¡ +/, Dist. 2' +/- from [GC] 463."
******************************
NGC 773 = MCG
-02-06-011 = PGC 7486
01 58 52.0 -11
30 53
V = 13.2; Size 1.4'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 0d
17.5"
(12/4/93): faint, fairly small, oval 2:1 N-S, 1.0'x0.5', very weak
concentration. Located 11' SE of
mag 8.5 SAO 148138 at the edge of the 220x field. Just outside the field 14' NNW is mag 6.6 SAO 148139.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 773 = H III-468 = h2452 on 27 Nov 1785 (sweep 478) and recorded
"vF; E; 1.5' long, 1' broad, nearly in the meridian [N-S]; lbM." JH reported from the CGH,
"F, R, glbM, 30"."
The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 774 = UGC
1469 = MCG +02-06-008 = CGCG 438-010 = PGC 7536
01 59 34.7 +14
00 29
V = 13.0; Size 1.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 165d
17.5"
(12/4/93): fairly faint, small, almost round, 0.5' diameter, slight even
concentration, no distinct core.
Forms a triangle with two mag 12 stars 2.3' NNW and 3.5' NE. Located 12' ESE of a mag 9.5 star and
9' ENE of a mag 10 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 774 = H III-214 on 16 Oct 1784 (sweep 295) and logged "vF,
stellar, verified with 240 power.".
J.L.E. Dreyer, using Lord Rosse's 72" on 7 Oct 1874, recorded
"F, stellar, not quite R but of somewhat irregular shape, probably vlE
north-south or very nearly towards a *11m in Pos 333¡, Dist 143.7 arcsec".
The NGC dec is 1' S of UGC 1469 = PGC 7536.
******************************
NGC 775 = ESO
477-018 = MCG -05-05-024 = PGC 7451
01 58 32.6 -26
17 36
V = 12.7; Size 1.7'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 167d
17.5"
(10/29/94): fairly faint, moderately large, slightly elongated ~N-S, 1.5'x1.2,
broad concentration with no distinct core. An elongated group of six mag 13-14 stars (6' length
oriented E-W) lies 5' S. Located
13' NW of mag 6.7 SAO 167461.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 775 = h2453 on 14 Nov 1835 and noted "pB, S, R, gbM, 18
arcsec" His positions from
two sweeps differed by 10 tsec in RA, but clearly identifies ESO 477-018 = PGC
7451.
******************************
NGC 776 = UGC
1471 = MCG +04-05-028 = CGCG 482-037 = PGC 7560
01 59 54.5 +23
38 40
V = 12.4; Size 1.7'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(12/8/90): fairly faint, small, round, broad concentration, very faint stellar
nucleus, halo fades into background.
A mag 15 star is 30" N.
Brightest of three with IC 180 2.6' SE and IC 181 2.0' NE.
IC 180 appeared
very faint, small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE and IC 181 is extremely faint and small,
round.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 776 on 2 Dec 1861 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen and logged "vF, S, R". His single position matches UGC 1471 = PGC 7560.
******************************
NGC 777 = UGC
1476 = MCG +05-05-038 = CGCG 503-067 = PGC 7584
02 00 14.9 +31
25 46
V = 11.5; Size 2.5'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 155d
24"
(11/24/14): at 375x; bright, moderately large, elongated 4:3 NNW-SSE, sharply
concentrated with a very bright rounder core, ~0.9'x0.7'. Two fairly bright stars are in the
field to the south, mag 9.3 SAO 55174 lies 5' SW and mag 8.7 SAO 55185 is 6.4'
SE. NGC 778 lies 7' SSE.
13.1"
(8/24/84): fairly bright, small, almost round, small bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 778 7' SSE. NGC 783 is 29' NNE and NGC 769 30' SSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 777 = H II-223 = h182 on 12 Sep 1784 (sweep 268) and recorded
"pB, pS, R." R.J.
Mitchell, using Lord Rosse's 72" on 18 Sep 1857, wrote "S, R, bM,
several S st p and np the nucleus."
The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 778 = UGC
1480 = MCG +05-05-039 = CGCG 503-069 = PGC 7597
02 00 19.4 +31
18 47
V = 13.2; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 150d
24"
(11/24/14): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE,
~30"x20", weak concentration.
A mag 8.7 star is 3' NE.
Second brightest in a trio with brighter NGC 777 7' N and much fainter
KUG 0156+310 = PGC 74060 6' W. The
latter was an extremely faint 8" glow just north of a mag 13-13.5 star.
13.1"
(8/24/84): faint, very small, slightly elongated. Located within a bright trapezoid formed by two mag 9 stars
7' N and 4.8' NW (SAO 55174), mag 8.5 SAO 55185 3.0' NE and a mag 10.5 star
2.8' WSW. Forms a pair with NGC
777 7' NNW.
Truman Safford
discovered NGC 778 = Sf 64 on 5 Nov 1866 with the 18" refractor at
Dearborn Observatory. ƒdouard
Stephan (VIII-7, first list) independently found the galaxy on 17 Nov 1876 with
the 31" reflector at the Marseille Observatory. As Safford's discovery was not published until the fall of
1887 as the NGC was going to press, Stephan is credited with the discovery in
the GC Supplement (5205) and NGC.
******************************
NGC 779 = MCG
-01-06-016 = PGC 7544
01 59 42.3 -05
57 51
V = 11.2; Size 4.0'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 160d
48"
(10/24/14): extremely bright, very large, nearly edge-on 7:2 NNW-SSE,
3.5'x1.0'. Contains an intensely
bright, mottled core and nucleus. The
core is within a brighter, elongated "bar". The outer halo appears to extend further to the south with
averted vision and bend slightly with respect to the central region. The northern end of the halo has a
similar effect as if the galaxy is very slightly warped.
17.5"
(11/27/92): bright, fairly large, very elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE in PA 160¡,
3.0'x1.0', brighter core, substellar nucleus. A mag 11 star is 4.6' SSW of center.
8"
(10/13/81): fairly bright, bright core, edge-on N-S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 779 = H I-101 = h183 on 10 Sep 1785 (sweep 436) and logged
"cB, pL, mbM, E a few degrees deviating from the meridian; from np to
sf." JH observed the galaxy
on 3 sweeps, including 2 Jan 1827: "pB; pL; E; pos about 160¡ by
diag." His position angle and
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 780 = UGC
1488 = MCG +05-05-041 = CGCG 503-072 = V Zw 164 = PGC 7616
02 00 35.2 +28
13 31
V = 13.4; Size 1.6'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 170d
17.5"
(11/27/92): very faint, very small, round. Two mag 15 stars nearby 0.7' S and 20" E. Lies within a 12' group of stars
roughly forming a "Big Dipper" asterism.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 780 = H III-583 = h184 on 26 Oct 1786 (sweep 626) and noted
"vF, vS, E. Resembles 3 faint
stars in a line, with vF nebulosity between them." The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 781 = UGC
1482 = MCG +02-06-010 = CGCG 438-011 = PGC 7577
02 00 09.0 +12
39 22
V = 13.0; Size 1.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 13d
17.5" (11/27/92):
fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE, 1.0'x0.3', dominated by
a round small bright core, much fainter extensions.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 781 = H III-215 on 16 Oct 1784 (sweep 295) and logged "eF,
stellar, found with 240 power."
His position is 2' north of UGC 1482 = PGC 7577.
******************************
NGC 782 = ESO
114-015 = AM 0155-580 = PGC 7379
01 57 40.4 -57
47 26
V = 11.9; Size 2.3'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 15d
25"
(10/15/17 - OzSky): at 244x and 397x; fairly bright, moderately large, slightly
elongated WSW-ENE, ~1.0' diameter.
Contains a central "bar" oriented ~E-W within a brighter
quasi-stellar nucleus. A mag
14-14.5 star is superimposed at the northeast end of the galaxy with the
nucleus WSW [by 28"]. A thin,
low surface brightness spiral arm is attached at the east end of the galaxy. It
was occasionally glimpsed, extending towards the southwest and separating from
the central region.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 782 = h2454 on 27 Oct 1834 and logged "pB, pL, lE, attached
to a star 12th mag." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 783 = IC
1765 = UGC 1497 = MCG +05-05-042 = CGCG 503-073 = Mrk 1171 = PGC 7657
02 01 06.4 +31
52 57
V = 12.1; Size 1.6'x1.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 35d
13.1"
(8/24/84): fairly faint, diffuse, slightly elongated E-W, even surface
brightness. A mag 13 star is at
the WNW edge of halo and a mag 12.5 star is off the SE edge 1.1' from center. Forms a pair with NGC 785 8' ESE.
13.1"
(12/22/84): moderately bright.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 783 = St VIIIa-8 on 22 Sep 1871 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory. His
position matches UGC 1497 = PGC 7657.
E.E. Barnard independently found this galaxy, communicated the discovery
directly to Dreyer, who recatalogued it as IC 1765. Barnard's position is about 30 seconds of RA too small and
2' too far S, so Dreyer must have thought it was a different object.
******************************
NGC 784 = UGC
1501 = MCG +05-05-045 = CGCG 503-074 = PGC 7671
02 01 17.0 +28
50 15
V = 11.7; Size 6.6'x1.5'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 0d
17.5"
(11/1/86): fairly bright, very large, very elongated 4:1 N-S, weak
concentration.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 784 on 20 Sep 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen. He questioned if it was elongated or
double and his single position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 785 = IC
1766 = UGC 1509 = MCG +05-05-046 = CGCG 503-076 = PGC 7694
02 01 40.0 +31
49 35
V = 13.0; Size 1.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 80d
13.1"
(8/24/84): faint, very small, slightly elongated E-W, bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 783 8' WNW.
13.1"
(12/22/84): fairly faint.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 785 = St VIIIa-9 on 25 Oct 1876 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory. His
position matches UGC 1509 = PGC 7694.
E.E. Barnard found this galaxy again sometime in the early 1890's at
Lick Observatory and communicated the discovery directly to Dreyer. Barnard's position is about 30 seconds
of RA west and 3' S of NGC 785, so Dreyer must have thought it was a different
object and recatalogued it as IC 1766.
Most likely IC 1766 = NGC 785 as Barnard's IC 1765 has a similar offset
from NGC 783!
******************************
NGC 786 = UGC
1506 = MCG +02-06-012 = CGCG 438-013 = PGC 7680
02 01 24.6 +15
38 48
V = 13.3; Size 0.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.2
17.5"
(12/18/89): very faint, very small, round, even surface brightness. NGC 792 lies 12' ENE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 786 on 20 Sep 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position (measured
on 2 nights) is 1' too far south-southwest.
******************************
NGC 787 = MCG
-02-06-015 = PGC 7632
02 00 48.5 -09
00 08
V = 12.7; Size 2.1'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 90d
17.5"
(12/4/93): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 E-W, 1.2'x0.8', broad
concentration, stellar nucleus. A
mag 13 star is 3' W of center.
Located 4' NW of a mag 9.5 star.
Christian Peters
discovered NGC 787 on 27 Feb 1865 with a 13.5-inch refractor at Hamilton College
Observatory in New York. Wilhelm Tempel independently found the galaxy on 9 Nov
1879 with the 11" refractor at the Arcetri Observatory and reported it in
list IV-7. Peters' and Tempel's
positions match MCG -02-06-015 = PGC 7632. This galaxy was probably "discovered" again Ormond
Stone (I-46) at Leander McCormick in 1885 or 1886. His position is 1.4 tmin W and 6' N of PGC 7632.
******************************
NGC 788 = MCG
-01-06-025 = PGC 7656
02 01 06.4 -06
48 57
V = 12.1; Size 1.9'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 115d
13.1"
(12/22/84): moderately bright, elongated WNW-ESE, weak concentration, stellar
nucleus. (IC 184 lies 19' W and HCG 14 lies 24' SW - see observations).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 788 = H II-435 = h185 on 26 Sep 1865 (sweep 436) and noted
"F, S, iR, bM". JH
observed the galaxy on 30 Dec 1826 and logged "B; pL; R; bM."
******************************
NGC 789 = UGC
1520 = MCG +05-05-047 = CGCG 503-077 = PGC 7760
02 02 26.0 +32
04 20
V = 13.4; Size 0.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 11.7; PA = 3d
13.1"
(12/22/84): faint, small, round, faint stellar nucleus? Forms a pair with NGC 798 11' E.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 789 = St III-3 on 24 Aug 1865 with the 11-inch
refractor at Copenhagen. ƒdouard
Stephan discovered the galaxy again on 10 Dec 1871 with the 31" reflector
at the Marseille Observatory and measured a very accurate micrometric position.
******************************
NGC 790 = MCG
-01-06-026 = PGC 7677
02 01 21.6 -05
22 15
V = 12.7; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(12/8/90): fairly faint, fairly small, round, small bright core, strong stellar
nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 790 = H III-433 = h186 on 10 Sep 1785 (sweep 436) and logged
"vF, vS." The NGC
position matches MCG -01-06-026 = PGC 7677.
******************************
NGC 791 = UGC
1511 = MCG +01-06-031 = CGCG 413-028 = PGC 7702
02 01 44.3 +08
29 59
V = 13.1; Size 1.6'x1.6'; Surf Br = 14.1
17.5"
(11/27/92): faint, small, round, even concentration, very small bright core,
very symmetrical appearance.
Located 3.3' SW of a mag 10 star.
A mag 12.5 star is 2.8' E of center.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 791 on 3 Dec 1861 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. He noted a mag 13-14
star that follows by 11.5 seconds and measured the position on 3 nights.
******************************
NGC 792 = UGC
1517 = MCG +02-06-015 = CGCG 438-014 = PGC 7744
02 02 15.3 +15
42 44
V = 13.1; Size 1.7'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 130d
17.5"
(12/18/89): faint, very small, slightly elongated WNW-ESE, small bright
core. Three mag 11-12 stars in a
E-W line of 2' length begins 3' SSW and extends to the west. NGC 786 lies 12' WSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 792 = h187 on 7 Sep 1828 and logged "eF; S; R; has a *11m
15¡ nf." His position and
description matches UGC 1517 = PGC 7744.
******************************
NGC 793
02 02 54.5 +31
58 51
=**?,
Corwin Not found, RNGC.
Gerhard Lohse
discovered NGC 793 in 1886 with the 15.5-inch Cooke refractor at the private
Wigglesworth Observatory in Scarborough, England. It was placed southeast of NGC 789, but there are no
galaxies in the vicinity, only several faint stars. Corwin tentatively identifies as a very faint double as NGC
793. RNGC classifies the number as
nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 794 = IC 191
= UGC 1528 = MCG +03-06-024 = CGCG 461-031 = PGC 7763
02 02 29.3 +18
22 23
V = 12.7; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 45d
17.5"
(12/8/90): fairly faint, slightly elongated WSW-ENE, bright core, faint stellar
nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 794 = H III-207 = h188 on 15 Oct 1784 (sweep 291) and noted
"eF, vS, stellar,240 showed it very plainly." JH observed this galaxy on one sweep
and his position is 6 seconds of RA east of UGC 1528 = PGC 7763. Lewis Swift found this galaxy again on
20 Oct 1889 and reported it as new in list IX-9 (later IC 191) with description
"pB; pL; lE." Dreyer
thought Sw IX-9 might be new because of the disparate descriptions, though
added the parenthetical "probably = [NGC 794]" in the IC
description. So, NGC 794 = IC
191. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 795 = ESO
153-008 = PGC 7552
01 59 49.4 -55
49 27
V = 13.2; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 141d
25"
(10/15/17 - OzSky): at 397x; fairly faint or moderately bright, slightly
elongated NW-SE, ~30" diameter.
Sharply concentrated with a very small, very bright core (also slightly
elongated NW-SE) that increases to an intensely bright nucleus. 13th mag stars are just 0.9' NW and
1.5' ENE, and a 15th mag star is off the west side [30" from center].
John Herschel
discovered NGC 795 = h2455 on 27 Oct 1834 and logged "pF, S, R; makes an
obtuse angled triangle with 2 stars 11th mag." His position and description of the nearby stars matches ESO
153-008 = PGC 7552.
******************************
NGC 796 = ESO
030-SC006 = Lindsay 115
01 56 45 -74 13
12
30"
(11/6/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly bright but fairly small. The main knot is round, ~30" in
diameter with a single star that stands out at the SE edge. Barely off the NW edge is a 10"
knot that is possibly detached.
This knot increases the total size to nearly 45"x30",
elongated NW-SE. Located 8.5' SW
of mag 8.2 HD 12440. This object
is apparently an outlying cluster of the SMC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 796 = h2456 on 18 Sep 1835 and remarked "F, vS, R, has a
*12m 25" distance at 45¡ np."
On a second sweep he recorded "somewhat doubtful, but I believe it
is a vF neb involving a vF star."
His third observation was reported as "eF, S, R, 10" close to
a vS star." His position
matches this SMC outlying cluster.
******************************
NGC 797 = UGC
1541 = MCG +06-05-078 = CGCG 522-105 = VV 428 = V Zw 170 = PGC 7832
02 03 28.0 +38
07 01
V = 12.6; Size 1.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 65d
17.5"
(11/14/87): moderately bright, small, slightly elongated, bright core, faint
halo, stellar nucleus. A mag 14
star is just 0.8' WNW of center and a brighter mag 13 star lies 1.7' ENE. Forms a pair with NGC 801 9' NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 797 = H III-566 = h189 on 21 Sep 1786 (sweep 599) and noted
"vF, pL, iR." He
apparently found it again on 18 Oct 1786 (sweep 618) and logged "pB, cL,
lE, mbM.", though his position is much closer to NGC 801. JH recorded "vF; R; sbM; near a
*." There are actually a couple
of stars very near and his position matches UGC 1541 = PGC 7832.
******************************
NGC 798 = UGC
1539 = MCG +05-05-048 = CGCG 503-078 = PGC 7823
02 03 19.6 +32
04 39
V = 13.5; Size 1.2'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 137d
13.1"
(12/22/84): very faint, very small, very elongated NW-SE, small bright
core. Located 11' E of NGC 789.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 798 = St III-4 on 10 Dec 1871 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory, along with III-3 = NGC 789 (discovered earlier by
Heinrich d'Arrest). His position
matches UGC 1539 = PGC 7823.
******************************
NGC 799 = UGC
1527 = MCG +00-06-023 = CGCG 387-029 = Holm 54a = PGC 7741
02 02 12.3 -00
06 04
V = 13.0; Size 2.0'x1.7'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 100d
17.5" (12/8/90):
faint, very small, round, weak concentration, faint stellar nucleus at
moments. A mag 14 star is just
45" E. Forms a close pair
with NGC 800 1.8' S.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 799 = Sw II-16 (along with NGC 800 = Sw II-17) on 9 Oct 1885
with the 16" refractor at the Warner Observatory. His RA is 30 tsec too large (same error
as NGC 800) and his discription "eeF pS; R; s[outh] of 2" should read
"eeF pS; R; n[orth] of 2".
Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1897 using the 20"
refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 800 = UGC
1526 = MCG +00-06-024 = CGCG 387-028 = Holm 54b = PGC 7740
02 02 11.8 -00
07 49
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 10d
17.5"
(12/8/90): extremely faint, very small, round, very low even surface
brightness. Forms a close pair
with NGC 799 1.8' N.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 800 = Sw II-17 (along with NGC 799 = Sw II-16) on 9 Oct
1885 with the 16" refractor
at Warner Observatory. His RA is 30
seconds east of UGC 1526 = PGC 7740 (same error as NGC 800). Herbert Howe
measured an accurate position in 1897 using the 20" refractor at
Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 801 = UGC
1550 = MCG +06-05-079 = CGCG 522-106 = PGC 7847
02 03 44.9 +38
15 32
V = 13.1; Size 3.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 150d
17.5"
(11/14/87): fairly faint, very elongated NNW-SSE, fairly small, weak
concentration. Forms a pair with
NGC 797 9' SW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 801 = Sw II-18 on 20 Sep 1885 and recorded "eF; pS; iR; D *
close f; v difficult." UGC
1550, an edge-on spiral, is 19 seconds of RA west of Swift's position, though
there is no obvious double star close following. NGC 801 was discovered on the same evening with NGCs 19, 21,
7831 and 7836. All of these
galaxies have offsets of -1.2 min in RA and -8' in declination from their
correct positions, but there is nothing at this offset to NGC 801. So, this identification is somewhat
uncertain, though there are no other obvious candidates. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 802 = ESO
052-013 = PGC 7505
01 59 06.0 -67
52 13
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 152d
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): moderately bright, oval 3:2 NNW-SSE,
0.9'x0.6', broad concentration.
Located 27' SE of mag 4.7 Eta-2 Hyi. A mag 13.5 star lies 1.5' W. Forms a pair with ESO 052-014
5.4' NNE. This galaxy appeared
fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 3:1 SW-NE, 1.0'x0.3', brighter along
the major axis. Two mag 12.7 and
11.7 stars are located 3' W and 5' W of ESO 52-14. The brighter star forms the western vertex of an equilateral
triangle with ESO 52-14 and NGC 802.
NGC 813 lies 37' SSE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 802 = h2457 on 15 Oct 1784 and logged "eeF, vS, R; has a
star 13th mag preceding, distance 100"." His position and description matches ESO 052-013 = PGC 7505.
******************************
NGC 803 = UGC
1554 = MCG +03-06-028 = CGCG 461-038 = PGC 7849
02 03 44.7 +16
01 52
V = 12.6; Size 3.0'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 8d
17.5"
(12/18/89): fairly faint, fairly small, edge-on N-S. A mag 11 star is 1.0' WSW of center. Located 49' SE of mag 7.6 HD 12315.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 803 = H III-208 = h190 on 15 Oct 1784 (sweep 291) and logged
"eF, vS, iR, just following a pB star." On sweep 319, JH noted "vF; not vS; glbM; follows *10m
3.5 sec." His description and
position matches UGC 1554 = PGC 7849.
******************************
NGC 804 = IC
1773 = UGC 1557 = MCG +05-05-049 = CGCG 504-001 = PGC 7873
02 04 02.1 +30
49 59
V = 13.7; Size 1.4'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 7d
17.5"
(11/26/94): faint, small, very elongated 3:1 N-S, very small brighter core with
thin faint extensions. Two mag
11.5 stars are 1.9' WSW and 3.5' SW of center. UGC 1577 lies 27' NE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 804 = Sw II-19 on 7 Sep 1885 with the 16" refractor at the
Warner Observatory and logged "eeF; vS; R; lbM; v difficult." His position is 22 seconds of RA east
of UGC 1557. Because of his
imprecise position, Guillaume Bigourdan, observing with the 12" refractor
at the Paris Observatory, mistook a faint star for NGC 804 and listed the
galaxy as a new discovery, and Dreyer catalogued the galaxy again as IC 1773. So, NGC 804 = IC 1773. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 805 = UGC
1566 = MCG +05-05-050 = CGCG 504-004 = PGC 7899
02 04 29.5 +28
48 44
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 115d
17.5"
(12/8/90): faint, very small, oval 3:2 ~E-W, even surface brightness. A mag 13.5 star is just off the SW edge
30" from center and a mag 14 star is 1' WNW. NGC 807 lies 13' NW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 805 on 26 Sep 1864 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. He noted a mag 13-14
star preceded by 2 seconds and measured a fairly accurate position (2 nights).
******************************
NGC 806 = MCG
-02-06-021 = PGC 7835
02 03 31.4 -09
55 56
V = 14.0; Size 1.3'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 60d
17.5"
(10/8/94): fairly faint, very elongated 3:1 WSW-ENE, irregular surface
brightness, probably brighter on the west end. A mag 11 star is 3.7' NNE of center.
17.5"
(12/23/92): faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE, even surface
brightness, asymmetric appearance with a very faint stellar nucleus offset to
the NE end or an extremely faint star may be superimposed near NE tip. A mag 11 star is 3.5' NE.
Distorted,
patchy appearance on the SDSS that may be the result of the post-collision
merger. HyperLeda catalogues the
companion a PGC 3100716 and NED gives the primary designation SHOC 103.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 806 = Sw V-19 on 1 Nov 1886 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory and logged "eeF; S; R; pB * nr; extr
difficult". His position is 13 tsec east of MCG -02-06-021 = PGC 7835
and his comment of a "pB * nr" applies to this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 807 = UGC
1571 = MCG +05-06-001 = CGCG 504-006 = PGC 7934
02 04 55.7 +28
59 16
V = 12.5; Size 1.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 145d
17.5"
(12/8/90): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, bright core, stellar
nucleus. A mag 13 star is 45"
N. Located 2' NE of a mag 10.5
star and 8.5' SW of mag 7.9 SAO 75133.
NGC 805 lies 13' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 807 = H III-151 = h191 on 11 Sep 1784 (sweep 266) and wrote
"vF, vS, stellar, between a pretty large and small star, but nearer to the
smallest." JH recorded on 15
Sep 1828: "vF; vS; 6"; has a *12m 1' N, and another about 20¡
sp.". His description and
position matches UGC 1571 = PGC 7934.
******************************
NGC 808 = ESO
478-001 = MCG -04-06-003 = PGC 7865
02 03 56.6 -23
18 42
V = 13.5; Size 1.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 7d
17.5"
(10/8/94): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, very weakly
concentrated along the major axis.
A string of three mag 14 stars extending NW are collinear with the
galaxy and equally spaced at 1.0' separation.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 808 = h192 = h2458 on 14 Oct 1830 and logged "vF; R; vgbM;
40"." He observed it again from the Cape of Good Hope and noted as
"vF, lE, gbM, 25"."
Joseph Turner sketched NGC 808 using the 48" Great Melbourne
Telescope (see
http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/lithograph_m_1_5.php).
******************************
NGC 809 = MCG
-02-06-023 = PGC 7889
02 04 18.9 -08
44 07
V = 12.7; Size 1.8'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 170d
17.5"
(12/23/92): faint, very small, round, very small brighter core, stellar
nucleus.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 809 = Sw V-20 on 1 Nov 1886 with the 16" refractor at the Warner
Observatory. His position is 22
sec of RA east of MCG -02-06-023 = PGC 7889. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1897 using the
20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 810 = UGC
1583 = MCG +02-06-026 = CGCG 438-024 = PGC 7965
02 05 28.5 +13
15 05
V = 13.9; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.6; PA = 25d
17.5"
(12/18/89): faint, small, round, bright core. Located on a line to the SW of mag 7.8 SAO 92789 7' NE and
mag 7.2 SAO 92795 19' NE. Appears
brighter than CGCG mag 15.4z.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 810 = St III-5 on 11 Dec 1871 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and recorded "vF, vS, R, more condensed in the
center but no bright nucleus".
His position matches UGC 1583.
Corwin notes the NGC position is 10 tsec too far west (transcription
error). A companion (not seen) is
superimposed 0.25' following the nucleus, which itself looks double on the
SDSS.
******************************
NGC 811 = PGC
7870
02 04 00 -09 06
21
Size
0.6'x0.5'; PA = 33d
18"
(10/25/08): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Once identified this faint galaxy could
be held continuously. Located 5.7'
ENE of a mag 10.9 star and 22' NNE of mag 7.3 HD 12627.
Francis Leavenworth
discovered NGC 811 = LM II-324 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory and commented "neb?, *10 1' S." There is nothing at his position
but 50 sec of RA west is PGC 7870 and there is a star (closer to mag 14)
40" S, so the identification NGC 811 = PGC 7870 is reasonable. The RNGC, PGC, NED and HyperLeda misidentify MCG -02-06-024 = PGC 7905
as NGC 811. This galaxy is 1¡
south of Leavenworth's position and it's possible Leavenworth made a
transcription error of 1¡, but there is no star to the south, so this
identification is less likely.
******************************
NGC 812 = UGC
1598 = MCG +07-05-014 = CGCG 538-019 = PGC 8066
02 06 51.2 +44
34 29
V = 11.2; Size 9.3'x2.2'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 160d
13.1"
(8/24/84): faint, very elongated NNW-SSE, diffuse. A mag 11 star is 1.1' SW. Located 17' NE of mag 7.4 SAO 37787.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 812 = St VIIIb-3 on 11 Dec 1876 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory and remarked "eF, thin shape, E45, 1.5' length,
bM". His position and
description matches UGC 1598 = PGC 8066.
******************************
NGC 813 = ESO
052-016 = PGC 7692
02 01 36.0 -68
26 21
V = 12.8; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 99d
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly bright, fairly small, oval E-W,
40"x25", sharp concentration with a small bright core. A very faint star is superimposed on
the east side of the halo and a second very faint star lies 30" S of
center. NGC 802 lies 37' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 813 = h2459 on 24 Nov 1834 and noted "pF, R, gbM,
30"." His position matches ESO 052-016 = PGC 7692.
******************************
NGC 814 = MCG
-03-06-010 = PGC 8319
02 10 37.6 -15
46 25
V = 13.8; Size 1.3'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 4d
17.5" (10/25/97):
faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 1.0'x0.5', broad
concentration. Located close NE of
a mag 12 star [0.9' from center].
At moments appears to have a faint stellar nucleus. Forms a close pair with extremely
difficult NGC 815 2.4' S. Due to a
poor position by Stone, these objects are misidentified in RNGC.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 814 = LM I-47 (along with NGC 815 = I-48) on 6 Jan 1886. There is nothing near Stone's
position but his discovery sketch was examined by Corwin and it establishes NGC
814 = MCG -03-06-010 = PGC 8319 and NGC 815 = PGC 906183. In this case Stone's RA was 4 min
of RA too far west. RNGC and PGC
misidentify MCG -03-06-005 = PGC 7799 as NGC 814 and MCG -03-06-004 = PGC 7798
as NGC 815. Megastar and other sources
based on the PGC may also carry this error.
******************************
NGC 815 = PGC
906183
02 10 39.4 -15
48 47
Size 0.4'x0.3'
17.5"
(10/25/97): not seen initially at 220x.
After extended viewing, just glimpsed for moments on a few occasions at
2.4' S of NGC 814. Appeared
virtually stellar, ~5"-10", no details due to faintness.
See comments for
NGC 814. RNGC and PGC (as well as
Megastar, etc.) misidentify MCG -03-06-004 = PGC 7798 as NGC 815. N815 appears to be a very close and
small double system (virtually stellar).
******************************
NGC 816 = CGCG
504-016 = PGC 8152
02 08 08.8 +29
15 21
V = 14.5; Size 0.3'x0.3'; Surf Br = 11.7
17.5"
(12/8/90): very faint, very small, round.
A mag 15 star is involved at the south edge just 0.2' from center. Forms a pair with NGC 819 5.7' ESE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 816 = St VI-1 on 15 Sep 1871 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory. His
position is 1' S of CGCG 504-016 = PGC 8152 (probably an error with the
position of his offset star).
******************************
NGC 817 = UGC
1611 = MCG +03-06-033 = CGCG 461-047 = PGC 8109
02 07 33.7 +17
12 09
V = 13.2; Size 0.7'x0.3'; Surf Br = 11.5; PA = 27d
17.5"
(12/18/89): faint, fairly small, elongated SSW-NNE, low almost even surface
brightness.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 817 = Sw IV-7 on 2 Sep 1886 with the 16" refractor at the
Warner Observatory and reported "eF; vS; R; right angled with 2
stars". His position is 24
tsec east of UGC 1611 = PGC 8109 and his comment "right angled with 2
stars" matches this galaxy. Bigourdan reported Swift's position is 26
seconds too large (Remarks section of his 1891 Comptes Rendus list), though
Dreyer's "corrected" position in the IC 1 Notes is 0.8 tmin too far
east.
******************************
NGC 818 = UGC
1633 = MCG +06-05-086 = CGCG 522-116 = PGC 8185
02 08 44.5 +38
46 38
V = 12.5; Size 3.0'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 113d
17.5"
(11/14/87): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated WNW-ESE, broad
concentration, no core. A mag 15
star is 30" E.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 818 = H II-604 = h194 on 18 Oct 1786 (sweep 618) and logged
"pB, cL, lE, mbM".
George Stoney, using Lord Rosse's 72" on 3 Oct 1850, recorded
"bM, some stars seen in it; night hazy." The NGC position is 1' south of UGC 1633 = PGC 8185.
******************************
NGC 819 = UGC
1632 = CGCG 504-017 = PGC 8174
02 08 34.4 +29
14 02
V = 13.4; Size 0.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 11.7; PA = 10d
17.5"
(12/8/90): faint, small, round. A
mag 13 star lies 1' N. Forms a
pair with NGC 816 5.7' WNW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 819 = St VI-2 on 20 Sep 1865 with the 11-inch refractor
at Copenhagen. He noted the mag 13
star 42" north and measured an accurate position. ƒdouard Stephan independently found the
galaxy again on 15 Sep 1871 with the 31" reflector at Marseille
Observatory.
******************************
NGC 820 = UGC
1629 = MCG +02-06-036 = CGCG 438-031 = PGC 8165
02 08 25.0 +14
20 58
V = 12.8; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 72d
17.5" (12/18/89):
fairly faint, fairly small, oval SW-NE, bright core. A mag 15 star is just off the east edge 0.7' from the
center. Located almost at the
midpoint of two mag 14 stars 1.6' SW and 1.4' NNE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 820 = h195 on 7 Sep 1828 and logged "F; R; bM; 15
arcsec". R.J. Mitchell, using
Lord Rosse's 72" on 30 Nov 1856, recorded "oval, major axis sp-nf, a
F* follows closely. There is
another F* in the on edge."
His description is accurate and the star at the north edge is roughly mag
16.5.
******************************
NGC 821 = UGC
1631 = MCG +02-06-034 = CGCG 438-033 = PGC 8160
02 08 21.1 +10
59 41
V = 10.7; Size 2.6'x1.6'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 25d
17.5"
(12/18/89): fairly bright, fairly small, oval 3:2 SW-NE, very bright elongated
core. Located just 1.1' SE of mag
10 SAO 92805!
8"
(11/8/80): fairly faint, small, compact.
A mag 10 star is just 1' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 821 = H I-152 = h193 on 4 Sep 1786 (sweep 582) and commented
"pB, vS, R, bM, 1' sf a considerable star with a small one sf the
nebula." Dreyer's 1912 notes to the Second Catalogue mentions "A
second obs. (Sweep 591, Sept. 18, 1786) describes it as vB, vS, lE, vBN. But
the neb. is in reality only pB, second class." JH also logged it on sweep 121 as "Not vB; R; sbM to
nucl; has a *1m sp, dist 55"."
R.J. Mitchell, using Lord Rosse's 72" on 18 Dec 1856, recorded a
"bMN, E spnf, S * in s end."
This star is around mag 15.5 and was not seen in my observation.
******************************
NGC 822 = LGG
050-002 = ESO 298-009 = MCG -07-05-008 = PGC 8055
02 06 39.1 -41
09 24
V = 13.2; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 77d
25"
(10/16/17 - OzSky): at 244x and 397x; fairly faint, fairly small, slightly
elongated ~E-W, ~35"x25", small bright nucleus rises to a stellar
peak. Located 10.7' ENE of mag 8.5
HD 12948. Forms the eastern vertex
of a small triangle with a mag 13.7 star 2.7' W and a mag 13.0 star 3.2' SSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 822 = h2461 on 5 Sep 1834 and recorded "F, R, sbM, resolvable,
15", a difficult object."
His mean position from two sweeps matches ESO 298-009 = PGC 8055.
******************************
NGC 823 = IC
1782 = ESO 478-002 = MCG -04-06-005 = PGC 8093
02 07 20.1 -25
26 31
V = 12.6; Size 1.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 110d
17.5"
(10/8/94): faint, very small, elongated 3:2 ~E-W, 0.3'x0.2' although with
averted vision the outer halo doubles in diameter. Unusual appearance as a mag 13 star is attached at the east
end and the galaxy appears a "fuzzy" component just west of the
star. Located 4' N of a mag 10
star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 823 = h196 on 14 Oct 1830 and recorded "A vF double star
enclosed in a vF neb."
Herschel also observed this nebula at the Cape (h2460) and gave the same
description. Lewis Swift
apparently independently found this object on 8 Oct 1896. Sw. XI-34 (later IC 1782) was described
as "vF; D* of = mag in nebulosity.
Curious object." He
added the note "This appears like a nebulous double star, but I think it
is simply a double star in a nebula.
There is a vast difference between a nebulous star, and a star in a
nebula." Dreyer must have
missed the close match of Swift's and JH's position and their descriptions are
virtually identical. So, NGC 823 =
IC 1782. See Corwin's notes.
Joseph Turner
sketched NGC 823 with the Great Melbourne Telescope in November 1876 (see
http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/lithograph_m_1_6.php)
******************************
NGC 824 = ESO
354-037 = MCG -06-05-028 = PGC 8068
02 06 53.1 -36
27 13
V = 13.3; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 21d
17.5"
(10/25/97): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter (probably only
viewed the core). Contains a sharp
stellar nucleus. A mag 11 star
lies 4.7' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 824 = h2462 on 29 Nov 1837 and commented "F, R, 40",
vsvmbM to a star 12th magnitude." He also observed it on the next sweep and his position
(typo in NPD was corrected at the end of the CGH) matches ESO 354-037 = PGC
8068.
******************************
NGC 825 = UGC
1636 = MCG +01-06-045 = CGCG 413-046 = LGG 047-003 = PGC 8173
02 08 32.3 +06
19 26
V = 13.2; Size 2.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 53d
24"
(1/25/14): moderately bright, fairly small, very elongated 5:1 SW-NE,
~0.7'x0.15', brighter elongated core.
An extremely faint star (mag 16.3) is just north of center. A mag 13.5 star lies 1.7' NNE.
NGC 825 forms a
pair with IC 208 4.5' NNW. The
companion (similar redshift) appeared fairly faint, fairly large, round, 1.5'
diameter, very low though irregular surface brightness, no core or
nucleus. Brightest member of a
group that includes IC 1776, UGC 1646 and UGC 1649.
17.5"
(12/18/89): faint, fairly small, oval SW-NE. A mag 13.5 star is 1.7' N. Located 5.5' WNW of mag 9.3 SAO 110366.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 825 = m 53 on 18 Nov 1863 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
noted "F, S, mE.". His
position is 1.5' S of UGC 1636 = PGC 8173 and the description "much
elongated" applies to this edge-on.
Marth missed fainter IC 208, just 5' N.
******************************
NGC 826 = CGCG
504-019 = PGC 8230
02 09 25.1 +30
44 23
V = 14.4; Size 0.5'x0.3'; PA = 20d
17.5"
(12/8/90): very faint, very small, round.
A mag 14 star is 40" NW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 826 = St VI-3 on 18 Sep 1871 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory. His
position corresponds with CGCG 504-019 = PGC 8230. This is a double system (not known if a physical pair) with
a very faint companion overlapping on the north side.
******************************
NGC 827 = UGC
1640 = MCG +01-06-046 = CGCG 413-047 = PGC 8196
02 08 56.3 +07
58 17
V = 12.7; Size 2.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 85d
17.5"
(12/18/89): faint, fairly small, oval E-W, weak concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 827 = H III-227 = h198 = Sw I-2 on 7 Nov 1784 (sweep 308) and
reported "suspected 2 or 3 small stars with seeming nebulosity between
them, 240 rather confirmed it, but left a doubt." In Dreyer's 1912
revision of WH's catalogues he commented "Place perfectly correct, no other
nebula near, but it is not a nebulous cluster but a neb, vF, S, lbM,
difficult". Lewis Swift found the galaxy on 9 Oct 1884 with the 16"
refractor at the Warner Observatory and reported it as new in his first
discovery list. Although he insisted his observation "cannot be [NGC
827]", his position and description ("vF; pS; eE; spindle")
clearly apply to this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 828 = UGC
1655 = MCG +06-05-092 = CGCG 522-125 = VI Zw 177 = PGC 8283
02 10 09.6 +39
11 26
V = 12.3; Size 2.9'x2.2'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 145d
17.5"
(11/14/87): moderately bright, fairly small, oval WNW-ESE, bright core. A wide double star with components
10.5/11 (separation 25" in PA 0¡) are 3' E. Located 15' NW of the bright double star 59 Andromedae =
6.1/6.8 at 17".
William Herschel
discovered NGC 828 = H II-605 = h197 on 18 Oct 1786 (sweep 618) and logged
"pB, S, iF." JH called
it "pB; R; gbM; has a D* 15 sec following." The galaxy was observed 6 times at Birr Castle with the
first observation on 4 Nov 1848 (possibly by Lord Rosse) recording "F,
scarcely seen in finder, another S neb 60¡ np 1.5' dist, if it be not a F
*." A later observation noted
"Either a single R neb with * inv sf center or double." This galaxy is a disrupted spiral with
a dust lane on the south side of the core, so some structure was resolved.
******************************
NGC 829 = MCG
-01-06-049 = PGC 8182
02 08 42.2 -07
47 26
V = 13.6; Size 1.3'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 70d
17.5"
(12/23/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:3 WSW-ENE. A mag 11 star is 0.9' SE. First of three and similar shape as NGC
830 4.5' ENE but only a weak concentration. NGC 842 lies 16' E.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 829, along with NGC 830, on 23 Sep 1865 with the
11-inch refractor at Copenhagen.
He noted a mag 11 star was 0.7' distant and his position (measured on
two nights) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 830 = MCG
-01-06-050 = Mrk 1020 = PGC 8201
02 08 58.7 -07
46 01
V = 14.2; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 110d
17.5"
(12/23/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:3 WNW-ESE, very small
bright core, stellar nucleus.
Second of three and similar dimensions as NGC 829 4.5' WSW. NGC 842 lies 12' E.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 830, along with NGC 829, on 23 Sep 1865 with the
11-inch refractor at Copenhagen.
His position and offset from NGC 829 is accurate.
******************************
NGC 831 = CGCG
413-049 = PGC 8241
02 09 34.6 +06
05 47
V = 14.3; Size 0.4'x0.3'; Surf Br = 11.8
17.5"
(12/18/89): very faint, very small, round. Located just east of the midpoint of a line connecting mag
7.1 SAO 110371 7' SSW and mag 8.6 SAO 110372 7' N. Forms a pair with NGC 844 10' ESE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 831 = m 54 on 18 Nov 1863 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
logged "vF, pS". His
position matches CGCG 413-049 = PGC 8241.
******************************
NGC 832
03 11 05.4 +35
23 12
See description
for NGC 1226. Here's the
description of the double star suggested by Harold Corwin as a candidate for
NGC 832:
17.5"
(11/1/97): faint double star mag 14/15 at 7" separation. Difficult to resolve cleanly at 220x in
mediocre seeing due to faintness of the north-northeast component. Easier to resolve at 280x. Although the identification as NGC 832
is not certain, this close double star could easily be mistaken as a small
nebulous object. Located 4.3' NE
of a mag 9.5-10 star. Also 2' SW is a wider, brighter pair of mag 13.5-14 stars
at 11" separation, which is much easier to resolve.
Heinrich d'Arrest
discovered NGC 832 on 17 Sep 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen and
noted (single observation) that a mag 9-10 star was 5' southwest. There is nothing at his position and no
bright star is 5' southwest. But
Corwin suggests this number may apply to a close double star (7"
separation) at 02 11 00.8 +35 32 29.
This pair is 24 seconds following d'Arrest's position (similar dec) and
has a mag 9-10 star 4.3' southwest.
RNGC misidentifies PGC 8280 as NGC 832. This extremely faint galaxy is 6.6' west of d'Arrest's
position and is certainly too faint to have picked up.
In an email on
26 Jul 2016, Harold Corwin found that if d'Arrest made a 1-hour transcription
error in RA his position is a good match (about 1' too far north) with NGC
1226. Furthermore, there is a mag
10.4 star 4.3' SW, matching d'Arrest's description. This identification seems likely as d'Arrest made several
similar 1-hour errors in RA: NGC 3167 (= NGC 2789), NGC 3575 (= NGC 3162), and
NGC 3760 (= NGC 3301).
******************************
NGC 833 = HCG
16B = Arp 318 NED2 = Arp 318:C1 = MCG -02-06-030 = LGG 049-002 = PGC 8225
02 09 20.8 -10
07 59
V = 12.7; Size 1.5'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 85d
18"
(11/14/09): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated ~2:1 E-W,
55"x25", contains a small bright core. Forms a close pair with NGC 835 1' E in the striking HCG 16
quartet.
18"
(10/21/06): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 5:2 E-W, 0.8'x0.3',
sharply concentrated with a very small bright core. First of four in HCG 16 and forms a close double with NGC
835 1' E. NGC 838 is nearly on a
line with the pair, 4.4' ESE of NGC 833.
17.5"
(8/31/86): moderately bright, small, edge-on ~E-W, bright core. Forms a very close pair with NGC 835
1.0' E of center in the HCG 16 with NGC 838 and NGC 839.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 833 = H II-482 = h199 = h2463, along with NGC 835, 838 and 839,
on 28 Nov 1785 (sweep 479) and recorded the quartet as "Two, both faint,
both E and S within a minute of each other [NGC 833 & NGC 835], and not far
from the parallel. About 4 or 5'
south and about 2 seconds following are two more [NGC 838 & NGC 839], a
little fainter and smaller; bot also E and resembling each other, and the
situation not far from the meridian.
240 verified them all, so as to leave no doubt." Joseph Turner made a nice sketch of the
group using the 48" Great Melbourne Telescope. See http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/lithograph_m_1_7.php
******************************
NGC 834 = UGC
1672 = MCG +06-05-099 = CGCG 522-128 = PGC 8352
02 11 01.4 +37
40 01
V = 13.1; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 20d
17.5"
(11/14/87): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated ~N-S, weak concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 834 = H III-567 on 21 Sep 1786 (sweep 599) and logged as
"vF, S, lE". His
position is 1' too far south.
******************************
NGC 835 = HCG
16A = Arp 318 NED1 = MCG -02-06-031 = LGG 049-003 = PGC 8228
02 09 24.6 -10
08 10
V = 12.1; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.3
18"
(11/14/09): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 N-S,
~55"x35", sharply concentrated with a small intense core. Brightest in the striking HCG 16 group.
18"
(10/21/06): moderately bright, fairly small, round, sharply concentrated with a
very bright small core. This
galaxy is the brightest member of HCG 16 (one of the best Hickson groups) and
the eastern member of a close pair with NGC 833 1' W. A mag 9.7 star lies 2.7' S and NGC 838 lies 3.5' E, roughly
on a line with NGC 833.
17.5"
(8/31/86): moderately bright, small, round, bright core. Brightest of four in the HCG 16 group
and forms a close pair with NGC 833 1.0' W. NGC 838 lies 3.4' E and NGC 839 5.3' SE. A mag 10 star lies 2.7' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 835 = H II-482 = h200 = h2464, along with NGC 833, 838 and 839,
on 28 Nov 1785 (sweep 479). See
description under NGC 833.
******************************
NGC 836 = ESO
544-017 = MCG -04-06-012 = PGC 8304
02 10 24.9 -22
03 18
V = 13.3; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 110d
17.5" (10/8/94):
very faint, small, round, low even surface brightness. A mag 14 star is 2.3' ENE. NGC 837 lies 23' S and NGC 849 is 16'
SSW.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 836 = LM II-325 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory. There
is nothing at his position but 1.3 min of RA east is ESO 544-017 = PGC
8304. Herbert Howe measured an
accurate position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin
Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 837 = ESO
478-010 = MCG -04-06-011 = PGC 8297
02 10 16.3 -22
25 52
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 12d
17.5"
(10/8/94): very faint, small, elongated 5:3 N-S, 0.5'x0.3', no
concentration. A mag 12 star is
1.1' N. Forms a pair with NGC 849
6.6' NNW. NGC 836 lies 23' N.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 837 = LM II-326 in 1886 and reported "mag 15.5,
0.8' dia, vE 0¡, *10 1' N."
There is nothing at his position, but 1.1 min of RA east is ESO 478-010
= PGC 8297 and his description is an exact match with this galaxy. Herbert Howe
measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at
Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 838 = HCG
16C = Arp 318 NED3 = Arp 318:C2 = MCG -02-06-033 = LGG 049-004 = PGC 8250
02 09 38.4 -10
08 47
V = 13.0; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 85d
18"
(11/14/09): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated,
40"x35", well concentrated with small high surface brightness
nucleus.
18"
(10/21/06): fairly faint, small, round, 25" diameter, small bright core,
high surface brightness. Located
3.5' ESE of NGC 835 with NGC 838 just 2.5' SE.
17.5"
(8/31/86): fairly faint, slightly elongated, very small bright core, possible
stellar nucleus. Third of four in
HCG 16 and located 3.4' E of NGC 835.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 838 = H II-482 = h201 = h2465, along with NGC 833, 835 and 839,
on 28 Nov 1785 (sweep 479). See
description under NGC 833.
******************************
NGC 839 = HCG
16D = Arp 318 NED4 = Arp 318:C3 = MCG -02-06-034 = LGG 049-005 = PGC 8254
02 09 42.7 -10
11 01
V = 13.1; Size 1.4'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 85d
18"
(11/14/09): moderately bright, elongated 3:1 E-W, 1.2'x0.4', small bright
core. A faint star lies 1'
NW. Last in the HCG 16 quartet of
fairly bright NGC galaxies.
18"
(10/21/06): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 7:2 E-W, 1.0'x0.3', fairly
weak concentration. A mag 14 star
lies 1' NW. Located 4' E of a mag
9.7 star and 5' SE of NGC 835 (brightest in HCG 16).
17.5"
(8/31/86): moderately bright, edge-on ~E-W, bright core. Last of four in HCG 16 and has a
similar appearance to NGC 833.
Located 2.5' SE of NGC 838.
A mag 10 star lies 4.2' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 839 = H II-482 = h202 = h2466, along with NGC 833, 835 and 838,
on 28 Nov 1785 (sweep 479). See
description under NGC 833.
******************************
NGC 840 = UGC
1664 = MCG +01-06-049 = CGCG 413-053 = PGC 8293
02 10 16.2 +07
50 43
V = 13.4; Size 1.8'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 73d
17.5"
(12/18/89): very faint, small, slightly elongated WSW-ENE, low almost even
surface brightness.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 840 = m 55 on 2 Sep 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
logged "eF, vS". His
position matches UGC 1664 = PGC 8293.
******************************
NGC 841 = UGC
1676 = MCG +06-05-101 = CGCG 522-131 = V Zw 194 = LGG 051-002 = PGC 8372
02 11 17.4 +37
29 50
V = 12.6; Size 1.8'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 135d
17.5"
(11/14/87): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated NW-SE, very
bright core, stellar nucleus. NGC
834 lies 11' NNW and UGC 1695 = (R)NGC 845 12' E. This galaxy is identified as NGC 841 in the RNGC, UGC, CGCG,
MCG.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 841 = H III-604 = St XIII-16 on 17 Jan 1787 (sweep 692) and
commented "vF, stellar, confirmed 240x." His position (reduced by Caroline Herschel and Arthur
Auwers) is just 4 seconds of RA west of UGC 1676 = PGC 8372. John Herschel
assumed his father's discovery was the same as his h204, and so he equated H III-604
= h204 in the GC (501) and Dreyer equated H III-604 = h204 = GC 501 in the
entry for NGC 841.
ƒdouard Stephan
independently discovered NGC 841 on 24 Nov 1883 (he observed all 3 NGC galaxies
here) with the 31" reflector at the Marseille Observatory and his position
matches UGC 1676. Dreyer
assumed this was new, so Stephan is credited with the discovery of NGC 841 in
the NGC instead of WH. Malcolm
Thomson discussed the identifications in Q. Jl R. astr. Soc. (1991), 32,
17-24. See Corwin's identification
notes.
******************************
NGC 842 = MCG
-01-06-055 = PGC 8258
02 09 50.8 -07
45 45
V = 12.7; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 145d
17.5"
(12/23/92): fairly faint, small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE in direction of a mag 13
star 1.5' SE, very small bright core, stellar nucleus. Third of three with NGC 830 12' W and
NGC 829 16' W.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 842 = h203 on 8 Jan 1831 and noted "vF; R; psbM;
12"." Herschel's
position is 2' N of MCG -01-06-055 = PGC 8258. Mrk 1023 is equated with NGC 842 in the PGC but Mrk 1023 is
a separate galaxy (PGC 1013430).
******************************
NGC 843
02 11 08.0 +32
05 52
=***, Carlson.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 843 on 16 Sep 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. There are three mag
14.6-15.0 stars at his position with separations of 9"/9". In his first observation he states it
is possibly a planetary nebula, but on the second he resolved it at 226x. MCG misidentifies +06-05-098 as
NGC 843 although this galaxy is over 5 degrees north of d'Arrest's position.
******************************
NGC 844 = CGCG
413-052 = PGC 8291
02 10 14.3 +06
02 59
V = 15.0; Size 0.3'x0.3'
17.5"
(12/18/89): very faint, extremely small, round. Located 5.3' WSW of mag 7.4 SAO 110383! Forms a pair with NGC 831 10' WNW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 844 = m 56 on 18 Nov 1863 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
noted "F, S". Marth's
position is a good match with CGCG 413-052 = PGC 8291, although it is strange
he didn't mention the bright nearby star.
******************************
NGC 845 = UGC
1695 = MCG +06-05-104 = CGCG 522-135 = PGC 8438
02 12 19.8 +37
28 38
V = 13.5; Size 1.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 149d
17.5"
(11/14/87): very faint, small, thin edge-on NW-SE, weak concentration. Located 12' E of NGC 841. This identification of this galaxy with
NGC 845 is uncertain.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 845 = h204 in Oct 1828 and logged "vF; irregular
figure." His position
corresponds with UGC 1695 = PGC 8438.
JH (and Heinrich d'Arrest) equated his father's H III-604 with h204, but
Harold Corwin concludes H III-604 applies to NGC 841 and that William missed
NGC 845. On the other hand,
Malcolm Thomson arrives at the conclusion NGC 845 = NGC 841 (see Q.J. R. astr.
Soc.(1991) 32,17-24).
ƒdouard Stephan
independently found the galaxy with the 31" silvered-glass reflector at
Marseille Observatory (added as an "anonymous" nebula in Esmiol's
1916 re-reduction of Stephan's positions), and was not credited in the GC or
NGC. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 846 = NGC
847 = UGC 1688 = MCG +07-05-024 = CGCG 538-032 = PGC 8430
02 12 12.3 +44
34 07
V = 12.1; Size 1.9'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 140d
13.1"
(8/24/84): fairly faint, weak concentration, almost round, in rich field. Located 4' NW of mag 9.2 SAO 37855 and
23' NW of 60 Andromedae (V = 4.8).
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 846 = St VIIIb-4 on 22 Nov 1876 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory and recorded "eF, eS, R, gbM". His micrometric position matches UGC
1688. Lewis Swift found the galaxy
again on 30 Nov 1885 and reported it as new in list III-9 (later NGC 847). So, NGC 846 = NGC 847, with discovery
priority to Stephan.
******************************
NGC 847 = NGC
846 = UGC 1688 = MCG +07-05-024 = CGCG 538-032 = PGC 8430
02 12 12.3 +44
34 07
See observing
notes for NGC 846.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 847 = Sw III-9 on 30 Nov 1885 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory. His position
and description "nearly between a pB star and 3 vF equal mag stars"
matches UGC 1688. This galaxy was
discovered earlier by ƒdouard Stephan (VIII-4, second list) on 22 Nov 1876 and
catalogued by Dreyer as NGC 846. In
AN 2992, Spitaler concluded NGC 846 = NGC 847 and this is mentioned in the IC 1
notes. Since Stephan made the
original discovery, NGC 846 should be the primary designation. The RNGC
misidentifies a very close clump of stars (6' N of N846) as NGC 847. Listed in my RNGC Corrections #2.
******************************
NGC 848 = MCG
-02-06-036 = Mrk 1026 = LGG 049-006 = PGC 8299
02 10 17.5 -10
19 16
V = 13.0; Size 1.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 135d
18"
(10/21/06): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 NW-SE, 1.0'x0.4', weak
concentration. A mag 11.5 star lies 1.2' NE. Located 17' SE of NGC 835 (HCG 16)
17.5"
(8/31/86): fairly faint, elongated NW-SE, bright core. A mag 11 star is just off the north
edge 1.2' from center. Member of
the Arp 318 group.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 848 = LM I-49 on 11 Dec 1885 and reported "mag 15.5, eS, E
325¡, gbM, *10 north 1.0'." His position is 1 min of RA east of MCG
-02-06-036 = PGC 8299, and the description of the nearby bright star applies.
Swift independently found the galaxy again on 1 Nov 1886 and reported it
as new in list V-21. Swift's
position is 16 tsec too far east and Swift is also credited in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 849 = ESO
478-009 = PGC 8286
02 10 11.2 -22
19 23
V = 14.3; Size 0.5'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 117d
17.5"
(10/8/94): extremely faint, small, round, 15" diameter, very low even
surface brightness. Forms a pair
with NGC 837 6.6' SSE. NGC 836
lies 16' NNE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 849 = LM II-327 in 1886 with the 26" Clark
refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory and reported "mag 14.8, 0.5',
R, neb?". His position is
1.5' S of MCG -02-06-036 = PGC 8299.
Herbert Howe reported in 1899-00, "The object is as bright as a
star of mag 12, and appeared to me a trifle un-starlike. I could see nothing else which appeared
nebulous in the neighborhood.
******************************
NGC 850 = UGC
1679 = MCG +00-06-049 = CGCG 387-053 = PGC 8369
02 11 13.6 -01
29 08
V = 12.9; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 85d
17.5"
(12/4/93): fairly faint, small round, 0.8' diameter, evenly concentrated, faint
stellar nucleus. Collinear with a
mag 14 star 1.7' SE and a mag 13 star 3.4' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 850 = H III-259 on 6 Jan 1785 (sweep 351) and logged "eF,
eS, irr F." His position is
22 tsec of RA following UGC 1679 = PGC 8369. NGC 863, the next object in the sweep is also 30 tsec too
large. Heinrich d'Arrest's
position (used in the NGC) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 851 = UGC
1680 = MCG +01-06-054 = CGCG 413-058 = Mrk 588 = PGC 8368
02 11 12.1 +03
46 46
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 135d
24"
(1/25/14): at 375x appeared fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:3 or 2:1
NW-SE, ~30"x15", contains a small brighter core. A mag 14.7 star is at the NE edge
[23" from center]. Located
20' E of mag 6.8 HD 13285.
NGC 851 forms a
pair with IC 211 4.5' NNW. This
companion was faint, moderately large, slightly elongated SW-NE, low surface
brightness and difficult to estimate diameter, increases in size with averted
but at least 1.0'x0.8', slightly brighter core.
17.5"
(12/23/92): faint, very small, round, weak concentration. A mag 14.5 star is at the NE edge just
22" from center. Located 20'
E of mag 6.9 SAO 110378 20' W and 21' NNW of mag 6.7 SAO 110395.
Edward Swift,
Lewis' 14 year-old son, discovered NGC 851 = Sw III-10 on 30 Nov 1885 with the
16" refractor at Warner Observatory.
The Swifts' published position is 12 sec of RA following UGC 1680 = PGC
8368.
******************************
NGC 852 = ESO
153-026 = PGC 8195
02 08 55.5 -56
44 13
V = 13.5; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 83d
25"
(10/16/17 - OzSky): at 244x; fairly faint, fairly small, round,
35"-40" diameter. A star is superimposed at the northwest edge of the
galaxy [measured 18" from center].
At 397x contains a slight brighter nucleus and the halo has a slightly
irregular surface brightness. A
mag 10.5 str lies 9' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 852 = h2467 on 27 Oct 1834 and reported "pF, R, glbM,
40", resolvable." His
position corresponds with ESO 153-026 = PGC 8195.
******************************
NGC 853 = MCG
-02-06-038 = PGC 8397
02 11 41.2 -09
18 22
V = 12.7; Size 2.0'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 70d
17.5"
(12/4/93): moderately bright, elongated 2:1 WSW-ENE, 1.5'x0.8'. Located midway between two mag 12 and
13 stars 1.8' NE and 1.7' SW.
Forms the vertex of an isosceles triangle with two mag 9.5 and 10.5
stars in the field 7' NW and 5' WSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 853 = H II-486 on 28 Nov 1785 (sweep 479) and logged "F, S,
E". The NGC position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 854 = ESO
354-047 = MCG -06-05-038 = PGC 8388
02 11 30.7 -35
50 06
V = 13.1; Size 1.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 0d
17.5"
(10/25/97): very faint, fairly small, slightly elongated (PA uncertain), 0.8'
diameter. A mag 13.5-14 star
follows by 2.0'.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 854 = h2468 on 1 Sep 1834 and recorded "pB; lE in meridian;
50" l; gbM." On later
sweeps it was called "vF".
******************************
NGC 855 = UGC
1718 = MCG +05-06-016 = CGCG 504-035 = PGC 8557
02 14 03.7 +27
52 38
V = 12.6; Size 2.6'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 67d
17.5"
(11/27/92): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 5:2 WSW-ENE, 2.0'x0.8',
bright middle, fainter extensions.
A mag 14.5 star is just 30" S. Located just north of the Aries border.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 855 = H II-613 on 26 Oct 1786 (sweep 626) and logged "F, S,
lE in parallel, bM." His
position is 0.2 tmin west of UGC 1718 = PGC 8557.
******************************
NGC 856 = NGC
859 = UGC 1713 = MCG +00-06-054 = CGCG 387-058 = PGC 8526
02 13 38.4 -00
43 02
V = 13.2; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 20d
17.5"
(12/4/93): faint, round, 0.8' diameter, no concentration except for faint
stellar nucleus. A mag 14 star is
just off the east edge 1.0' from center.
NGC 863 lies 14' ESE.
Lewis Swift
found NGC 856 = Sw V-22 on 31 Oct 1886 with the 16" refractor at the
Warner Observatory and recorded "eF; S; lE; F * close.". His position is just 6 tsec west and 1'
north of UGC 1713 = PGC 8526 and the faint star is 1' ENE. He had discovered this nebula 4 weeks
earlier (3 Oct), listing it as V-23 and logging "pF; pS; lbM; np of 2
[with NGC 863= NGC 866]. His position
was 14 seconds of time east of PGC 8526 but neither Swift nor Dreyer (who later
catalogued it as NGC 859) recognized these two entries referred to the same
object as the descriptions were pretty different. NGC 859 should take historical precedence as it was
discovered first but all modern catalogues label the galaxy NGC 856. Dorothy Carlson and Jack Sulentic
(RNGC) both call NGC 859 nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 857 = ESO
415-006 = MCG -05-06-008 = PGC 8455
02 12 37.0 -31
56 42
V = 12.4; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 92d
17.5"
(12/28/94): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter. Sharp concentration with a very small
bright core surrounded by a very faint halo. A mag 13.5 star is 2.8' NNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 857 = h2469 on 18 Nov 1835 and logged "B, S, E, psmbM,
18"." His position
(also measured on the next sweep) matches ESO 415-006 = PGC 8455.
******************************
NGC 858 = ESO
478-013 = MCG -04-06-016 = PGC 8451
02 12 30.2 -22
28 17
V = 13.7; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 79d
17.5"
(10/29/94): extremely faint, moderately large, round, 1.2' diameter, very low
surface brightness. Weak
concentration at the center.
Located 8.5' W of a mag 10 star.
A faint companion off the east side was not seen.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 858 = LM II-328 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at Leander McCormick Observatory.
His position is 0.7 min of RA east and 1.7' south of ESO 478-013 = PGC
8451. Herbert Howe measured an
accurate position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin
Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 859 = NGC
856 = UGC 1713 = MCG +00-06-054 = CGCG 387-058 = PGC 8526
02 13 38.4 -00
43 02
See observing
notes for NGC 856.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 859 = Sw V-23 on 3 Oct 1886 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory and found again by Swift on 31 Oct 1886 and listed as V-22 =
NGC 856. Herbert Howe reported he
was unable to find NGC 859 on a night he measured NGC 856. That's not unexpected as there is only
a single galaxy here and Swift's comment of "F* close" for NGC 856
applies to UGC 1713 = PGC 8526.
The two positions are close enough that it's surprising Swift didn't
notice the equivalence, although his descriptions are quite different. Since NGC 859 was discovered first,
this designation should take historical precedence, although the galaxy is
generally labeled as NGC 856.See Corwin's comments.
******************************
NGC 860 = CGCG
504-037 = V Zw 204 = PGC 8606
02 15 00.2 +30
46 44
V = 14.1; Size 0.5'x0.3'
17.5"
(11/26/94): very faint, extremely small, round, 10"-15"
diameter. With direct vision the
small halo disappears and a tiny core with a stellar nucleus is visible. A mag 15 star lies 1.9' SSE. Located 9' ENE of mag 7.4 SAO 55373.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 860 = St VI-4 on 18 Sep 1871 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and logged "*13 in F neb". His position matches CGCG 504-037 = PGC
8606.
******************************
NGC 861 = UGC
1737 = MCG +06-06-003 = CGCG 523-005 = PGC 8652
02 15 51.2 +35
54 48
V = 13.8; Size 1.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 38d
13.1"
(11/14/87): faint, very small, edge-on SW-NE. A mag 13 star is attached at the SW end 0.5' from center.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 861 on 18 Sep 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. He noted a mag 12 star
(double) was joined to the south and his single position is just off the
southwest side of UGC 1737 = PGC 8652.
******************************
NGC 862 = ESO
298-020 = MCG -07-05-012 = PGC 8487
02 13 03.0 -42
02 02
V = 12.8; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.4
25"
(10/16/17 - OzSky): at 244x and 397x; fairly faint to moderately bright, round,
0.5'-0.6' diameter, sharply concentrated with a very small bright nucleus. A mag 16 star is just off the west side
[30" W of center]. Located 8'
WNW of a mag 10.3 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 862 = h2470 on 5 Sep 1834 and logged "pF, vS, svmbM, like a
blurred star." On a second
sweep he noted "F, R, gbM, 30"." His mean position matches ESO
298-020 = PGC 8487.
******************************
NGC 863 = NGC
866 = NGC 885 = UGC 1727 = MCG +00-06-056 = Mrk 590 = PGC 8586
02 14 33.6 -00
46 00
V = 13.0; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(12/4/93): fairly faint, very small, round, fairly concentrated, very small
bright core, stellar nucleus. NGC
856 is 14' WNW and NGC 868 21' ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 863 = H III-260 = h205 on 6 Jan 1785 (sweep 351) and noted
"vF or eF, vS, stellar, not so faint as the last [NGC 850]". There is nothing at his position, but
30 sec of RA west and 3' north is UGC 1727 = PGC 8586. JH measured an accurate position.
On 3 Oct 1856,
Lewis Swift recorded 3 galaxies: Sw V-23 = NGC 859, Sw V-24 = NGC 866 and Sw
V-25 = NGC 868. The second entry,
which reads "pF; pS; R; lbM; sf of 2", also fits UGC 1727, though
Swift's RA was 70 tsec too large (his dec is good). Then on 31 Oct 1886, Swift revisited the area and recorded
Sw V-27 = NGC 885 as "vF, vS, R, lbM". There is nothing at his position but Corwin suggests he may
have made a 5 tmin error in RA in which case this would be another
reobservation of NGC 863! If so,
then NGC 863 = NGC 866 = NGC 885, with NGC 863 the primary designation.
******************************
NGC 864 = UGC
1736 = MCG +01-06-061 = CGCG 413-066 = PGC 8631
02 15 27.8 +06
00 09
V = 10.9; Size 4.7'x3.5'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 20d
48"
(10/29/16): this striking two-armed barred spiral appeared bright, fairly
large, elongated 3:3 SW-NE, well concentrated with a bright core. The core extends into a weakly defined
bar WNW-ESE. A long thin spiral
arm is attached to the west end of the bar and it curls gradually
counter-clockwise to the south for nearly 90¡, ending due south of the core
[separation 1.2']. A bright mag
10.7 star is superimposed on the east side [44" ESE of center]. The second spiral arm is not as easily
seen as it begins just inside (west) of the bright star, which detracts from
the view. This thin arm extends
straight north, roughly at a right angle to the bar and merges into the halo on
the northeast side. UGC 1775 = Arp
10 is 49' SE.
13.1"
(9/3/86): fairly faint, oval SSW-NNE, even surface brightness. A fairly bright mag 11 star is at the
following edge 43" ESE of the center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 864 = H III-457 = h206 on 25 Oct 1785 (sweep 464) and noted
"vF, cL, vlbM, milky, preceding a bright star and the nebulosity joining
to it, but probably unconnected."
JH provided an accurate position and description.
******************************
NGC 865 = UGC
1747 = MCG +05-06-020 = CGCG 504-042 = PGC 8678
02 16 15.2 +28
35 59
V = 13.1; Size 1.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 158d
17.5"
(12/8/90): fairly faint, fairly small, edge-on NNW-SSE, bright middle. Located between a mag 11 star of the
SSE end and a mag 13.5 star off the north end.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 865 = St V-1 on 9 Sep 1871 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and recorded "eF; eS; irregular." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 866 = NGC
863 = UGC 1727 = MCG +00-06-056 = Mrk 590 = NGC 885: = PGC 8586
02 14 33.6 -00
46 00
See observing
notes for NGC 863.
Lewis Swift
found Sw NGC 866 = Sw V-24 on 3 Oct 1886 and again on 31 Oct 1886 (NGC 885 = Sw
V-27) with the 16" refractor at the Warner Observatory. There is nothing at his position, and
Herbert Howe reported he could not find NGC 866 in 1899-00. Swift's discovery positions for NGC 866
and 885 are similar in declination but differ by 4 minutes in RA.
In the case of
NGC 866, Swift's RA was 1 min of RA east of NGC 863 = UGC 1727, and NGC 885 is
5 min of RA east of NGC 863.
William Herschel (III-260) discovered this galaxy 100 years earlier and
it was catalogued as NGC 863. So,
NGC 863 = NGC 866 = NGC 885. There
are several cases where Swift recorded two observations of the same galaxy in
two different lists, including Sw V-23 = NGC 859 (3 Oct 1886) and Sw V-22 = NGC
856 (31 Oct 1886), which were found on the same two nights!
******************************
NGC 867 = NGC
875: = UGC 1760 = MCG +00-06-060 = CGCG 387-065 = PGC 8718
02 17 04.8 +01
14 39
See observing
notes for NGC 875. Possibly equal
to IC 225.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 867 = H III-2 on 21 Dec 1783 (the only nebula in his early sweep
#61). His complete description
reads "An almost invisible F neb, it is R and about 8 or 10" diameter,
being brighter in the centre than outwards. It can be seen when the glass if perfectly clean and the
attention confined to the object.
By two diagrams it is about 1.5¡ nf a star which was taken to be 69
Ceti, but obs was interrupted by clouds." There is nothing at Herschel's rough position and Bigourdan
was unable to find H III-2 on two attempts. Heinrich d'Arrest suggested NGC 867 might be a duplicate of
NGC 875 and Dreyer noted this in the NGC entry for 875, although Herschel's
position is a poor match. Corwin
also suggests IC 225 as another possibility. See his identification notes for more.
******************************
NGC 868 = UGC
1748 = CGCG 387-063 = PGC 8659
02 15 58.5 -00
42 49
V = 13.9; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 95d
17.5"
(12/4/93): very faint, very small, round, low smooth surface brightness. A mag 14.5 star is 1.0' NE and a mag
11.5 star 3' NE. NGC 863 lies 21'
WSW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 868 = Sw V-25 on 3 Oct 1886 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory. His position
is a good match with UGC 1748 = PGC 8659, although other galaxies found that
night in the area have poor positions, which seems like an odd
coincidence. See Corwin's notes on
NGC 859 and 863.
******************************
NGC 869 = h Per =
Cr 24 = Double Cluster
02 19 04 +57 08
06
V = 4.6; Size 30'
17.5"
(10/25/97): this is the brighter and richer western member of the famous
"double cluster". Includes a mag 6.6 star near the center and a mag
6.7 star 2.5' NNE. Close following
the mag 6.6 star is a neat parabolic group of five stars opening towards the
star. On the west side of this
star is a rich group of ~20 stars mostly arranged in an incomplete ring. A faint curving string of stars from
the mag 6.7 star leads to the parabolic quintet. The 20' field at 220x has too many stars to count, but
probably has ~200 stars.
8": this is
the western component of the "double cluster". Very bright, large, about 30'
diameter. Very rich with about 100
stars resolved, includes several bright mag 6.5-7.0 stars in the center. Forms a pair with NGC 884 at edge of
100x field.
Naked-eye
(11/13/07): I noticed that the Double Cluster was clearly resolved into two
"clumps" naked-eye.
Hipparchus
(roughly 130 BC) was the first to catalogue the Double Cluster and Ptolemy
copied it into his Almagest "At the tip of the right hand [of Perseus] and
nebulous [or misty]."
Giovanni Battista Hodierna (1654) resolved the double cluster into
stars. WH found NGC 869 = H VI-33 on 1 Nov 1788 (sweep 877) and recorded "A
very beautiful brilliant cluster of large stars, very rich. The place taken is the most compressed
part of it, which is not in the middle; the middle of it contains a
vacancy".
******************************
NGC 870 = MCG
+02-06-052 = PGC 8721
02 17 09.2 +14
31 23
V = 15.5; Size 0.3'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.7
18"
(1/15/07): extremely faint and small, round, 12" diameter. Only glimpsed with averted as an
extremely faint spot but the detection was repeated several times with
concentration and patience. Located
1.5' SSW of NGC 871 and just NE of a mag 13 star off the SW side of NGC
871. At a redshift-based distance
of ~755 million light years (z = .057), this is one of the most distant
galaxies in the NGC.
18"
(11/22/03): not found
17.5"
(12/18/89): not found
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 870 (along with NGC 876) on 22 Nov 1854 with Lord Rosse's
72" and commented "I am pretty sure of the existence of an eeF patch
of neby south [of NGC 871] and in line with its longer axis, but it needs
confirmation". This nebula is
shown on the sketch to the south of NGC 871 and marked as Beta.
******************************
NGC 871 = UGC
1759 = MCG +02-06-053 = CGCG 438-046 = PGC 8722
02 17 10.7 +14
32 52
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 4d
18" (11/22/03):
at 300x appears fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 N-S. Irregular surface brightness and a
slightly asymmetric shape with the impression of a very faint star or knot at
the east edge. NGC 870, located
just 1.5' S, was not seen (but detected on 1/15/07).
17.5"
(12/18/89): fairly faint, very elongated 3:1 N-S, weak concentration. A wide pair of mag 13.5 stars at
30" separation lies 2.5' SSW.
Located 5' NNW of mag 9 HD 14108.
Forms an interesting pair with NGC 877 12' E as both are elongated systems
with bright stars situated 5' SSE.
The galaxies and the bright stars form a perfect parallelogram with
bases oriented exactly E-W.
8"
(1/1/84): very faint, small, even surface brightness. A mag 10 star is 4' SE and two mag 13.5 stars lie south. Located 12' W of NGC 877.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 871 = H III-201 = h208, along with NGC 877, on 14 Oct 1784
(sweep 289) and noted "vF, vS, E.
South [the galaxy is 5' north] of pretty considerable star." George Johnstone Stoney, using LdR's
72" on 22 Nov 1854, recorded "E nearly n-s; a S but conspicuous star
closely follow centre, but not involved." This star is probably 16th mag. NGC 870 to the south was missed but confirmed in later
observations.
******************************
NGC 872 = ESO
544-032 = MCG -03-06-019 = PGC 8629
02 15 25.2 -17
46 51
V = 13.8; Size 1.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 174d
17.5"
(10/8/94): extremely faint but moderately large and almost requires averted
vision, low surface brightness, elongated 3:2 N-S, 1.2'x0.8'. A mag 11 star is 3.1' NW of center.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 872 = LM I-50 on 15 Oct 1886 with the 26"
refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. His rough position (nearest tmin of RA) is 0.8 tmin
following ESO 544-032 = PGC 8629 and the description "vE 0¡ [N-S]"
matches. Corwin also examined two
sketches made by Leavenworth, all pointing to this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 873 = MCG
-02-06-048 = PGC 8692
02 16 32.4 -11
20 56
V = 12.4; Size 1.7'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 145d
17.5"
(10/8/94): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 1.2' diameter, broad
concentration with no distinct core.
A mag 11 star is 3.6' SW of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 873 = H II-474 = h209 = h2471 on 27 Nov 1785 (sweep 478) and
logged "pB, pL, lE, brightest in the middle." JH observed this galaxy both at Slough
and three times at the Cape.
******************************
NGC 874 = ESO
478-018 = MCG -04-06-019 = PGC 8663
02 16 02.0 -23
18 22
V = 14.2; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 173d
17.5"
(10/25/97): threshold object barely glimpsed on a couple of occasions. Could not verify the observation with
certainty although the exact spot was examined using a GSC chart. Located 3' SSW of a mag 11 star. This
galaxy is incorrectly listed as nonexistent in RNGC and is not plotted on
U2000.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 874 = LM II-329 in 1886 with the 26" Leander McCormick
refractor and reported "mag 15.5 (nucleus), 0.3'x0.1' in PA 170¡ and
possibly a double star."
Additionally, he noted a mag 10 star is 2.8' in PA 320¡ (NW). His position is 8' N of ESO
478-018 = PGC 8663. This galaxy
has a PA of 173¡, which is an excellent match though the nearby star is 2.9' NE
(not NW). ESO and RC3 correctly
identify NGC 874 = ESO 478-018.
Sherburne Burnham (Publ of Lick Observatory, II) could not find NGC 874
"in or near this place" and Dreyer repeated this in the IC I
notes. This is probably the reason
RNGC misclassifies NGC 874 as nonexistent and MCG does not label MCG -04-06-019
as NGC 874. See Corwin's NGC
identifications for more on this number.
******************************
NGC 875 = UGC
1760 = MCG +00-06-060 = CGCG 387-065 = NGC 867? = PGC 8718
02 17 04.8 +01
14 39
V = 12.9; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 105d
24"
(1/25/14): fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, round, 25"
diameter, well concentrated with a small bright core that increases to a nearly
stellar nucleus.
NGC 875 forms a
pair with IC 218 2.4' NNE. The
companion (similar redshift) is very faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1
WSW-ENE, 25"x8", low even surface brightness. A mag 15 star is close off the ENE edge
[35" ENE of center].
17.5"
(12/23/92): faint, small, round, even symmetrical concentration down to small
bright core. Forms a pair with IC 218
2.4' NNE, though the companion was not seen with certainty.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 875 = Sw V-26 on 26 Sep 1865 with the 11-inch refractor
at Copenhagen. Lewis Swift
independently found it again on 7 Oct 1886 and recorded "eF; vS; R." Both of their positions match UGC 1760
= PGC 8718. WH may have originally
discovered this galaxy and catalogued it as H III-2 = NGC 867 (the identity was
suggested by d'Arrest), but this identification is uncertain due to a poor
position. See NGC 867.
******************************
NGC 876 = UGC
1766 = MCG +02-06-057 = PGC 8770
02 17 53.4 +14
31 16
V = 14.7; Size 2.1'x0.4'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 20d
17.5"
(12/18/89): extremely faint, visible for moments with averted, very small,
almost round. A pair of mag 14.5
stars lie 1.5' S. Located just 2'
SW of NGC 877 and 4' NW of mag 8 SAO 92878.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 876 on 22 Nov 1854 with Lord Rosse's 72", during his
observation of h210 = NGC 877. He
noted this nebula as "sp [h210 = NGC 877] I suspect a vvF patch" and
labeled it on the sketch as
Delta. Copeland computed a
micrometric position on 15 Nov 1873.
The field of NGC 870, 871, 876 and 877 was observed at Birr Castle 14
times from 1850 to 1875.
******************************
NGC 877 = UGC 1768
= MCG +02-06-058 = CGCG 438-052 = PGC 8775
02 17 59.4 +14
32 40
V = 11.9; Size 2.4'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 140d
17.5"
(12/18/89): moderately bright, fairly small, oval 3:2 NW-SE, broadly
concentrated halo. A mag 13.5 star
is at the SE end 1.1' from center.
Located 5' NNW of mag 8.0 HD 14192. Brightest in a group with NGC 876 2' SW and NGC 871 12' W.
8"
(1/1/84): faint, fairly small, even surface brightness. An extremely faint star is at the SSE
edge. A mag 9 star is 4' SE. NGC 871 lies 12' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 877 = H II-246 = h210, along with NGC 871, on 14 Oct 1784 (sweep
289) and recorded "F, pL, E, south of a considerable star [the galaxy is
5' north of the star]; the situation of these two is very similar with regard to
the star, and rather remarkable; the distance from the star about 4 or
5'." JH made the single
observation "pB; R: pgbM; a small * sf; dist 1' and a * 9m 5' dist nearly
s[outh], a little foll." R.J.
Mitchell, LdR's assistant on 3 Nov 1855, recorded "[NGC 877] has a * or
knot in p end, centre suspected resolvable; dark space running along southern
side of nucleus?" The
"dark space" is a gap between the core and a spiral arm and the
"* or knot in p end" appears to be an HII region.
******************************
NGC 878 = ESO
478-022 = MCG -04-06-021 = PGC 8771
02 17 54.3 -23
23 03
V = 13.7; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 112d
17.5"
(12/28/94): faint, small, round, 30" diameter, low even surface
brightness. A mag 12.5 star is
3.0' ENE of center.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 878 = LM II-330 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at Leander McCormick Observatory.
His position is 40 sec of RA west of ESO 478-022 = PGC 8771. Sherburne Burnham corrected the RA
(Publ of Lick Observatory, II) and Herbert Howe also measured an accurate
position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin
Observatory. MCG does not label
MCG -04-06-021 as NGC 878.
******************************
NGC 879 = PGC
8705
02 16 51.2 -08
57 50
V = 14.7; Size 0.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.6
18"
(1/15/07): extremely faint, fairly small, round, 0.4' diameter. Very low surface brightness and only
glimpsed at 220x. Once identified
I could repeatedly detect this dim galaxy with concentrated averted vision but
it was a difficult object.
18"
(11/6/04): extremely faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Required averted and concentration in
fairly poor seeing and just barely visible as a very low surface brightness spot.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 879 = LM II-331 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at Leander McCormick Observatory.
There is nothing at his position but 1.0 tmin west is PGC 8705. Bigourdan was unable to find the
galaxy.
******************************
NGC 880 = PGC
8805
02 18 27.2 -04
12 20
V = 14.6; Size 0.4'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 26d
17.5"
(11/17/01): extremely faint, very small, round, 0.2' diameter. Located 7' SSE mag 8.5 SAO 129810 and
8' N mag 8.8 SAO 129813. RNGC
misidentifies 2MASX J02180039-0414300 as NGC 94.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 880 = LM II-332 in 1886 and reported "mag 15.8,
0.2' dia, R, sbMN." His
position matches PGC 8805. The
RNGC position is probably 24 tsec of RA too far west or possibly RNGC
misidentifies PGC 1060940 (closer to the RNGC position) as NGC 880.
******************************
NGC 881 = MCG
-01-06-089 = PGC 8822
02 18 45.2 -06
38 20
V = 12.4; Size 2.2'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 140d
17.5"
(12/4/93): fairly faint, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 1.4'x1.0', broadly brighter
middle but no distinct core. A mag
12 star is 1.4' NNE. Located 5.3'
ESE of mag 8 SAO 129814. NGC 883
lies 11' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 881 = H II-436 = h211, along with NGC 883, on 10 Sep 1785 (sweep
436) and reported "F, pS, lE, south of 2 or 3 unequal stars." The
RNGC position is 3' too far north.
******************************
NGC 882 = UGC
1789 = MCG +03-06-052 = CGCG 462-001 = PGC 8874
02 19 39.8 +15
48 51
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 82d
17.5"
(12/18/89): very faint, very small, slightly elongated, weak concentration. A mag 14 star is 0.9' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 882 = h213 on 11 Jan 1831 and logged "eF; R; gbM; 12";
near a * 16m.". His position
is 1' N of MCG -01-06-089 = PGC 8822 and the faint star is to the SW.
******************************
NGC 883 = MCG
-01-06-090 = PGC 8841
02 19 05.2 -06
47 29
V = 12.4; Size 1.6'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 100d
17.5"
(12/4/93): moderately bright, fairly small, round, fairly high surface
brightness, increases to small bright core, stellar nucleus. A mag 13.5 star is 1.3' W and an uneven
mag 10/12 double star at 30" separation is located 3' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 883 = H II-436 = h215, along with NGC 881, on 10 Sep 1785 (sweep
436) and logged "F, pS, lE."
On one sweep JH called it "pB; R; gbM; 15"; a coarse D* in
field." The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 884 = Chi
Per = Cr 25 = Double cluster
02 22 32 +57 08
36
V = 4.6; Size 30'
18"
(8/11/10): NGC 884 includes three rare M-type red supergiants including two mag
8/8.5 colored stars separated by 1.9' on the NE side of the cluster appearing
red and warm yellow (V403 and V439).
On the east side of the core of the cluster is the orange M-supergiant
RS Per.
17.5"
(10/25/97): the following group of the remarkable field of the "double
cluster" is not as large or bright as NGC 869, but is centered around two
wide triple stars. The central 5'
has up to 50 stars including a number of faint mag 14-15 stars forming a rich
background. Off the west end of
the central region is a long string of stars which heads NE for 10' towards 3
brighter stars and then turning south and heading back past mag 8 orange-red RS
Persei. The 20' field includes
~200 stars, although the field does include as many bright stars or as
compressed as NGC 869.
8": this is
the eastern component of the "double cluster". Very bright, large, very rich, ~20'
diameter, ~60 stars, includes bright colored stars, many doubles.
Hipparchus
(roughly 130 BC) was the first to catalogue the Double Cluster and Ptolemy
copied it into his Almagest "At the tip of the right hand [of Perseus] and
nebulous [or misty]."
Giovanni Battista Hodierna (1654) resolved the double cluster into
stars. WH found NGC 884 = H VI-34
on 1 Nov 1788 (sweep 877) and recorded "A very beautiful, brilliant
cluster of large stars irregularly round, very rich, near one-half degree in
diameter." John Herschel
noted (sweep 387) "a fine ruby star in the centre". The cluster was examined at Birr Castle
looking for colored stars and five red stars were noted and one with a bluish
tinge.
******************************
NGC 885 = NGC
863 = NGC 866 = UGC 1727 = MCG +00-06-056 = Mrk 590 = PGC 8586
02 14 33.6 -00
46 00
See observing
notes for NGC 863.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 885 = Sw V-27 on 31 Oct 1886 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory. There is
nothing near his position and Herbert Howe "searched for it on three
nights without success [using the 20" refractor at the Chamberlin
Observatory]." Corwin
suggests Swift made another observation of NGC 863 -- he also recorded this
nebula (discovered 100 years previously by William Herschel ) earlier in the
month on 3 Oct 1886 and listed it as Sw V-24 = NGC 866. If NGC 885 = NGC 863, Swift's made a 5
min error (too far east) in RA.
So, NGC 885 = NGC 866 = NGC 863, with NGC 863 the primary designation.
******************************
NGC 886 = Stock
6 = OCL 347
02 23 12 +63 46
42
Size 14'
17.5"
(8/5/97): the most noticeable grouping in this area is a 6' scattered group
which is arranged into a rough pentagon with a broad triangular
"roof" forming the west side.
Nearly all of the stars here form the border of this figure and it
visually appears to be an asterism. The brightest member is mag 8.5 SAO 12256
at the north vertex and a nice collinear triple star (with a close pair at
~10") marks the SW vertex.
Only a few mag 13 stars are in the interior of this figure. This object is plotted as Stock 6 on
the U2000.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 886 = h214 on 30 Oct 1829 and described "a coarse straggling
cl; not v rich; 10 or 12' dia.
Stars 9...13". The NGC
position is only 5' off from the scattered cluster Stock 6. RNGC labels this cluster as
"nonexistent" (Type 7).
******************************
NGC 887 = MCG
-03-07-001 = PGC 8868
02 19 32.6 -16
04 12
V = 12.0; Size 1.8'x1.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 5d
17.5"
(12/4/93): faint, fairly small, round.
Unusual appearance as a mag 14 star is embedded in the NE end. Located between a mag 11 star 3.5' SE
and a mag 12 star 3.9' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 887 = H III-486 = h216 on 30 Dec 1785 (sweep 499) and noted
"vF, vS, iF, better with 240 power". The NGC position less than 1' N of MCG -03-07-001 = PGC
8868.
George Stoney,
using LdR's 72" on 17 Sep 1852, recorded a "* in the edge, perhaps
cometary or like a snowdrop."
******************************
NGC 888 = ESO
115-002 = PGC 8743
02 17 27.3 -59
51 40
V = 13.4; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 72d
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 429x): moderately bright, small, round, 30"
diameter, broad concentration to center but no defined zones. A star is just off the NW edge,
25" from center. One the east
side are two very faint stars. The
closest is at the edge of the halo, just 16" from center while the second
star is 35" NE of center. A
wide pair of mag 13 stars is centered 3.5' NNE. PGC 101153 (2MASX J02162596-5956270) was picked up 9' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 888 = h2473 on 6 Oct 1834 and logged "eF, S, R, has two
small stars very near it.". His position and description matches ESO
115-002 = PGC 8743.
******************************
NGC 889 = ESO
298-027 = MCG -07-05-016 = PGC 8843
02 19 07.0 -41
44 58
V = 13.3; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 429x): moderately bright, fairly small, round,
45" diameter, gradually increases to a small bright core and stellar
nucleus. Located 7' NW of mag 6.4
HD 14509. NGC 893 lies 23' NNE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 889 = h2472 on 6 Oct 1834 and logged "eF, vS, R, psbM, has
a star 7th mag Sf and 6 other small stars intermediate". His position and description matches
ESO 298-027 = PGC 8843.
******************************
NGC 890 = UGC
1823 = MCG +05-06-030 = CGCG 504-064 = PGC 8997
02 22 01.0 +33
15 58
V = 11.2; Size 2.5'x1.7'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 55d
17.5"
(10/29/94): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 SW-NE,
2.0'x1.0'. Sharply concentrated
with a prominent core containing a stellar nucleus. Using averted vision the faint extensions increase to 2'
length. A group of stars is off
the west side.
8"
(11/8/80): faint, small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, wide double star mag 12/13 lies
3' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 890 = H II-225 = h217 on 13 Sep 1784 (sweep 271) and noted
"F, vS, R." JH first
logged it as "pB; R; gbM; has 3 or 4 S st p[receding] in a
chain". The galaxy was also
observed 6 times at Birr Castle.
On 12 Oct 1855, R.J. Mitchell remarked "pL, oval major axis spnf,
sbM, probably a distant globular cluster." There are a couple of very faint stars around the periphery
and this may have given the impression of a distant globular.
******************************
NGC 891 = UGC
1831 = MCG +07-05-046 = CGCG 538-052 = PGC 9031
02 22 33.4 +42
21 03
V = 9.9; Size 13.5'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 22d
48"
(10/25/11): at 375x, the stunning edge-on NGC 891 was one of the top highlights
of the observing week with the 48".
The galaxy nearly filled the 16' field, stretching nearly 12' by 2'
SSW-NNE. A 17th magnitude star is
superimposed close to the NNE tip and a mag 16.5 star is near the SSW end. The brighter, bulging central region
extends 2.5' with a mag 12 star just north of the core on the west side. A similar star is superimposed on the
southern extension along with a few fainter stars. A very high contrast dust lane slices through most of the
galaxy except at the tips, where the galaxy fades out. I was surprised how broad the dust lane
appeared, particularly through the central section. Although the dust lane perfectly bisects the galaxy into two
symmetric halves, the edge of the lane was ragged and uneven.
MAC 0222+4222 =
ZOAG G140.39-17.38 was visible just off the east edge, 2.3' NNE of center and
collinear with two mag 12 and 13.3 stars off the west edge of the galaxy. It appeared as a very faint, elongated
glow, ~15"x6". Once
identified I could hold this galaxy nearly continuously with averted
vision. In addition, an extremely
compact anonymous galaxy is just 50" NW the center of NGC 891 and 40"
SE of the mag 13.3 star. It was
visible continuously at 375x and 488x as a faint glow, roughly 6"
diameter. Surprisingly this object
is not listed in NED, HyperLeda or SIMBAD, though it's probably no fainter than
mag 16.5.
18"
(8/26/06): the long, remarkable dust lane that bisects this galaxy was quite
contrasty with a scalloped appearance along the edges. Member of the NGC 1023 Group.
17.5"
(8/31/86): bright, extremely large, edge-on 5:1 SSW-NNE, 10'x2'. A striking dust lane bisects the galaxy
and is most prominent through the bulging central region.
13"
(9/11/82): dust lane visible with averted.
8"
(11/28/81): fairly bright, large, edge-on, central bulge.
80mm (11/13/07):
I was surprised how evident the galaxy appeared at 25x in the 80mm finder.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 891 = H V-19 = h218 on 6 Oct 1783 and described "a
considerably bright nebula about 15' long and 3' broad; its length is divided
in the middle by a black division at least 3' or 4' long." On 17 Oct 1786 (sweep 614), he logged
"cB, about 15' long and 2 or 3' broad, bM, nearly in the meridian, a little
from sp to nf." On 24 Oct
1786 (sweep 621), he swept it again as "cB, gbM, about 15' l and 3' br, a
black division in the middle in the direction of the length; at least 3 or 4'
long." In the notes section of his first catalogue, WH mentions that his sister
Caroline found this object on 27 Aug 1783, but this is a typo and she found NGC
205 = M110 on that date (sketched earlier by Messier). Admiral William Smyth repeated this
error in his Cycle of Celestial Objects (1844). WH also found two members of nearby Abell Galaxy Cluster 347
(NGC 898 and 910) on 17 Oct 1786.
He published a sketch in his 1811 paper (Fig. 12) as an illustration of
"nebulae that are remarkable for some particularity in figure or brightness."
JH noted on
sweep 182 that it "has a chink or dark division in the middle and two
stars." He sketched the
galaxy and remarked "An extraordinary object. Perhaps the figure is too
nicely symmetrical as it certainly is too sharply defined. It is of the last degree of faintness
and may very well be though full in the field of view. There can hardly be a
doubt a thin flat ring of enormous dimensions seen very obliquely." The galaxy was also sketched at Birr
Castle in 1850-51 and Dreyer noted "I think the split is broader at one
end, and that the nebula is a little more sharply defined on the following
[Eastern] branch. The central part
is longer, but perhaps not so bright as on the preceding branch. A bifurcation suspected at south end by
Lord Rosse."
******************************
NGC 892 = ESO
478-026 = PGC 8926
02 20 52.0 -23
06 49
V = 14.7; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 5d
17.5"
(12/9/01): extremely faint, fairly small, low surface brightness, slightly
elongated, 0.6'x0.4'.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 892 = LM II-333 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at Leander McCormick Observatory.
His position is 0.2 tmin west of ESO 478-026 = PGC 8926.
******************************
NGC 893 = ESO
298-029 = MCG -07-05-017 = PGC 8888
02 19 58.5 -41
24 11
V = 12.9; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 115d
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 429x): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 4:3
NW-SE, 1.2'x0.9', broad concentration to a small, brighter core. Located 3.2' WSW of mag 8.6 HD 14575.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 893 = h2474 on 23 Oct 1835 and logged "Not vF, R, pgbM,
35", has a star 9th mag following 4' distance." His position (two
sweeps) and description matches ESO 298-029 = PGC 8888.
******************************
NGC 894 = NGC
895 = MCG -01-07-002 = PGC 8974
02 21 33.7 -05
30 46
See observing
notes for NGC 895. NGC 894 is the
NW spiral arm.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 894 on 28 Nov 1856 using Lord Rosse's 72" and described a
"D neb, components unite a preceding end. The south one [NGC 895] is L, oval gbM, the n one [NGC 894] is
more elongated and fainter, also bM." But the observation by J.L.E. Dreyer on 14 Oct 1876 revealed
a single spiral with GC 530 = NGC 894 the brightest portion of a spiral arm:
"pF, L, seemed first to have 2 Nuclei preceding-following, the foll one
being the brighter, but it was soon seen that the preceding one is no Nucl, but
only the brightest part of a curved arm, convex sp, very soft. Sometimes I thought there was also some
condensed part f the Nucl; Lord Rosse thought there was some patch or neby s of
the nucleus [this probably refers to the southeastern spiral arm]. So, NGC 894 is the brightest part of
the northwestern spiral arm of NGC 895.
This was recognized by Curtis after being photographed with the Crossley
reflector at Lick Observatory (see 1918 Lick publication).
******************************
NGC 895 = MCG
-01-07-002 = PGC 8974
02 21 36.2 -05
31 14
V = 11.7; Size 3.6'x2.6'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 65d
17.5"
(8/31/86): fairly bright, large, broadly concentrated halo, diffuse halo. A mag 14 star is off the following
edge, 2.0' ENE from the center and a mag 12 star is 4.7' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 895 = H II-438 = h219 on 10 Sep 1785 (sweep 436) and commented
"pB, pL, irr figure, mbM."
On 5 Oct 1785 (sweep 456), he noted "F, vL, irr figure, r,
unequally bright." The
northwest spiral arm (discovered at Birr Castle) is catalogued separately as
NGC 894. See historical notes on
NGC 894.
******************************
NGC 896 = LBN
645? = Ced 6
02 25 31 +62 00
54
Size 27'x13'
18"
(10/13/07): NGC 896 and IC 1795 form a bright, detailed HII region at the NW
corner of the huge IC 1805 HII ring ("Heart Nebula"). This complex is split into three or 4
distinct sections by dust lanes.
The largest section is IC 1795, which extends mostly north of the mag
10.3 star TYC 4050-2597-1for ~8'.
To the west of the mag 10 star is a dust lane oriented NW-SE and beyond this lane to the west is
a small, moderately high surface brightness patch (NGC 896) of 2'
diameter. To the east of the star
is another broad dust lane extending N-S and following this lane is a fainter
wash of nebulosity that streams to the north for over 15' in length. It passes through mag 9 SAO 12287 and
just north of this star the nebulosity has a small, brighter patch. Initially, I thought the complex ended
here on the NE side, but then additional fainter nebulosity was noticed
spreading out to the west for several arc minutes increasing the total size to
15'-20' for both N-S and E-W directions.
17.5"
(11/27/92): at 100x with OIII filter this is a fairly bright emission nebula,
very large, about 20' diameter.
Elongated roughly E-W but consists of two distinct sections (NGC 896 and
IC 1795) which merge together. The
bright western portion = NGC 896 has a high surface brightness, round, ~7'
diameter and a star is off the NW edge.
A weak dark lane separates NGC 896 from faint IC 1795. The region is weakly nebulous without
filter.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 896 = H III-695 on 3 Nov 1787 (sweep 774) and recorded "eF,
pL, iF. Mem. The PD must be
reckoned inaccurate, the string having been touched since the last cluster was
taken."
NGC 896 is
generally taken as the brightest portion of the IC 1795 complex on the
southwest end (IC 1795/NGC 895 being the northwest portion of the huge
"Heart Nebula"). JH did
not make an observation to confirm the position. Corwin suggests that IC 1795 (found by Barnard) is a
separate knot in the same HII complex, though Wolfgang Steinicke equates NGC
896 with IC 1795.
******************************
NGC 897 = ESO
355-007 = MCG -06-06-003 = PGC 8944
02 21 06.5 -33
43 15
V = 11.8; Size 2.1'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 17d
17.5"
(10/8/94): fairly faint, fairly small, 0.8' diameter, small bright core. A mag 11 star is 44" E of center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 897 = h2475 on 19 Oct 1835 and logged "pB, S, R, psbM. Has
a star 10th mag exactly following in the parallel just at the edge or 35"
distant from centre." His
position and description is a perfect match with ESO 355-007 = PGC 8944.
******************************
NGC 898 = UGC
1842 = MCG +07-06-004 = CGCG 539-004 = PGC 9073
02 23 20.3 +41
57 05
V = 12.9; Size 1.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 170d
13.1"
(11/13/82): fairly faint, very elongated ~N-S. Located 10' SSW of mag 6.7 SAO 38002 within AGC 347. NGC 911 lies 19' E. Incorrect identification in the RNGC.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 898 = H III-570 on 17 Oct 1786 (sweep 614) and logged "eF,
vS, lE.". There is nothing at
his position but 40 tsec west is UGC 1842 = PGC 9073. The RNGC misidentifies CGCG 538-060 as NGC 898. This is a fainter galaxy 8' ENE of NGC
898. The same sweep WH discovered
H III-571 = NGC 910.
******************************
NGC 899 = UGCA
26 = ESO 545-007 = MCG -04-06-030 = KTS 16A = PGC 8990
02 21 53.1 -20
49 24
V = 12.6; Size 1.9'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 116d
24"
(10/3/13): brightest (or highest surface brightness) in a trio (KTS 16) with IC
223 5' NNE and NGC 907 17' NE. At
375x appeared fairly bright, moderately large, irregular, ~0.9'x0.7'. A very faint extension was repeatedly
visible on the southeast end protruding towards the east. This asymmetry is confirmed on the DSS,
which reveals a chaotic system with knots. A wide pair of mag 13 stars is less
than 2' SW.
17.5"
(12/4/93): fairly faint, slightly elongated NW-SE, 1.2'x1.0', only a weak
concentration. An easy pair of mag
13 stars at 25" separation oriented WSW-ENE is located 1.5' WSW. Forms a pair with IC 223 5' NNE with
NGC 907 17' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 899 = h2476 on 13 Nov 1835 and reported "pB, lE, gbM,
resolvable, 30", has a coarse double star preceding." His position and description (the
coarse double is southwest) matches UGCA 26 = PGC 8990.
******************************
NGC 900 = UGC
1843 = MCG +04-06-020 = CGCG 483-023 = PGC 9079
02 23 32.2 +26
30 41
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 30d
17.5"
(10/29/94): faint, small, round, 0.4' diameter, even concentration to a small
bright core and stellar nucleus.
Brighter of a close pair with NGC 901 2.8' NNE. Forms the east vertex of a
"cross" asterism with three mag 11-13 stars 2.8' NW, 3.1' SW and 4.5'
W. Almost collinear with a bright
wide pair of mag 9-10 stars at 32" separation located 7' S.
17.5"
(12/23/92): faint, small, round, weak even concentration, small brighter
core. A mag 9.5 star is 7.5' S.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 900 = m 57 (along with NGC 901) on 5 Sep 1864 with Lassell's
48" on Malta and logged "vF, vS, stellar". Marth's position matches UGC 1843 = PGC
9079. This galaxy is misidentified
as NGC 901 in the MCG (+04-06-020) and the position is 2' too far north.
******************************
NGC 901 =
2MASXJ02233408+2633252 = PGC 212967
02 23 34.1 +26
33 25
V = 14.8; Size 0.4'x0.4'
17.5"
(10/29/94): very faint, very small, round, 0.3' diameter, no
concentration. Can view with
direct view and hold continuously with averted vision. Located 2.8' NNE of NGC 900. Incorrectly listed as identical to NGC
900 in RNGC. Not listed in any of
the major catalogues!
Albert Marth discovered
NGC 901 = m 58 (along with NGC 900) on 5 Sep 1864 with Lassell's 48" on
Malta and noted "eF, vS".
His position is 3 sec of RA east and 3' N of NGC 900 (which was placed
accurately) and at this offset is PGC 212967. This faint galaxy is not listed in any of the major galaxy
catalogues based on the POSS. MCG
misidentifies NGC 900 as NGC 901.
The RNGC claims NGC 901is nonexistent (identical to NGC 900).
******************************
NGC 902 = MCG
-03-07-005 = PGC 9021
02 22 21.8 -16
40 45
V = 13.7; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.2
17.5"
(12/28/94): extremely faint, very small, round, 0.4' diameter, low surface
brightness, no concentration. A
mag 13 star is 3.2' SSE of center.
Located 10' S of mag 7.8 SAO 148358. Appears fainter than listed V = 13.7.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 902 = LM II-334 on 28 Nov 1885 with the 26"
refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. His position is just 1' S of MCG -03-07-005 = PGC 9021.
******************************
NGC 903 = PGC
9097 = PGC 212969
02 24 00.9 +27
21 23
Size
0.7'x0.4'; PA = 175d
17.5"
(1/20/90): extremely faint, very small, glimpsed for moments. Located 1.5' NW of NGC 904. First in a group of 6 galaxies. This is probably the faintest galaxy
(LEDA gives 16.4B) discovered by Stephan with the 31.5-inch silver-on-glass
reflector at Marseille.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 903 = St XIII-17 (along with NGC 904) on 13 Dec 1884 with the
31" reflector at the Marseille Observatory and recorded "eF, eS,
R". His position matches PGC
9097, located 1.5' NW of NGC 904. This may be the faintest galaxy discovered by
Stephan! NGC 903 is mentioned in
the UGC notes as a companion to NGC 904 but it is not identified as NGC 903.
******************************
NGC 904 = UGC
1852 = MCG +04-06-024 = CGCG 483-028 = PGC 9112
02 24 05.6 +27
20 33
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 130d
17.5"
(1/20/90): very faint, very small, elongated NW-SE, smooth surface
brightness. Forms a pair with NGC
903 1.5' NW. Second of six in a
group.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 904 = St XIII-18 (along with NGC 903 = St XIII-17) on 13 Dec
1884 with the 31" reflector at the Marseille Observatory and reported
"vF, vS, R, lbM". His position matches UGC 1852 = PGC 9112.
******************************
NGC 905 = PGC 9038
02 22 43.5 -08
43 08
V = 15.7; Size 0.5'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(10/13/01): extremely faint, very small, round, 15"-20"
diameter. Requires averted and
concentration to glimpse (in fairly poor seeing). Located 4.4' S of a mag 10 star.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 905 = LM II-334 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at Leander McCormick Observatory.
His position is 0.7 tmin of RA east of PGC 9038. An 11th magnitude star is 23 tsec west,
matching Leavenworth's notes "*9, p[recedes] 20 s[ec]", so the
identification is certain.
Sherburne Burnham searched for this object with the 36" refractor
(Publ of Lick Observatory, II) and found "what seemed to be an exceedingly
faint patch of luminous light" although he did not measure a position.
******************************
NGC 906 = UGC
1868 = MCG +07-06-012 = CGCG 539-014 = PGC 9188
02 25 16.2 +42
05 24
V = 12.9; Size 1.8'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.9
13.1"
(10/20/84): fairly faint, small, round.
Located in the core of AGC 347 with NGC 909 3.5' S.
13.1" (11/13/82):
faint, furthest north in the string of galaxies.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 906 = St X-5 on 30 Oct 1878 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and recorded "eeF, irregular oval; dia = 45
arcsec". His position matches
UGC 1868 = PGC 9188. Except for
NGC 898 and NGC 923 (discovered by WH), Stephan discovered all the NGC galaxies
in the cluster on the same night.
******************************
NGC 907 = UGCA
28 = ESO 545-010 = MCG -04-06-034 = KTS 16C = PGC 9054
02 23 01.9 -20 42
43
V = 12.6; Size 1.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 81d
24"
(10/3/13): moderately to fairly bright, fairly large, very elongated 3:1 E-W,
1.5'x0.5'. Irregular surface
brightness and clearly brighter on the east side. Third in the KTS 16 triplet with IC 223 14' WSW and NGC 899
17' SW.
17.5"
(12/4/93): fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 E-W, 1.8'x0.6',
broad weak concentration. IC 223
lies 14' WSW and NGC 899 16' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 907 = H III-224 = h2477 on 20 Oct 1784 (sweep 303) and noted
"vF, S, irr R". JH
described the galaxy from the Cape as "F, E in parallel; glbM, 20"
long."
******************************
NGC 908 = ESO
545-011 = MCG -04-06-035 = UGCA 29 = PGC 9057
02 23 04.8 -21
14 04
V = 10.2; Size 6.0'x2.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 75d
17.5"
(12/4/93): fairly bright, large, elongated 4.5'x2.0' WSW-ENE. The brighter middle has an irregular
surface brightness and a faint star or knot is just west of the geometric
center [this is probably the nucleus].
A mag 14 star is just south of the following end. Four mag 11-12.5 stars lie 3' to 5' N
and form a trapezoid with parallel bases oriented E-W.
8": fairly
bright, large, elongated E-W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 908 = H I-153 on 20 Sep 1786 (sweep 596) and noted "cB, vL,
E from sp to nf, I believe above 15' long; but the ends are very
faint." His position (CH's
reduction) is accurate. JH made no observations of this galaxy either from
Slough or the Cape. The NGC
position matches UGCA 29 = PGC 9057.
******************************
NGC 909 = UGC
1872 = MCG +07-06-013 = CGCG 539-016 = PGC 9197
02 25 22.8 +42
02 08
V = 13.3; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0
13.1"
(10/20/84): fairly faint, very small, round, compact. Located 4' ENE of a mag 9.5 star. Forms a pair with NGC 906 in the core of AGC 347.
13.1"
(11/13/82): faint, just south of NGC 906.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 909 = St X-6 on 30 Oct 1878 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and reported "eF, vS, stellar nucl". His position matches UGC 1872 = PGC
9197.
******************************
NGC 910 = UGC
1875 = MCG +07-06-014 = CGCG 539-017 = PGC 9201
02 25 26.8 +41
49 26
V = 12.2; Size 2.0'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.7
13.1"
(10/20/84): fairly bright, small, round.
Located in the core of AGC 347 with NGC 911 8.5' NNE and NGC 913 3.5'
ESE.
13.1"
(11/13/82): fairly faint, similar brightness to NGC 911 in the core of AGC 347.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 910 = H III-571 on 17 Oct 1786 (sweep 614) and recorded
"eF, stellar, not verified."
His position (Auwer's reduction) is accurate. The same sweep he discovered NGC 898.
******************************
NGC 911 = UGC
1878 = MCG +07-06-016 = CGCG 539-021 = PGC 9221
02 25 42.3 +41
57 23
V = 12.7; Size 1.7'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 115d
13.1"
(10/20/84): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated. Located 2.1' S of mag 9.2 SAO 38019. Member of AGC 347 with NGC 910 8.4'
SSW.
13.1"
(11/13/87): fairly faint, just south of a 9th magnitude star.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 911 = St X-7 on 30 Oct 1878 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and recorded "vF, vS, R, gbM". His position matches UGC 1878 = PGC
9221. Except for NGC 898 and 923
(discovered by WH), Stephan discovered all the NGC galaxies in the cluster on
this night.
******************************
NGC 912 = MCG
+07-06-015 = CGCG 539-020 = PGC 9222
02 25 42.7 +41
46 38
V = 14.1; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.3
13.1"
(10/20/84): extremely faint and small, round. Forms a close pair with NGC 913 1.3' N. Located 4' ESE of NGC 910 in the core
of AGC 347.
13.1"
(11/13/82): extremely faint, very small, round.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 912 = St X-8 on 30 Oct 1878 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and noted "F, vS, R, bM". His position matches CGCG 539-020. Except for NGC 898 and NGC 923
(discovered by WH), Stephan discovered
all other NGC galaxies in the cluster on the same night.
******************************
NGC 913 = PGC
9230
02 25 44.6 +41
47 57
V = 15.0; Size 0.5'x0.2'; PA = 24d
13.1"
(10/20/84): extremely faint and small, round. Located 3.5' ESE of NGC 910 in the core of AGC 347. Forms a close pair with NGC 912 1.3' S.
13.1"
(11/13/82): extremely faint and requires averted to glimpse, nonstellar knot.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 913 = St X-9 on 30 Oct 1878 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and noted "eeF, eS, lbM". His position matches PGC 9230 (not in
UGC, MCG or CGCG). Except for NGC
898 and NGC 923 (discovered by WH), Stephan discovered all the NGC galaxies in the cluster on
the same night.
******************************
NGC 914 = UGC
1887 = MCG +07-06-017 = CGCG 539-023 = PGC 9253
02 26 05.1 +42
08 39
V = 13.0; Size 1.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 117d
13.1"
(11/5/83): very faint, fairly small, diffuse, almost round. Located at the NE corner of the core of
AGC 347.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 914 = St X-10 on 30 Oct 1878 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and recorded "eF, diffuse, 1' dia". His position matches UGC 1887 = PGC
9253.
******************************
NGC 915 = MCG
+04-06-033 = CGCG 483-041 = PGC 9232
02 25 45.6 +27
13 16
V = 13.9; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6
17.5"
(1/20/90): very faint, very small, round, very small bright core. First of three and forms a close pair
with NGC 916 1.4' NNE. Also third
of six in a larger group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 915 = m 59 (along with m 60 = NGC 916 and m 61 = NGC 919) on 5
Sep 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and logged "eF, vS,
stellar". His position is 1'
S of CGCG 483-041 = PGC 9232.
******************************
NGC 916 = MCG
+04-06-034 = CGCG 483-043 = PGC 9245
02 25 47.6 +27
14 33
V = 14.1; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 5d
17.5"
(1/20/90): very faint, very small, round, very small bright core. Second of three and appears similar to
NGC 915 just 1' SW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 916 = m 60 (along with NGC 915 and NGC 919) on 5 Sep 1864 with
Lassell's 48" on Malta and noted "eF". His position is 1' S of CGCG 483-043 = PGC 9245.
******************************
NGC 917 = UGC
1890 = MCG +05-06-039 = CGCG 504-079 = PGC 9258
02 26 07.7 +31
54 44
V = 13.3; Size 1.7'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 55d
24"
(2/5/13): at 375x appeared moderately bright, moderately large, oval 5:3 SW-NE,
1.0'x0.6', weak concentration to a bright oval core. Just north of a group of
mag 12-13 stars and 2' N of mag 8.2 SAO 55553. UGC 1856 (very faint superthin!) lies 27' SW.
17.5"
(10/5/02): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 1.0'x0.5',
broad concentration to a brighter core.
Located 2.0' N of a mag 8 star and 18' NW of mag 5.6 11 Trianguli. Several mag 13/14 stars in a curving
chain are just south. This galaxy
is identified as UGC 1890 in most sources. See Corwin's comments.
17.5"
(8/5/97): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated SW-NE, 1.5'x0.8', broad
concentration with large slightly brighter core. Located close north of a semi-circular group of stars and
just 2.0' NNW of mag 8.2 SAO 55553.
The identification of this galaxy with NGC 917 is uncertain and this
number is listed as nonexistent in RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 917 = h220 on 22 Nov 1827 and recorded "vF, S, R, forms a
semicircle with 4 st." There
is nothing at Herschel's position.
Dreyer looked for h220 on 5 Nov 1874 at Birr Castle and noted "no
nebulosity seen, only 3 st about 18-20 mag close together nearly in a line
pf" (these stars are visible on the DSS). In the NGC notes, Dreyer adds: "h220. No neb, only a vs, Cl with 4 st nr np
(2 Birr obs, 1874-76, not found by d'Arrest)." Listed as nonexistent in RNGC.
Harold Corwin
identifies NGC 917 = UGC 1890.
This galaxy is situated exactly 20' S of Herschel's position and there
are several stars just south that form a slightly curving arc. Corwin also checked the sweep and found
a diagram matching the nearby stars and nebula (UGC 1890) nearly
perfectly. So, JH must have made a
clerical error in recording or transfering the position or simply misread the
NPD on his telescope. Archinal and Hynes (Star Clusters) misidentify an asterism
near JH's original position as NGC 917.
See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 918 = UGC
1888 = MCG +03-07-011 = CGCG 462-011 = PGC 9236
02 25 50.6 +18
29 49
V = 12.2; Size 3.5'x2.0'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 158d
17.5"
(1/20/90): faint, fairly large, almost round, very low surface brightness, weak
concentration. A mag 15 star is
involved near the northwest edge.
Located 3' NNW of a mag 10.5 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 918 = h221 on 11 Jan 1831 and logged "pF; L; R; 60"; np
a *10 m, dist 3'." His
position and description matches UGC 1888 = PGC 9236. This galaxy was observed 4 times at Birr Castle. On 30 Nov 1856, R.J. Mitchell recorded
"vvF, pL, R. A * easily see
in or near the centre, 2 others not so certain involved north of center."
******************************
NGC 919 = UGC
1894 = MCG +04-06-039 = CGCG 483-049 = PGC 9267
02 26 16.7 +27
12 43
V = 14.5; Size 1.2'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 138d
17.5"
(1/20/90): very faint, small, elongated NNW-SSE. Third of three with the NGC 915/NGC 916 pair 7' W and fifth
of six in a group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 919 = m 61 (along with NGC 915 and NGC 916) on 5 Sep 1864 with
Lassell's 48" on Malta and noted "eF". His position matches UGC 1894 = PGC 9267.
******************************
NGC 920 = IC
1799 = UGC 1943 = MCG +08-05-012 = CGCG 553-014 = PGC 9432
02 28 45.9 +45
58 14
V = 13.6; Size 1.1'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 34d
17.5"
(8/5/97): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 SW-NE, broad concentration
to a brighter core. A mag 14 star
is at the west edge . Viewed after
glimpsing UGC 1920 (the galaxy taken to be NGC 920), which is 9.5' W.
UGC 1920 (listed
as NGC 920 in all modern sources) appeared extremely faint, moderately large,
~1.5' diameter, very low surface brightness, required averted vision to
glimpse. This roundish
unconcentrated glow is situated within a group of stars including a mag 11 star
1.6' WSW and mag 13 stars 1' NW and 1' SE. I would not have noticed this object without averted vision
and knowing the exact location using a printed finder chart. Located 9.5' W of much brighter NGC 920
= IC 1799 and 15' WNW of NGC 933.
17.5"
(11/26/94): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE, 1.0'x0.4', broad
concentration to a fairly bright core and occasional stellar nucleus. A mag 14 star is very close west and a
mag 12 star (unequal double) is 1.4' NNW.
Located in a rich star field 11' WSW of a mag 7 SAO 38067. Brighter of a pair with NGC 933 6.6'
ESE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 920 = Sw II-20, along with NGC 933, on 11 Sep 1885 with the 16" refractor at Warner
Observatory. His description reads
"eF, eS, R; 1 or 2 eF * close; e diff." and his position is 16 sec of
RA west and 1.5' north of UGC 1920 = PGC 9377, the galaxy which has always been
taken as NGC 920. I wrote the
following note in Jan 2014 to Harold Corwin and Wolfgang Steinicke after I
realized that NGC 920 probably refers to IC 1799, a brighter galaxy 10' ENE:
"Swift's
position in list II-20 is also 70 tsec due west of IC 1799 = UGC 1943, and an
excellent match in declination (given Swift's general accuracy). So, IC 1799 is
only off in RA from Swift's position. His description mentions "1 or 2 eF*
nr", which could apply to either galaxy, but UGC 1920 also has brighter
nearby stars that to me would be mentioned. More importantly, though, IC 1799 is a more prominent galaxy
than UGC 1920. In fact I probably would have missed UGC 1920 (the halo is very
low surface brightness) in my 18-inch if I wasn't looking in the right place.
IC 1799, on the other hand, was immediately noticed in the field, and has a
much higher surface brightness. So, I'm suggesting NGC 920 = IC 1799 = UGC
1943."
Wolfgang
Steinicke responded that his copy of Swift's paper came from Max Wolf's library
in Heidelberg, and has "The '0' (of 20) is struck through and a '1' is
noted to the right of the digit." Therefore Wolf also suspected a 1 minute
error in Swift's RA. Corwin notes
that once 1 tmin of RA is added to Swift's RA, this leaves only a
"difference in RA of only -10 seconds in RA and just -7 arcseconds in Dec
-- negligible, in the face of Swift's usual errors."
Guillaume
Bigourdan independently discovered this galaxy on 28 Jan 1891, measured an
accurate position, and it was catalogued as Big. 251 (later IC 1799). All major catalogues, as well as NED,
HyperLeda and SIMBAD, identify this galaxy as IC 1799. This leaves UGC 1920, the galaxy always
assumed to be NGC 920, without a NGC or IC designation.
******************************
NGC 921 = MCG
-03-07-015 = PGC 9287
02 26 33.5 -15
50 51
V = 13.7; Size 1.4'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 81d
17.5"
(12/20/95): extremely faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 ~E-W, 1.0'x0.6'. A mag 13 star is 1.2' SE of center.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 921 = LM I-51 on 6 Jan 1886 with the 26" refractor at
Leander McCormick Observatory.
There is nothing at his position but 1.3 min of RA east is MCG
-03-07-015 = PGC 9287, and given the rough positions (nearest minute of RA),
this is the likely object. Herbert
Howe measured an accurate position in 1898-99 using the 20" refractor at
Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 922 = ESO
478-028 = MCG -04-06-037 = AM 0222-250 = UGCA 30 = PGC 9172
02 25 04.7 -24
47 17
V = 12.1; Size 1.9'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(12/4/93): moderately bright, slightly elongated N-S, 1.2'x1.0', weak
concentration, stellar nucleus with direct vision. A mag 12 star is 2' NNW.
8"
(1/1/84): fairly faint, even surface brightness, slightly elongated N-S. A mag 12.5 star is 2' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 922 = H III-239 = h2478 on 17 Nov 1784 (sweep 321) and logged
"vF, S, near 1' diameter or more". JH recorded the galaxy from the
Cape of Good Hope on 20 Oct 1835 and noted "pB; R; gpmbM; 60 arcsec".
******************************
NGC 923 = UGC
1915 = MCG +07-06-022 = CGCG 539-030 = PGC 9355
02 27 34.6 +41
58 40
V = 13.7; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 95d
18"
(11/26/03): faint or fairly faint, small, round, 25" diameter, weak
concentration. Located 2.4' SSW of
a mag 9 star. Second of three on a
line with fainter MCG +07-06-023 1.8' NNE and MCG +07-06-21 2.8' SSW in AGC
347.
13"
(11/5/83): very faint, very small.
Located just 2.4' SSW of mag 9 SAO 38041, which interferes with viewing. Member of AGC 347.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 923 = St X-11 on 30 Oct 1878 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and recorded "vF, S, R, weak
concentration". His position
matches UGC 1915 = PGC 9355.
******************************
NGC 924 = UGC
1912 = MCG +03-07-012 = CGCG 462-012 = PGC 9302
02 26 46.8 +23
09 12
V = 12.7; Size 2.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 53d
24"
(1/1/16): at 375x; moderately bright, oval SW-NE, 45"x30", sharply
concentrated with a small bright core and quasi-stellar nucleus. The outer halo has a low surface
brightness. Forms a close pair
with CGCG 462-013 2.1' NE. This
physical companion appeared extremely faint, low surface brightness, ~15"
diameter.
17.5"
(1/20/90): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated SW-NE, broadly concentrated
halo, distinct stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 924 = H III-474 on 29 Nov 1785 (sweep 481) and logged "eF,
vS, iR, confirmed at 240 power." His position (Auwer's reduction) is a
close match with UGC 1912 = PGC 9302.
******************************
NGC 925 = UGC
1913 = MCG +05-06-045 = CGCG 504-085 = PGC 9332
02 27 17.0 +33
34 43
V = 10.1; Size 10.5'x5.9'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 102d
24"
(1/25/14): on this observation I used 375x and focused on the HII regions in
the spiral arms of NGC 925. [HK83]
120/121 is an extremely faint, very small HII knot on the west end of NGC 925,
3.2' from center. This HII complex is near the end of the southern spiral arm,
though I couldn't trace the arm itself as far this knot and a mag 14 star lies
0.9' SSE. [HK83] 44 is barely
detached off the east end of the central bar and appeared as a very faint
6" knot. A second fainter and
even smaller knot, [HK83] 46/49, was occasionally seen ~20" WNW, right at
the tip of the bar. [HK83] 42 is another faint, 6" knot along the southern
arm, 1.5' SE of center. The
location was pinpointed just north of the midpoint of two mag 13.5/14.5 stars
oriented E-W at 1.6' separation.
17.5"
(11/26/94): fairly bright, large, about 5' diameter although the halo is
irregular. The core appears as a
bright bar running through the center and elongated WNW-ESE with a fainter halo
north and south of the bar. The bar is moderately concentrated and has a
mottled texture. There is a strong
impression of very faint extensions or arms that begin to hook north on the WNW
end and south on the ESE ends of the bar.
An extremely faint knot is just visible off the west side 3.3' from the
center. This knot is an HII complex and association near the edge of a spiral
arm and is catalogued as #120 in Hodge-Kennicutt's 1983 "An Atlas of H II
regions in 125 galaxies".
Several stars are near; a mag 10.5 star lies 3.4' S of center, two mag
12 stars are just north of the core 1.0' and 1.5' from the center and a wide
pair of mag 12.5 star are 5' W.
Member of the NGC 1023 Group.
8"
(11/8/80): faint, fairly large, diffuse, irregular, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, even
surface brightness. A mag 10 star
is 3.5' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 925 = H III-177 = h222 on 13 Sep 1784 (sweep 271) and reported
"vF, cL, iR, r, 2 or 3' diameter." Bindon Stoney, using Lord Rosse's 72" on 14 Sep 1850,
recorded "3' by 50", rather F dash of light; a conspicuous star nf
the middle outside edge". The
NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 926 = UGC
1901 = MCG +00-07-011 = CGCG 388-014 = PGC 9256
02 26 06.6 -00
19 57
V = 13.3; Size 1.8'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 36d
17.5"
(12/4/93): fairly faint, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 1.2'x0.6, diffuse
unconcentrated glow. A mag 13 star
is 2.5' SSW. Located 7' N of a mag
9.5 star. NGC 934 lies 22'
ENE. R Ceti (7.2-14) is 7' N.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 926 = T I-9 = Sw. V-28 in 1876 with an 11" refractor at the
Arcetri Observatory. He noted a 1' diameter. Tempel's position is 3'
S of UGC 1901 = PGC 9256. This galaxy was independently found by Lewis
Swift on 3 Oct 1886 with his 16" refractor. In the errata to his 6th
list, Swift noted his V-28 was identical to GC 5236 [NGC 926].
******************************
NGC 927 = UGC 1908
= MCG +02-07-009 = CGCG 439-009 = Mrk 593 = PGC 9292
02 26 37.3 +12
09 19
V = 13.4; Size 1.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(12/23/92): faint, small, round, pretty smooth low surface brightness. Located 10' NW of mag 9.1 SAO 92955.
Johann Palisa
discovered NGC 927 = Sw III-11 on 18 Jan 1885 with the 27-inch Grubb refractor
at the Vienna University Observatory and reported it in AN 2732. This is the only NGC object to be
discovered with this large refractor.
Lewis Swift independently discovered the galaxy later that year on 2 Dec
1885 with the 16" refractor at the Warner Observatory. Swift's position is just 6 tsec east of
UGC 1908 = PGC 9292.
******************************
NGC 928 = MCG
+04-06-050 = CGCG 483-060 = PGC 9368
02 27 41.0 +27
13 15
V = 13.9; Size 0.7'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 35d
17.5"
(1/20/90): very faint, very small, round, weak concentration. Sixth in a group including NGC 903, NGC
904, NGC 915, NGC 916, NGC 919.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 928 = m 62 on 5 Sep 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
noted "eF, vS, stellar".
His position matches CGCG 483-060 = PGC 9368.
******************************
NGC 929 = MCG
-02-07-009 = PGC 9334
02 27 18.3 -12
05 12
V = 13.8; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 170d
17.5"
(10/8/94): very faint, fairly small, low surface brightness, elongated 3:2
NNW-SSE. Located 3.3' SW of mag
8.5 SAO 148396.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 929 = LM II-335 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory and reported "mag 15.3, 0.6'x0.2' in PA 170¡,
precedes *8.5 3.8' PA 15¡."
There is nothing at his position but 0.8 min of RA east is MCG
-02-07-009 = PGC 9334 and his description is fits. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1898-99 using
the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 930
02 27 54 +20 21
=Not found,
Gottlieb and Corwin.
Ralph Copeland,
an observing assistant at Birr Castle, discovered NGC 930 on 26 October 1872
with the 72". While observing NGC 932 (GC 543) he noted a second object
close nearby, which he described as "F, S, iR, vgbM" and offset from
NGC 930 by 60" in PA 314.3 deg (NW) or 3.1" p and 42" N. This nova was not mentioned in the
subsequent three observations of NGC 930 in 1872, 1873 and 1876 but Dreyer
added it to the GC Supplement (5238), repeating Copeland's description.
I carefully
examined the POSS print of the field and the only object near the offset is a
mag 12.4 star (GSC 1221-478).
There is a small reddish condensation with dimensions about 10"
diameter at the northeast edge of the galaxy and Karl Reinmuth took this as NGC
930 ("eF, vS, R, vgvvlbM; 0.6' nf att NGC 932."). But neither the separation nor the
direction is a good match. So, NGC 930 is nonexistent.
The RNGC mixes
up the identifications and lists the main galaxy as NGC 930 and calls NGC 932
non-existent. Since Herschel was
definitely the first to observe this galaxy, H II-489 = GC 543 = NGC 932 should
apply and the data listed in the RNGC under NGC 930 should be transferred to
NGC 932. UGC and CGCG equate the
numbers NGC 930 = NGC 932, but the galaxy should be identified as NGC 932 only,
since Copeland was clearly referring to something different. Listed in RNGC Corrections #4.
******************************
NGC 931 = UGC
1935 = MCG +05-06-049 = CGCG 504-089 = Mrk 1040 = PGC 9399
02 28 14.5 +31
18 41
V = 12.8; Size 3.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 73d
24"
(11/24/14): at 200x and 375x; moderately bright and large, thin edge-on 5:1
WSW-ENE, 1.5'x0.3', brighter core, sharp stellar nucleus. LEDA 212995, a very close (physical)
companion, is at the north edge just 18" from center. At 375x, it appeared as an extremely
faint and small glow, ~6" diameter.
17.5"
(12/23/92): fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 WSW-ENE,
1.5'x0.5', broad concentration, faint stellar nucleus. Several brighter stars are in the field
including a pair of mag 10 stars 6' NW and 10' N. NGC 940 lies 25' NE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 931 on 26 Sep 1865 with the 11" refractor at
Copenhagen. His position (mean of
2 observations) is on the east edge of UGC 1935 = PGC 9399.
******************************
NGC 932 = (R)NGC
930 = UGC 1931 = MCG +03-07-014 = CGCG 462-014 = PGC 9379
02 27 54.7 +20
19 57
V = 12.4; Size 1.9'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.5
24"
(1/1/16): fairly faint/moderately bright, round, 40" diameter, small
bright core. A mag 14 star is
50" SE and a mag 12.4 star is 1.7' NW.
17.5"
(1/20/90): fairly faint, small, round, bright core. A very faint 15th magnitude "star" (emission knot)
is involved at the NE end. A mag
14 star is 1' ESE. NGC 938 lies
10' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 932 = H II-489 on 29 Nov 1785 (sweep 481) and noted "F, S,
lE, 3 stars visible in it, but they seem not to belong to it." His position is 2' north of UGC 1931 =
PGC 9379. This galaxy is
misidentified as NGC 930 in RNGC, MCG and RC3 (as well as secondary sources
such as Megastar). UGC and CGCG equate
the numbers NGC 930 = NGC 932, but only NGC 932 should apply. See notes for NGC 930.
******************************
NGC 933 = UGC
1956 = MCG +08-05-013 = CGCG 553-016 = PGC 9465
02 29 17.5 +45
54 41
V = 13.8; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 35d
17.5"
(11/26/94): faint, small, round, 0.8' diameter, weak concentration but no well-defined
core. A mag 15 star is 30"
N. Located 8.8' SW of mag 7 SAO
38067. Forms a pair with IC 1799
6.6' NW. This galaxy makes a right
angle with IC 1799 to the NW and the bright star NE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 933 = Sw II-21 on 11 Sep 1885 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory, on the same night he found Sw II-20 = NGC 920. His position is accurate (as opposed to
NGC 920) and matches UGC 1956 = PGC 9465.
******************************
NGC 934 = UGC
1926 = MCG +00-07-016 = CGCG 388-017 = PGC 9352
02 27 32.9 -00
14 41
V = 13.1; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 130d
17.5"
(12/4/93): fairly faint, very small, round, small concentrated core 15"
diameter, stellar nucleus. Located
13' W of mag 8.5 SAO 129923. NGC
926 lies 22' WSW.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 934 = T I-10 in 1876 with the 11" refractor at the Arcetri
Observatory and described as "very small and faint. 5" dia = tiny planetary
nebula". His position matches
UGC 1926 = PGC 9352.
******************************
NGC 935 = Arp
276 NED1 = VV 238a = UGC 1937 = MCG +03-07-015 = CGCG 462-016 = PGC 9388
02 28 11.2 +19
35 56
V = 12.9; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 155d
17.5"
(1/20/90): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE. A mag 14 star is superimposed. Located 1.2' NE of a mag 10 star. Forms a double system with IC 1801 off
the southeast end. IC 1801
appeared very faint, very small, elongated SW-NE, low surface brightness.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 935 = Sw II-22 on 18 Sep 1885 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory. His position
is just 4 sec of RA east of PGC 9388 (part of Arp 276). He mentions the bright star close west
though the description implies the galaxy precedes the star. I'm surprised that
Swift missed IC 1801 at the SE end.
******************************
NGC 936 = UGC
1929 = MCG +00-07-017 = CGCG 388-018 = PGC 9359
02 27 37.5 -01
09 19
V = 10.1; Size 4.7'x4.1'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 135d
17.5"
(12/4/93): bright, fairly large, very bright core 30"x20" elongated
E-W (bar), core increases to almost stellar nucleus. The much larger fainter halo extends up to 3.0'x1.5'. Three mag 9 stars lie N; mag 8.7 SAO
129912 8' NNW, mag 9 SAO 12911 12' NNW, mag 9.5 12' N. Forms a wide pair with NGC 941 12.5' E.
8"
(1/1/84): bright, moderately large, very bright core, oval NW-SE. Forms a pair with NGC 941 12' E.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 936 = H IV-23 = h223, along with NGC 941, on 6 Jan 1785 (sweep
351) and logged "cB, a very bright nucleus with a chevelure of 3 or 4'
diameter." He placed this
nebula in the fourth class, which included planetary nebulae as well as stars
with burs, with milky chevelure, with short rays, remarkable shapes, etc. The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 937 = UGC
1961 = MCG +07-06-024 = CGCG 539-032 = PGC 9480
02 29 28.0 +42
14 57
V = 14.2; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 117d
17.5"
(11/26/94): very faint, very small glow either surrounding a bright stellar
nucleus or a mag 13 star is superimposed at the center. Located within a group of about a dozen
faint stars in a 4' diameter with a single brighter mag 11 star at the SW side
2.3' from NGC 937. Unusual
appearance as the galaxy appears set in a very faint cluster. Located on the east side of AGC 347
with NGC 946 15' E.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 937 = St XIII-19 (along with NGC 946 = St XIII-20) on 12 Dec
1884 with the 31" reflector at the Marseille Observatory. His description reads "vF* with
slight neb" and his position matches UGC 1961 = PGC 9480.
******************************
NGC 938 = UGC
1947 = MCG +03-07-017 = CGCG 462-017 = PGC 9423
02 28 33.5 +20
17 01
V = 12.4; Size 1.6'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 100d
24"
(1/1/16): at 375x; moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated E-W,
35"x27", small bright core.
A mag 15 star is at or just off the southeast edge [35" from
center]. NGC 930 is 10' WNW.
17.5"
(1/20/90): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 E-W, broad concentration,
small faint halo. NGC 932 lies 10'
WNW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 938 on 30 Dec 1863 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position (measured
on 2 nights) matches UGC 1947 = PGC 9423.
******************************
NGC 939 = ESO
246-011 = MCG -07-06-004 = LGG 062-001 = PGC 9271
02 26 21.3 -44
26 46
V = 13.0; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 110d
25"
(10/16/17 - OzSky): at 244x and 397x; fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly
small, round, 35"-40" diameter.
Well concentrated with a relatively large bright core. A mag 10.5 star lies 5.4' N.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 939 = h2479 on 18 Oct 1835 and noted "eF, S, vlbM, 20
arcsec." His position matches ESO 246-011 = PGC 9271.
******************************
NGC 940 = NGC
952 = UGC 1964 = MCG +05-06-050 = CGCG 504-095 = PGC 9478
02 29 27.5 +31 38
27
V = 12.4; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 20d
17.5"
(12/23/92): moderately bright, fairly small, round, prominent small bright
core, stellar nucleus, high surface brightness. NGC 931 lies 25' SW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 940 = Sw III-12 on 26 Sep 1865 with the 11-inch
refractor at Copenhagen. He called
it round, small with a mag 13 stellar nucleus. His position (3 measures) is accurate. Lewis Swift independently found the
galaxy on 7 Nov 1885 and recorded "vF; eS; R; BM; 5239 [NGC 931] nr; v
diff." NGC 952, found by
Stephan in 1871, is a duplicate number.
******************************
NGC 941 = UGC
1954 = MCG +00-07-022 = CGCG 388-023 = PGC 9414
02 28 27.8 -01
09 05
V = 12.4; Size 2.6'x1.9'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 170d
17.5" (12/4/93):
fairly faint, elongated 4:3 N-S, 2.0'x1.5'. Appears to have a slightly brighter bar within a diffuse
halo. Forms a pair with NGC 936
12.5' W.
8":
extremely faint, very small.
Located 12' E of NGC 936.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 941 = H III-261 = h224, along with NGC 936, on 6 Jan 1785 (sweep
351) and logged "vF, cL. It
will just go into the field with the last [NGC 936]." Dreyer, using the 72" at Birr
Castle on 22 Oct 1876, recorded "vF, vL, iR, or perhaps lE ns? No stars near it".
******************************
NGC 942 = Arp
309 NED2 = VV 217b = MCG -02-07-018 = Holm 59a = PGC 9458
02 29 10.3 -10
50 10
V = 11.4; Size 3.4'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 35d
24"
(12/22/14): NGC 942 is the slightly brighter and southern component of a close
double system with NGC 943. At
375x it appeared moderately bright, small, slightly elongated, 0.4'x0.3'. Well concentrated with a very small,
very bright core and stellar nucleus.
NGC 943 is just 30" SSE (between centers) and within a common halo.
IC 230
(discovered by S.W. Burnham in 1891) lies 5.5' due west and appeared faint to
fairly faint, small, round, 12"-15" diameter. Easily seen despite a mag 15.7B.
17.5"
(12/4/93): this is the slightly brighter southern member of a double system
with NGC 943. Appears faint, very
small, round. Increases to a small
brighter core and faint stellar nucleus.
NGC 943 is just 30" N and both galaxies appear immersed in a common
halo. NGC 950 lies 12' S.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 942 = LM I-53, along with NGC 943, in 1886 with the 26"
refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. He described both as a "nebulous double
star?" His rough position is
a close match with MCG -02-07-018 = PGC 9458, the southeastern member of the
pair. Herbert Howe measured accurate positions for the pair in 1897 using the
20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory as well as Sherburne Burnham (Publ
of Lick Observatory, II).
Recently Yann
Pothier found the original discovery of NGC 942 and 943 was made by LdR
assistant Ralph Copeland on 31 Jul 1872.
He recorded "Double in position 159.0¡, distance of nuclei =
40".4; both are R; psbM but the np is slightly larger than the other. Position of a 12m * from the brighter
of the nebulae = 286.4¡, distance = 139.3". But Copeland assumed he was observing NGC 945, discovered by
William Herschel, and furthermore provided no coordinates or reference for
Dreyer to compute a position.
******************************
NGC 943 = Arp
309 NED1 = VV 217a = MCG -02-07-019 = Holm 59b = PGC 9457
02 29 09.6 -10
49 40
V = 11.4; Size 3.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 15d
24"
(12/22/14): fairly faint to moderately bright, small, slightly elongated SW-NE,
18"x15", very small brighter nucleus. NGC 943 is the southern component of a 30" double
system with NGC 942. The halos of
the two galaxies are merged. IC
230 lies 5.5' W.
17.5"
(12/4/93): this is the northern member of a contact pair with NGC 942. Faint, very small, weak
concentration. The center of NGC
942 is just 30" S within a common halo. NGC 950 lies 12' S.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 943 = LM I-54, along with NGC 942, in 1886 with the 26"
refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory and described both as a
"nebulous double star?"
His rough position is a close match with MCG -02-07-019 = PGC 9457, the
northwestern member of the pair.
Herbert Howe measured accurate positions for the pair in 1897 using the
20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory as well as Sherburne Burnham (Publ
of Lick Observatory, II). RC 2
reverses the identifications.
Ralph Copeland first discovered this galaxy, along with NGC 942, on 31
Oct 1872, but mistakenly assumed he was observing NGC 945. See NGC 942 for more.
******************************
NGC 944 = IC 228
= MCG -03-07-016 = PGC 9300
02 26 41.6 -14
30 57
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 15d
17.5"
(10/8/94): faint small streak, elongated 3:1 N-S, 0.7'x0.2'. A mag 14 star is 2.3' E of center. Two bright stars are following: mag 9
SAO 148394 4.3' ENE and mag 9.3 SAO 148395 7.2' SE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 944 = LM I-55 on 1 Jan 1886 with the 26"
refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 15.0, 0.4',
vE 0¡, sbN like a double star."
There is nothing at his rough position but 1.5 min of RA west is MCG
-03-07-016 = PGC 9300 and Corwin verified Leavenworth's discovery sketch
matches PGC 9300. Stephane Javelle
found this galaxy again on 7 Dec 1891, assumed it was new and catalogued it in
list 1-85 (later IC 228). So, NGC
944 = IC 228, with NGC 944 the primary designation. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position for NGC 944 in
1898-99 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the
IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 945 = MCG
-02-07-013 = Holm 58a = LGG 063-001 = PGC 9426
02 28 37.3 -10
32 21
V = 12.1; Size 2.4'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(12/4/93): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, weak
concentration to a small core. A
mag 14 star is off the SE side 1.4' from center. Located 5' N of mag 8.5 SAO 148906. Forms a pair with much fainter NGC 948
2.5' NE. Brightest in a group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 945 = H II-487 = h225 = h2480 on 28 Nov 1785 (sweep 479) and
recorded "F, cL, iF, lbM".
Herschel missed the companion NGC 948. JH observed NGC 945 from Slough and at the Cape, though he
also missed NGC 948. His Cape
observation from 9 Dec 1835 reads "eF, L, R, glbM, 2'." Francis Leavenworth (list I-56)
probably independently found the galaxy again in 1886 at the Leander McCormick
Observatory.
******************************
NGC 946 = UGC
1979 = MCG +07-06-026 = CGCG 539-034 = PGC 9556
02 30 38.5 +42
13 57
V = 13.2; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 65d
17.5"
(11/26/94): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 WSW-ENE, 1.0'x0.6', sharp
concentration with a small, round bright core and stellar nucleus. Forms the southern vertex of a
quadrilateral with three mag 11 stars between 2.5' and 3' separation NNW, NNE
and NE. NGC 937 lies 15' W. Located at the east edge of galaxy
cluster AGC 347.
ƒdouard Stephan discovered
NGC 946 = St XIII-20 (along with NGC 937 = St XIII-19) on 12 Dec 1884 with the
31" reflector at the Marseille Observatory and recorded "F, S, R,
glbM". His position matches
UGC 1979 = PGC 9556.
******************************
NGC 947 = ESO
545-021 = MCG -03-07-022 = PGC 9420
02 28 33.2 -19
02 32
V = 12.6; Size 2.0'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 50d
17.5"
(10/8/94): faint, moderately large, elongated 3:1 SW-NE, 1.6'x0.8', broad weak
concentration. A mag 11 star is
3.1' NW of center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 947 = h2481 on 10 Nov 1835 and reported "pB, E, gbM,
50" long, 35" broad." His position is a good match with ESO
545-021 = PGC 9420.
******************************
NGC 948 = MCG
-02-07-015 = Holm 58b = LGG 063-002 = PGC 9431
02 28 45.4 -10
30 49
V = 13.4; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 170d
17.5"
(12/4/93): very faint, very small, slightly elongated halo has a very low
surface brightness. Forms a pair
with much brighter and larger NGC 945 2.5' SW.
Lewis Swift
found NGC 948 = Sw V-29 on 1 Nov 1886 with the 16" refractor at the Warner
Observatory and logged a "D neb with GC 547 [NGC 945]...". Swift's
position is about 15 tsec of RA east of MCG -02-07-015.
Ormond Stone
perhaps discovered this galaxy before 12 Oct 1886. The nebula in Leander McCormick list I-56 is a close match
with NGC 948, though there is no mention of brighter NGC 945, so I'm not
certain of the identification. NGC
945 and 948 were observed and measured by Sherburne Burnham (Publ of Lick
Observatory, II) but his RA is too far west. Herbert Howe measured accurate positions for the pair in
1897 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory.
******************************
NGC 949 = UGC
1983 = MCG +06-06-048 = CGCG 523-053 = PGC 9566
02 30 48.8 +37
08 12
V = 11.8; Size 2.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 145d
17.5"
(12/23/92): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 5:2 NW-SE, fainter outer
halo extends dimensions to 2.0'x0.8', broad concentration, no distinct core but
brighter along major axis. A mag
14 star is at the SE tip. Located
in a fairly rich star field.
Member of the NGC 1023 Group.
8"
(11/28/81): faint, small, slightly elongated NW-SE, weak concentration. Located 30' E of a mag 7 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 949 = H I-154 = h226 on 21 Sep 1786 (sweep 599) and logged
(summary description) "cB, pL, E np to sf, vgmbM, 3' long, 2' broad."
On 17 Jan 1787 (sweep 692) he recorded "cB, vgbM, lE, about 3' long and 3'
broad." The galaxy was
observed 5 times at Birr Castle.
On 16 Oct 1855, R.J. Mitchell recorded "Oval, no Nucl, light pretty
equable, major axis np-sf, clearly resolvable. I can at moments see some of its stars. B* at the south edge".
******************************
NGC 950 = MCG
-02-07-021 = PGC 9461
02 29 11.7 -11
01 30
V = 13.2; Size 1.3'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 40d
24"
(12/22/14): at 375x; fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.4' diameter, fairly
low even surface brightness.
Collinear with two mag 13/14.5 stars to the southwest. Forms a pair with MCG -02-07-020 = PGC
9454 2.1' due west. The companion
(B = 15.5) appeared very faint to faint, small, 18"x12", can just
hold continuously. An uncatalogued double star at ~6" separation lies 5.7'
NW. NGC 942/943, a double system,
lies 12' N.
17.5"
(12/4/93): faint, small, round, unconcentrated with a low surface
brightness. A wide pair of mag
13/14 stars with separation 37" are 2' SW. Located 5.1' NNW of mag 8.3 SAO 148415. The double system NGC 942/NGC 943 lies
12' N.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 950 = LM I-57 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory. His (rough)
position matches MCG -02-07-021 = PGC 9461.
******************************
NGC 951 = ESO
479-008 = MCG -04-07-001 = PGC 9442
02 28 56.9 -22
20 55
V = 14.6; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 48d
17.5"
(11/17/01): extremely faint, small, round, 0.4'. The faint glow requires averted and has a low surface brightness with no
noticeable core. Situated at
midpoint between two mag 11.5 stars 3' NW and 3' SE. Forms a close pair with MCG -04-07-002 2' S (not seen).
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 951 = LM II-336 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 16.3, 0.4' dia, E 0¡
[N-S], double star?"."
His position is just 1.5' S of ESO 479-008 = MCG -04-07-001 = PGC 9442
and his PA = 0¡ matches the central bar.
******************************
NGC 952 = NGC
940 = UGC 1964 = MCG +05-06-050 = CGCG 504-095 = PGC 9478
02 29 27.5 +34
45
V = 12.4; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 20d
See observing
notes for NGC 940.
ƒdouard Stephan
found NGC 952 = St III-6 on 14 December 1871 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory. There is
nothing at Stephan's usually accurate position and Corwin initially concluded
that Stephan must have misidentified his offset star (given as 4713
Lalande). Bigourdan was unable to
recover the object and Corwin was also unsuccessful in using offsets from
different nearby comparison stars.
But Emmanuel
Esmiol, an assistant at Marseille Observatory, lists a different offset star
(HD 15866) in his 1916 re-reduction of Stephan's positions. The corrected position matches NGC 940,
discovered by d'Arrest in 1865. In
fact, Esmiol calls this object NGC 940, instead of NGC 952 in his table. In any case, NGC 952 = NGC 940.
******************************
NGC 953 = UGC
1991 = MCG +05-07-001 = CGCG 505-001 = PGC 9586
02 31 09.8 +29
35 19
V = 13.5; Size 1.5'x1.5'
17.5"
(12/23/92): faint, small, round, gradually increases to small brighter
core. A mag 12-13 star is 1.3' W
of center.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 953 = St III-7 on 26 Sep 1865 with the 11-inch
refractor at Copenhagen. He noted
the star 5.5 seconds preceding (1.3' W) and measured an accurate position (3
measures). ƒdouard Stephan
independently discovered this galaxy on 11 Dec 1871 with the 31" reflector
at the Marseille Observatory.
******************************
NGC 954 = ESO
299-004 = MCG -07-06-006 = LGG 062-006 = PGC 9438
02 28 51.6 -41
24 10
V = 12.8; Size 1.6'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 19d
25" (10/16/17
- OzSky): at 244x; moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 or 5:3
SSW-NNE, ~1.25'x0.8'. Broadly
concentrated with slightly brighter core region. Mag 9.4 HD 15612 lies 7.6' ENE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 954 = h2482 on 5 Sep 1834 and logged "F, pL, lE, has a star
8th mag 3' distant S.f." His
position (measured on 4 sweeps) and description (the star is 3.5' SE) matches
ESO 299-004 = PGC 9438.
******************************
NGC 955 = UGC
1986 = MCG +00-07-027A = CGCG 388-029 = PGC 9549
02 30 33.3 -01
06 31
V = 12.0; Size 2.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 19d
17.5"
(12/4/93): moderately bright, edge-on 4:1 SSW-NNE, 1.5'x0.4', fairly bright
elongated core. A mag 12 star is
2.5' SE. Located 25' W of 75 Ceti
(V = 5.4).
8"
(11/28/81): very faint, small, elongated SW-NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 955 = H II-278 = h229 on 6 Jan 1785 (sweep 351) and noted
"pB, S, E." JH also
observed this galaxy on 2 sweeps.
Both Herschels' positions match UGC 1986, so there's no doubt about the
identification. Dreyer mentions
this object in the NGC Notes section as a possible variable nebula because it
was easily seen by Schšnfeld in 1863, 1864 and 1868, August Winnecke and
Heinrich d'Arrest, but was not found by Vogel in 1865 nor Schšnfeld in 1861. Sherburne Burnham (Publ of Lick
Observatory, II) observed and measured the object without difficulty. Winnecke wrote a paper in 1878 that
claimed NGC 955 showed a "periodic variability". Wolfgang Steinicke discusses this
variability in his book on the NGC (p519).
******************************
NGC 956 = Cr 27
= OCL-377 = Lund 80
02 32 31 +44 35
36
V = 8.9; Size 8'
17.5"
(11/26/94): 15 stars mag 12-14 and two mag 9 stars in a 5'x2' group, very
elongated N-S. The two mag 9 stars
bracket the group at the north (mag 8.9 SAO 38098) and south ends. Not rich but stands out reasonably well
at low power as the stars form a rough curving "S" asterism. Two additional mag 9/10 stars are 3'
and 5' W of SAO 38098 but do not appear part of the cluster. The classification of this group as a
true cluster is doubtful.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 956 = h228 on 23 Dec 1831 and described a "p rich cl; 2 or
3 B and about 20 st 13...15m; a star 9th mag taken" His position is 1' SW of a mag 9.3
star.
******************************
NGC 957 = Cr 28
= OCL-362 = Lund 84
02 33 19 +57 34
12
V = 7.6; Size 11'
17.5"
(10/25/97): moderately rich cluster, ~9'x4' in size and oriented ~E-W. Includes a mag 8 star (HD 15621) on the
SW side and a mag 8/10 pair (h2143) on the SE end at 24" separation. About three dozen stars are fairly
evenly distributed within this elongated cluster. There are few faint close double stars along the NE side and
the bright double has a couple of much fainter companions. A mag 7.5 star is off the west side of
the cluster but appears completely detached.
8": 30
stars in cluster, fairly large, moderately rich, elongated ~E-W, unresolved
haze. A bright wide double star mag 8/10 at 23" is on the SE edge. Bracketed by fairly bright stars to the
east and west. Located 1¡ NE of
the Double Cluster.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 957 = h227 on 9 Dec 1831 and noted "a p rich, pL, cl; st
13...15; not compressed at the centre.
Figure an irregular parallelogram."
******************************
NGC 958 = MCG
-01-07-019 = PGC 9560
02 30 42.7 -02
56 22
V = 12.1; Size 2.9'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 10d
17.5"
(11/17/01): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 5:2 ~N-S, 2.5'x1.0'. Contains a brighter, bulging core and
appears brighter along a thinner "bar" (the major axis). A similar comment was made in the
12/4/93 observation. MCG
-01-07-016 lies 24' SW.
17.5"
(12/4/93): moderately bright, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 1.6'x0.8'. Appears brighter along the major
axis. The brighter core has an
occasional sparkle or bright spot.
A mag 13.5 star lies 2.0' N of center.
8": faint,
small, elongated 2:1 N-S, slightly brighter along the major axis.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 958 = H II-237 = h230 on 20 Sep 1784 (sweep 280) and recorded
"faint, extended about 2' long in the direction of the
meridian". Bindon Stoney,
using Lord Rosse's 72" on 24 Nov 1851, commented the "brightest part
near preceding edge; E nnf-ssp; double star north, to which nebula does not
reach."
******************************
NGC 959 = UGC
2002 = MCG +06-06-051 = CGCG 523-055 = PGC 9665
02 32 24.0 +35
29 41
V = 12.4; Size 2.3'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 65d
17.5"
(11/1/86): moderately bright, fairly large, weak concentration, slightly
elongated WSW-ENE. Located 13' S
of mag 7.6 SAO 55638 and 39' S of 14 Trianguli (V = 5.2). Member of the NGC 1023 Group.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 959 = St VIIIb-5 on 9 Nov 1876 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory. His
position matches UGC 2002 = PGC 9665.
******************************
NGC 960 = MCG
-02-07-028 = PGC 9621
02 31 41.2 -09
18 01
V = 13.7; Size 1.3'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 125d
17.5"
(10/8/94): faint, very small, elongated 5:2 NW-SE, only 25"x10", very
small bright core. Located 5.6'
ENE of a mag 10.5 star.
Francis Leavenworth
discovered NGC 960 = LM II-337 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory and logged "mag 15.5, 0.2' dia, R, neb?; *9
south-preceding 30 sec." His
position is 30 sec west of MCG -02-07-028 = PGC 9621. I'm surprised he listed this galaxy as round, though a mag
12 star is 5.7' SW (Leavenworth calls it mag 9) or 22 sec preceding in RA.
******************************
NGC 961 = NGC
1051 = MCG -01-07-033 = UGCA 40 = IC 249 = PGC 10172
02 41 02.4 -06
56 09
See observing
notes for NGC 1051.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 961 = LM II-338 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory and reported "1.5'x1.0', E 230¡, *10 at
end." There is nothing at
Stone's position but Harold Corwin found that if Stone made a 10 min
(transcription?) error in RA, then NGC 961 is a duplicate of NGC 1051 = PGC
10172 (discovered by ƒdouard Stephan) .
The declinations are similar and Stone's description applies perfectly
to NGC 1051. So NGC 961 = NGC 1051
= IC 249 (another duplicate observation by Javelle), with NGC 1051 the primary
designation. NGC 961 is classified
as nonexistent in RNGC and NGC 961 is not included in the aliases of NGC 1051
in HyperLeda.
******************************
NGC 962 = UGC
2013 = MCG +05-07-004 = CGCG 505-003 = PGC 9682
02 32 39.9 +28
04 12
V = 12.9; Size 1.7'x1.2'; PA = 170d
17.5"
(11/27/92): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated 4:3 N-S, broad
concentration, faint stellar nucleus.
Located 6' W of a mag 9 star.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 962 = St III-8 on 13 Dec 1871 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and recorded "eF, S, grad incr to the
center." His position matches
UGC 2013 = PGC 9682.
******************************
NGC 963 = IC
1808 = MCG -01-07-017 = PGC 9545
02 30 31.0 -04
12 59
V = 13.4; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.5
17.5"
(12/4/93): faint, small, round, weak concentration but no distinct core. Located just north of the midpoint of
the line connecting two mag 13/14 stars 2' SE and 2' WNW. Incorrect identification in the RNGC.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 963 = LM II-339 in 1886 with the 26-inch refractor
at Leander McCormick Observatory.
There is nothing at his position but 1.3 min of RA east (a common error)
is MCG -01-07-017 = PGC 9545.
Stephane Javelle independently discovered this galaxy (list 3-929) on 14
Dec 1903, measured an accurate position and Dreyer catalogued it again as IC
1808. So, NGC 963 = IC 1808, with discovery priority to Leavenworth. RNGC appears to misidentify PGC 1066010
as NGC 963, though the position is 9' S of this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 964 = IC
1814 = ESO 355-024 = MCG -06-06-010 = PGC 9582
02 31 05.8 -36
02 06
V = 12.6; Size 2.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 31d
17.5"
(10/25/97): fairly faint, moderately large, nearly edge-on 4:1 SSW-NNE,
1.4'x0.4', brighter core.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 964 = h2483 on 1 Sep 1834 and recorded "B, pmE, psbM,
30" long; position 215.7 degrees." His position (measured on 4 observations) and description
matches ESO 355-024 = PGC 9582.
Lewis Swift found this galaxy again on 22 Dec 1897 while observing from
Echo Mountain in southern California, and recorded Sw XI-40 as "pB; pS;
vE." His RA was 40 seconds
too small and Swift and Dreyer didn't connect Sw. XI-40 with NGC 964, so it was
catalogued again as IC 1814. See
Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 965 = ESO
545-032 = MCG -03-07-031 = PGC 9666
02 32 24.9 -18
38 24
V = 14.2; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 10d
17.5"
(12/28/94): extremely faint, small, round, 0.6' diameter, no concentration,
requires averted vision. A mag 12
star is 3.4' SSE of center.
Located 11' SSE of mag 9.5 SAO 148446 at the edge of the 225x field.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 965 = LM I-58 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory. His (rough)
position is a fairly good match with ESO 545-032 = PGC 9666.
******************************
NGC 966 = ESO
545-030 = MCG -03-07-029 = PGC 9626
02 31 46.7 -19
53 05
V = 13.3; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 112d
17.5"
(10/8/94): faint, very small, round, 0.7' diameter, weak even
concentration. Located 40"
NNE of a mag 9.5 star.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 966 = LM II-340 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at Leander McCormick Observatory. His position is 0.3 tmin east of ESO 545-030
= PGC 9626, a relatively good match.
His notes mention a "*9, 2' sp", though the separation is only
40". Herbert Howe measured an
accurate position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory
(repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 967 = ESO
545-031 = MCG -03-07-030 = PGC 9654
02 32 12.7 -17
13 01
V = 12.5; Size 1.6'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 33d
17.5"
(10/29/94): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.5' diameter, gradually
brightens but no distinct core. An
occasional stellar nucleus is visible.
Located 6.0' E of a mag 10 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 967 = h2484 on 10 Nov 1835 and noted "pF, S, R, pgmbM,
25"." The following October he called it "eF, irregularly round,
lbM." His position matches
ESO 545-031 = PGC 9654.
WH made an
unpublished observation on 6 Oct 1785 (sweep 459), recording "a patch
apparently nebulous; but may be only a few stars." His re-reduced position is 4.5' due
south of this galaxy. He didn't
return on a later sweep to verify this observation so it didn't receive an
internal number or H-designation.
******************************
NGC 968 = UGC
2040 = MCG +06-06-056 = CGCG 523-061 = PGC 9779
02 34 06.2 +34
28 48
V = 12.2; Size 3.6'x1.9'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 60d
17.5"
(11/27/92): fairly faint, fairly small, round, broad concentration, stellar
nucleus. Located 10' NE of mag 7.6
SAO 55659 and 15' ESE of mag 5.8
SAO 55650.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 968 = St X-12 on 5 Dec 1879 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and logged "pF, pS, R, incr to a bright
core". Stephan's position
matches UGC 2040 = PGC 9779.
******************************
NGC 969 = UGC
2039 = MCG +05-07-008 = CGCG 505-010 = PGC 9781
02 34 08.0 +32
56 50
V = 12.3; Size 1.7'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 5d
18"
(1/26/11): at 285x appeared moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1
N-S, 1.0'x0.5', sharp concentration with a small, very bright core. In a tight trio with NGC 970 2' NNE and
NGC 974 3.8' E. Also nearby is
CGCG 505-008 7.4' NE and NGC 978 10' SE (a dozen total are within 35'). A mag 14 star is just off the SE side
of the halo, 0.9' from the center.
Located 3.4' SSW of a mag 10 star.
17.5"
(12/4/93): first of five in the NGC 978 group. Fairly faint, small, round, sharp concentration. A mag 14 star is just 0.9' S. Located 3.4' SSW of a mag 9.5 star in a
rich star field. NGC 974 lies 3.8'
E, NGC 970 2' NNE and NGC 978 10' SE, all in the same field.
13"
(12/22/84): fairly faint, small, small bright nucleus, slightly elongated
N-S. In a trio with NGC 974 3.9' E
and NGC 978 11' SE. NGC 970 2' NE
not seen.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 969 = h231 (along with NGC 974 = h233 and NGC 978 = h234) on 22
Nov 1827 and reported "S; R; psbM.
The first of 3.". His
position matches UGC 2039 = PGC 9781.
******************************
NGC 970 = MCG
+05-07-009 = PGC 9786
02 34 11.8 +32
58 38
V = 14.7; Size 0.7'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 55d
18"
(1/26/11): faintest in a trio with NGC 969 2' SSW and NGC 974 3.3' SE. At 285x appeared extremely faint, very
small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 15"x10". Located 1.5' S of a mag 10 star. Two mag 14 stars lie 1.3' NW and 1.7' NE. NGC 971 is a 15.5 magnitude star 0.9'
E.
17.5"
(12/4/93): extremely faint, very small, round. Located near the midpoint and just east of the line
connecting a mag 9.5 star 1.5' N and NGC 969 2' SSW. A mag 14.5 star is 1.3' WNW. This is a double system (unresolved). NGC 971 is a single 15th magnitude star
1' E. Member of the NGC 978 group
with NGC 974 3.3' ESE and NGC 978 10' SE.
Bindon Stoney,
LdR's assistant, discovered NGC 970 on 14 Sep 1850 while observing the NGC 978
group. This galaxy is labeled
"Gamma" on the sketch of 11 Oct 1850 and the micrometric offset from
NGC 969 matches, though it was seen as single. The listed dimensions apply to the double system.
******************************
NGC 971
02 34 16.0 +32
58 47
18"
(1/26/11): at 285x an extremely faint mag 15.5 star (mistaken as a nebula at
Birr Castle) situated 0.9' due east of NGC 970. It's sandwiched between NGC 970 and a mag 14 star 0.9'
NE. Also lies 1.6' SE of a mag 10
star.
Bindon Stoney,
LdR's assistant, discovered NGC 971, along with NGC 970, on 14 Sep 1850 while
observing NGC 969 and 974. The
offsets measured on 11 Oct 1850 point precisely to a mag 15-15.5 star situated
56" east of NGC 970. The RNGC
misidentifies the northeast component of NGC 970 as NGC 971. This error is included in my RNGC
Corrections #7.
******************************
NGC 972 = UGC
2045 = MCG +05-07-010 = CGCG 505-012 = PGC 9788
02 34 13.4 +29
18 43
V = 11.4; Size 3.3'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 152d
17.5"
(12/23/92): bright, fairly large, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 2.0'x1.0', large bright
core dominates, much fainter outer halo, appears brighter on the southeast
side. Three stars (including two
mag 9 stars at 45" separation) are in a line off the southwest flank and
equally spaced.
8"
(11/8/80): fairly faint, round, bright core, bright double star to SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 972 = H II-211 = h232 = St III-9 on 11 Sep 1784 (sweep 266) and
logged "F, pL, lE, bM, just north of 2 stars." On 11 Jan 1787 (sweep 680) he recorded
"pB, cL, E from sp to nf [should be np to sf] but nearer the meridian,
mbM, about 1' north of 3 stars in a row." JH called it "pB, lE, pgmB". Stephan independently found the galaxy
again on 11 Dec 1871 with the 31" reflector at the Marseille Observatory
and this observation led to an entry in the GC Supplement (GCS 5247). Dreyer combined the two GC entries (560
= 5247) in the NGC. NGC 972 was
observed 15 times at Birr Castle.
On 7 Oct 1855, R.J. Mitchell recorded "has a knot in p edge [probably
an HII region]; neb spreads out and fades away gradually sf."
******************************
NGC 973 = UGC
2048 = MCG +05-07-013 = CGCG 505-014 = FGC 314 = PGC 9795
02 34 20.2 +32
30 19
V = 12.8; Size 3.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 48d
18"
(1/26/11): fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 4:1 SW-NE,
1.0'x0.25', sharply concentrated with a bright elongated core and very faint
thin extensions. A faint star is
very close preceding the SW extension.
Located 4.5' NE of mag 7.5 HD 15896. The major axis of the galaxy is collinear with this star.
IC 1815 lies
4.5' S and 2MASX J02342777+3233439 lies 3.8' NNE. IC 1815 appeared fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly
small, round, 35" diameter, even moderate concentration to a small bright
core and stellar nucleus. The
2MASX galaxy appeared extremely faint, very small, elongated ~3:2 SW-NE,
20"x12".
17.5"
(11/30/91): fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE. Located 4.5' NE of mag 7.5 SAO
55664. Forms a pair with IC 1815
4.5' S.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 973 = Sw IV-8 on 30 Oct 1885 with the 16" refractor at Warner
Observatory and recorded "eeF; S; vE; pB * nr sp". His position and description matches
UGC 2048 = PGC 9795.
******************************
NGC 974 = UGC
2049 = MCG +05-07-012 = PGC 9802
02 34 25.8 +32
57 16
V = 12.7; Size 2.5'x1.9'; Surf Br = 14.2
18"
(1/26/11): fairly faint, moderately large, slightly elongated SW-NE, 1.0'x0.8',
broad concentration in the halo, then sharply concentrated with a small bright
core. Bracketed by a mag 14 star
0.8' S, and a mag 14.5 star 0.9' N.
Forms the eastern vertex of a small triangle with brighter NGC 969 3.8'
W and NGC 970 3.3' NW. NGC 978
lies 8' SE. Located 4' SE of a mag
10 star and 11' NW of mag 8.1 HD 16015.
17.5"
(12/4/93): fairly faint, fairly small, almost round, small brighter core. Situated between two mag 14 stars
56" NNW and 45" SSE.
Located in the NGC 978 group with NGC 969 3.8' W, NGC 970 3.3' NW, NGC
978 8' SSE.
13"
(12/22/84): fairly faint, slightly elongated, moderately large, broadly
concentrated, diffuse halo, two faint stars on opposite ends. Forms a pair with NGC 969 3.9' W. NGC 970 not seen.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 974 = h233 (along with NGC 969 = h231 and NGC 978 = h234) on 22
Nov 1827 and logged "vF; R;
bM. The second of 3". His position matches UGC 2049 = PGC
9802.
******************************
NGC 975 = UGC
2030 = MCG +01-07-009 = PGC 9735
02 33 22.8 +09
36 06
V = 13.1; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 0d
17.5"
(10/8/94): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter. Symmetrical appearance with an even concentration
to a small bright core and a stellar nucleus. A mag 10 star is 2.3' NNW of center.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 975 = Sw I-3 on 9 Nov 1884 with the 16" refractor at Warner
Observatory and recorded "vF; cE." His position is 8' north of UGC 2030 = PGC 9735, but his
description "cE" applies to this galaxy (correction in the notes
section of his 3rd list).
******************************
NGC 976 = UGC
2042 = MCG +03-07-027 = CGCG 462-027 = PGC 9776
02 34 00.0 +20
58 36
V = 12.4; Size 1.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(1/20/90): moderately bright, fairly small, irregularly round, large bright
core, very small bright nucleus.
13"
(9/3/86): fairly faint, fairly small, round, bright core. Situated between two faint stars
oriented N-S. Located about 30' SE
of a mag 7 star.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 976 = T I-11 in 1876 with an 11" refractor at the Arcetri
Observatory and recorded "Class III, small and faint; on one side of a
trapezoid of 4 stars." His
position is 1' S of UGC 2042 = PGC 9776 and the trapezoid of stars is just to
the north.
******************************
NGC 977 = MCG
-02-07-031 = LGG 063-004 = PGC 9713
02 33 03.4 -10
45 35
V = 12.7; Size 1.7'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 65d
48"
(10/26/11): at 488x this galaxy is sharply concentrated with a very intense
oval core oriented WSW-ENE, ~36"x27", The core increases to a bright
quasi-stellar nucleus and sometimes a stellar point. The core is surrounded by a much fainter outer halo,
1.6'x1.3', that is only slightly elongated SSW-NNE. PGC 175239 was picked up 5' NNE.
17.5"
(12/4/93): faint, small, round, weak concentration, occasional stellar
nucleus. Just NW are three equally
spaced stars mag 11 and 12 which form a line NW-SE of length 6'. Located 7.7' SSE of mag 8.9 SAO
148452. NGC 981 lies 13' SSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 977 = H III-472 = h2485 on 28 Nov 1785 (sweep 479) and recorded
"vF, pL, vlbM, near some scattered stars.". Both William and John Herschel measured accurate positions.
******************************
NGC 978 = UGC
2057 = MCG +05-07-016 = CGCG 505-018 = PGC 9821
02 34 47.0 +32
50 46
V = 12.4; Size 2.0'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 80d
18"
(1/26/11): at 285x appears moderately bright, fairly small, irregularly round,
40"x32". Sharply concentrated with a high surface brightness core and
a thin faint halo. Forms a contact
pair with NGC 978B = PGC 9823 at the SE end. The companion appears as an elongated brightening, ~15"x10"
N-S, within the SSE portion of the outer halo. Located 6' WSW of mag 8.1 HD 16015. A trio consisting of NGC 969, NGC 970
and NGC 974 lies 10' NW.
17.5"
(12/4/93): moderately bright, fairly small, round, prominent core within a
small halo. A mag 11.5 star is
2.3' ESE. Located 6' WSW of mag
7.9 SAO 55679. Brightest of four
in a group with NGC 969 10' NW, NGC 974 8' NNW and NGC 970. Forms a double system with NGC 978B =
MCG +05-07-017 at SE end (not resolved).
13"
(12/22/84): moderately bright, small, round, small bright core. Brightest of three with NGC 969 10' NW
and NGC 974 8' NNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 978 = h234, along with NGC 969 and NGC 974, on 22 Nov 1827. His position is a good match with UGC
2057 = PGC 9821, despite being mentioned as roughly placed with respect to NGC
969. The brighter northern
component of this double system is identified as NGC 978A in MCG. Forms a contact pair with NGC 978B =
MCG +05-07-017 at the southeast end, 0.35' from center.
******************************
NGC 979 = ESO
246-023 = AM 0229-444 = MCG -07-06-014 = KTS 17C = PGC 9614
02 31 38.8 -44
31 28
V = 12.8; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 115d
25"
(10/16/17 - OzSky): at 244x; fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small,
round, ~35" diameter, faint but sharp stellar nucleus. Situated within a string of 3 stars
~E-W with a mag 11.5 star 1.8' W.
Forms a pair
(similar redshift) with ESO 246-022 9' NE. It appeared faint, fairly small, oval 4:3 or 3:2 NW-SE,
~30"x 18". The surface
brightness is low and nearly uniform.
Situated 1.6' NE of a mag 9.6 star. LEDA 130202, 2.2' N, was not noticed (B = 16.5). The trio
forms KTS 17, though the last galaxy is far in the background.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 979 = h2486 on 22 Nov 1827 and logged "Not vF, S, R; almost
stellar; between 2 stars nearly in the parallel." His two observations differ by 7 sec in
RA.
******************************
NGC 980 = UGC
2063 = MCG +07-06-038 = CGCG 539-054 = PGC 9831
02 35 18.6 +40
55 35
V = 13.0; Size 1.7'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 110d
17.5"
(11/27/92): faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE, small bright core,
similar appearance but slightly fainter by 0.5 mag than NGC 982 3.5' S. Identifications of NGC 980/NGC 982
reversed in the RNGC, UGC, CGCG.
See notes for
NGC 982.
******************************
NGC 981 = MCG
-02-07-030 = PGC 9710
02 32 59.9 -10
58 25
V = 13.9; Size 1.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 5d
17.5"
(12/4/93): faint, small, unconcentrated round spot with a low surface
brightness. Two mag 13 stars are
2.1' SW and 3.3' SW. NGC 977 lies
13' NNE.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 981 = LM I-59 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 15.0, 0.4' dia, gbM". His (rough) position falls close to MCG
-02-07-030 = PGC 9710. Herbert
Howe measured an accurate position in 1898-99 using the 20" refractor at
Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 982 = UGC
2066 = MCG +07-06-039 = CGCG 539-056 = PGC 9838
02 35 24.9 +40
52 11
V = 12.5; Size 1.5'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 132d
17.5"
(11/27/92): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 NW-SE, small bright
core, stellar nucleus. Located 2'
NE of a mag 10 star. Brighter of a
striking pair with NGC 980 3.5' NNW.
Identifications of NGC 980 and NGC 982 are reversed in the RNGC, UGC,
CGCG.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 982 = H III-573 = h236, along with NGC 980 = III-572, on 17 Oct
1786 (sweep 614) describing them together as "Two. Both vF, vS, er, dist 4', the place
between them. As WH did not
provide individual positions, Dreyer used John Herschel's positions for h235
and h236. Unfortunately, JH
measured the position of h236 accurately, but reversed the sign of the
declination offset to h235 = NGC 982, placing it 5.5' too far south. This resulted in h235 = GC 565 being
placed southwest of h236 = GC 566.
Dreyer copied the GC positions into the NGC, and noted the orientation
as SW-NE, instead of NW-SE as they appear on the sky.
Because of this
error, RNGC, CGCG, UGC and RC3 reverse the identifications of NGC 980 and 982,
which should be NGC 980 = UGC 2063 = PGC 9831 and NGC 982 = UGC 2066 = PGC
9838. MCG has the correct
identifications. This summary is
based on Malcolm Thomson's Catalogue Corrections and Harold Corwin's NGC notes.
******************************
NGC 983 = NGC
1002 = UGC 2133 = MCG +06-06-070 = CGCG 523-079 = PGC 10034
02 38 55.7 +34
37 21
See observing
notes for NGC 1002.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 983 = St III-11 on 13 Dec 1871 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory. His 6th
magnitude reference star was misidentified, so the position in list III is
incorrect. The error was caught and mentioned in a footnote in MN XXXII,
although there was still a typo of 10 tmin in RA in the corrected
position. Using Stephan's offsets
(3 tmin 8 tsec and 3' 38") from 15 Triangulum, his position corresponds
with UGC 2133 = PGC 10034. Stephan
found the galaxy again 10 years later on 14 Dec 1881, measured an accurate
position in List XII-21, and Dreyer catalogued it as NGC 1002. Karl Reinmuth missed the footnote in MN
and in his 1926 survey based on Heidelberg plates, couldn't find NGC 983. In any case, NGC 983 = NGC 1002. Although NGC 983 should be the primary
designation due to the earlier discovery, the galaxy is usually identified as
NGC 1002. RNGC misclassifies NGC
983 as nonexistent. See Corwin's
notes
******************************
NGC 984 = UGC
2059 = MCG +04-07-012 = CGCG 484-010 = V Zw 257 = PGC 9819
02 34 43.1 +23
24 47
V = 12.8; Size 3.0'x2.0'; Surf Br = 14.7; PA = 120d
17.5"
(1/20/90): fairly faint, very small, slightly elongated WNW-ESE, small very
bright core. A mag 12.5 star is
1.2' S. Located 6' SE of mag 8.4
SAO 75448 6' NW. This is a double
system (not resolved) with a very small, faint companion at the SE end.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 984 = St III-10 on 13 Dec 1871 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory and recorded "vF, eS, R, bM". His position matches UGC 2059 = PGC
9819.
******************************
NGC 985 = VV 285
= MCG -02-07-035 = Mrk 1048 = PGC 9817
02 34 37.4 -08
47 10
V = 13.4; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0
48"
(10/26/11): at 488x and 610x this disrupted galaxy (possible collisional ring)
revealed its structure. A very
bright, sharp stellar nucleus is offset to the southwest side of the halo. The moderately large halo appears as a
0.9'x0.7' oval or a circle that was squashed along the south and southeast
edge, near the nucleus. With
averted vision, the brighter rim was noticeable and the galaxy appeared as a ring
with a darker center and a "diamond" (the Seyfert nucleus) attached
on the southeast side. The ring
appeared similar to a faint annular planetary. An extremely faint mag 18 star is at the north edge of the
rim.
2MASX
J02343785-0853042, an easily visible galaxy, lies 6' S. It appeared faint to fairly faint,
slightly elongated NW-SE, 20"x15", broad concentration, brighter
core. A mag 12.5 star lies
45" NW.
17.5"
(10/29/94): fairly faint, very small, round, 15" diameter, sharp stellar
nucleus with a small very faint halo!
A triangle of mag 10/11 stars with sides 1.7', 2.5' and 3.0' is about 5'
WNW and the galaxy forms the bottom of a "cross" asterism with these
stars. This is a Seyfert galaxy,
accounting for the dominant nucleus.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 985 = LM II-341 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at Leander McCormick Observatory.
His position is only 1' S of VV 285 = PGC 9817.
******************************
NGC 986 = ESO
299-007 = MCG -07-06-015 = PGC 9747
02 33 34.2 -39
02 43
V = 10.9; Size 3.9'x3.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 150d
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran): at 264x, this beautiful, barred S-shaped spiral
appeared very bright, large, with a very bright elongated central region that
increased to a small, very bright core and bright stellar nucleus. Within
the central region it was brighter along the central axis (bar) oriented SW to
NE. At the SW end of the central bar a relatively thin arm emerges and
sweeps ~1.3' SE (clockwise). At the NE end of the central region, another
thin arm shoots north for 1.5' and contains a very small, brighter knot or HII
region.
17.5"
(12/28/94): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 WSW-ENE, 2.5'x1.2'.
Dominated by a 20" rounder core. A nice evenly matched mag
10.5 pair at 12" separation is 9' NNE with another similar star 1' S.
Located 8' due north of mag 9 SAO 193771.
8"
(1/1/84): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated SW-NE, bright core, diffuse
edges.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 986 = D 519 = h2487 on 5 Aug 1826 with his 9" reflector at
Parramatta (near Sydney) and described "a faint nebula, of an irregular
round figure, about 30" diameter, north of a bright small star." His position is 9' SE of NGC 986
(typical error) and there are no other nearby brighter galaxies that he might
have been picked up instead.
JH described the
galaxy on 23 Oct 1835 as "pB, L, psbM, 3' long 2' broad, either binuclear
or more elongated on the n.f. side than on the opposite." On a later
sweep he logged "B, L, pmE, very suddenly much brighter middle, 100"
long 60" broad, unequally bright, and exhibiting an approach to binuclear
form." See Plate VI, figure 14 of the CGH Observations. Herschel tentatively equated his entry
with D 519.
Joseph Turner
sketched the galaxy with the 48" Great Melbourne Telescope in November
1875 as a stretched S-shaped barred spiral. See
http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/lithograph_m_1_8.php
******************************
NGC 987 = UGC
2093 = MCG +05-07-021 = CGCG 505-023 = Mrk 1180 = PGC 9911
02 36 49.6 +33
19 38
V = 12.4; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 30d
13.1"
(11/29/86): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated SW-NE, small bright
core. Located 26' N of mag 6.3 SAO
55711.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 987 = H III-161 = h237 on 12 Sep 1784 (sweep 268) and logged
"vF, S, irregularly extended, resolvable". JH observed this galaxy on two sweeps, recording on 11 Nov
1827:"vF; R; S; bM; 2 st 14m np point to it." The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 988 = MCG
-02-07-037 = UGCA 35 = PGC 9843
02 35 29.7 -09
21 35
V = 11.0; Size 3.6'x1.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 112d
17.5"
(11/1/86): faint, very elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE, wider on ESE edge. Unusual appearance as mag 7.2 HD 16152
(79 Cet) is directly superimposed on the WNW side!
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 988 = St X-13 around 1880 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and recorded "This is the star 4811 Lalande,
surrounded by a faint round nebulosity, a bit extended to the
southeast.". Stephan's
position is incorrect as the 7th magnitude superimposed star is 79 Ceti. Esmiol doesn't give a corrected
position in his re-reduction of Stephan's measurements, but Dreyer corrected
the position in the NGC. He comments
in the IC 2 notes section: "No nebulosity seen by Burnham [Publ of Lick
Observatory, II) and Barnard. Stephan's position is wrong, being taken from
Baily's Lalande, where the places of two stars (with an 18 second difference in
right ascension) are mixed up. I took the northeastern star, as I was not
certain that it was not nebulous, while the southwestern one was certainly free
from haze".
******************************
NGC 989 = MCG
-03-07-034 = PGC 9762
02 33 46.0 -16
30 41
V = 12.2; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 11.4
17.5"
(10/29/94): faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, very small brighter
core. Located off the SE end of a
string of four mag 12-13 stars oriented NW-SE and 6.0' NNE of mag 9.0 SAO
148466.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 989 = LM I-60 on 9 Nov 1885 with the 26"
refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. His (rough) position is 1.4 tmin east of MCG -03-07-034 =
PGC 9762. Herbert Howe measured an
accurate position in 1898-99 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin
Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 990 = UGC
2089 = MCG +02-07-018 = CGCG 439-019 = PGC 9890
02 36 18.2 +11
38 32
V = 12.5; Size 1.8'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(12/23/92): fairly faint, small, round, small bright core, stellar nucleus,
even symmetrical concentration from halo to nucleus. Located 6' W of a mag 9.5 star and 4' N of a mag 10.5 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 990 = H III-557 = h238 on 18 Sep 1786 (sweep 591) and commented
"vF, vS, lE, resolvable, 240 power the same.". Lewis Swift independently found and
catalogued the galaxy again (IV-9) on 1 Sep 1886. The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 991 = MCG
-01-07-023 = PGC 9846
02 35 32.2 -07
09 16
V = 11.7; Size 2.9'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 60d
17.5"
(8/31/86): large, diffuse, weak concentration. A mag 12.5 star is 1.5' S of center. Located 40' N of 5.5 80 Ceti (V = 5.5).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 991 = H III-434 = h239 on 10 Sep 1785 (sweep 436) and recorded
"vF, cL, irr figure, lbM, 4' or 5' long, 2 or 3' broad". His position
matches MCG -01-07-023 = PGC 9846.
JH's position is 9 tsec of RA too far east.
******************************
NGC 992 = UGC
2103 = MCG +03-07-035 = CGCG 462-035 = PGC 9938
02 37 25.5 +21
06 02
V = 12.6; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 11.9; PA = 10d
18"
(1/26/11): at 285x appeared moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1
~N-S, 45"x22", well concentrated to a small bright core increasing to
a stellar nucleus. A mag 12 star lies 1.5' SSE. Located 4.3' SW of mag 9 SAO 75477. Forms a pair with CGCG 462-036 2.6'
NNE. This latter galaxy is
situated just 2' SE of SAO 75477 and appeared very faint, very small, round,
10" diameter.
17.5"
(1/20/90): fairly faint, small, elongated N-S, very faint extensions. Located 4.3' SSW of mag 8.5 SAO
75477. A mag 12.5 star is 1.4' SE
of center.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 992 = Sw IV-10 on 6 Sep 1886 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory. His RA is 8
seconds too small and his description ("cE, * nr S") matches. Bigourdan added the note "it
passes 7 seconds before the NGC position" in the correction list in his
1891 Comptes Rendus paper, but that should read "7 seconds
after". Kobold also measured
an accurate position with the 18" refractor at the Strasboug Observatory.
******************************
NGC 993 = NGC
994 = UGC 2095 = MCG +00-07-052 = CGCG 388-063 = PGC 9910
02 36 46.0 +02
03 01
V = 13.6; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 110d
18"
(10/21/06): faint, small, round, 25" diameter, even surface
brightness. A mag 14 star lies
30" N. Located between two
mag 10 stars 6.7' SW and 4.3' NE at the west edge of the NGC 1016 group.
17.5"
(12/28/94): fairly faint, small, round, 20" diameter, moderate
concentration with a very small brighter core. A mag 13.5 star is just 34" NNW of center. Located 4.4' SW of a mag 9.5 star. An unequal double star (mag 12/14 at
19" separation) lies 3' E.
Located at the west end of the NGC 1016 cluster.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 993 = m 63 on 15 Jan 1865 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
noted "eF, vS". His
position matches UGC 2095 = PGC 9910.
Lewis Swift found this galaxy again on 17 Oct 1885 , despite his
claiming it was not NGC 993, and it was catalogued again as Sw III-13 = NGC
994. So, NGC 993 = NGC 994, with
discovery priority to Marth (NGC 993).
******************************
NGC 994 = NGC
993 = UGC 2095 = MCG +00-07-052 = CGCG 388-063 = PGC 9910
02 36 46.0 +02
03 01
See observing
notes for NGC 993.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 994 = Sw III-13 on 17 Oct 1885 with the 16" refractor at
the Warner Observatory. He
described this nebula as "vF * close; between a pB* and a F D*; np of 2
[with NGC 1004]". Swift
mentions is "not [N993], [NGC 1016] nor [NGC 1073]", but his position
and description matches NGC 993, which was discovered by Albert Marth (m 65) on
15 Jan 1865. So, NGC 993 = NGC 994,
with priority to Marth (NGC 993).
RNGC notes the equivalence.
******************************
NGC 995 = UGC
2118 = MCG +07-06-044 = CGCG 539-063 = PGC 10008
02 38 32.0 +41
31 46
V = 13.4; Size 1.7'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 35d
18"
(12/18/06): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 0.6'x0.4', weak
concentration with a slightly brighter core except for a stellar or
quasi-stellar nucleus with direct vision.
A mag 14.5 star is at the east edge. Member of the NGC 995-1005 cluster (~40' N of NGC
1003). Nearby galaxies include NGC
1000 5.3' SE, 2MASX J02382515+4135182 3.8' NNW and NGC 996 7.2' NNE. These galaxies, as well as NGC 999, NGC
1001 and NGC 1005 are arranged in a partial ring of diameter 13'!
17.5"
(11/1/86): fairly faint, fairly small, oval SW-NE, bright core. A mag 15 star is just off the east
edge. Located at the west edge of
the NGC 995-1005 group with NGC 996 7' NNE and NGC 1000 5' SE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 995 = St III-12 (along with NGC 999 = St III-14 and NGC 1001 =
St III-16) on 8 Dec 1871 with the 31" reflector at the Marseille
Observatory. His position matches
UGC 2118 = PGC 10008. First in a
group of 6 NGC galaxies (NGCs 995, 996, 999, 1000, 1001, 1005) discovered by
Stephan over 3 nights.
******************************
NGC 996 = UGC
2123 = MCG +07-06-045 = CGCG 539-064 = PGC 10015
02 38 39.9 +41
38 51
V = 13.0; Size 1.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.5
18"
(12/18/06): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.9', gradually increases to a
small, brighter core. This galaxy
is the brightest, along with NGC 995 7.2' SSW, of a group of 8 galaxies (6
NGC's) generally arranged in a ring (part of the NGC 1023 group). Forms a close pair with NGC 999 2' NE
and also forms the southern vertex of an isosceles triangle with two mag
10.5-11 stars 3' NE and 3' NW.
17.5"
(11/1/86): faint, small, round, small bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 999 2' NE in the NGC 995-1005 group.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 996 = St III-13 (along with NGC 995 = St III-12 and NGC 1001 =
St III-16) on 7 Dec 1871 with the 31" reflector at the Marseille
Observatory. His position matches
UGC 2123 = PGC 10015. Second in a
group of 6 NGC galaxies discovered by Stephan.
******************************
NGC 997 = UGC
2102 = MCG +01-07-015 = CGCG 414-027 = PGC 9932
02 37 14.5 +07
18 21
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.8
24"
(12/28/16): at 375x; moderately bright, fairly small, round, 30" diameter,
small bright core, stellar nucleus, high surface brightness. Mag 9.5 HD 16303 is 1.4' SW. Forms a pair with NGC 998 1.8'
NNE. Brightest in a group
(redshift-based distance ~250 million l.y.) with CGCG 414-028 8' N and UGC
2092, an extreme superthin, lies 10.6' W.
CGCG 414-028
appeared faint, very small, round, 12" diameter. I was surprised the visibility is comparable to NGC 998.
UGC 2092:
extremely faint, fairly small, elongated ~5:2 SW-NE, ~20"x8", very
low surface brightness! As the
axial ratio of this bulgeless superthin is ~12:1, I only picked up the slightly
brighter central section.
17.5" (10/8/94):
faint, small, round, 40" diameter, weak concentration, small ill-defined
core. Located 1.4' NE of mag 9 SAO
110644! Forms a close pair with
NGC 998 1.8' NNE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 997 = m 64 (along with NGC 998) on 10 Nov 1863 with Lassell's
48" on Malta and noted "F, S". His position matches UGC 2102 = PGC 9932. Brightest in a group of faint galaxies
-- one of which (NGC 997 NED01) is in the halo on the north side.
******************************
NGC 998 = MCG
+01-07-016 = PGC 9934
02 37 16.5 +07
20 09
V = 14.6; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9
24"
(12/28/16): at 375x; very faint to faint, small, round, 18" diameter, very
low surface brightness. Forms a
close pair with NGC 997 1.8' SSW.
17.5"
(10/8/94): extremely faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Very low even surface brightness and
requires averted vision. Forms a
close pair with brighter NGC 997 1.8' SSW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 998 = m 65 (along with NGC 997) on 10 Nov 1863 with Lassell's
48" on Malta and simply noted "vF". NGC 998 was placed 2 sec of RA following and 1' N of NGC
997, and at this position is PGC 9934.
CGCG
misidentifies NGC 997 with CGCG 414-028 = PGC 2802440, a small, very faint
galaxy situated 8.2' NNE of NGC 997.
The UGC notes to NGC 997 and the RNGC follow the CGCG error and also
misidentify CGCG 414-028 as NGC 998.
NGC 998 is mentioned as an anonymous companion to NGC 997 in the UGC
notes. PGC has the correct
identification, though is incorrect to use CGCG 414-028 as an alias. MCG reverses the identifications as
well as the declinations. The
identification of NGC 997 is included in my RNGC Corrections #7.
******************************
NGC 999 = UGC
2127 = MCG +07-06-047 = CGCG 539-066 = PGC 10026
02 38 47.4 +41
40 14
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 61d
18"
(12/18/06): faint, small, round, 25" diameter, weak concentration. Sandwiched between a mag 11 star 1' NE
and a mag 14 star just off the SW edge [28" from the center]. Located just 2' NE of NGC 996 in the
NGC 995-1005 group with NGC 1001 4.5' E.
17.5"
(11/1/86): very faint, very small, round.
A mag 12 star is 1.0' NE.
Member of the NGC 995-1005 group with NGC 1001 4.7' E.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 999 = St III-14 (along with NGC 995 = St III-12 and NGC 1001 =
St III-16) on 8 Dec 1871 with the 31" reflector at the Marseille
Observatory. His position matches
UGC 2127 = PGC 10026. CGCG, UGC,
PGC and HyperLEDA equate NGC 999 = St IC 240, but Bigourdan measured IC 240
with respect to NGC 999 so they cannot be equivalent. Malcolm Thomson noted this error in his survey of IC
identifications and Harold Corwin suggests IC 240 is probably a line of 4 faint
stars. NGC 999 is the third in a
group of 6 NGC galaxies discovered by Stephan over 3 nights.
******************************
NGC 1000 = MCG
+07-06-048 = CGCG 539-067 = PGC 10028
02 38 49.7 +41
27 35
V = 14.5; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5
18"
(12/18/06): faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, weak
concentration. Located 5.3' SE of
NGC 995 at the south end of the NGC 995-1005 cluster (35' N of NGC 1003). Appears very compact on the DSS.
17.5"
(11/1/86): very faint, small, elongated WSW-ENE. Member of the NGC 995-1005 group.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1000 = St III-15 (along with NGC 1005 = St III-17) on 9 Dec 1871
with the 31" reflector at the Marseille Observatory. His position matches CGCG 539-067 = PGC
10028. This is the fourth in a
group of 6 NGC galaxies discovered by Stephan over 3 nights.
******************************
NGC 1001 = MCG
+07-06-050 = CGCG 539-069 = PGC 10050
02 39 12.7 +41
40 18
V = 13.9; Size 0.7'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 114d
18"
(12/18/06): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 or 7:2 NW-SE,
0.7'x0.2'. With direct vision a
faint stellar nucleus is visible.
Occasionally I thought the nucleus was double, but instead there
appeared to be an extremely faint star at the NW edge. Located 4.7' E of NGC 999.
17.5"
(11/1/86): faint, small, very elongated WNW-ESE. An extremely faint mag 15.5 star is at the west end or an
extremely faint companion (appears elongated on the POSS). A mag 13.5 star is 1.4' SE. NGC 999 lies 4.7' W in the NGC 995-1005
group.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1001 = St III-16 on 8 Dec 1871 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory. His position
is accurate. Fifth in a group of 6
NGC galaxies discovered by Stephan.
******************************
NGC 1002 = UGC
2133 = MCG +06-06-070 = CGCG 523-079 = N983 = PGC 10034
02 38 55.7 +34
37 21
V = 13.1; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 140d
17.5"
(11/27/92): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, larger brighter core,
irregular surface brightness.
Collinear with a mag 12.5 star 1.2' NE and a mag 13 star 2.8' NE.
ƒdouard Stephan
found NGC 1002 = St XII-21 on 14 Dec 1881 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory. His
position matches UGC 2133 = PGC 10034, though he discovered (list III-11) this
galaxy 10 years earlier on 13 Dec 1871 and Dreyer catalogued it as NGC 983. Stephan misidentified his comparison
star, though, so the position for NGC 983 is incorrect. When corrected, NGC 983 = NGC
1002. Because the position for NGC
1002 is unambiguous, catalogues use this identification. See Corwin's notes for NGC 983.
******************************
NGC 1003 = UGC
2137 = MCG +07-06-051 = CGCG 539-070 = LGG 070-005 = PGC 10052
02 39 16.9 +40
52 20
V = 11.5; Size 5.5'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 97d
18"
(12/18/06): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 3:1 ~E-W, 2.5'x0.9', broad
concentration with a large, brighter core. The core brightens slightly to the center but there is no
distinct nucleus, although the center has a mottled appearance with an
occasional sparkle or two (possibly a faint, superimposed star or a slightly
brighter knot). A mag 13 star is
just off the NE edge of the core.
Located 2' NE mag 10 SAO 38196 and two degrees SSW of M34. Member of the NGC 1023 Group.
17.5"
(11/1/86): moderately bright, elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE, bright core. A mag 13 star is involved at the NE
side, just 0.8' from center.
Located 2' NE of a mag 10 star.
13" (12/22/84): moderately bright,
elongated ~E-W, weak concentration.
A mag 13 star is on the NE edge 0.8' from center. An extremely faint knot is at the NW
edge.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1003 = H II-238 = H III-198 = h240 on 6 Oct 1784 (sweep 283) and
noted "Suspected, but the haziness will not permit to verify
it." On 17 Oct 1786 (sweep
614), he logged "pB, mE nearly in the parallel, mbM, near 4' long and
about 1' br." The next night (sweep 618) he logged "cB, mE, vgmbM,
near 4' l." The two
H-designations were combined in the GC and NGC (suggested by Marth).
******************************
NGC 1004 = UGC
2112 = MCG +00-07-057 = CGCG 388-068 = PGC 9961
02 37 41.8 +01
58 31
V = 12.7; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 115d
18"
(11/18/06): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, 0.5'x0.4', weak
concentration. A mag 12 star is
attached at the west edge of the halo.
Observation through thin clouds.
18"
(10/21/06): fairly faint, small, round, bright nearly stellar nucleus. A mag 12 star is barely off the WSW
edge. Located 13' SW of NGC 1016
on the west side of the cluster.
17.5"
(10/8/94): faint, very small, round, 0.5' diameter. A mag 12 star is just off the WSW edge 25" from the
center. Forms a pair with NGC 1008
7.1' NE at the SW end of the NGC 1016 cluster.
17.5"
(10/17/87): fairly faint, very small, round, small bright core. A mag 12 star is just 25" WSW of
the center. Member of the NGC 1016
cluster with NGC 1008 8' NNE and NGC 1016 13' NE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1004 = St XI-3 on 1 Dec 1880 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory. His
position matches UGC 2112 = PGC 9961.
Lewis Swift independently found the galaxy again on 17 Oct 1885 and his
position in list III-14 is also accurate.
His comment "pF * very close" applies to this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 1005 = MCG
+07-06-052 = CGCG 539-071 = PGC 10062
02 39 27.7 +41
29 36
V = 13.6; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.4
18"
(12/18/06): fairly faint, small, round, 25" diameter, increases to a samll
bright core. Located on the SE
side of the NGC 995-1005 group, 3' E of a 40" pair of mag 11.5-12 stars.
17.5"
(11/1/86): fairly faint, very small, round, bright core. Located in the NGC 995-1005 group.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1005 = St III-17 on
9 Dec 1871 with the 31" reflector at the Marseille Observatory. His position matches CGCG 539-071 = PGC
10062. Sixth in a group of 6 NGC
galaxies discovered by Stephan.
******************************
NGC 1006 = NGC
1010 = MCG -02-07-044 = PGC 9949
02 37 34.9 -11
01 31
Size 0.9'x0.9'
See observing
notes for NGC 1010.
Lewis Swift
found NGC 1006 = Sw V-30 on 29 Sep 1886 with a 16" refractor. His position
is 10 sec of RA west of NGC 1010, discovered 10 years earlier by ƒdouard
Stephan. Swift caught the error in
position and corrected it in his notes section of list VI. So, NGC 1010 = NGC 1006. Still, Dreyer included NGC 1006 as a
separate entry in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 1007 = CGCG
388-069 = MCG +00-07-059 = PGC 9967
02 37 52.2 +02
09 21
V = 16.0; Size 0.6'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 49d
18"
(11/18/06): very faint, extremely small, round, 12" diameter. Located 7.2' WNW of NGC 1016 and 2.7' S
of a mag 9.5 star. This is the
faintest NGC galaxy in the cluster.
17.5"
(10/17/87): extremely faint and small, round. A mag 9 star (SAO 110651) lies 2.8' N. Located 4.6' NNW of NGC 1008 within the
NGC 1016 cluster.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 1007 = m 66 on 15 Jan 1865 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
reported "vF, stellar".
Marth's position is 1' S of CGCG 388-069 = PGC 9967.
******************************
NGC 1008 = UGC
2114 = MCG +00-07-060 = CGCG 388-070 = PGC 9970
02 37 55.3 +02
04 47
V = 13.6; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 85d
18" (11/18/06):
faint, small, slightly elongated, 0.4'x0.3', weak concentration, very faint
stellar nucleus with direct vision.
Located 6.5' WSW of NGC 1016 and 3' NW of a mag 11 star.
18"
(10/21/06): fairly faint, small, elongated 4:3 ~E-W, 0.5'x0.35', weak even
concentration. Located 3' NW of a
mag 11 star and 7' WSW of NGC 1016 in the core of the cluster.
17.5"
(10/8/94): very faint, small, round.
A mag 10 star is 2.9' SE.
Located between NGC 1004 7.1' SW and NGC 1016 6.5' ENE.
17.5"
(10/17/87): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, weak concentration. NGC 1007 lies 4.6' NNW. Located 7' SW
of NGC 1016 in the NGC 1016 cluster.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 1008 = m 67 on 15 Jan 1865 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
reported "vF, eS, stellar". His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1009 = UGC
2129 = MCG +00-07-065 = CGCG 388-077 = FGC 325 = PGC 9995
02 38 19.0 +02
18 35
V = 14.4; Size 1.4'x0.2'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 124d
18"
(11/18/06): very faint, small, very elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE, 0.6'x0.2', low even
surface brightness. Located 11.5'
due north of NGC 1016 in a cluster.
18"
(10/21/06): very faint, small, very elongated 3:1 NW-SE, 0.45'x0.15'. Brighter IC 241 lies 6' WNW. Located 11' due north of NGC 1016 in
the cluster.
17.5" (10/17/87):
extremely faint, small, elongated WNW-ESE. A mag 11 star is 2' SE. IC 241 lies 6.2' WNW and NGC 1016 11.5' S in a cluster.
Edward Swift,
Lewis' 15 year-old son, discovered NGC 1009 = Sw III-15 on 1 Jan 1886 with the
16" refractor at the Warner Observatory. The Swifts' published positon is 15 sec of RA west of UGC
2129.
******************************
NGC 1010 = NGC
1006 = MCG -02-07-044 = Holm 62a = PGC 9949
02 37 34.9 -11
01 31
V = 14.4; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 14.0
17.5"
(10/8/94): faint, fairly small, round, no concentration. A mag 13 star is 3.7' NW. First in and brightest of a trio with
NGC 1011 1.5' NE and NGC 1017 3.8' ENE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1010 = St VIIIb-6, along with NGC 1011, on 21 Nov 1876 with the
31" reflector at the Marseille Observatory. His position matches PGC 9949. Swift later independently found the pair on 29 Sep 1886 and
his position in list V-30 is just 10 sec of RA too far west. In the errata section to his 6th
discovery list, Swift noted the equivalence with GC 5262 = NGC 1010, but Dreyer
included Swift's entry as NGC 1006.
So, NGC 1006 = NGC 1010, with discovery priority to Stephan.
******************************
NGC 1011 = MCG
-02-07-045 = Holm 62b = PGC 9955
02 37 38.9 -11
00 20
V = 14.3; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(10/8/94): very faint, small, round.
Located 1.5' NE of NGC 1010.
Second of three with NGC 1017 2.7' E.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1011 = St VIIIb-7 (along with NGC 1010 = St VIIIb-6) on 21 Nov
1876 with the 31" reflector at the Marseille Observatory. His position is accurate. Lewis Swift later independently found
the pair on 29 Sep 1886. His
position in his 5th list, #31, is just 10 seconds of RA too far west. Swift noted his object was identical to
GC 5263 [NGC 1011] in the errata section of his 6th discovery list. Dreyer
combined the two observations into NGC 1011.
******************************
NGC 1012 = UGC
2141 = MCG +05-07-027 = CGCG 505-030 = PGC 10051
02 39 14.9 +30
09 05
V = 12.0; Size 2.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 24d
17.5"
(11/27/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 ~N-S, broad
concentration. Unusual appearance
as a mag 13.5 star is embedded just east of the core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1012 = H III-152 = h241 on 11 Sep 1784 (sweep 266) and recorded
"vF, pS, of equal light."
On 11 Jan 1787 (sweep 680) he logged "F, irr figure, some stars
visible, but they seem not to belong to it." JH recorded "pB; irreg R; bM; 18"; resolvable. RA
doubtful". R.J. Mitchell made
a sketch with the 72" on 23 Nov 1857 that was included in LdR's 1861
publication (plate XXV, figure 4).
******************************
NGC 1013 = MCG
-02-07-046 = PGC 9966
02 37 50.4 -11
30 26
V = 13.5; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(12/28/94): faint, small, round, 30" diameter, weak concentration. Located 8.8' SW of a mag 8.5 star (·288
= 8.9/11.9 at 12"). The
galaxy is collinear with an elongated group of four mag 12-13 stars oriented
SW-NE starting 6' SW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1013 = Sw V-32 on 29 Sep 1886 with his 16" Clark
refractor. His position is 7 tsec
west and 26" south of MCG -02-07-046 = PGC 9966 and his comment
"between 2 distant D stars" applies to this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 1014
02 38 00.8 -09
34 24
V = 14.8/15.2; Size 10"
24"
(2/5/13): this NGC designation applies to a close pair of faint stars that was
resolved at 282x. The two stars
are both 15th magnitude (14.8/15.2) and at a separation of 10" or less. Located 3' SW of NGC 1018.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 1014 = LM II-342 in 1886 with the 26" refractor and
reported "0.1' dia, iR, and 1st of 2 [with NGC 1018]." With respect to NGC 1018, Muller's
offset is 0.2 tmin west and 1' south.
Just 1' further south is a very faint double star (separation ~11")
and Corwin identifies this double as NGC 1014.
******************************
NGC 1015 = UGC
2124 = MCG +00-07-066 = CGCG 388-075 = PGC 9988
02 38 11.5 -01
19 08
V = 12.1; Size 2.6'x2.6'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 10d
17.5"
(11/14/87): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated, bright core,
faint halo. Located 6.4' NW of mag
8.0 SAO 130029.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 1015 = T I-13 = T V-1 on 27 Dec 1875 with an 11" refractor
at the Arcetri Observatory. His
micrometric position in list V is a precise match with UGC 2124 = PGC 9988.
******************************
NGC 1016 = UGC
2128 = MCG +00-07-067 = CGCG 388-076 = PGC 9997
02 38 19.5 +02
07 09
V = 11.6; Size 2.0'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.2
18"
(11/18/06): fairly bright, moderately large, round, 1.5' diameter. Contains a bright 20" core that
increases to the center. Located
8' SE of a mag 9.6 star. Brightest
and largest member of the NGC 1016 cluster.
18"
(10/21/06): moderately bright, fairly large, round. The bright 30" core increases to the center. Surrounding the core is a fairly large,
low surface brightness halo ~2' in diameter. This is the dominant galaxy in the cluster. A parallelogram of four mag 14 stars is
just south.
17.5"
(10/17/87): fairly bright, moderately large, slightly elongated, bright
core. This galaxy is the brightest
and largest in the NGC 1016 cluster.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 1016 = m 68 = Sf 103 = T I-12 on 15 Jan 1865 with Lassell's
48" on Malta and reported "F, S, R, psbM." His position matches UGC 2128, the
brightest member of the cluster.
Truman Safford independently rediscovered the galaxy on 1 Nov 1867 with
the 18.5-inch refractor at Dearborn Observatory (Sf 103) and again by Wilhelm
Tempel in 1876 with the 11" refractor at the Arcetri Observatory. Dreyer
credited Tempel with the discovery in the GC Supplement (5264), but both Marth
and Tempel are listed in the NGC.
Safford's list was missed by Dreyer until after the NGC was compiled.
******************************
NGC 1017 = MCG
-02-07-047 = Holm 62c = PGC 9964
02 37 49.8 -11
00 37
V = 13.9; Size 0.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(10/8/94): extremely faint, small, round.
Last and faintest of three with NGC 1011 2.7' W and NGC 1010 3.8' WSW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1017 = Sw V-33 = LM I-61 on 29 Sep 1886 with the 16"
refractor at Warner Observatory and recorded "eeeF, vS, R, eee dif 3rd of
3 [with NGC 1010 and 1011]. His position is 1.4' NNE of MCG -02-07-045 =
PGC 9955. Ormond Stone independently discovered the galaxy sometime
before Oct 12th at Leander McCormick Observatory, so the discovery priority is
unknown.
******************************
NGC 1018 = MCG
-02-07-048 = PGC 9986
02 38 10.3 -09
32 38
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 5d
24"
(2/5/13): faint to fairly faint, small, oval 4:3 N-S, 20"x15", weak
concentration. A group of stars
lies immediately to the east. NGC
1014, a close pair of stars, is 3' SW.
17.5"
(12/28/94): extremely faint, very small, slightly elongated N-S,
unconcentrated. Requires averted
vision and cannot hold steadily. A
mag 12 star is 2.2' SE. Located
22' NW of mag 6.7 SAO 148523.
Appears fainter than listed V = 13.7.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 1018 = LM II-343 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 15.0, 0.2'x0.1', E 180 (N-S), 2nd
of 2 [with NGC 1014]." His
position is 0.1 tmin west and 2' north of MCG -02-07-048 = PGC 9986, though NGC
1014 is a faint double star.
******************************
NGC 1019 = UGC
2132 = MCG +00-07-068 = CGCG 388-079 = PGC 10006
02 38 27.5 +01
54 27
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 40d
18"
(10/21/06): fairly faint, moderately large, irregularly round, 1.0'x0.8', low
surface brightness. Located 13'
SSE of NGC 1016. CGCG 388-080 lies
3.7' N.
17.5"
(10/17/87): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, broad concentration. Located 13' S of NGC 1016 in cluster.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1019 = St XI-4 on 1 Dec 1880 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and reported "vF; lE; vslbM". His position matches UGC 2132 = PGC
10006.
******************************
NGC 1020 = CGCG
388-081 = PGC 10018
02 38 44.3 +02
13 52
V = 14.1; Size 0.8'x0.2'; PA = 20d
18"
(11/18/06): faint, small, elongated 2:1 N-S, 0.6'x0.35', sharply concentrated
with a very small bright core surrounded by a low surface brightness halo. Forms a very close pair with NGC 1021
1.2' SE.
18"
(10/21/06): faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 N-S, 0.7'x0.25', very faint
stellar nucleus or a faint star is superimposed at the center. Located 9' NE of NGC 1016 on the NE
side of the cluster. Forms a pair
with NGC 1021 1' SE.
17.5"
(10/17/87): very faint, very small, oval ~N-S, weak concentration. Forms a close pair with NGC 1021 1.2'
SE in the NGC 1016 cluster.
Albert Marth discovered
NGC 1020 = m 69 (along with NGC 1021 = m 70) on 15 Jan 1865 with Lassell's
48" on Malta and logged "eF, vS". His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1021 = CGCG
388-084 = PGC 10027
02 38 48.0 +02
13 02
V = 14.2; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 160d
18"
(11/18/06): extremely faint, small, slightly elongated, 25"x20", low
surface brightness with no concentration.
Forms a close pair with brighter NGC 1020 1.2' NW.
18"
(10/21/06): very faint, small, elongated 4:3 ~N-S, 0.5'x0.35', low even surface
brightness. Fainter member of a
close pair with NGC 1020 1' NW.
17.5"
(10/17/87): extremely faint, very small, oval ~N-S, diffuse. Forms a close pair with NGC 1020 1.2'
NW in the NGC 1016 cluster.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 1021 = m 70 (along with NGC 1020 = m 69) on 15 Jan 1865 with
Lassell's 48" on Malta and logged "eF, S". His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1022 = MCG
-01-07-025 = PGC 10010
02 38 32.6 -06
40 39
V = 11.3; Size 2.7'x2.7'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(10/29/94): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 4:3 WNW-ESE,
1.5'x1.2'. Broadly concentrated
halo contains a well-defined fairly bright 30" core. The core increases to a stellar
nucleus. At times the elongation
appears more pronounced. A mag 13
star lies 2.1' NE of center.
8"
(10/13/81): faint, small, diffuse, broad concentration, slightly elongated.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1022 = H I-102 = h244 on 10 Sep 1785 (sweep 436) and recorded
"cB, pL, mbM." On 5 Oct
1785 (sweep 456) he noted "cB, pL, R, mbM." R.J. Mitchell, using Lord Rosse's 72" on 28 Nov 1856,
reported "pL, mbMN, patchy.
Suspect the preceding end is separated from the rest of the neb by a
darkish line. Small * or knot
close NW."
******************************
NGC 1023 = Arp
135 = UGC 2154 = MCG +06-06-073 = CGCG 523-083 = LGG 070-003 = PGC 10123
02 40 23.8 +39
03 48
V = 9.4; Size 8.7'x3.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 87d
48"
(10/25/11): this gorgeous galaxy appeared extremely bright, very elongated 4:1
E-W, ~7'x1.8', with a large, brighter central core that increases to an
intensely bright inner core punctuated by a bright stellar nucleus. The outer halo gradually fades at the
ends of the extensions. Several
stars are superimposed on both sides of the core.
NGC 1023A = PGC
10139, a low surface brightness dwarf companion, is superimposed on the east
side (2.4' ESE of center). It
appeared as a faint, fairly large, low surface brightness patch oriented
SSW-NNE, roughly 1.2'x0.8', and it blends into the main galaxy. Although most of the companion is
within the halo of NGC 1023, part of it juts out the southeast edge of the
galaxy. The halo of NGC 1023
extends beyond (east) of the dwarf.
18"
(8/1/05): at 225x, this striking galaxy appeared very bright, large, very
elongated 4:1 E-W, ~4.5'x1.0', though can possibly be traced further with
averted vision. The central region
has a dramatic, sharp concentration with an unusually bright, oval core. Two mag 14 and 15 stars are
superimposed off the west side of the core and a mag 14 star is off the east
side.
17.5"
(12/8/90): bright, large, very elongated 7:2 E-W, very bright core, almost
stellar nucleus. A large fainter
halo increases the dimensions to 7'x2'.
Two 15th magnitude stars are superimposed on the east and west
ends.
13"
(12/22/84): very bright, impressive, elongated ~E-W, bright core, stellar
nucleus.
8"
(11/8/80): fairly bright, bulging bright core, lens-shaped.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1023 = H I-156 = h242 on 18 Oct 1786 (sweep 618) and noted
"eB, mE, a very BN, the branches losing themselves in the direction of the
parallel nearly." On 17 Jan
1787 (sweep 692), he recorded "vB, gmbM to a very bright nucleus, mE
nearly 10' long, from about 12¡ sp to nf." JH sketched the galaxy and as well
as Bindon Stoney at Birr Castle on 27 Dec 1850 (included in plate XXV in LdR's
1861 publication).
******************************
NGC 1024 = Arp
333 = UGC 2142 = MCG +02-07-020 = CGCG 439-022 = KTG 9A = PGC 10048
02 39 11.9 +10
50 49
V = 12.1; Size 3.9'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 155d
48"
(10/30/16): very bright, large, elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE. Sharply concentrated with a large, very
bright elongated core, and a more circular nucleus. A very large, much lower surface brightness halo, extends
nearly 3'x1'. The halo is a bit
more diffuse on the northwest side.
The minor axis nearly reaches a mag 12.3 star 0.7' NNE of center. A mag 13.7 star is off the SSE end,
2.2' from center. Brightest in a
group including NGC 1028 and 1029, though I didn't take notes on the other
nearby galaxies.
24"
(1/12/13): bright, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE. Sharply concentrated with a very
bright, elongated core ~25"x15" and much fainter extensions
increasing the size to ~1.2'x0.4'.
Interestingly, the elongation of the core seems is slightly misaligned
with respect to the major axis of the extensions. The extremely low surface brightness outer arms were not
seen. A mag 12 star is 0.7' NNE of
center. Brightest in a triplet
(KTG 9) with NGC 1029 7' SE and NGC 1028 6' E.
17.5"
(12/23/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, rounder bright
core, brighter along major axis. A
mag 11 star is 42" NNE of center.
Located 13' NNE of mag 6.8 SAO 93034. Forms a pair with NGC 1029 7' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1024 = H II-592 = h243 on 18 Sep 1786 (sweep 591) and logged
"pB, S, E, bM". Both of
the Herschels' positions are accurate.
******************************
NGC 1025 = ESO
154-004 = PGC 9891
02 36 20.0 -54
51 49
V = 13.8; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 6d
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): moderately bright but fairly small, 0.6'x0.4',
weak concentration. A star or
stellar companion is at the NW edge of the halo. Forms a pair with brighter NGC 1031 situated 2.7' E.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1025 = h2488 on 11 Sep 1836 and recorded "eF, S, R,
15"; the preceding of two [with NGC 1031]." His position is 16 tsec of RA west of ESO 154-004 = PGC
9891.
******************************
NGC 1026 = UGC
2145 = MCG +01-07-018 = CGCG 414-033 = PGC 10055
02 39 19.2 +06
32 38
V = 12.6; Size 2.0'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.8
17.5"
(11/26/94): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter, well concentrated
with a small bright core and a stellar nucleus. A mag 11.5 star lies 2.8' S.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 1026 = m 71 on 24 Dec 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta,
noting "pF, S, R, psbM".
His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1027 = IC
1824 = Cr 30 = Mel 16
02 42 35 +61 35
42
V = 6.7; Size 20'
17.5"
(11/27/92): 90 stars in 15' diameter, fairly scattered but still a striking
cluster. Surrounds mag 7.0 SAO 12402 and includes about 15 mag 10-11 stars and
many mag 13-14 stars. A number of
the stars are arranged in spiraling rays emanating from the dominant star. The cluster is composed of a mixture of
bright and faint stars.
8":
includes a dozen stars mag 8 to 12.5.
Fairly small, rich, over unresolved background haze.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1027 = H VIII-66 on 3 Nov 1787 (sweep 774) and described "a
cluster of coarsely scattered considerably large stars, 8' or 10' diameter, one
7th mag, near the middle." On
9 Nov 1787 (sweep 777) he logged "a much scattered cluster of cL stars. A star 7m not far from the middle,
about 15' diam."
Corwin comments that
E.E. Barnard independently found the object (probably on a plate), sent a note
directly to Dreyer and it was catalogued again as IC 1824. Barnard's position is at the west edge
of the cluster and his description reads "Cl, sts F, perh[aps] F neby p extends
to it." So, NGC 1027 = IC
1824.
******************************
NGC 1028 = MCG
+02-07-023 = CGCG 439-025 = KTG 9C = PGC 10068
02 39 37.2 +10
50 38
V = 14.3; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0
24"
(1/12/13): at 375x appeared faint, elongated ~5:3 SSW-NNE, 25"x15",
low surface brightness though seems slightly uneven or patchy like a face-on
spiral. Faintest in the KTG 9
triplet with NGC 1029 3' S and NGC 1024 (brightest) 6' W.
17.5"
(11/26/94): extremely faint, small, elongated 4:3 SSW-NNE, 0.6'x0.4'. A mag 14 star is 1.4' N and a mag 12
star lies 1.7' SW. Faintest of
trio and located 3.0' N of NGC 1029 and 6.1' E of NGC 1024.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 1028 = m 72 (along with NGC 1029 = m 72) on 1 Oct 1864 with
Lassell's 48" on Malta. His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1029 = UGC
2149 = MCG +02-07-024 = CGCG 439-024 = KTG 9B = PGC 10078
02 39 36.5 +10
47 36
V = 13.1; Size 1.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 70d
24"
(1/12/13): fairly faint to moderately bright, moderately large, very elongated
3:1 or 7:2 WSW-ENE, 1.0'x0.3', well concentrated with a small high surface
brightness core that increases to a stellar nucleus.
17.5"
(12/23/92): faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 WSW-ENE, weak
concentration. A very faint mag 15
star is superimposed at the NE edge.
A mag 12 star is 2.0' NW.
Forms a trio with NGC 1024 7' WNW and NGC 1028 3.0' N.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 1029 = m 73 (along with NGC 1028 = m 72) on 1 Oct 1864 with
Lassell's 48" on Malta and recorded "F, S, mE". His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1030 = UGC
2153 = MCG +03-07-039 = CGCG 462-039 = PGC 10088
02 39 50.8 +18
01 28
V = 13.2; Size 1.6'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 8d
17.5"
(1/20/90): faint, fairly small, very elongated N-S, low surface brightness,
weak concentration and slightly brighter along major axis.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1030 = H III-581 = h245 on 25 Oct 1786 (sweep 623) and reported
"vF, E, irr F. The time very
inaccurate." As WH noted, his
RA was poor, but JH's position matches UGC 2153 = PGC 10088 despite his note
"Doubtful obs. Clouded".
******************************
NGC 1031 = ESO
154-005 = PGC 9907
02 36 38.7 -54
51 35
V = 12.5; Size 1.9'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 23d
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 2:1
SSW-NNE, gradually increases to a small bright core and stellar nucleus. A mag 11.5 star lies 3.3' NNE. Forms a pair with fainter NGC 1025 2.7'
W. Located 15' W of h3520 =
7.6/8.8 at 21" and 40' SW of mag 5.2 Zeta Hor.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1031 = h2490 on 11 Sep 1836 and recorded "F, S, R, gbM,
20"; the following of two [with NGC 1025]". His position is close west of ESO 154-005 = PGC 9907.
******************************
NGC 1032 = UGC
2147 = MCG +00-07-073 = CGCG 388-086 = PGC 10060
02 39 23.6 +01
05 37
V = 11.6; Size 3.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 68d
48"
(10/26/11): at 385x and 488x appears very bright, large, very elongated 4:1
WSW-ENE, 3.0'x0.8'. Well
concentrated with a prominent, bulging oval core that brightens towards the
center and long, thin, fainter tapering extensions that dim at the tips. A mag
13 star is at the tip of the ENE extension. The visual treat, though, is a razor thin dust lane that
clearly bisects the large central buge.
As the much fainter extensions start to taper down, the dust lane loses
contrast and disappears towards the ends.
18"
(1/15/07): fairly bright, fairly large, very elongated 3:1 WSW-ENE,
2.8'x0.9'. Well concentrated with
a bright core that increases to a quasi-stellar nucleus. The galaxy extends to a mag 12.5 star
at the ENE edge making the total length nearly 2.8'. The thin dust lane seen on images was not visible.
17.5"
(10/29/94): fairly bright, fairly large, very elongated 4:1 WSW-ENE,
2.5'x0.6'. Dominated by a bright
core which is broadly concentrated and contains a faint stellar nucleus. The extensions are smooth and
unconcentrated. A mag 12.5-13 star
is at the ENE edge 1.4' from the center and two mag 13 stars are along the north
side (1.8' NE and 1.3' NNW of center) forming a right triangle.
8": faint,
small, very elongated WSW-ENE, weak concentration. Four mag 13 stars to north including one 1.8' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1032 = H II-5 = h246 on 18 Dec 1783 (early sweep 47) and noted
"vF, S, like a small comet, 3/4¡ above Delta Ceti." On 7 Nov 1785 (sweep 470), he called it
"the nebula in the quartile.
It is not quite R, but lE having vF rays sp and nf." His summary description (from 8 sweeps)
reads "pB, S, lE, bM."
This was first object WH found with the telescope moving vertically only
and using reference stars as they passed through the eyepiece. NGC 1032 was his 10th overall deep sky
discovery (using CH's internal numbering). LdR's 1861 publication mentions "Spirality
suspected".
******************************
NGC 1033 = MCG
-02-07-053 = PGC 10108
02 40 16.1 -08
46 37
V = 13.2; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 0d
17.5"
(10/29/94): very faint, fairly small, round, 0.6' diameter, very low even surface
brightness, no details. Located
7.1' NE of mag 8.5 SAO 130043 at the SW end of the NGC 1052 group. Appears fainter than listed magnitude V
= 13.2.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1033 = LM II-344 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at Leander McCormick Observatory.
There is nothing at his position, but 1.2 tmin of RA east is MCG
-02-07-053 = PGC 101083, and Leavenworth's position angle of 10¡ matches this
galaxy.
******************************
NGC 1034 = MCG
-03-07-043 = PGC 9991
02 38 13.9 -15
48 35
V = 11.5; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 11.2; PA = 135d
17.5"
(10/29/94): fairly faint, small, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, 0.8'x0.5', weak
concentration. A wide pair of
evenly matched mag 12-13 stars lie 5' W (58" separation in PA 316¡).
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1034 = LM I-62 on 12 Nov 1886 with the 26"
refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. There is nothing at his position, but 1.0 tmin of RA west is
MCG -03-07-043 = PGC 9991 and his comment "2 B st, p 20s" matches
this galaxy. Herbert Howe measured
an accurate position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin
Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
He noted the two "B st" are only mag 11 and 12.
******************************
NGC 1035 = MCG
-01-07-027 = KTS 18A = PGC 10065
02 39 29.1 -08
07 58
V = 12.2; Size 2.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 150d
13.1"
(9/3/86): moderately bright, very elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE (PA 150¡), fairly
small. A mag 14 star is attached
at the SE end. NGC 1052 lies 25'
ESE.
13.1"
(9/9/83): fairly faint, very elongated (nearly edge-on) NW-SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1035 = H II-284 = h249 = h2489 on 7 Nov 1784 (sweep 355) and
recorded "F, mE, about 3' long and 3/4' broad, resolvable." JH observed this galaxy from both
Slough and the Cape. His latter
description reads "vF, pmE, has a vF star at the S.f. extremity".
******************************
NGC 1036 = IC
1828 = UGC 2160 = MCG +03-07-041 = CGCG 462-041 = Mrk 370 = PGC 10127
02 40 29.1 +19
17 50
V = 13.2; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 5d
17.5"
(1/20/90): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated N-S, large brighter
core, very small bright nucleus is possibly stellar.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1036 = H III-475 = h247 on 29 Nov 1785 (sweep 481) and logged
"vF, S, confirmed with 240 power." His position is within 1' of UGC 2160 = PGC 10127. Stephane Javelle independently found
this galaxy on 18 Jan 1898 and recorded it in his list 3-939 (later IC 1828)
despite Herschel's fairly good position.
So, NGC 1036 = IC 1828.
CGCG and UGC also equates IC 1829 with NGC 1036 but Javelle made an
error in reducing IC 1829 and once corrected it matches CGCG 439-026. Discussed by Malcolm Thomson in WSQJ
#84, April 1991 and his Catalogue Corrections.
******************************
NGC 1037
02 40 00 -01 44
=Not found,
Gottlieb and Corwin. The RNGC
identification of UGC 2119 is incorrect (see notes).
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1037 = Sw V-35 on 29 Sep 1886 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory and wrote "eeeF; vS; vE; eee dif; [NGC 1032] in
field". There is nothing near
his position and furthermore NGC 1032 is ~3¡ away from his coordinates. But no reasonably bright galaxy is in
the field of NGC 1032 either. Perhaps he misidentified NGC 1032? RNGC, PGC, and RC3 misidentify UGC 2119
= PGC 9973 as NGC 1032. This
galaxy is 2 tmin of RA west and 7' S of Swift's position and still doesn't
agree with Swift's comment about NGC 1032. See my RNGC Corrections #2 and Corwin's identification
comments.
******************************
NGC 1038 = UGC
2158 = MCG +00-07-076 = CGCG 388-090 = PGC 10096
02 40 06.3 +01
30 32
V = 13.4; Size 1.2'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 61d
17.5"
(11/26/94): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE, 1.2'x0.4',
bright core is moderately concentrated.
Forms a pair with IC 1827 5.6' NW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1038 = Sw III-16 on 17 Oct 1885 with the 16" refractor at
the Warner Observatory and "discovered" it again on 2 Oct 1886,
recording it in list V-34. Dreyer
combined both entries in the NGC.
His position is accurate.
WH, though, made
the original observation on 1 Jan 1786 in sweep 505. He noted "suspected, may be 2 small close stars in the
parallel." Apparently he never
confirmed the observation and it was not assigned an H-designation. His position (CH's reduction) is less
that 1' northwest of UGC 2158, so he clearly "suspected" NGC 1038.
******************************
NGC 1039 = M34 =
Cr 31
02 42 00 +42 47
V = 5.2; Size 35'
24"
(12/28/13): gorgeous low power field with 21mm Ethos (125x; 49' diameter). The cluster roughly extends 35' with a
much richer and brighter core of ~12'-15' that contains a large number of mag
8-10 stars. Several of the brighter
stars appear as wide doubles or in chains. A long string of stars is on the south side of the core,
extending towards the southeast.
Other chains extend north and east out of the core. Several doubles were identified using
the chart in Stoyan's "Atlas of the Messier Objects". O· 44 is a challenging mag 8.5/9.0 pair
at 1.4" that just resolved at 225x and better at 300x. Another 8th mag star (C component) is
widely separated at 86".
h2154 is a 9.5/10.9 pair at 10" on the SW side and h1123 is a very
wide 20" pair of mag 8.4 star.
Also in the core is ES 1506, a challenging mag 8.9/14 pair at 7"
and h2155, a very wide 8.3/10.3 pair at 17" on the NE side. PN Abell 4 lies 38' ESE of center.
13.1"
(12/22/84): about 100 stars in a 30' diameter. Very bright, very large, many double stars, three main
curved lanes. Includes a bright
double star h1123 = 8.0/8.0 at 20".
Naked-eye object in fairly dark sky.
Charles Messier
discovered M34 = NGC 1039 = h248 on 25 Aug 1764, though Giovanni Hodierna
probably observed it earlier in 1654. William Herschel described M34 on 17 Oct
1786 (sweep 614) as "a cl of scattered L stars, considerably
rich." JH called it a
"fine cluster, about 20 st 9 10...11m and as many less. Fills field, coarsely scattered."
******************************
NGC 1040 = NGC
1053 = UGC 2187 = MCG +07-06-060 = CGCG 539-083
02 43 12.4 +41
30 03
See observing
notes for NGC 1053.
ƒdouard Stephan
found NGC 1040 = St III-18 on 9 Dec 1871 with the 31" silvered-glass
reflector at Marseille Observatory.
There is nothing at his position, but precisely 1.0 tmin of RA west is
NGC 1053 = UGC 2187, which was found by Swift (V-37) on 21 Oct 1886 and
accurately placed. Karl Reinmuth,
in his 1926 survey based on Heidelberg plates, and Dorothy Carlson, in her 1940
NGC Corrections paper, equate NGC 1040 = NGC 1053. Based on the earlier discovery, NGC 1040 should be the
primary designation. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 1041 = MCG
-01-07-030 = PGC 10125
02 40 25.2 -05
26 26
V = 12.3; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 15d
17.5"
(10/29/94): faint, fairly small, round, 0.5' diameter. Symmetrical appearance with an even
concentration to a small bright core and stellar nucleus. A distinctive line (4.5' length)
consisting of three equally spaced mag 11 stars oriented WNW-ESE is 3' S.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1041 = St XII-22 on 17 Nov 1881 with the 31" silvered-glass
reflector at Marseille Observatory and logged "pF, pS, iR, bM". His position matches MCG -01-07-030 =
PGC 10125.
******************************
NGC 1042 = MCG
-02-07-054 = KTS 18B = LGG 071-009 = PGC 10122
02 40 23.9 -08
26 01
V = 11.0; Size 4.7'x3.6'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 15d
48"
(10/26/16): at 488x; bright, very large, face-on spiral with a small bright
core and a relatively small weak bar oreinted ~NW-SE. Low contrast spiral structure is visible around the
core. Most prominent, though, is
an outer spiral arm along the east side sweeping N-S in a gentle arc and
brightest just to the west of a mag 13.6 star [SDSS reveals numerous HII knots]
situated 1.6' SE of the core. The
outer spiral arm along the western edge is more diffuse and ill-defined,
passing just east of a 16th magnitude star 1.7' WSW of the core.
17.5"
(11/1/86): very large, very diffuse low surface brightness system best viewed
at 83x or 133x. Almost round,
slightly brighter on the SE end with either a very faint star(s) superimposed
or a brighter knot. Forms a pair
with NGC 1048 (double system) 6' SSE and NGC 1052 lies 14' NE.
13"
(9/3/86): very large but diffuse, only a very weak concentration.
13"
(9/9/83): large, very diffuse, no central brightening, irregularly round, best
at 62x (too large and diffuse for higher power).
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1042 = Sw III-17 on 10 Nov 1885 with the 16" Clark
refractor at Warner Observatory and reported "eeF, L, R, np of 2 [with NGC
1052]". In list V, Swift
corrected the description to read "sp of 2" [with NGC 1052].
******************************
NGC 1043 = CGCG
388-094 = PGC 10155
02 40 46.5 +01
20 35
V = 15.0; Size 0.8'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 110d
17.5"
(1/9/99): extremely faint, very small, round, 15" diameter. I just glimpsed the core as a very
small, round, knot with a mag 14.5 star 0.4' SSE of center. The small, thin extensions of this
edge-on spiral were not seen.
Located 14' SE of NGC 1038 and 20' SE of IC 1827 (on a line).
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1043 = Sw V-36 on 2 Oct 1886 with the 16" Clark refractor
at Warner Observatory. His
position is just 4 tsec east and 36" south of CGCG 388-094 = PGC 10155.
******************************
NGC 1044 = MCG
+01-07-023 = CGCG 414-038 = PGC 10174
02 41 06.1 +08
44 16
V = 13.2; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 11.8
24"
(1/31/14): NGC 1044 is a double system with fainter LEDA 3080165 barely off the
SE side. At 375x it appeared
fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, 24"x20", gradually
increases to a sub-stellar nucleus.
PGC 3080165 is attached at the SE side [19" between centers]. The companion was faint, extremely
small, round, 8" diameter.
This pair is flanked by CGCG 414-36 1.0' NE (noted as "faint, very
small, round, 10" diameter") and NGC 1046 2.0' SE, with the collinear
quartet spanning 3.0'. The four
galaxies have identical redshifts, though there is no sign of interaction on
the DSS.
17.5"
(10/29/94): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, broad
concentration to a large brighter core.
A mag 11 star lies 2.3' NW.
Brightest of a collinear compact trio with NGC 1046 2.0' SE and MCG
+01-07-022 = CGCG 414-036 off the NW edge 57" from the center (logged as
"very faint, extremely small, round"). NGC 1044 appears larger than
the listed dimensions probably due to the combined glow with an unresolved
contact companion (PGC 3080165) at the SE edge. The four galaxies are very nearly on a straight line.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1044 = III-228 = h251, along with NGC 1046, on 7 Nov 1784 (sweep
308) and noted "eF, vS, 240 power confirmed it. Another still smaller and fainter about 1' following [NGC
1046]." JH measured a fairly
accurate position.
******************************
NGC 1045 = MCG
-02-07-059 = PGC 10129
02 40 29.1 -11
16 39
V = 12.1; Size 2.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 55d
17.5"
(10/29/94): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 0.8'x0.5',
well concentrated to a small prominent core and a stellar nucleus. A nice evenly matched pair of mag 11-12
stars (16" separation in PA 78¡) lies 11' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1045 = H II-488 = h253 = h2491 on 28 Nov 1785 (sweep 479) and
recorded "F, S, iF, bM."
JH observed this galaxy at both Slough and the Cape, His Cape
descriptions reads "pB, R, bM, 35". Observed in a south-east cloud
drift."
******************************
NGC 1046 = MCG
+01-07-024 = CGCG 414-039 = PGC 10185
02 41 12.8 +08
43 09
V = 13.8; Size 0.3'x0.3'
24"
(1/31/14): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 25" diameter, weak
concentration. A mag 14 star is
50" SE. Fourth of 4 in a 3'
string oriented NW to SE line with NGC 1044 (double) 1.8' NW and CGCG 414-36
2.9' NW.
17.5"
(10/29/94): faint, fairly small, round, 0.5' diameter, weak concentration. A mag 13.5 star is off the SE edge
48" from the center. Forms
the third of three on a line with double system NGC 1044 2.0' NW and MCG
+01-07-022 = CGCG 414-036 2.9' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1046 = H III-229 = h252, along with NGC 1044, on 7 Nov 1784 (sweep 308) , recording "Another
still smaller and fainter about 1' following [NGC 1044] suspected; but 240 power
left it doubtful." JH measured a fairly accurate position.
******************************
NGC 1047 = MCG
-01-07-032 = PGC 10132
02 40 32.9 -08
08 52
V = 14.3; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 88d
17.5"
(11/26/94): very faint, fairly small, slightly elongated 4:3 E-W, diffuse with
only a very weak concentration, no distinct core. A mag 11.5 star is 3.9' S. Located 10.2' NW of NGC 1052 and 15.8' E of NGC 1035 in the
NGC 1052 group.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1047 = Sw III-18 on 10 Nov 1885 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory. His position
is 6 tsec of RA east and 1' S of MCG -01-07-032 = PGC 10132.
******************************
NGC 1048 = MCG
-02-07-062 = PGC 10140
02 40 37.9 -08
32 00
V = 14.5; Size 1.0'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 90d
48"
(10/26/16): at 488x; fairly bright, fairly small, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE,
40"x16", bright core. A
mag 14.4 star is 1' NNE. Located
7' SW of NGC 1042.
Forms a similar
pair with NGC 1048A 1.0' SW. It
was moderately to fairly bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 N-S,
30"x15", bright core, mottled appearance. LEDA 1002216, a compact companion, is just 30" S. It appeared faint (V = 16.8), very
small, round, 10" diameter, low surface brightness.
17.5"
(11/26/94): at first glance, appeared as an ill-defined faint glow 1' S of a
mag 14 star. One closer
inspection, NGC 1048 resolved into a pair of small, faint galaxies 1.0' between
centers oriented NNE-SSW. The
northern member (generally identified as NGC 1048) is clearly brighter and
elongated 2:1 E-W, 0.6'x0.3'. Just
1.0' SSW is a fainter companion (NGC 1048A). Located 7' SSE of the large, low surface brightness system
NGC 1042 within a large group.
17.5"
(11/1/86): large, very diffuse system best viewed at 83x. There is a slight
brightening to the south but the fainter companion was not clearly resolved in
poor seeing.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1048 = Sw III-19 on 10 Nov 1885 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory. His position
matches the contact pair PGC 10137 and 10140, and he perhaps viewed the
combined glow of both. The
northern component is brighter and often labeled NGC 1048, though sometimes the
southwestern component is called NGC 1048A and the northeastern galaxy NGC
1048B.
******************************
NGC 1049 =
Fornax-3 = ESO 356-SC3 = MCG -06-06-017
02 39 49 -34 15
30
V = 12.6; Size 1.3'
48"
(10/29/16): at 488x; very bright, moderately large, very high surface
brightness, granular appearance, ~50" diameter. There are three well defined brightness zones: an extremely
bright compact nucleus, a small bright core and a much lower surface brightness
halo with a fairly well defined circular edge.
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): very bright, moderately large, very sharply
concentrated with a very small, very bright core surrounded by 1' halo that dims
around the periphery.
24"
(9/14/12): at 325x, moderately bright, fairly small, round, bright core,
30" diameter.
18"
(12/10/07): moderately bright gc in the Fornax Dwarf. Appears small, round, ~30" diameter, gradually
increases to a small brighter core.
Located 15' NNE of mag 8.4 HD 16690. Brightest gc in the Fornax Dwarf.
17.5"
(10/8/88): fairly faint, very small, round, small bright core.
13.1"
(10/10/86): brightest of four globular clusters in the Fornax Dwarf
galaxy. Moderately bright (estimate
V = 12), small, very small bright core, faint halo. Located 15' NNE of mag 8.0 SAO 193841. The Fornax Dwarf galaxy was not seen.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1049 = h2492 on 19 Oct 1835 and reported "pretty bright;
small; round; like a star 12th magnitude a very little rubbed at the edges, a
curious little object and easily mistaken for a star, which, however, it
certainly is not". His
position is 1' N of this Fornax Dwarf globular. The galaxy itself was discovered over a century later by
Harlow Shapley in 1938 while at the Boyden Station in South Africa on
photographic plates taken with the 24" Bruce refractor.
******************************
NGC 1050 = UGC
2178 = MCG +06-06-078 = CGCG 523-092 = PGC 10257
02 42 35.7 +34
45 48
V = 12.6; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 110d
17.5"
(11/27/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 E-W, 1.0'x0.8', weak
concentration. A mag 15 star is
45" N of center. This 15th
mag star is described as mag 18 in the NGC.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 1050 = St III-18 on 17 Sep 1865 with the 11-inch
refractor at Copenhagen. His
single position is just off the north edge of the galaxy and he mentioned the
mag 15 star off the north edge of the galaxy (called mag 18). Stephan independently discovered the galaxy
on 9 Dec 1871 with the 31" reflector at Marseille Observatory. Both are
credited in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 1051 = NGC
961? = IC 249? = MCG -01-07-033 = UGCA 40 = PGC 10172
02 41 02.4 -06
56 09
V = 12.6; Size 2.3'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 45d
17.5"
(12/28/94): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 5:2 SW-NE, 1.2'x0.5', no
concentration. Very unusual
appearance as a mag 12 star is attached at the northeast end 35" from the
center and the galaxy appears to hang from the star. Forms the east vertex of a triangle with two mag 10 stars
6.7' NW and 5.2' WSW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1051 = St XI-5 on 27 Nov 1880 with the 31" silvered-glass
reflector at Marseilles Observatory and recorded as "eeF; elongated NE-SW,
a little diffuse, * att np."
His position matches MCG -01-07-033 = PGC 10172, though the star is at
the northeast end. Ormond Stone
(II-338) independently discovered the nebula in 1886 with the 26"
refractor at Leander McCormick but he made a 10 tmin error in RA (error caught
by Harold Corwin) and it was also catalogued as LM II-338 (later NGC 961). Stephane Javelle also possibly found
the galaxy in 1892 and it was catalogued as IC 249 = J 1-92, although Javelle claimed
it was a different object. See
Corwin's notes and Thomson's Catalogue Corrections. So, NGC 1051 = NGC 961 and possibly IC 249, with NGC 1051
the primary designation.
******************************
NGC 1052 = MCG
-01-07-034 = KTS 18C = PGC 10175
02 41 04.8 -08
15 21
V = 10.5; Size 3.0'x2.1'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 120d
13.1"
(9/9/83): bright, small, round, intense core. Brightest in a large group with three galaxies in 62x field
including NGC 1042 14' SW and NGC 1047 10.2' NW.
13.1"
(9/3/86): small oval shape, very bright core, stellar nucleus.
8"
(11/8/80): faint, bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1052 = H I-63 = h254 = h2493 on 10 Jan 1785 (sweep 355) and
recorded "B, R, mbM, about 1' diameter, vF towards the border." His position is matches PGC 10175. JH observed this galaxy twice at Slough
recording on sweep 318, "B; S; R; 20"; gb and psmbM to a *12".
******************************
NGC 1053 = NGC
1040 = UGC 2187 = MCG +07-06-060 = CGCG 539-083 = PGC 10298
02 43 12.4 +41
30 03
V = 12.9; Size 1.7'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 40d
17.5"
(11/27/92): faint, very small, slightly elongated. Bracketed by two mag 15 stars just off the north and south
edges and collinear with three equally spaced stars to the south (mag 11.5 star
2.3' S, a mag 10.5 star 4' S and a mag 13 star 6' S). Located 5' W of mag 7.5 SAO 38287. Brightest in a group and forms a pair with UGC 2194 6' SSE.
Lewis Swift
found NGC 1053 = Sw V-37 on 21 Oct 1886 with the 16" refractor at Warner
Observatory and noted "vF, vS, lE, 4 stars in line south point to it, one
close". His position and
description matches UGC 2187 = PGC 10298.
ƒdouard Stephan (III-18) earlier discovered this nebula on 9 Dec 1871,
but made a 1 tmin error in RA in the reading from his offset star and Dreyer
catalogued it as NGC 1040. So, NGC
1053 = NGC 1040, with discovery priority going to Stephan.
******************************
NGC 1054 = MCG
+03-07-046 = CGCG 462-045 = PGC 10242
02 42 15.8 +18
13 03
V = 13.6; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 20d
17.5"
(1/20/90): faint, small, round, even surface brightness. A mag 14 star is 30" NW. NGC 1030 lies 30' WSW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 1054 on 8 Oct 1864 with the 11" refractor at
Copenhagen and logged "eF, vS, verified at 230x. A star is near the northwest rim. " His single position and description
matches CGCG 462-045 = PGC 10242.
******************************
NGC 1055 = UGC
2173 = MCG +00-07-081 = CGCG 388-095 = PGC 10208
02 41 45.2 +00
26 31
V = 10.6; Size 7.6'x2.7'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 105d
48"
(10/24/14): very bright, nearly edge-on spiral, spans ~6'x1.8' WNW -ESE. The bright central region extends
2'x0.5' and increases gradually towards the center. A relatively wide, prominent dust lane runs along nearly the
entire northern flank of the galaxy!
The fainter portion of the galaxy to the north of the dust lane was
clearly visible, paralleling the central region, ~1.6' in length, and perhaps
30" wide at maximum. This
outer section of the central bulge runs into the mag 11.2 star that is 1.2' NNW
of center and disappears. M77 lies
30' SSE.
18"
(1/13/07): fairly bright, large, very elongated 3:1 ~E-W, ~5'x1.6', broad
concentration but no well-defined core or nucleus. A mag 11 star is just north of the core and two mag 13 stars
are north of the western flank. A
dark lane runs along the north edge of the galaxy creating a sharp light
cut-off, though the faint portion of the galaxy to the north that's cut off by
the dark lane was not seen.
17.5"
(11/14/87): fairly bright, fairly large, very elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE, broadly
concentrated halo. A mag 11 star
is just off the NW flank 1.2' from the center. Located 7' SE of mag 6.8 SAO 110689 and 7' SW of mag 7.8 SAO
110692. Member of the M77 group.
13"
(9/3/83): fairly faint, elongated WNW-ESE. A mag 12 star is 1' N.
8"
(11/8/80): faint, elongated.
Located 30' NNW of M77.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1055 = H I-1 = H II-6? = h258 on 19 Dec 1783 (early sweep
53?). His summary description
(based on 7 observations) reads "cB, cL, iF, bM." He possibly found NGC 1055 the night
before, noting H II-6 as "a small nebula. It is like a very small comet,
not visible in the finder 1/2¡."
He noted the position as roughly 1/2¡ north of Delta Ceti and later
commented "This has probably been a telescopic comet, as I have not been
able to find it again, notwithstanding the assistance of a drawing which
represents the telescopic stars in its neighbourhood." In the 1912 revision of WH's
catalogues, Dreyer equated H. II 6 with NGC 1055 with uncertainty and added the
note "very rough sketch shows it in line with 2 stars preceding and one
following." Steinicke,
though, equates H. II 6 with a pair of stars at 02 40 19.5 +00 54 37 (2000),
which fits Dreyer's comments.
******************************
NGC 1056 = UGC
2183 = MCG +05-07-032 = Mrk 1183 = PGC 10272
02 42 48.4 +28
34 26
V = 12.4; Size 2.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 160d
17.5"
(12/23/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, increases to
rounder small bright core. A mag
12 star is 2.2' ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1056 = H III-584 = h256 on 26 Oct 1786 (sweep 626) and recorded
"vF, S, bM". JH measured
an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 1057 = UGC
2184 = MCG +05-07-033 = CGCG 505-037 = WBL 085-001 = PGC 10287
02 43 02.9 +32
29 28
V = 14.2; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 115d
24"
(9/23/17): at 260x; fairly faint, moderately large, oval 3:2 NW-SE,
1.2'x0.8'. Contains a brighter
core that seems to extend into a very low contrast bar. First in the NGC 1060 group (5 NGC galaxies).
24"
(2/7/16): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE, 0.7'x0.35',
small brighter core. The major
axis points to NGC 1061 3.1' SE.
18"
(1/26/11): very faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 0.7'x0.45', low even
surface brightness. Located 4.7'
NW of NGC 1060 in a group with NGC 1061 3' SE. NGC 1066 and NGC 1067 lies 10' E.
George Johnstone
Stoney discovered NGC 1057 with Lord Rosse's 72" sometime in Dec
1849. The sketch and description
("vF double neb") clearly applies to UGC 2184, although the
"double" appearance is due to a very close, faint double star at the
NW edge.
******************************
NGC 1058 = UGC
2193 = MCG +06-07-001 = CGCG 523-096 = PGC 10314
02 43 29.8 +37
20 27
V = 11.2; Size 3.0'x2.8'; Surf Br = 13.4
18"
(1/26/11): fairly bright, fairly large, irregularly round, 2' diameter, broad,
weak concentration, very small brighter nucleus ~5" diameter, irregular
surface brightness, asymmetric appearance. A star is superimposed on the NW side ~35" from the
center. The halo is more extensive
or brighter on the west side and ver weak on the east side, so the nucleus
appears offset towards the northeast side. A mag 15 star is at the south end of the galaxy. Member of the NGC 1023 Group.
17.5"
(12/8/90): moderately bright, moderately large, round, almost even surface
brightness, no distinct core, possibly mottled. A mag 14 star is involved at the NW edge and a mag 15 star
is involved at the south end. A
mag 11.5 star lies 2.3' SSW of center.
13"
(11/29/86): moderately bright, moderately large, round, almost even surface
brightness. A faint star mag 14.5
star is superimposed on the NW edge.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1058 = H II-633 = h255 on 17 Jan 1787 (sweep 692) and logged
"F, cL, R, lbM, 4' diametenoted "pF; L; R; glbM; 50"." JH made the single observation
"pF; L; R; glbM; 50"."
His RA is 9 seconds too small. This galaxy was observed 4 times at Birr
Castle. On 24 Nov 1854, R.J.
Mitchell remarked "L, R. Susp Nucl or * in centre, 2 conspicuous stars inv
in the preceding side."
******************************
NGC 1059
02 42 35.6 +17
59 48
=**, Reinmuth
and Gottlieb.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1059 = h259 on 25 Jan 1832 and simply noted "eF, hardly
sure." There is no
non-stellar object at his position but just 1' SE is a close pair of mag 14
stars at 10" separation.
Several observers looked for Herschel's object. Heinrich d'Arrest was unable to find
anything "on a very clear night" and Sherburne Burnham (Publ of Lick
Observatory, II) also carefully searched unsuccessfully for the object,
although in sweeping around he discovered IC 248. Karl Reinmuth, in his 1926 survey based on Heidelberg
plates, and Dorothy Carlson in her NGC errata paper identify NGC 1059 with this
double star. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 1060 = UGC
2191 = MCG +05-07-035 = CGCG 505-038 = WBL 085-002 = PGC 10302
02 43 15.1 +32
25 30
V = 11.8; Size 2.3'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 75d
24"
(9/23/17): at 260x; bright, large, nearly 2'x1.5', sharply concentrated with a
large bright core that gradually increases to a stellar nucleus. A mag 15 star is at the east edge of
the halo [1.0' from center].
Brightest in a group (reobserved due to a current supernova in NGC
1067).
24"
(2/7/16): very bright, large, sharply concentrated with an intensely bright
core that increases to the center.
The much fainter halo gradually dims and is slightly elongated WSW-ENE,
~1.6'x1.3'. Brightest in a group
of 10 galaxies (including 5 NGCs) in a 20' field.
The two closest
galaxies are NGC 1061 2.5' N and PGC 213071 3' SSE ("extremely faint,
small, roundish, 12"-15").
On the south side of the cluster is MCG +05-07-034 ("fairly faint,
fairly small, round, 20" diameter, fairly low even surface
brightness. Two mag 14.8/15.1
stars at 11" separation lie 1.7' SE.
Located 9.6' S of NGC 1060).
CGCG 505-042 is 4.9' further east-southeast. It was logged as moderately bright, fairly small, elongated
3:2 E-W, 21"x14", fairly high surface brighness. A mag 14.5 star is 1.5' E.
18"
(1/26/11): bright, fairly large, elongated 4:3 WSW-ENE, large low surface
brightness halo extends 2.0'x1.5'.
Sharply concentrated with a large, very bright core that is well
concentrated to the center.
Brightest in a group of 5 NGC galaxies including NGC 1061 2.5' N, NGC
1057 4.8' NW, NGC 1066 8' NE and NGC 1067 9' NE. Located 10' WNW of mag 7.4 HD 16954.
17.5"
(11/27/92): moderately bright, fairly small, round, halo gradually brightens to
small bright core, stellar nucleus.
Located 10' WNW of mag 7.7 SAO 55822. Brightest in a group with NGC 1061 2.5' N and NGC 1066 8'
ENE.
Huey (22"
@230 and 383x): Very bright round glow with diffuse edges, 1.3'
across. Gradually then suddenly brighter center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1060 = H III-162 = h257, along with NGC 1066 = III-163, on 12
Sep 1784 (sweep 268) and described the pair as "Two, both vF, pS, R
lbM". WH's position is about
15 tsec of RA east and 3' north of UGC 2191 = PGC 10302. JH measured an accurate position and
described a "red *7.8 43.5 tsec preceding", though the star is
east-southeast.
******************************
NGC 1061 = MCG
+05-07-036 = CGCG 505-039 = WBL 085-003 = PGC 10303
02 43 15.8 +32
28 00
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 25d
24"
(9/23/17): at 260x; fairly faint, fairly small, oval 4:3 SW-NE,
32"x24", very weak concentration. Located 2.5' N of NGC 1060 (brightest in a group) with NGC
1057 3' NW and NGC 1060 7' E.
24"
(2/7/16): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 SW-NE, 24"x18",
even surface brightness. NGC 1057
is 3.1' NW and NGC 1060 is 2.5' S.
18"
(1/26/11): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, 30"x20". Located in the center of the group,
2.5' N of NGC 1060. NGC 1057 lies
3' NW.
17.5"
(11/27/92): very faint, very small, round, even surface brightness. Located 2.5' N of NGC 1060 in a group.
George Johnstone
Stoney discovered NGC 1061 in Dec 1849 using Lord Rosse's 72" and logged
"pF, S, R". The diagram
made in 1850 matches CGCG 505-039 = PGC 10303.
******************************
NGC 1062
02 43 24.0 +32
27 44
=*, Gottlieb and
Corwin. The RNGC and RC3
identification of NGC 1062 = UGC 2201 is incorrect, but here are my notes on
UGC 2201.
24"
(2/7/16): extremely faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 E-W,
~30"x10". This low surface
brightness edge-on was only occasionally glimpsed with effort. Situated 1.8' NW of NGC 1066 and 1.7'
SW of NGC 1067 in the NGC 1060 = WBL 085 cluster.
Ralph Copeland
discovered NGC 1062 on 11 Oct 1873 as observing assistant on the 72" at
Birr Castle. He placed this object
with respect to NGC 1061 at 116.8" in PA 97.6 deg (ESE). At this offset
(1.9' ESE of NGC 1061) is an extremely faint star. RNGC and RC3 (as well as SIMBAD and other sources)
misidentify UGC 2201 = PGC 10331 as NGC 1062. This galaxy is located over 6' ENE of NGC 1061. See my RNGC Corrections #2 and Corwin's
notes.
******************************
NGC 1063 = MCG
-01-07-036 = PGC 10232
02 42 10.0 -05
34 07
V = 14.3; Size 1.4'x0.5'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 105d
17.5"
(11/28/97): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 ~E-W, 0.8'x0.5', low even
surface brightness. Preceded by a
wide pair of mag 11/13 stars ~4' W.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1063 = St XII-23 on 16 Nov 1881 with the 31" reflector at
Marseille Observatory. His position
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1064 = MCG
-02-07-071 = PGC 10249
02 42 23.5 -09
21 44
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 30d
17.5"
(11/10/96): very faint, fairly small, round, 30" diameter. Requires averted vision but can hold
with concentration due to a very low even surface brightness. Forms a pair with brighter MCG -2-7-72
6.8' SSE (on the first observation of the field, this galaxy was assumed to be
NGC 1064) and it is surprising that Leavenworth did not pick up MCG
-2-7-72. NGC 1064 is a face-on
spiral with a small core and much fainter arms (halo) and I missed it twice
from the brighter skies east of Mt Hamilton.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1064 = LM II-345 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at Leander McCormick Observatory.
His position is just 0.2 tsec west of MCG -02-07-071 = PGC 10249. This
galaxy was missed on two attempts from Digger Pines although nearby MCG
-02-07-072 was viewed! (finally
picked up at Fiddletown).
******************************
NGC 1065 = MCG
-03-07-059 = PGC 10228
02 42 06.2 -15
05 30
V = 13.5; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.7
17.5"
(12/20/95): In a trio with slightly brighter IC 253 2.7' N and extremely faint
IC 252 just 1.0' SSW (forms compact galaxy group SCG 19). Appears faint, small, irregularly
round, 25" diameter. There is
no core but contains a definite faint stellar nucleus. A mag 11 star is 2.9' SE of center. Located 9' E of mag 7.6 SAO 48549.
IC 253 is fairly
faint, fairly small, round, small bright core, stellar nucleus, 30"
diameter. IC 254 is an extremely
faint, round, barely nonstellar spot just 1.0' SSW of NGC 1065. Requires averted vision to glimpse and
<10" diameter.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1065 = Sw V-38 on 29 Sep 1886 and reported "eeF, pS, * nr
s, B* preceding, e difficult".
His position is just 4 tsec west of MCG -03-07-059 and the description
matches, so the identification is secure.
Still, I'm surprised he missed nearby IC 253 to the north, which Javelle
discovered later at the Nice Observatory.
RNGC mistakenly equates NGC 1065 and IC 254 (a separate galaxy).
******************************
NGC 1066 = UGC
2203 = MCG +05-07-042 = WBL 085-006 = PGC 10338
02 43 49.9 +32
28 30
V = 13.3; Size 1.7'x1.6'; Surf Br = 14.3
24"
(9/23/17): at 260x; fairly bright, large, slightly elongated, well concentrated
with a bright core and low surface brightness halo ~1.5'x1.2'. A mag 7.4 star (HD 16954) lies 7' SSE.
NGC 1066 is the second brightest member of the NGC 1060 group = WBL 85, with
NGC 1067 2.2' N.
24" (2/7/16):
moderately to fairly bright, moderately large, slightly elongated SW-NE,
1.3'x1.0', well concentrated core increases to the center, occasional faint
stellar nucleus. Second brightest
and largest in the cluster (WBL 085).
In a small trio with NGC 1067 2.2' N and UGC 2201 1.7' NW.
UGC 2201, which
is misidentified as NGC 1062 in RNGC, RC3 and SIMBAD, is an extremely low
surface brightness edge-on and was only occasionally glimpsed, extending
~30"x10" E-W. UGC 2202,
situated 5.1' S, appeared very faint, small, round, low even surface
brightness, 18" diameter. A
mag 13 star is 0.8' W. This dwarf irregular is located just 2.8' NW of mag 7.4
HD 16954 and it helped to place the star just outside the field. MCG +05-07-046 is 10.6' SE and 5' ESE
of the bright star. It appeared
very faint, fairly small, oval 2:1 E-W, 25"x14", low surface
brightness, no concentration.
18"
(1/26/11): moderately bright, fairly large, irregularly round, 1.5'x1.2', broad
concentration in halo. Contains a
small brighter core that increases to the center. Forms a pair with NGC 1067 2.2' due north. Located 8' NE of NGC 1060 and 7' NNW of
mag 7.4 HD 16954.
17.5"
(11/27/92): faint, moderately large, slightly elongated N-S, 1.5'x1.3'. Similar size to NGC 1060 8' WSW but one
magnitude fainter. Broadly
concentrated halo but no well defined core. Located 7' NNW of mag 7.7 SAO 55822. Forms a pair with NGC 1067 2.2' N, also
nearby is NGC 1061 7' W. Appears
brighter than the CGCG mag of 14.9.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1066 = H III-163 = h260, along with NGC 1060, on 12 Sep 1784
(sweep 268) and described both as "Two, both vF, pS, R lbM." The cluster was observed 10 times at
Birr Castle!
******************************
NGC 1067 = UGC
2204 = MCG +05-07-043 = WBL 085-007 = PGC 10339
02 43 50.6 +32
30 42
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6
24"
(9/23/17): at 260x; faint, fairly small, round, low surface brightness,
30-35" diameter. SN 2017gjn
(Type 1a), discovered 1' NNW of center on 24 August, was visible as a mag 15.5
"star".
24"
(2/7/16): fairly faint, fairly small, roundish, low surface brightness with a
broad weak concentration [face-on Sc].
In a small trio with NGC 1066 2.2' S and UGC 2201 1.7' SW. Situated 8' NE of NGC 1060 (brightest
in the cluster) and 6.7' NNW of mag 7.4 HD 16954.
18"
(1/26/11): very faint, fairly small, irregularly round, ~40"x35",
very low surface brightness, very weak concentration. Located 2.2' N of NGC 1066 in a group of 5 NGC galaxies.
17.5"
(11/27/92): very faint, very small, round, low surface brightness. Forms a close pair with NGC 1066 2.2' S
in the NGC 1060 group. UGC 2201
(misidentified in the RNGC and RC3 as NGC 1062) is 1.6' SW and was not seen.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1067 = h261 on 22 Nov 1827 and reported "eF; S; the nf of
two [with NGC 1066]. Change in
polar distance estimated at 3'."
The actual separation is 2.2'.
******************************
NGC 1068 = M77 =
Arp 37 = UGC 2188 = MCG +00-07-083 = Cetus A = PGC 10266
02 42 40.3 -00
00 48
V = 8.9; Size 7.1'x6.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 70d
48"
(10/26/11): at 375x; this is by far the best view I've had of M77. Spiral arm structure was easily visible
with two main outer arms and a bright inner arm. The bright inner arm attaches at the east side of the
intense core and wraps tightly clockwise around the north side of the core and
heads south on the west side of the core.
There are two main arms in the halo forming an elongated "S"
pattern. A long spiral arm is
attached near the east side of the core and wraps outside the inner arm
described above. It continues
around to the west side and heads south, ending near a compact HII knot (listed
in NED as [H66] 6 from Paul Hodge's 1996 "Atlas and Catalog of HII Regions
in Galaxies"). A second long
spiral arm is attached on the southwest side of the core and wraps clockwise to
the east side of the core and extends to the northern edge of the halo. Besides these main arms, several
fainter sections of additional arms are tightly wrapped in the halo. NGC 1055 lies 30' NNE.
18"
(10/21/06): very bright, fairly large oval, extended 4:3 SW-NE,
~3.5'x2.5'. Sharply concentrated
with a very bright, oval core containing a sharp, very bright stellar nucleus. There is a strong impression of
mottling or spiral structure in the halo with a curving dust lane (gap between
the spiral arms) embedded in the halo that swings around from the southwest
side of the halo towards the north along the west side of the core. Inner arm detail is also suggested
around the edge of the halo with an impression of turbulence. A mag 11 star is just off the SE side,
~1.5' from the center.
17.5"
(11/14/87): very bright, moderately large, sharp concentration with an
unusually bright core, almost stellar nucleus, diffuse slightly elongated
halo. Appears mottled at high
power and a hint of inner arm structure.
A mag 11 star is 1.3' ESE of the center. This is a Seyfert 2 galaxy and brightest in a group.
8"
(11/28/81): bright, intense core, faint halo.
Pierre MŽchain
discovered M77 = NGC 1068 = h262 on 29 Oct 1780. WH described M77 as "Very bright; an irregular extended
nucleus with milky chevelure, 3 or 4' long, near 3' broad."
Lord Rosse (or
his assistant) recorded M77 on 22 Dec 1848 as "a blue spiral?" and it
was included in the list of "Spiral or curvilinear" object in Rosse's
1850 PT paper. Bindon Stoney made
a sketch on 24 Nov 1851 (the description reads "The central part is, I am
nearly sure, spiral") shown on plate XXV, figure 6 in LdR's 1861 paper
(also Plate 1, Figure 4 in the 1880 publication).
******************************
NGC 1069 = MCG
-01-07-038 = PGC 10285
02 42 59.7 -08
17 22
V = 13.7; Size 1.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 145d
17.5"
(11/26/94): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, 1.4'x0.7',
slightly brighter core. A mag 12
star lies 2.2' NE. Located 4.9' W
of mag 8.8 SAO 130077 at the east edge of the NGC 1052 group.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1069 = Sw V-39 on 29 Sep 1886 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory and recorded "eeF; pS; R; between two dist stars; B* nr
following." Swift's position
is just 6 tsec west of MCG -01-07-038 = PGC 10285 and his comment "B * nr
foll" applies to this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 1070 = UGC
2200 = MCG +01-07-026 = CGCG 414-045 = PGC 10309
02 43 22.2 +04 58
05
V = 11.9; Size 2.3'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 175d
17.5"
(11/26/94): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 N-S. Contains a well-defined bright, round
core which is evenly concentrated to the center. A mag 11 star lies 2.4' SSW of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1070 = H II-273 = h263 on 13 Dec 1784 (sweep 338) and noted
"F, S, iR." His position
is 10 tsec in RA west of UGC 2200 = PGC 10309. JH's position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1071 = MCG
-02-07-077 = PGC 10290
02 43 07.8 -08
46 26
V = 14.5; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 160d
17.5"
(11/28/97): extremely faint, small, round, 25" diameter, very low surface
brightness, no concentration.
Requires averted vision and probably only viewed the core as this galaxy
has low surface brightness arms.
Nearly collinear with two mag 11/12 stars 3.3' E and 4.6' W,
respectively.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1071 = LM II-346 with the 26" refractor at
Leander McCormick Observatory and logged "0.3'x0.1', pE 180¡, *10, p 16s;
*9, f 15s". His position is
an exact match with MCG -02-07-077 as well as the two mentioned stars, although
they are a couple of magnitudes fainter than given.
******************************
NGC 1072 = IC
1837? = UGC 2208 = MCG +00-07-088 = CGCG 388-103 = PGC 10315
02 43 31.3 +00
18 25
V = 13.4; Size 1.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 11d
18"
(1/15/07): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 ~N-S, ~0.9'x0.5'. Contains a moderately bright roundish
core with much fainter extensions N-S.
A mag 11 star lies 3.9' NNW and a pair of mag 11/13 stars at 14" is
4.7' SE. Located 23' NE of
M77.
17.5"
(11/14/87): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 ~N-S, bright
core. Located 23' NNE of M77.
13"
(9/3/83): very faint, thin, very elongated SSW-NNE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1072 = St XII-24 on 20 Dec 1881. His position matches UGC 2208 = PGC 10315. Stephane Javelle (III-945)
independently found the galaxy on 24 Jan 1898 and reported it as new in
discovery list 3-945 (later IC 1837), but Harold Corwin comments that he
reversed the sign of his declination offset from his reference star. Once corrected, IC 1837 = NGC
1072. Although this is a
reasonable assumption (it occured in several other cases), it's odd that Javelle
described NGC 1072 as round as it appeared noticeably elongated in both of my
observations. The RNGC has a typo
with the RA given as 00 01.3 (1975).
******************************
NGC 1073 = UGC
2210 = MCG +00-08-001 = CGCG 389-002 = PGC 10329
02 43 40.3 +01
22 33
V = 11.0; Size 4.9'x4.5'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 15d
48"
(10/24/14): at 488x; the central bar is very bright and well-defined, extending
1.0'x0.3' SW-NE. An easily visible spiral arm is attached at the northeast end
of the bar and extends at a right angle to the northwest, passing through a mag
16 star [50" N of center].
The arm then dims but sweeps clockwise around the west side, and merges
with the second arm attached at the southwest end of the bar. As a result, the
galaxy appears to have a single continuous arm rotating ~270¡ and ending on the
southeast side, ~1.2' from center!
The outer part of the halo has a low surface brightness but extends at
least 4' in diameter. Another mag
16 star is on the southwest side of the halo [1.4' from center].
At least three
HII complexes were identified. The
brightest is NGC 1073:[HK 83] 6/9, an elongated patch ~13"x8" E-W,
situated at or just beyond the southeast end of the spiral arm [1.4' from
center]. A small, fainter knot
close west, [HK83] 19, was difficult to resolve. [HK83] 69, a faint 10" knot, is on the west side of the
halo (beyond the arm) [1.4' due west of center]. Finally, [HK83] 49 is a third 10" knot of low contrast
in the northwest outer halo [1.9' NNW of center]. The designations are from Hodge and Kennicutt's 1983
"An Atlas of HII Regions in 125 Galaxies".
13.1"
(9/3/83): fairly faint, large, even surface brightness, round. An equilateral triangle consisting of
three mag 9.5-10.5 stars with sides 5' lies SW.
8"
(11/28/81): very faint, fairly large, very diffuse, round. Three mag 10 stars are close SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1073 = H III-455 on 9 Oct 1785 (sweep 463) and recorded
"vF, vL, lbM, 6 or 7' diameter". He noted it was
"easily resolvable" on a later sweep. The mottling he noted is
due to numerous HII knots.
******************************
NGC 1074 = MCG
-03-08-001 = PGC 10324
02 43 36.1 -16
17 50
V = 13.7; Size 1.9'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 167d
17.5"
(12/20/95): very faint, small, elongated 3:2 ~N-S, 50"x35", low
surface brightness. A mag 13 star
is 2.8' SSW of center. Forms a
pair with NGC 1075 5.8' N.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1074 = LM I-63 on 28 Nov 1885 with the 26"
Leander McCormick refractor. His
rough position essentially matches MCG -03-08-001 = PGC 10324. Herbert Howe
measured an accurate position in 1898-99 using the 20" refractor at
Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 1075 = MCG
-03-08-002 = PGC 10320
02 43 33.5 -16
12 05
V = 13.9; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 153d
17.5"
(12/20/95): extremely faint and small, round, 15" diameter. Requires averted vision. Forms a pair with NGC 1074 5.8' S.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1075 = LM I-64 on 28 Nov 1885 with the Leander
McCormick 26" refractor. His
approximate RA (nearest min of RA) is just 0.6 tmin west, though 2' south of
MCG -03-08-002 = PGC 10320.
Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1898-99 using the 20"
refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes) and
"noticed that NGC 1075 "really precedes 1074". I'm surprised that Leavenworth
described this galaxy as brighter than NGC 1074 (mag 14.0 vs. mag 15.5).
******************************
NGC 1076 = MCG
-03-08-003 = PGC 10313
02 43 29.2 -14
45 16
V = 12.3; Size 1.8'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 99d
17.5"
(12/20/95): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 E-W, 1.5'x0.7',
broad concentration with a large brighter core. Located 5.4' W of mag 9.4 SAO 148572.
Lewis Swift discovered
NGC 1076 = Sw III-20 on 29 Dec 1885 with the 16" refractor at Warner
Observatory and commented "vF; pS; R; B* 22s east". His position is 7 tsec of RA east of
MCG -03-08-003 = PGC 10313 and the bright star is accurated placed.
******************************
NGC 1077 = UGC
2230 = MCG +07-06-069 = CGCG 539-095 = PGC 10468
02 46 00.7 +40
05 24
V = 13.7; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 165d
17.5"
(12/23/92): faint, small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, almost even fairly low surface
brightness. Forms a double system
with NGC 1077b = MCG +07-06-068 at 0.5' ENE (not seen).
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1077 = Sw I-23 on 16 Aug 1885 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory and placed accurately.
This is a double system (with PGC 10465), though the brighter
southwestern component is called NGC 1077B in the MCG. The RNGC magnitude of
16.0 is in error.
******************************
NGC 1078 = MCG
-02-08-001 = PGC 10362
02 44 08.0 -09
27 08
V = 14.5; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 14.1
17.5"
(12/20/95): very faint, very small, round. Contains a 10" brighter core surrounded by a 25"
halo. A mag 10 star lies 5.8'
NNW. Located close to the Eridanus
border.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 1078 = LM II-347 in 1886 with the 26" Leander McCormick
refractor and noted a "mag 9.5 star follows 30 sec, south 2'." His position is 0.3 tmin east of MCG
-02-08-001 = PGC 10362 and the description applies.
******************************
NGC 1079 = ESO
416-013 = MCG -05-07-017 = PGC 10330
02 43 44.5 -29
00 11
V = 11.5; Size 3.5'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 87d
13.1"
(10/10/86): moderately bright, fairly large, elongated 2:1 E-W, bright core,
faint stellar nucleus, faint elongated halo.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1079 = h2494 on 14 Nov 1835 and logged "B, pmE, sbM,
90" long, 40" broad". His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1080 = MCG
-01-08-003 = PGC 10416
02 45 10.0 -04
42 39
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 160d
17.5"
(11/26/94): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter, almost even
surface brightness, well-defined halo.
Several stars are near and forms the west vertex of an equilateral
triangle with two mag 12.5/13.5 stars 2.7' SE and 2.6' NE of center. A brighter mag 11.5 star lies 3.5' W.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1080 = Sw V-40 on 21 Oct 1886 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory. His position
is 5 tsec east and 15" north of MCG -01-08-003 = PGC 10416.
******************************
NGC 1081 = MCG
-03-08-010 = PGC 10411
02 45 05.5 -15
35 17
V = 13.3; Size 1.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 27d
18"
(11/26/03): at 160x appears faint, fairly small, very elongated 5:2 or 3:1
SSW-NNE, 1.0'x0.35', low even surface brightness. Located 10' S of mag 7.6 SAO 14856. NGC 1105 = IC 1840 lies 20' WSW and NGC
1083 is 16' NE.
17.5"
(11/26/94): faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE, 1.2'x0.5', uniform
surface brightness. Located 10'
SSW of mag 8.2 SAO 148586 at the edge of the 220x field. A wide pair of mag 11/12 stars at 1.1'
separation is 5' E and a mag 14.5 star is 2' NE. The mag 8 star to the north is surrounded by a halo of 7
faint mag 14 stars! First of three
with NGC 1083 16' NE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1081 = Sw V-41 on 21 Oct 1886 with the 16" refractor at the
Warner Observatory. His position
is 5 tsec of RA west of MCG -03-08-010 = PGC 10411 (same offset as NGC 1083).
******************************
NGC 1082 = MCG
-01-08-004 = PGC 10447
02 45 41.2 -08
10 50
V = 14.7; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 90d
17.5"
(12/20/95): faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 ~E-W, 0.8'x0.6'. Fairly sharp concentration with a
well-defined 20" core. A mag
12.5 star lies 2.4' N of center.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1082 = Sw V-42 on 29 Sep 1886 with the 16" refractor at the
Warner Observatory. His position
is accurate. The RNGC declination is 2' too far south.
******************************
NGC 1083 = MCG
-03-08-015 = PGC 10445
02 45 40.6 -15
21 29
V = 13.8; Size 1.7'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 17d
17.5"
(11/26/94): fairly faint but striking edge-on streak 5:1 SSW-NNE,
1.5'x0.3'. Weak concentration with
no distinct core. Located almost
at the midpoint of two mag 11 stars 2.5' NW and 3.2' SE. Second of three on a line with NGC 1081
16' SW and NGC 1089 18' NE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1083 = Sw V-43 on 29 Sep 1886 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory and reported "eeF; pS; vE; surrounded by 5 or 6 stars;
np of 2 [with NGC 1089]. His
position is close to MCG -03-08-015 = PGC 10445 and the comment
"surrounded by 5 or 6 stars" applies. His comment "np of 2" should read "sp of
2".
******************************
NGC 1084 = MCG
-01-08-007 = PGC 10464
02 45 59.8 -07
34 42
V = 10.7; Size 3.2'x1.8'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 35d
17.5"
(10/21/95): very bright, fairly large, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 2.5'x1.2', broad
concentration with a large bright core.
Irregular mottled appearance or dust or dark lanes on the east
side. The west side has a
symmetric bulging appearance but there are dark indentations or bays on the NE
and SE sides of the halo (probably between the spiral arms).
8"
(10/13/81): bright, moderately large, elongated. Three mag 9-10 stars lie 13' N, 15' NNE and 16' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1084 = H I-64 = h264 on 10 Jan 1785 (sweep 355). He recorded
"vB, pL, lE, mbM" and measured an accurate position . The galaxy was observed 8 times at Birr
Castle. On 16 Oct 1855, R.J.
Mitchell called this a "Fine oval neb, has nucl, light mottled, sometimes
I thought I saw a dark bay north of Nucl, certainly the neb is brighter along n
and nf side than in the part intervening between that and the nucleus".
******************************
NGC 1085 = UGC
2241 = MCG +00-08-010 = CGCG 389-008 = PGC 10498
02 46 25.3 +03
36 26
V = 12.3; Size 3.0'x2.1'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 15d
17.5"
(12/28/94): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 N-S, 1.2'x0.8', gradually
increases to a small bright core.
Forms the east vertex of an equilateral triangle with two mag 10.5/12.5
stars 4' SW and NW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 1085 on 26 Sep 1865 with an 11" refractor at
Copenhagen. His position is
accurate and he further noted the nebula was between two mag 11-12 stars - one
preceding by 14.5 seconds [4' SW] and the other following by 18.5 seconds [4.6'
E].
******************************
NGC 1086 = UGC 2258
= MCG +07-06-071 = CGCG 539-101 = PGC 10587
02 47 56.4 +41
14 47
V = 12.8; Size 1.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 35d
17.5"
(10/24/87): faint, small, slightly elongated, almost even surface brightness,
rich star field. A pretty double
star lies 5' SE (9.3/11.3 at 8" in PA 90¡). Surrounded by several mag 14-15 stars.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1086 = Sw II-24 on 20 Aug 1885 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory and recorded "vF; pS; D* near". His position is 13 tsec east of UGC
2258 = PGC 10587, but there are no other nearby candidates and the nearby
double star is 4.8' SE.
******************************
NGC 1087 = UGC
2245 = MCG +00-08-009 = CGCG 389-010 = PGC 10496
02 46 25.1 -00
29 55
V = 10.9; Size 3.7'x2.2'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 5d
18"
(1/15/07): fairly bright, fairly large, round, 1.7' diameter. Broad concentration with an ill defined
core which appears to be offset towards the west side. The halo gradually fades into the
background. MCG +00-08-012,
located 3.5' NE, was just glimpsed.
17.5"
(11/14/87): bright, fairly large, elongated 3:2 N-S, gradually brighter halo,
small bright core. Two mag 11
stars 2.9' NE and 3.8' ESE of center are part of a string of brighter stars
oriented NW-SE. NGC 1090 lies 15'
NNE. Nearby MCG +00-08-012 was not
seen.
13"
(9/3/83): fairly bright, moderately large, weak concentration, elongated N-S.
8"
(12/6/80): faint, fairly small, diffuse.
Located near a string of mag 10 stars.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1087 = H II-466 = h265 on 9 Oct 1785 (sweep 463) and noted
"pB, cL, R, mbM." A
month later on 7 Nov 1785 (sweep 470) he logged "pB, pL, irr R." JH measured a more accurate position.
******************************
NGC 1088 = UGC
2253 = MCG +03-08-009 = CGCG 463-011 = PGC 10536
02 47 04.0 +16
12 00
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 105d
17.5"
(11/10/96): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 0.8'x0.5'. Faint stellar nucleus at moments. A mag 13.5 star is 1.2' NW. The main body appears elongated E-W on
the POSS. Perhaps the elongation I
noticed was caused by a superimposed companion at the NE end. IC 255 lies 5' N (not seen).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1088 = H III-582 on 25 Oct 1786 (sweep 623) and noted "vF,
S, irr F." His position is 2'
south of UGC 2253 = PGC 10536.
******************************
NGC 1089 = MCG
-03-08-020 = PGC 10481
02 46 10.1 -15
04 23
V = 13.5; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 15d
24"
(1/28/17): at 282x; fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated ~N-S,
~0.5'x0.4', very small brighter core, occasional stellar nucleus.
Arp 131, a close
interacting pair consisting of MCG -03-08-025 and -026 off the northeast side
[52" between centers], lies 24' NE.
MCG -03-08-025 appeared fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated
~E-W, 30"x24", strongly concentrated with a very small bright
nucleus. MCG -03-08-026 was faint,
small, round, 15" diameter, no zones.
17.5"
(11/26/94): very faint, small, round, 0.4' diameter. Symmetrical appearance
with a weak, even concentration to a faint stellar nucleus. Third of three on a line with NGC 1083
18' SSW and NGC 1081 34' SSW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1089 = Sw V-44 on 29 Sep 1886 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory and noted "eeF, S, R, sf of 2 [with NGC 1083]"
. His position is 9 seconds of RA
west of MCG -03-08-020, though his comment "sf of 2" should read
"nf of 2". Dreyer noted
this correction in a short errata list at the end of the NGC.
******************************
NGC 1090 = UGC
2247 = MCG +00-08-011 = CGCG 389-011 = PGC 10507
02 46 33.9 -00
14 50
V = 11.8; Size 4.0'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 102d
18"
(1/15/07): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated ~5:2 WNW-ESE, ~2.5'x1', broad
mild concentration to a fairly large, slightly brighter core which has a
mottled texture. A mag 15 star is
just off the the south edge and an 11th magnitude star lies 3' N.
17.5"
(11/14/87): moderately bright, moderately large, oval ~E-W, weak
concentration. A mag 15 star is at
the south edge 42" from center and a mag 11.5 star is 3.1' N. NGC 1087 lies 15' S and NGC 1094 is 14'
ESE.
13"
(9/3/83): faint, moderately large, diffuse, slightly elongated ~E-W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1090 = H II-465 = h266 on 9 Oct 1785 (sweep 463) and recorded
"F, pL, R, bM."
******************************
NGC 1091 = ESO
546-016 = MCG -03-08-013 = HCG 21e = PGC 10424
02 45 22.4 -17
32 00
V = 14.1; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 77d
17.5"
(11/26/94): very faint, very small, elongated 4:3 WSW-ENE, 0.7'x0.5', no
concentration. A mag 11.5 star is
2.4' NNW of center. Forms a close
pair with NGC 1092 1.8' ESE.
Member of HCG 21 with NGC 1098 10' SW, NGC 1100 10' S and NGC 1099 11'
S.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1091 = LM I-65 (along with NGC 1092, 1098, 1099 and
1100) on 17 Oct 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick
Observatory. His position is just
1' too far south. Herbert Howe
measured an accurate position in 1897 using the 20" refractor at
Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 1092 = ESO
546-017 = MCG -03-08-014 = HCG 21d = PGC 10432
02 45 29.5 -17
32 32
V = 13.4; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 170d
17.5"
(11/26/94): faint, small, round, 40" diameter, increases to a bright
core. Brighter of a close pair
with NGC 1091 1.8' WNW. Last in
HCG 21, consisting of five faint galaxies with NGC 1091, NGC 1098, NGC 1099 and
NGC 1100.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1092 = LM I-66 (along with NGC 1091 and 1098) on 17
Oct 1885 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick. Herbert Howe's corrected position,
repeated in the IC 2 notes, is accurate.
Howe also noted that NGC 1092 is "considerably brighter than its
companion" although both were described by Leavenworth as "vF".
******************************
NGC 1093 = UGC
2274 = MCG +06-07-011 = CGCG 524-022 = PGC 10606
02 48 16.2 +34
25 12
V = 13.1; Size 1.8'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 100d
17.5"
(12/23/92): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated 4:3 WNW-ESE, fairly low
almost even surface brightness.
Located 4.3' SSE of a mag 9.5 star.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1093 = St X-14 on 6 Dec 1879 with the 31" reflector at
Marseilles Observatory. His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1094 = UGC
2262 = MCG +00-08-015 = CGCG 389-016 = PGC 10559
02 47 27.8 -00
17 06
V = 12.5; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 85d
18"
(1/15/07): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 5:3 E-W, ~1'x0.6', broad
weak concentration. Forms a close
pair with CGCG 389-017 = PGC 10560 1' N.
This companion appeared extremely faint, very small, elongated 2:1
WSW-ENE, 20"x10".
Required averted vision to just glimpse and too faint for details but I
was confident of the sighting. NGC
1094 is less than 5' S of a mag 9.5 star.
17.5"
(11/14/87): fairly faint, very small, round, bright core. NGC 1087 lies 20' SW and NGC 1090 14'
WNW. Located 4.8' S of mag 9.1 SAO
130113. Forms a close pair with
MCG +00-08-014 1.1' N (not seen).
13"
(9/3/83): very faint, very small, almost round. Located 14' ESE of NGC 1090.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1094 = H III-462 = h267 on 7 Nov 1785 (sweep 470) and noted
"vF, S." His position is
1' S of UGC 2262 = PGC 10559. The
RA in the UGC is 1 hr too large (typo).
******************************
NGC 1095 = UGC
2264 = MCG +01-08-001 = CGCG 415-008 = PGC 10566
02 47 37.9 +04
38 15
V = 13.3; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 45d
17.5"
(12/28/94): very faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 1.2'x0.8'. Appears as a low unconcentrated glow
just 2.0' SE of a mag 10 star which hampers viewing. Forms a pair with NGC 1101 10' SE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1095 = St VIIIb-8 on 11 Dec 1876 with the 31"
silvered-reflector at the Marseille Observatory. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1096 = ESO
115-028 = AM 0242-600 = PGC 10336
02 43 49.4 -59
54 47
V = 12.8; Size 1.9'x1.8'; Surf Br = 14.0
14" (4/7/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x): very faint, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE,
35"x25", fairly even surface brightness. Mag 9.8 HD 17288 is 9' SSE (along with two nearby mag 12/13
stars). Viewed through thin
clouds.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1096 = h2496 on 3 Oct 1836 and logged "F, R, glbM, 30
arcsec." His RA is 10 seconds
west of ESO 115-028 = PGC 10336.
******************************
NGC 1097 = Arp
77 NED2 = ESO 416-020 = MCG -05-07-024 = UGCA 41 = PGC 10488
02 46 18.9 -30
16 28
V = 9.5; Size 9.3'x6.3'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 130d
30"
(10/13/15 - OzSky): NGC 1097 was one of the top highlights of my October 2015
trip to Australia. At 303x; this
showpiece barred spiral contains a bright central bar ~4.5'x1.5' NW-SE. The bar
is sharply concentrated with an extremely bright, slightly elongated NW-SE core
but no distinct stellar nucleus.
A prominent
spiral arm is attached on the northwest end of the bar. The arm is relatively thin, well
defined and knotty as it curls counterclockwise to the east, dimming out
gradually about 3' ENE of center.
A large bright knot is close to the northwest end of the bar, just
inside the beginning of the arm and close east of a superimposed mag 14.5
star. NED catalogues this region
with the multiple designations NGC 1097:[EKS96] 148 and [EKS96] 151 from the
1996 "An Atlas of H II Regions in Nearby Seyfert Galaxies" in ApJS,
105, 93. Roughly halfway along its
length is a pair of fairly prominent HII knots. The first is [EKS96] 245, a 12" knot 2.5' NNE of
center. Close east is slightly
larger [EKS96] 300/304, 2.5' NE of center. The arm then fades as it passes just
south of a mag 15 star. At the
southeast end of the bar a delicate, thin spiral arm unfurls counterclockwise
towards the northwest. About
halfway along its length is a slightly brighter elongated patch extending
~30" in length, with designations [EKS96] 100/105/119 and others. The arm dims out about 3' WSW of
center. The arms stretch about 6'
tip to tip, giving overall dimensions of perhaps 7'x6'.
The satellite
galaxy NGC 1097A is superimposed in the halo on the northwest side, 3.3' from
center. It appeared moderately
bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE, 40"x20".
18"
(12/30/08): very bright, large, very elongated NW-SE. The brightest portion is the entire central "bar"
which extends ~5'x1.5'. This
region is surrounded by a much fainter "halo", increasing the size to
~5'x3'. The center is strongly
concentrated to a very bright 50"x40" core, slightly elongated
NW-SE. At the northwest end of the
bar, a very diffuse arm sweeps to the east in a counterclockwise direction for
~2.5' in length and appears to brighten or have a faint knot near the end. At the southeast end of the bar, only a
hint of a short extension sweeping west was detected. A faint star (mag ~14.5) is along the west side at the
northwest end of the main bar, near where the brighter arm is attached. NGC 1097A, a small companion galaxy, is
situated just off the NW side and appeared faint, very small, irregularly
round, 25"x20".
17.5"
(10/17/87): very bright, very large, very elongated NW-SE, very bright
core. A companion galaxy NGC 1097A
is attached at the NW end.
8"
(10/13/81): bright, elongated NW-SE, bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1097 = H V-48 =h2495 on 9 Oct 1790 (sweep 972) and logged
"vB; E 75¡ np to sf; about 8' long.
A very bright nucleus confined to a small part about 1' diameter." JH recorded this barred spiral on 18
Nov 1835 from the Cape as "B, L, vmE, pspmbM, 3' long; pos = 151.1¡."
The next night he logged "B, L, vmE, psvmbM to a pL, R nucleus; 4' long,
40" broad." Dunlop's D
625 possibly refers to NGC 1097, although his position is too rough to make a
positive identification. He found
a "round nebula, about 2' dia, very bright at the centre, and very faint
from the centre to the margin , almost equally faint from the bright nucleus to
the margin. There are two pretty
bright small stars following the nebula rather north."
******************************
NGC 1098 = ESO
546-014 = MCG -03-08-008 = HCG 21c = PGC 10403
02 44 53.7 -17
39 33
V = 12.6; Size 1.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 102d
17.5"
(11/26/94): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 E-W, 1.2'x0.8', small
bright core, stellar nucleus with direct vision. Located 5.2' SSW of mag 8.1 SAO 148582! First in HCG 21 with NGC 1099 6.4' SE,
NGC 1100 10.1' ESE, NGC 1091 10.2' NE and NGC 1092 11.1' NE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1098 = LM I-67, along with NGC 1091 = I-65 and NGC
1092 = I-66, on 17 Oct 1885. There
is nothing at his position but 2 tmin east and 2' north is ESO 546-014 = PGC
10403. Leavenworth noted this was
the "1st of 3" [with NGC 1099 and 1100] and this secures the identification. Ormond Stone and Herbert Howe later
measured accurate positions (Stone's is given in the IC 1 notes).
******************************
NGC 1099 = ESO
546-015 = MCG -03-08-011 = HCG 21a = PGC 10422
02 45 17.6 -17
42 31
V = 13.1; Size 1.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 10d
17.5"
(11/26/94): faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE, 1.5'x0.5', no
concentration. Brightest in HCG 21
with NGC 1100 4.5' ENE and NGC 1098 6.4' NW.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1099 = LM I-68 (along with NGC 1098 = I-67 and NGC
1100 = I-69) on 17 Oct 1885 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick
Observatory. Ormond Stone's corrected position in the IC 1 is accurate and
Herbert Howe also measured an accurate position in 1899-00.
******************************
NGC 1100 = ESO
546-018 = MCG -03-08-016 = HCG 21b = PGC 10438
02 45 36.0 -17
41 19
V = 13.0; Size 1.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 58d
17.5"
(11/26/94): faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 WSW-ENE, weak
concentration. Similar appearance
as NGC 1099 4.5' WSW. A mag 14
star is off the SE side 1.7' from the center and a mag 13 star is 2.3'
NNE. About 9' N is pair of faint
galaxies; NGC 1091 = HCG 21E and NGC 1092 = HCG 21D.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1100 = LM I-69 (along with NGC 1098 = I-67 and NGC
1099 = I-68) on 17 Oct 1885 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick
Observatory. Ormond Stone's corrected position given in the IC 1 Notes is
accurate and Herbert Howe also measured an accurate position in 1899-00 at the
Chamberlin Observatory in Denver.
******************************
NGC 1101 = UGC
2278 = MCG +01-08-003 = PGC 10613
02 48 14.8 +04
34 41
V = 13.0; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 100d
17.5"
(12/28/94): fairly faint, small, elongated 2:1 E-W, 0.8'x0.4', very small bright
core. Forms a "double"
with a mag 13 star at the west end 24" from the center. Starting about 4' SW is a very shallow
arc of five mag 12-13 stars open to the NW with two 30" pairs at the SW
and east ends of the arc and a total length of 4.5'. Forms a pair with NGC 1095 10' NW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1101 = St VIIIb-9 on 22 Nov 1876 with the 31" reflector at
Marseille Observatory, recording "eF, eeS, R, bM, *13
preceding". His position and
description is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1102 = ESO
546-019 = MCG -04-07-040 = PGC 10545
02 47 12.9 -22
12 32
V = 14.4; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 89d
17.5"
(12/20/95): extremely faint, very small, slightly elongated, only glimpsed with
averted vision. Situated on a E-W
line between two mag 12 and 13 stars 5.4' E and 4.4' W. There are two mag 14 stars nearly
collinear 1.6' and 2.4' S. Located
17' due north of mag 6.5 SAO 168051.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1102 = LM II-348 with the 26" refractor at
Leander McCormick Observatory and logged "mag 15.7, 0.2', R." His position is 17 tsec east of ESO
546-019. ESO misidentifies ESO
546-020 as NGC 1102. This fainter
galaxy is a better match in RA, but further off in declination (a less likely
error).
******************************
NGC 1103 = MCG
-02-08-005 = PGC 10597
02 48 06.0 -13
57 35
V = 12.9; Size 2.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 40d
17.5"
(12/28/94): fairly faint, small, elongated 3:1 SW-NE. Unusual appearance with a mag 12 star just at the NE end of
this small streak. Forms a pair
with IC 1853 (noted as "extremely faint, very small") 2.0' SSW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1103 = Sw III-21 on 26 Dec 1885 with the 16-inch refractor at
Warner Observatory. His position
is 8 sec of RA west of MCG -02-08-005 = PGC 10597 and the comment "11 mag
* close f" clinches this identification. Herbert Howe, observing with the 20" refractor at the
Chamberlin Observatory in Denver, discovered nearby IC 1853 to the south.
******************************
NGC 1104 = UGC
2287 = MCG +00-08-019 = CGCG 389-020 = PGC 10634
02 48 38.7 -00
16 17
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 70d
18"
(1/15/07): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3, very weak concentration
except for a slightly brighter quasi-stellar nucleus. A mag 13 star lies 1' S.
17.5"
(11/14/87): very faint, very small, slightly elongated NW-SE. A mag 14 star is 1.0' S of center. Located 18' E of NGC 1094.
13"
(9/3/83): extremely faint, very small.
A line of three stars is following and a faint star is off the SE edge.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 1104 on 6 Nov 1864 with an 11" refractor at
Copenhagen and logged "vF, vS, a mag 14 star is 50" south." His position and description matches
UGC 2287.
******************************
NGC 1105 = IC
1840 = MCG -03-08-004 = PGC 10333
02 43 42.0 -15
42 20
V = 14.3; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4
18"
(11/26/03): very faint, small, slightly elongated SW-NE, 0.5'x0.4', broad
concentration with a round 20" core.
Located 6' NW of mag 8.9 SAO 148573. NGC 1081 lies 20' ENE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1105 = LM I-71 on 2 Dec 1885 with the 26"
refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. There is nothing at his position but Harold Corwin examined
Leavenworth's discovery sketch and it matches PGC 10333, which is located 4.5
min of RA west of his position.
This galaxy was
independently discovered by Herbert Howe on 30 Jan 1900, probably while
searching for NGC 1105 at the NGC position, and reported it as new in list 3-7
(later IC 1840). So, NGC
1105 = IC 1840. Howe mentions he
was unable to recover NGC 1105 but found a candidate (MCG -03-08-036 = PGC
10867) 4 minutes of RA east of the NGC position which he suggested might be NGC
1105. Dreyer reported the
"corrected" position in the IC 2 notes. Because of this "correction", PGC 10867 is labeled
as NGC 1105 in the RNGC, MCG, PGC, LEDA, etc., although this was not the galaxy
found by Leavenworth. See Corwin's notes.
I've taken PGC 10333 as NGC 1105 here.
******************************
NGC 1106 = UGC
2322 = MCG +07-06-076 = CGCG 539-112 = PGC 10792
02 50 40.5 +41
40 18
V = 12.3; Size 1.8'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(10/24/87): fairly faint, very small, slightly elongated WSW-ENE, bright
core. A mag 14.5 star is attached
at the west end. Located 3' WNW of
mag 8.5 SAO 38389 which interferes with viewing.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1106 = h268 on 18 Sep 1828, although he was uncertain about the
observation: "Query whether a nebula or a knot of minute stars
indistinctly seen." There is
nothing at his position, but exactly 1.0 tmin of RA west is UGC 2322 = PGC
10792. Heinrich d'Arrest corrected
the RA and the position is accurate in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 1107 = UGC
2307 = MCG +01-08-006 = CGCG 415-013 = Holm 63a = PGC 10683
02 49 19.6 +08
05 34
V = 12.2; Size 1.8'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 140d
17.5"
(10/21/95): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE. Fairly high surface brightness with a
prominent core and much fainter extensions. Two strings of stars form a "V" to the south.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 1107 = m 74 on 2 Sep 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
reported "F, vS, R." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1108 = PGC
10633
02 48 38.5 -07
57 04
V = 15.1; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 85d
17.5"
(11/28/97): very faint, very small, round, 25" diameter. At moments a stellar nucleus is
visible. NGC 1110 lies 11' NE at
the edge of the 220x field.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1108 = Sw V-45 on 31 Oct 1886 with the 16-inch refractor at
Warner Observatory. His position
is 5 tsec east and 24" north of PGC 10633.
******************************
NGC 1109 = IC
1846? = UGC 2265 = MCG +02-08-006 = CGCG 440-008 = PGC 10573
02 47 43.6 +13
15 20
V = 14.0; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(1/9/99): faint, small, round, 25" diameter, weak concentration, very
faint stellar nucleus with direct vision.
Situated 2.5' ENE of a mag 11.5 star. The NGC identification of this galaxy is very uncertain due
to poor positions in the group by Marth and UGC, MCG and CGCG identify this
galaxy as IC 1846.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 1109 = m 75 on 2 Dec 1863 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
simply noted "vF". This
is the first in a group of 8 that he discovered that night, several of which
(NGC 1109, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1117) have identification problems because of poor
positions or perhaps he confused some faint stars as nebulous. There is nothing near his position for
NGC 1109. Harold Corwin suggests
that NGC 1109 may refer to UGC 2265 = PGC 10573, which is 2 tmin of RA west of
Marth's position but matches in declination. Stephane Javelle later discovered this galaxy at the Nice
Observatory on 7 Jan 1896, gave an accurate position, and it was catalogued as
IC 1846. So, NGC 1109 is possibly IC 1846, though other objects on the same
night seem to have different offsets in RA and based on all the problems here
this identification is uncertain.
Modern
catalogues, including RC3, RNGC, PGC and LEDA identify IC 1852 as NGC
1109. This galaxy is 39 sec of RA
west and 2' S of Marth's position.
Although closer in RA, IC 1852 is further off in declination (a less
likely error) and Corwin equates NGC 1112 and IC 1852. Courtney Seligman suggests IC 1850 as a
better candidate for NGC 1109.
This galaxy is 1.0 min of RA west of Marth's position and matches in
declination, though Corwin
suggests NGC 1111 = IC 1850. So,
lots of uncertainty. See Corwin's
notes and Courtney Seligman's entry for NGC 1109.
******************************
NGC 1110 = MCG
-01-08-010 = UGCA 43 = FGC 346 = PGC 10673
02 49 09.5 -07
50 14
V = 14.2; Size 2.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 14.5; PA = 18d
17.5"
(11/28/97): this unusual galaxy appears a moderately large, low surface
brightness streak, 2.0'x0.4' oriented SSW-NNE. Located 2.7' N of a mag 11.5 star. NGC 1108 lies 11' SW.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1110 = LM II-349 on 21 Dec 1886 with the 26"
refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. His position is 15 tsec east of MCG -01-08-010 = PGC 10673
and his dimensions of 2.8'x0.3' clearly refers to this galaxy although his PA
(168¡) has a quadrant error.
******************************
NGC 1111 = IC
1850? = PGC 1426583
02 48 39.3 +13
15 34
Size
0.7'x0.3'; PA = 9d
17.5"
(1/9/99): extremely faint, very small, elongated 3:1 SSW- NNE,
~25"x9". Originally this
object appeared virtually stellar as I probably just detected the core but
after viewing for awhile the thin extensions were noticed. IC 1850 is located 5.6' NW of IC
1852. This NGC identification (NGC
1111) is very uncertain.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 1111 = m 76 on 2 Dec 1863 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
noted "F, vS, stellar".
This is the second in a group of 8 galaxies he discovered that night,
several of which (NGC 1109, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1117) have identification problems
because of poor positions or perhaps he confused faint stars as nebulous. Harold Corwin suggests that NGC 1111 =
IC 1850 = PGC 1426583, which is located 1.0 min of RA west of Marth's position
but matches in RA. Courtney
Seligman notes that IC 1850 could just as easily be equated with NGC 1109, as
Marth's positions for these two entries are very close. RNGC, PGC and HyperLEDA label PGC 10719
as NGC 1111. This galaxy is only 8
sec of RA east, but 6' S of Marth's position (a less likely error). So, the identification of NGC 1111 is
quite uncertain but taken as IC 1850 here. See Corwin's discussion of NGC 1109 and Seligman's website.
******************************
NGC 1112 = IC
1852? = UGC 2293 = MCG +02-08-011 = CGCG 440-015 = PGC 10660
02 49 00.4 +13
13 25
V = 13.8; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 3d
17.5"
(1/9/99): very faint, fairly small, ~40"x25". Appears as a very low surface
brightness glow with no noticeable concentration and an ill-defined edge. After extended viewing could hold
continuously with direct vision.
IC 1850 (possibly NGC 1111) lies 5.6' NW and IC 1846 (possibly NGC 1109)
is 19' W. The NGC identification
is very uncertain and CGCG, UGC and MCG label this galaxy as IC 1852 only.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 1112 = m 77 on 2 Dec 1863 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
logged "F, pS". This is
the third in a group of 8 galaxies he discovered that night, several of which
(NGC 1109, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1117) have identification problems because of poor
positions or possibly he confused faint stars as nebulous.
Harold Corwin
suggests NGC 1112 may refer IC 1852 = UGC 2293 = PGC 10660. Stephane Javelle discovered this galaxy
on 7 Jan 1896 with the 30-inch refractor at the Nice Observatory. Marth's position is exactly 1.0 min of RA
following IC 1852 and matches in declination. CGCG, UGC and MCG label this galaxy IC 1852, while RNGC,
PGC, RC3 and Megastar identify it as NGC 1109. RNGC classifies NGC 1112 as nonexistent. Finally, HyperLEDA equates IC 1852 with
NGC 1109. Although NGC 1112 = IC
1852 is a reasonable match, given all the problems in this region this
identification is very uncertain. See Corwin's notes for NGC 1109 and
Courtney's Seligman website for NGC 1112.
******************************
NGC 1113
02 50 05.0 +13 19
39
=*??, Corwin.
Not found, RNGC.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 1113 = m 78 on 2 Dec 1863 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
noted simply as "vF".
This is the 4th in a group of 8 galaxies he discovered that night,
several of which (NGC 1109, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1117) have identification
problems because of poor positions or perhaps he confused faint stars as
nebulous. Marth's position falls
very close to a 10th magnitude star, though it is very unlikely Marth could
have described this star as "vF" and there are no other non-stellar
candidates due west or east.
Corwin suggests that NGC 1113 may refer to a 15th magnitude star 2' NW
(position given here) of the bright star, though this is very speculative. NGC 1113 is classified as nonexistent
in the RNGC and there is no entry in LEDA.
******************************
NGC 1114 = MCG
-03-08-029 = PGC 10669
02 49 07.2 -16
59 39
V = 12.8; Size 1.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 8d
17.5"
(12/28/94): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated almost 3:1 N-S, 2.0'x0.7',
broad concentration to a brighter middle but no nucleus. Appears slightly larger than catalogued
dimensions.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1114 = H III-449 = h269 = h2497 on 6 Oct 1785 (sweep 459) and
logged "vF, pL, broadly extended, lbM." JH observed this galaxy both at Slough and at the Cape,
where he recorded "pB, L, pmE, vglbM, 2' long, 40" broad."
******************************
NGC 1115 = MCG
+02-08-016 = CGCG 440-020 = PGC 10774
02 50 25.3 +13
15 58
V = 14.7; Size 0.6'x0.3'; PA = 10d
17.5"
(11/28/97): extremely faint, very small, round, 15" diameter. Can hold steadily with averted
vision. A nice pair of mag 13.5/14
star lie 2' N [17" separation].
Located 4.8' SSW of NGC 1116.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 1115 = m 79 on 2 Dec 1863 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
simply noted "vF".
Although 5 of the 8 objects in the region he discovered this night have
poor positions or are lost, Marth's position is a good match with CGCG 440-021
= PGC 10774.
******************************
NGC 1116 = UGC
2326 = MCG +02-08-017 = CGCG 440-021 = PGC 10781
02 50 35.7 +13
20 06
V = 14.3; Size 1.3'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 27d
17.5"
(11/28/97): very faint, small, elongated 3:1 SW-NE, 0.6'x0.2', very small
brighter core. Forms a pair with
NGC 1115 4.8' SSW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 1116 = m 80 on 2 Dec 1863 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
simply noted "vF".
Although 5 of the 8 objects in the region he discovered this night have
poor positions or are lost, NGC 1116 is an excellent match with UGC 2326 = PGC
10781.
******************************
NGC 1117 = UGC
2337s = MCG +02-08-019/020 = CGCG 440-022s = PGC 10822
02 51 13.0 +13
11 07
V = 13.9; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 11.0; PA = 0d
17.5"
(11/28/97): very faint, very small, slightly elongated N-S. Appears as a barely resolved double
system oriented N-S, ~30"x20" total size. The object at the south
side appears to have a stellar nucleus.
The northern object has a 20" halo and appears larger. The centers of this pair are only
24" apart.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 1117 = m 81 on 2 Dec 1863 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
noted "Close to a small star".
This is the 7th in a group of 8 galaxies he discovered that night,
several of which (NGC 1109, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1117) have identification
problems because of poor positions or perhaps he confused faint stars as
nebulous. There is nothing near
his position for NGC 1117, but UGC 2337 = PGC 10821/10822 lies 30 sec of RA
east and is fairly close in declination.
This is a double system and perhaps Marth thought one component was a
star. Neither CGCG or MCG
label this system as NGC 1117 but RNGC, PGC and LEDA apply this
identification. The southern
component is sometimes taken as NGC 1117.
******************************
NGC 1118 = MCG
-02-08-011 = PGC 10748
02 49 58.7 -12
09 50
V = 12.7; Size 2.6'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 90d
17.5"
(12/28/94): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 E-W, 1.2'x0.4'. The small, rounder bright core contains
a faint stellar nucleus. A wide
unequal pair [mag 12/14 at 33" separation] lies 5' NE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1118 = Sw V-46 on 1 Nov 1886 with the 16-inch refractor at
Warner Observatory. His position
and description "vE" is accurate
******************************
NGC 1119 = ESO
546-024 = PGC 10607
02 48 17.1 -17
59 15
V = 13.8; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.0; PA = 0d
17.5"
(12/20/95): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, weak
concentration. Forms the west
vertex of a near equilateral triangle with a mag 10.5 star 3.0' NE and a mag 12
star 3.5' SE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1119 = LM I-72 on 17 Oct 1885 with the 26"
refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. There is nothing at his position, but Herbert Howe measured
an accurate position in 1899-00 (repeated in the IC 2 notes) that matches ESO
546-024 = PGC 10607. This galaxy
is 1.8 min of RA west and 2' N of Leavenworth's position (not an uncommon
error) and this galaxy is generally taken as NGC 1119. RNGC lists the number as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 1120 = IC
261 = MCG -03-08-028 = PGC 10664
02 49 04.1 -14
28 15
V = 13.2; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 40d
17.5"
(11/18/95): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 40" diameter. Even concentration to a bright core and
nearly stellar nucleus. A faint,
close double star lies 4.2' SSW and 5' NW is a small group of four mag 13 stars
(includes a 30" pair).
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1120 = LM I-72 on 1 Jan 1886 with the 26"
refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. There is nothing at his rough position, but 1.1 min of RA
west (common error) is MCG -03-08-028 = PGC 10664, and Corwin confirms
Leavenworth's sketch matches this galaxy.
PGC 10664 was found again by Stephane Javelle on 7 Dec 1891 and placed
correctly in list 1-98 (later IC 261).
Herbert Howe measured an accurate position for NGC 1120 in 1899-00
matching IC 261. Some sources, such as the MCG, label this galaxy IC 261
although NGC 1120 should be the primary designation. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 1121 = UGC
2332 = MCG +00-08-030 = CGCG 389-032 = PGC 10789
02 50 39.1 -01
44 03
V = 12.9; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 11.5; PA = 10d
17.5"
(12/28/94): fairly faint, small, elongated 2:1 N-S, 0.6'x0.3', well
concentrated with a small bright core and a stellar nucleus. Located 1.7' SSW of a mag 10 star in
the northwest corner of Eridanus.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1121 = Sw I-4 on 9 Nov 1884 with the 16-inch refractor at Warner
Observatory. His position is 0.2
tmin east of ESO 546-024 = PGC 10607. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position in 1898 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory.
******************************
NGC 1122 = NGC
1123 = UGC 2353 = MCG +07-06-083 = CGCG 539-117 = PGC 10890
02 52 51.1 +42
12 20
V = 12.1; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 40d
17.5"
(10/24/87): fairly faint, small, round, diffuse. A pair of mag 14 stars are at the ESE and NE end and a mag
15 star is at the west end.
Located 12' NNE of mag 7.2 SAO 38407.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1122 = Sw II-25 on 6 Sep 1885 with the 16-inch refractor at
Warner Observatory and recorded "vF, pS, R, * nr north." His position and description matches
NGC 1123 = UGC 2353 = PGC 10890, which was discovered by William Herschel
(II-601). Since neither of the
Herschel's position are poor, it's unusual that Dreyer did not catch the
equivalence.
******************************
NGC 1123 = NGC
1122 = UGC 2353 = MCG +07-06-083 = CGCG 539-117 = PGC 10890
02 52 51.1 +42
12 20
See observing
notes for NGC 1122.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1123 = H II-601 = h270 on 17 Oct 1786 (sweep 614) and logged
"F, S, iF, resolvable."
His position is within 2' of UGC 2353 = PGC 10890. Lewis Swift independently
"discovered" the galaxy on 6 Sep 1885 and it was also catalogued as
NGC 1122. As the positions for NGC
1122 and NGC 1123 are so close, it is very surprising Dreyer included both
entries in the NGC. All modern catalogues identify this galaxy as NGC 1122
although by historical priority, NGC 1123 should take precedence.
******************************
NGC 1124 = ESO
480-007 = MCG -04-07-047 = PGC 10838
02 51 35.9 -25
42 07
V = 14.0; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 0d
17.5"
(11/17/01): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Located 1.8' SW of a mag 10.3
star. This galaxy has a faint
outer ring, but the observation records the smaller, round core only.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 1124 = LM I-74 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory and noted "*9, nf 1'." His description and rough position is a
good match with ESO 480-007 = PGC 10838.
******************************
NGC 1125 = MCG
-03-08-035 = PGC 10851
02 51 40.4 -16
39 02
V = 12.6; Size 1.8'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 53d
24"
(1/28/17): at 225x and 375x; moderately bright, elongated nearly 3:1 SW-NE,
1.0'x0.35', small bright core, stellar nucleus. Forms a very close (optical) pair with MCG -03-08-034 barely
off the southwest end [0.9' from center].
At 375x, the companion appeared very faint, very small, slightly
elongated N-S, 12"x8".
The redshift of MCG -03-08-034 is nearly 3x that of NGC 1089, so they
don't form a physical pair.
17.5"
(11/18/95): moderately bright, fairly small, very elongated 7:2 SW-NE,
1.5'x0.4', small bright core. MCG
-03-08-034 at the southwest tip was not seen.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1125 = H III-450 = h272 on 6 Oct 1785 (sweep 459) and noted
"vF, S, E." His position
is accurate, though happens to fall closer to the fainter southwest component
(MCG -03-08-034) of this double system.
The northeast component (MCG -03-08-035 = PGC 10851) is generally
identified as NGC 1125.
******************************
NGC 1126 = MCG
+00-08-038 = CGCG 389-038 = PGC 10868
02 52 18.6 -01
17 45
V = 14.6; Size 0.7'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 135d
17.5"
(11/7/89): extremely faint, small, edge-on 4:1 NW-SE, low even surface
brightness. Located 8' WSW of NGC
1132.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1126 = Sw V-47 on 31 Oct 1886 with the 16-inch refractor at
Warner Observatory. His position
is just 44" north of CGCG 389-038 = PGC 10868 and his comment "p of
[N1132]" applies.
******************************
NGC 1127 = UGC
2356 = MCG +02-08-024 = CGCG 440-024 = PGC 10889
02 52 51.8 +13
15 23
V = 14.4; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 39d
17.5"
(11/17/01): very faint, very small, slightly elongated, 0.5'x0.4', low even
surface brightness with no noticeable core. Situated in a fairly sparse star field with a mag 10.9 star
6' ESE. Located 19' NW of NGC 1134
in a group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 1127 = m 82 on 2 Dec 1863 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
simply noted "vF".
Although 5 of the 8 objects in the region he discovered this night have
poor positions or are lost, Marth's position for this number is a good match with
UGC 2356 = PGC 10889.
******************************
NGC 1128 = MCG
+01-08-027 = CGCG 415-041 = III Zw 52 = 3C 75 = PGC 11188 = PGC 11189
02 57 41.6 +06
01 28
V = 12.7; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 11.7
18"
(11/22/08): on initial glance the brightest galaxy in AGC 400 appeared faint,
small, elongated 3:2 N-S, 25"x18". I soon realized this was an
extremely close contact pair oriented N-S with two tangent knots (described in
the professional literature as a "dumb-bell system") just 16"
between centers in a very small common halo. Each component is no more than 15" in diameter with the
southern member brighter.
17.5"
(11/28/97): very faint, small, elongated 2:1 N-S, 40"x20", irregular
surface brightness. On careful
examination the glow resolved into a very close pair of extremely small
galaxies oriented N-S with tangent halos [just 16" between centers!]. This double system is the brightest in
AGC 400 with CGCG 415-040 3.5' SW.
The
identification of this galaxy with NGC 1128 is very uncertain as Swift's
position is 5 tmin preceding.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1128 = Sw V-48 on 8 Oct 1886 with the 16-inch refractor at
Warner Observatory and recorded "eF; S; lE; 2 pF stars close
preceding." There are no good
candiates near Swift's position.
Harold Corwin
suggests NGC 1128 = CGCG 415-041 = PGC 11189 +11188, the brightest galaxy
(double) in Abell Galaxy Cluster 400.
It is situated 5 minutes of RA east of Swift's position, though Corwin
notes that several other objects found by Swift in October 1886 have similar 5
minute errors (NGC 1128, 1667, 1689).
Two mag 12-13 stars just west of this galaxy fit Swift's description.
Interestingly,
this double system might have been first seen by WH. On 30 Sep 1786 (sweep 607), he recorded "Some small
stars with suspected nebulosity, probably a deception." Although it was never catalogued, his
position is just 1' northwest of CGCG 415-041!
******************************
NGC 1129 = VV
85a = UGC 2373 = MCG +07-07-004 = CGCG 540-006 = CGCG 539-124 = AWM 7-1 = PGC
10959
02 54 27.3 +41
34 46
V = 12.5; Size 2.9'x2.1'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 90d
18"
(11/18/06): this giant cD galaxy is the brightest in the nearby X-ray bright
cluster WBL 88 = AWM 7 (z = 0.017), which is a member of the Pisces-Perseus
supercluster. Several faint galaxies lie within a few arcminutes including NGC
1130 1.7' NNW and NGC 1131 1.8' SE.
A very faint companion (MCG +07-07-003) is embedded at the southwest
edge of the halo and appears like a short spike jutting out towards the SW.
17.5"
(10/24/87): brightest in a compact group.
Moderately bright, moderately large, elongated WSW-ENE, brighter along
major axis, small bright core. A
mag 15 star is at the west edge 22" from the center. Forms a close trio with NGC 1130 1.7'
NNW and NGC 1131 1.7' SE. IC 265
5.6' NE not seen.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1129 = H II-602 = h271 on 17 Oct 1786 (sweep 614) and logged
"F, pS, iR, lbM." Both
William and John's positions match UGC 2373 = PGC 10959, the brightest member
of a cluster, with MCG +07-07-003 superimposed on its southwest side .
Using LdR's
72" in Oct 1854, R.J. Mitchell noted "has either a F* sp or is
double". This refers to MCG
+07-07-003, which MCG misidentifies this galaxy as NGC 1129. In December, he noted "suspect the
supposed neb close sp edge to be only a faint double star. Finally in Dec 1855, Mitchell observed
with Lord Rosse, who "thought the companion on sp edge to be merely a neb
with a * for centre." Because
of the uncertainty, Dreyer didn't assign an NGC designation to MCG +07-07-003.
******************************
NGC 1130 = MCG
+07-07-002 = CGCG 540-004 = CGCG 539-122 = AWM 7-6 = PGC 10951
02 54 24.4 +41
36 20
V = 14.6; Size 0.5'x0.3'; Surf Br = 11.9; PA = 35d
18"
(11/18/06): faint, very small, elongated ~2:1 SSW-NNE, 0.4'x0.2'. A mag 14 star is attached at the south
end. Located in the core of the
NGC 1129 cluster = AWM 7, just 1.7' NNW of NGC 1129.
17.5"
(10/24/87): very faint, very small, round. A mag 14 star is just south. Located 1.7' NNW of NGC 1129.
William Parsons
(Lord Rosse) and assistant R.J. Mitchell discovered NGC 1130 and 1131 on the 8
Dec 1855 observation of the NGC 1129 field. Their description reads, "there is a knot north about
2' distance [from NGC 1129]. CGCG
540-004 = CGCG 539-122 lies 1.7' NNW of NGC 1129, so it's the logical
candidate. Corwin suggests PGC
197768, situated 1.9' N of NGC 1130, as another possible candidate, but this
galaxy is fainter and was not picked up in my observation. The MCG appears to have a mixup in its
identifications.
******************************
NGC 1131 = MCG
+07-07-005 = CGCG 539-125 = CGCG 540-007 = V Zw 286 = AWM 7-4 = PGC 10964
02 54 34.0 +41
33 32
V = 14.6; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.5
18"
(11/18/06): faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, weak even
concentration. Located 1.7' SE of
NGC 1129 in the core of the AWM 7 cluster. Brighter MCG +07-07-008 lies 2.7' SE!
17.5"
(10/24/87): very faint, very small, round, bright core. Third of three with much brighter NGC
1129 1.7' NW and NGC 1130 3.5' NW.
William Parsons
(Lord Rosse) and assistant R.J. Mitchell discovered NGC 1131 and 1130 during
the 8 Dec 1855 observation of the NGC 1129 field. They recorded, "another about 2' following and a little
south of h271 [NGC 1129]".
CGCG 540-004 = PGC 10964 lies 1.7' SE of NGC 1129 and is the best
candidate. Harold Corwin notes
that CGCG 540-008, a brighter galaxy, lies 4.5' SE of NGC 1129, but that would
require a very poor estimate of the separation. MCG (+07-07-005) does not label PGC 10964 as NGC 1131. See Corwin's notes for NGC 1130.
******************************
NGC 1132 = UGC
2359 = MCG +00-08-040 = CGCG 389-040 = PGC 10891
02 52 51.8 -01
16 27
V = 12.3; Size 2.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 140d
17.5"
(11/7/89): faint, small, round, almost even surface brightness, faint stellar
nucleus. Located 4.3' WSW of mag
9.5 SAO 130162. Forms a pair with
NGC 1126 8' WSW.
NGC 1132 is the
prototype of a "Fossil Group" -- the end-product of extensive merging
of a once normal group, leaving a massive central galaxy that dominates the
luminosity of a X-ray luminous group (delta Rmag ³ 2.0 with next brightest
group member).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1132 = h273 on 23 Nov 1827 and recorded "eF; pL; gbM; has a
*8m following". His position
and description matches UGC 2359 = PGC 10891.
******************************
NGC 1133 = MCG
-02-08-015 = PGC 10885
02 52 42.1 -08
48 15
V = 13.6; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 175d
17.5"
(11/28/97): very faint, small, slightly elongated, 30" diameter, weak
concentration to a small brighter core.
Mag 14.5 stars lie 2.6' E and 2.3' NNW.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1133 = LM II-350 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at Leander McCormick Observatory.
His position is a good match with MCG -02-08-015. His notes mention that mag 12 stars 3'
np and 2' nf. These stars are 2.3'
NNW and 2.6' E, and closer to mag 14.
******************************
NGC 1134 = Arp
200 = UGC 2365 = MCG +02-08-027 = CGCG 440-027 = PGC 10928
02 53 41.2 +13
00 53
V = 12.1; Size 2.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 148d
24"
(12/21/16): at 282x; fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 or 5:2
NW-SE, ~1.2'x0.6', sharply concentrated with a bright core and fairly bright,
sharp stellar nucleus. Appears
slightly brighter along the east edge with averted -- probably a section of the
eastern spiral arm, which is bright on the DSS. A mag 13.6 star is 50" NE of center. IC 267 is 10' SSE and UGC 2362 is 7' W.
Arp noted
"Splash appearance on west side [tidal plume] of galaxy points to low
surface brightness companion 7' [west]." The companion he referred to is UGC 2362, which is possibly
interacting (the pair has identical redshifts). UGC 2362 appeared faint, fairly small, very low surface
brightness patch ~20" diameter (probably the brighter central part of this
Magellanic system). A mag 14.8
star is 0.8' S.
IC 267 appeared
moderately bright, relatively large, elongated ~4:1 NNW-SSE, ~1.7'x0.4',
irregular surface brightness. This
appears to be a central bar (verified on the DSS) rather than an edge-on
galaxy. Either a star is
superimposed at the center or the galaxy has a bright stellar nucleus! Located 10' SSE of NGC 1134.
17.5"
(10/21/95): faint, moderately large, edge-on 5:1 NNW-SSE, 1.8'x0.3', broad weak
concentration. Located 10.3' SSE
of NGC 1134.
17.5"
(10/21/95): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated NW-SE, 1.0'x0.8',
broad concentration with a large brighter core. A mag 13 star is 48" ENE of center. Located 11' ENE of mag 8.9 SAO 93163.
Brightest in a group with IC 267 10.3' SSE and NGC 1127 19' NW. The larger low surface brightness
spiral arms extending the diameter to over 2' were not seen.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1134 = H II-254 on 16 Oct 1784 (sweep 295) and recorded "F,
S, iR, r". His position is
2.3' SE of Arp 200 = PGC 10928, and there are no other nearby candidates. Dreyer, using Lord Rosse's 72",
recorded "L, irr R, perhaps sharper on nf side". This probably refers to the brighter
arm segment on the east side.
******************************
NGC 1135 = NGC
1136 = ESO 154-019 = PGC 10807
02 50 53.7 -54
58 33
V = 13.0; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 80d
See observing
notes for NGC 1136 with the 30" from Coonabarabran.
John Herschel
found NGC 1135 = h2498 on 11 Sep 1836 and recorded "F, R, gbM. Taken
for No 3 sweep 520 [h2499 = NGC 1136], but proves, on reduction, to be a
different nebula". His position is 1.5' NW of NGC 1136 and 2' S of
ESO 154-018 = PGC 10800. Since there are two NGC numbers as well as two
nearby galaxies, ESO 154-018 is taken as NGC 1135 in PGC, ESO,
SGC, NED, SIMBAD and Steinicke's Historic NGC.
If this
identification is correct, NGC 1135 is John HerschelÕs faintest discovery at B
= 16.2. But then why did he classify it as "Faint", instead of
"Extremely Faint" (his faintest class)? Instead, Harold Corwin
argues NGC 1135 is a duplicate observation of NGC 1136 (discovered earlier on 5
Dec 1834), despite Herschel stating they were two different objects.
HyperLeda is the only online catalogue that equates NGC 1135 and 1136.
******************************
NGC 1136 = NGC
1135 = ESO 154-019 = PGC 10807
02 50 53.7 -54
58 33
V = 13.0; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 80d
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 429x): fairly bright, moderately large, slightly
elongated E-W, ~1.5'x1.2'. Sharply
concentrated with a fairly small (20") very bright core surrounded by a
much fainter halo. Located 7' NW
of mag 8.3 HD 18003. ESO 154-018
(misidentified as NGC 1135 in RNGC, ESO and PGC) lies 3' NNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1136 = h2499 on 5 Dec 1834 and logged "F; R; gb; - moon
up." There is nothing at his
position but 5.4' N is ESO 154-019 = PGC 10807. This galaxy was probably also later recorded by Herschel as
h2498 (closer to ESO 154-019), and it received the designation NGC 1135. He assumed they were different objects,
because of the apparent difference in positions. The RNGC uses Herschel's incorrect position. See Corwin's notes for NGC 1135.
******************************
NGC 1137 = UGC
2374 = MCG +00-08-043 = CGCG 389-042 = PGC 10942
02 54 02.7 +02
57 43
V = 12.4; Size 2.1'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 20d
17.5"
(1/7/89): faint, very small, almost round, broad concentration, stellar
nucleus?
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1137 = Sw III-22 on 17 Oct 1885 with the 16-inch refractor at
Warner Observatory. His position
is 11 seconds of RA east and 1' south of UGC 2374.
******************************
NGC 1138 = UGC
2408 = MCG +07-07-012 = CGCG 540-015 = PGC 11118
02 56 36.5 +43
02 50
V = 12.8; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.6
17.5"
(10/24/87): fairly faint, small, round, bright core, faint stellar
nucleus. Forms an equilateral
triangle with a mag 13 star 0.9' S and a mag 12.5 star 0.9' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1138 = H III-580 = h274 on 24 Oct 1786 (sweep 620) and remarked
"Suspected. resolvable, 1 or 2 stars visible in it." JH gave a more complete description:
"vF; vS; R; gbM; 10"; makes isosc triangle with 2 st 15
mag". His position and
description matches UGC 2408 = PGC 11118.
******************************
NGC 1139 = MCG
-03-08-038 = PGC 10888
02 52 46.8 -14
31 46
V = 13.3; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 36d
17.5"
(11/10/96): very faint, small, round, 30" diameter, low even surface
brightness. Appeared fainter than
V = 13.3 and required averted vision to see with certainty using GSC chart. A mag 15.5 double star is 1' SW
(verified on GSC). MCG -03-38-037
lies 6.1' WSW (not seen).
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1139 = LM I-75 on 1 Jan 1886 with the 26"
refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. There is nothing at his rough position, but 1.4 min of RA west
is MCG -03-08-038 = PGC 10888.
******************************
NGC 1140 = VV
482 = MCG -02-08-019 = Mrk 1063 = PGC 10966
02 54 33.4 -10
01 42
V = 12.5; Size 1.9'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 6d
13.1"
(12/7/85): fairly bright, very small, round, stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1140 = H II-470 = h275 = h2500 on 22 Nov 1785 (sweep 475) and
logged "F, S. I had hardly
been out long enough, but yet I think it was no deception." A second observation showed it as
"pretty bright, but hardly to be distinguished from a star." JH observed this galaxy both at Slough
and at the Cape.
******************************
NGC 1141 = NGC
1143 = Arp 118 NED1 = VV 331 = UGC 2388 = MCG +00-08-047 = CGCG 389-046
02 55 09.7 -00
10 41
See observing
notes for NGC 1143.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 1141 = m 83 on 5 Jan 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
described as "vF, S, [Double neb with NGC 1142]". There is nothing at his position,
however 40' S is the double system NGC 1143 and 1144, independently found by
ƒdouard Stephan (VIIIa-10 and VIIIa-11) on 17 Nov 1876 and accurately placed.
This pair is generally identified as NGC 1143 and 1144), although Marth's
numbers should takes priority. Several other objects discovered that night by
Marth have large positional errors.
******************************
NGC 1142 = NGC
1144 = UGC 2389 = MCG +00-08-048 = CGCG 389-046 = VV 331 = Arp 118
02 55 12.0 -00
10 59
See observing
notes for NGC 1144.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 1142 = m 84 on 5 Jan 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
reported "pF, S, R [Double neb with NGC 1141]". There is nothing at his position for
the pair, however 40' S is the double system NGC 1143 and 1144. This was later independently discovered
by ƒdouard Stephan (VIIIa-10 and 11) on 17 Nov 1876 and accurately placed. This
pair is generally identified as NGC 1143 and 1144, although Marth's NGC 1141
and 1142 should take priority. Several other objects discovered that night by
Marth have large positional errors.
******************************
NGC 1143 = NGC
1141 = Arp 118 NED1 = Arp 118:C1 = VV 331b = UGC 2388 = MCG +00-08-047 = CGCG
389-046 = PGC 11007
02 55 09.7 -00
10 41
V = 13.5; Size 0.9'x0.8'; PA = 110d
48"
(10/25/11): bright, fairly small to moderately large, oval 4:3 WNW-ESE,
0.9'x0.7', well concentrated with a very bright, intense core! Slightly fainter of an interacting pair
with highly disrupted NGC 1144, just 35" between centers. The eastern portion of the outer halo
of NGC 1143 is merged or overlaps with the halo of NGC 1144 on its northwestern
side. 2MASX J02550661-0009448,
listed as a 2nd "collider" with NGC 1144 in Madore's 2009 Atlas and
Catalogue of Collisional Rings, lies 1.2' NW. The 2MASS galaxy appeared fairly faint, small, very
elongated 3:1 N-S, 0.4'x0.15', stellar nucleus.
17.5"
(1/7/89): very faint, very small, round.
In a common halo with NGC 1144 0.5' ESE. This galaxy is the slightly fainter of the pair.
ƒdouard Stephan
found NGC 1143 = St VIIIa-11 (along with NGC 1144 = St VIIIa-10) on 17 Nov 1876
with the 31" reflector at Marseille Observatory. His position is accurate. This galaxy was first discovered by Marth on 5 Jan 1864 but
his position was 40' too far N (also NGC 1142), so he did not receive
credit. But it clear that NGC 1143
= NGC 1141 and NGC 1144 = NGC 1142.
******************************
NGC 1144 = NGC
1142 = Arp 118 NED2 = VV 331a =UGC 2389 = MCG +00-08-048 = CGCG 389-046 = PGC 11012
02 55 12.0 -00
10 59
V = 13.0; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 130d
48"
(10/25/11): at 488x, appeared very bright, moderately large, elongated 4:3
SW-NE, 50"x35". Contains
a large, very bright core that is offset to the SE side. The core gradually increases to an
intense center. A mag 16.4 star is
off the southeast side. Forms a
double system (Arp 118) with NGC 1143, attached on thenorthwest side where the
halos merge. This galaxy is highly
disrupted with a loop or ring on the NW side. An extended halo was seen on this side, but only a hint of
the actual ring was visible.
17.5"
(1/7/89): faint, small, round, bright core. Slightly brighter of pair with NGC 1143 in a common halo
0.5' WNW.
ƒdouard Stephan
found NGC 1144 = St VIIIa-10
(along with NGC 1143 = St VIIIa-11) on 17 Nov 1876 with the 31"
reflector at Marseille Observatory.
His position is accurate.
This galaxy was discovered by Albert Marth on 5 Jan 1864 and catalogued
as NGC 1142, but his position was 40' too far N. So, NGC 1144 = NGC 1142. Based on the earlier discovery, NGC 1142 should be the
primary designation, but due to Marth's poor position, Stephan's number has
been used.
******************************
NGC 1145 = ESO
546-029 = MCG -03-08-042 = UGCA 45 = FGC 360 = PGC 10965
02 54 33.2 -18
38 09
V = 12.5; Size 3.2'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 60d
17.5"
(12/28/94): faint, moderately large, thin edge-on 7:1 WSW-ENE, 2.2'x0.3', only
a weak concentration. Among a
group of three mag 10-11 stars with a mag 10 star just following the ENE tip.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1145 = h2501 on 11 Dec 1835 and recorded "F, vmE, 90"
long, 10" broad; has two stars 10th mag following." His position is accurate. MCG misidentifies MCG -03-08-028
as NGC 1145 and UGC misidentifies UGC 2384 as NGC 1145.
******************************
NGC 1146
02 57 37.0 +46
26 14
Size 0.4'
18"
(11/23/05): this asterism consists of a 30" pair of mag 12/13 stars with a
couple of fainter companions making a quadruple. About 1' NW is a faint, hazy clump of three mag 14-15
stars. Viewed at 225x and
300x. CGCG 554-017 lies 6.2'
NE. Listed as nonexistent in the
RNGC.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 1146 on 29 Jan 1864 with the 11" refractor at
Copenhagen and described "Cl, vS.
At 226x the stars are clearly mixed with nebulosity. A triple star is
directly south." His position
is ~1' northwest of a a group of four stars that Corwin identifies as NGC
1146. Three brighter stars are
also close southeast matching d'Arrest's description.
******************************
NGC 1147
02 55 18 -09 07
=Not found,
Corwin and RNGC.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 1147 = LM II-351 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory and reported "mag 15.0, 0.4'x0.2', E 180¡, *9.5 f
25s n 1'." There are no
candidates near his position and Corwin found no match within 5¡ of Muller's
position, so it stands now as lost.
Listed as nonexistent in RNGC.
******************************
NGC 1148 = MCG
-01-08-018 = PGC 11148
02 57 04.4 -07
41 09
V = 12.7; Size 1.6'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 80d
17.5"
(12/28/94): very faint, fairly small, round, low surface brightness, no
concentration. A mag 15 star
appears superimposed at the NE side.
Forms a pair with NGC 1152 8.5' SE. Located 9' ESE of mag 8.7 SAO 130198. Appears fainter than V = 12.7.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1148 = Sw III-23 on 10 Nov 1885 with the 16-inch refractor at
Warner Observatory. His position is accurate although Bigourdan could not
find the galaxy. Leavenworth independently discovered the galaxy again on
21 Oct 1886 and reported it as new in list II-352, though his position was 30
seconds of time too far east.
******************************
NGC 1149 = MCG
+00-08-058 = CGCG 389-054 = PGC 11170
02 57 23.8 -00
18 34
V = 14.0; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 130d
17.5"
(1/7/89): very faint, very small, round.
A mag 14.5 star is 30" SSW of center.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1149 = St XI-6 on 2 Dec 1880 with the 31" reflector at
Marseille Observatory and reported "vF, vS, R, bM, S* preceding 2
sec". His position and
description (the star is 0.5' SW) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1150 = MCG
-03-08-048 = PGC 11144
02 57 01.3 -15
02 55
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 65d
17.5"
(11/10/96): brighter of pair with NGC 1151 2.3' NNE. Faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE. Broad, weak concentration. Following a group of four stars mag 7.7
SAO 148677 8' WNW.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1150 = LM I-76 (along with NGC 1151 = LM I-77) on 31
Dec 1885 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. His (rough) position is close to MCG
-03-08-048 = PGC 11144, with NGC 1151 = PGC 11147 at 2' separation. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position in 1898-99 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory
(repeated in the IC 2 notes), but assumed the pair was NGC 1180 and 1181. RNGC mistakenly equates NGC 1150 = NGC
1180 and NGC 1151 = NGC 1181.
Although the declinations are similar, NGC 1180/NGC 1181 are a separate
2' pair about 4.7 min of RA further east.
******************************
NGC 1151 = PGC
11147
02 57 04.6 -15
00 47
V = 15.0; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 10d
17.5"
(11/10/96): extremely faint, very small, round, 15"-20"
diameter. Requires averted to
glimpse using GSC chart and no details visible. Located 2.3' NNE of NGC 1150.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1151 = LM I-77 (along with NGC 1150 = LM I-76) with
the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. His rough position (nearest min of RA)
is close to MCG -03-08-048, with NGC 1151 = PGC 11147. RNGC mistakenly equates NGC 1150 = NGC
1180 and NGC 1151 = NGC 1181.
Although the declinations are similar, NGC 1180/NGC 1181 are a separate
2' pair about 4.7 min of RA further east.
******************************
NGC 1152 = MCG
-01-08-019 = PGC 11182
02 57 33.6 -07
45 32
V = 14.5; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 10d
17.5"
(12/28/94): faint, small, elongated 4:3 SSW-NNE, bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 1148 8.5'
NW. This galaxy is the smaller of
the pair but has a higher surface brightness and is more concentrated. Located 2.5' N of a mag 11 star.
Lewis Swift discovered
NGC 1152 = Sw III-24 on 10 Nov 1885 with the 16-inch refractor at Warner
Observatory. His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 1153 = UGC
2439 = MCG +00-08-059 = CGCG 389-055 = PGC 11230
02 58 10.2 +03
21 43
V = 12.4; Size 1.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 45d
17.5"
(1/7/89): fairly faint, small, very small bright core, slightly elongated
SW-NE, small halo. A mag 14.5 star
is superimposed 20" S of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1153 = H II-274 = h276 on 13 Dec 1784 (sweep 338) and logged
"F, vS, iE, easily resolvable."
His position is 3.5' southeast of UGC 2439 = PGC 11230. JH made a single observation and his
position was 1' too far north.
Four
observations were made with Lord Rosse's 72". On 7 Dec 1857, R.J. Mitchell recorded "F, vS, R, a S*
close preceding." The mag
14.5 star is mentioned in my observation.
******************************
NGC 1154 = MCG
-02-08-034 = Holm 64a = PGC 11221
02 58 07.7 -10
21 47
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 95d
17.5"
(10/13/90): faint, small, round, even surface brightness. Forms a close pair with NGC 1155 1.5'
NE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1154 = St VIIIb-11b (along with NGC 1155 = St VIIIb-10) on 15
Dec 1876 with the 31" reflector at Marseille Observatory. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1155 = MCG
-02-08-035 = Mrk 1064 = Holm 64b = PGC 11233
02 58 13.0 -10
21 00
V = 14.2; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.8
17.5"
(10/13/90): faint, very small, slightly elongated WSW-ENE, weak
concentration. Slightly fainter of
a close pair with NGC 1154 1.5' SW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1155 = St VIIIb-10 (along with NGC 1154 = St VIIIb-11) on 15 Dec
1876 with the 31" reflector at Marseille Observatory. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1156 = UGC
2455 = MCG +04-08-006 = CGCG 485-006 = VV 531 = PGC 11329
02 59 42.3 +25
14 15
V = 11.7; Size 3.5'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 25d
18"
(10/25/08): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE, 2.0'x0.8'. Brighter along the major axis with a
slightly brighter core. The
outline is roughly rectangular and the surface brightness is irregular. The southwest end appears
asymmetric. A mag 11.5 star is at
the north end, 0.9' from center.
8"
(12/6/80): faint, diffuse, slightly elongated SSW-NNE. A mag 12.5 star is just NW of the NE
flank.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1156 = H II-619 on 13 Nov 1786 (sweep 637) and recorded
"pB, cL, pmE in the meridian, resolvable, within a minute of a
star." His position was just
off the southeast side of this dwarf Irregular. Four observations were made with Lord Rosse's 72".
******************************
NGC 1157 = PGC
11218
02 58 06.6 -15
07 07
V = 16.5; Size 0.5'x0.2'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 170d
17.5"
(11/10/96): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, no other details
visible. Located 1.9' WNW of a mag
12.5 star.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1157 = LM I-78, along with NGC 1158 = LM I-79, on 31
Dec 1885 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. His rough position matches PGC 11218
and his estimated position angle of 0¡ is fairly close.
******************************
NGC 1158 = MCG
-03-08-050 = PGC 11157
02 57 11.4 -14
23 45
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 147d
17.5"
(10/17/98): extremely faint, very small, round, 20" diameter (probably
only viewed the core).
Surprisingly faint as nearby IC 270 located 24' NW was clearly brighter.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1158 = LM I-79 (along with NGC 1157 = LM I-78) on 1
Jan 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. His position (nearest tmin of RA) is 1
min of RA east of MCG -03-08-050, which is a typical error. The MCG does not identify MCG
-03-08-050 as N1158.
******************************
NGC 1159 = UGC
2467 = CGCG 540-023 = PGC 11383
03 00 46.5 +43
09 46
V = 13.4; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 11.5
17.5"
(10/24/87): faint, very small, round, weak concentration. Located 6.8' ENE of mag 7.6 SAO 38497.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1159 = St XIII-21 on 2 Dec 1883 with the 31" reflector at
Marseille Observatory. His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1160 = UGC
2475 = MCG +07-07-014 = CGCG 540-027 = PGC 11403
03 01 13.2 +44
57 18
V = 12.8; Size 1.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 50d
17.5"
(10/24/87): fairly faint, fairly small, oval 2:1 SW-NE, broad concentration,
diffuse halo. A trio of mag 12-13
stars lie 1.5'-2' N. Forms a pair
with NGC 1161 3.5' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1160 = H III-199 = h277, along with NGC 1160, on 7 Oct 1784
(during sweeps 281-285, carried out in the east) and reported "the first
of 2 [with NGC 1161]. vF, iF, pS."
On 11 Dec 1786 (sweep 645), he logged "pB, iR, mbM, about 1' in
diam." and measured separate positions for the two objects.
JH measured an
accurate position for NGC 1161 and noted the wide double star off the west
side, but has no entry for NGC 1160 and it was not found by d'Arrest. So, the observers at Birr Castle
assumed NGC 1160 was a new discovery and the two galaxies have three entries in
the GC. Dreyer staightened this
out before the publication of the NGC, while an observing assistant at Birr
Castle. Surprisingly, NGC 1160 was
sketched by Dreyer and clearly shows the southern spiral arm.
******************************
NGC 1161 = UGC
2474 = MCG +07-07-015 = CGCG 540-026 = PGC 11404
03 01 14.2 +44
53 50
V = 11.0; Size 2.8'x2.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 23d
17.5"
(10/24/87): fairly bright, fairly small, oval 3:2 SW-NE, bright core, stellar
nucleus. Two bright stars are
close west; a mag 10 star is 45" W and mag 9 SAO 38510 is 1.2' SW. Also collinear with two mag 11 stars
1.5' E and 3' ENE. Forms a pair
with NGC 1160 3.5' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1161 = H II-239 = h277, along with NGC 1160, on 7 Oct 1784 (during
sweeps 281-285, carried out in the east), and reported "The 2nd of 2; pB;
pS; resolvable." On 11 Dec
1786 (sweep 645) he noted "F, E, about 1 1/2' long." This pair was observed at Birr Castle
on 4 occasions and NGC 1160 ( was originally assumed to be nova.
******************************
NGC 1162 = MCG
-02-08-036 = PGC 11274
02 58 55.9 -12
23 55
V = 12.5; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(12/28/94): moderately bright, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter, evenly
concentrated with a small bright core and an quasi-stellar nucleus. A mag 12.5 star is 3.7' S of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1162 = H III-469 = h2502 on 27 Nov 1785 (sweep 478) and recorded
"vF, stellar, 240 power left some doubt." His position matches MCG -02-08-036 = PGC 11274. JH observed this galaxy from the Cape,
recorded "pF, R, glbM, 25"."
******************************
NGC 1163 = MCG
-03-08-056 = FGC 373 = PGC 11359
03 00 22.0 -17
09 10
V = 13.8; Size 2.2'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 135d
17.5"
(11/18/95): very faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 NW-SE, 1.0'x0.3' (full
length of extensions not seen), low even surface brightness.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1163 = LM I-80 on 31 Oct 1885 with the 26"
refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. Leavenworth's rough RA (nearest min of RA) is about 1tmin
west of MCG -03-08-056 = PGC 11359, and although this PA = 75d is wrong (should
be 135d) he describes this galaxy as "very elongated" and
"spindle shaped", so the identification is certain. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory
(repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 1164 = UGC
2490 = MCG +07-07-016 = CGCG 540-028 = Mrk 1067 = PGC 11441
03 01 59.8 +42
35 06
V = 13.1; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 145d
17.5"
(10/24/87): very faint, very small, round. A mag 14 star is just 0.6' NNW of center and a mag 15 star
is even closer at 0.4' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1164 = h278 on 18 Sep 1828 and logged "eF; S; 5
arcsec." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 1165 = ESO
417-008 = MCG -05-08-009 = PGC 11270
02 58 47.7 -32
05 55
V = 12.7; Size 2.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 115d
17.5"
(12/9/01): faint, moderately large, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, 1.5'x1.0', irregular
surface brightness. The brighter
core appeared double at moments (faint star superimposed?). The outer halo is very diffuse.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1165 = h2503 on 19 Oct 1835 and noted "vF, pmE, vlbM,
60" long, 30" broad." His position and description matches
E417-008 = PGC 11270.
******************************
NGC 1166 = UGC
2471 = MCG +02-08-046 = CGCG 440-041 = PGC 11372
03 00 35.0 +11
50 35
V = 14.0; Size 1.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.1
17.5"
(1/9/99): very faint, fairly small, weak concentration. The halo is ill-defined but appears
irregularly round, ~0.8'x0.6. A
couple of mag 15.5 stars are within 1' of the west side. Also confusing the observation is a
superimposed mag 15.5+ star at the
north edge which pops in and out of view for moments. A wide pair of mag 14 stars lie 3' NE. Forms a pair with
fainter NGC 1168 5.2' SE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 1166 = m 85 on 1 Oct 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
noted "eF, S". His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1167 = UGC
2487 = MCG +06-07-033 = CGCG 524-045 = PGC 11425
03 01 42.4 +35
12 20
V = 12.4; Size 2.8'x2.3'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 70d
17.5"
(1/1/92): fairly faint, moderately large, high surface brightness core with
very faint larger halo slightly elongated WSW-ENE. A mag 10 star lies 4.0' S. UGC 2465 lies 13' WSW.
Brightest in a group that includes UGC's 2435, 2465, 2466, 2491, 2494
and 2526 in the foreground of AGC 407.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1167 = H III-178 on 13 Sep 1784 (sweep 271) and reported
"vF, pL, R, small pB place in the middle." His position (reduced by Auwers) is ~11' WNW of UGC 2487 =
PGC 11425 and the GC position is 4' too far northwest. The NGC position, though, is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1168 = UGC
2476 = MCG +02-08-047 = CGCG 440-042 = PGC 11378
03 00 47.2 +11
46 21
V = 14.2; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 18d
17.5"
(1/9/99): extremely faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Probably only viewed the core (the arms
are very low surface brightness on the digitized sky survey). Located midway between NGC 1166 5.2' NW
and mag 9 SAO 93236 to the SE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 1168 = m 85 on 1 Oct 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
simply noted "eF". His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1169 = UGC
2503 = MCG +08-06-025 = CGCG 554-020 = PGC 11521
03 03 34.7 +46
23 09
V = 11.3; Size 4.2'x2.8'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 28d
17.5"
(10/24/87): moderately bright, very small, bright core. With averted vision a large extremely
faint halo is visible elongated SW-NE.
A mag 13.5 star is superimposed at the SW side of the core!
This galaxy is
located just 10.6¡ from the galactic equator. This is a huge spiral, with a diameter of 170,000
light-years.
8"
(1/1/84): faint, very small, slightly elongated. Only the core was visible as I missed the large halo.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1169 = H II-620 = h279 on 11 Dec 1786 (sweep 645) and logged
"F, S, irr R, bM." His
position is at the northeast end of the galaxy. R.J. Mitchell, using the Lord Rosse's 72" on 11 Dec
1854, recorded a "B* sp the Nucl and a vF* ? involved np the Nucl. The neby fades away
gradually." The RNGC places
this galaxy 1.0 min of RA too far east.
******************************
NGC 1170
03 02 24 +27 04
= Tail of a
comet?, HC =Not found, JS.
Charles Sanders
Peirce (son of Benjamin Peirce) discovered NGC 1170 = HN 38 on 31 Dec 1869 at
Harvard College Observatory using the 15-inch Merz & Mahler refractor
(Annals of Harvard Obs, Vol 13, #47).
An approximate position is given in the Harvard Observatory list based
on comparison with Comet 1869 III.
A very close, unequal double star is near Peirce's position at 03 02
29.6 +27 03 20 (2000). But the
description "J.W. and C.S.P. independently think the sky generally bright
f and a little n of the comet for 14' or more (several fields according to
C.S.P.)" implies that the observation refers to an extremely large object
and Corwin and Steinicke suggest the observation perhaps refers to the actual
tail of the comet! This is the
only object in the NGC attributed to Peirce (mispelled as Pierce in the
NGC). Classified as
nonexistent in the RNGC. See
Corwin's comments.
******************************
NGC 1171 = UGC
2510 = MCG +07-07-018 = CGCG 540-031 = PGC 11552
03 03 59.0 +43
23 54
V = 12.3; Size 2.6'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 147d
17.5"
(10/24/87): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, broadly
concentrated.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1171 = St X-15 on 4 Dec 1880 with the 31" reflector at
Marseille Observatory and recorded "vF, pL, iF". His position matches UGC 2510 = PGC
11552. Lewis Swift independently
found this nebula on 12 Sep 1885 and his position in list II-26 is 0.2 tmin too
far east.
******************************
NGC 1172 = MCG
-03-08-059 = PGC 11420
03 01 36.0 -14
50 12
V = 11.9; Size 2.3'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 25d
13.1"
(1/18/85): faint, small, round, broad concentration. Located 2.1' SW of mag 9.6 SAO 148719.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1172 = H II-502 = h280 on 30 Dec 1785 (sweep 499) and logged
"F, eS, stellar, preceding a pB star. 240 verified it." The "pB star" is 2' NE.
******************************
NGC 1173
03 03 58 +42 23
=Not found,
RNGC.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 1173 = B. 12, along with NGCs 1176, 1178, 1183, on 17
Dec 1884 with the 12" at the Paris Observatory and reported "mag
13.4-13.5; 20" diameter, stellar ncl". There is nothing at his position, though Harold Corwin
states that Bigourdan made a 1 degree error in reducing the NPD from his offset
stars. Once corrected, his
positions for the other three objects match single stars near NGC 1175, but in
the case of NGC 1173 there is nothing at his position. So, NGC 1173 is lost at this time
though probably refers to a faint star like the other objects. See Corwin's
notes for story.
******************************
NGC 1174 = NGC
1186 = UGC 2521 = MCG +07-07-021 = CGCG 540-034 = PGC 11617
03 05 30.7 +42
50 05
See observing
notes for NGC 1186.
Lewis Swift
found NGC 1174 = Sw IV-11 on 31 Aug 1883 with the 16-inch refractor at Warner
Observatory and recorded "vF; pS; lE; in contact on preceding side with a
pB*; D* np point to it about 4.5"." There is nothing at his position but 1 min of RA east is NGC
1186 = H IV-43 and his detailed description of the star in contact and the
nearby double star clinches the equivalence. So, NGC 1174 = NGC 1186, with priority to Herschel. The IC 1 notes mentioned this
equivalence "Probably identical with h 281 = Sw IV 43 (Spitaler, AN
3030)".
******************************
NGC 1175 = UGC
2515 = MCG +07-07-019 = CGCG 540-032 = PGC 11578
03 04 32.3 +42
20 22
V = 12.9; Size 1.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 153d
17.5"
(10/24/87): moderately bright, fairly small, edge-on 3:1 NW-SE, bright core,
faint stellar nucleus. Forms a
close pair with NGC 1177 2' NE.
Located 10' SE of mag 7.5 SAO 38540. Located at the western edge of AGC 426.
13"
(1/18/85): fairly faint, elongated NNW-SSE, fairly small, larger brighter core,
diffuse outer arms, possible faint stellar nucleus. Located SE of a mag 7 star. Forms a close pair with NGC 1177 1.7' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1175 = H II-607 on 24 Oct 1786 (sweep 620) and recorded "F,
cL, E." His position is just
off the east edge of UGC 2515 = PGC 11578. Nearby NGC 1175 was discovered at Birr Castle.
******************************
NGC 1176
03 04 34.9 +42
23 37
=*, Corwin. Not
found, RNGC.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 1176 = B. 13, along with NGC 1173, 1178 and 1183, on
17 Dec 1884 with the 12" at the Paris Observatory. There is nothing at the
NGC position, but Corwin states that Bigourdan made a 1 degree error in
reducing the NPD from his offset star.
Once corrected, his position for NGC 1176 corresponds with a mag 14.5
star 3.3' N of NGC 1175. The
positions for NGC 1178 and 1183 also match stars, although NGC 1173 is
apparently lost. See Corwin's
notes.
******************************
NGC 1177 = IC
281 = MCG +07-07-020 = CGCG 540-033 = PGC 11581
03 04 37.1 +42
21 46
V = 14.5; Size 0.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.6
17.5"
(10/24/87): very faint, very small, slightly elongated ~E-W. A mag 13 star is just 33" N of
center. Located 1.7' NE of NGC
1175 at the western edge of AGC 426.
Lawrence
Parsons, the 4th earl of Rosse, discovered NGC 1177 on 29 Nov 1874 and reported
a "vS, F, R neb (to which 637 [NGC 1175] perhaps extends)
north-following. A *11 in Pos
15.4¡, Dist 34.6 arcsec." The
position and description matches CGCG 540-033. Lewis Swift (VIII-11) independently found the galaxy on 1
Nov 1888 and reported it as new in his discovery list VIII-11 (later IC
281). His position falls between
NGC 1175 and NGC 1177, but the description mentions the star to the north, so
IC 281 = NGC 1177. Surprisingly,
Dreyer didn't catch the equivalence. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 1178
03 04 38.8 +42
18 49
= *,
Corwin. = Not found, RNGC.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 1178 = Big. 14, along with NGC 1173, 1176 and 1183, on
17 Dec 1884 with the 12" at the Paris Observatory. There is nothing at his
position, but Corwin states that Bigourdan made a 1 degree error in reducing
the NPD from his offset star. Once
corrected, his position for NGC 1176 corresponds with a mag 13.8 star 2.0' SE
of NGC 1175. The positions for NGC
1176 and 1183 also match stars, although NGC 1173 is apparently lost. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 1179 = ESO
547-001 = MCG -03-08-060 = UGCA 48 = PGC 11480
03 02 38.3 -18
53 51
V = 12.0; Size 4.9'x3.8'; Surf Br = 15.0; PA = 35d
17.5"
(1/1/92): extremely faint, moderately large, 2.5' diameter, very low surface
brightness, Appears as a diffuse, hazy region with a mag 13.5 star at the ESE
edge 1.2' from center.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 1179 = LM I-81 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory. His (rough)
position essentially matches ESO 547-001 and his note "*12 follows 1
arcmin" applies to this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 1180 = PGC
11435
03 01 51.0 -15
01 48
V = 14.9; Size 0.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 5d
17.5"
(1/28/00): extremely faint, very small, slightly elongated N-S, 0.4'x0.3', weak
concentration. Forms a close pair
with NGC 1181 2.4' SW. Located 2'
WNW of a mag 12 star. This galaxy
is identified as NGC 1150 in the RNGC.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1180 = LM I-82 (along with NGC 1181 = I-83) on 31
Dec 1885 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. Leavenworth's generally poor positions
are close enough here so the identification NGC 1180 = PGC 11435 and NGC 1181 =
PGC 11427 is certain. For some
reason Howe could not find these galaxies near Leavenworth's position but did
find NGC 1150 and 1151 about 5 min of RA west of Leavenworth's positions and assumed
they were NGC 1180 and 1181. Dreyer even added the comment "are they
perhaps = 1150 and 1151?".
But these are two different pairs, roughly where Leavenworth placed
them. Because of Howe's error,
RNGC claims NGC 1150 is identical to NGC 1180 and NGC 1151 is identical to NGC
1181.
******************************
NGC 1181 = PGC
11427
03 01 42.8 -15
03 09
V = 15.4; Size 0.8'x0.2'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 100d
17.5"
(1/28/00): extremely faint, very small, slightly elongated E-W, 0.4'x0.2',
requires averted. Was only able to
detect the brighter central region and missed the extensions. Slightly fainter of a close pair with
NGC 1181 2.4' NE. Located 2' WNW
of a mag 12 star. This galaxy is identified as NGC 1151 in the RNGC.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1181 = LM I-83 (along with NGC 1180 = I-82) on 31
Dec 1885 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. Leavenworth's generally poor positions
are close enough here so the identification NGC 1180 = PGC 11435 and NGC 1181 =
PGC 11427 is certain. For some
reason Howe could not find these galaxies near Leavenworth's position but did
find NGC 1150 and 1151 about 5 min of RA west of Leavenworth's positions and
assumed they were NGC 1180 and 1181. Dreyer even added the comment "are
they perhaps = 1150 and 1151?"
But these are two different pairs, roughly where Leavenworth placed
them. Because of Howe's error,
RNGC claims NGC 1150 is identical to NGC 1180 and NGC 1151 is identical to NGC
1181.
******************************
NGC 1182 = NGC
1205 = PGC 11511
03 03 28.4 -09
40 13
V = 14.8; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 115d
17.5"
(1/28/00): very faint, small, round, slightly elongated NW-SE,
25"x20" diameter, low surface brightness. A mag 12 star lies 2.5' SW and a mag 13 star is 1' E. Located 29' NE of mag 5.8 SAO
148721. NGC 1185 lies 33' NNW.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 1182 = LM I-84 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 15.5, 0.7'x0.3', E 120¡, *10 P
240¡ [SW], dist 3.0'." There
is nothing at his rough position (RA to the nearest min of time), but 1 min of
RA east is PGC 11511 and his position angle of 120¡ as well as the nearby star
matches this galaxy. This galaxy
was also found again by Stone (I-87) the same year, but this time his position
was 2 min of RA too far east! In this
case, he listed the identical dimensions and even mentioned the same star
preceding but gave an incorrect PA of 25¡. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position for NGC 1182 in
1898-99 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the
IC 2 notes) and the following year noted the equivalence of these two numbers.
******************************
NGC 1183
03 04 46.1 +42
22 08
=*, Corwin. Not found, RNGC.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 1183 = B. 15, along with NGC 1173, 1176 and 1178, on
17 Dec 1884 with the 12" at the Paris Observatory. There is nothing at his
position, but Corwin states that Bigourdan made a 1 degree error in reducing
the NPD from his offset star. Once
corrected, his position for NGC 1183 corresponds with a mag 14 star 1.7' ENE of
NGC 1177. The positions for NGC
1176 and 1178 also match stars, although NGC 1173 is apparently lost. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 1184 = UGC
2583 = MCG +13-03-002 = CGCG 346-002 = PGC 12174
03 16 45.4 +80
47 36
V = 12.4; Size 2.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 168d
17.5"
(10/20/90): fairly faint, fairly small, edge-on 4:1 NNW-SSE, sharp
concentration, stellar nucleus.
This is a pretty edge-on system with a bulging core and tapering
extensions.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1184 = H II-704 on 16 Sep 1787 (sweep 757) and recorded "F,
pL, mE from np to sf, lbM."
Auwer's reduced position is ~5' north of MCG -02-08-041 = PGC 11488,
although the NGC position is accurate.
This galaxy is the third closest galaxy to the north celestial pole
discovered by WH (after NGC 6251 and 6252).
******************************
NGC 1185 = MCG
-02-08-041 = PGC 11488
03 02 59.4 -09
07 55
V = 14.8; Size 1.2'x0.5'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 30d
17.5"
(1/28/00): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 0.8'x0.4', weak
concentration. A mag 15 star is
close SSE [56" from center].
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1185 = LM II-353 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at Leander McCormick Observatory and reported "mag 15.7, 0.8' dia, pE 15¡.". His position is just 8 tsec west of MCG
-02-08-041 = PGC 11488 and the description applies.
******************************
NGC 1186 = NGC
1174 = UGC 2521 = MCG +07-07-021 = CGCG 540-034 = PGC 11617
03 05 30.7 +42
50 05
V = 11.4; Size 3.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 122d
17.5"
(10/24/87): fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE. A mag 13 star, superimposed just
southwest of the center, detracts from viewing.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1186 = H IV-43 = h281 on 17 Oct 1786 (sweep 614) and reported
"a pretty S star with a very F nebulosity to the nf side, of very little
extent." On 24 Oct 1786 (sweep 621), he swept it again as "a pretty B
star with two faint branches." JH also noted "a star 14m with some
kind of faint nebulous appendage."
The NGC position is accurate although Herschel's class IV refers to
objects that appeared to be planetary nebulae.
Lewis Swift
independently found this galaxy and superimposed star on 31 Aug 1883 but placed
it 1 tmin too far west in his list IV-11.
Dreyer assumed it was a different object and it was catalogued as NGC
1174. R.J. Mitchell and Samuel
Hunter, observing assistants on the 72", failed to find this galaxy and
Dreyer noted d'Arrest searched in vain on several attempts. It seems odd as the galaxy is not
difficult. Bigourdan observed it
though, and suggested it was a "variable nebula", because of the
mixed results. Sherburne Burnham
(Publ of Lick Observatory, II) also readily found and measured this
galaxy. So, NGC 1186 = NGC 1174
with NGC 1186 the primary designation.
******************************
NGC 1187 = ESO
480-023 = MCG -04-08-016 = UGCA 49 = PGC 11479
03 02 37.4 -22
52 03
V = 10.8; Size 5.5'x4.1'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 130d
17.5"
(11/26/94): moderately bright, fairly large, 4'x3' NW-SE. Elongated in the direction of mag 8.8
SAO 168248, which is 4.7' NW of center.
Broad concentration to an ill-defined core which contains a faint but
distinct stellar nucleus.
8"
(10/13/81): faint, fairly large, elongated, diffuse. Located 4.7' SE of a mag 9 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1187 = H III-245 = h2504 on 9 Dec 1784 (sweep 331) and noted
"vF, cL, iE, resolvable, unequally bright." JH described the galaxy from the Cape as "bright; very
large; pretty much elongated; very gradually brighter to the middle; 3.5' long,
2.5' broad; has in or near the middle a star 16 mag." E.E. Barnard observed the nebula
on 23 Aug 1883 and was surprised Herschel called it "vF", as it was
not difficult in his 5-inch refractor.
******************************
NGC 1188 = MCG
-03-08-068 = PGC 11533
03 03 43.4 -15
29 07
V = 13.8; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 170d
17.5"
(10/13/90): faint, small, elongated 3:1 N-S. NGC 1199 lies 8' S.
This galaxy is the farthest northern galaxy in the NGC 1199 cluster (HCG
22), but is not a HCG 22 member.
Incorrectly listed as nonexistent in the RNGC.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1188 = LM I-89 on 2 Dec 1885 with the 26"
refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. This is the first in a group of five galaxies (NGC 1189, NGC
1190, NGC 1191 and NGC 1192) discovered that night. Although Leavenworth only gave a rough RA for these objects,
Herbert Howe measured accurate individual RA's in 1899-00 (repeated in the IC 2
Notes section). In this case,
Howe's corrected RA is a good match with
MCG -03-08-068 = PGC 11533.
It is interesting to note that this places NGC 1188 just 8' N of NGC
1199, which is the brightest member of HCG 22. The RNGC incorrectly equates NGC 1188 with NGC 1199 and the
MCG does not label MCG -03-08-068 as MCG.
******************************
NGC 1189 = MCG
-03-08-061 = HCG 22c = PGC 11503
03 03 24.3 -15
37 23
V = 13.9; Size 1.7'x1.5'; Surf Br = 14.8
17.5"
(10/13/90): extremely faint, fairly small, unusually low even surface
brightness. First of seven in the
NGC 1199 group (HCG 22) with NGC 1199 4' ENE and NGC 1189 2.3' SSE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1189 = LM I-90 (along with nearby NGC 1188, 1190,
1191 and 1192) on 2 Dec 1885 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick
Observatory. Although Leavenworth
only gave a rough RA for these objects (corrected by 3 min of RA in a note in
the second discovery list), Howe measured relatively accurate individual RA's
in 1899-00, which are repeated in the IC 2 Notes section. This is the first of 5 NGC galaxies in
HCG 22.
******************************
NGC 1190 = MCG
-03-08-062 = HCG 22b = PGC 11508
03 03 26.2 -15
39 44
V = 14.2; Size 0.9'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 95d
17.5"
(10/13/90): extremely faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 E-W, very low surface
brightness, requires averted vision.
Member of HCG 22 with NGC 1199 4' NE, NGC 1191 1.8' SE, NGC 1189 2.3'
NNW and NGC 1192 3' ESE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1190 = LM I-91 (along with nearby NGC 1188, 1189, 1191
and 1192) on 2 Dec 1885 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick
Observatory. Although Leavenworth
only gave a rough RA for these objects (corrected by 3 min of RA in a note in
the second discovery list), Herbert Howe measured relatively accurate individual
RA's in 1899-00, which are repeated in the IC 2 Notes section. This is the second of five NGC galaxies
in HCG 22.
******************************
NGC 1191 = MCG
-03-08-064 = HCG 22d = PGC 11514
03 03 30.9 -15
41 08
V = 14.3; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 60d
17.5"
(10/13/90): extremely faint and small, round. A mag 14 star is 1.5' S. Forms a very close quadruple (HCG 22) with NGC 1192 1.0'
ENE, NGC 1190 1.8' NW and NGC 1199 4' NNE. This galaxy and NGC 1192 have 3x higher redshift than the
other group members.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1191 = LM I-91 on 2 Dec 1885 (along with nearby NGC
1188, 1189, 1190 and 1192) with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick
Observatory. Although Leavenworth
only gave a rough RA for these objects (corrected by 3 min of RA in a note in
the second discovery list), Herbert Howe measured relatively accurate
individual RA's in 1899-00, which are repeated in the IC 2 Notes section. This is the third of five NGC galaxies
in HCG 22.
******************************
NGC 1192 = MCG
-03-08-065 = HCG 22e = PGC 11519
03 03 34.6 -15
40 45
V = 14.4; Size 0.7'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 102d
17.5"
(10/13/90): extremely faint and small, round. In a tight group (HCG 22) with NGC 1191 1' WSW, NGC 1190
2.3' NW and NGC 1199 4' N. This
galaxy and NGC 1191 have 3x higher redshift than the other group members.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1192 = LM I-91 (along with nearby NGC 1188, 1189,
1190 and 1191) on 2 Dec 1885 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick
Observatory. Although Leavenworth
only gave a rough RA for these objects (corrected by 3 min of RA in a note in
the second discovery list), Howe measured relatively accurate individual RA's,
except for NGC 1192. But assuming
this object is east of NGC 1191 and 1' N, the identification is certain.
******************************
NGC 1193 = Cr 35
= OCL-390 = Lund 99
03 05 56 +44 23
00
Size 2'
17.5"
(10/24/87): this faint open cluster consists of an elongated glow with five
faint stars mag 14-15 superimposed and a mag 11 star at the west edge. Located 4' ESE of a wide pair of bright
stars (7.7/9.5 at 1.1'). This is a
fairly old open cluster with age ~ 4.2 billion years.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1193 = H II-608 on 24 Oct 1786 (sweep 621) and recorded "F,
cL, easily resolvable, some of the stars visible." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1194 = UGC
2514 = MCG +00-08-078 = CGCG 389-068 = PGC 11537
03 03 49.1 -01
06 13
V = 12.9; Size 1.8'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 140d
17.5"
(1/7/89): faint, small, slightly elongated NW-SE, broad concentration. UGC 2517 is in the field 8' SE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1194 = St XIII-22 on 23 Nov 1883 with the 31" reflector at
Marseille Observatory. His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1195 = MCG
-02-08-042A = Holm 65b = PGC 11517
03 03 32.8 -12
02 03
V = 14.7; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(10/20/90): very faint, very small, elongated 3:2 N-S, even surface
brightness. A mag 13 star is
45" SE of center. First of
four in the NGC 1200 quartet with NGC 1196 3' S and NGC 1200 7' NE.
J.L.E. Dreyer
discovered NGC 1195 on 8 Jan 1877 with the 72" at Birr Castle while
observing NGC 1196. He logged an
"eF, eS nebula (distinctly seen)" in position 305¡ (NW) of a mag 12
star directly north of NGC 1196.
The separation is 45" but the position angle is good and clearly
establishes NGC 1195 = PGC 11517.
******************************
NGC 1196 = MCG
-02-08-042B = Holm 65a = PGC 11522
03 03 35.2 -12
04 34
V = 12.5; Size 1.5'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(10/20/90): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, well-defined
bright core. A mag 13 star is 1.7'
N and a mag 12 star is 3' SSE.
Second of four in the NGC 1200 compact group with NGC 1195 2.2' N.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1196 = h2505 on 8 Jan 1877 while observing the field of NGC 1196
and NGC 1200. Logged on two consecutive nights as "vF" and "the
S.p. of two [with NGC 1200]".
His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1197
03 06 12 +44 04
=Not found,
Corwin and RNGC.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1197 = Sw II-27 on 12 Sep 1885 with the 16-inch refractor at
Warner Observatory and reported "pF, cE, pS, sev vF stars nr". His position falls on a blank piece of
sky between two mag 13.1 and 14.2 stars. There are also a number of faint
double stars in the vicinity on the DSS that he might have mistaken for a
nebulous object. In any case, this
number is currently lost or nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 1198 = IC
282 = UGC 2533 = MCG +07-07-024 = CGCG 540-038 = PGC 11648
03 06 13.3 +41
50 56
V = 12.5; Size 1.9'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 120d
17.5"
(10/24/87): faint, very small, diffuse round halo, stellar nucleus about 14th
magnitude. Located 7' N of mag 8.8
SAO 38577.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1198 = St XI-7 on 6 Dec 1880 with the 31" reflector at
Marseille Observatory. His
position matches UGC 2533 = MCG +07-07-024. MCG doesn't label this galaxy as NGC 1198. Lewis Swift independently found this galaxy
on 27 Dec 1888 and reported in discovery list VIII-12 (later IC 282), "eF,
S, R, bet 2 nr stars".
Swift's position was 1 min of RA too far west, so Dreyer assumed it was
a different object, the description applies to NGC 1198. So, NGC 1198 = IC 282, with priority to
Stephan. Harold Corwin and Malcolm
Thomson agree with this equivalence.
******************************
NGC 1199 = MCG
-03-08-067 = HCG 22a = PGC 11527
03 03 38.4 -15
36 50
V = 11.4; Size 2.4'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 48d
17.5" (10/13/90):
moderately bright, fairly small, oval 4:3 SSW-NNE, broadly concentrated halo,
small bright core. A mag 11 star
is 2.8' NE. This galaxy is the
brightest in a small, rich group (HCG 22) of extremely faint galaxies. Nearby are NGC 1190 4.1' SW, NGC 1191
4.6' SSW, NGC 1189 3.4' W, NGC 1192 4.0' S. An extremely faint mag 15 star or possibly an anonymous
galaxy is 2' N.
13"
(1/18/85): moderately bright, small, round, diffuse halo surrounded by a fairly
bright stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1199 = H II-503 = h282 on 30 Dec 1785 (sweep 499) and logged
"pB, S, iF, mbM." Both
William and John Herschel's dec is about 1' too far north but Engelhardt gave
an accurate micrometric position.
******************************
NGC 1200 = MCG
-02-08-043 = PGC 11545
03 03 54.6 -11
59 30
V = 12.7; Size 2.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 85d
17.5"
(10/20/90): fairly faint, fairly small, round, bright core, halo slightly
elongated N-S. There is an
extremely faint star or possible companion at the south edge. Third of four and brightest in a
compact quartet with NGC 1195 and 1196.
NGC 1200 forms a
close pair with IC 285 3.2' ESE.
The IC companion was logged as "very faint, small, elongated 5:2
WNW-ESE, very low even surface brightness."
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1200 = H II-475 = h2506 on 27 Nov 1785 (sweep 478) and noted
"pF, pL, irr F, bM." JH
observed this galaxy from the Cape on 22 Nov 1835 and logged "pB, L, R,
80". The N.f. of two, distance about 7.5'; position 45 degrees." His
mean position from 2 measures is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1201 = ESO
480-028 = MCG -04-08-023 = PGC 11559
03 04 08.0 -26
04 12
V = 10.7; Size 3.6'x2.1'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 7d
17.5"
(11/26/94): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 N-S, 1.6'x0.8', well
concentrated. Dominated by a
bright, very small round core and an almost stellar nucleus. Forms the southern vertex of an acute
triangle with a mag 12 star off the NNW side 2.9' from center and a mag 10.5
star 3.8' NE of center.
8"
(10/13/81): fairly bright, small, slightly elongated N-S, small bright
core. A mag 11 star is 4' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1201 = H I-109 = h283 on 26 Oct 1785 (sweep 466) and logged
"cB; mbM; iR; resolvable."
His position is 4' too far north.
cB, pS, lE in the direction of the meridian, mbM, resolvable, 1.5'
long." In a later sweep (593)
he recorded "pB, pS, bM, lE."
JH remarked "B; R; psbM; 30"." His position is just off
the north end of the galaxy.
******************************
NGC 1202 = PGC
11593
03 05 02.5 -06
29 30
V = 14.2; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7
17.5"
(1/12/02): very faint, small, round, 25" diameter, low even surface
brightness. A pair of mag 14/15
star (32" separation) lie 1' SE.
Located 4' SW of a 20" pair of mag 10.5/11.5 stars and 4.8' SSW of
a mag 10.3 star.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 1202 = LM II-354 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 15.5, 0.3' dia, wide double star,
position 45¡ (NE) at 4' distance.
His position is ~30 tsec of RA east of PGC 11593, but his description of
the double star is a perfect match.
Bigourdan's position for IC 286, which he claimed to have found while
searching for this galaxy, is very close to NGC 1202 and Corwin notes that his
offset stars don't match the field.
So, IC 286 is lost unless his offset stars can be recovered.
******************************
NGC 1203 =
(R)NGC 1203A = MCG -03-08-070 = PGC 11599
03 05 14.1 -14
22 53
V = 14.5; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(10/13/90): very faint, very small, round. A very close contact pair NGC 1203B is attached at the NE
end. The fainter companion
appeared extremely faint and small, round. Located almost at midpoint of mag 8.2 SAO 148753 2.6' SE and
mag 9.5 SAO 148757 3.1' NE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1203 = LM I-85 on 1 Jan 1886 with the 26"
refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. His rough position is a good match with MCG -03-08-070/071 = PGC
11603/11599. This is a close
double system with the brighter component (identified as NGC 1203A in NED and
MCG) on the south side. The
magnitudes are reversed (brighter mag associated with the northern component)
in several sources. It's likely
Leavenworth saw the combined glow of both objects as I could pick out the northern
component. Howe called this object
"extremely faint and very small", with no indication of a companion.
******************************
NGC 1204 = MCG
-02-08-045 = PGC 11583
03 04 40.0 -12
20 29
V = 13.3; Size 1.2'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 69d
17.5"
(11/17/01): interesting object as it appears as a diffuse glow, elongated
ENE-WSW with three stars near including a mag 11 star attached at the south
edge.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1204 = LM I-86 on 26 Dec 1886 with the 26"
refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory and reported "mag 15.5, E 45¡,
B* and sev F stars inv in neb, resolvable." His position is a good match with MCG -02-08-045 = PGC 11583
and the description is appropriate for this galaxy. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using
the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes)
and mentions "I noticed simply a small triangle of stars of mags 11, 12,
and 13. The brightest star seemed
to be enveloped in an extremely faint mantle of nebulous matter."
Recently (27 Mar
2015), I found that WH observed NGC 1204 on 27 Nov 1785 (sweep 478), though he
only logged "a deception", and didn't assign it an internal discovery
number or H-designation. His offset
in position from #1193 = NGC 1200 (the previous object in the sweep), places
the "deception" just 1.2' south of NGC 1204, based on Corwin's
reduction (Steinicke also confirms this observation). Based on my visual
notes, I can see why WH found the appearance ambiguous.
******************************
NGC 1205 = NGC
1182 = PGC 11511
03 03 28.4 -09
40 13
See observing
notes for NGC 1182.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 1205 = LM I-87 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory and logged "mag 14.0, 0.7'x0.3', E 25¡, *9.5 in PA
240¡ at 3.0' dist." There is
nothing at his position but 2 min of RA west is PGC 11511 and Stone's
description applies (except his PA should read 125¡). This was Stone's second observation of this galaxy. His position for I-84 = NGC 1182 was
1.0 min of west too far west, but the descriptions are virtually the same. Herbert Howe examined the field in
1899-00 and report "having examined the locality very carefully on two
fine nights I judge the objects to be identical." Based on this this observation, Dreyer
states in the IC 2 Notes that "1205 is equal to 1182". Either number could be the primary
designation as the earlier observation is not known. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 1206 = PGC
11644
03 06 09.7 -08
50 00
V = 14.9; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2
18"
(1/1/08): extremely faint, very small, round, 15" diameter. Visible ~80% of the time using averted
vision as a very low surface brightness knot with no structure. Located 6.5' N of a mag 10.5 star. The edge-on streak identified as NGC
1206 in the RNGC is actually a plate flaw.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1206 = LM II-355 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at Leander McCormick Observatory and logged "mag 15.6, 0.2' dia, vlE
180¡." His position matches
PGC 11644, though Bigourdan was unable to recover this galaxy. The RNGC misidentifies a plate flaw as
NGC 1206!
******************************
NGC 1207 = UGC
2548 = MCG +06-07-043 = CGCG 524-055 = LGG 087-001 = PGC 11737
03 08 15.5 +38
22 56
V = 12.6; Size 2.3'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 123d
24"
(2/7/16): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE,
0.6'x0.4'. A mag 14.5-15 star is
superimposed on the northwest side.
CGCG 524-054 lies 5.7' W and was noted as fairly faint, small, round,
12"-15" diameter, slightly brighter nucleus. A mag 12 star is 1' NNW. NGC 1207 is situated in a rich star
field with mag 8.6 SAO 56192 5.7' ESE.
17.5"
(1/1/92): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, broadly
concentrated halo. A mag 15 star
is attached at northwest end. NGC
1213 lies 20' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1207 = H III-578 = h284 on 18 Oct 1786 (sweep 618) and noted
"vF, vS." JH logged
"F; vS; R; psbM; 12" dia." and measured an accurate position. The superimposed star was mentioned at
Birr Castle: "I am not sure whether it is a star or a nucleus in the
north-preceding end."
******************************
NGC 1208 = MCG
-02-08-047 = PGC 11647
03 06 11.9 -09
32 27
V = 12.6; Size 1.9'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 75d
17.5"
(10/20/90): fairly faint, very elongated 3:1 E-W, broadly concentrated halo,
much fainter extensions. First and
brightest in a group with NGC 1214 = HCG 23A 11' E.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1208 = H II-285 = h285 = h2507 on 10 Jan 1785 (sweep 355) and
logged "pF, S, lE, south of a pB triangle, about 1/2' in length." On
15 Dec 1786 (sweep 650) he recorded "F, S, lbM, E not far from the
parallel; a little from sp to nf."
JH observed this galaxy both at Slough and at the Cape and there were 7
observations at Birr Castle. The
NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1209 = MCG
-03-08-073 = LGG 081-003 = PGC 11638
03 06 03.0 -15
36 41
V = 11.5; Size 2.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 85d
17.5"
(1/12/02): moderately bright, fairly small,, elongated 2:1 E-W, 1.4'x0.7'. Increases to a bright, rounder core and
stellar nucleus. NGC 1231 lies
6.8' NE. Member of the LGG 81
group. Located 40' following HCG
22 whose brightest member is NGC 1199.
13"
(1/18/85): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated ~E-W, very small bright
core. Appears slightly fainter
than NGC 1199 40' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1209 = H II-504 = h286 on 30 Dec 1785 (sweep 499) and logged
"pB, S, lE, mbM. The
brightness also extended. " JH called this galaxy "vB; E; psbM;
30" l; 20" br." His
position and description matches MCG -03-08-073 = PGC 11638.
******************************
NGC 1210 = ESO
480-031 = MCG -04-08-024 = PGC 11666
03 06 45.3 -25
42 59
V = 12.6; Size 2.0'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 121d
17.5"
(12/28/00): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter, weak but even
concentration to a brighter core.
A mag 13 star lies 1.1' NNW of center. Located 40' NE of NGC 1201.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 1210 = LM I-88 on 13 Nov 1885 with the 26" refractor at
Leander McCormick Observatory and reported "mag 15.0, vS, iR, E 340¡?,
gbMN". There is nothing at
his rough RA (nearest minute), but 1 tmin east is ESO 480-031 = PGC 11666 and
this galaxy is identified as NGC 1210 in the RNGC and PGC. MCG lists the NGC
designation as uncertain.
******************************
NGC 1211 = UGC
2545 = MCG +00-08-093 = CGCG 389-081 = PGC 11670
03 06 52.4 -00
47 40
V = 12.3; Size 2.1'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 30d
17.5"
(1/7/89): moderately bright, fairly small, very faint outer halo, sharp
concentration, round. Two mag 13
stars lie 2.1' ESE and 2.2' ENE oriented N-S with a separation of 1.1'.
Truman
Safford discovered NGC 1211 = Sf
102 on 31 Oct 1867 with the 18.5" refractor at the Dearborn
Observatory. Stephan independently
discovered the galaxy on 27 Nov 1880, published it in list XI-8 and measured an
accurate position. Stephan is
credited with the discovery in the NGC, as Safford's discovery was not
published until 1887, too late to be included in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 1212 = IC
1883 = UGC 2560 = PGC 11815
03 09 42.2 +40
53 35
Size
0.9'x0.5'; PA = 22d
18"
(11/22/03): faint, small, round, 25" diameter, even surface
brightness. Forms the SW vertex of
an equilateral triangle with mag 8.7 SAO 38614 2.7' NE and a mag 11.7 star 2.2'
E. Located just 18' ESE of Algol
at the western edge of AGC 426!
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1212 = Sw I-5 on 18 Oct 1884 with the 16" refractor at the
Warner Observatory and recorded "S; R; vvF. Right angled with 2 stars. In field with Algol". Swift's position is poor, 40 seconds of RA west of UGC 2560,
but his description of the two stars applies to this galaxy. E.E. Barnard independently found NGC
1212 on 26 Nov 1888 with the 12-inch refractor at Lick and comunicated the
discovery directly to Dreyer.
Barnard and Dreyer assumed this was a new object, probably due to
Swift's poor position, and it was recataloged as IC 1883. So, NGC 1212 = IC 1883, with discovery
priority to Swift.
RNGC and PGC (as
well as secondary sources such as Megastar) misidentify PGC 11761, an extremely
faint galaxy just 8' SE of Algol, as NGC 1212. This galaxy is not only too faint to have been seen by
Swift, it is nearly lost in the glare of Algol. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 1213 = IC
1881 = UGC 2557 = MCG +06-07-045 = CGCG 524-058 = PGC 11789
03 09 17.3 +38
38 59
V = 14.5; Size 1.8'x1.4'; Surf Br = 15.4; PA = 60d
24"
(2/7/16): faint or fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 ~SW-NE,
24"x18", low surface brightness, fades into background. The image is confused as there are two
very faint stars involved as well as two additional stars off the north
side. Located in a rich star field
50' ESE of mag 3.4 Rho Per. NGC
1207 is 20' SW.
17.5"
(1/1/92): extremely faint, fairly small, slightly elongated. This galaxy has an extremely low
surface brightness with a very ill-defined outline! Several faint stars are near or involved including a mag 14
star close off the SW edge and a pair of mag 15.5 stars at the north end.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1213 = Sw I-6 on 14 Oct 1884 with his 16" refractor and
recorded "vvF; lE; v diff; F* close north." His position is 0.4 min of RA west of UGC 2557 and his
description fits (there are faint stars close north and south). Bigourdan (B. 253) found this galaxy
again on 10 Jan 1891 (he misidentified a star as NGC 1213) and assumed it was
new. His position for B. 253
(later IC 1881) is accurate. So, NGC 1213 = IC 1881.
******************************
NGC 1214 = HCG
23A = MCG -02-08-051 = Holm 66a = PGC 11675
03 06 55.9 -09
32 38
V = 14.0; Size 1.3'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 40d
48"
(10/30/16): at 375x and 488x; bright, fairly large, very elongated 7:2 SW-NE,
~1.2'x0.35', sharply concentrated with a very bright core that increases to a
stellar nucleus. Brightest in the
HCG 23 quintet with HCG 1215 4' SE.
A mag 11 star is 2.7' due north.
The seeing and transparency was subpar during the observation of the
group.
17.5"
(10/20/90): faint, very small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, small bright core, stellar
nucleus. A mag 11 star is 2.7' N. FIrst of four in the field with
NGC 1215 4' SE and NGC 1208 11' W. Brightest in HCG 23.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 1214 = LM I-94 = Sw V-49, along with NGC 1215 and 1216, in 1886
using the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. Stone reported, "mag 14.0,
0.7'x0.2', E 60¡. He added a note,
"48 seconds f[ollowing] G.C. 647 [NGC 1208] same declination, stellar
N[ucleus] in cen of vF neb; 1st of 3 [with NGC 1215 and 1216]; *10, P 15¡ Delta
[separation] 3'." His rough
position (nearest min of RA) is essentially correct.
Lewis Swift also
found the galaxy the same year on 21 Oct 1886 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory. He described
it as "F; pS; iR; 647 [= NGC 1208] nr; 1st of 2 [with NGC
1215]." Gary Kronk mentioned
to me the Leander McCormick discovery list was submitted to the Astronomical
Journal on 12 Oct 1886, so discovery priority must go to Stone (Dreyer credits
Swift first and Stone second in the NGC).
******************************
NGC 1215 = HCG
23B = MCG -02-08-055 = Holm 66b = PGC 11687
03 07 09.4 -09
35 32
V = 14.1; Size 1.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.5; PA = 15d
48"
(10/30/16): at 375x and 488x; fairly bright, fairly large, sharply concentrated
with a very bright elongated core SSW-NNE that increases to a stellar nucleus.
Surrounded by a fairly large, low surface brightness oval halo ~1.2'x0.9'. Forms a close pair with MCG -02-08-054
= HCG 23E just under 1' NNE. It
appeared faint or fairly faint, small, very elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE,
~20"x8".
17.5"
(10/20/90): faint, small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, well defined small bright core,
faint extensions. Member of the
NGC 1208 group and HCG 23 with NGC 1214 4' NW and NGC 1216 2' SE.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 1215 = LM I-95 = Sw V-50, along with NGC 1214 and 1216, in 1886
using the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. Stone reported, "mag 15.5, 0.4',
dif." He added the note,
"2nd of 3 [with NGC 1214 and 1216]." His declination is 2' too far south, incorrectly placing NGC
1215 1' south of NGC 1216, instead of 1' N.
Lewis Swift also
found the galaxy later that year on 21 Oct 1886 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory. He described
it as "eF; vS; R; 647 [= NGC 1208] nr; 2nd of 2 [with NGC 1214]."
******************************
NGC 1216 = HCG
23C = MCG -02-08-056 = PGC 11693
03 07 18.4 -09
36 44
V = 14.8; Size 0.8'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 65d
48"
(10/30/16): at 375x and 488x; fairly bright, fairly small, edge-on 5:1 WSW-ENE,
~40"x8", well concentrated with a very bright, high surface
brightness core that increases to a stellar nucleus. The extensions are quite thin. NGC 1215 lies 2.5' NW.
17.5"
(10/20/90): very faint, extremely small, stellar nucleus or faint star
superimposed, extremely faint and very small extensions SW-NE. Member of HCG 23 with NGC 1215 2' NW.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 1216 = LM I-96 in 1886, along with NGC 1214 and 1215, with the
26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. He recorded "mag 14.5, 0.2' dia, stellar ncl, 3rd of
3" and the rough position matches MCG -02-08-056 = PGC 11693. This galaxy was missed by Lewis Swift,
though he found nearby NGC 1214 and 1215.
******************************
NGC 1217 = ESO
300-010 = MCG -07-07-003 = PGC 11641
03 06 06.0 -39
02 11
V = 12.4; Size 1.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 50d
18"
(1/17/09): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 45" diameter, sharply
concentrated with a small brighter core and much fainter halo. A 24" pair of mag 9/12 stars
located 7' SE is lined up with the galaxy. A mag 13 star lies 1.5' N. A faint companion galaxy 0.9' N (MCG -07-07-004) was not
seen, probably because of the low elevation.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1217 = h2508 on 23 Oct 1835 and logged "not vF; R; pslbM;
20". Has a *11m 2' N. JH's
position (h2508) and description is accurate (the star is 1.6' N).
******************************
NGC 1218 = UGC
2555 = MCG +01-09-001 = CGCG 416-002 = 3C 78 = PGC 11749
03 08 26.3 +04
06 38
V = 12.7; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 155d
13.1"
(11/29/86): faint, small, round, bright core. Located 92' E of Alpha Ceti.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1218 = Sw IV-12 on 6 Sep 1886 with the 16" refractor at the
Warner Observatory. His position
is 1.4' west of UGC 2555 = PGC 11749.
******************************
NGC 1219 = UGC
2556 = MCG +00-09-006 = CGCG 390-006 = PGC 11752
03 08 28.0 +02
06 30
V = 13.0; Size 1.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(10/24/87): moderately bright, moderately large, almost round, weak
concentration.
Albert Marth discovered
NGC 1219 = m 87 on 9 Sep 1864 with Lassell's 48" reflector on Malta,
reporting "F, pL, R".
His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1220 = Cr 37
= OCL-380 = Lund 100
03 11 41 +53 20
54
Size 2'
17.5"
(12/28/94): very compact group of about a dozen faint stars mag 13.5-15 in a
small 1.5' wedge-shaped clump.
There is a very tight string of three strings at the NE end and the
brightest mag 13 star is at the south end. Does not appear fully resolved due to density and background
haze. This is a young cluster(60
million years old) at a distance of ~5900 light years in the Perseus Arm.
8"
(11/28/81) : faint open cluster, small, six faint stars are visible over
unresolved haze.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1220 = h287 on 28 Nov 1831, recording "a vS, close-packed
group of 8 or 10 stars 14...15 mag in a space of 30" diam, so as easily to
be taken for a pB nebula."
His position and description matches this cluster.
******************************
NGC 1221 = MCG
-01-09-002 = PGC 11739
03 08 15.5 -04
15 35
V = 14.2; Size 1.4'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 160d
17.5"
(1/7/89): very faint, very small, round.
A mag 13 star is 1.2' SE.
FIrst of three with NGC 1223 8' NNE and NGC 1225 15' NE. Also IC 1886 lies 10' SSW. All four galaxies are visible in a 35'
field.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1221 = LM II-356 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at the Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 15.5, 0.2'x0.1', E
170¡, * in PA 175¡ (south)."
His position is 20 sec of RA east of MCG -01-09-002 = PGC 11739 and his
PA estimate matches. Howe's
corrected position in the IC 2 Notes is accurate. Bigourdan listed this galaxy as #255, measured an accurate
position, and noted "could be NGC 1221 with an error of 20 sec in
RA." MCG gives the NGC
designation as uncertain.
******************************
NGC 1222 = MCG
-01-09-005 = Mrk 603 = LGG 085-005 = PGC 11774
03 08 56.9 -02
57 18
V = 12.5; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 170d
17.5"
(1/7/89): fairly faint, fairly small, round, very small bright core, stellar
nucleus.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1222 = St XIII-23 on 5 Dec 1883. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1223 = MCG
-01-09-003 = PGC 11742
03 08 19.9 -04
08 18
V = 14.0; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.1
17.5"
(1/7/89): second and brightest of a trio with NGC 1221 8' SSW and NGC 1225 7'
E. Faint, small, round, bright
core. The identifications of NGC
1223 and NGC 1225 are reversed in the RNGC and U2000.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1223 = LM II-357 (along with NGC 1225 = II-358) in
1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory in 1886,
recording "mag 15.0, 0.3' dia, R, gbMN". His position is 45 sec of RA following MCG -01-09-003 = PGC
11742 and the description applies. Bigourdan listed this galaxy as #256, measured an accurate
position, and noted "could be NGC 1223 with an error of 40 sec in
RA." MCG does not label
this galaxy as NGC 1223. RNGC
reversed the identifications of NGC 1223 and NGC 1225 and because of this
mistake they were switched in the first edition of the Uranometria 2000.0
Atlas.
******************************
NGC 1224 = UGC
2578 = MCG +07-07-034 = CGCG 540-055 = LGG 088-002 = PGC 11886
03 11 13.6 +41
21 49
V = 13.7; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.1
17.5"
(10/24/87): very faint, very small, round, small brighter core. Member of AGC 426.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1224 = Sw II-28 on 20 Aug 1885 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory. His position
matches UGC 2578, located just 42' SE of Algol. Swift made specific searches
around bright stars assuming others might have missed nebulae hiding in the
glare of these stars.
******************************
NGC 1225 = MCG
-01-09-004 = PGC 11766
03 08 47.2 -04
06 05
V = 14.4; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 14.1
17.5"
(1/7/89): third of three with NGC 1221 and NGC 1223. Very faint, very small, round, small bright core. Located 7' E of NGC 1223. The identifications of NGC 1223 and NGC
1225 are reversed in the RNGC.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1225 = LM II-358 (along with NGC 1223 = II-357) in
1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory, recording
"mag 15.5, 0.2' dia, R".
His position is 30 sec of RA following MCG -01-09-004 = PGC 11766. Bigourdan listed this galaxy as #257,
measured an accurate position, and noted "could be NGC 1225 with an error
of 30 sec in RA." MCG
mislabels -01-09-004 as NGC 1223.
RNGC reversed the identifications of NGC 1223 and NGC 1225 and because
of this mistake they were switched in the first edition of the Uranometria
2000.0 Atlas.
******************************
NGC 1226 = UGC
2575 = MCG +06-08-001 = CGCG 524-061 = PGC 11879
03 11 05.4 +35
23 12
V = 12.9; Size 2.1'x1.9'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 95d
17.5"
(1/1/92): fairly faint, fairly small, round, bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 1227 4' SSE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1226 = St X-16 on 6 Dec 1879 with the 31" reflector at
Marseille Observatory. His
position is accurate. This galaxy was apparently first discovered by d'Arrest
on 17 Sep 1865, but due to a transcription error his position is 1-hour of RA
too small and falls on a blank piece of sky. See NGC 832.
******************************
NGC 1227 = UGC
2577 = CGCG 524-062 = CGCG 525-003 = PGC 11880
03 11 07.8 +35
19 29
V = 14.2; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 14.0
17.5"
(1/1/92): very faint, very small, round.
Forms a pair with NGC 1226 4' NNW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1227 = St X-17 on 10 Jan 1880 with the 31" reflector at
Marseille Observatory, one month after discovering NGC 1226 (or perhaps he
didn't have time to measure the position earlier). His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1228 = Arp
332 NED3 = VV 337a = ESO 480-032 = MCG -04-08-026 = UGCA 54 = PGC 11735
03 08 11.7 -22
55 23
V = 13.2; Size 1.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 78d
17.5"
(11/10/96): faint, small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 0.8'x0.6'. A mag 13 star is 50" S. In a group with NGC 1229 2.2' S. NGC 1230 lies 3.8' SSE, and IC 1892
8.6' SSE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1228 = LM II-359 (along with NGC 1229 = II-360) in
1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory,
recording "mag 15.5, 0.1', R, gbM, 1st of 2". There is nothing at his position, but 1
min of time west is ESO 480-032 = PGC 11735. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using
the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 1229 = Arp
332 NED1 = VV 337b = UGCA 53 = ESO 480-033 = MCG -04-08-025
03 08 11.0 -22
57 37
V = 14.0; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 81d
17.5"
(11/10/96): very faint, very small, round, 0.4' diameter. Located 2.2' S of brighter NGC 1228 in
a group with NGC 1230 1.9' SE and IC 1892. A mag 13.5 star lies 1.4' N on a line to NGC 1228.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1229 = LM II-359, along with NGC 1228 = II-359, in
1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory,
recording "mag 16.0, 0.1', R, gbM, 2nd of 2". There is nothing at his position, but 1
min of RA west is ESO 480-033 = PGC 11734. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using
the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2
notes). He also mentioned that NGC
1229 precedes 1228 a little.
******************************
NGC 1230 = Arp
332 NED2 = ESO 480-034 = MCG -04-08-027 = PGC 11743
03 08 16.4 -22
59 03
V = 14.4; Size 0.6'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 109d
17.5"
(11/10/96): faintest in a group with NGC 1228, NGC 1229 and IC 1892. Only glimpsed momentarily using
Vicker's CCD Atlas. Appears
extremely faint and small, 10" diameter with possible extensions to
20". Located 3.8' SSE of NGC
1228 and 1.9' SE of NGC 1230. IC
1892 lies 5' further SE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1230 = LM II-361, along with NGC 1228 and NGC 1229,
in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. Leavenworth made no estimate of size or
brightness, only the comment "*??". There is nothing at his position, but 1 min of RA west and
2' N is ESO 480-033 = PGC 11734.
Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using the 20"
refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 1231 = MCG
-03-08-074 = PGC 11658
03 06 29.3 -15
34 09
V = 14.2; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(1/12/02): extremely faint, very small, round, 0.4' diameter. A mag 15 star is just off the SSW edge
of the halo, 30" from the center.
Located 6.8' NE of NGC 1209.
Due to a poor position by Leavenworth, this galaxy is classified as
nonexistent in the RNGC.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1231 = LM I-97 on 2 Dec 1885 with the 26"
refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory, recording "mag 16.0, pL, E
like a fan." There is nothing
at his rough position (given to an nearest min of RA and arcmin of Dec). But exactly 4 min of RA west is MCG
-03-08-074 = PGC 11658. MCG
doesn't label this galaxy as NGC 1231.
RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent. Assuming NGC 1231 = PGC 11658, I'm a little surprised
Leavenworth didn't mention NGC 1209, just 6' SW, but I don't think this is a
duplicate observation of NGC 1209 as it is much too bright to be called mag
16.0.
******************************
NGC 1232 = Arp
41W = ESO 547-0141 = MCG -04-08-032 = PGC 11819
03 09 45.1 -20
34 46
V = 9.9; Size 7.4'x6.5'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 108d
30"
(10/15/15 - OzSky): at 303x; this face-on multi-arm knotty Sc appeared very
bright, very large, roundish, at least 6' diameter. Sharply concentrated with a very bright, elongated core that
contains a brighter central bar-like nuclear region. Spiral structure was evident in the large halo, but more
subtle than I expected as several segments are disconnected. Most prominent is a knotty arm on the
north side. It emerges near the
northwest end of the core and shoots linearly (2' length) towards the northeast
in the direction of a mag 14 star 2.5' NE of center. Another spiral arm extends east and west perhaps 1.5'
length, just south of the central region.
The arm fades out at its west end but after a short break, a very faint
elongated knot, ~14"x8", is visible 1.7' WSW of center. NED includes multiple designations NGC
1232:[HK83] 442, [HK83] 445, [HK83] 450 and more from Hodge and Kennicutt's
1983 "Atlas of HII regions in 125 galaxies". The arm dims again but can just be
traced shooting straight N-S in the northwest end of the halo. Another short, linear segment of a arm
(containing [HK83] 110) is just visible close east of the core, 1.1' ENE of
center. NGC 1232A (the subject of
a long-standing redshift controversy) is visible 4.1' ESE of center, just
beyond the east edge of the galaxy.
It appeared very faint, small, round, ~20" diameter
17.5"
(10/8/88): bright, large, slightly elongated, bright core, very large faint
halo. Located 8' WSW of mag 8.6
SAO 168347.
13"
(1/18/85): large, large bright core, substellar nucleus, very diffuse outer
halo. An arm is suspected attached
at the west end and winding towards the east on the north side of the core.
8"
(10/13/81): faint, diffuse, low surface brightness.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1232 = H II-258 = h2509 on 20 Oct 1784 (sweep 303) recording
"eF, lbM, 7 or 8' dia."
On 19 Dec 1799 (sweep 1091) he logged "F, cL, bM, irr F, 5 or 5'
diam. The nebulosity is unequal,
seeming to be two or three clouds or nebulosities joined together." JH
made 3 observations at the Cape, the most detailed being ""B; vL; R;
resolvable; 3' (dia), first very grad then psbM. With the left eye I see it mottled. (N.B. This is no doubt a
distant globular cluster)."
The NGC position is accurate.
NGC 1232B = PGC
11834, near the end of one of the spiral arms, was assumed to be interacting
with NGC 1232, but its redshift places it four times the distance. This system was used by Arp to argue
against redshift-based distances.
******************************
NGC 1233 = UGC
2586 = MCG +06-08-003 = CGCG 525-006 = PGC 11955
03 12 33.1 +39
19 07
V = 13.2; Size 1.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 27d
17.5"
(12/23/92): fairly faint, very elongated 3:1 NNW-NNE, 1.2'x0.4', broadly
concentrated, faint extensions. A
mag 13.5 star is off the NE end.
Member of AGC 426 (south of main stream).
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1233 = St III-20 on 10 Dec 1871 with the 31" reflector at
Marseille Observatory. His
position matches UGC 2586 = PGC 11955.
Harold Corwin mentions that Swift's V-51 = NGC 1235 might be a duplicate
observation of this galaxy, with a 24' error in declination.
******************************
NGC 1234 = MCG
-01-09-011 = PGC 11813
03 09 39.2 -07
50 47
V = 14.2; Size 1.8'x0.9'; Surf Br = 14.6; PA = 141d
17.5"
(1/12/02): extremely faint, small, round, 0.6' diameter, low even surface
brightness. Requires averted
vision but once identified I could almost hold it continuously with
concentration. Based on the
galaxy's size and elongation, I probably viewed the brighter core only. Located 4' SW of mag 9.5 SAO 130313.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1234 = LM II-362 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at the Leander McCormick Observatory, recording "mag 16.2, 0.6' dia, iR, 1
or eF stars inv, *9m precedes 30 sec." There is nothing at his position but 40 sec of RA due west
is MCG -01-09-011 = PGC 11813. The
star to the west is preceding by 22", though it's odd he didn't mention a
brighter star to the NE.
******************************
NGC 1235
03 12 48 +38 56
=***, JS. =NGC
1233?, HC
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1235 = Sw V-51 on 21 Oct 1886 with the 16" refractor at the
Warner Observatory. There are no
galaxies near his position. The
RNGC identifies NGC 1235 as a triple star, situated about 1.5' N of Swift's
position. But these stars appear
too bright and too easily resolved to be confused with a faint nebulous object
by Swift. Harold Corwin suggests
that NGC 1235 may be a duplicate of NGC 1233, which is located due north. If this identification is correct,
Swift made a 24' error in declination (too far south). Except for NGC 58, the other dozen
discoveries by Swift on that night have no significant errors, so this
identification is very uncertain.
See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 1236 = CGCG
441-003 = PGC 11898
03 11 28.0 +10
48 30
V = 14.7; Size 0.5'x0.3'; PA = 30d
18"
(12/10/07): very faint, small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 0.4'x0.2', low surface
brightness, no concentration in fairly poor seeing.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 1236 = m 88 on 5
Oct 1864 with Lassell's 48" reflector on Malta, recording "eF, vS,
R". His position is just off
the south side of CGCG 441-003 = PGC 11898.
******************************
NGC 1237
03 10 08.9 -08
41 32
V =
14.5/14.5; Size 13"
24"
(12/28/13): this 13" pair of evenly matched mag 14-15 stars was easily
resolved at 225x. Located 21' NW
of the NGC 1241/1242 pair (Arp 304).
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 1237 = LM II-363 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory, reporting "mag 13.0, 0.4' diameter, E 170¡,
double star?" Dreyer included
the description as a possible double star and Corwin confirms it *is* a double
star 36 tsec west and 1' south of Muller's position. The separation is 14" with a PA 152¡.
******************************
NGC 1238 = MCG
-02-09-010 = Holm 67a = PGC 11868
03 10 52.7 -10
44 53
V = 12.4; Size 1.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 110d
17.5"
(12/28/94): fairly faint, small, round, very small bright core. Contains a faint stellar nucleus or
possibly a faint star is superimposed.
Forms the west vertex of an obtuse isosceles triangle with a mag 13 star
2.4' SE and a mag 14 star 2.3' NNE of center. IC 1897, just 3.3' SW, appeared faint, small, round, weak
concentration. A mag 13 star is
1.5' S.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1238 = Sw V-52 on 1 Nov 1886 with the 16" refractor at the
Warner Observatory, recording "vF; pS; R; sp of [NGC 1247]. His position is 9 tsec east and
20" south of MCG -02-09-010 = PGC 11868 and NGC 1247 is 25' NE.
******************************
NGC 1239 = MCG
-01-09-012 = PGC 11869
03 10 53.7 -02
33 11
V = 14.2; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 70d
17.5"
(1/7/89): faint, very small, round, weak concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1239 = H III-262 = h288 on 6 Jan 1785 (sweep 351) and recorded
"Suspected, stellar, 240x verified it with difficulty." WH's position was poor but JH was only
able to correct the declination, as the nebula was "scarcely seen through
thick haze". So, the RA is roughly 30 sec too far east in the NGC. Still there are no other nearby
candidates and the identification NGC 1239 = PGC 11869 is not in question.
******************************
NGC 1240
03 13 26.7 +30
30 26
=**, Corwin.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1240 = H III-164 on 12 Sep 1784 (sweep 268) and recorded
"suspected, 240 left a doubt; extremely faint and very small, most
probably two close stars; between two stars." There is nothing near his position and Bigourdan was unsuccessful
(twice) in trying to recover this object.
Karl Reinmuth, in his 1926 survey based on Heidelberg plates, notes
"*13.5 in Dreyer's place".
Harold Corwin suggests NGC 1240 is a double star (11" separation)
about 8' southeast of WH's position.
This pair is also on a line between two other stars so matches
Herschel's position.
******************************
NGC 1241 = Arp
304 NED1 = VV 334a = MCG -02-09-011 = Holm 68a = PGC 11887
03 11 14.7 -08
55 20
V = 12.0; Size 2.8'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 145d
24"
(12/28/13): fairly bright, moderately large, oval 2:1 NW-SE, 2'x1', contains a
large bright core that increases towards the center. There was a hint of arm structure in the outer halo. Forms a pair with NGC 1242 1.7' NE with
both galaxies just south of a mag 9.3 star.
13.1"
(12/7/85): moderately bright, round, bright core surrounded by a diffuse
halo. Forms a close pair with
fainter NGC 1242 1.6' NE. Located
3.0' due south of mag 9.0 SAO 130329.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1241 = H II-286 = h289 = h2510 on 10 Jan 1785 (sweep 355) and
recorded "F, pL, R, lbM, south of a small star." JH observed this
galaxy both at Slough and at the Cape, where he logged "F, pmE, 50",
the preceding of two [with NGC 243]." The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1242 = Arp
304 NED2 = VV 334b = Holm 68c = MCG -02-09-012 = PGC 11892
03 11 19.2 -08
54 07
V = 13.7; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 130d
24"
(12/28/13): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:3 NW-SE,
~35"x21", weak concentration.
Forms a pair (Arp 304 = VV 334) with brighter NGC 1241 1.7' SE. A bright mag 9.3 star lies 2' NW.
13.1"
(12/7/85): very faint, small, round, small bright core, stellar nucleus, can
hold with averted vision. Forms a
close pair with much brighter NGC 1241 1.6' SW. Located 2.1' SE of mag 9.0 SAO 130329.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1242 = H III-591 on 15 Dec 1786 (sweep 650) and recorded
"Two [along with NGC 1241], that of which the place is taken [NGC 1241] is
F, pL, vgvmbM, R. The other [NGC
1242] is about 1' nf, eF, stellar.
A 3rd suspected sf the 1st, still fainter than the 2nd; the I did not
see it well enough to verify it, and it may be a deception." Bindon Stoney, using LdR's 72" on
Dec 7 1850, assumed it was a new discovery (labeled as "Beta" in his
sketch). Dreyer later noticed the
equivalence with III-591 when he examined the field on 6 Nov 1877 as the
observing assistant at Birr Castle.
******************************
NGC 1243 = Holm
68b
03 11 25.4 -08
56 43
=**, Corwin.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1243 = h291 = h2511 on 6 Jan 1831. From Slough he recorded "eF, vS" and from the Cape
"eF; R; the following of two; pos from the other [NGC 1241] = 120¡
(ESE)". At JH's position a
faint double star and the position angle matches. Interestingly Herschel never
observed NGC 1242, which is close NE of NGC 1241. At Birr Castle, NGC 1241 was observed several times and
assumed to be a "nova", but on 6 Nov 1877 Dreyer (the observing
assistant at the time) claimed he saw all three objects in the field. His micrometric offset for h291 =
h2511, points exactly to this double star again! See Corwin's notes for the complete story.
******************************
NGC 1244 = ESO
082-008 = PGC 11659
03 06 31.2 -66
46 33
V = 13.1; Size 1.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 2d
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 260x appeared as a moderately bright,
fairly large edge-on N-S, ~2.0'x0.4'.
Exhibits only a broad, weak concentration to a slightly brighter core. Forms a 10' pair with NGC 1246 to the
SSE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1244 = h2512 on 2 Nov 1834 and recorded "pF, lE, gbM, 25
arcseconds." His position
(from 2 sweeps) is accurate. He
questioned if this object was the same as Dunlop's 205, but Dunlop's
description ("a very faint small nebula, north following, a pretty bright
small star; a very minute star is between the bright star and the nebula")
does not seem to match.
******************************
NGC 1245 = Cr 38
= Mel 18 = OCL-389
03 14 41 +47 14
18
V = 8.4; Size 10'
17.5"
(12/8/90): about 100 stars at 220x in 10' diameter. Rich in mag 13.5-14 stars and includes four mag 12 stars
along the west side. Roughly
circular outline and uniform but no concentration to the center, many stars are
arranged in lanes. A mag 8.5 star
is off the south edge and a mag 9 star is about 5' off the ENE edge.
13"
(1/28/84): about 75 stars in a dense cluster. Includes bright stars on the north side.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1245 = H VI-25 = h290 on 11 Dec 1786 (sweep 645), recording
"a beautiful very compressed and rich cluster of small stars, about 8' or
9' diameter, irr R." On 30
Nov 1787 (sweep 786) he added "The large stars arranged in lines, like
interwoven letters." JH
called it a "rich, L, cl not very comp; irreg R with stragllers; stars
12...15m; brightest part 5' diam".
******************************
NGC 1246 = ESO
082-009 = PGC 11680
03 07 02.0 -66
56 19
V = 12.9; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 40d
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): moderately bright and large oval 3:2 SW-NE,
~1.2'x0.8'. Contains a large
bright core that increases to a faint, stellar nucleus with a much fainter
outer halo. Located 10' SSE of NGC
1244. Three mag 10-11 stars lie
midway between NGC 1246 and NGC 1244.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1246 = h2513 on 2 Nov 1834 and noted "pF, R, glbM, 15
arcseconds." His position is
accurate (2 observations).
******************************
NGC 1247 = MCG
-02-09-014 = UGCA 58 = FGC 396 = PGC 11931
03 12 14.3 -10
28 50
V = 12.5; Size 3.4'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 69d
17.5" (12/28/94):
moderately bright edge-on 5:1 WSW-ENE, 2.4'x0.5', weak concentration. A mag 14.5 "star" 2.5' SE of
center appears possibly quasi-stellar -- this is the compact galaxy Mrk 1071. A mag 10 star is 6.2' NW.
17.5"
(1/1/92): fairly faint, moderately large, edge-on 5:1 WSW-ENE, 2.5'x0.5', broad
mild concentration, fairly striking appearance.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1247 = H II-900 on 10 Dec 1798 (sweep 1087), recording "F,
E nearly in the parallel sp-nf, 3' l, 1' b". His position is 10 sec of RA east of MCG -02-09-014 = PGC
11931. Dreyer, using Lord Rosse's
72" on 12 Jan 1877, logged "vF, vmE 72.5¡, glbM. *10m 6' np."
******************************
NGC 1248 = MCG
-01-09-016 = PGC 11970
03 12 48.5 -05
13 29
V = 12.5; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 100d
17.5"
(1/7/89): fairly faint, small, round, small bright core, possible stellar
nucleus. Located 5.5' S of mag 8.3
SAO 130357.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1248 = H III-443 = h292 on 5 Oct 1785 (sweep 457), noting
"vF, vS, confirmed by 240 power." JH observed it three times and thought it was a
"nova" although his position is close to his father's. JH combined the entries in the GC.
******************************
NGC 1249 = ESO
155-006 = LGG 093-004 = PGC 11836
03 10 01.2 -53 20
09
V = 11.8; Size 4.9'x2.3'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 86d
24" (4/9/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly bright, large, very elongated nearly
3:1 E-W, ~4'x1.4', broad concentration with a bulging middle. Brighter along the major axis
suggesting it's a bar. The
observation was cut short by clouds, so it's possible the observation was
somewhat compromised.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1249 = h2514 on 5 Dec 1834, recording "B; L; vmE in pos.
80¡; vgbM to an axis; 2.5' l; 1' br." His position and description matches ESO 155-006 = PGC
11836.
******************************
NGC 1250 = UGC
2613 = MCG +07-07-040 = CGCG 540-066 = PGC 12098
03 15 21.1 +41
21 20
V = 12.8; Size 2.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 159d
17.5"
(12/3/88): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated NNW-SSE, bright core,
faint almost stellar nucleus.
Member of AGC 426.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1250 = Sw V-53 on 21 Oct 1886 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory. His position
is accurate (on the west side of AGC 426).
******************************
NGC 1251
03 14 09.1 +01
27 24
=**, Carlson and
Corwin.
Sidney Coolidge
discovered NGC 1251 = HN 24 on 25 Jan 1860 with the 15-inch refractor of
Harvard College Observatory during the Zone Survey of equatorial stars. He simply noted "faint
nebulosity", but within 25" of his position is a faint double star
(14.3/15.0 at 7"). All 9 of
his nebulous objects in the NGC turned out to be single or double stars.
******************************
NGC 1252 = ESO
116-?011
03 10 44 -57 45
30
Size 10'
14" (4/7/16
- Coonabarabran, 142x): fairly large scattered group of ~20 stars in a 10'
region. Includes mag 6.6 HD 20037
on the southwest end and mag 8.7 HD 20059 on the north side. Not impressive but detached in the
field. This cluster is situated
30' SSE of TW Hor (sometimes referred to as "Herschel's Red Star"), a
bright orange-red carbon star (B-V = 2.3)
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1252 = h2515 on 4 Dec 1834, recording a "Star 8m, the chief
of a cluster of 18 or 20 stars." His Cape catalogue position
corresponds with mag 6.6 HD 20037 at 03 10 39.2 -57 48 35 (2000), the brightest
in this 10' group. Apparently JH made a copying error after he precessed
his coordinates to 1860 for the General Catalogue (#663) as his position there
is exactly 20' too far south. Dreyer didn't catch this mistake so it
carried over into the NGC. As a
result, ESO says "Not found" and RNGC classifies NGC 1252 as an
"unverified southern object", both using the erroneous NGC position.
The group of
stars at Herschel's position has been considered an asterism as most of the
brighter stars have different proper motion using Hipparchos and ACT data. See
Baumgardt "The nature of some doubtful open clusters as revealed by
HIPPARCOS" (A&A, 340, 402, 1998). But a more recent paper by de la Fuente Marcos, et al.
(MNRAS 434, 194, 2013) found there is an old, metal-poor cluster remnant
here. At a distance of nearly 900
parsecs from the Galactic disk, it is one of the furthest (from the disk)
cluster remnants known.
******************************
NGC 1253 = Arp
279 NED1 = MCG -01-09-018 = UGCA 62 = PGC 12041
03 14 09.1 -02
49 22
V = 11.7; Size 5.2'x2.3'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 82d
48"
(10/23/11): very bright, very large, elongated ~5:2 WSW-ENE, ~4'x1.6'. Contains a large, very bright elongated
core that gradually increases to the center. A mag 12.5 star is superimposed just SW of the central
region. A spiral arm emerges from
the galaxy on the ENE end and curls sharply clockwise towards the SW on the
follwing end of the galaxy and quickly dims. The arm appears patchy with a couple of small knots near the
outer edge (~1.6' from center).
The arm on the west end is harder to make out as it emerges from the
central region near the superimposed star and is not as well defined, appearing
more as a hazy, mottled region with some brighter patches. A mag 12 star lies 3' ENE and just
beyond the star is NGC 1253A, a low surface brightness dwarf. NGC 1253A appeared fairly faint, large,
irregular, roughly oval 3:2 E-W, 1.2'x0.8', small brighter core, very patchy
appearance (contains HII knots).
The nearby mag 12 star is just off the SW side.
24"
(12/1/13): NGC 1253A was picked up
as a very faint to faint glow, elongated 2:1 E-W, 0.4'x0.2' (central region
seen), low surface brightness.
Situated 3.9' ENE of much brighter NGC 1253 and just 0.9' NE of a mag 12
star. NGC 1253 showed a little
structure but I didn't take notes.
17.5"
(1/7/89): moderately bright, oval ~E-W, no central brightening but contains a
slightly brighter knot at the NE end.
A mag 12 star is involved at the west end 52" from the center and a
mag 11 star is 2.9' ENE of center.
Forms a double system with NGC 1253A 3.7' ENE (just following the mag 11
star) which was not seen.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1253 = H IV-17 on 20 Sep 1784 (sweep 280), reporting "a
small star with a vF nebulous brush following, discovered with 240x. The brush
was faint and about 1.5' or 2' long.
A star on each side which viewed were free from that brush that I drew
them in the same part of the field."
His position was 6' too far south (at the beginning of this sweep, he
noted "The rope being broken the PD is coarsely marked in revolutions of
the axel"). d'Arrest
corrected the position on 4 Jan 1864 and made a total of 4 accurate positions.
******************************
NGC 1254 = MCG
+00-09-033 = CGCG 390-032 = PGC 12052
03 14 23.8 +02
40 42
V = 14.1; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(10/24/87): faint, very small, slightly elongated SW-NE, small bright core,
faint stellar nucleus. Equidistant
between mag 8.7 SAO 111066 5' SSW and mag 8.4 SAO 111068 5' NE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 1254 = m 89 on 9 Sep 1864 with Lassell's 48" reflector on
Malta and logged "F, vS, stellar". His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1255 = ESO
481-013 = MCG -04-08-050 = UGCA 60 = PGC 12007
03 13 32.2 -25
43 31
V = 10.9; Size 4.2'x2.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 117d
13.1"
(10/10/86): moderately bright, large, fairly diffuse, weak concentration,
elongated NW-SE. A mag 12 star is
2.0' SW of center.
E.E. Barnard
discovered NGC 1255 = LM I-98 on 30 Aug 1883 with the 6-inch refractor at
Vanderbilt University (Sidereal Messenger, Vol 2, page 226 and Object
"b" in AN 108, 370, 1884) and described a "faint nebula, not large,
pretty even in light. A faint star close p and slightly south probably
involved. Star is s and f the
nebula by about 30'." Ormond Stone made an independent discovery in
1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory, recording
"4.1'x2.0', PA 315¡." The NGC position is 2.5' south of
ESO 481-013 = PGC 12007, although Stone's declination is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1256 = ESO
547-023 = MCG -04-08-052 = PGC 12032
03 13 58.2 -21
59 10
V = 13.6; Size 1.1'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 108d
17.5"
(11/10/96): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, weak even concentration to
a small brighter core. A mag 15
star lies 1.1' N. Located 6.5' ESE
of mag 9 SAO 168391. In same field
with NGC 1258 13' NNE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1256 = h2516 on 13 Nov 1835, calling it "F, S, almost
stellar, but E, has a * 8
preceding 7.5', 2' N."
His position and description (the star is mag 9.3 HD 20129) matches ESO
547-023 = PGC 12032.
******************************
NGC 1257
03 16 59.5 +41
31 45
=**,
Corwin. Misidentified in RNGC and
RC3.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 1257 = Big. 16 on 19 Oct 1884 with the 12" at the
Paris Observatory. There is
nothing at his position, but according to Harold Corwin, Bigourdan's position (once
the position of his offset star is corrected) points directly to a close pair
of 15th magnitude stars at 03 16 59.5 +41 31 45. The RNGC, PGC and RC 3 misidentify UGC 3621 as NGC 1257. This galaxy is 38 sec of RA preceding
his published position and does not match the description. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 1258 = ESO
547-024 = MCG -04-08-053 = PGC 12034
03 14 05.5 -21
46 28
V = 13.3; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 17d
17.5"
(11/10/96): faint, moderately large, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, low even surface
brightness. Appears ~1.5'x1.0'
(slightly larger than listed dimensions).
In field with NGC 1256 13' SSW.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1258 = LM II-364 on 19 Nov 1886 with the 26"
refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory, recording "mag 15.6, 1.2' dia,
vlE 0¡, GC 665 [NGC 1256] 12' south." His position is just 0.2 min of RA east of ESO 547-024 = PGC
12034 and this galaxy is 13' N of NGC 1256.
******************************
NGC 1259 = MCG
+07-07-046 = PGC 12208
03 17 17.3 +41
23 07
Size 0.7'x0.7'
17.5"
(12/19/87): extremely faint, very small.
An extremely faint mag 15.5 star is at the west edge. Located 3.7' NE of UGC 2626 = (R)NGC
1259. First of three with NGC 1260
and MCG +07-07-48 within AGC 426.
Incorrect identification in the RNGC.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 1259 = Big. 17 on 21 Oct 1884 with the 12" at the
Paris Observatory, noting "round, 25" diameter, vslbM". With respect to I-18 = NGC 1260, his
position is 11 sec of RA west and 1' S.
This offset corresponds to MCG +07-07-046 = PGC 12208 (11 sec west and
1.2' S). MCG misidentifies NGC
1260 as NGC 1259 and the RNGC misidentifies UGC 2626 (3.7' SW of NGC 1259) as
NGC 1259!
******************************
NGC 1260 = UGC
2634 = MCG +07-07-047 = CGCG 540-081 = PGC 12219
03 17 27.2 +41
24 19
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 86d
17.5"
(12/19/87): fairly faint, fairly small, oval ~E-W, weak concentration. This member of AGC 426 is the brightest
of three with NGC 1259 2.2' SW.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 1260 = Big. 18 on 19 Oct 1884 with the 12" at the
Paris Observatory, reporting "mag 13.3-13.4, 25" dia, no
nucleus." His position
corresponds with UGC 2634 = PGC 12219.
MCG misidentifies this galaxy as NGC 1259 and misidentifies PGC 12225 as
NGC 1260.
******************************
NGC 1261 = ESO
155-SC011
03 12 15.3 -55
13 01
V = 8.3; Size 6.9'; Surf Br = 0.0
18" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): bright, symmetric globular, ~5' diameter,
with a large very bright condensed core (concentration class II). A mag 9 star lies 3.6' NE of the
center, just outside the halo. At
171x, the halo is just resolved into a large number of faint stars.
20" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 212x, the resolution was a bit better in
the halo than with the 18", but the blazing core was still unresolved.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1261 = D 337 = h2517 on 28 Sep 1826 with his 9" reflector
from Parramatta and described "a very bright round nebula, about 1.5'
diameter, pretty well defined and gradually bright to the centre. A small star
north following." No mention
is made of resolution, though it should have been possible (brightest stars mag
13.5).
JH observed the
cluster twice, first describing it on 5 Dec 1834 as a "globular, bright;
large; irregularly round; 2.5' diameter; all resolved into equal stars 14
mag. Has a star 9th mag 45¡ N.f.
3' distant." On his second
sweep he logged "pretty bright; round; very gradually brighter in the
middle; 3' across; resolved into stars of 15th magnitude. A very faint nebula
(??) precedes." There is a
close pair of extremely faint galaxies southwest of the globular, but I doubt
Herschel could have picked these up.
******************************
NGC 1262 = MCG
-03-09-014 = PGC 12107
03 15 33.6 -15
52 46
V = 14.2; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 135d
17.5"
(12/30/99): extremely faint, very small, round, 0.4' diameter, no
concentration. Requires averted
vision and could not hold steadily.
A mag 15 star lies 1.0' SW.
The redshift-based distance of this galaxy is nearly 1.1 billion l.y.,
with a second measurement in NED yielding 1.4 billion l.y.!
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1262 = LM I-99 on 12 Nov 1885 with the 26"
refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory, recording "mag 15.0, pS,
iR, sbMN, halo 15.5." Within
the accuracy of his measurement (nearest minute of RA), his position matches
MCG -03-09-014 = PGC 12107. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in
1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the
IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 1263 = MCG
-03-09-015 = PGC 12114
03 15 39.6 -15
05 55
V = 14.2; Size 0.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(12/30/99): extremely faint and small, round, 15" diameter. Requires averted to glimpse. Once or twice the small halo
disappeared and an extremely faint stellar nucleus was momentarily visible.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1263 = LM I-100 on 31 Dec 1885 with the 26"
refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory, recoerding it as "mag
14.0, 0.7' dia, lE 0¡, sbM."
His very rough RA (nearest min of RA) is 0.7 min west of MCG -03-09-015
= PGC 12114. Herbert Howe measured
an accurate position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin
Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 1264 = UGC
2643 = MCG +07-07-050 = PGC 12270
03 17 59.5 +41
31 14
V = 14.6; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 30d
17.5"
(12/3/88): very faint, small, round, low surface brightness. An extremely faint companion is 1.5'
SSW. Member of AGC 426.
CGCG 540-085,
which RNGC misidentifies as NGC 1264, is 4.4' SSW. It appeared very faint, extremely small, round, even surface
brightness. Three stars forming a
right triangle are 2'-3' west.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 1264 = Big. 19 on 19 Oct 1884 and noted "mag
13.3, 30" diameter, vslbM."
His position corresponds with UGC 2643 = PGC 12270. The RNGC misidentifies CGCG 540-085 =
PGC 12254 as NGC 1264. UGC and MCG
have the correct identification.
Discussed in RNGC Corrections #3 and Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 1265 = UGC
2651 = MCG +07-07-052 = CGCG 540-088 = 3C 83.1 = PGC 12287
03 18 15.8 +41
51 28
V = 12.1; Size 1.8'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 165d
24"
(1/28/17): at 282x; large, very diffuse glow with a bright star superimposed
just east of center! The galaxy
appears as a low surface brightness haze perhaps 1.25' in diameter. With careful viewing, there appeared to
be a very small, slightly brighter core just west of the star. A mag 10.4 star lies 2.7' S. IC 312 lies 6' SSW.
17.5"
(1/7/89): very faint, small, round glow. This member of the AGC 426 cluster is
located just east of a mag 11 star and has a striking location. Forms a pair
with IC 312 6' SSW.
Note: The bright star is directly
superimposed, so there was some confusion in this observation.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 1265 = Big. 20 on 14 Nov 1884 and reported "mag
13.3, 15" diameter, slbM." His position is 5 tsec of RA east and 1.4'
south of UGC 2651 = PGC 12287.
Steinicke mentions this is the brightest galaxy discovered by Bigourdan
but the magnitude of the galaxy likely includes the bright superimposed Milky
Way star, so is misleading.
******************************
NGC 1266 = MCG
-01-09-023 = PGC 12131
03 16 00.8 -02
25 38
V = 12.7; Size 1.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 115d
17.5"
(1/7/89): faint, small, oval 3:2 ~E-W, even surface brightness. A mag 13.5 star is 1.5' WSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1266 = H III-194 on 20 Sep 1784 (sweep 280) and noted "eF
and eS. 240 verified it"
There is nothing at his position, but 11.7' north and 13 sec of RA east
is MCG -01-09-023 = PGC 12131. At the beginning of this sweep, WH noted
"The rope being broken the PD is coarsely marked in revolutions of the
axel." so this identification is reasonable. Heinrich d'Arrest noted the error and measured an
accurate micrometric position on 4 different nights and noted the mag 13 star 6
seconds of RA west and 1' south.
******************************
NGC 1267 = UGC
2657 = MCG +07-07-055 = CGCG 540-092 = LGG 088-005 = PGC 12331
03 18 44.9 +41
28 04
V = 14.4; Size 0.8'x0.8'
17.5"
(10/24/87): faint, very small, round, faint stellar nucleus. Forms a close pair with NGC 1268 1.0' N
with CGCG 540-089 1.8' NW and NGC 1270 2.6' E. Located in the rich central section of AGC 426 with CGCG
540-087 5.5' SW, NGC 1272 7.0' ENE and NGC 1275 12.2' ENE.
CGCG 540-089 is
extremely faint and small, round.
Two mag 14 stars are close south just 16" and 32" from the
center.
CGCG 540-087 is
faint, small, slightly elongated ~N-S.
A mag 13.5 star is 0.8' N of center.
13"
(1/28/84): very faint, small, compact, arc of stars just south. In a group of 4 in AGC 426.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 1267 on 14 Feb 1863 with the 11" refractor at
Copenhagen Observatory. He noted a
size of 8" and his position (measured on 2 nights) is accurate. The same night he also discovered
nearby NGC 1268, 1270, 1272, 1273 and 1278.
******************************
NGC 1268 = UGC
2658 = MCG +07-07-056 = CGCG 540-093 = PGC 12332
03 18 45.1 +41
29 19
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 120d
17.5"
(10/24/87): extremely faint and small, round, faint stellar nucleus. Forms a close pair with NGC 1267 1.2'
S. Also very near are CGCG 540-089
1.8' SW and NGC 1270 is 2.7' ESE.
Located in the central core of AGC 426 with NGC 1272 6.8' E.
13"
(1/28/84): extremely faint, very small, diffuse. Located 1' N of NGC 1267 in AGC 426.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 1268 on 14 Feb 1863 with the 11" refractor at
Copenhagen Observatory. His
position (measured on 2 nights) and description (1' north of NGC 1267) matches
UGC 2658. At the same time, he
discovered and measured NGC 1267, 1270, 1272, 1273 and 1278.
******************************
NGC 1269 = NGC
1291 = ESO 301-002 = MCG -07-07-008 = PGC 12209
03 17 18.2 -41
06 26
See observing
notes for NGC 1291.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1269 = h2518 on 1 Nov 1836, and logged "vB; R; glbM;
15"." The same sweep he
found NGC 1291 = h2521 and strangely he recorded identical declinations and
almost identical descriptions!
Could he have reobserved the same object unknowingly? In MN, Vol 62, p469, Innes comments
"not visible in the 7-inch [at the Cape of Good Hope]. This is perhaps the same as NGC 1291,
observed by John Herschel on the same night. JH gives for the latter exactly the same declination and
description as for h2518."
The most reasonable conclusion is he recorded this object twice and NGC
1269 = NGC 1291. See Corwin's
notes.
******************************
NGC 1270 = UGC
2660 = MCG +07-07-057 = CGCG 540-095 = LGG 088-006 = PGC 12350
03 18 58.1 +41
28 13
V = 13.1; Size 1.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 15d
17.5"
(10/24/87): faint, very small, slightly elongated ~N-S, small bright core. Located in the central core of AGC 426
with NGC 1267 2.6' W, NGC 1268 2.7' WNW and NGC 1272 4.4' ENE.
13"
(1/28/84): faint, small, weak concentration. Last of four in a small group in the core of AGC 426 with
NGC 1267 2.5' W.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 1270 on 14 Feb 1863 with the 11" refractor at
Copenhagen Observatory and accurately placed 14 seconds of time following NGC
1267. At the same time, d'Arrest
discovered nearby NGC 1267, 1268, 1272, 1273 and 1278.
******************************
NGC 1271 = CGCG
540-096 = PGC 12367
03 19 11.3 +41
21 12
V = 14.1; Size 0.5'x0.2'
17.5"
(8/12/88): very faint, small, slightly elongated, bright core, faint stellar
nucleus. Member of AGC 426.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 1271 = Big. 21 on 14 Nov 1884, recording "mag
13.5, 20" diameter, no nucleus." His position is just off the south edge of CGCG 540-096 =
PGC 12367.
******************************
NGC 1272 = UGC
2662 = MCG +07-07-058 = CGCG 540-098 = LGG 091-003 = PGC 12384
03 19 21.3 +41
29 27
V = 11.8; Size 2.0'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(10/24/87): fairly faint, small, round, small bright core. This galaxy is the second brightest in
AGC 426 and forms the SW vertex of a distinctive parallelogram of brighter
galaxies with NGC 1275 5' ENE, NGC 1273 3.1' NNE and NGC 1278/1277 7.5'
NE. Also located midway between
NGC 1275 and NGC 1270 4.4' WSW.
13"
(1/28/84): fairly faint, fairly small, bright core.
8"
(1/1/84): extremely faint and small, round.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 1272 on 14 Feb 1863 with the 11" refractor at
Copenhagen Observatory. He
estimated a size of 45"-50" diameter and measured the position on 2
nights (27 seconds preceding NGC 1275).
The same night he found NGC 1267, 1268, 1270, 1273 and 1278.
******************************
NGC 1273 = MCG
+07-07-059 = CGCG 540-099 = LGG 088-029 = PGC 12396
03 19 26.7 +41
32 26
V = 13.2; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(10/24/87): faint, very small, round, small bright core. Forms the NW vertex of a parallelogram
of brighter galaxies in the core of AGC 426 with NGC 1272 3.1' SSW, NGC 1275
4.4' ESE, and NGC 1278 5.3' ENE.
13"
(1/28/84): faint, small. Located
4.4' WNW of NGC 1275 in the core of AGC 426.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 1273 on 14 Feb 1863 with the 11" refractor at
Copenhagen Observatory. His
position (measured on 2 nights) matches CGCG 540-099 = PGC 12396. The same night he discovered NGC 1267,
1268, 1270, 1272 and 1278.
******************************
NGC 1274 = MCG
+07-07-062 = CGCG 540-102 = PGC 12413
03 19 40.5 +41 32
55
V = 14.1; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.4
17.5"
(10/24/87): faint, very small, weak concentration, slightly elongated. Located in the dense central core of
AGC 426 just 2.7' NW of NGC 1275 and 2.6' E of NGC 1273.
CGCG 540-101 =
PGC 12405, which is misidentified as IC 1907 in MCG, PGC and RC3, lies 2.3'
NW. It appeared very faint, small,
round. A small triangle of stars
is close south.
13"
(1/28/84): very faint, very small. Located 2.7' NW of NGC 1275 within AGC 426.
Lawrence
Parsons, the 4th earl of Rosse, discovered NGC 1274 on 13 Dec 1874 and labeled
it as "d" on his sketch.
The sketch and micrometric offset from a nearby star matches CGCG
540-102 = PGC 12413. This galaxy
is identified as IC 1907 (discovered by Bigourdan on 22 Oct 1884 and included
in list IV-375). But Harold Corwin
equates IC 1907 with NGC 1278 (see that number). Thomson has a long discussion
on the identify of IC 1907 in his IC survey.
******************************
NGC 1275 = UGC
2669 = MCG +07-07-063 = CGCG 540-103 = Perseus A = 3C 84 = PGC 12429
03 19 48.1 +41
30 43
V = 11.9; Size 2.2'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 110d
17.5"
(10/24/87): fairly bright, fairly small, oval ~E-W, small bright core. NGC 1275 is a Seyfert galaxy and is the
largest and brightest member of AGC 426.
Surrounded by a swarm of faint galaxies in the core including NGC 1272
5.2' WSW, NGC 1273 4.4' WNW, NGC 1274 2.6' NW, NGC 1277 3.7' NNE, NGC 1278 3.3'
NNE, NGC 1279 2.8' SE, NGC 1281 7.8' NNE.
13"
(1/28/84): fairly bright, fairly small, small bright core.
8"
(1/1/84): faint but not difficult, small, slightly elongated, small bright
core.
6":
extremely faint and small, round.
Used a 6" mask on the 17.5".
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1275 = H II-603 = h293 on 17 Oct 1786 (sweep 614) and recorded
"pretty bright, stellar [nebula], or a pretty considerable star with a
small, vF chevelure." WH's
position is 1.5' too far south, but JH's position is a very close match.
Heinrich
d'Arrest observed the cluster on 14 Feb 1863 (discovering NGC 1267, 1268, 1270,
1272, 1273 and 1278) and described NGC 1275 as a "nebula duplex", the
second component being NGC 1278 about 3' NE, so d'Arrest was the first to
observe NGC 1278. But he wasn't
sure which of the two nebulae was NGC 1275 (H. II-603), so reported his
observation of NGC 1275 as new and noted for NGC 1278: "II 603?
[h]293?". JH credited
d'Arrest with the discovery of GC 675 (later NGC 1278), but Dreyer thought WH
discovered NGC 1278 and he mistakenly assigned d'Arrest's discovery to NGC
1275. Steinicke agrees (personal
e-mail) that Dreyer reversed the discovery credits and descriptions for NGC
1275 and NGC 1278 in the NGC and concludes:
NGC 1275 = II
603 = h 293 = GC 674, discovered by WH on 17 Oct 1786 and observed by d'Arrest
on 14 Feb 1863.
NGC 1278 = GC
675, discovered by d'Arrest on 14 Feb 1863 and independently by Bigourdan on 22
Oct 1884 (IC 1907).
******************************
NGC 1276
03 19 51.2 +41
38 31
=**,
Corwin. =PGC 12430, Malcolm
Thomson and RNGC. Below are my
notes on PGC 12430.
17.5"
(12/3/88): very faint, very small, oval.
Located in the central core of AGC 426 on a line with NGC 1277 and NGC
1278 2' SE.
J.L.E. Dreyer
discovered NGC 1276 on 12 Dec 1876 while measured positions within the
cluster. From NGC 1278, his micrometric
offset is 291" in PA 352.3¡ (or 3.5 seconds of RA west and 4.8'
north). There is no galaxy close
to this offset, but at 4.7' separation in PA 353¡ is a 15" pair of stars
that Corwin identifies as NGC 1276.
I assume Dreyer would have clearly resolved the pair of stars, though
perhaps he thought one component was nebulous?
Malcolm Thomson
suggested PGC 12430 as a possible match though its offsets are 6 seconds of RA
west of NGC 1278 and only 2' N.
This is the galaxy RNGC appears to identify as NGC 1276. Karl Reinmuth (1926) states, "not
found [on a Heidelberg plate] in Dreyer's place; perhaps 1.6' nnp of NGC
1277." This also refers to
PGC 12430. But no simple error in
Dreyer's offsets lands of this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 1277 = MCG
+07-07-064 = CGCG 540-104 = PGC 12434
03 19 51.5 +41
34 25
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.3
17.5"
(10/24/87): faint, very small, oval ~E-W, small bright core. Located in the central core of AGC 426
3.7' N of NGC 1275 and forms a close pair with NGC 1278 0.8' SE.
13"
(1/28/84): very faint, extremely small.
Located 0.8' NW of NGC 1278.
Lawrence
Parsons, the 4th Earl of Rosse, discovered NGC 1277 on 4 Dec 1875. Dreyer independently found the galaxy a
year later on 12 Dec 1876 and both observations are in Dreyer's GC Supplement
(5304 = 5305). Dreyer equated the
GC entries in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 1278 = IC
1907 = UGC 2670 = MCG +07-07-065 = CGCG 540-105 = PGC 12438
03 19 54.1 +41
33 48
V = 12.4; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(10/24/87): fairly faint, fairly small, oval, small bright core. Located in the central core of AGC
426. Forms a close pair with NGC
1277 0.8' NW with V Zw 339 1.4' ESE.
NGC 1278 is situated at the NE corner of a parallelogram with NGC 1275
3.4' SSW, NGC 1272 7.5' SW and NGC 1273 5.3' WSW. V Zw 339 appeared extremely faint and small, round.
13"
(1/28/84): faint, small. Located
3.4' N of NGC 1275 and forms a close pair with NGC 1277.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 1278 on 14 Feb 1863 with the 11" refractor at
Copenhagen Observatory. WH
(II-603) is credited with the discovery in the NGC, but H. II-603 and h293
should apply to NGC 1275 instead, as well as the description "pB, pS, R,
bM". Guillaume Bigourdan
independently found this galaxy on 22 Oct 1884 and reported it in his 4th
Comptes Rendus list as Big. 375 (later IC 1907). Both d'Arrest and Bigourdan missed nearby NGC 1277. See
notes on NGC 1275 for more on the confusion of NGC 1275 and 1278.
******************************
NGC 1279 = PGC
12448 = PGC 12449
03 19 59.0 +41
28 47
V = 14.6; Size 0.5'x0.2'; PA = 0d
17.5"
(8/12/88): very faint, very small, slightly elongated. Visible continuously with averted
vision. Located in the central
core of AGC 426 just 2.8' SE of NGC 1275!
This galaxy is not listed in MCG, CGCG or RC3 and was incorrectly
identified in the PGC.
17.5"
(10/24/87): very faint, small, slightly elongated ~N-S.
13"
(1/28/84): extremely faint, very small, near visual threshold. Located 2.8' SE of NGC 1275.
J.L.E. Dreyer
discovered NGC 1279 on 12 Dec 1876 with the 72" at Birr Castle. He simply
logged "vF, vS" and measured a micrometric offset from a star between
NGC 1275 and NGC 1272 at 272.4" in PA 104.5¡. At this precise offset (270" in PA 105¡) is PGC 12448 =
PGC 12449 (two entries for this galaxy in the PGC). The PGC (and secondary sources such as Megastar)
misidentifies PGC 12450 = V Zw 338 as NGC 1279. The current versions of HyperLEDA and NED have the correct
identification.
******************************
NGC 1280 = UGC
2652 = MCG +00-09-050 = PGC 12262
03 17 57.1 -00
10 09
V = 13.4; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 55d
17.5"
(10/24/87): faint, small, round, weak concentration.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1280 = St XII-25 on 19 Dec 1881 with the 31" reflector at
Marseille Observatory, recording "vF, vS, R, gbM, seems
resolvable". His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 1281 = MCG
+07-07-067 = CGCG 540-108 = PGC 12458
03 20 06.1 +41
37 48
V = 13.3; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(10/24/87): faint, small, elongated WSW-ENE. Located in the central core of AGC 426 1.0' NE of a mag 10
star. NGC 1275 lies 7.8' SSW.
J.L.E. Dreyer
discovered NGC 1281 on 12 Dec 1876 with the 72" at Birr Castle and noted
"vF, S, *11m 1' p". With
respect to NGC 1278 (incorrectly identified by Dreyer as h674), this object was
placed 10.8 seconds of RA east and 239" N. This micrometric offset points exactly at CGCG 540-108 = PGC
12458.
******************************
NGC 1282 = UGC
2675 = MCG +07-07-068 = CGCG 540-109 = PGC 12471
03 20 12.1 +41
22 02
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 25d
17.5"
(8/12/88): faint, fairly small, oval SW-NE, bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 1283 2' NNE in
the core of AGC 426. NGC 1275 lies
10' NW.
17.5"
(11/14/87): fairly faint, small, round, slightly brighter core. Located 1' E of a mag 13.5 star.
13"
(1/8/84): faint, fairly small, diffuse halo, 10' SE NGC 1275. Forms a pair with NGC 1283.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 1282 = Big. 22 on 23 Nov 1884 with the 12" at the
Paris Observatory, describing "mag 13.2-13.3, 20" diameter, faint
stellar ncl." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1283 = UGC
2676 = MCG +07-07-069 = CGCG 540-110 = PGC 12478
03 20 15.5 +41
23 55
V = 13.6; Size 0.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 70d
17.5"
(8/12/88): faint, small, round. A
pair of stars are close north.
17.5"
(11/14/87): faint, very small, slightly elongated. Forms the southern vertex of an isosceles triangle with a mag
13.5 star 1' N and a mag 14 star 1' NNW.
This member of AGC 426 forms a pair with NGC 1282 2' SSW.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 1283 = Big. 23 on 23 Nov 1884 with the 12" at the
Paris Observatory, reporting "mag 13.4, 20" diamewter,
vlbM." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 1284 = MCG
-02-09-022 = PGC 12247
03 17 45.5 -10
17 20
V = 12.1; Size 2.0'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 90d
17.5"
(12/28/94): very faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter, low even surface
brightness. A wide mag 13.5/14.5
double at 26" lies 2' SSE.
Located 9.8' NNW of mag 7.1 SAO 148889. Appears fainter than listed V = 12.1.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1284 = H III-956 = h2519 on 10 Dec 1798 (sweep 1087) and noted
"vF, vS, 2 or 3' north of 2 small stars.". His position matches MCG
-02-09-022 = PGC 12247.
******************************
NGC 1285 = MCG
-01-09-026 = PGC 12259
03 17 53.4 -07
17 54
V = 13.4; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 35d
17.5"
(12/28/94): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 ~N-S, weak broad concentration
but no defined core. Slightly
mottled or irregular surface brightness.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 1285 on 28 Oct 1865 with the 11" refractor at
Copenhagen Observatory. His single
position is just off the east side of the galaxy.
******************************
NGC 1286 = MCG
-01-09-025 = PGC 12250
03 17 48.5 -07
37 01
V = 13.8; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 150d
18"
(11/23/05): fairly faint, small, round, 25" diameter, very small bright
core. A mag 15 star is just of the
west side, ~40" from the center.
Located 4.9' ENE of mag 9.7 SAO 130402 and 3.4' NNW of a mag 10.4 star.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1286 = Sw III-25 on 10 Nov 1885 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory. His position
is 7 sec of RA east of MCG
-01-09-025 = PGC 12250.
******************************
NGC 1287 = PGC
12310
03 18 33.4 -02
43 51
V = 14.2; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(10/24/87): faint, small, round, even surface brightness. Located 9' NW of mag 7.1 SAO 130415.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1287 = H III-195 on 20 Sep 1784 (sweep 280) and noted "eF,
eS, verified with 240 power."
His RA is 13 seconds too large. Heinrich d'Arrest noted the error and
his mean position (3 nights) is close off the northeast edge of the galaxy.
******************************
NGC 1288 = ESO
357-013 = MCG -05-08-025 = PGC 12204
03 17 13.2 -32
34 34
V = 12.1; Size 2.3'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(12/28/00): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 4:3 ~N-S, 2.0'x1.5', broad
concentration with no distinct.
The surface brightness appears somewhat uneven (face-on Sb) although the
outer halo fades smoothly into the background.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1288 = h2520 on 19 Nov 1835 and recorded "vF; L; R; vglbM;
2.5' diam." His position and
description is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1289 = IC
314 = UGC 2666 = MCG +00-09-054 = CGCG 390-055 = PGC 12342
03 18 49.8 -01
58 24
V = 12.6; Size 1.8'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 100d
17.5"
(12/28/94): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 E-W, broad concentration
to a brighter core. An 8' line of
four mag 11-13 stars oriented SW-NE follows; the closest is a mag 11 star 3.6'
ESE. NGC 1298 lies 22' SE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1289 = Sw IV-13 on 1 Sep 1886 and recorded "vF; S; R; 4 st
following in a row.". His
position is 11 seconds of RA west of UGC 2666 but his description of the 4
stars applies so the identity is not in doubt. Bigourdan found this galaxy again on 14 Dec 1887 and
measured an accurate position for Big. 140 (later IC 134). So, NGC 1289 = IC 314, with discovery
priority to Swift. Herbert Howe,
observing with the 20" refractor at the Chamberlin Observatory in Denver,
measured an accurate micrometric position for NGC 1289 and reported "the
"4 st following" are of about mag 10, and are not close together, the
farthest being perhaps 10' from the nebula."
******************************
NGC 1290 = PGC
12395
03 19 25.2 -13
59 23
V = 14.8; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(1/12/02): faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Located 1.3' SE of a
mag 13.5 star. Forms a pair with
NGC 1295 9' due east. The
identifications of NGC 1290 and NGC 1295 are reversed in the RNGC.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 1290 = LM I-101 (along with NGC 1295 = LM I-102) in 1886 with
the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. There is nothing at his rough position
(nearest min of RA) but 1.2 tmin of RA east is PGC 12395. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory
(repeated in the IC 2 notes).
RNGC and MCG
misidentify MCG -02-09-030 as NGC 1290.
The correct identification is NGC 1295 = MCG -02-09-030.
******************************
NGC 1291 = NGC
1269 = ESO 301-002 = MCG -07-07-008 = PGC 12209
03 17 18.2 -41
06 26
V = 8.5; Size 9.8'x8.1'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 156d
17.5"
(8/31/86): very bright, fairly large, contains a very bright, large core. A mag 12 star is just off the north end
1.7' from the center. Mag 8 SAO
216239 lies 11' SSW. Viewed at
only 10¡ elevation.
13"
(10/10/86): very bright, moderately large, round, very bright core, almost
stellar nucleus, large faint halo.
A star is involved on the north side.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1291 = D 487 = h2521 on 2 Sep 1826 with his 9" reflector at
Parramatta and recorded "a pretty bright round nebula, about 1.5'
diameter, very bright and condensed to the centre, and very faint at the
margin; with a very small star about 1' north, but not involved.". His position is 4' ESE of PGC 12209. This galaxy was observed by JH on 1 Nov
1836, along with h2518 = NGC 1269.
The declination and descriptions are identical for the two entries, but
differ by 2.6 tmin in RA. Clearly,
JH was confused and recorded the object twice. So, NGC 1269 = NGC 1291.
On a second
sweep JH described the galaxy as "Globular; vB, R, 1st gradually, then
suddenly very mbM; r, mottled, but not resolved.", so Dreyer identified
this galaxy as a globular in the NGC description. In a 1908 paper in Annals of the Harvard College
Observatory, Solon Bailey expressed his doubt on the object's nature:
"This object is given as a globular cluster in the NGC. This appears probable, although it is
not resolved on the Bruce plates."
He later included it in a list of uncertain or not probable globular
star cluster.
Based on the
photographs taken at the Cordoba observatory in Argentina, Charles Perrine
first described the large outer ring in 1922 as "about one and one-half
turns of a helix, the doubled portion (showing two streams) being to the north
of the nuclear portion of the nebula.
The diameter of the helix is about 7'."
******************************
NGC 1292 = ESO
418-001 = MCG -05-08-026 = PGC 12285
03 18 14.8 -27
36 37
V = 12.1; Size 3.0'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 7d
13.1"
(10/10/86): fairly faint, fairly small, oval 2:1 SSW-NNE, bright core. A group of four stars lies to the north
includes a mag 11 double star at 24" separation 3' NE, a third mag 11 star
4.4' NNE and a mag 12 star 3' due north.
E.E. Barnard
discovered NGC 1292 in Nov 1885 with the 6" Cooke refractor at Vanderbilt
University. His position and description in Sidereal Messenger 5, p25
("rather faint, moderate size, elongated nearly north and south, just
south and slightly preceding a small wide double-star") is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1293 = MCG
+07-07-075 = CGCG 540-116 = PGC 12597
03 21 36.4 +41
23 35
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(12/3/88): faint, small, round, faint stellar nucleus. Forms a pair with NGC 1294 2' SSE. Member of AGC 426.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1293 = H III-574 = h294, along with NGC 1294 = III-575, on 17
Oct 1786 (sweep 614) and described both as "Two [NGC 1293 and NGC 1294]
Both vF, stellar, vlbM, but the southern [NGC 1294] is the brightest and
largest." His position is ~10
tsec of RA too far west and JH was confused in the orientation (NW - SE), but
the identifications are clear.
******************************
NGC 1294 = UGC
2694 = MCG +07-07-076 = CGCG 540-117 = PGC 12600
03 21 40.0 +41
21 36
V = 13.2; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(12/3/88): faint, small, round, small bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 1293 2' NNW. Member of AGC 426.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1294 = H III-575 = h295, along with NGC 1293, on 17 Oct 1786
(sweep 614) and described both as "Two [NGC 1293 and NGC 1294] Both vF,
stellar, vlbM, but the southern [NGC 1294] is the brightest and
largest." His position is ~10
tsec of RA too far west and JH mixed up the orientation (calling this galaxy the
"north-following of two), but this was corrected in the NGC descriptions
and positions.
******************************
NGC 1295 = MCG
-02-09-030 = PGC 12465
03 20 03.3 -13
59 54
V = 14.3; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 175d
17.5"
(1/12/02): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 N-S, 0.6'x0.3', very small
bright core. A mag 13.5 star lies
1.3' NW. Located 3' WSW of a mag
10.3 star and 8' N of mag 9 SAO 148906.
Forms a pair with NGC 1295 9' due east. The identifications of NGC 1290 and NGC 1295 are reversed in
the RNGC.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 1295 = LM I-102 (along with NGC 1290 = I-101) in 1886 with the
26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. His description reads "mag 15.0, 0.2' dia, *10 3.0' in
PA 75¡ (ENE)." There is nothing
at Stone's rough position (nearest minute of RA) but 1 min of RA east is MCG
-02-09-030 = PGC 12465 and the star is just where he placed it. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated
in the IC 2 notes). This galaxy is
misidentified as NGC 1290 in RNGC and MCG.
******************************
NGC 1296 = MCG
-02-09-025 = PGC 12341
03 18 49.7 -13
03 44
V = 13.5; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 0d
17.5"
(12/30/99): faint, small, round, 0.6' diameter, weak concentration. At 280x, there is a hint of structure
or possibly a very faint star is attached. The DSS image shows a barred spiral with spiral arms
attached at the east and west ends of the bar.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1296 = LM I-365 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at Leander McCormick Observatory, reporting "0.2' diam, R". His position is 34 tsec of RA east of
MCG -02-09-025 = PGC 12341.
Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using the 20"
refractor at Chamberlin Observatory.
******************************
NGC 1297 = ESO
547-030 = MCG -03-09-017 = PGC 12373
03 19 14.2 -19
06 00
V = 11.8; Size 2.2'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 3d
17.5"
(8/31/86): moderately bright with a large faint halo nearly 2' diameter,
broadly concentrated halo, small bright nucleus. A mag 13.5 star is at the north edge 1' NNE of center.
E.E. Barnard
discovered NGC 1297 around Jan 1885 with his 5-inch Byrne refractor while
sweeping comets (Sidereal Messenger 4, p53). His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1298 = UGC
2683 = MCG +00-09-062 = CGCG 390-063 = PGC 12473
03 20 13.1 -02
06 51
V = 14.0; Size 1.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.7; PA = 70d
17.5"
(10/24/87): fairly faint, small, oval slightly elongated WSW-ENE, weak
concentration. NGC 1289 lies 22'
WNW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 1298 on 4 Jan 1864 with the 11" refractor at
Copenhagen Observatory. His
position (observed on 2 nights) is very good and he accurately measured a mag
13-14 star that precedes by 8 seconds of time. The MCG misidentifies MCG +00-09-063 as NGC 1298.
******************************
NGC 1299 = MCG
-01-09-028 = PGC 12466
03 20 09.6 -06
15 45
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 40d
17.5"
(1/1/92): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 5:2 SW-NE, irregular
surface brightness. A bright knot
or possibly a star is superimposed at the NE end. The galaxy appears to extend out from the pointed NE corner
towards the SW. MCG +01-09-027
lies 14' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1299 = H II-287 = h296 on 27 Jan 1785, logging it as "F,
vS, lE, easily resolvable, unequally bright." On 15 Dec 1786 (sweep 650) he noted "vF, pS, E." It was observed 9 times with LdR's
72", perhaps trying to resolve this galaxy. The NGC position is accurate. The PA is off by 90 deg in the RC 3.
******************************
NGC 1300 = ESO
547-031 = MCG -03-09-018 = UGCA 66 = PGC 12412
03 19 41.0 -19
24 40
V = 10.4; Size 6.2'x4.1'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 106d
48"
(10/25/14 and 10/29/16): the northern spiral arm is brightest and thickest in
the 1' section, oriented SW-NE, where it attaches to the bar. At 375x and 488x at least three knots
(HII complexes) were clearly resolved along this region. The brightest knot is on the southwest
end (close to the end of the bar) and appears as a very faint, small, elongated
glow, ~12"x8". This HII
complex contains NGC 1300:[H69] 16/19 from Paul Hodge's 1969 "HII Regions
in Twenty Nearby Galaxies" (ApJS, 18, 73). [H69] 15, the next brightest knot, is 0.3' NE and appeared
very faint and small, ~8" diameter.
Finally, [H69] 14, the faintest knot, is near the northeast end of this
arm segment (~15" NE of [H69] 15) and is extremely faint and small,
6" diameter. The northern arm
appears to fade out as it extends east (north of the core) but reappears along
the eastern end of the arm.
The root of the
southern arm at the east end of the bar is brighter and thicker, but no HII
regions were resolved. The long
southern arm can be traced the full length (nearly 4') sweeping west and arcing
north on its western half. A small, weak knot is at the very tip, which is 2.5'
W of center (on line with the bar).
30"
(10/15/15 - OzSky): beautiful classic barred spiral at 303x! A prominent 3' bar runs WNW-ESE and
contains a very bright, roundish 1' core that gradually brightens to the
center. An easily visible arm is
attached at the east end of the bar.
It hooks sharply to the west on the south side, gradually curling
towards the north. The arm has a
fairly even surface brightness except where is attaches to the bar in a
brighter, thicker section. It ends
nearly due west of the core [2.2' from center]. An opposing arm is attached at the west end of the bar and
is brightest initially along a clumpy section (containing at least 2 resolved
knots) angling from southwest to northeast. The central section of the northern arm (directly north of
the core) has a very low surface brightness but it brightens in a thin section
near the east end. The two main arms extend at least 4.5'x3' ~E-W
48"
(10/25/11): this prototype barred spiral was mesmerizing at 375x. Running roughly E-W through the center
is a long bright bar, ~3' in length.
The center is sharply concentrated with an intensely bright 1' core that
continues to increase to a stellar nucleus. At the west end of the bar, a fairly bright arm emerges and
hooks back dramatically to the east (counterclockwise) to the north of the bar
and continues to the northeast end of the galaxy. The arm is brightest in a thick arc, oriented SW-NE, where
it attaches to the bar. The
central section of the arm to the north of the core is slightly fainter and
then brightens slightly on its northeast end. A mag 15.5-16 star is superimposed in the gap between this
arm and the core, 45" NE of center.
The second arm emerges at the east end of the bar and is brightest
initially in a fairly thick arc extending counterclockwise to the southwest. This arm is slightly more separated
from the core as it gracefully curves to the southwest side of the galaxy. The two main arms increase the overall
size of the galaxy to 5'x3' WNW-ESE.
17.5"
(8/31/86): fairly bright, elongated ~E-W, bright core, stellar nucleus. A spiral arm is visible at the west end
of the central bar curving to the north.
8"
(10/13/81): faint, fairly large, elongated, low surface brightness, diffuse.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1300 = h2522 on 11 Dec 1835, recording "B; vL; 1st very
gradually then pretty suddenly vmbM; 3' l; 2' b; mE. (N.B. These dimensions can
only refer to the brighter portions.)" His second descriptions reads:
"pF, vL; 1st gradually then pretty suddenly bM to a F nucleus; mE 8' or
10' l, 2' b.". Herschel's
position (2 observations) is accurate but in the GC he accidentally placed GC
689 = NGC 1300 one degree too far south
Barnard caught this error (Sidereal Messenger 4, p125) and Dreyer
corrected the position while compiling the NGC.
******************************
NGC 1301 = ESO
547-032 = MCG -03-09-022 = PGC 12521
03 20 35.4 -18
42 58
V = 13.4; Size 2.2'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 140d
17.5"
(12/30/99): very faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 0.8'x0.4', weak
concentration. A mag 15 star lies
1.7' NNW of center. Located 30' NW of NGC 1297 and 44' NNW of NGC 1300.
Ormond Stone discovered
NGC 1301 = LM I-103 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander
McCormick Observatory, logging "mag 13.0, iF, vmE 135¡." His rough position is 13' NW of ESO 547-032 = PGC 1252, but there is no
question about the identification as the position angle matches this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 1302 = ESO
481-020 = MCG -04-08-058 = PGC 12431
03 19 51.0 -26
03 37
V = 10.7; Size 3.9'x3.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 172d
13.1"
(10/10/86): fairly bright, compact, oval ~N-S, small very bright core. A mag 11.5 star is 1.9' NE of center.
8"
(10/13/81): fairly faint, bright core, fairly small, round.
E.E. Barnard
discovered NGC 1302 around Jan 1885 with his 5-inch Byrne refractor while
sweeping comets (Sidereal Messenger 4, p53). His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1303 = MCG
-01-09-029 = PGC 12527
03 20 40.8 -07
23 40
V = 13.9; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 20d
17.5"
(1/12/02): faint, small, slightly elongated N-S, 30"x25". The halo suddenly brightens to a sharp
5" nucleus. A mag 15 star is
just off the southeast side 20" from center. Forms the northern vertex of an isosceles triangle with mag 9.7 SAO 130433 6' SSE and mag 10.1
SAO 130427 6' WSW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 1303 on 28 Oct 1865 with an 11" refractor at
Copenhagen. His single position
matches MCG -01-09-029 = PGC 12527 and his comment that "two or three
stars are involved" refers to a star right along the eastern edge and
probably the nucleus.
******************************
NGC 1304 = NGC
1307 = MCG -01-09-030 = PGC 12575
03 21 12.8 -04
35 03
V = 13.7; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 130d
17.5"
(1/7/89): very faint, small, oval WSW-ENE, weak concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1304 = H III-444 on 5 Oct 1785 (sweep 457) and logged "eF, pS, E.". His position (reduced by Auwers) is
just 3 sec of RA east and 2' S of MCG -01-09-030 = PGC 12575. Corwin suggests that NGC 1307,
discovered by Francis Leavenworth (II-366) in 1886 is probably a duplicate
observation of PGC 12575.
Leavenworth's position is 1.0 tmin east (a common error), though his
note of a "*9.5 f 8s, north 3'." does not match. But there is a mag 11.5-12 star 6 sec
of RA west and 3.2' W, which might be Leavenworth's star.
******************************
NGC 1305 = UGC
2697 = MCG +00-09-069 = CGCG 390-072 = PGC 12582
03 21 23.0 -02
19 01
V = 13.3; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 130d
17.5"
(10/24/87): very faint, small, slightly elongated ~N-S. A faint mag 15.5 star is 30" off
the NE edge and 0.9' from center.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 1305 on 4 Jan 1864 with an 11" refractor at
Copenhagen, logging it as "pB, R, 20" diam, *15 near the northern
end." His position is 1' too
far north.
******************************
NGC 1306 = ESO
481-023 = PGC 12559
03 21 03.0 -25
30 45
V = 12.8; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.6
17.5"
(12/30/99): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.7' diameter. Weak, even concentration to a slightly
brighter core and a faint stellar nucleus. Located 17' WNW of mag 6.5 SAO 168493.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 1306 = LM I-103 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 14.8, vS, gbM, no Nucl,
*10.5 4' E." His rough
position matches ESO 481-023 = PGC 12559, though there is no matching
star. But a mag 12.5 star 3.3' NE
may be the intended star.
******************************
NGC 1307 = NGC
1304 = MCG -01-09-030 = PGC 12637
03 21 12.8 -04
35 03
V = 13.7; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 130d
See observing
notes for NGC 1304.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1307 = LM II-366 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at the Leander McCormick Observatory, reporting "mag 15.3, 0.2' diam, R,
*9.5 follows 8 sec, north 3'."
Close to his discovery position is KUG 319-47 = PGC 12637, though this
galaxy may be too faint to have picked up by Leavenworth. Corwin suggests that NGC 1307 is
identical to NGC 1304, discovered earlier by William Herschel. This brighter galaxy is 1 tmin of RA
west of Leavenworth's position (a common error). Although there is no star matching Leavenworth's
description, Corwin suggests a mag 11.5-12 star 6 tsec of RA west and 3.2'
north might be Leavenworth's intended star. If Leavenworth reversed his directions, then NGC 1307 = NGC
1304. RNGC calls NGC 1307 nonexistent.
See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 1308 = MCG
-01-09-032 = PGC 12643
03 22 28.6 -02
45 27
V = 13.9; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 45d
17.5"
(1/7/89): faint, small, round, weak concentration. Located within a small group of four stars including two mag
11 stars 1.5' E and 1.9' NNW, also a pair of mag 13.5 stars lie 2' WSW. These four stars form an isosceles
trapezoid.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1308 = H II-568 on 30 Sep 1786 (sweep 608), recording "eF,
S, iF. In the midst of 3 or 4 stars; the following thereof is the
brightest." His position and
description of the nearby stars is an exact match with MCG -01-09-032 = PGC
12643.
******************************
NGC 1309 = MCG
-03-09-028 = PGC 12626
03 22 06.3 -15 24
00
V = 11.5; Size 2.2'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(1/1/92): fairly bright, moderately large, halo gradually increases to brighter
middle, faint almost stellar nucleus, well-defined halo slightly elongated
SW-NE. Located 4' NE of mag 7.5
SAO 148921.
8"
(11/28/81): fairly faint, small, round.
A mag 8 star is 4' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1309 = H I-106 = h2523 on 3 Oct 1785 (sweep 451), logging it as
"cB, cL, iR, bM, 3' diameter."
JH described it as "pF, R, glbM, pos from a * 7 mag = 31¡, difference
in RA 7.5 sec, * 4' S."
******************************
NGC 1310 = ESO
357-019 = MCG -06-08-004 = LGG 094-001 = PGC 12569
03 21 03.5 -37
06 07
V = 12.1; Size 2.0'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 95d
17.5"
(1/12/02): faint, moderately large, the halo is slightly elongated ~E-W,
1.8'x1.4'. The halo is weakly
concentrated to a slightly brighter, 1' round core. Located 20' WNW of NGC 1316 (Fornax A) and 8' SW of mag 9.4
SAO 194250. Member of the Fornax I
Cluster.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1310 = h2524 on 22 Oct 1835 and reported "vF, R, pL, vlbM;
90 arcsec." His position is
2' S of ESO 357-019 = PGC 12569.
On a later sweep he called it a globular cluster (three other members of
the Fornax cluster were also described as globulars). His position is accurate on two of the sweeps.
******************************
NGC 1311 = ESO
200-007 = LGG 093-005 = PGC 12460
03 20 07.2 -52
11 11
V = 13.0; Size 3.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 40d
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): moderately bright, fairly large,
very elongated 7:2 SW-NE, 2.2'x0.6', broad concentration with a large, brighter
core but no distinct nucleus.
Located 9.5' S of mag 8.4 HD 20916. Member of the Dorado Group.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1311 = h2525 on 24 Dec 1837, recording it as "F, mE in
position 37.3 degrees; gbM, 2' long, 15 arcseconds broad.". His position and description is
accurate. NGC 1311 and NGC 1356
are included in a list of 46 nebulae recorded on two plates made with the Bruce
telescope in October 1898 by DeLisle Stewart
(http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1899HarCi..38....1P).
******************************
NGC 1312
03 23 41.7 +01
11 05
=**, Corwin.
Sidney Coolidge
discovered NGC 1312 = HN 23 on 16 Dec 1859 with the 15-inch refractor of
Harvard College Observatory during the Zone Survey of equatorial stars. He simply noted "a circular
nebulosity", but at his exact position is a double star at 03 23 41.7 +01
11 05 (J2000). Bigourdan was
unable to find this object and Karl Reinmuth, in his 1926 survey based on
Heidelberg plates, mentions "perhaps *, ef * ssf vnr." RNGC, CGCG, UGC, MCG and RC3 all
misidentify UGC 2711 as NGC 1312.
See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 1313 = ESO
082-011 = VV 436 = AM 0317-664 = PGC 12286
03 18 16.1 -66 29
53
V = 8.7; Size 9.1'x6.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 39d
24" (4/4/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this was the first object I took a look at
using the 24" f/3.7 as it was the brightest galaxy I had yet to
observe. I was amazed to find a
striking, two-armed barred spiral with obvious bright HII knots in the
arms! At 200x the main body of the
galaxy appeared as a bright oval or wide bar ~4.5'x3.5' oriented SSW-NNE with a
central bulge. A relatively short
spiral arm emerges from the south-southwest end and hooks towards the
northwest. Embedded with this
extension is [PES80] 5/6, a brighter elongated HII knot,
~30"x20". A mag 15 star
is west of the northwest end of this arm.
Just east of the north-northeast end of the main bar is [PES80] 1, another
brighter HII knot, ~30"x15" and oriented E-W. A faint star (or stellar knot) is less
than 1' NW. This bright HII region
is embedded in a diffuse arm that curves gently east-southeast from the north
end of the bar. After the bright
knot, this extension dims but ends at [PES80] 3, a third bright knot ~15"
diameter, which is isolated the end of this arm (nearly due east of the
core). The HII designations are
from a 1980 study of HII regions by Page, Edmunds and Smith in MNRAS, 193,
219. NGC 1313A = ESO 83-1, lies
16' SE, and appeared as a fairly small, thin edge-on oriented 4:1 SSW-NNE,
~0.6'x0.15'.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1313 = D 206 = h2528 on 27 Sep 1826, describing "a faint
ill-defined nebula, rather extended in the direction of the meridian, with
several exceedingly minute stars in it." JH only observed this bright galaxy on one sweep and logged
"pB, irreg R or lE, vL, vgbM, resolvable, 3'."
******************************
NGC 1314 = MCG
-01-09-033 = PGC 12650
03 22 41.2 -04
11 12
V = 14.2; Size 1.5'x1.4'; Surf Br = 14.8
17.5"
(1/12/02): very faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter. Appears as a low surface brightness
glow just north of a mag 12 star [52" from center].
17.5"
(1/7/89): not seen.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1314 = LM II-367 on 18 Jan 1887 with the 26"
refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 16.0,
2.0' diameter, E 170¡, mag 10 star with an eF nebula south, *16 in
middle?" There is nothing at
his position but 1.1 tmin of RA west is MCG -01-09-033 = PGC 12650, a low
surface brightness, face-on spiral, about 1.5' diameter and the RNGC identifies
NGC 1314 = PGC 12650. A mag 12
star is 1' S, so Leavenworth must have reversed his directions (common error). MCG does not label MCG -01-09-033 as NGC
1314.
******************************
NGC 1315 = ESO
548-003 = MCG -04-09-002 = PGC 12671
03 23 06.6 -21
22 31
V = 12.4; Size 1.6'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(12/28/00): moderately bright, slightly elongated NW-SE, 1.5'x1.3', moderate
concentration with a bright core.
Located 21' NW of NGC 1325 in the NGC 1332 group.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1315 = h2526 on 13 Nov 1835, logging "pB, R, gbM, 25
arcsec." His position is
accurate. The same night he also found NGC 1319, located 15' SE.
******************************
NGC 1316 = Arp
154 = Fornax A = ESO 357-022 = MCG -06-08-005 = PGC 12651
03 22 41.7 -37
12 30
V = 8.5; Size 12.0'x8.5'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 50d
17.5"
(11/26/94): very bright, moderately large, oval 3:2 SW-NE, about
2.5'x1.5'. Dominated by an intense
40"x30" core which brightens to a non-stellar nucleus. Forms a pair with NGC 1317 6.3' N. Brightest member of the Fornax I
cluster.
8"
(9/25/81): bright, round, slightly elongated, small bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 1317 7' N.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1316 = D 548 on 2 Sep 1826 with his 9" reflector from
Parramatta and described "a rather bright, round nebula, about 1.5'
diameter, gradually condensed to the centre." He made two observations and his published position was pretty
poor -- nearly 20' SE of the galaxy.
Dunlop discovered six members of the Fornax cluster, though most (15)
were found by John Herschel. John
(h2527) first observed the galaxy on 22 Oct 1835 and noted "vB; pL; lE;
vsvmbM, to a nucleus 2" in diameter." On his second sweep he logged
"vB; vL; 4' diameter; 1st gradually, then very suddenly very much brighter
towards the middle to a stellar ncl"
NGC 1316 is the
brightest member of the Fornax cluster and is also known as Fornax A, one of
the closest and most famous radio sources in the southern hemisphere. Its radio lobes extend several degrees
of sky. Arp classified it as a
disturbed galaxy with interior absorption -- like Centaurus A, NGC 1316
contains an extensive system of dust filaments as well as low surface
brightness shells and tidal tails, indicating a likely merger. Four supernovae have exploded since
1980.
******************************
NGC 1317 = NGC
1318 = ESO 357-023 = MCG -06-08-006 = PGC 12653
03 22 44.4 -37
06 13
V = 11.0; Size 2.8'x2.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 78d
17.5"
(11/26/94): moderately bright, fairly small, 1.2' diameter, even concentration
to a small bright core and stellar nucleus. Forms a bright pair with NGC 1316 6.3' S. Located at the southwest end of the
Fornax I cluster.
8"
(10/13/81): faint, small, bright core.
Forms a pair with NGC 1316 7' S.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1317 = D 547 = h2529 on 24 Nov 1826 with his 9" reflector
from Parramatta and described "a small faint round nebula about 15
arcseconds in diameter." This
was the last object he discovered and his position is ~15' ENE of center. JH first observed the galaxy on 22 Oct
1835 and noted "pB, S, R, psbM." His second sweep he recorded it as
"pB, pL, 1' diameter; a miniature of the last neb. of this sweep." Julius Schmidt independently found the
galaxy on 19 Jan 1865 and thought it was new, because JH made an typo of 20
degrees in NPD for h2529 in the CGH catalogue. JH corrected the NPD in the addendum of the catalogue, but
apparently Schmidt didn't check.
******************************
NGC 1318 = NGC
1317 = ESO 357-023 = MCG -06-08-006 = PGC 12653
03 22 44.4 -37
06 13
V = 11.0; Size 2.8'x2.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 78d
See observing
notes for NGC 1317.
Julius Schmidt
found NGC 1318 on 19 Jan 1865 with the 6.2-inch refractor at the Athens
Observatory in his survey of the Fornax Cluster (nebula "a" in his
table). His position is almost
identical to NGC 1317 = h2529.
Schmidt assumed this nebula was "new" in his 1876 paper since
he was working from JH's Cape Catalogue.
In the original listing for h2529, Herschel made an typo of 20 degrees
in NPD but he corrected this mistake in the addendum of the catalogue.
Apparently Schmidt didn't check his correction list. Dorothy Carlson and RNGC list this number as "Not
Found".
******************************
NGC 1319 = ESO
548-006 = MCG -04-09-003 = PGC 12708
03 23 56.5 -21
31 39
V = 12.9; Size 1.3'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 27d
17.5"
(12/28/00): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated ~2:1 SSW-NNE, 1.0'x0.6'. Increases to a small brighter core and
occasional quasi-stellar nucleus.
Located 6.8' due west of NGC 1325!
A mag 14 star lies 0.8' NW of center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1319 = h2533 on 13 Nov 1835 and logged it as "F; S; R; bM;
15"; precedes IV-77 [NGC 1325]." His position matches ESO 548-006 = PGC 12708
******************************
NGC 1320 = MCG
-01-09-036 = Mrk 607 = PGC 12756
03 24 48.7 -03
02 33
V = 12.5; Size 1.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 135d
17.5"
(11/25/87): fairly faint, small, elongated NW-SE, moderate concentration, small
bright core, faint halo. First of
four in the field and forms a close pair with NGC 1321 1.7' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1320 = H III-197 = h298 = h2530, along with NGC 1321, on 20 Sep
1784 (sweep 280) and described both as "Two. Both eF, verified with 240
power but with 157x I had but a very distant suspicion of them." JH observed this pair both from Slough
as well as the Cape of Good Hope.
******************************
NGC 1321 = MCG
-01-09-035 = Mrk 608 = PGC 12755
03 24 48.6 -03
00 56
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 45d
17.5"
(11/25/87): fairly faint, small, elongated ~E-W, bright core. Appears slightly smaller but higher
surface brightness than NGC 1320 1.7' S.
Second of four in the field.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1321 = H III-196 = h297 = h2531, along with NGC 1320, on 20 Sep
1784 (sweep 280) and described both as "Two. Both eF, verified with 240
power but just suspected with 157 power." JH observed this pair both from Slough as well as the Cape
of Good Hope.
******************************
NGC 1322 = MCG
-01-09-037 = PGC 12761
03 24 54.7 -02
55 09
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 100d
17.5"
(11/25/87): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, weak concentration. Third of four in the field and appears
slightly fainter than the NGC 1320/NGC 1321 pair. NGC 1321 lies 6' SSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1322 = h2553 on Oct 5 1836 and logged "F, R, bM, 15",
the 3rd of three [with NGC 1320 and 1322]." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1323 = PGC
12764
03 24 56.1 -02
49 19
V = 15.0; Size 0.9'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 85d
17.5"
(11/25/87): very faint, extremely small, round. Located 30" NE of a mag 14 star. Fourth of four in a group.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 1323 on 2 Nov 1850 with Lord Rosse's 72" (and possibly
earlier by George Stoney on 19 Dec
1848) and reported a "suspected neb (or perhaps only a star) with a
F* close sp." The group of
NGC 1320, 1321, 1322 and 1323 was observed 14 times at Birr Castle!
******************************
NGC 1324 = MCG
-01-09-038 = PGC 12772
03 25 01.7 -05
44 44
V = 13.4; Size 2.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 135d
17.5"
(11/25/87): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated NW-SE, bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1324 = H III-445 = h299 on 5 Oct 1785 (sweep 457), logging
"vF, pS, E." On his
second observation, JH noted "vF; pmE; 20" l, 12" br."
******************************
NGC 1325 = ESO
548-007 = MCG -04-09-004 = UGCA 70 = PGC 12737
03 24 25.6 -21
32 36
V = 11.5; Size 4.7'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 56d
17.5"
(12/28/00): bright, large, elongated 5:2 SW-NE, 3.0'x1.3', broad concentration
with a large, brighter core. A mag
11.5 star is embedded in the northeast end. The southwest end is better defined and clearly tapers down,
giving a lens-like appearance. The
edge of the halo is more ill defined to the northeast of the star.
Second brightest
in the NGC 1332 group with NGC 1319 7' W, NGC 1325A 13' NNE, NGC 1315 21' NW
and NGC 1332 29' ENE. NGC 1325A =
Holmberg VI appeared faint, large, round, diffuse glow. Appears ~2' in diameter and brightens
slightly but there is no noticeable core.
13"
(10/10/86): fairly faint, pretty edge-on 3:1 SW-NE, weak concentration. A star is attached at the northeast end
and a mag 13.5 star is 1.5' SE of center.
Located in a small group with NGC 1319 6.8' W and NGC 1325A. NGC 1325A is faint, moderately large,
round, but very diffuse.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1325 = H IV-77 = h2534 on 19 Dec 1799 (sweep 1091), describing
"a star about 9 or 10m with a nebulous ray to the south-preceding side.
The ray is about 1.5' long. The star may not be connected with it." JH described and sketched this galaxy
from the Cape on 11 Nov 1835: "A complete telescopic comet; a perfect
miniature of Halley's, only the tail is rather broader in proportion; mE;
90" l; the star at the head = 10 mag. See fig 17, Pl VI."
******************************
NGC 1326 = ESO
357-026 = MCG -06-08-011 = PGC 12709
03 23 56.4 -36
27 52
V = 10.5; Size 3.9'x2.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 77d
17.5"
(11/26/94): bright, fairly small, round, 1.3' diameter, well concentrated with
a small bright core and bright stellar nucleus. On a line with three mag 13 stars 2.7' and 4.2' WSW and 3.6'
to the ENE. A brighter mag 11 star
lies 4.3' NNW. Located on the SW
side of the Fornax I cluster.
8"
(10/13/81): faint, fairly small, round, bright core.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1326 = h2535 on 29 Nov 1837, recording it as "60"
diameter, vsvmbM to a nucleus, ? a disc." His position is accurate (on the SE side of the halo).
******************************
NGC 1327 = ESO
481-026 = MCG -04-09-008 = PGC 12795
03 25 23.2 -25
40 46
V = 14.7; Size 1.0'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 176d
24"
(12/1/13): at 260x appeared very faint, very small, elongated 3:2 N-S,
18"x12". Visible ~80% of
the time with averted. Situated
2.5' ENE of a mag 10.7 star. MCG
-04-09-010 lies 9.4' ESE.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 1327 = LM I-105 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory and placed roughly at 03h 25m -25d 41'
(2000). His description simply
includes a magnitude of 16.3 for the nucleus, and the comment "neb?". Southern Galaxy Catalogue, ESO-LV, RC3
and Uranometria 2000 (2nd edition) identify NGC 1327 = ESO 481-026 at 03 25
23.2 -25 40 46 (2000). This galaxy
is within 1 tmin of RA and a reasonable match in position and description.
ESO/Uppsala
identifies a pair of stars with a wider third star about 8' NW of this galaxy
as possibly NGC 1327, although they are too bright to be Stone's intended
object. This identification
probably derives from the NGC Correction list at Harvard College Observatory
"3 vF st close together, no neb" (from DeLisle Stewart and repeated
in IC 2). RNGC classifies
this number as nonexistent and it is missing from the first edition of the
Uranometria 2000.0 Atlas. See my
RNGC Corrections #6 and Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 1328 = PGC
12805
03 25 39.1 -04
07 30
V = 14.2; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 130d
17.5"
(11/25/87): faint to fairly faint, very small, round, weak concentration, very
faint stellar nucleus. Located
4.6' SW of mag 8.7 SAO 130481.
17.5"
(10/24/87): faint, very small, round, slightly brighter core. Located ~5' SW of a mag 8 star.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1328 = LM II-368 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at the Leander McCormick Observatory.
His position is 0.5 tmin of RA east of PGC 12805 (typical error made in
RA at Leander McCormick).
******************************
NGC 1329 = ESO
548-015 = MCG -03-09-042 = PGC 12826
03 26 02.6 -17
35 29
V = 12.6; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 35d
17.5"
(12/30/99): faint, small, slightly elongated SW-NE, 0.7'x0.5'. Contains a small bright core, ~10"
in size and a faint stellar nucleus with direct vision. A mag 11.5 star lies 4.0' S. Located 9' NE of mag 9 SAO 148955. A faint edge-on galaxy (ESO 548-014) is
attached to the mag 11.5 star but was not noticed.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1329 = h2536 on 11 Dec 1835 and commented "F, R, glbM, 30
arcsec.". His position matches ESO 548-015 = PGC 12826.
******************************
NGC 1330
03 29 04.1 +41
40 30
24"
(2/14/15): at 225x appears as small, fuzzy patch with 1 star often resolving
[probably the mag 15 star at the northwest end. At 375x, a second mag 15.5 star just 15" E was cleanly
resolved. At 450x, a third mag 16
star was resolved.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1330 = St XII-26 on 14 Dec 1881 using the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory. His
position is 6' north of NGC 1335 (found by Stephan on the same night and
accurately placed) and falls precisely on a group of at least four mag 15.5-16
stars and a couple of fainter ones.
RNGC and PGC misidentify CGCG 541-014 = PGC 12967 as NGC 1330. This galaxy is located ~17' S of
Stephan's position. See my RNGC
Corrections #2.
******************************
NGC 1331 = IC
324 = ESO 548-019 = MCG -04-09-012 = PGC 12846
03 26 28.3 -21
21 19
V = 13.4; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2
13.1"
(10/10/86): faint, fairly small, almost round. Located 2' SE of NGC 1332.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1331 = H III-959 on 19 Dec 1799 (sweep 1091), recording it as
"The second is close to it [NGC 1332], or about 1 1/2' sf the former; it
is vF, vS." His single
position on this sweep is 22 seconds of RA too small and happens to fall close
to ESO 548-016 = PGC 12827, a galaxy too faint to have been seen by Herschel.
Guillaume
Bigourdan independently found NGC 1331 on 3 Dec 1888, placed it accurately and
Dreyer catalogued it again as IC 324, assuming it was new. In Dreyer's collected "Scientific
Papers of William Herschel", he notes for NGC 1331: "This is IC 324,
11 seconds following, 1.2' S of NGC 1332.
NGC 1331 is to be struck out." The RNGC misidentifies ESO 548-016 as NGC 1331.
******************************
NGC 1332 = ESO
548-018 = MCG -04-09-011 = UGCA 72 = PGC 12838
03 26 17.1 -21
20 04
V = 10.3; Size 4.7'x1.4'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 120d
13.1"
(10/10/86): bright, moderately large, very bright core, edge-on 4:1 NW-SE,
2.4'x0.6'. A faint mag 14-14.5
star is just southwest of the core.
Forms a pair with NGC 1331 = IC 324 2.8' SE (collinear with the major
axis). Brightest in a group with
NGC 1315, NGC 1319, NGC 1325, NGC 1331 and Holmberg VI (NGC 1325A).
8"
(12/6/80): fairly bright, fairly small, elongated NW-SE, bright core, diffuse
halo. NGC 1331 not seen.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1332 = H I-60 on 9 Dec 1784 (sweep 331) and logged "vB, S,
lE, mbM." On 19 Dec 1799
(sweep 1091) he recorded "Two [along with NGC 1331], the 1st [NGC 1332]
vB, SBNcl with faint branches from np to sf." The position of NGC 1331 is too far west in the NGC, so the
pair is out of RA order.
******************************
NGC 1333 = Ced 16
= LBN 741 = vdB 17
03 29 19.7 +31
24 57
Size 9'x7'
18"
(1/20/07): fairly large, striking reflection nebula with a 10th magnitude star
at the NE end. The nebula curves
to the southwest ending with a 1' brighter knot with very faint star involved
near its edge. A couple of mag 14
stars are superimposed between the mag 10 star and the knot. The total size is roughly 7'x4'. The surrounding region (particularly to
the north) is nearly starless and clearly affected by dust. This region has a number of Herbig-Haro
objects and is an active star formation region.
17.5"
(2/9/02): bright, interesting reflection nebula at 140x. Apparently illuminated by a mag 10 star
oddly offset at the NE end of the glow.
The appearance is irregular; extending ~10'x6' SW-NE in the general
direction of a mag 10 star 11' SW.
The SW extension contains a couple of faint mag 14 stars and ends at a
small, brighter knot that appears to surround a very faint star or stars. The field is oddly void of faint stars
and there is a large starless region to the north (this is the dark nebula
Barnard 2).
17.5"
(12/8/90): fairly bright reflection nebula surrounds a mag 10 star that is
offset to the northeast side of the nebula. This is a large object, about 10'x6' and elongated SW-NE. There is a bright knot in the southwest
end. Two or three 15th magnitude
stars are superimposed.
13"
(11/29/86): fairly bright nebula, large, extends SSW of a mag 9.5 star, oval,
slightly brighter at the south edge.
Eduard Schšnfeld
discovered NGC 1333 = Au 17 on 31 Dec 1855 with a 3-inch Fraunhofer refractor,
while measuring stars for the BD catalogue (NGC 1333 received the number BD
+30¡ 548). He noted it as a
nebulous star. The discovery was
not announced until 1862 in AN 1391 and Auwers included it the same year as #17
in his "Verzeichnis neuer Nebelflecke" (list of new nebulae). In the meantime Horace Tuttle
independently discovered the object on 5 Feb 1859 with a 3-inch comet-seeker
and Bond (director of Harvard College) announced it as new in 1859MNRAS..19..224B:
"it follows a star of the 9-10 mag by 6 seconds, and is 2' north of
it. It is barely visible in a
telescope of 3 in aperture."
In September
1862 d'Arrest noted it was as faint as a Herschel nebula of third class with
the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen, but since Tuttle's (independent) discovery
was made using a 3-inch scope, he thought it might be a variable nebula (a
popular topic among visual observers).
Winnecke also took the view that it "must be a new one" as it
was listed neither in the Slough catalogue nor Auwers' lists. Based on all the observations,
Schšnfeld reached the conclusion this case was a "...striking example of
how the visibility of very faint, large diffuse nebulae depends on the
magnification, air transparency and adaptation to the dark of the eye, so that,
compared with ordinary fixed stars, aperture takes a back seat." In 1914 Barnard photographed the region
at Yerkes Observatory and noted the nebula appeared "roundish and not
symmetrical with respect to the star - its center seems to be several minutes
to the south." Summarized
from Harold Corwin's identification notes and Steinicke's "Observing and
Cataloguing Nebulae and Star Clusters".
******************************
NGC 1334 = UGC
2759 = MCG +07-08-018 = CGCG 541-017 = PGC 13001
03 30 01.8 +41
49 57
V = 13.1; Size 1.5'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 115d
24"
(2/14/15): at 225x; fairly faint, fairly small, oval 2:1 WNW-ESE, ~0.6'x0.3',
broad concentration to a brighter core, which increases to a fairly weak nucleus. A mag 13.5-14 star is 1.0' NW of
center. A mag 15.5 star is at the
eastern end [30" E of center] and a similar star is at the north edge of
the core. Located on the east side
of AGC 426.
17.5"
(1/1/92): faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE, bright core. A mag 13.5 star is just off the WNW
tip. An extremely faint stellar
nucleus seen for moments. NGC 1335 lies 16' SSE. This is a possible outlying member of AGC 426.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 1334 = Sw VIII-37 on 14 Feb 1863 with an 11-inch
refractor at Copenhagen and logged "vF, pL, 35", No nucl. A mag 16
star precedes by 9.6 seconds due west." His position and description matches UGC 2759 = PGC 13001. Lewis Swift independently discovered
this galaxy on 27 Oct 1888 and reported it as #37 in his 8th discovery
list. Dreyer apparently realized
the equivalence with NGC 1334 as Sw. VIII-37 wasn't assigned an IC
designation. See IC 323, which refers
to a triple star found in the same observation.
******************************
NGC 1335 = UGC
2762 = MCG +07-08-019 = CGCG 541-018 = PGC 13015
03 30 19.5 +41
34 22
V = 13.8; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 165d
24"
(2/14/15): fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 5:3 N-S,
30"x18". Contains a
bright, elongated small core.
Located 3' N of mag 9.0 HD 21566.
17.5"
(1/1/92): very faint, very small, round, an extremely faint star is possibly
involved, can just hold steadily with averted. Located 4' N of mag 8.5 SAO 38888. NGC 1336 lies 16' NNW.
Possible outlying member of AGC 426.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1335 = St XII-27 on 14 Dec 1881 using the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory. His
position matches UGC 2762, although UGC does not label this galaxy as NGC 1335.
******************************
NGC 1336 = ESO
358-002 = MCG -06-08-016 = LGG 096-009 = PGC 12848
03 26 32.2 -35
42 50
V = 12.3; Size 2.1'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 22d
18"
(12/22/11): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 3:2 ~N-S, 1.0'x0.7. Broad concentration but no distinct
core. Observation may have been
through thin clouds. Located 12'
WSW of mag 5.7 Chi 2 and 15' NNE of mag 6.4 Chi 1!
17.5"
(1/12/02): moderately bright, fairly large, elongated nearly 3:2 SSW-NNE,
2.0'x1.4'. Gradually increases to
a large, brighter core. Situated
within a group of several mag 6 stars and located 13' W of mag 5.7 Chi 2 and
14' NNE of mag 6.4 Chi 1! Member
of the Fornax I cluster.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1336 = h2537 on 22 Oct 1835 and recorded on his last of 3
observations "vF, lE, 40 arcsec." His position matches ESO 358-002 = PGC 12848.
******************************
NGC 1337 = MCG
-02-09-042 = PGC 12916
03 28 05.8 -08
23 21
V = 11.9; Size 5.8'x1.5'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 145d
13.1"
(1/28/84): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, even surface
brightness.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1337 = Sw III-26 on 10 Nov 1885 with his 16" refractor and
recorded "vL; vE nearly in meridian; eF." His position matches
MCG -02-09-042 = PGC 12916, though Herbert Howe, observing with the
20" refractor at the Chamberlin Observatory in Denver, reported the
elongation to be 135¡.
******************************
NGC 1338 = MCG
-02-09-044 = PGC 12956
03 28 54.5 -12
09 12
V = 12.7; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 55d
48" (10/22/11):
at 488x this bright, fairly large, roundish galaxy has an interesting
structure. Off center within the
glow is a bright "bar" that extends 1' from NW to SE. The bar contains a small bright core
and a stellar nucleus. Surrounding
the bar feature is 1.2' roundish halo, that is more extensive on the SW side
but with a noticeably lower surface brightness. The halo on the NE side of the bar is brighter but
smaller. Located 2.0' W of a mag
10 star and 6' SW of mag 8.8 HD 21634.
17.5"
(10/20/90): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated WNW-ESE, even surface
brightness. Located 2' W of a mag
10.5 star and 6' SW of mag 8.5 SAO 148982.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1338 = St XIII-24 on 15 Dec 1884 using the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory. His
position matches MCG -02-09-044 = PGC 12956.
******************************
NGC 1339 = ESO
418-004 = MCG -05-09-004 = PGC 12917
03 28 06.5 -32
17 11
V = 11.6; Size 1.9'x1.4'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 172d
18"
(12/22/11): fairly bright, fairly small, elongated 4:3 or 3:2 ~N-S,
0.9'x0.6'. Has a high surface
brightness and evenly increases to a small bright core and stellar
nucleus. Located 6' SE of double
star HJ 3578 = 9.2/12.6 at 27".
13.1"
(10/10/86): moderately bright, very compact, round, bright core. An uneven mag 10.5/13 double star at
30" separation lies 6' NW.
Member of the Fornax I cluster.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1339 = h2538 on 18 Nov 1835 and logged "pB, R, pslbM, 40
arcsec." On a later sweep he noted "B, R, psmbM; a double star precedes." The double star (HJ 3578) is 5.8' NW.
******************************
NGC 1340 = NGC
1344 = ESO 418-005 = MCG -05-09-005 = PGC 12923
03 28 19.1 -31
04 05
See observing
notes for NGC 1344.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1340 = h715 on 19 Nov 1835 and logged "vB, lE, psbM, 45
arcsec". There is nothing at
his position but exactly 10' S is NGC 1344, which was discovered by WH (I-257)
on 9 Oct 1790 and later observed by JH at the Cape. The equivalence was even suggested in the NGC Notes
section. Swift felt this number
should be struck as he was not able to find it at JH's position. Corwin and ESO equate NGC 1340 = NGC
1344, with NGC 1344 the primary designation.
******************************
NGC 1341 = ESO
358-008 = MCG -06-08-020 = PGC 12911
03 27 58.4 -37
08 58
V = 12.3; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 134d
13.1"
(10/10/86): fairly faint, fairly small, oval NW-SE, even surface
brightness. A mag 12 star is off
the SE end 0.9' from center.
Member of the Fornax I cluster.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1341 = h2540 on 29 Nov 1837 and noted "F, S, R; has a star
12th mag following." His
position and description matches ESO 358-008 = PGC 12911. The IC notes add "not round, but
much extended 140¡" (from DeLisle Stewart).
******************************
NGC 1342 = Cr 40
= Mel 21 = OCL-401
03 31 36 +37 22
V = 6.7; Size 14'
17.5"
(12/23/92): about 100 stars mag 9-14 in 15' diameter, scattered in chains and
loops. Two mag 8 stars off the NE
side are probably field stars, a nice double star is at the west end. There are several striking star lanes
at low power including a long stream oriented E-W. A line of six stars oriented NW-SE forms the SW side and terminates
at an easy double star. The NW end
is near the striking double star (10.4/11.2 at 14". The field has a large variation of
magnitudes.
8": bright,
large, scattered, consists of mag 8 stars and fainter.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1342 = H VIII-88 = h301 on 28 Dec 1799 (sweep 1092) and
described "a cluster of coarsely scattered large stars, about 15'
diameter." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 1343 = UGC
2792 = MCG +12-04-001 = CGCG 327-005 = VII Zw 8 = PGC 13384
03 37 49.7 +72
34 17
V = 12.7; Size 2.6'x1.6'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 80d
48" (11/2/13):
bright, large, elongated 2:1 ~E-W, ~2.2'x1.1', unusually sharply concentrated
with a blazing, round core ~0.4' diameter, which is punctuated by a faint
stellar nucleus. Two faint stars
[14" separations] are superimposed within the eastern side of the halo and
faint spiral arcs are visible in the outer halo. An extremely faint companion, identified in NED as HFLLZOA
G134.74+13.65, was seen as a very low surface brightness patch 1.2' NE of
center. A relatively wide pair of
stars (h2190 = 13/14 at 15" separation) is 1' NNW of center. This is an unusual "nuclear
ring" galaxy with intense starburst activity in the ring.
17.5"
(10/13/90): fairly faint, fairly small, large brighter core, extremely faint
halo elongated 2:1 E-W. A double
star (h2190 = mag 13/14 at 15" separation) is off the NNW edge 1.0' from
the center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1343 = H III-694 = h300 on 11 Oct 1787 (sweep 764) and noted
"vF, vS, irr R, bM. 360 confirmed it." JH made two observations, recording on 29 Oct 1831 "F,
R, gbM, 15". Close to the
double star h 2190." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1344 = NGC
1340 = ESO 418-005 = MCG -05-09-005 = PGC 12923
03 28 19.1 -31
04 05
V = 10.4; Size 6.0'x3.5'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 165d
18" (12/22/11):
very bright, fairly large, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, ~3'x1.5'. Contains a very large, faint halo but
sharply concentrated with a very bright, elongated core that increases to the
center. Mag 10 SAO 194317 lies
5.5' N and mag 9.6 HD 21668 lies 6' E.
17.5"
(11/26/94): bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, 2.3'x1.0', well
concentrated with a very bright 30" round core and a bright stellar
nucleus. Forms an isosceles right
triangle with mag 9.7 SAO 194325 6' E and mag 10.4 SAO 194317 5.5' N of
center. Outlying member on the
north side of the Fornax I cluster.
8"
(10/13/81): fairly faint, slightly elongated N-S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1344 = H I-257 = h2542 on 9 Oct 1790 (sweep 972) and recorded
"cB, iR, vgmbM, about 1.5' diameter." His position is accurate. JH independently found ESO 418-005 on 19 Nov 1835 and
assumed it was new, but his position was 10' too far north and it was
catalogued again as GC 715 = NGC 1340.
So, NGC 1344 = NGC 1340, with NGC 1344 the primary designation.
******************************
NGC 1345 = ESO
548-026 = MCG -03-09-046 = UGCA 74 = VV 690 = PGC 12979
03 29 31.7 -17
46 42
V = 13.8; Size 1.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 33d
17.5"
(12/30/99): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, 0.8'x0.5'. Contains a brighter, elongated
core. A trio of mag 9.5-10.5 stars
(with nearly equal sides of 4'-5') lies ~5' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1345 = h2541 and noted "vF, R, pslbM, 20 arcsec.". His
position is an exact match with ESO 548-026.
******************************
NGC 1346 = MCG
-01-09-042 = PGC 13009
03 30 13.1 -05
32 35
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 80d
17.5"
(11/25/87): fairly faint, very small, slightly elongated, bright core. A mag 13.5 star is just 30"
W. Located 13' WSW of mag 8.1 SAO
130538 and 12' E of mag 9.5 SAO 130518.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1346 = St VIIIb-12 on 15 Dec 1876 using the 31" reflector
at the Marseille Observatory. His
position matches MCG -01-09-042 = PGC 13009.
******************************
NGC 1347 = Arp
39 = VV 23a = ESO 548-027 = MCG -04-09-017 = PGC 12989
03 29 41.8 -22
16 45
V = 13.0; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(1/12/02): faint, moderately large, irregularly round, 1.2' diameter, weakly
concentrated. A very faint companion
at the south edge was not seen.
Located 14' N of mag 7 SAO 168587.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1347 = LM II-369 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at the Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 16.0, 1.0'x0.8', E
130¡, sbMN." His position is
only 8 sec of RA east of ESO 548-027 = PGC 12989 (part of Arp 39). A very faint companion (PGC 816443) is
at the south edge.
******************************
NGC 1348 =
OCL-391 = Lund 112
03 34 09 +51 25
12
Size 6'
18"
(11/23/05): at 225x, this unimpressive cluster appears ~4'x3', elongated NW to
SE with roughly 20 stars resolved.
Includes two mag 10.5-11.5 stars, a few mag 12 stars with the remainder
mag 13-15. The stars are fairly
evenly distributed with a couple of tight clumps of stars on the south
side. Appears fairly well detached
in a low power field, though not eye-catching. Located two degrees NE of Alpha Persei (Mirfak).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1348 = H VIII-84 on 28 Dec 1790 (sweep 989) and noted "a
cluster of small stars, not very rich." This is a reddened cluster (see Astronomy and Astrophysics,
v.387, p.479-486, 2002) at a distance of roughly 6000 light years.
******************************
NGC 1349 = UGC
2774 = MCG +01-09-006 = CGCG 416-013 = PGC 13088
03 31 27.5 +04 22
51
V = 13.0; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.2
17.5"
(10/21/95): faint, small, round, 0.6' diameter, very weak even concentration to
a quasi-stellar nucleus. Located
along the hypotenuse of a small right triangle formed by three mag 13.5 stars
with the nearest star 1.6' SE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1349 = Sw VI-13 on 20 Dec 1886 with his 16" refractor and
reported "eeF; S; R; between 2 stars." His position is 10 tsec E and 1' S of UGC 2774 and this
galaxy is "between 2 stars".
******************************
NGC 1350 = ESO
358-013 = MCG -06-08-023 = PGC 13059 = "Cosmic Eye"
03 31 07.9 -33
37 42
V = 10.3; Size 5.2'x2.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 0d
18"
(12/22/11): bright, large, oval 2:1 N-S, 3.0'x1.4'. Sharply concentrated with a very bright oval core surrounded
by a much fainter halo. The core
steadily increases to a very small, brighter, quasi-stellar nucleus. Located 6' SW of mag 7.2 HD 21988 and 194353 and 8.7' SE of mag 8.9 HD 21898.
17.5"
(11/26/94): bright, fairly large, elongated 3:2 N-S. The halo appears about 3'x2' although difficult determine the
exact dimensions as the halo fades gradually into the background. Sharply concentrated with a very bright
20" round core and stellar nucleus.
A very faint star is just west of the south extension and two mag 12
stars are 2.7' SE and 3.0' E of center.
Located 6' SW of mag 7.2 SAO 194353. Fornax I cluster member.
8"
(10/13/81): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 N-S, bright core.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1350 = D 591 = h2545 on 24 Nov 1826 with his 9" reflector
from Parramatta, NSW and noted (single observation) "a very faint small
ill-defined nebula." His position is 11' SE of ESO 358-013 = PGC 13059. JH
observed the galaxy in his sweep of 19 Oct 1835, logging "bright, large, much
elongated, but with a round nucleus much brighter than the environing faint
atmosphere. PD roughly taken. Transit missed, the observation having been lost
by relying on the RA given by Mr. Dunlop's Catalog (3h 25m) which is too great.
That here set down is assumed at random as probably nearer the
truth." His approximate
position was corrected by DeLisle Stewart in NGC Corrections, Harvard College
Observatory and repeated in the IC 2 Notes.
******************************
NGC 1351 = ESO
358-012 = MCG -06-08-022 = PGC 13028
03 30 34.9 -34
51 15
V = 11.6; Size 2.8'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 140d
18"
(12/22/11): fairly bright, oval 3:2 NW-SE, 0.8'x0.5', high surface
brightness. Brightens evenly to a
very small bright core and a quasi-stellar nucleus. Located 9' SE of mag 9.4 HD 21851.
13.1"
(10/10/86): fairly faint, fairly small, oval NW-SE, bright core. Fornax I cluster member.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1351 = h2544 on 19 Oct 1835 and reported "pB, R, psbM, 30
arcsec.". His position matches ESO 358-012 = PGC 13028.
******************************
NGC 1352 = ESO
548-030 = MCG -03-10-002 = PGC 13091
03 31 32.9 -19
16 42
V = 13.3; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 134d
17.5"
(11/17/01): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated WNW-ESE, weak
concentration. Located 4.4' NW of
mag 8.4 SAO 149019.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1352 = h2543 on 11 Dec 1835 and recorded "eF; S; pslbM; has
a * 8 mag S.f. Very difficult and probably not to be seen without a recently
polished mirror, such as was used in this observation." His position and description matches
ESO 548-030 = PGC 13091.
******************************
NGC 1353 = ESO
548-031 = MCG -04-09-022 = UGCA 76 = PGC 13108
03 32 03.0 -20
49 05
V = 11.5; Size 3.4'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 138d
17.5"
(11/26/94): fairly bright, moderately bright, elongated 5:2 NW-SE, 2.5'x1.0',
large bright core, stellar nucleus.
The halo appears more extensive NW of the core. The major axis is parallel to a mag
11.5 star off the SE end 2.8' from the center.
8"
(11/28/81): faint, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, bright core. A mag 12 star is 2.8' SE of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1353 = H III-246 = h2546 on 9 Dec 1784 (sweep 331) and noted
"vF, E, equally bright."
On 19 Dec 1799 (sweep 1091) he reported "cB, cL, irr F, lE from np
to sf." JH logged it on 11 Nov 1835 as "B, mE, gmbM, 90" l,
40" br.
******************************
NGC 1354 = MCG
-03-10-004 = PGC 13130
03 32 29.4 -15
13 16
V = 12.4; Size 2.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 148d
18" (11/23/05):
this galaxy was a pleasant surprise as it appeared moderately bright and large,
very elongated 3:1 NW-SE, 1.4'x0.3'.
Contains a fairly bright bulging core with fainter extensions that fade
and taper at the tips (spindle shape).
A mag 14 star lies off the SE end, 1.2' S of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1354 = H III-487 = h2547 on 30 Dec 1785 (sweep 499) and recorded
"vF, S, E." JH called it
"vF, S, lE, glbM, 25 arcsec."
The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1355 = MCG
-01-10-002 = PGC 13169
03 33 23.5 -04
59 55
V = 13.3; Size 1.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 80d
17.5"
(11/25/87): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated WSW-ENE, bright
core. NGC 1358 lies 6.8' SSE.
13"
(11/29/86): faint, small, edge-on WSW-ENE, bright core.
Samuel Hunter,
LdR's assistant, discovered NGC 1355 on 27 Dec 1861. His sketch clearly shows NGC 1355 labeled as Alpha, along
with NGC 1358 (close to a double star).
Heinrich d'Arrest independently discovered NGC 1355 on 8 Oct 1864 while
observing nearby NGC 1358. He was
surprised this nebula was missed by WH and Rosse (unaware of Hunter's
observation). Dreyer made an
observation at Birr Castle on 6 Nov 1877 and later realized that Alpha was
d'Arrest's "nova".
Nevertheless, he credited d'Arrest and not LdR with the discovery in the
GC Supplement and NGC.
******************************
NGC 1356 = ESO
200-031 = Rose 37 = PGC 13035
03 30 40.6 -50
18 35
V = 13.0; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 149d
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 260x appeared moderately bright and
large, slightly elongated N-S, ~1.2'x1.0'. Weak concentration, though with direct vision a faint,
stellar nucleus is visible. With
careful viewing the galaxy appeared to be mottled or clumpy. Forms a close pair with much fainter IC
1947 located 2.2' SW. A mag 12.7
star lies 1.3' SW, directly between NGC 1356 and IC 1947. IC 1947 appeared faint, fairly small,
elongated 2:1 NW-SE, ~0.5'x0.25'.
Forms the west vertex of a small triangle with the mag 12.7 star 1' NE
and a mag 11.7 star 1.3' SSE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1356 = h2549 on 23 Dec 1837 and recorded "vF, R, gbM, 40
arcsec." The next sweep he
logged "vF, pL, irregular, near stars." His first position is at the northern tip of the galaxy.
******************************
NGC 1357 = MCG
-02-10-001 = PGC 13166
03 33 17.0 -13
39 49
V = 11.5; Size 2.8'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 85d
13.1"
(12/7/85): fairly bright, moderately large, round, bright core. Forms the vertex of an isosceles right
triangle with mag 8.1 SAO 149035 4' NNE and mag 9.2 SAO 149028 4' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1357 = H II-290 = h2548 on 1 Feb 1785 (sweep 364) and recorded
"F, pL, R, bM, about 5 or 6' south preceding of a pretty large
star." JH logged it twice
from the Cape of Good Hope and noted on 8 Dec 1835 "pF, pL, R, 40",
near three stars, two of which are 10th mag." Sir Robert Ball, observing with the 72" at Birr Castle
on 13 Nov 1866, remarked "cB, pL, bM, either double or with a star
[correct] very closely preceding.
Observations interrupted by the superb display of shooting
stars." According to
Wikipedia, the 1866 Leonids produced hundreds per minute and a few thousand per
hour in Europe.
******************************
NGC 1358 = MCG
-01-10-003 = PGC 13182
03 33 39.7 -05
05 22
V = 12.1; Size 2.6'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 15d
17.5"
(11/25/87): moderately bright, moderately large, irregularly round, sharp
concentration. A pretty mag 13
double star at 15" separation is 1.7' ENE. Located 8' W of a mag 10 star. Forms a pair with NGC 1355 6.8' NW.
13"
(11/29/86): faint, small, almost round, small bright core. A faint double star is close east and
brighter star to west.
13"
(12/18/82): very faint, small, elongated N-S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1358 = H III-446 = h302 on 5 Oct 1785 (sweep 457) and noted
"vF, S, between some small stars." His position is 3' S of MCG -01-10-003 = PGC 13182, but JH
measured an accurate position used in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 1359 = ESO
548-039 = MCG -03-10-007 = LGG 100-001 = PGC 13190
03 33 47.2 -19
29 23
V = 12.2; Size 2.4'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 139d
17.5"
(11/17/01): fairly large oval 4:3 NW-SE, 3.0'x2.5' WNW-ESE, fairly low surface
brightness with no significant concentration. This galaxy has a disturbed, knotty appearance that was not
picked up visually. Brightest in a
small group with ESO 548-044 8.5' NE and part of the larger NGC 1407 group.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1359 = h2550 on 12 Oct 1836 and recorded "F, L, R, vglbM,
2'." His position matches ESO
548-039 = PGC 13190.
******************************
NGC 1360 =
Robin's Egg Nebula = PK 220-53.1 = ESO 482-PN7 = M 1-3 = PN G220.3-53.9
03 33 14.6 -25
52 18
V = 9.6; Size 460"x320"
18"
(1/17/09): superb view at 115x and OIII filter. Appears as a huge oval, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, extends
~6'x4', contains a bright mag 10.5 central star. This showpiece planetary is clearly asymmetric and notably
brighter on the NNE side in a sector extending from the center and fanning out
to the north. This brighter region
is irregular in surface brightness and slightly dims before brightening along
the NNE rim. The south side is
slightly fainter and contains a weaker arc or lane.
18"
(1/1/08): at 115x; this unusual planetary is a huge oval or irregular
egg-shape, ~6'x4', oriented SSW-NNE (PA ~30¡) surrounding a very bright mag
10.4 central star. Excellent
contrast with an OIII filter as it really brings out its asymmetric structure. The planetary is noticeably brighter in
a fan-shaped wedge spreading out from the central star to the north. At times the northeast rim appeared a
bit clumpy. The fainter south side
has a slightly darker lane extending to the southeast.
17.5"
(11/17/01): At 100x with OIII filter, this huge planetary appears a very large
oval 3:2 or 4:3 SSW-NNE, ~6'x4.5' with a striking central star. Appears clearly brighter on the north
side of the central star in a section defined by a triangular wedge with apex
at the central star. The
nebulosity dims a bit on the west side as well as the south.
17.5"
(10/8/88): very bright, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, 6'x4' diameter, very bright
central star mag 10.5-11, almost even surface brightness. Very impressive planetary with or
without OIII filter.
13.1"
(10/10/86): very large, oval 4:3, very bright mag 10-11 central star. Impressive at 88x using an OIII filter.
13.1"
(10/20/84): large, pale oval ~N-S, bright central star. Appears moderately bright using a
filter.
80mm finder
(1/1/08): faintly visible at 25x as a dim oval glow surrounding a faint
star. Adding an OIII filter
significantly increased the contrast and the outline appeared better defined.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1360 in 1859 with his 4.5-inch comet-seeker (discovery not
published until 1885, though).
Wilhelm Tempel independently discovered it on 9 Oct 1861 (along with NGC
1398) using his 4-inch Steinheil refractor from Marseille, but he didn't
publish his observation either.
August Winnecke then found it again in Jan 1868 with a 3.8-inch comet-seeker
as well as Eugen Block on 18 Oct 1879 (AN 2293). Dreyer credited Winnecke with the discovery in the GC
Supplement (5315). Afterwards,
Tempel published his find in 1882, claiming an earlier discovery.
Finally, in the
Mar 1885 issue of "The Sidereal Messenger: A Monthly Review of
Astronomy" Swift reported, "In 1859 while searching in Eridanus for
comets I ran upon the most conspicuous nebulous star visible from this latitude
- a 7th magnitude star nearly in the center of a bright nebulosity. As both were so bright, I, of course,
supposed they were well known. Not
until five years since was I aware that this wonderful object was not in the
G.C." Dreyer credited Swift
(his earliest discovery) and Winnecke in the NGC. So, NGC 1360 was independently "discovered" by
four observers, the most (along with NGC 6364 and 7422) for any NGC number,
according to Wolfgang Steinicke.
This is one the
brightest objects missed by the Herschels as well as by John Dunlop. First classified as planetary in 1946
by Minkowski. A star was incorrectly plotted at the position on the Uranometria
2000 Atlas (first edition) because the CoD and CPD catalogue (used as a source
for the U2000) included the central star.
******************************
NGC 1361 = MCG
-01-10-005 = PGC 13218
03 34 17.7 -06
15 54
V = 13.9; Size 1.6'x1.4'; Surf Br = 14.6; PA = 39d
17.5"
(1/12/02): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter, weak concentration
to a very small, brighter core.
Situated nearly midway between two mag 12 stars 5' NW and 5' ESE.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 1361 = LM II-370 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory. His
position is just 0.2 tmin east and 1' north of MCG -01-10-005 = PGC 13218. MCG (-01-10-005) mislabels this galaxy
NGC 1369. The Uranometria Deep Sky
Field Guide gives a V mag of 13.9 and a surf brightness of 14.6, but that may
be too faint.
******************************
NGC 1362 = ESO
548-041 = MCG -03-10-008 = LGG 095-001 = PGC 13196
03 33 53.0 -20
16 56
V = 12.8; Size 1.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 5d
17.5"
(12/9/01): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 30" diameter. Steadily increases to a small brighter
core and a faint stellar nucleus.
Located 5.4' NNW of mag 8.9 SAO 168637. First in the nearby group LGG 95 with NGC 1370 20' ESE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1362 = h2551 on 13 Nov 1835 and recorded "vF; S;
R." His position (measured on
2 sweeps) is accurate. WH is
credited with the discovery in the GC and NGC, but H. III 960 applies to NGC
1370 (see that number).
******************************
NGC 1363 = PGC
13245
03 34 49.3 -09
50 33
V = 13.1; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 45d
17.5"
(11/17/01): fairly faint, fairly small, irregularly round, 0.7'x0.6', very weak
concentration. Forms a close pair with
NGC 1364 2.3' following. Forms the
NE vertex of an equilateral triangle with mag 6.2 SAO 149047 3.3' WSW and mag
9.3 SAO 149051 3.7' S!
Sherburne
Burnham discovered NGC 1363 = Sw. V-54 with the 18.5-inch Clark refractor at
Dearborn Observatory on 31 Dec 1877 (Memoirs of the Royal Astr Soc, Vol 44,
p169). At Burnham's offset from a nearby mag 6 star is PGC 13245.
Wilhelm Tempel independently discovered this galaxy around 1880 as well
as Lewis Swift on 21 Oct 1886, who noted "forms triangle with 2 stars, one
vB". NGC 1364, a fainter companion 2.3' E, was discovered by Frank
Muller (list II-371) in 1886.
******************************
NGC 1364 = PGC
13253
03 34 58.8 -09
50 19
V = 14.7; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(11/17/01): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, no other details
visible. Forms a close pair with
NGC 1363 2.3' W. Located 5.6' ENE
of mag 6.2 SAO 149047.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 1364 = LM II-371 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory while observing NGC 1363 (previously discovered
by Sherburne Burnham). His
position is a good match with PGC 13253.
******************************
NGC 1365 = ESO
358-017 = MCG -06-08-026 = VV 825 = LGG 094-007 = PGC 13179
03 33 35.9 -36
08 24
V = 9.6; Size 11.2'x6.2'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 32d
48"
(10/22/11): stunning view of this huge, barred spiral with the full extent of
the long, graceful arms clearly visible and a great deal of structure. The very
bright bar runs nearly 3' WSW-ENE and contains an extremely bright core that
increases to a striking knotty nucleus that is sliced by a dust lane running SW
to NE. The dust lane creates a
mini spiral in the center with a bright elongated section south of the lane
that has an "arm" attached at its northeast end that curls to the
southwest. The section of the
nucleus north of the lane appears as a small but brighter arm, gently curving
from SW to NE.
The main
northern spiral arm is attached at the west end of the bar and has a bright,
mottled "knot" as it emerges from the bar and heads
north-northeast. This knot
contains the HII regions #23-25 from Paul Hodge's 1969 "HII Regions in
Twenty Nearby Galaxies" (ApJS, 18, 73). It was also the site of SN 2001du, a supernova discovered
visually by Robert Evans. This arm
dims a bit and then brightens along a 1' strip (contains HII #19) just
northwest of a superimposed mag 13.5 star. The arm then dims significantly but can be easily traced a
total length of 6.5', ending just southeast of a mag 13.5-14 star.
The main
southern arm emerges on the east-northeast end of the bar as a brighter patch
or OB association that contains #2-3, matching the west end. A group of stars is just east, beyond
this patch. The arm extends ~6.5'
SW and is bordered by several stars; a mag 14.5 star is on the south edge
before the middle of the arm, a mag 16 star 1.3' due south of this star and two
mag 15/16 stars are on the inside (northern edge) beyond the middle of the arm.
A very small, very faint knot is near the southwest tip of the arm. The arm dims significantly at this
point but bends and continues another 2' NW.
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): viewed SN2012fr, a type Ia
supernova, as a mag 12 star situated just 2" west and 52" north of
the center of NGC 1365.
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is the best visual barred spiral in
the sky and although it was only at 33¡ elevation (well past the meridian), the
view was stunning at 200x with its long sweeping arms making a slashing cosmic "Z"
in the eyepiece. I was also
surprised by the structure in the fairly small, extremely bright core that is
embedded in the 3' E-W bar. On the
north edge of the mottled core, a very short, hooking appendage extended
towards the northeast with a fainter counterpart on the southwest end. This gave the small core the appearance
of a tiny barred spiral! At the
west end of the bar a bright arm emerges, dramatically sweeping back to the NNE
(sharp 110¡ angle) beyond a mag 13 star that is situated near the 1/3 mark of
its total length. The counterpart
on the east end of the bar shoots to the southwest, reaching a faint star at
its end. The total distance
between the tips of the arms is roughly 10'.
20" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): At 127x and 212x, NGC 1365 appeared as an
amazing two-armed barred spiral, similar to the photographic appearance. The core is a quite bright, bulging
oval embedded in a larger bar oriented ~E-W. Attached at opposite ends of the bar are two long, graceful
arms that extend quite a distance and are nearly straight. The arm attached on the west side of
the bar wraps around a mag 12.5 star about 1' NW of the core and extends well
beyond towards the NNE. The
opposite arm attached on the following end is slightly fainter and shoots
towards the SSW. The tips of the
outer arms dramatically increase the total size of the galaxy.
18"
(12/30/08): although a pale imitation of the view from Australia, with careful
viewing at 175x the spiral arm attached at the west end of the central bar was
faintly visible sweeping to the NNE for ~3' in length. The counterpart on the SE side was not
seen.
13"
(12/22/84): bright, elongated core, large, 3' diameter, very diffuse outer
halo. Member of the Fornax I
cluster.
8"
(1/1/84): fairly bright, fairly large, bright core, diffuse halo, broad
concentration.
8"
(9/25/81): moderately large, elongated, gradually brighter core.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1365 = D 562 = h2552 on 2 Sep 1826 with his 9" reflector
from Parramatta and described "a pretty large faint round nebula, about 3
1/2' diameter, gradual slight condensation to the centre, very faint at the
margin." He made two
observations but his published position is off by 10 tmin in RA. By examining Dunlop's original papers,
Glen Cozens found a copying error, and when corrected his position falls ~8' E
of NGC 1365.
NGC 1365 was
independently discovered by John Herschel on 28 Nov 1837 and described as
"A very remarkable nebula. A decided link between the nebula M 51 and M
27. Centre very bright; somewhat extended; gradually very much brighter to the
middle; a 13th magnitude star near the edge of the halo involved. The area of
the halo very faint; general position of the longer axis 20.8 degrees. whole
breadth = 3'. See Pl. IV. fig. 1."
The next night he made a second observation and logged "very
bright, extended, resolvable nucleus; or has 2 or 3 stars involved; the
preceding Arc is the brighter. I think the oval is in some degree filled up to
the south." The NGC
attributes Herschel with the discovery.
Based on his size estimate, he may have only observed the central
region.
******************************
NGC 1366 = ESO
418-010 = MCG -05-09-013 = PGC 13197
03 33 53.7 -31
11 39
V = 12.0; Size 2.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 2d
13.1" (10/10/86):
fairly faint, small, bright core, thin faint extensions 2:1 N-S,
1.0'x0.5'. Located 6.8' S of mag
6.2 SAO 194375.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1366 = H III-857 = h2553 on 9 Oct 1790 (sweep 972) and recorded
"vF, S, irr F, lbM." His
position is at the south edge of the galaxy.
******************************
NGC 1367 = NGC
1371 = ESO 482-010 = MCG -04-09-029 = UGCA 79 = PGC 13255
03 35 00.7 -24
56 04
See observing
notes for NGC 1371.
Ormond Stone
found NGC 1367 = LM I-106 in 1886 with the 26-inch Clark refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 13.0 [bright], *9, nf
5.0'." His rough position is
a good match with NGC 1371 (discovered by WH) and his comment about the nearby
star clinches the equivalence.
Dorothy Carlson and Harold Corwin both conclude NGC 1371 = NGC 1367,
with NGC 1371 the primary designation.
******************************
NGC 1368 = MCG
-03-10-012 = PGC 13247
03 34 58.9 -15
39 23
V = 14.2; Size 1.3'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 108d
18"
(11/26/03): very faint, small, elongated 5:3 NW-SE, 0.7'x0.4', weak
concentration, very small bright core.
Forms an isosceles triangle with a mag 14 star 1.8' ESE and a mag 14.9
2.5' NE. NGC 1372 lies 32' SE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1368 = LM I-107 on 12 Nov 1885 with the 26"
refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. His rough position falls 3' S of MCG -03-10-012 = PGC
13247. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin
Observatory. MCG does not label
this galaxy as NGC 1368.
******************************
NGC 1369 = ESO
358-034 = MCG -06-09-004 = LGG 096-019 = PGC 13330
03 36 45.2 -36
15 24
V = 12.8; Size 1.5'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 12d
18"
(12/30/08): faint, fairly small, irregularly round, ~0.9'x0.8', very weak
concentration. Located 4.3' NW of
mag 7.2 HD 22621 and 39' ESE of NGC 1365.
This is a relatively bright member of the Fornax I cluster that was
missed by John Herschel. Listed as
nonexistent in the RNGC due to a poor position by Julius Schmidt.
Julius Schmidt
discovered NGC 1369 on 19 Jan 1865 with the 6.2" refractor at the Athens
Observatory during his survey on the Fornax Cluster (nebula "b" in
his table). There is nothing at
his position, which is 9.4' SE of NGC 1365. Interestingly, NGC 1365 is the previous entry in his table
(AN 2097, p137) and that position is very accurate. The entry that follows NGC 1369 is a bright star (assigned
mag 5.6), which supposedly follows NGC 1369 by 7 sec in RA and 2.4' S, though
its position must also be in error.
Harold Corwin states that if Schmidt made 3 min error in RA for both
objects (change 27 to 30), then NGC 1369 = ESO 358-034 = PGC 13330 and the
bright star (4.5' SE) is mag 7.2 HD 22621. ESO-LV (surface photometry catalogue) and RC3 identify NGC
1369 = ESO 358-034 but the ESO-Uppsala catalogue and MCG do not label this
galaxy as NGC 1369. The RNGC calls
this number nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 1370 = ESO
548-048 = MCG -03-10-013 = LGG 095-002 = PGC 13265
03 35 14.5 -20
22 26
V = 12.6; Size 1.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 50d
17.5"
(12/9/01): fairly faint, small, elongated 4:3 SW-NE, 0.6'x0.4'. Situated exactly midway between two mag
13/14 stars just off the NW and SE flanks (both ~40" from center)! NGC 1362 lies 20' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1370 = H III-559 = H III-960 = h2554 on 20 Sep 1786 (sweep 597)
and logged III 559 as "3 vS stars in a line, with vF nebulosity. On 19 Dec 1799 (sweep 1091) he noted
III 960 as "vF, vS, 300 confirmed it." His position on both sweeps are pretty close to ESO 548-048
and clearly his first description (III-559) mentioning "3 vS stars in a
line" applies to this galaxy (one of the "stars" is the
nucleus). In the CGH catalogue, JH assigned the first H-designation to
h2551 = NGC 1362 and the second to h2554 = NGC 1370. Auwers has a note to
III 559, commenting on the large discrepancy in position with h2551 (87 seconds
in RA and 4' in Dec). In the GC, JH decided to reverse the assignment of
his father's numbers and Dreyer copied this in the NGC. But both observations refer to NGC
1370. JH made 3 observations,
recording on 11 Dec 1835, "vF; R; situated exactly between 2 stars 14th
mag."
******************************
NGC 1371 = NGC
1367 = ESO 482-010 = MCG -04-09-029 = UGCA 79 = LGG 097-012 = PGC 13255
03 35 01.3 -24
56 00
V = 10.7; Size 5.6'x3.9'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 135d
17.5"
(11/26/94): fairly bright, moderately bright, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 2.5'x1.5',
halo fades into the background.
Very bright elongated core 30" diameter increases to a stellar
nucleus. A mag 8.3 star SAO 168653
(wide double at 53" with a mag 11.5 star) is 4.5' NE. NGC 1360 lies one degree SSW.
8"
(10/13/81): faint, moderately large, bright core, diffuse halo.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1371 = H II-262 = h2555 on 17 Nov 1784 (sweep 321) and logged
"F, a little & irr E above 1' in dia." His position is ~5' north of ESO 482-010 = PGC 13255. JH called the galaxy "B, L, R,
psbM, 2'." and noted a 4' error in the PD in his working list from
Caroline Herschel.
Ormond Stone
independently found the galaxy in 1886 and recorded LM I-106 as "mag 13.0
[bright], *9, nf 5.0'." His
rough position is a good match with H II-262 = NGC 1371 and his comment about
the nearby star clinches the equivalence.
Dorothy Carlson and Harold Corwin both conclude NGC 1371 = NGC 1367,
with NGC 1371 the primary designation.
******************************
NGC 1372 = PGC
13346
03 36 59.7 -15
52 53
V = 14.3; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2
18"
(11/23/05): very faint, extremely small, round, 15"-20"
diameter. A mag 14.5 star lies 1'
SW. NGC 1388 lies 17' E and NGC
1368 32' WNW.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1372 = LM I-108 on 12 Nov 1885 with the 26"
refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. His rough position (nearest min of RA) is 0.9 tmin west of
PGC 13346.
******************************
NGC 1373 = ESO
358-021 = MCG -06-08-028 = PGC 13252
03 34 59.2 -35
10 16
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 131d
18"
(12/17/11): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 NW-SE, 40"x30",
broad concentration. Smallest and
faintest in a trio with NGC 1374 and 1375 about 6' SE.
13.1"
(12/22/84): very faint, extremely small.
First of three with NGC 1374 4.8' SE and NGC 1375 6.8' SE. Member of the Fornax I cluster member.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1373 = h2556 on 29 Nov 1837 and recorded "eF, vS, the
preceding of three [with NGC 1374 and 1375]." His position is quite poor and lands at the southwest edge
of NGC 1374, so clearly there was some problem. When Julius Schmidt observed the field he measured an
accurate position for NGC 1374, but was unsure of its identification and has no
measurement for NGC 1373. Still,
there are only three galaxies here, and Herschel's description is appropriate
for ESO 358-021 = PGC 13252.
******************************
NGC 1374 = ESO
358-023 = MCG -06-08-029 = PGC 13267
03 35 16.6 -35
13 35
V = 11.1; Size 2.5'x2.3'; Surf Br = 12.9
18"
(12/17/11): very bright, moderately large, round, 1.2' diameter. Contains a relatively large intense
core that increases to the center.
Forms a striking pair with NGC 1375 2.3' S of center. NGC 1373 lies 4.9' NW and
13.1"
(12/22/84): fairly bright, round, bright core. In a close trio with NGC 1375 2' S and NGC 1373 4.8'
NW. Member of the Fornax I
cluster.
8"
(10/13/81): faint, small, round.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1374 = h2557 (along with NGC 1373 = h2556 and NGC 1375 = h2558)
on 29 Nov 1837, recording "vB, pL, lE, gmbM, the 2nd of three." His
position is 1.6' ENE of center (similar offset as NGC 1375). Julius Schmidt measured a more accurate
position with the 6.2" refractor at the Athens Observatory.
******************************
NGC 1375 = ESO
358-024 = MCG -06-08-030 = PGC 13266
03 35 16.8 -35
15 57
V = 12.4; Size 2.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 91d
18"
(12/17/11): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 5:2 E-W, 1.4'x0.6'. Broad concentration with a fairly large
brighter core. Forms a striking
pair with NGC 1374 2.3' N.
13.1"
(12/22/84): fairly faint, edge-on streak 3:1 E-W. In a trio with NGC 1374 2.4' N and NGC 1373 6.8' NW. Member of the Fornax I cluster.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1375 = h2558 in the Fornax Cluster and described "B, S, lE,
pmbM; the 3d of 3 [with NGC 1373 and 137] of the same RA as the
second." His RA is 7 sec too
large, but Julius Schmidt's position (measured on 19 Jan 1865 with the
6.2" refractor at the Athens Observatory and listed as nebula
"c") is accurate in RA.
******************************
NGC 1376 = MCG
-01-10-011 = PGC 13352
03 37 05.9 -05
02 34
V = 12.1; Size 2.0'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 95d
17.5"
(11/25/87): moderately bright, fairly large, slightly elongated, diffuse, weak
concentration.
13"
(12/7/85): moderately bright, round, moderately large, weak concentration,
diffuse.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1376 = H II-288 = h303 on 28 Jan 1785 (sweep 359) and logged
"F, pL, irr R, r." His
position is 1.7' NNE of ESO 548-051 = PGC 13324. JH measured an accurate position on sweep 96 (Oct 1821),
calling it "L; the faintest thing imaginable."
******************************
NGC 1377 = ESO
548-051 = MCG -04-09-033 = PGC 13324
03 36 39.0 -20
54 05
V = 12.5; Size 1.8'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 92d
17.5"
(12/9/01): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 E-W, bright core,
1.2'x0.6'. Located 11' W of mag
9.5 SAO 168686. Located one degree
NE of 19 (Tau 5) Eridani. Member
of large LGG 97 group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1377 = H II-961 = h2560 on 19 Dec 1799 (sweep 1091) and noted
"vF, vS." JH made two
observations from the Cape of Good Hope, recording it as "F, S, R, bM, 15
arcsec."
******************************
NGC 1378 = ESO
358-**030
03 35 58.2 -35
12 40
=**, Carlson
& ESO. Not found, de
Vaucouleurs
Julius Schmidt
discovered NGC 1378 on 19 Jan 1865 with the 6.2-inch refractor at the Athens
Observatory during his survey of the Fornax Cluster (nebula "d" in
his table). His position
corresponds with an 11" double star (brighter component mag 13.2) and ESO,
Dorothy Carlson and Harold Corwin identify NGC 1378 with these two stars.
******************************
NGC 1379 = ESO
358-027 = MCG -06-09-001 = PGC 13299
03 36 04.0 -35
26 29
V = 10.9; Size 2.4'x2.3'; Surf Br = 12.8
18"
(12/17/11): very bright, fairly large, round, 1.6' diameter. Well concentrated
with a very bright 20" core that increases to a bright, stellar
nucleus. Slightly larger NGC 1387
lies 11.5' SE and elongated NGC 1381 is 10.5' NE.
13.1"
(12/22/84): bright, almost round, bright core, almost stellar nucleus. Forms a right angle with NGC 1387 11.5'
SE and NGC 1381 10' NE. Member of
the Fornax I cluster.
8"
(10/13/81): faint, small, round, bright core.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1379 = h2561 on 25 Dec 1835 and reported a "Globular
cluster, pB, R, gpmbM, 70 arcsec."
His position corresponds with ESO 358-027 = PGC 13299 and he also
described a few other galaxies in the Fornax cluster as globulars.
******************************
NGC 1380 = ESO
358-028 = MCG -06-09-002 = PGC 13318
03 36 27.5 -34
58 31
V = 9.9; Size 4.8'x2.3'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 7d
18"
(12/17/11): extremely bright, large, elongated ~5:3 N-S, ~3.0'x1.8'. Sharply concentrated with an intense,
elongated core that brightens to the center, though there was no evident
nucleus. A mag 13.5 star is
superimposed ~0.9' SW of center.
This is one of the brightest Fornax cluster galaxies.
13.1"
(12/22/84): very bright, elongated 2:1 N-S, bright core, faint elongated
halo. A very faint mag 14 star is
SW of the core 1.2' from the center.
Member of Fornax I cluster.
8"
(10/13/81): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated, bright core.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1380 = D 574 = h2559 on 2 Sep 1826 with his 9" reflector
from Parramatta and recorded "a rather faint pretty well-defined
elliptical nebula, about 1' long, and 50" broad, a little brighter to the
centre." Dunlop made a single observation and his position is well off,
19.5' ESE of ESO 358-028 = PGC 13318.
JH made a single observation on his sweep of 19 Oct 1835 and logged
"very bright; large; round; pretty suddenly brighter towards the middle; A
fine nebula." He added: "The obs. of the place like that of Dunlop
591 above was lost by setting the instrument on the place given in Mr Dunlop's
Catalogue, and relying on his RA (3h 31m) which is too great, instead of
sweeping over them, when they could not have escaped being regularly
taken."
******************************
NGC 1381 = ESO
358-029 = MCG -06-09-003 = PGC 13321
03 36 31.6 -35
17 43
V = 11.5; Size 2.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 139d
18"
(12/17/11): fairly bright, fairly large, very elongated 3:1 NW-SE,
1.6'x0.5'. Sharply concentrated
with a small, very bright core that increases to the center. A mag 14 star lies 1.8' SE and a
similar star is 3' NW. Situated
nearly at the midpoint of a line connecting NGC 1382 10' NE and NGC 1379 10'
SW. NGC 1374/1375 pair is ~15'
WNW.
13.1"
(12/22/84): fairly bright, edge-on 3:1 NW-SE, bright core, faint elongated
halo. A mag 14 star is 1.8' SE of
center. Member of the Fornax I
cluster with NGC 1379 10' SW and NGC 1387 14' SSE.
8"
(10/13/81): faint, small, elongated.
Julius Schmidt
discovered NGC 1381 on 19 Jan 1865 with the 6.2-inch refractor at the Athens
Observatory during his survey of the Fornax Cluster (nebula "e" in
his table). His position is an
excellent match with ESO 358-029 = PGC 13321. Of the 11 "new" objects listed by Schmidt in his
table, two are clearly duplicates (object "a" = NGC 1318 = NGC 1317
and object "c" = NGC 1375).
Of the remaining 9, only 4 have accurate positions that can be matched
up with certainty.
******************************
NGC 1382 = NGC
1380B = ESO 358-037 = MCG -06-09-009 = PGC 13354
03 37 09.0 -35
11 42
V = 12.9; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 179d
18"
(12/17/11): fairly faint, moderately large, round, 0.8' diameter. Fairly low surface brightness with only
a broad, mild concentration and no core or zones. NGC 1381 lies 9.6' SW.
13.1"
(12/22/84): very faint, round, fairly small, very diffuse. On a line with NGC 1381 9.5' SW and NGC
1379 20' SW. Member of the Fornax
I cluster.
Julius Schmidt
discovered NGC 1382 on 19 Jan 1865 with the 6.2-inch refractor at the Athens
Observatory during his survey of the Fornax Cluster (nebula "f" in
his table). There is nothing at
his position, but Schmidt's position is 37 sec of RA east and 1.7' S is ESO
358-037 = PGC 13354 and there are no other nearby candidates. His position for NGC 1381, the previous
object is his list, is accurate so this identification is not 100% certain as
Schmidt did not provide visual descriptions. de Vaucouleurs called this galaxy
NGC 1380B in the RC1. See Harold Corwin's notes for more.
******************************
NGC 1383 = ESO
548-053 = MCG -03-10-015 = PGC 13377
03 37 39.2 -18
20 22
V = 12.5; Size 1.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 91d
17.5"
(12/11/99): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 E-W, 1.0'x0.6',
well concentrated. Situated
between two mag 13/14.5 stars 1.5' SW and NE. First in a group of 7 NGC galaxies including NGC 1400 and
NGC 1407.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1383 = h2562 on 11 Dec 1835 and recorded "pF, vS, R,
psmbM." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1384 = MCG
+03-10-003 = CGCG 465-004 = PGC 13448
03 39 13.5 +15
49 08
V = 14.4; Size 0.8'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 145d
17.5"
(11/2/91): very faint, very small, round.
A mag 13.5 star is 1.2' WNW of center. Located 3.5' WSW of mag 8.6 SAO 93537.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 1384 = m 90 on 20 Oct 1864 with William Lassell's 48" on
Malta and noted a "neb * 13."
His position falls very close to a faint, unequal double star but Harold
Corwin notes that 1.6' S is CGCG 465-004 = PGC 13448 and this galaxy has a mag
13.5 star superimposed (mentioned in my visual notes) that matches Marth's
description.
******************************
NGC 1385 = ESO
482-016 = MCG -04-09-036 = PGC 13368
03 37 28.8 -24
30 07
V = 10.9; Size 3.4'x2.0'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 165d
17.5"
(11/26/94): fairly bright, moderately large. Dimensions are 2.5'x2.0' slightly elongated N-S, but with an
irregular appearance. A bright bar
appears to extend through the galaxy WNW-ESE surrounded by an irregular patchy
halo more elongated N-S. Spiral
structure is strongly suggested with a spiral arm on the NE side. The galaxy appears more extensive north
of the bar. Located within a 10'
string of four mag 11-12 stars oriented SW-NE.
8"
(10/13/81): faint, fairly small, brighter core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1385 = H II-263 = h2563 on 17 Nov 1784 (sweep 321) and recorded
"F but less bright than the last [NGC 1371], bM, about 1.5'
dia." His position is 4' too
far north-northwest. JH called it
"B, R, gpmbM, 40 arcsec" and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 1386 = ESO
358-035 = MCG -06-09-005 = PGC 13333
03 36 46.2 -35
59 58
V = 11.2; Size 3.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 25d
18"
(12/17/11): bright or very bright, large, elongated 5:2 SW-NE, 2.5'x1.0'. Gradually brighter outer halo, then
sharply concentrated with a very bright, elongated core that increases towards
the center. NGC 1389 lies 16' NNE.
13.1"
(1/1/84): moderately bright, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, bright core. NGC 1389 lies 16' NNE and NGC 1369 15'
S (not observed). Located 5.2' NNW
of mag 9.5 SAO 194401. Member of
the Fornax I cluster.
8"
(1/1/84): fairly faint, bright core, almost round.
Julius Schmidt
discovered NGC 1386 on 19 Jan 1865 with the 6.2-inch refractor at the Athens
Observatory during his survey of the Fornax Cluster (nebula "g" in
his table). His position is at the east edge of ESO 358-035 = PGC 13333.
******************************
NGC 1387 = ESO
358-036 = MCG -06-09-007 = PGC 13344
03 36 56.8 -35
30 24
V = 10.7; Size 2.8'x2.8'; Surf Br = 12.8
18"
(12/17/11): at 285x appeared bright to very bright, fairly large, round, 2'
diameter. Sharply concentrated
with a very bright 25"-30" core that increases to a stellar or
quasi-stellar nucleus. Bracketed
at low power by NGC 1379 11.5' WNW and NGC 1399 19' ENE.
13.1"
(12/22/84): moderately bright, small, round, possible faint stellar
nucleus. Member of Fornax I
cluster. NGC 1381 lies 14' NNW and
NGC 1379 11.5' WNW.
8"
(10/13/81): faint, small, round, broad concentration.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1387 = h2564 on 25 Dec 1835 and described a "globular
cluster, vB, R, gmbM, 90 arcseconds, A globular cluster in all probability
identical with this, was also seen in Sweep 636, while searching beyond the
meridian for Dunlop 562." His
position is accurate. He also
described a few other galaxies in the Fornax cluster as globulars (NGCs 1310,
1379, 1399 and 1436).
******************************
NGC 1388 = PGC
13402
03 38 12.0 -15
53 58
V = 13.9; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(12/9/01): very faint, small, round, 20" diameter. Forms the eastern vertex of a triangle
with a mag 11.5 star 4.5' W and a mag 13 star 3' SW. NGC 1372 lies 17' W.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1388 = LM I-109 on 12 Nov 1885 with the 26"
refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. His rough position (nearest min of RA) happens to be fairly
accurate in this case, falling 2.4' SE of PGC 13402.
******************************
NGC 1389 = ESO
358-038 = MCG -06-09-010 = PGC 13360
03 37 11.7 -35
44 46
V = 11.5; Size 2.3'x1.4'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 30d
18"
(12/17/11): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 SW-NE,
60"x40". Moderately
concentrated with a brighter core and a thin fainter halo. Forms the SW vertex of a trapezoid with
a mag 10 star 3' N, and two mag 12 stars 3' E and 3.7' NE.
13.1"
(1/1/84): moderately bright, small, almost round, weak concentration. Member of Fornax I cluster.
8"
(1/1/84): faint, small, round.
Julius Schmidt
discovered NGC 1389 on 19 Jan 1865 with the 6.2-inch refractor at the Athens
Observatory during his survey of the Fornax Cluster (nebula "h" on
his list). His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1390 = ESO
548-054 = MCG -03-10-017 = LGG 095-003 = PGC 13386
03 37 52.1 -19
00 30
V = 13.7; Size 1.4'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 19d
17.5"
(1/12/02): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE, 1.0'x0.4'. Very weak concentration along the major
axis. Situated 6' N of a mag 9.8
star and ~40' SW of the NGC 1407 group.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 1390 = LM II-372 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory and noted "mag 14.0, 1.0'x0.6', E
260¡." There is nothing at
his position but 16 sec of RA west and 2' N is ESO 548-054 = PGC 13386, the
only nearby candidate. His PA was
measured incorrectly, though (should read 20¡).
******************************
NGC 1391 = ESO
548-059 = MCG -03-10-020 = PGC 13436
03 38 52.9 -18
21 15
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 65d
17.5"
(12/11/99): faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 ~E-W, very weak
concentration. Located between NGC
1393 5.6' SW and NGC 1394 5.0' NE in the NGC 1407 group.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1391 = LM II-373 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at Leander McCormick Observatory.
His description reads "mag 15.4, 0.4' dia, R, gbMN, 1st of 3, one
of which is GC 742 [NGC 1383].
There is nothing at his position, but 28 tsec of RA east is ESO 548-059
= PGC 13436 and Ormond Stone's micrometrically measured RA matches this
galaxy. Leavenworth described NGC
1391 as the "1st of 3, one of which is GC 742 [NGC 1383]", but it
should read "2nd of 3" as NGC 1393 is further west. Herbert Howe caught this error in his
NGC visual survey.
******************************
NGC 1392
03 37 30 -37 08
=Not found,
Corwin. =ESO 358-G40, ESO.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1392 = Sw VI-15 on 13 Feb 1887 with a 16" refractor and
recorded "vF; pS; R."
There is nothing at his position, though Swift noted the declination was
uncertain. Swift has a long note
at the end of his 6th list about his entries VI-14 and VI-15, as he assumed
VI-14 referred to the Great Comet 1887-I, though not at the expected position,
and VI-15 = NGC 1392 was roughly 4' north of it. ESO misidentifies ESO 358-040 (one degree north of Swift's
position) as NGC 1392. RNGC misidentifies
ESO 358-034 (53' SSE of Swift's position) as NGC 1392. Corwin concludes NGC 1392 is lost as
these other candidates are merely guesses. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 1393 = ESO
548-058 = MCG -03-10-019 = PGC 13425
03 38 38.5 -18
25 41
V = 12.0; Size 1.9'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 170d
17.5"
(12/11/99): moderately bright, moderately large, slightly elongated ~N-S, 1'
diameter, bright core. Member of
the NGC 1407 group. First of three on a line with NGC 1391 5.6' NE and NGC 1394
10' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1393 = H III-451 = h2565 on 6 Oct 1785 (sweep 459) and recorded
"vF, S, R." JH logged
"pF, R, glbM, 30".", and measured an accurate position. Both Herschels missed nearby NGC 1391
and NGC 1394 to the northeast.
******************************
NGC 1394 = ESO
548-060 = MCG -03-10-021 = PGC 13444
03 39 06.9 -18
17 32
V = 12.8; Size 1.3'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 5d
17.5"
(12/11/99): fairly faint, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 0.8'x0.4', small bright
core. A mag 13 star lies 1.6'
N. Third of three on a line with
NGC 1393 and NGC 1391.
Francis Leavenworth
discovered NGC 1394 = LM II-374 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 14.5, 0.4'x0.2', E 170¡,
sbMN, 3rd of 3." There is
nothing at his position, but 30 sec of RA east is ESO 548-060 = PGC 13444 and
his description matches this galaxy (PA should read 10¡). Ormond Stone's corrected position in
the IC 1 notes is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1395 = ESO
482-019 = MCG -04-09-039 = PGC 13419
03 38 29.8 -23
01 41
V = 9.6; Size 5.9'x4.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 126d
13.1"
(10/10/86): bright, fairly small, oval 4:3 ~E-W, very bright core, fainter
halo. Two faint mag 14 stars lie
on the west and north edges 1.0' from center. Brightest in a group of five with NGC 1401, NGC 1403, NGC
1415 and NGC 1416.
8"
(10/13/81): fairly bright, small, round, small bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1395 = H I-58 = h2566 on 17 Nov 1784 (sweep 321) and logged
"B, S, lE, mbM." JH
recorded "vB, pmE, psmbM, 60" long", and measured an accurate position
(2 sweeps).
******************************
NGC 1396 = LGG
098-006 = PGC 13398
03 38 06.5 -35
26 24
V = 13.8; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 90d
18"
(12/17/11): extremely faint, small, slightly elongated, ~20" diameter, low
surface brightness. Requires
averted vision and no details visible.
Located just 4.7' W of NGC 1399 (second brightest galaxy in the Fornax
cluster).
18"
(12/30/08): extremely faint, very small, slightly elongated,
20"x15". Required
averted to glimpse though the observation may have been affected by clouds or
contrails. Located 4.7' W of NGC
1399 in the Fornax I cluster.
Due to a poor
position by Julius Schmidt (14' due south) and the faintness of this galaxy
(discovered with a 6-inch refractor), the identification is uncertain.
Julius Schmidt
discovered NGC 1396 on 19 Jan 1865 with the 6.2-inch refractor at the Athens
Observatory during his survey of the Fornax Cluster (nebula "i" in
his table). There is nothing at
his position of 03 38 01 -35 40 17 (2000), and the RNGC classifies NGC 1396 as
nonexistent. The Southern Galaxy
Catalogue and RC3, though, identify PGC 13398 as NGC 1396. This galaxy is 14' due north of
Schmidt's location and places NGC 1396 just 5' WNW of the bright elliptical NGC
1399. Harold Corwin feels this
galaxy is a reasonable match and the only faint candidate in the vicinity. See Harold Corwin's historical notes
and my RNGC Corrections #6. But
I'm not convinced that Schmidt could have picked up this galaxy with a 6"
refractor as it was quite faint in my 18-inch, at least from northern
California.
******************************
NGC 1397 = MCG
-01-10-017 = PGC 13485
03 39 47.2 -04
40 12
V = 13.7; Size 1.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 14.4
17.5"
(11/25/87): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated NW-SE, weak concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1397 = H III-569 on 30 Sep 1786 (sweep 608) and recorded
"eF, lE, easily resolvable."
His position (re-reduced by Auwers) is just 1.3' NE of MCG -01-10-017 =
PGC 13485. JH thought his
observation of h305 applied to this galaxy, but actually he discovered IC 344.
******************************
NGC 1398 = ESO
482-022 = MCG -04-09-040 = PGC 13434
03 38 52.0 -26
20 13
V = 9.7; Size 7.1'x5.4'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 100d
17.5"
(11/26/94): very bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 N-S, 2.2'x1.1', well
concentrated with a very bright 30" rounder core and a stellar
nucleus. NGC 1360 lies 1.3¡ NW.
8"
(10/13/81): fairly bright, moderately large, round, bright core.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 1398, along with an independent discovery of NGC 1360, on 9 Oct
1861 using his own 4-in Steinheil refractor from Marseille. Tempel didn't announce the discovery
until May 1882 and in the meantime it was independently found by August
Winnecke on 17 Dec 1868 with a 4.5" refractor at Karlsruhe and Eugen Block
(AN 2287) on 18 Oct 1879 with a 4" refractor at Odessa. This is the brightest galaxy discovered
by Tempel (V = 9.7) and the most southerly.
******************************
NGC 1399 = ESO
358-045 = MCG -06-09-012 = PGC 13418
03 38 29.0 -35
27 04
V = 9.6; Size 6.9'x6.5'; Surf Br = 13.7
18"
(12/17/11): very bright, large, round, 3' diameter. The outer halo has a fairly low surface brightness but the
central portion is sharply concentrated with a very bright 35" core. The core continues to brighten
significantly to a quasi-stellar nucleus.
A star is superimposed less than 20" NNE of center. Brighter of a pair with NGC 1404 10'
SSE.
13.1"
(12/22/84): bright, large faint halo is broadly concentrated, brighter core. A star is superimposed 0.3' N of the
center. This galaxy is the second
brightest and second largest in the core of the Fornax I cluster. NGC 1404 is 10' SE.
8"
(10/13/81): fairly bright, round, bright core.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1399 = h2569 on 22 Oct 1835 and recorded a "globular
cluster, vB, pL, psbM, resolvable or resolved, 2'." He also described a few other galaxies
in the Fornax cluster as globulars (NGCs 1310, 1379, 1387 and 1436).
******************************
NGC 1400 = ESO
548-062 = MCG -03-10-022 = PGC 13470
03 39 30.8 -18
41 17
V = 11.0; Size 2.3'x2.0'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 40d
17.5"
(12/11/99): fairly bright, moderately large, slightly elongated, brighter core,
stellar nucleus. Smaller and fainter than NGC 1407 11' NE. Possible member of the NGC 1407 group.
13"
(1/18/85): moderately bright, small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus, small
faint halo. Forms a wide pair with
NGC 1407 11.6' NE.
8"
(10/13/81): faint, very small, round.
Situated 11' SW of NGC 1407.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1400 = H II-593 = h2567 on 20 Sep 1786 (sweep 597) and recorded
"pB, pS, R, resembling the following [NGC 1407], but much less." JH noted "B, R, psmbM, 30"."
******************************
NGC 1401 = ESO
482-026 = MCG -04-09-042 = PGC 13457
03 39 21.9 -22
43 29
V = 12.3; Size 2.4'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 130d
13.1"
(10/10/86): faint, small, edge-on 4:1 NW-SE, bright core. A mag 13.5 star is just 0.4' N of
center. NGC 1403 lies 20' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1401 = H III-247 = h2568 on 9 Dec 1784 (sweep 331) and noted
"eF, vS." His
position is 23 sec of RA too far east, but JH measured an accurate
position. I'm surprised neither
noted the elongation.
******************************
NGC 1402 = ESO
548-061 = MCG -03-10-023 = PGC 13467
03 39 30.5 -18
31 37
V = 13.6; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 88d
17.5"
(12/11/99): fairly faint, small, round, gradually increases to a small brighter
core. Located 10' S of NGC 1400 in
a group.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1402 = LM II-376 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at the Leander McCormick Observatory.
His position essentially matches ESO 548-061 = PGC 13467.
******************************
NGC 1403 = ESO
482-025 = MCG -04-09-041 = PGC 13445
03 39 10.8 -22 23
18
V = 12.7; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 175d
17.5"
(11/2/91): fairly faint, small, 40" diameter, small bright core surrounded
by a very faint halo, almost stellar nucleus. A mag 14.5 star is just off the west edge 30" from the
center. A bright wide double star
mag 8/10.5 at 30" is located 4' NNE.
NGC 1401 lies 20' S.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1403 = LM II-375 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at the Leander McCormick Observatory.
His position is 0.2 min of RA due east of ESO 482-025 = PGC 13445.
******************************
NGC 1404 = ESO
358-046 = MCG -06-09-013 = PGC 13433
03 38 52.1 -35
35 38
V = 10.0; Size 3.3'x3.0'; Surf Br = 12.5
18"
(12/17/11): very bright, moderately large, round, 1.5' diameter. The outer halo gradually increases then
brightens fairly rapidly to a small, very bright core. The core increases to the center but
there a stellar nucleus was not seen.
A mag 12-12.5 star is 45" SE, at the edge of the halo. Mag 8.1 HD 22862 lies 2.8' SE. NGC 1404 is smaller but has an overall
higher surface brightness than NGC 1399, located 10' NNW. NGC 1396 lies 4.6' W.
At 285x,
supernova 2011iv, discovered on Dec 2, was easily visible just 7" W and
8" N of center. The supernova
was similar in brightness to the mag 12-12.5 star at or just off the southeast
edge of the halo.
13.1"
(12/22/84): bright, fairly small, round, bright core. Located just 2.8' NNW of mag 8.1 SAO 194428. NGC 1399 lies 10' NW. Member of Fornax I cluster.
8"
(10/13/81): fairly bright, small, round, bright core. A mag 8 star is close SSE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1404 = h2571 on 28 Nov 1837 and recorded (the following night)
"vB, R, psmbM, 40", has a star N.f." His position is accurate, though the star is south
following.
******************************
NGC 1405 = MCG
-03-10-028 = PGC 13512
03 40 18.9 -15
31 48
V = 15.6; Size 1.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 15.1; PA = 153d
17.5"
(12/9/01): extremely faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE,
0.6'x0.3'. Requires averted to
glimpse. Located 5' NNE of
brighter NGC 1413.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1405 = LM I-110 (along with NGC 1413 = I-111) on 26
Dec 1885 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick and logged "mag
16.0, pL, vE 150¡, glbM, sev vF st inv." His rough position (nearest minute of RA) is accurate and
the position angle matches, though no are stars involved (noted first by
Herbert Howe in 1900). Howe
measured an accurate RA in 1899-00 at Denver.
******************************
NGC 1406 = ESO
418-015 = MCG -05-09-020 = UGCA 83 = PGC 13458
03 39 23.1 -31
19 18
V = 11.8; Size 3.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 15d
13.1"
(1/18/85): fairly faint, edge-on 5:1 SSW-NNE, moderately large, 3.0'x0.6,
brighter core, dims at ends of extensions. Located 16' ESE of mag 7.4 SAO 194416.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1406 = h2572 on 18 Nov 1835 and accurately recorded "F,
vmE, vglbM, 2' l, 20" br; *7 mag precedes in parallel."
******************************
NGC 1407 = ESO
548-067 = MCG -03-10-030 = LGG 100-004 = PGC 13505
03 40 11.8 -18
34 48
V = 9.7; Size 4.6'x4.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 35d
17.5"
(12/11/99): bright, moderately large, round, 1.5' diameter, bright core, nearly
stellar nucleus. Brightest in the
NGC 1407 Group (LGG 100), which includes 8 NGC galaxies and IC 343.
13" (1/18/85):
bright, fairly small, bright core, stellar nucleus. Forms a wide pair with NGC 1400 11.6' SW.
8"
(10/13/81): bright, small, round, small bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1407 = H I-107 = h2570 on 6 Oct 1785 (sweep 459) and recorded
"B, R, mbM or large nucleus, about 1.5' diameter." JH logged it as
"vB, L, R, first vg then vs, vmbM; 3'."
******************************
NGC 1408 = ESO
358-?048
03 39 24 -35 31
=Not found,
RNGC, Corwin and ESO.
Julius Schmidt
discovered NGC 1408 on 19 Jan 1865 with the 6.2-inch refractor at the Athens
Observatory during his survey of the Fornax Cluster (nebula "k" in
his table). There is nothing near
his position, though a 20" pair of mag 14.5/15.5 stars is 1.6' NW and a
slightly close pair of mag 13.5/15 star is 4' SE. Either might apply, so this number is considered lost. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 1409 = VV
729 = III Zw 55 = MCG +00-10-011 = CGCG 391-028 = PGC 13553
03 41 10.4 -01
18 08
V = 13.9; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 130d
17.5"
(10/24/87): faint, small, oval SSW-NNE.
This is a contact pair with NGC 1410 - just 14" between
centers. At high power appears
faint, small, round, small bright core.
NGC 1410 is just 15" NE in a common halo. Located on the Eridanus border.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1409 = H III-263 = h304 on 6 Jan 1785 (sweep 351) and logged
"Suspected, eF, stellar or lE, 240x power rather confirmed it, but left a
doubt." His position is 2'
south of this double system (with NGC 1410).
******************************
NGC 1410 = VV
729 = III Zw 55 = MCG +00-10-012 = CGCG 391-028 = PGC 13556
03 41 10.7 -01
17 55
V = 13.7; Size 1.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 120d
17.5"
(10/24/87): faint, very small, round, small bright core. Forms a very close contact pair with
NGC 1409 on the Eridanus border.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 1410 on 17 Jan 1855
using Lord Rosse's 72" and recorded a "Double neb [with NGC
1409], north and south, both vS, bM.
Cannot make out whether there is a connexion between them."
******************************
NGC 1411 = IC
1943? = ESO 249-011 = MCG -07-08-004 = PGC 13429
03 38 44.9 -44
06 02
V = 11.3; Size 2.3'x1.7'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 6d
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): very bright, fairly large,
elongated 4:3 ~N-S, ~2'x1.5'. Very
sharply concentrated with an intensely bright 20" core and fairly even
surface brightness halo that gradually fades out. IC 1970 lies 25' WNW.
One of the brighter members of the NGC 1433 subgroup of the Dorado Group
complex.
13.1"
(10/10/86): moderately bright, fairly small, round, bright core. One of farthest southern galaxies
easily viewed from Northern California.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1411 = h2573 = Sw XI-55? on 24 Oct 1835 and recorded "B, R,
vsvmbM, 20 arcsec." His
position is accurate. Harold
Corwin suggests Lewis Swift may have found this galaxy again on 3 Oct 1897 at
Echo Mountain, but made an error in recording the RA of Sw XII-44, with the RA
9 min too small (the dec matches).
If so, then NGC 1411 = IC 1943.
See Corwin's notes for IC 1943.
******************************
NGC 1412 = IC
1981 = ESO 482-029 = MCG -05-09-021 = PGC 13520
03 40 29.3 -26
51 44
V = 12.5; Size 1.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 131d
17.5"
(1/12/02): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated nearly 2:1 NW-SE,
1.3'x0.7', bright core. Situated
in a group of three mag 11/12 stars with a mag 12 star 1.6' SE. Located 38' SE of NGC 1398 in northeast
Fornax.
John Herschel
found NGC 1412 = h2574 on 20 Nov 1835 and recorded "F, S, E, gpmbM,
15"; has a * S.f. distance 2'."
There is nothing at his position and the RNGC classifies this number as
nonexistent. But 40' due south of
Herschel's position is ESO 482-029 = PGC 13520 and ESO-LV and RC3 identify this
galaxy as NGC 1412. ESO 482-029 is
a good match in description; the galaxy is elongated NW-SE and there is a mag
12 star 1.6' SSE. The poor
declination probably resulted from a copying error. Swift found this galaxy again on 26 Dec 1897, placed it 37
sec of RA too far west (declination matches) in discovery list XI-58 (later IC
1981). So, NGC 1412 = IC 1981. ESO
and MCG use only the IC designation.
Included in my RNGC Corrections #6 and Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 1413 = PGC
13504
03 40 11.5 -15
36 39
V = 14.3; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 14.1
17.5"
(12/9/01): very faint, small, round, 20" diameter. A mag 14.5 star is located 1.7' W. Forms a pair with NGC 1405 5' NNE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1413 = LM I-111 (along with NGC 1405 = I-110) on 26
Dec 1885 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory and
recorded "mag 15.0, vS, R, lbM." His rough position (nearest minute of RA) is 0.8 min of RA
east of PGC 13504. Herbert Howe
measured an accurate position in 1898-99 using the 20" refractor at
Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 1414 = ESO
548-071 = MCG -04-09-045 = LGG 097-014 = PGC 13543
03 40 57.0 -21
42 48
V = 14.0; Size 1.4'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 172d
17.5"
(1/12/02): faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 N-S, 1.0'x0.3'. Collinear with two mag 13 stars 6'
S. Forms a pair with NGC 1422 8'
ENE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1414 = LM II-377 on 19 Nov 1886 with the 26"
refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 15.8,
1.6'x0.1', E 0¡ (N-S), bMN. His
description and position is accurate (just off the south side). Herbert Howe corrected position,
measured in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory,
matches NGC 1422.
******************************
NGC 1415 = IC
1983 = ESO 482-033 = MCG -04-09-047 = PGC 13544
03 40 56.8 -22
33 50
V = 11.9; Size 3.5'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 148d
17.5"
(11/2/91): moderately bright, moderately large. Contains a bright core with a bright almost stellar nucleus
and a much fainter halo elongated 2:1 NW-SE. A mag 11 star is 2.7' NNW of center. Forms a wide pair with NGC 1416 9' S. Located 8.5' ESE of mag 8.6 SAO 168726.
13"
(10/10/86): moderately bright, elongated NW-SE, fairly small, bright core,
faint elongated halo.
8"
(11/28/81): faint, small.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1415 = H II-267 = h2575 on 9 Dec 1784 (sweep 331) and logged
"F, vS, R, lbM." JH made 3 observations from the CGH, recording it
first as "pF, E, pslbM, 40" long."
Lewis Swift
probably independently found the galaxy on 8 Oct 1896 from Echo Mountain in
Southern California and recorded it in list XI-55 (later IC 1983) as "vF;
pS; R; not [NGC] 1426." His
position is 3.4' SE of NGC 1415 the most likely galaxy he picked up. See Harold Corwin's discussion for IC
1983.
******************************
NGC 1416 = ESO
482-034 = MCG -04-09-048 = PGC 13548
03 41 02.9 -22
43 08
V = 12.9; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(11/2/91): faint, small, round, weak concentration. Located almost on line with mag 9.2 SAO 168733 1.5' SSW and
mag 9.3 SAO 168734 3.7' S. A mag
13.5 star is 1' SE. Forms a pair
with NGC 1415 9' N. Slightly
misplotted 5' too far south on U2000.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 1416 = LM II-378 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 15.5, 0.5' dia, R, *8.7
nr; *8.6 north 2'." His
position 3' south of ESO 482-034 but the mag 8.6 star is 2' south-southeast
(the other mag 8.7 star is 2.2' further south). Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1898-99 using
the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2
notes). The RNGC and the first
edition of the Uranometria 2000.0 Atlas placed the galaxy 3' too far
south. See Corwin's notes for more
on the story.
******************************
NGC 1417 = MCG
-01-10-021 = Holm 70a = LGG 103-004 = PGC 13584
03 41 57.4 -04
42 18
V = 12.1; Size 2.7'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 175d
17.5"
(11/25/87): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE, bright
core. A mag 11 star is 1.3' SE of
center. Brightest in a group with
NGC 1418 4.9' ESE and IC 344 7.3' WNW.
13"
(12/7/85): moderately bright, slightly elongated ~N-S, small bright core. A mag 10.5 star is close SSE. Second of three in a group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1417 = H II-455 = h306, along with NGC 1418, on 5 Oct 1785
(sweep 457) and recorded both as "Two. The preceding [NGC 1417] F, S, E,
lbM. The following [NGC 1418] eF, vS, E, hardly to be seen but 240 verified it;
about 6 or 7' south following the first." His position is accurate. JH remarked "R; north-preceding a star. The second of 3 [with NGC 1418]. His position is 19 sec of RA too far
west, but the description applies (the star is 1.3' SE). He has one accurate measure for the
position but it is listed under h307 = NGC 1418. See notes for IC 344 = h305.
******************************
NGC 1418 = MCG
-01-10-022 = Holm 70b = LGG 103-005 = PGC 13606
03 42 16.2 -04
43 50
V = 13.6; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 15d
17.5"
(11/25/87): fairly faint, fairly small, oval ~N-S, almost even surface
brightness. A mag 12.5 star is
1.4' S. Forms a pair with NGC 1417
4.9' WNW.
13"
(12/7/85): faint, small, oval ~N-S.
A mag 12 star is 1' S.
Third of three in a group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1418 = H II-456 = h307, along with NGC 1417 = II-455 on 5 Oct
1785 (sweep 457) and recorded both as ""Two. The preceding [NGC 1417]
F, S, E, lbM. The following [NGC 1418] eF, vS, E, hardly to be seen but 240
verified it; about 6 or 7' south following the first." His position is 2.6' too far NE, but
the identification is certain. JH
had problems with his observation, and one description and position applies to
NGC 1417!
******************************
NGC 1419 = ESO
301-023 = MCG -06-09-017 = AM 0338-374 = LGG 096-027 = PGC 13534
03 40 42.1 -37
30 40
V = 12.6; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.4
18"
(1/21/04): faint, small, round, 0.5' diameter. Increases to a very small, brighter core. An occasional stellar nucleus was
glimpsed when the seeing steadied up at 215x. Located 28' SW of mag 4.7 SAO 194475. Outlying member of the Fornax I
cluster.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1419 = h2576 on 22 Oct 1835 and recorded "pB, vS, psbM,
15" (clouded)." His
position (from two sweeps) matches ESO 301-023 = PGC 13534.
******************************
NGC 1420
03 42 39.8 -05
51 09
=***, Corwin.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 1420 on 28 Oct 1865 with the 11" refractor at
Copenhagen. At his single position
is a close triple star and he noted a mag 13 star precedes by 10.5 seconds of
time in approximately the same declination. This clinches the identity with this close triple.
******************************
NGC 1421 = MCG
-02-10-008 = PGC 13620
03 42 29.4 -13
29 20
V = 11.4; Size 3.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 179d
18"
(1/13/07): fairly bright, fairly large, very elongated N-S, ~3.2'x1.0', broad
concentration with a brighter bulging core. The surface brightness is noticeably irregular and mottled
with the impression of several brighter patchy knots. Most noticeable is a brighter northern end that appears to
contains a small brighter spot.
This end also seems to contain a small knot or extension that bulges out
and angles towards the northwest. [This feature was verified on the DSS]. A mag 13 star is close west of the
north end.
17.5"
(11/2/91): fairly bright, fairly large, very elongated 4:1 N-S, 3.0'x0.7',
broad weak concentration, fades towards tips. The surface brightness has a patchy or mottled appearance. The southern tip is slightly fainter
than the northern edge. A mag 13
star is 2.8' NE of center.
8"
(11/28/81): very faint, moderately large, elongated N-S. A distinctive 6.5' collinear string
consisting of four stars mag 10-12 oriented NW-SE begins 8' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1421 = H II-291 = h2577 on 1 Feb 1785 (sweep 364) and noted
"pF, mE in the direction of the meridian, between 3 and 4' l and about 1'
broad, resolvable." JH
observed this galaxy on 8 Dec 1835 and recorded "F, vmE, vlbM, 3' l,
20" br; pos. = 184.2 degrees."
Dreyer and Lord Rosse made a detailed observation with the 72" on
14 Oct 1876: "F, mE 178.7¡, about 4' long; F* (17m +/- ) p near the on
end, 38.7" distant, the brighter part of the neb seems abruptly terminated
just foll the star, towards which it also appears curved; eF* or knot in neb
foll the *17m."
******************************
NGC 1422 = ESO
548-077 = MCG -04-09-051 = LGG 097-015 = PGC 13569
03 41 31.1 -21
40 53
V = 13.2; Size 2.5'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 65d
17.5"
(1/12/02): extremely faint, very small, round, 20", low surface
brightness. Based on the DSS
image, I only viewed the brighter core as this galaxy is very extended SW-NE. Forms a pair with NGC 1414 8' WSW. Located 30' NW of NGC 1426.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1422 = LM II-379 on 19 Nov 1886 with the 26"
refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 15.5,
0.8'x0.2', E 80 deg." There
is nothing at his position, but roughly 1 min of RA west is ESO 548-077 = PGC
13569 and his description is a good match with this galaxy. DeLisle Stewart's corrected position in
the IC 2 notes is accurate and he also corrected the PA to 65 deg. Herbert Howe also measured an accurate
position in 1899-00, though assumed this nebula was NGC 1414.
******************************
NGC 1423 = MCG
-01-10-025 = Mrk 1191 = PGC 13628
03 42 40.1 -06
22 54
V = 13.8; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 20d
18"
(1/21/04): faint, small, slightly elongated SSW-NNE, 0.4'x0.3'. No details but not difficult. A mag 14.5 star follows by 1.3'.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1423 = Sw V-55 on 31 Oct 1886 with the 16" refractor at the
Warner Observatory. His position
is 29 sec of RA east of MCG -01-10-025 = PGC 13628 = PGC 13629.
******************************
NGC 1424 = NGC
1429? = MCG -01-10-026 = PGC 13664
03 43 13.9 -04
43 48
V = 13.8; Size 1.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 10d
17.5"
(11/25/87): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated ~N-S, even surface
brightness. NGC 1418 lies 14' W
and NGC 1417 19' W.
13"
(12/7/85): faint, fairly small, almost round, diffuse, slightly elongated
N-S. Located 14' E NGC 1418.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 1424 on 8 Dec 1850 using Lord Rosse's 72" while observing
the NGC 1417 field. He recorded a
"faint nova" about 16' following [NGC 1418]. The next month he noted it was
"vF, E." This group was
observed 15 times at Birr Castle.
Francis Leavenworth mentions the galaxy in list II-381 [NGC 1429]:
"1st of 2, one of which is GC 763 [NGC 1424]; *10, p 15 sec." There's only one galaxy here, though,
so NGC 1429 is considered lost or perhaps he found another pair and made a
large error in position.
******************************
NGC 1425 = ESO
419-004 = MCG -05-09-023 = UGCA 84 = PGC 13602 = IC 1988?
03 42 11.3 -29
53 36
V = 10.6; Size 5.8'x2.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 129d
13.1"
(10/10/86): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, bright
core. A pair of mag 12.5/14 stars
at 30" separation are 2' NE of center and a mag 11 star lies 2.5' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1425 = H II-852 on 9 Oct 1790 (sweep 972) and recorded "F,
pL, irr R, gbM." His position
is accurate. Harold Corwin
comments that Lewis Swift's list XI-61 (later IC 1988), found on 14 Oct 1897 at
Echo Mountain and described as "eF, pL, R; 2 sts near f, wide D* np",
may be a duplicate observation.
There are two stars "near following" this galaxy, but the wide
double star is west-southwest, not northwest per Swift. The identification NGC 1425 = IC 1988
also requires that Swift made a 10¡ error in declination, but these types of
errors are common in Swift's later observations from southern California.
******************************
NGC 1426 = ESO
549-001 = MCG -04-09-054 = PGC 13638
03 42 49.1 -22
06 30
V = 11.4; Size 2.6'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 111d
13"
(10/10/86): fairly bright, small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1426 = H III-248 = h2578 on 9 Dec 1784 (sweep 331) and recorded
"vF, vS, lE." JH made
two observations from the CGH, first calling it "F" and then
"B", probably due to varying sky conditions.
******************************
NGC 1427 = ESO
358-052 = MCG -06-09-021 = LGG 096-020 = PGC 13609
03 42 19.4 -35
23 34
V = 10.9; Size 3.6'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 76d
18" (12/17/11):
bright, fairly large, elongated 4:3 ~E-W, 2.0'x1.5'. Well concentrated with a very bright, rounder 25" core
that increases to a quasi-stellar nucleus. A mag 12.5-13 star is 1.7' W, a bit outside the halo.
18"
(1/21/04): fairly bright, fairly large, oval 3:2 WSW-ENE, 2.0'x1.4'. Contains a large, prominent core which
is rounder than the halo.
8"
(1/1/84): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated E-W, diffuse. Member of the Fornax I cluster.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1427 = h2579 on 28 Nov 1837 and logged "pF; S; R; psmbM;
20" dia." His position
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1428 = ESO
358-053 = MCG -06-09-022 = LGG 096-021 = PGC 13611
03 42 22.8 -35
09 16
V = 12.7; Size 1.6'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 118d
18"
(12/17/11): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 4:3 WNW-ESE,
0.7'x0.5'. Contains a faint outer
halo, well-concentrated with a bright 20" core that increases somewhat to
the center. A mag 13 star is at
the west edge (35" from center).
18"
(1/21/04): fairly faint, small, oval 2:1 WNW-ESE. A mag 13 star is just west of the NW edge and the galaxy is
elongated in the direction of the star.
Located 14' N of NGC 1427.
Member of the Fornax I cluster.
Julius Schmidt
discovered NGC 1428 on 19 Jan 1865 with the 6.2-inch refractor at the Athens
Observatory during his survey of the Fornax Cluster (nebula "l" in
his table). His position matches
ESO 358-053 = PGC 13611.
******************************
NGC 1429
03 44 00 -04 43
=Not found,
Corwin. =*, Carlson.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1429 = LM II-381 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at the Leander McCormick Observatory.
He has two listings under this number. The first reads mag 15.2, 0.2' diameter, R, bgM with the
note "1st of 2, one of which is GC 763 [NGC 1424]; *10 p 15s". The second object is listed at 0.5 min
of RA east and described as mag 15.5, 0.3'x0.2', E 180¡ (N-S) with the note
"second of 2". There is
only a single galaxy near his position, namely NGC 1424 (discovered earlier at
Birr Castle), which better matches the second entry (elongated N-S). So, NGC 1429 is nonexistent though
Corwin comments his description may apply to a different pair of galaxies!
******************************
NGC 1430 = NGC
1440
03 45 02.9 -18
15 59
See observing
notes for NGC 1440.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1430 = LM II-380 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at the Leander McCormick Observatory.
He reported, "mag 15.4, 0.6'x0.4', E 20¡, sbMN." There is nothing at his position and no
reasonable candidates showed up in a quick search of the surrounding
fields. Bigourdan was not able to
recover this object.
Harold Corwin
identified this number with a mag 13.3 star near Leavenworth's position but a
single star does not fit his description (0.6'x0.4' in PA 20¡). As a result, I had listed this object as
lost. But in Apr 2016 Yann Pothier
suggested that NGC 1430 is a duplicate of NGC 1440. The RA of NGC 1440 is 1.5 minutes further east (typical
error in the Leander-McCormick observations) and the description is a fairly
good match (except for the magnitude estimate). See Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 1431 = UGC
2845 = MCG +00-10-017 = CGCG 391-033 = PGC 13732
03 44 40.8 +02
50 06
V = 14.1; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 160d
17.5"
(1/12/02): very faint, small, round, 0.5' diameter, low surface brightness,
requires averted vision. Located
14' NW of mag 6.7 SAO 111393. Four
mag 9.5-11 stars are in the 220x field including a mag 11 star 4' S.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 1431 = m 91 on 6 Sep 1864 with William Lassell's 48" on
Malta and recorded "eF, pL, iR." His position is 2' N of UGC 2845 = PGC 13732.
******************************
NGC 1432 = Maia
Nebula = LBN 771 = vdB 21 = Ced 19f
03 45 49.5 +24
22 05
Size 15'x15'
8"
(12/28/16): at 124x (unfiltered): although all the bright stars in the Pleiades
had scattered light halos, it appeared mag 3.9 Maia had a slightly more
extensive halo and irregular halo than mag 3.7 Electra. So, I am fairly confident this was due
to the outer reflection nebulosity surrounding Maia. The scattered light itself seemed about the same intensity
around both stars.
Paul and Prosper
Henry (brothers) discovered NGC 1432 on the first plate they took of the
Pleiades on 16 Nov 1885 at Paris Observatory using the 33-cm astrograph. The
plate showed nebulosity around Maia which they described "appears very
clearly and has spiral form...it was impossible to see it in our
telescopes." The discovery
was announced in AN 2702, though it didn't include an image of the nebula
(first published in 1888). This is
the only object in the NGC discovered photographically!
Pickering noted
on 21 Jan 1886 that he had already photographed the Pleiades on 3 Nov 1885 with
an 8-inch lens and stated it only showed "certain irregularities...due
merely to defects in the photographic process." However, a comparison revealed that these
"irregularities" included a patch west of Maia, pointing to the
north, and a diffuse remnant near Merope pointing south. As Pickering interpreted these as plate
flaws, the discovery priority remains with Paul and Prosper Henry. The first visual observation was made
by Otto Struve on 5 Feb 1886 with the new 30-inch refractor at Pulkovo. On 23 Feb 1886 he made another
observation and sketch with the nebula stretching from Maia to the east. E.E. Barnard also observed it visually
in 1890.
******************************
NGC 1433 = ESO
249-014 = AM 0340-472 = PGC 13586
03 42 01.5 -47
13 20
V = 9.9; Size 6.5'x5.9'; Surf Br = 13.7
13.1" (2/18/04
- Costa Rica): fairly bright, large, oval 3:2 WNW-ESE, broad concentration with
a large halo. The overall
dimensions are ~3.5'x2.2'. I had a
strong impression of extensions or the beginnings of two spiral arms (sketch
made and verified); one arm begins at the west end and starts to curve towards
the east on the south side while the other is symmetrically placed on the
following end and hooks west on the north side. A mag 12 star lies 2.8' SW of center, beyond the halo. This barred spiral is the brightest
member of the NGC 1433 group and part of the Dorado Cloud complex that includes
NGC 1512, 1448, 1493 and 1411.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1433 = D 426 on 28 Sep 1826 with his 9-inch f/12 speculum
reflector and described "a very faint nebula, about 1' diameter, rather
elliptical in the parallel of the equator; with a brightish point or
condensation of the nebulous matter, a little to the preceding side of the
centre." JH first logged the
galaxy on 14 Dec 1835 and recorded (h2580), "B, L, pmE, smbM; 100"
long, 60" broad".
His second sweep noted "vB, L, mE, vsmbM to nucleus = 10th mag
star."
******************************
NGC 1434 = PGC
13804
03 46 12.8 -09
40 57
V = 14.3; Size 0.8'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 165d
17.5"
(11/17/01): extremely faint and small, round, 10" diameter. Situated between mag 8.6 SAO 130713 6'
SE and a mag 11 star 5.5' NW.
Incorrectly listed as nonexistent in the RNGC. NGC 1445 lies 21' SW.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 1434 = LM II-382 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 15.3, 0.4' dia, R, *8.5,
follows 25 sec and 3' N. " There is nothing at his position, but 1.8 min
of RA due east is PGC 13804. The bright star he mentions follows by 21 sec of
RA and is 2.6' south, instead of north.
Classified as nonexistent in the RNGC.
******************************
NGC 1435 =
Merope Nebula = Tempel's Nebula = Ced 19j = vdB 22
03 46 10 +23 45
54
Size 30'x30'
24"
(12/28/16): at 124x (unfiltered): the huge Merope Nebula was easily visible,
roughly spanning 20' in a wedge or triangular shape with mag 4.2 Merope close
to the northeast vertex. The most
well defined edge is clearly the eastern side as it extends N-S. The edge passes close to a string of 7
stars oriented NNW-SSE, including two mag 10 stars and nearly reaches mag 8.1
HD 23512, which is 20' SSE of Merope.
Just before reaching this star the nebulosity clearly curves to the west
and extends ~20' generally northwest, passing north of mag 9.0 HD 23326, though
the border is slightly less defined.
At this point the edges of the nebulosity can be traced back east or ENE
back to Merope, though the edge here is the least defined. The surface brightness of the interior
is irregular with some slightly brighter patches and weaker areas.
18"
(1/26/11): at 73x (unfiltered), the Merope Nebula was immediately visible as a
huge wedge-shape or comet-shaped glow with Merope near the focus on the
northeast end and the nebula spreading out generally to the south and west. The most striking feature of the nebula
is the well-defined and approximately eastern edge oriented N-S that heads
south from Merope, passing through a 1' pair of mag 10/11 stars as well as a 1'
pair of mag 10/12.5 star. The
nebulosity can be traced a bit over 20' along this side. On the west side of Merope the border
is more ill-defined but roughly heads southwest for ~20'. The southern border is also ill-defined
but is roughly oriented NW to SE and nearly extends nearly as far as mag 9 HD
23326.
17.5"
(3/2/02): at 100x, the Merope Nebula is the brightest of the reflection nebulae
that encase the Pleiades. It
appears as a moderately bright, very large, fan-shaped cone of light extended
in a wedge SW to SE from
Merope. The boundary of the
nebulosity is straighter and better defined along the SE edge where it follows
a string of mag 10-11 stars. The
SW border is not as well defined but extends beyond a trio of mag 13
stars. The fan is broadest at its
southern extremity which is roughly 15' from Merope.
16x80
(12/22/84): the Merope nebula was faint but definite in the 16x80 finder using
a Deep Sky filter. Also,
nebulosity surrounding other stars were confirmed with confidence at full
aperture in the 13.1" at 62x.
8"
(10/4/80): very large, faint, very elongated tear-drop shaped nebulosity
extending SW away from Merope. Has
a sharper edge along the eastern side.
Best view using the Rich Field Adapter at 37x-50x.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 1435, the Merope Nebula, on 19 Oct 1859 from Venice with his
personal 4-inch Steinheil refractor using 45x. The following historical
summary is from Wolfgang Steinicke's book "Observing and Cataloguing
Nebulae and Star Clusters".
The Merope
Nebula was the first deep sky object Tempel discovered. He initially thought it was a comet, but
the next night (20th) he checked and found no movement. The discovery was
published on 23 Dec 1860 (AN 54, 285). Peters, the editor of
Astronomische Nachricten, confirmed the observation using a 7-inch refractor.
Auwers first observed it on 14 Jan 1861, but d'Arrest was unsuccessful
using the 11-inch Merz refractor at Copenhagen in Aug 1862. Based on his
negative results on several attempts, he reported "I have hitherto been
able positively to see nothing. ...I therefore, even yet, am of opinion that
this nebula is variable, otherwise the original announcement of the discovery
... must be looked upon as been greatly exaggerated. This report began a
heated interchange involving many of the world's most prominent visual
observers over the next 30 years (see NGC 1555 = Hind's Variable Nebula for a
similar situation).
In September
1862, Julius Schmidt supported d'Arrest, claiming if it was not variable he
would have noticed it while carefully observing the Pleiades since 1841.
He first reported a sighting on 5 Feb 1861, describing it as "very
large, very pale and quite shapeless." Auwers responded critically
to d'Arrest, claiming neither Tempel's (Merope) nebula nor NGC 1333 were
variable but that "large, blurred, faint objects are much more easily visible
in small instruments than in large ones" and d'Arrest's failure was due to
"a small field of view, completely filled by the 15' large nebula".
Charcornac at Paris Observatory also reported the nebula was difficult to
see at high power. Schšnfeld wrote that the nebula "instantly stuck
out in the local telescope (6.5-inch refractor in Mannheim, Germany) on Sept
20, 1862 when I pointed it freely towards Merope, without knowing the exact
place, looking like a blurred nebula with the shape and size described by
Auwers."
d'Arrest
responded to the attack on 12 Nov 1862 (AN 1393) stating "after a long
effort I actually set eyes on Tempel's Nebula", though it was "the
faintest object which I remember ever having seen in the refractor".
He was "still convinced that the nebula was variable; otherwise the
discovery report ["large, bright nebula"] must be seen as highly
exaggerated." In March 1862, Winnecke viewed the nebula with a
4.1-inch refractor at low power and asked Otto Struve to take a look in the 15-inch
Merz refractor, convinced that it would be difficult to see in the larger
scope. Winnecke noted "Indeed, we were not convinced about its
existence until the telescope was moved quickly back and forth".
Winnecke concluded there was no reason to invoke variability to explain
the observations. In 1863, Tempel wrote a letter to the French magazine
Le Monde asserting that nebulae, in general, are unchanging (otherwise their
constituent stars would have to be vary simultaneously) and that atmospheric
conditions were the source of different observational results.
Reverend Webb
observed the nebula on 6 Oct 1863 with his 5.5-inch Clark refractor, stating
"on turning the telescope upon the group at 29x and 64x, though I probably
should not have it discovered unknown, I found it with ease, as a very
ill-defined, but on the whole egg-shaped haze, encompassing a brilliant star
with its smaller but rather brighter end." As far as the variability
"he [Schšnfeld] thinks this and other suspected nebulae, being very feeble,
large and diffuse, are influenced in visibility by magnifying power, varying
transparency of the air, and practice of the eye, so that aperture is less
concerned in their case than in that of minute stars." Although he
never observed the nebula, John Herschel catalogued the Merope Nebula as GC 768
and his description stated "VAR" [variable].
The controversy
about the variability and GC entry caused Lawrence Parsons (4th Earl of Rosse)
to take a look with the 36-inch and 72-inch reflectors at Birr Castle, but he
found no nebulosity in five observations from Feb 1871 to Sep 1873!
Dreyer, himself, was unsuccessful (on a "misty" night) on 24
Dec 1875. The first (marginal) successful observation at Birr Castle was
not made until 10 Dec 1877 and confirmed later that month.
The debate over
variability wasn't settled. In 1875 Charles Wolf at Paris Observatory
reported he was unable to see the Merope Nebula from Nov 1874 to Feb 1875 and
Stephan at Marseille confirmed this. Wolf concluded, "This nebula is truly
variable and its period seems to be rather short". But Tempel
published another report in Jan 1877 (AN 2139) concluding, "the
invisibility of the Merope Nebula in a large telescope is due to the eyepiece
and its field of view. If d'Arrest had used an eyepiece of lower power than
95x, giving a field of 20 to 25'; he would have seen the nebula very
easily." Tempel also made disparaging remarks about the large
reflectors at Birr Castle, claiming the 36-inch and 72-inch didn't show more
stars than his 11-inch Amici refractor (Tempel and Dreyer had a bitter dispute
in 1878 about the "spiral form of nebulae", which Tempel couldn't see
in his 11-inch).
On 6 Mar 1877,
Maxwell Hall drew the nebula with his 4-inch refractor at 100x and was amazed
it was invisible to Lord Rosse and Robert Newall, who had a 25-inch Cooke
refractor. Hall was also critical of Schiaparelli's description of the
orientation of the nebula. Hall's article touched off another debate
between Wolf, Common, Hough, Tempel, Swift, Barnard and Burnham.
Charles Wolf
published his work on the Pleiades and included a sketch made in Nov 1875.
He saw nebulosity extending to Electra and Celaeno, by masking Merope
with the micrometer bar. A much earlier report by Hermann Goldschmidt to
Leverrier in Paris on 21 Sep 1863, claimed he saw not only the Merope nebula
but that the Pleiades were completely surrounded by diffuse nebulosity,
extending over an area of 5¡.
In 1880, Ainslie
Common published a drawing of the Pleiades nebulosity using his 36-inch
reflector. It showed a large, elongated patch SE of Merope (the wrong
direction!) and two additional patches; one north of Merope and another to the
NW of Alcyone. This caused some more controversy.
Tempel published
an excellent drawing of the nebula in 1880 using Amici I, with accurate form
and brightness levels, along with a large number of nearby faint stars.
He mentioned the various astronomers who confirmed the object, including
Schmidt, Winnecke Auwers and Schšnfeld, and also opponents such as d'Arrest,
Secchi and the Birr Castle observers. He concluded with satisfaction
"It is now ascertained beyond question that the nebula exists...and anyone
publishing statements about its non-existence merely uses vain words, and
proclaims himself wanting in knowledge of the history and nebulae and the
management of telescopes." He also criticized Goldschmidt's
observation of the Pleiades surrounded by nebulous clouds and the drawing of
Common saying the sketch must have "evidently been executed with a telescope
of insufficient power to show the Merope Nebula." Common was
offended and responded the "three-foot telescope" mentioned in his
report was of three-foot aperture! Hall wrote one more report on 13 Dec
1880, claiming the nebula had changed shape, now "extending as far as
Electra, and the parabolic form of the Nebula, as seen 1877, was
destroyed." He wondered why Tempel had overlooked the
"extension of the nebula in the direction of Electra."
Amazingly, the
controversy of the existence of the Merope Nebula wasn't over. At
Dearborn Observatory in Chicago, Hough and Burnham had previously been critical
of earlier reports, because of their discordant descriptions and their negative
results in 1879 and 1880 using the 18.5-inch Clark refractor at 120x and
higher. After Tempel's paper, they made a concerted effort from 29 Nov
1880 to 22 Mar 1891 with various eyepieces, stopping down the refractor to
12-inch, even masking Merope. But they came up empty and decided the
previous positive observers were misled by the glare from Merope and the
neighboring stars! Dreyer immediately responded, criticizing the large
exit pupil used and furthermore he didn't see anything unusual about or
contradictory about previous published reports of a "large and diffused
nebulosity". Also, the theory about the glare from Merope causing an
illusion was rejected. Swift also responded on 2 Dec 1881, that he
independently ran across the Merope Nebula in 1874 while searching for comets
with his 4.5-inch refractor and strongly suspected it was a new comet.
His analysis was that Hough and Burnham used too high of a power as he
could see the nebula even at 2-inch aperture at 25x.
Barnard observed
and drew the Merope Nebula and nearby stars with his 5-inch refractor in 1883.
He wrote "it is plainly visible in my 5-inch refractory, it has been
seen with a 2.5-inch telescope, in the presence of a quarter-full moon."
He criticized Common's sketch but felt his sketch agreed with Tempel's
(though it extended further west past Electra). Barnard also mentioned
that Trouvelot reported that it is variable and has become very faint (he
described the nebula as changing to a dim purplish color) and "can now be
seen only by those acquainted with its former appearance"!
Paul and Prosper
Henry first photographed the Pleiades on 16 Nov 1885 and revealed additional
nebulosity around Maia, later catalogued as NGC 1432 (the only photographic
discovery in the NGC) as well as faint nebulosity near Electra. In 1886
Charles Wolf published a comparison between the photographic image and the
visual observations that showed significant changes in the Merope Nebula.
Morever, the separate nebula observed by Goldschmidt and Wolf had
disappeared but he concluded that photographic and visual observations can never
be reconciled as objects invisible on photographs can exist visually.
Surprisingly, the image most closely resembled the ridicules drawing of
Common. Common wrote that his sketch showed the Maia Nebula, however the
connection is poor - his placement is closer to Alcyone than Maia.
The image
encouraged others to search for addition nebulae in the Pleiades. On 26 Feb
1886, Spitaler and Palisa in Vienna reported the Maia nebula appeared as a
"small flaky nebulosity, completely separated from Maia" and on 3
Mar, the former was "only the brightest knot of an extended nebulosity,
completely covering Maia." Spitaler wrote "one can hardly refrain
from thinking that at least the whole Pleiades region west and north of Alcyone
is covered by an extended nebulosity, of which all previously perceived,
apparently isolated nebulae, are merely bright knots of light."
On 23 Oct 1886
Isaac Roberts took a 3 hour exposure which revealed "not only are the
stars [Alcyone, Maia, Electra, Merope] surrounded by nebulae, but the
nebulosity extends in streamers and fleecy masses, till it seems almost to fill
the spaces between the stars, and to extend far beyond them." Common
again felt vindicated and repeated his treatment by Tempel, "who thought I
had not used a sufficiently large telescope" (a misunderstanding by
Tempel).
Another image
was taken by the Henry brothers in 1888 showing extensive nebulosity. At an RAS
meeting on 8 Jun 1888, Common says "I immediately compared my sketches
with it and found that every star I had seen, except one, was there, and, of
course, in their proper places." Robert Newall, who also attended
the meeting, stated he was certain that his observations differed from Common
with Merope appearing as an oval comet with Merope at the focus and he had not
seen the additional patches claimed by Common.
In an 1888 issue
of Knowledge, English astronomer Arthur Ranyard wrote an article titled
"Great Nebula in the Pleiades" and stated "The observations are
worth examining, as they throw some light on the differences which are always
likely to exist when observations are pushed into the border-land of vision,
where by reason of the extreme faintness or minuteness of the objects examined,
the eye begins to fail, and the imagination begins to play a larger and larger
part in filling up the gaps where the senses of the eye-straining observer fail
him."
Maxwell Hall
made a late interesting set of observations in 1889 in Jamaica. He
compared the view of the Merope Nebula using a 9-inch reflector with a glass
mirror and his 4-inch Cook refractor. He reported "a glance through
the refractor showed the well-known nebula projected against the dark
background or field of view; but in the reflector there was so much light
scattered around the field of view that the nebula was invisible."
He concluded this explained the positive sightings in smaller refractors
and vice versa, the failure with larger reflectors (especially Lord Rosse's
initial failures). In 1891, Spitaler reviewed the major observations of
the Pleiades nebulae in a 20-page paper and created a remarkable map of the
region, showing extensive nebulosity surrounding the Pleiades. He argues
his map shows the main structures were correctly drawn and generally only the
boundaries vary.
IC 349 is a knot
of nebulosity just 0.6' SSE of Merope discovered and sketched by Barnard in
1890 using the 36-inch refractor at Lick. The discovery was published in
AN 3018. See WSQJ July 1992. In terms of distance, Steinicke notes
this is the closest NGC object.
******************************
NGC 1436 = NGC
1437 = ESO 358-058 = MCG -06-09-02 = PGC 13687
03 43 37.1 -35
51 12
See observing
notes for NGC 1437.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1436 = D 562 = h2581 = h2582 with his 9" reflector at
Parramatta and described "a pretty large faint round nebula, about 3.5'
diameter, gradual slight condensation to the centre, very faint at the
margin." His position is 22'
too far SSE. John Herschel logged
it on 9 Jan 1836 (sweep 636) as "very bright, and evidently a globular
cluster." He only gave the rough place from Dunlop. JH (h2582) observed this object again
on 28 Nov 1837 (sweep 801), assumed it was new and measured an accurate
position. It later received a GC
(770) and NGC (1437) designation.
So, NGC 1436 = NGC 1437.
Dorothy Carlson and RNGC list NGC 1436 as "Not Found". See Corwin's notes for the full story.
******************************
NGC 1437 = NGC
1436 =ESO 358-058 = MCG -06-09-025 = AM 0341-360 = LGG 986-022 = PGC 13687
03 43 37.1 -35
51 12
V = 11.7; Size 3.0'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 150d
18"
(1/21/04): large, low surface brightness glow with just a weak
concentration. Appears slightly
elongated NNW-SSE, perhaps 2.5'x2.0', but edges fade into the background so
difficult to determine the outline of the halo. A mag 9.7 star lies 11' NE. Member of the Fornax I cluster.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1437 = h2582 on 28 Nov 1837 and logged "F, vL, glbM, R,
4" dia." His position
matches ESO 358-058 = PGC 13687.
h2581 = NGC 1436 is a duplicate observation, made while searching for
Dunlop 562. So NGC 1437 = NGC
1436. Dunlop 562 may apply to this
galaxy or perhaps NGC 1365, with a 10 tmin error in RA.
******************************
NGC 1438 = ESO
482-041 = MCG -04-09-058 = PGC 13760
03 45 17.2 -23
00 09
V = 12.4; Size 2.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 69d
17.5"
(11/2/91): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 WSW-ENE, halo gradually
brightens but no nucleus. A mag 11
star just 20" off the east edge detracts from viewing and a very faint mag
14.5 star lies 1.7' S.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 1438 = LM I-112 on 11 Dec 1885 with the 26" refractor at
the Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 15.0, vmE 60¡, *10
follows 1.0'." His rough
position (nearest minute of RA) and description matches ESO 482-041 = PGC
13760. DeLisle Stewart's corrected
position in the IC 2 Notes is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1439 = ESO
549-009 = MCG -04-09-056 = PGC 13738
03 44 49.9 -21
55 14
V = 11.4; Size 2.5'x2.3'; Surf Br = 13.3
13"
(10/10/86): moderately bright, fairly small, bright core, stellar nucleus,
round, large faint halo.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1439 = H III-249 = h2584 on 9 Dec 1784 (sweep 331) and recorded
"vF, vS." JH made 3
observations from the CGH, first logging it as "pF, S, R, bM, 20"
dia."
******************************
NGC 1440 = NGC
1442 = NGC 1430: = NGC 1458: = ESO 549-010 = MCG -03-10-043 = LGG 100-007 = PGC
13752
03 45 02.9 -18
15 59
V = 11.5; Size 2.1'x1.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 28d
13.1"
(1/18/85): moderately bright, small, small faint halo, bright core, stellar
nucleus. Located 7' ENE of mag 10
SAO 149139. Member of the NGC 1407
group (LGG 100).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1440 = H II-458 = h2583 on 6 Oct 1785 (sweep 459) and recorded
"pB, R, bM." JH made two observations at the CGH, logging it on 11
Dec 1835 as "pB; R; vsmbM to a nucleus = *13' 60" dia." WH also made an observation on 20 Sep
1786 with a 1¡ error in declination, with the designation II-594. JH included this observation in the GC
(773), although he noted that Auwers considered it identical to II-458. Dreyer added it as NGC 1142, also
noting it was probably identical to NGC 1440.
Finally, Francis
Leavenworth found this galaxy again in 1886, recorded it in list II-387, but
made a 2 min error in RA (too far east).
Dreyer assumed it was new and was catalogued as NGC 1458. So, NGC 1440 = NGC 1442 = NGC
1458. Finally, NGC 1430, also from
Leavenworth, may be another duplicate observation of NGC 1440.
******************************
NGC 1441 = MCG
-01-10-029 = PGC 13782
03 45 43.0 -04
05 31
V = 12.9; Size 1.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 70d
13.1"
(12/18/82): faint, small, slightly elongated. Largest and brightest of three with NGC 1449 5.7' SE and NGC
1451 6.2' ENE. Brighter NGC 1453
lies 13' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1441 = H II-597 on 30 Sep 1786 (sweep 608) and recorded "F,
E in a row with some stars."
His position is just 0.8' north of MCG -01-10-029 = PGC 13782 and the
description of the row of stars matches.
******************************
NGC 1442 = NGC
1440 = NGC 1458: = ESO 549-010 = MCG -03-10-043 = PGC 13752
03 45 02.9 -18
15 59
See observing
notes for NGC 1440.
William Herschel
found NGC 1442 = H II-594 on 20 Sep 1786 (sweep 597) and logged "pB, vS,
R, bM." There is nothing at
his position but exactly one degree north is NGC 1440 = H II-458, which he
earlier discovered on 6 Oct 1785.
The equivalence was noted by Auwers but JH still included the
observation in the GC (774) as well as Dreyer in the NGC, although Dreyer added
the comment that II-594 is probably identical to II-458 = NGC 1440. Leavenworth (list II-387) found this
galaxy again in 1886, but made a 2 min error in RA (too far east), and it was
catalogued as NGC 1458 with a 2 min error in RA. So, NGC 1440 = NGC 1442 = NGC 1458.
******************************
NGC 1443
03 45 53.1 -04
03 09
=*, Corwin. "Not found", Carlson.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 1443 in 1882, and described in paper V (AN 2439) "class III
and forms with NGC 1441 and the two d'Arrest nebulae (NGC 1449 and NGC 1451) a trapezoid, so the second
northernmost in this group".
There is nothing at his position, but Corwin identifies a single mag 14.5
that fits Tempel's description.
See Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 1444 = Cr 43
= OCL-394 = Lund 119
03 49 26 +51 39
18
V = 6.6; Size 4'
17.5"
(11/2/91): at 220x, about 20 mag 7-14 stars scattered in a 5' diameter, not
rich or impressive. The group
mainly consists of a bright double star (·446 = 7/9 at 9") with a third
fainter mag 13 star 12" NE of the bright mag 7 star. Close northwest is a line of four mag
10-12 stars oriented SW-NE.
The bright star
(B-type HD 23675) is a member of the Cam OB1 Association in a dusty portion of
the Milky Way, but the "cluster" may be an unrelated group of field
stars.
8"
(1/1/84): consists of a mag 7.5 star with 7 faint stars just west. The brightest star is ·446 = 7.5/9.0 at
10".
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1444 = H VIII-80 = h308 on 18 Dec 1788 (sweep 894) and recorded
"a cluster of small stars, containing one large one, 9-10 mag; 2 or 3'
diam. not rich." JH called it
a "cluster of about 20 st; place that of a superb double star (· 446); the
rest 12m."
******************************
NGC 1445 = PGC
13742
03 44 56.1 -09
51 20
V = 14.0; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5":
faint, small, slightly elongated, 0.4'x0.3', weak concentration. Located 2.2' SE of a mag 12 star and
25' ESE of mag 3.5 Delta (35) Eridani.
NGC 1434 lies 21' NE.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 1445 = LM II-383 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory and reported "mag 14.5, 0.3' dia, R, *9,
position 330¡ at 2'." His
position is 0.8 min of RA east of PGC 13742 and the description of the nearby
star clinches the identification.
Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1898-99 using the 20"
refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 1446
03 45 57.5 -04
06 44
=*?, Corwin.
J.L.E. Dreyer
discovered NGC 1446 on 8 Jan 1877 observing with the 72" at Birr
Castle. He commented "perhaps
a vF neb f [NGC 1441]" with no micrometric offsets and the sketch only shows
two stars following NGC 1441, so it's unclear what object Dreyer had in mind.
(in 1882). Wilhelm Tempel
independently recorded a new object in 1882 with the 11-inch refractor at the
Arcetri Observatory and placed it 16 seconds of RA east of NGC 1441 and +3/4'
in declination. There is nothing
at this exact separation and Harold Corwin lists a possible star if the +3' to
4' should read -3' to 4'. Dreyer
assumed both observations referred to the same object, so he and Tempel are
credited in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 1447 = PGC
13786
03 45 47.1 -09
01 07
V = 14.4; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 105d
17.5"
(1/12/02): faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, very small brighter
nucleus. Located 2.7' WSW of mag
7.9 SAO 130711 which detracts from viewing. NGC 1450 lies 13' S.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1447 = LM II-384 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at the Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 14.5, 0.4' dia, R,
neb?; *9.5 at 3.2' separation in PA 240¡ (WSW) ." His position is 3' S of PGC 13786 and
the star is ENE.
******************************
NGC 1448 = NGC
1457 = ESO 249-016 = MCG -07-08-005 = PGC 13727
03 44 32.0 -44
38 38
V = 10.7; Size 7.6'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 41d
18"
(12/30/08): moderately bright, large, edge-on ~6:1 SW-NE, ~4.5'x0.8'. Contains a brighter, elongated core
that increases to the center. A
brighter star is close southeast of the core (1.4' from center) and a fainter
star is near the northeast end.
Situated at the midpoint of two mag 9.2/9.7 stars located 7.5' N and
7.5' S. Viewed at only 8¡
elevation.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1448 = h2585 on 14 Dec 1835 and recorded "pB, vL, vmE, 3'
l, 20" br, position = 221.6 degrees." There is nothing at his position but 50 sec of RA east is
ESO 249-016 = PGC 13727, which matches his description. He also recorded h2586 = NGC 1457
(observed on 3 different sweeps; the first on 24 Oct 1835), which all point
exactly to this galaxy. I'm
surprised he didn't notice there was only a single bright galaxy here! By priority, NGC 1457 should be
the primary designation, instead of NGC 1448 which is commonly used. The IC 2 notes state "1448 = 1457
(DeLisle Stewart); h on different nights". ESO labels this galaxy as NGC 1448 = NGC 1457 and MCG calls
it NGC 1448.
******************************
NGC 1449 = MCG
-01-10-032 = PGC 13798
03 46 03.0 -04
08 17
V = 13.5; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 20d
13.1"
(12/18/82): faint, very small, round.
Located 5.7' SE of NGC 1441 and forms a trio with NGC 1451 4.2' NNE in a
group.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 1449, along with NGC 1451, on 9 Oct 1864 with an
11" refractor at Copenhagen.
His position, measured on 4 nights, matches MCG -01-10-032 = PGC 13798. WH probably saw NGC 1449 and 1451 in an
observation of NGC 1441 on 26 Nov 1786 (sweep 638). He mentions, "I suspected two more following; but quite
uncertain, not having been out long enough."
******************************
NGC 1450 = PGC
13775
03 45 36.5 -09
14 04
V = 14.4; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 15d
17.5"
(11/17/01): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, 0.7'x0.5'
SSW-NNE. Several faint galaxies
are situated nearby. LEDA 994022
is 2.4' N and I recorded a very faint star or galaxy at or near this
position. But even closer (1.7' W)
is the brighter edge-on LEDA 993557, which I apparently missed, so I'm not
confident of the observation.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1450 = Sw V-56 = LM I-113 = LM I-114 on 22 Oct 1886 with the
16" refractor at Warner Observatory. His position is 16 sec of RA
due east of PGC 13775. Ormond Stone independently discovered this galaxy
in 1886 (before 12 Oct) at the Leander McCormick Observatory and described a
double nebula with separation 0.5' (only one galaxy is listed in NED and LEDA).
Dreyer combined Swift's and Leavenworth's entries into NGC 1450. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory
(repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 1451 = MCG
-01-10-033 = PGC 13801
03 46 07.1 -04
04 10
V = 13.3; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 11.9; PA = 45d
13.1"
(12/18/82): faint, very small, round.
In a trio with NGC 1441 6.2' WSW and NGC 1449 4.2' SSW within a group. Located 7.9' SW of NGC 1453.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 1451, along with NGC 1449, on 9 Oct 1864. His position (measured on 4 nights)
matches MCG -01-10-033 = PGC 13801 and he measured a mag 12 star that precedes
by 12 seconds of time. WH probably
saw NGC 1449 and 1451 in an observation of NGC 1441 on 26 Nov 1786 (sweep
638). He mentions "I
suspected two more following; but quite uncertain, not having been out long
enough." Due to his uncertainty,
they were not assigned internal discovery numbers.
******************************
NGC 1452 = NGC
1455 = ESO 549-012 = MCG -03-10-044 = LGG 100-008 = PGC 13765
03 45 22.3 -18
38 01
V = 11.8; Size 2.2'x1.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 113d
13.1"
(1/18/85): moderately bright, small, round, broad weak concentration, faint
stellar nucleus, small faint halo.
Appears similar to NGC 1440 25' NNW but slightly fainter. Member of NGC 1407 group (LGG 100).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1452 = H II-459 on 6 Oct 1785 (sweep 459) and recorded "F,
R, lbM." His position is 3.2'
north of ESO 549-012 = PGC 13765. Francis
Leavenworth (II-386) independently found the galaxy in 1886 with the 26"
refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory but his position is 40 sec of RA
east of NGC 1452. So Dreyer
assumed it was new and catalogued it again as NGC 1455. But Leavenworth's position angle
("lE in 30 deg") matches the bar of NGC 1452, so NGC 1452 = NGC 1455,
with NGC 1452 the primary designation.
Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using the 20"
refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 1453 = MCG
-01-10-034 = PGC 13814
03 46 27.2 -03
58 09
V = 11.5; Size 2.4'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.2
13.1"
(12/18/82): bright, fairly small, slightly elongated, very small bright
core. Brightest of four with a faint
trio of galaxies NGC 1441, NGC 1449 and NGC 1451 roughly 10' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1453 = H I-155 = h309 on 30 Sep 1786 (sweep 608) and recorded
"cB, S, mbM." On 26 Nov
1786 (sweep 638) he noted "pB; gmbM."
******************************
NGC 1454 = ESO
549-?013
03 45 59.3 -20
39 08
=*,
Gottlieb. Not found, ESO.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 1454 = LM II-385 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory and reported a "*?; *9.5, P 240¡ [SW]
distance 3'.2." There is
nothing at his position. ESO
549-011 is 12' NW of Muller's position and has a mag 8 star 2.5' NE. It's possible that Muller reversed the
orientation with the mentioned star, although his magnitudes are usually too
bright. I feel a more likely match
is the mag 15.3 star listed here.
With respect to this star there is a mag 12.3 star at a distance of 3.4'
in PA 240 degrees, which is an excellent match with the description. Corwin concurs that NGC 1454 is a
star. ESO and RNGC state "not
found".
******************************
NGC 1455 = NGC
1452 = ESO 549-012 = MCG -03-10-044 = PGC 13765
03 45 22.3 -18
38 01
V = 11.8; Size 2.2'x1.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 113d
See observing
notes for NGC 1452.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1455 = LM II-386 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at the Leander McCormick Observatory amd recorded "mag 14.7, 0.5', lE 30¡,
sbMN." There is nothing at
his position but 40 sec of RA west is NGC 1452 = H II-459, and his position
angle matches the bar of NGC 1452.
Heber Curtis was perhaps the first to note "R.A. as given in the
NGC probably in error; no object in that place. [NGC 1452] faint; Saturn-shaped; 1' long in p.a. 30¡."
NGC 2000 and the
Southern Galaxy Catalogue equate NGC 1455 with NGC 1452. RNGC misidentifies PGC135094 at 03 46
09.4 -18 39 26 (2000) as NGC 1455 while PGC and ESO misidentify ESO 549-014 as
NGC 1455.
******************************
NGC 1456
03 48 08.3 +22
33 31
=**, Gottlieb.
Gerhard Lohse
discovered NGC 1456 in 1886 with a 15.5-inch refractor at the private
Wigglesworth Observatory in Scarborough, England and noted a "double star
mag 10-12, companion nebulous at 130¡, 9''. At his position is a wide pair of stars with the southwest
component a "fused" double star (both components visible) on the DSS at
03 48 08.3 +22 33 31 (2000). The
single mag 10 star is 1.4' NE.
Lohse's description matches this pair although there is no involved
nebulosity. Listed as nonexistent
in RNGC.
******************************
NGC 1457 = NGC
1448 = ESO 249-016 = MCG -07-08-005 = PGC 13727
03 44 32.0 -44
38 38
V = 10.7; Size 7.6'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 41d
See observing
notes for NGC 1448.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1457 = h2586 on 24 Oct 1835 and recorded "pB, vmE, glbM, a
ray nebula, 4' l, 20" br, pos = 38 degrees.". His position (observed on 3 sweeps) is
accurate. He also picked up this
galaxy on a separate sweep in 14 Dec 1835, but placed this galaxy 50 sec of RA
too far west. He apparently missed
the equivalent descriptions and it was also catalogued as NGC 1448. The IC 2 notes notes this number is
identical to NGC 1448 (DeLisle Stewart).
The primary designation should be NGC 1457 (earlier discovery), but this
galaxy is generally referred to NGC 1448.
******************************
NGC 1458 = NGC
1440 = NGC 1442 = ESO 549-010 = MCG -03-10-043 = PGC 13752
03 45 02.9 -18
15 59
See observing
notes for NGC 1440.
Francis
Leavenworth found NGC 1458 = LM II-387 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at
the Leander McCormick Observatory.
He reported "mag 13.0, 0.3' diameter, round." There is nothing at his position, but
2.0 min of RA west is NGC 1440 (discovered earlier by William Herschel). NGC 1442 (also from Herschel) is
probably another observation of this galaxy with a 1¡ error in declination (see
these entries for more). So, NGC
1440 = NGC 1442 = NGC 1458.
******************************
NGC 1459 = ESO
482-043 = MCG -04-10-001 = PGC 13832
03 46 57.9 -25
31 18
V = 12.8; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 167d
17.5"
(11/2/91): very faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, low almost even
surface brightness. A mag 12 star
is 2.9' S of center.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 1459 = LM I-115 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory. His
rough position (nearest minute of RA) is a good match with ESO 482-043 = PGC
13832.
******************************
NGC 1460 = ESO
358-062 = MCG -06-09-031 = AM 0344-365 = LGG 096-025 = PGC 13805
03 46 13.7 -36
41 48
V = 12.6; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 60d
18"
(1/21/04): faint, fairly small, irregularly round, 1.0' diameter. This Fornax I cluster member has a
fairly low surface brightness. A
mag 12.8 star is very close off the SE side [38" from center]. Located 2.7' S of a mag 10.6 star. Member of the Fornax I cluster.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1460 = h2587 on 28 Nov 1837 and described "F; S; R;
15"; attached to a star 14 mag." His position and description is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1461 = MCG
-03-10-047 = PGC 13881
03 48 27.1 -16
23 36
V = 11.8; Size 3.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 155d
17.5"
(12/28/94): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE, 1.2'x0.5'. Strong concentration with a small
bright core. Located 3.3' SE of a
mag 10.5 star.
8"
(11/28/81): faint, small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1461 = H II-460 = h2588 on 6 Oct 1785 (sweep 459) and noted
"pB, S, lE, mbM or a nucleus." His position is 2' south of MCG -03-10-047 = PGC
13881, and accurate in RA. JH
logged "pB, vlE, pmbM, 25" dia.", but was off by 21 sec in RA
(too far east). Schšnfeld measured
an accurate position (used in the NGC).
******************************
NGC 1462 = MCG
+01-10-010 = CGCG 417-007 = PGC 13945
03 50 23.5 +06
58 22
V = 14.1; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5" (11/2/91):
extremely faint, small, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE (orientation uncertain), very low
surface brightness. A faint double
star lies 1' WNW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 1462 = m 92 on 13 Sep 1864 with William Lassell's 48" on
Malta and noted "vF, S, vlE".
Marth's position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1463 = ESO
117-009 = PGC 13807
03 46 15.5 -59
48 37
V = 13.5; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 45d
24" (4/4/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): moderately bright and large at 200x, round,
even concentration to a small, brighter core and occasional stellar
nucleus. Quite a number of
brighter stars are nearby including a group of 7 bright mag 10-11 stars that
lie just to the north and two additional mag 11 stars that flank the galaxy
1.8' SSW and 2.5' ENE. In
addition, the galaxy is 8.5' NNW of mag 9.7 HD 24060. IC 2010 lies 43' ESE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1463 = h2589 on 6 Oct 1834 and recorded "F, S, R, bM,
15", one of a constellation with 7 bright stars." JH's position
(h2589) and description is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1464 = NGC
1471 = PGC 13976
03 51 24.4 -15
24 08
V = 13.8; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 44d
18"
(11/22/03): faint, small, round, 40"x35", fairly low even surface
brightness with just a weak concentration. A mag 12.5 star lies 1.9' SSE. Located 16' NE of mag 8.3 SAO 149206.
Lewis Swift
found NGC 1464 = Sw V-57 on 1 Nov 1886 with the 16" refractor at the
Warner Observatory and reported "pF; S; R; forms equilateral triangle with
2 stars." His position is 2' NW of PGC 13976 and the description
applies, though the triangle made with two mag 11.5/12.5 star is actually
isosceles.
F.P. Leavenworth
discovered this galaxy sometime earlier in 1886 (LM I-116 = NGC 1471) but his
rough RA was nearly 2 minutes too large (fairly typical). So NGC 1464 = NGC 1471, with discovery
priority to Leavenworth, though the primary designation used today is Swift's
NGC 1464.
******************************
NGC 1465 = UGC
2891 = MCG +05-10-003 = CGCG 508-004 = PGC 14039
03 53 32.0 +32
29 33
V = 13.7; Size 1.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 165d
13.1"
(1/1/84): fainter extensions visible oriented ~N-S.
13.1"
(11/5/83): faint, small, round, but not difficult. Mag 6.6 SAO 56775 lies 12' SW. Located 40' N of Zeta Persei (V = 2.9).
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1465 = Sw V-58 on 25 Sep 1886 with the 16" refractor at the
Warner Observatory and recorded "pF; pS; R; pB* near
p[receding]." His position is
8 tsec east and 39" north of UGC 2891 = PGC 14039. His "pB * nr p" probably
refers to a mag 11 star 2' W.
******************************
NGC 1466 = ESO
054-SC016 = S-L 1
03 44 32.4 -71
40 16
V = 11.6; Size 2.3'
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): bright, moderately large, round, 2.5'
diameter. Appeared mottled with
some extremely faint stars resolved in the halo. The only brighter resolved star is on the south side of the
halo. The view is somewhat
hampered by mag 6.3 CT Hydri just 4' ENE and a mag 9 star 2.3' SSE. NGC 1466 is
one of the 15 bona-fide ancient GC's in the LMC.
18" (7/9/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this outlying globular of the LMC is known
to be one the oldest LMC clusters.
At 128x it appeared moderately bright, fairly small, round, 2' diameter. There was no resolution except for a
single faint star at the south edge but the surface brightness was high. This cluster was fairly prominent and
very easy to find as it is situated 4' WSW of mag 6.3 HD 241888 (CT Hydri) and
2.2' NNW of a mag 9 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1466 = h2590 on 26 Nov 1834 and recorded "F, irregularly
round, glbM, 30", has a * 7th mag foll, and others near." On a second
sweep he notes "Viewed past meridian; found in place; pB, R, gbM, 30"
dia."
******************************
NGC 1467 = MCG -02-10-015
= PGC 13991
03 51 52.7 -08
50 17
V = 13.5; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 115d
17.5"
(2/11/96): very faint, small, round, 0.6' diameter, slightly brighter
core. Slightly brighter of a pair
with NGC 1470 10' SSE.
17.5"
(2/8/91): very faint, small, very small bright core surrounded by a very low
surface brightness halo. Located
4.3' NNE of a mag 10 star.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 1467 = LM II-388 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 15.0, 0.3' dia, R, *9 at
4.2' in PA 185¡ [SSW]." His
position is just 0.2 min of RA west of MCG -02-10-015 = PGC 13991, along with
the matching star.
******************************
NGC 1468 = MCG
-01-10-045 = PGC 14004
03 52 12.5 -06
20 56
V = 13.2; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 135d
17.5"
(2/11/96): very faint, very small, round, 30" diameter, weak even
concentration to an occasional stellar nucleus. A mag 14.5 star is 1.0' ENE of center. Located ~3' N of a 1' pair of mag 11/12
stars.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1468 = St XII-27 on 14 Dec 1881 using the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory. HIs
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1469 = UGC
2909 = MCG +11-05-004 = CGCG 305-003 = PGC 14261
04 00 28.0 +68
34 40
V = 12.7; Size 1.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 153d
17.5"
(11/2/91): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE, 1.5'x0.6',
very bright core surrounded by fainter elongated halo. A mag 10 star is just off the west edge
0.6' WSW from the center.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1469 = Sw III-27 on 24 Feb 1886 with the 16" refractor at
the Warner Observatory and recorded "vF; vS; R; B* nr." His position is 6' NW of UGC 2909 = PGC
14261 and the "B * nr" refers to a mag 10.5 star at the SW edge.
******************************
NGC 1470 = MCG
-02-10-016 = PGC 14002
03 52 09.7 -08
59 57
V = 14.2; Size 1.3'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 169d
17.5"
(2/11/96): very faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, 1.0'x0.3',
slightly brighter core. Forms a
faint pair with NGC 1467 10' NNW.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 1470 = LM II-389 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 15.0, 0.8'x0.2', E 180¡
[N-S], *9.5 precedes 20s, 2' S."
There is nothing at his position but 1.0 min of RA west is MCG
-02-10-016 = PGC 14002, along with the described star at his offset.
******************************
NGC 1471 = NGC
1464 = PGC 13976
03 51 24.4 -15
24 08
See observing
notes for NGC 1464.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1471 = LM I-116 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at the Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 14.5, vS, pE
45¡." His description is
accurate, though his rough position is 1 minute 40 seconds of RA due east of
PGC 13976 (typical error). Lewis
Swift independently found this galaxy again on 1 Nov 1886 and included it in
list V-57 (later NGC 1464). So, NGC 1471 = NGC 1464, with discovery priority to
Leavenworth. The primary
designation used today is NGC 1464 due to its more precise coordinates. See
Corwin's notes for more.
******************************
NGC 1472 = PGC
14050
03 53 47.3 -08
34 06
V = 14.4; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(2/8/91): very faint, small, round.
A mag 13 star is 1' SE.
FIrst and brightest of three with NGC 1477 4' E and NGC 1478.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 1472 = LM I-117 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory and described "mag 14.0, 0.1' dia, 1st of 3
[with NGC 1477 and 1478]."
His rough position (nearest minute of RA) essentially matches PGC 14050
and the other two galaxies are appropriately placed in his list.
******************************
NGC 1473 = ESO
054-019 = LGG 107-001 = PGC 13853
03 47 26.8 -68
13 13
V = 12.9; Size 1.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 36d
24" (4/4/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x appears moderately bright and
large, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, weakly concentrated with a slightly brighter
core. This galaxy has a slightly
mottled or clumpy appearance (the SGC notes a "large knot 0.3' NE of
center"). Elongated in the
direction of a star 3' SW.
Situated within a string of 4 stars - one star to the NW and three to
the SE. Member of a small group
that includes NGC 1511 and NGC 1511A.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1473 = h2592 on 2 Nov 1834 and recorded "pF; R; glbM;
25" dia." His position
(from two sweeps) corresponds with ESO 054-019 = PGC 13853.
******************************
NGC 1474 = IC
2002 = UGC 2898 = MCG +02-10-003 = CGCG 442-005 = PGC 14065
03 54 30.3 +10
42 24
V = 13.8; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 0d
17.5"
(2/11/96): faint, fairly small, round, 40" diameter, weak concentration to
a slightly brighter 15" core.
A mag 13.5 star is just 1.0' N of center. Located 12' WSW of mag 9 SAO 93675.
This galaxy is
identified as IC 2002 in UGC, MCG, CGCG and RC3 due to a poor declination by
Marth. RNGC reverses the sign of the declination.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 1474 = m 93 on 5 Oct 1864 and logged "vF, S, R." His position is 8' S of UGC 2898 = PGC
14065, but this is the only nearby galaxy he could have seen. Several objects
discovered by Marth that evening have poor positions including NGC 1141 and NGC
1142 (dec error of 40'). Stephane
Javelle independently found the galaxy on 21 Dec 1903 and measured an accurate
position for J. 3-983 (later IC 2002).
So, NGC 1474 = IC 2002.
UGC, MCG, CGCG and RC3 only use the IC designation as the position is
unambiguous, though online catalogues (NED, HyperLEDA and SIMBAD) equate NGC
1474 = IC 2002. In addition, PGC
and RNGC reversed the sign of the declination of NGC 1474 (repeated in Roger
Sinnott's NGC 2000.0 and amateur software including Megastar). See my RNGC Corrections #6 and Corwin's
notes.
******************************
NGC 1475 = PGC
1007783
03 53 49.8 -08
08 15
Size 0.6'x0.6'
18" (10/16/09):
not seen initially at 275x but referring to the exact position an extremely
faint glow was quickly seen with averted.
Appears very small, round, 12" diameter. Visible ~2/3 of the time with averted once it was acquired.
18"
(1/1/08): extremely faint and small, round, 10"-15" diameter. Requires averted vision to
glimpse. Located 9' SE of mag 8 HD
24485 and 4.5' S of a mag 11.5 star.
A couple of other similar stars are within 5' to the SW and NE. The RNGC lists this number as
nonexistent.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1475 = LM II-390 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at the Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 15.3, 0.1' dia, R,
*14 4' north-preceding." His
position is close to PGC 1007783, though the mag 14 star is 5' southwest,
instead of northwest. RNGC
classifies this number as nonexistent.
See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 1476 = ESO
249-024 = MCG -07-09-001 = AM 0350-444 = PGC 14001
03 52 08.9 -44
31 57
V = 13.1; Size 1.4'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 86d
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly faint to moderately
bright, moderately large, very elongated 4:1 ~E-W, 0.8'x0.2', broad
concentration. Located 15' SE of a
mag 8 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1476 = h2591 on 14 Dec 1835 and recorded "F, S, pmE in the
parallel; gbM, 15" long." On a second sweep he described it "vF,
lE, gbM, 25" long". His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1477 = PGC
14060
03 54 02.9 -08
34 30
V = 14.8; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(2/8/91): extremely faint, very small, round. A mag 15 star is 1' NE. Located in a trio with NGC 1472 4' W and NGC 1478 2' NE.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 1477 = LM I-118 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory and logged "mag 15.0, 0.2' dia, 2nd of 3
[with NGC 1472 and 1478]."
His rough position (nearest minute of RA) is essentially accurate, along
with the companions.
******************************
NGC 1478 = PGC
14062
03 54 07.3 -08
33 20
V = 15.5; Size 0.5'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(2/8/91): extremely faint and small, round, at visual threshold. Faintest of a trio with NGC 1477 2' SW
and NGC 1472 5' WSW.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 1478 = LM I-119 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory and noted "mag 15.0, 0.2' dia, 3rd of 3
[with NGC 1472 and 1477]."
His rough position (nearest minute of RA) is essentially accurate, along
with the companions.
******************************
NGC 1479
03 54 24 -10 12
=Not found, RNGC
and Corwin.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 1479 = LM II-391 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory recorded "mag 16.0, 0.6'x0.1', 1st of 2
[with NGC 1480 = LM II-392]; nebulous **, in PA 170¡." There is nothing near his position which
matches this description and no discovery sketch was found to aid in the
identification. Neither of these
objects could be recovered by Harold Corwin. See his identification notes.
******************************
NGC 1480
03 54 30 -10 16
=Not found, RNGC.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 1480 = LM II-392 (along with NGC 1479 = LM II-391) in 1886 with
the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory, but there is
nothing at his position. Muller mentions a "*10 following 30s" but no
discovery sketch was found to aid in the identification and Harold Corwin's
search came up empty. The RNGC has an obvious typo in the position as the RA is
off by over 8 hours.
******************************
NGC 1481 = ESO
549-032 = MCG -03-10-053 = KTS 22A = PGC 14079
03 54 28.9 -20
25 38
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 133d
24"
(12/1/13): fairly faint, fairly small, oval 3:2 NW-SE, 30"x20", broad
concentration. Fainter of a pair
with NGC 1482 5.0' SE. Between the
two galaxies is mag 8.6 HD 24672 and a mag 12.5 star is less than 1' SE. ESO 549-035 lies 8.6' ENE.
17.5"
(2/1/92): very faint, very small, slightly elongated NW-SE, even surface
brightness. Located 2.5' NW of mag
8.7 SAO 168936. Continuing on this
line is NGC 1482 5' SSE.
John Herschel discovered
NGC 1481 = h2593 on 13 Nov 1835 and described "eF, S, R, precedes two
bright stars and the nebula III.962 [NGC 1482].". His single position is 2' S of ESO
549-032 = PGC 14079 and the description applies perfectly.
******************************
NGC 1482 = ESO
549-033 = MCG -03-10-054 = KTS 22B = PGC 14084
03 54 38.9 -20
30 09
V = 12.1; Size 2.5'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 103d
24"
(12/1/13): moderately bright to fairly bright, fairly large, oval 5:3 WNW-ESE,
~1.5'x0.9'. Contains a large bright
core that increases to a very small, bright nucleus. Surrounding the core is a very low surface brightness
halo. Forms a right triangle with
two bright stars; mag 8.6 HD 24694 2.3' ENE and mag 8.6 HD 24672 2.6' NNW. Brightest in a triplet (KTS 22) with
NGC 1481 5.0' NW and ESO 549-35 9' NE.
The dust lane in this IR-luminous starburst galaxy was not seen.
17.5"
(2/1/92): faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 ~E-W, broad concentration. Forms the southern vertex of an
isosceles triangle with mag 8.7 SAO 168936 2.5' NW and mag 8.6 SAO 168941 2'
NE! Forms a pair with NGC 1481 5'
NNW..
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1482 = H III 962 = h2594 on 19 Dec 1799 (sweep 1091) and
recorded "vF; vS; near 2 bright stars, south preceding of them." JH observed the galaxy from the Cape of
Good Hope on 13 Nov 1835 and logged "F, S, R; makes an obtuse angled
triangle with two bright stars, the one preceding, the other following
it." A week later he called it "eF, S; makes an obtuse angled nearly
isoceles triangle with two stars 10th mag north of it." His third
observation on 11 Dec was recorded as "pB, lE, gbM (newly polished
mirror); makes an obtuse angled triangle with two stars 10th mag to its
north."
******************************
NGC 1483 = ESO
201-007 = PGC 14022
03 52 47.7 -47
28 40
V = 12.7; Size 1.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 125d
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): moderately bright and large,
slightly elongated NW-SE, 1.2'x0.9', broad concentration, slightly irregular or
patchy surface brightness but no clear spiral structure. Located 15' SE of mag 6.7 HD
24500. Member of the Dorado Group.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1483 = h2595 on 14 Dec 1835 (and possibly earlier by Dunlop) and
recorded "pretty faint; round; very little brighter in the middle;
20". (Newly polished mirror, but the sky dull and haze forming; so that
this may very possibly be Dunlop 428.)". His second observation reads "very faint; pretty large;
round; very gradually a little brighter in the middle; 80" across. I feel
convinced that this nebula is too faint to have been seen by Mr Dunlop. Put on
the 9 inch aperture, could not discern the least trace of it. Mirror polished yesterday and in high
beauty. Sky superb."
James Dunlop
discovered D 427 on 2 Sep 1826 with his 9" reflector from Parramatta and
reported "a pretty large nebula, round figure, 2' or 3'
diameter". D 428 was
described as "An extremely faint ill-defined small nebula. A pretty large nebula (D 427) precedes
this." Despite Herschel's
comments, Dunlop's position for D 428 lands very close to NGC 1483, although
there is only a single object here, so perhaps this is a coincidence.
******************************
NGC 1484 = ESO
359-006 = MCG -06-09-036 = PGC 14071
03 54 17.9 -36
58 14
V = 13.1; Size 2.5'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 80d
18"
(12/30/08): faint, thin edge-on ~6:1 E-W, 1.5'x0.25', low even surface
brightness with no noticeable core.
Located at the SE edge of the Fornax I cluster.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1484 = h2596 on 28 Nov 1837 and recorded "vF, L, E, vgvlbM,
2'." His position is 1' S of
ESO 359-006 = PGC 14071.
******************************
NGC 1485 = UGC
2933 = MCG +12-04-010 = CGCG 327-014 = PGC 14432
04 05 03.6 +70
59 46
V = 12.6; Size 2.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 22d
17.5" (2/8/91):
fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE, even surface
brightness. A mag 15 star is just
following the SSW end.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1485 = Sw III-28 on 24 Feb 1886 with the 16" refractor at
the Warner Observatory and logged "eF; pS; R." His position is 2.6' NW of UGC 2933 =
PGC 14432 and the identification is certain, though the galaxy is quite
elongated.
******************************
NGC 1486 = ESO
549-037 = MCG -04-10-008 = PGC 14132
03 56 18.6 -21
49 17
V = 14.2; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 2d
17.5"
(2/22/03): very faint, fairly small,, 0.6'x0.4', weak concentration with a
roundish, brighter core, requires averted vision. The halo appears elongated SSW-NNE although difficult to pin
down a consistent orientation.
Located 10' E of mag 9.7 SAO 168958 and 9' ENE of mag 9.4 SAO 168962.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1486 = LM II-393 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at the Leander McCormick Observatory.
His position is about 25 sec of RA east of ESO 549-037 = PGC 14132. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position in 1898-99 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory
(repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 1487 = VV 78
= ESO 249-003 = MCG -07-09-0021 = LGG 108-001 = PGC 14117
03 55 45.3 -42
22 05
V = 11.9; Size 3.3'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 55d
18"
(1/17/09): fairly faint, moderately large, irregularly round, 1.8'x1.5',
slightly elongated E-W, weak central brightening. Appears to have an irregular surface brightness, though
viewed at a very low elevation from Lake Sonoma. Two mag 12.5-13 stars form an isosceles triangle with the
galaxy 1.2' N and 1.2' W. On the
DSS this is a distorted interacting system with two brighter condensations and
long, faint tidal plumes. This
object should be viewed from a more southerly latitude to see detail.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1487 = D 480 = h2597 on 29 Oct 1826 with his 9" reflector
and described "a very faint ill-defined nebula, with two or three very
small stars in it, and a small star following." There is nothing at his position, but 83 sec of RA west is
the interacting system VV 78 = PGC 14117.
Glen Cozens notes this is probably the faintest galaxy discovered by
Dunlop (V = 11.9). JH observed
this galaxy on 3 sweeps, first recording "pB, pL, R, 90"; makes a
triangle with two stars 13th mag about 1 radius of nebula (by diagram) from its
edge." NGC 1487 is a distorted triple system.
******************************
NGC 1488
04 00 04.3 +18
34 02
=**,
Thomson. Incorrect ID in RNGC,
CGCG, RC3.
Edward Cooper
discovered NGC 1488 = Au 19 at the Markree Observatory in Ireland, and noted as
a nebulous mag 12 star while compiling the Markree ecliptic Catalogue. At his position is a 9" pair of
stars. Bigourdan reported finding
only a 13th mag double star with no nebulosity. Engelhardt also made a micrometric measurement of the
components of this double star.
RNGC, CGCG and
RC3 misidentify CGCG 466-003 = PGC 14181 as NGC 1488. This galaxy is located 1m 55s of time west of Cooper's position. All of the other six objects discovered
at Markree Observatory have been shown to be stars. See Thomson's Catalogue Corrections and Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 1489 = ESO
549-042 = MCG -03-11-003 = PGC 14165
03 57 38.2 -19
12 58
V = 13.8; Size 1.4'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 12d
17.5"
(2/22/03): very faint, fairly small, elongated ~2:1 SSW-NNE, 0.9'x0.4', nearly
uniform surface brightness.
Situated between a mag 10.8 star 2.7' W and a mag 11.4 star 4' NE.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 1489 = LM II-394 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 15.0, 1.0'x0.6', E 190¡
(SSW-NNE)." His position is
40 sec of RA east of ESO 549-042 = PGC 14165 and the position angle is a
perfect match. Herbert Howe
measured an accurate position in 1898 using the 20" refractor at
Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes). MCG does not label this galaxy as NGC 1489.
******************************
NGC 1490 = ESO
083-011 = PGC 14040
03 53 34.4 -66
01 05
V = 12.4; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 142d
24" (4/4/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 280x appeared bright, moderately large,
round, 1.2' diameter. Sharply
concentrated with a very bright 20" core that increases to the center,
surrounded by a diffuse 1.2' halo.
A faint star is embedded at the east edge of the halo. NGC 1503 lies 18' E and ESO 083-012 is
9.5' NE. Located 1.5 degrees SE of
mag 3.8 Beta Reticuli and 4' N of mag 9.3 HD 24957.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1490 = h2599 on 2 Nov 1834 and recorded "pB, S, lE, pmbM,
18" dia." His position
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1491 = LBN
705 = Ced 25 = Sh 2-206
04 03 13.6 +51
18 58
Size 3'x3'
18"
(1/20/07): at 115x and 174x and OIII filter appears as a bright, large,
elongated HII region on the west side of an 11th magnitude star. Appears roughly 4'x2', extending SSW to
NNE and brighter on the south end.
The west side has a fairly hard, well-defined edge while the east side
is more irregular and fades into the background. Four faint stars are involved on the northern end and a pair
of fainter stars are at the south end.
17.5"
(3/2/02): at 100x, this is a moderately bright, roundish glow, ~3' diameter.
Extends mostly west of a mag 11 star, wrapping around the star,
particularly on the north side. Excellent contrast gain with an OIII
filter as it appears bright with an irregular surface brightness. There
is a subtle bite cut out of the nebulosity on the east side that creates a
darker hollow extending just west of the star. At 220x (unfiltered),
about a half dozen stars are involved or at the edges. The nebulosity is
quite irregular with a high surface brightness region preceding the star.
Faint, elongated haze extends from this patch to the NE past the star
giving an elongated appearance. A pair of mag 13-14 stars is at the
northern end and another pair is just off the western edge.
17.5"
(12/8/90): at 140x with OIII filter appears as a bright, moderately large,
circular nebulosity involving a mag 11 star. The brightest portion lies to the west of the star and is
elongated 3:2 ~N-S. There appears
be a dark gap just west of the mag 11 star. Two very faint stars are superimposed near the edges.
13"
(1/18/85): bright emission nebula just west of a mag 10.5 star, extends SW-NE,
interesting shape.
8"
(11/14/80): bright, large, ~6' diameter.
A mag 10.5 star is at the east side.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1491 = H I-258 on 28 Dec 1790 (sweep 989) and recorded "vB,
iF, resolvable, bM, 5' l, 3 or 4' br. A pL star in it towards the following
side, but unconnected." His
position is fairly accurate, though Dreyer used a micrometric position of an
involved star by Engelhardt. See
Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 1492 = ESO 359-012
= AM 0356-353 = PGC 14186
03 58 13.1 -35
26 48
V = 13.5; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 10d
18"
(1/21/04): faint, small, round, 0.4' diameter, fairly even surface
brightness. Located 1.5' N of a
mag 13 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1492 = h2598 on 28 Nov 1837 and logged "vF, vS, R,
10'." His position is
accurate, though, his size of 10' is probably a typo for 10".
******************************
NGC 1493 = ESO
249-033 = AM 0355-462 = PGC 14163
03 57 28 -46 12
36
V = 11.3; Size 3.5'x3.2'; Surf Br = 13.7
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly bright, fairly large,
round, 3.0' diameter, broad concentration. Contains a brighter, elongated core or "bar"
oriented ~E-W. The halo contains a
strong suggestion of irregular spiral structure. A mag 15 star is at the east edge of the halo. This face-on SBcd galaxy is a member of
the Dorado Group.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1493 = D 438 = h2600 with his 9-inch reflector on 2 Sep 1826 and
described "a very faint nebula, about 1' diameter, round
figure". JH first logged it
on 14 Dec 1835 and noted "F, vL, R, vglbM, 3'; sky dull, a haze
forming." On a second sweep
he was critical of Dunlop's discovery and commented "faint; large; round;
very gradually a little brighter in the middle; 2.5' across. With 9"
aperture, and a mirror newly polished yesterday, and in high beauty, it is
barely possible to discern with the utmost attention that this nebula exists;
but to have discovered it with that aperture and power 180 would have been
quite out of the question; possibly, however, 90 might show it
better." Despite Herschel's
skepticism, Dunlop's position is unusually accurate.
******************************
NGC 1494 = ESO
201-012 = PGC 14169
03 57 42.5 -48
54 32
V = 11.7; Size 3.2'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 179d
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly bright, fairly large, oval
3:2 N-S, 2.4'x1.5'. Contains an
elongated bar-like core with a suggestion of spiral structure and mottling (HII
regions) in the halo. A
distinctive trio of mag 12-12.5 stars (separations 30"-45") lie 3.5'
N. Located 14' W of mag 7.9 HD
25315. Possible member of the
Dorado Group.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1494 = h2601 on 28 Dec 1834 and described "F, L, R, vgvlbM,
70" dia." On a second
sweep he called it "F, L, R, vglbM, 2.5'; has north of it a triangle of
stars 12th mag." His position
and description is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1495 = ESO
249-034 = MCG -07-09-004 = AM 0356-443 = PGC 14190
03 58 21 -44 28
00
V = 12.6; Size 3.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 104d
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): moderately bright or fairly
bright, fairly large, very thin edge-on 8:1 WNW-ESE, 2.5'x0.3', broad
concentration but no well-defined core, slightly mottled or uneven appearance,
fades at tips with the ESE tip fainter.
A mag 11.8 star lies 1.9' SE of center and a mag 9.4 star is 5.9' ESE,
nearly collinear with the major axis.
Possible member of the Dorado Group (NGC 1433 subgroup?).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1495 = h2602 on 24 Oct 1835 and logged "F, E in the
parallel, vgvlbM, 60" l, 40" br." His position (measured on 3 sweeps) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1496 = Cr 44
= OCL-396 = Lund 122
04 04 32 +52 39
42
Size 6'
17.5"
(12/28/94): 20 stars mag 12-15 in a 5' region elongated E-W. The stars are mainly arranged in a
semicircle open to the east with several nice close pairs! The brightest mag 11 star is on the NE
end of the semicircle and the SE end is a very close double. An isolated mag 10 star is 4' SW and
0.8' NE of this star is an evenly matched mag 14 pair at 7" separation.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1496 = h310 on 8 Nov 1831 and recorded a "curious knot of
stars forming a cluster in form the segment of an elliptic ring." His position and and description
accurates describes this cluster.
******************************
NGC 1497 = UGC
2929 = MCG +04-10-008 = CGCG 487-009 = PGC 14331
04 02 06.8 +23
07 59
V = 13.1; Size 1.8'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 60d
48"
(10/31/13): moderately bright to fairly bright, moderately large, oval 3:2
SW-NE, 45"x30", contains a bright core. A mag 12.7 star is 1.1' SW of center. Brightest in a group with UGC 2927 6'
WSW ("fairly faint, small, round, 24" diameter, very small bright
nucleus. A mag 15 star is attached
at the east side of the core") and UGC 2928 7.4' NW ("fairly faint,
small, slightly elongated, 20" diameter").
17.5"
(11/14/87): fairly faint, small, round, bright core, forms a triangle with two
stars to the south. UGC 2927 lies
6' WSW. Located 15' E of ·479 =
7.0/7.9 at 7" and about 3.5¡ SE of the Pleiades.
13.1"
(1/28/84): faint, small, roundish, slightly brighter middle, a pair of stars
are just south.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1497 = St VIIIb-13 on 11 Dec 1876 using the 31" reflector
at the Marseille Observatory. His
position matches UGC 2929 = PGC 14331.
******************************
NGC 1498
04 00 19.4 -12
01 11
Size 0.7
17.5"
(12/30/99): at 220x, this is an easily resolved trio of mag 13.5-14 stars
forming a small isosceles triangle (separations of 30", 30",
45"). This triple star or
asterism is the closest object to William Herschel's position but it's
difficult to see how he confused it with a poor cluster.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1498 = H VII-3 on 8 Feb 1784 (sweep 136) and recorded "a
small cluster of compressed stars, containing some pretty large." Dreyer notes in his 1912
"Scientific Papers of William Herschel", that "there is no very
pronounced cluster near the place."
Herschel's reference star is 3 Leporis with an offset of -72m 30s and
-30' dec. This places NGC 1498 at
03 59 54 -12 01 (J2000) and Auwer's reduction gives the same position. A close trio of mag 13/14 stars lies at
04 00 19.4 -12 01 11 (mean of three stars with a maximum separation of
~45"), which is a plausible candidate although doesn't qualify as a
"small cluster of compressed stars." See Corwin's notes for more of the story.
******************************
NGC 1499 =
California Nebula = LBN 756 = Ced 26 = Sh 2-220
04 03 14 +36 22
06
Size 145'x40'
17.5"
(1/16/02): Despite its reputation as a challenging target, this was an easy,
fascinating object at 64x with a H-beta filter. The California Nebula is HUGE
and extended a full two eyepiece fields even using a 31 Nagler for a total
length of over 2.5 degrees and with a varying width of 15'-30', extended
WNW-ESE. The E-W border is
well-defined with a filter, particularly in the general vicinity of Xi Persei
(middle of three naked-eye stars in the leg of Perseus collinear with the
Pleiades) on the southern border and a long straight stretch on the northern
edge. Along the northern edge,
there is some filamentary, wispy structure similar to the view of the Veil
nebula in a small scope!
The nebulosity
is weaker and more disorganized, though, close to the preceding and following
ends. The nebula tapers towards the eastern end where there are some additional
brighter streaks and dark intrusions near a group of stars. Portions of the central region are
clearly fainter with no evident structure. At the west end the structure is also chaotic with an
irregular mix of weak nebulosity and darker voids. There is much to view here even at 64x, and I spent 30
minutes scanning the entire length for structure.
17.5"
(10/28/89): the California Nebula requires very low power and visibility is
best using an H-beta filter. At
82x appears very large, faint, very elongated, irregular low surface brightness
with darker lanes and some wispy structure along the edges. The most well-defined section of the
border is near a mag 8.5 star bordering the southern edge. Located roughly 30' N of mag 4.0 Xi
Persei.
13.1"
(1/18/85): definite contrast gain with H-beta filter as only the section NW of
Xi was definite using a Daystar 300 filter (siimlar to UHC), but the H-beta
shows the full extent easily.
13x80mm
(1/13/07): excellent view in my 80mm finder using a 24mm Panoptic and an H-beta
filter as a huge, elongated bar of fairly high contrast stretching across the
field. The glow is generally
brightest in the broad middle section between Xi Persei and the 6th magnitude
star off the central north side.
The nebula noticeably tapers towards the southeast end as the northern
side of this end squeezes inward.
Similarly, the northwest end also tapers as the northern boundary
narrows towards the southern side.
16x80mm
(7/27/84): very large and faint, very elongated WNW-ESE, sharper and brighter
on WNW edge, very low surface brightness.
Improved contrast with an H-beta filter.
15x50mm IS
binoculars (8/27/11): very faintly visible as a large, elongated glow near Xi
Persei using a pair of 2" H-beta filters over the objectives.
E.E. Barnard
discovered NGC 1499, the California Nebula, on 3 Nov 1885 while searching for
comets with the 6-inch Cooke Equatorial refractor at Vanderbilt University
Observatory. In Sidereal Messenger, Vol 5 (page 27) he reported
"this requires the lowest power and cannot be seen by direct vision. It is
only by directing the vision slightly to one side of its place that it is
pssible to see it, then flashes out feebly." The NGC position is
near the following end.
Simon Archenhold
produced the first photograph on 27 Oct 1891. He quickly published an
article with a sketch of the outline (nearly 2¡) and apparently felt it was too
large photographically to be identical to Barnard's intended object.
Barnard responded in an 1894 article that he discovered this object
visually.
******************************
NGC 1500 = ESO
201-013 = PGC 14187
03 58 13.9 -52
19 42
V = 13.8; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 88d
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 260x, fairly faint, fairly
small, slightly elongated ~E-W, 0.6'x0.5', weak concentration. Nearly on a line between a mag 11.2
star 2.6' WNW and a mag 10.2 star 4.7' ESE. Brightest member of AGC 2193 with several cluster members in
the field including PGC 14176 2.6' SW, PGC 128672 3.1' SE and PGC 14188 6.3'
SSE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1500 = h2603 on 24 Dec 1837 and logged "F, vS, R, pmbM,
12"; has a star 8th mag 15.5 tsec preceding in RA, to northward."
Herschel noted this nebula might be equivalent to James Dunlop's D 369, which
was described as "a faint nebula, elliptical in the parallel of the
equator, about 30" long and 12" broad". Dunlop's position is 2 min 30 sec of RA
east of this galaxy and not nearly as elongated as Dunlop's description. This equivalence is not given by Glen
Cozens or Wolfgang Steinicke.
******************************
NGC 1501 = Blue
Oyster Nebula = PK 144+6.1 = PN G144.5+06.5
04 06 59.4 +60
55 15
V = 11.9; Size 56"x48"; PA = 98d
18"
(11/7/07): superb view at 450x in good seeing. The 1' diameter disc is slightly elongated ~E-W,
~60"x50" with a very narrow, brighter rim and darker center. The mag 14.4 central star was steadily
visible. On closer inspection the
thin rim was clearly irregular in surface brightness and slightly brighter
along the southwest and northeast sides with a couple of tiny knots embedded in
the rim. The slightly darker interior
was weakly mottled or patchy with subtle variations in surface brightness.
17.5"
(1/8/00): at 100x, this moderately bright PN was irregularly round, 1'
diameter, weakly annular with a faint glimpse of the central star. There was a good contrast gain with the
OIII filter and the image was crisp-edged, slightly elongated SW-NE and the
small, darker center was more evident.
Excellent view at 220x with the faint central star (mag 14.4) clearly
visible. The surface brightness
was irregular with an unevenly brighter outer rim. The central star was visible steadily at 280x and the
overall surface brightness was mottled or "clumpy" (brighter on west
and NE rim), darkening in the center.
17.5"
(9/14/85): bright, moderately large, almost round, 1' diameter, high surface
brightness. An easy mag 14.2
central star is visible. Appears
darker near the central star with a brighter rim.
13"
(1/28/84): slightly annular, very faint mag 14 central star visible.
8": fairly
faint, moderately large, bluish, slightly elongated, sharp-edged.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1501 = H IV-53 on 3 Nov 1787 (sweep 774) using the front-view
(no secondary) design with a power of 157. He described "a very curious planetary nebula of nearly
1' in diameter; it is round, pretty well defined of a uniform light and pretty
bright." Just 6 nights later,
he reported "with 360 much magnitified, but still the borders pretty
abruptly defined, irregularly elliptical."
On 15 Jan 1868
Lawrence Parsons, the son of Lord Rosse, reported "a bright ring and
inside it a dark annulus, very decided.
A star in the centre seen very clearly and continuously with various
powers; suspect variable [unequal?] brightness in the ring, perhaps a dark spot
in it nearly on the p side. The f
side of the ring appears broadest and to approach the central star nearer than
the preceding side does. The n and
s sides of the ring seem rather brighter than the p and f sides. Suspect other bright points in it, but
am not at all certain. It is
slightly elliptical, its major axis being nearly p and f."
Based on a
Crossley photograph, Curtis (1918) described, "central star nearly mag 12,
surrounded by a very irregular and patchy elliptical disk, about
56"x48" in pa 98¡. The
periphery shows traces of a broken ring formation the brightest portions are
the edges at the ends of the minor axis."
On a 60-inch Mt
Wilson photograph, Pease (1917) reported "this is a fine planetary of
regular elliptical shape, 60"x45", p.a. 120¡, with protuberances at
each end of the minor axis making a total breadth 53". The nebula is
irregularly mottled, bearing a resemblance to the convolutions of the
brain."
******************************
NGC 1502 = Cr 45
= OCL-383 = Lund 124
04 07 49 +62 19
54
V = 5.7; Size 8'
13.1"
(1/28/84): bright, striking cluster, 40 stars visible in a trapezoidal
outline. The brightest is the
striking double ·485 = 7.0/7.1 at 18" and the cluster also includes ·484 =
9.0/9.5 at 5". NGC 1502 is
located near the SE end of the chain of stars "Kemble's
Cascade". The cluster, part
of the Camelopardalis OB1 association, contains 17 type-B0 to B3 stars.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1502 = H VII-47 on 3 Nov 1787 (sweep 774) and recorded "a
cluster of stars, pretty rich and considerably compressed, slightly extended,
3' or 4' diameter, irregular figure."
******************************
NGC 1503 = ESO
083-013 = PGC 14137
03 56 33.5 -66
02 28
V = 13.4; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 140d
24" (4/4/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly faint to moderately bright, small,
round, 25" diameter. Contains
a very small brighter core and occasional stellar nucleus. Located 18' E of brighter NGC 1490.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1503 = h2604 on 2 Nov 1834 and logged "eF, S, R, (a
doubtful object) Has a * on p, 10th mag 3' dist." His position is 1' N of ESO 083-013 =
PGC 14137.
******************************
NGC 1504 = MCG
-02-11-008 = PGC 14336
04 02 29.7 -09
20 07
V = 14.5; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(12/30/99): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Appears as a low surface brightness
spot sandwiched between NGC 1505 1.8' NE and a mag 12 star 1.6' W.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 1504 = LM I-120 (along with NGC 1505 = LM I-121) on 31 Dec 1885
with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. His rough positions (nearest min of RA)
correspond with MCG -02-11-008 = PGC 14336 and MCG -02-11-009 = PGC 14339.
******************************
NGC 1505 = MCG
-02-11-009 = PGC 14339
04 02 36.4 -09
19 21
V = 14.2; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(12/30/99): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated E-W,
40"x30". Increases to a
small bright core and stellar nucleus.
Forms the vertex of an isosceles triangle with two mag 11.5-12.5 stars
3.5' WSW and SSW. Brighter of a
close pair with NGC 1504 1.8' SW (inside the triangle).
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 1505 = LM I-121 (along with NGC 1504 = LM I-120) on 31 Dec 1885
with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. His rough position (nearest min of RA)
matches MCG -02-11-009 = PGC 14339.
MCG does not label this galaxy NGC 1505.
******************************
NGC 1506 = ESO
156-027 = PGC 14256
04 00 21.6 -52
34 25
V = 13.5; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 80d
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly faint, fairly small, oval
3:2 ~SW-NE, 35"x25", weak concentration, gradually increases to a
faint stellar nucleus. Situated
between a mag 13 star 1.8' SW and a mag 13.5 star 1.1' NE. Member of AGC 3193 with brighter member
NGC 1500 24' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1506 = h2605 on 23 Dec 1837 and logged "eeeF, S,
R.". On the next sweep (when
brighter NGC 1500 was also discovered) he added "between two stars 12th
and 13th mag." His position
and description matches.
******************************
NGC 1507 = UGC
2947 = MCG +00-11-009 = CGCG 392-002 = Mrk 1080 = PGC 14409
04 04 27.1 -02
11 21
V = 12.3; Size 3.6'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 11d
13.1"
(12/18/82): fairly faint, edge-on 4:1 N-S, even surface brightness. A mag 10.5 star is 3.4' SSE and a mag
13 star is 1.2' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1507 = H II-279 on 6 Jan 1785 (sweep 351) and recorded "mE,
easily resolvable, about 4' long, some of the stars [in it] visible." On 1 Feb 1786 (ssweep 518) he noted
"vF, mE, vlbM, about 3' l."
******************************
NGC 1508 = MCG
+04-10-021 = CGCG 487-021 = PGC 14454
04 05 47.6 +25
24 31
V = 14.3; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.4
17.5"
(11/14/87): fairly faint, small, round, bright core. UGC 2949 lies 15' SW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1508 = St VIIIb-14 on 15 Dec 1876 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory. His
position matches CGCG 487-021 = PGC 14454.
******************************
NGC 1509 = IC
2026 = MCG -02-11-013 = Mrk 1079 = PGC 14393
04 03 55.2 -11
10 44
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(12/30/99): faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. This is a very compact galaxy with a
fairly high surface brightness. A
mag 14.5 star is 1' E.
NGC 1509 = IC
2026 forms a close pair with MCG -02-11-012 = PGC 14389 just 1.2' W. At first I thought it was a very faint
mag 15-15.5 star, but with extended viewing, a 15" knot was seen. This companion is often misidentified
as IC 2026.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 1509 = LM I-122 = Sw V-59 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at
the Leander McCormick Observatory.
Stone reported (2 observations), "mag 14.0, 0.1' dia, R,
gbM." His rough position
(accurate to the nearest min of RA and less than 1' too far north) is close
enough to be unambiguous.
Lewis Swift
found NGC 1509 again on 22 Oct 1886 and logged (list V-59), "vF; vS; lE;
F* nr p[receding]." His
position is 9 sec of RA following MCG -02-11-013 and it's possible the "F*
nr p" refers to PGC 14389 (as I almost thought). Dreyer credited Swift and Stone with the discovery in the
NGC (in that order), although Gary Kronk mentioned to me the Leander McCormick
discovery list was submitted to the Astronomical Journal on 12 Oct 1886, so
discovery priority goes to Stone.
Bigourdan
reobserved the galaxy in 1897 but assumed it was a nova (misidentifying a nearby
star as NGC 1509) and it received the number IC 2026. So, NGC 1509 = IC 2026. Howe also observed the field in 1899-1900 and measured an
accurate position with the 20" refractor at Denver. See Corwin's
identification notes.
******************************
NGC 1510 = ESO
250-003 = MCG -07-09-006 = LGG 108-002 = PGC 14375
04 03 32.6 -43
24 01
V = 13.0; Size 1.3'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 90d
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): faint, very small, round, only 20" diameter. Forms an equilateral triangle with two
mag 13.5 stars ~1.8' S and 1.7' WSW.
Located 5' SW of NGC 1512.
13.1"
(11/29/86): not seen although far south from northern California. Forms a pair with brighter NGC 1512.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1510 = h2606 on 4 Dec 1836 and recorded "F; R; vgpmbM,
80" dia. Not resolved. A companion to Dunlop 466 [NGC
1512]." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 1511 = ESO
055-004 = AM 0359-674 = KTS 23A = LGG 107-002 = PGC 14236
03 59 36.9 -67
38 03
V = 11.3; Size 3.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 125d
24" (4/4/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x appeared fairly bright, fairly
large, elongated 3:1 NW-SE, ~2.5'x0.8'.
Contains a bright, elongated core with a small very bright nucleus. Two stars mag 14-15 stars bracket the
galaxy just 54" E and 1.3' W of center and just north of the center. The northeast flank of the galaxy
appears slightly brighter and more sharply defined and there is an impression
of a dust lane on the south side.
At 260x the galaxy has a mottled appearance and is slightly warped or
asymmetric at the tips. A mag 10.8
star lies 3.5' SSE and a fainter edge-on, NGC 1511A, is in the field 11'
SSE. The companion is a fairly
faint, moderately large, edge-on 7:2 WNW-ESE, 1.5'x0.4', broadly concentrated
with a slightly bulging core. NGC
1511 is a member of a small group that includes NGC 1473, NGC 1511A and NGC
1511B.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1511 = h2608 on 2 Nov 1834 and described "pB; mE; vgbM;
90" l; pos 125.5¡." His
position and description matches ESO 055-004 = PGC 14236.
******************************
NGC 1512 = ESO
250-004 = MCG -07-09-007 = AM 0402-433 = LGG 108-003 = PGC 14391
04 03 54.2 -43
20 56
V = 10.3; Size 8.9'x5.6'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 90d
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): fairly bright, fairly large, oval 3:2 SW-NE. Sharply concentrated with a bright,
30" core. The tightly bound
spiral "ring" was not seen, although there was some brightening at
the southwest and northeast ends of the major axis, where the spiral arms
emerge from the central bar. Forms
a pair with NGC 1510 5' SW.
13.1"
(11/29/86): faint, small, slightly elongated. Forms a pair with NGC 1510 5' SW. Very far south for viewing from Northern California.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1512 = D 466 = h2607 on 29 Oct 1826 and described "a small
faint round nebula, about 25 arcseconds diameter, a little brighter in the
centre: a star of 10th or 12th magnitude preceding the nebula." Dunlop made a single observation and
his position is 10' SE of the galaxy (typical error).
JH made 3
observations: On 24 Oct 1835 he
logged "bright, large, slightly elongated, pretty suddenly brighter in the
middle, 3' diameter; it is just north of a great group of large stars 6, 7 and
8th mag, scattered over two or three fields." On a second sweep he noted "Globular. bright, pretty large, round, 3'
diameter. Resolved into stars barely perceptible." Finally, on a third
sweep he recorded "B, R, gpmbM." Based on the second description, Herschel identified this
object as a globular cluster in the GC and Dreyer copied this classification
into the NGC description. The IC
2, though, has a note from DeLisle Stewart "Not a globular cl, but an eF
ring nebula".
******************************
NGC 1513 = Cr 46
= OCL-398 = Lund 125
04 09 55 +49 31
00
V = 8.4; Size 9'
13.1"
(1/18/85): about 60 stars mag 11 and fainter over unresolved background
glow. Located 50' SE of Lambda
Persei (V = 4.3).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1513 = H VII-60 on 28 Dec 1790 (sweep 989) and recorded "A
L cl of considerable L stars, pretty compressed and very rich, iR, about 7'
dia." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 1514 =
Crystal Ball Nebula = PK 165-15.1 = PN G165.5-15.2
04 09 17.0 +30
46 33
V = 10.9; Size 136"x121"
48"
(10/25/14): at 610x unfiltered; very bright and large; very irregular surface
brightness, the rim varies greatly in thickness and brightness. The relatively thick rim is very bright
in the northwest quadrant, along roughly a 70¡ arc. A second enhanced portion of the rim is along the southeast
end (~35¡ arc) and a third slightly smaller, bright region (more circular) is
on the east end. The rim is weak
on the south or south-southwest end.
A mag 17 star is at the edge of the rim on the southwest end. The rim is also weaker on the north and
northeast side. The rim bulges out
on the southeast side (near the two enhancements on this end) and to a lesser
extent on the northwest end and the south end. The mag 9.5 star at the center and a very faint companion to
its southeast are surrounded by a darker central hole.
18"
(2/4/08): at 175x, appears as a large, roundish glow (~2.5'x2.2) surrounding a
bright mag 9.4 central star.
Excellent response to UHC and OIII filters. The surface brightness is clearly irregular with subtle
brighter and darker regions. The
SW and NE ends were slightly dimmer, while the NW and SE portions of the rim
were brighter. The region around
the central star was also slightly darker.
17.5"
(12/30/99): at 100x, moderately bright, round, ~2' halo surrounding a prominent
mag 9.5 star. Displayed an
excellent response to UHC and OIII blinking while the H-beta filter killed the
PN (OIII/H-beta = 12). Using the
OIII filter, the surface brightness was noticeably uneven, with the NW quadrant
of the rim clearly brighter. The
SE end was also weakly enhanced while the center and ends of the minor axis
were slightly darker. At 220x
using a UHC filter, the halo appeared nearly 2.5' in diameter. There was a small, darker
"hole" surrounding the central star and the halo was clearly
irregular with a brighter "knot" on the SE side, while the NW portion
of the halo was brighter along the rim.
17.5"
(9/14/85): very bright, large, round, 2' diameter. Contains a very bright mag 9.5 central star surrounded by a
fairly bright halo with an irregular surface brightness. Located midway between mag 8.3 SAO
57017 8' NNW and mag 9 SAO 57021 8' S.
13"
(12/22/84): bright, fairly large, round, dominated by a mag 9.5 central star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1514 = H IV-69 = h311 on 13 Nov 1790 (sweep 980) and described
"A most singular phenomenon. A star of about 8th magnitude with a faint
luminous atmosphere of a circular form, and about 3' in diameter. The star is
perfectly in the center and the atmosphere is so diluted, faint and equal
throughout that there can be no surmise of its consisting of stars; nor can
there be a doubt of the evident connection between the atmosphere and the star.
Another star, not much less in brightness and in the same field with the above,
was perfectly free from any such appearance." The striking symmetry
of NGC 1514 caused Herschel to rethink his idea of planetary nebulae. He
previously assumed all nebulae were unresolved stellar clusters of some kind,
disguised by their great distance. After this point, he was convinced of the
existence of pure nebulosity, out of which individual stars or planets were
born and he no longer expected every nebula to be resolved with enough
aperture. This essentially destroyed his interest in the 40-foot telescope
(48-inch aperture), although the difficulty in using this unwieldy scope was
also a major factor.
A total of 20
observations were made with the 72" at Birr Castle with one of the
earliest (13 Jan 1852) by Bindon Stoney describing NGC 1514 as a "new
spiral of an annular form round the star, which is central; Brightest part is
sf the star, spirality is very faint, but I have no doubt of its
existence". Stoney and later
R.J. Mitchell sketched an irregular rim with brighter and dimmer sections.
Samuel Hunter made a sketch on 9 Jan 1858 with a brighter reversed
"S" shape within an oval halo.
A version of this sketch was chosen (over Stoney and Mitchell's
sketches) for LdR's 1861 publication (plate XXV, figure 7). Resolving spiral structure was a major
theme at Birr Castle but irregularities in the rim was likely the cause of this
illusion.
******************************
NGC 1515 = ESO
156-036 = PGC 14397
04 04 03.0 -54
06 10
V = 11.2; Size 5.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 18d
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): showpiece galaxy with a close
companion at 260x. Very bright and
large, very elongated at least 4:1 SSW-NNE, ~4.5'x1' with a bulging core --
similar to a smaller version of NGC 7331.
The overall surface brightness is high with a very high surface
brightness elongated core. NGC
1515A lies 2.0' SW of center. The
companion appeared faint, fairly small, round, 30" diameter with a small
brighter core and a very low surface brightness halo. Despite the closeness, the companion is more than 10 times
as distant as NGC 1515. Member of
the Dorado Group.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1515 = D348 = h2609 on 5 Nov 1826 using his 9-inch f/12
reflector from Parramatta. He
found "a very faint nebula, about 35 arcseconds diameter. This precedes a
group of small stars." His
position is 1 min 15 sec of RA too far east (typical error) and a group of mag
12 stars follows. JH first observed this galaxy on 5 Dec 1834 and logged
"B, L, vmE, gbM; 3' l, 40" br".
******************************
NGC 1516 = NGC
1524 = MCG -02-11-017/018 = PGC 14515
04 08 07.4 -08
49 46
Size 0.5'x0.4'
17.5"
(2/11/96): at first view (fairly poor seeing) appeared as a single but
irregular galaxy elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, 1.0'x0.5'. In periods of better seeing, the system resolved into an
extremely close contact pair with the brighter component at the SSE end, round,
25" diameter. The fainter
component is attached at the NNW end, round, 20" diameter. A mag 15 star lies 1' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1516 = H III-499 = h2610 on 30 Jan 1786 (sweep 516) and recorded
"vF, S, E, easily resolvable." JH observed this double system twice
from the CGH, logging it (on his second sweep) as "vF; first vg then
psvmbM, 20" diameter".
Ormond Stone (I-113 and I-114) independently found this system again on
31 Dec 1885 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. He resolved the individual members,
noting a separation of 0.5' in PA 340¡ [NNW-SSE], but his rough position
(nearest min of RA) is over two minutes of RA too large. Dreyer assumed these were new nebulae
and assigned the numbers NGC 1524 and NGC 1525. So, NGC 1516 should apply to the entire double system
found by Herschel, while NGC 1524 and NGC 1525 should apply to the individual
members found by Stone. But the
components are generally labeled NGC 1516A and NGC 1516B. The RNGC declination is 3' too far
south. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 1517 = UGC
2970 = CGCG 418-013 = PGC 14564
04 09 11.9 +08
38 56
V = 13.4; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3
13.1"
(1/28/84): faint, small, round, weak concentration. Located just 1.0' NW of a mag 10 star.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1517 = St XIII-25 on 23 Dec 1884 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory. His
position matches UGC 2970 = PGC
14564.
******************************
NGC 1518 = ESO
550-007 = MCG -04-10-013 = PGC 14475
04 06 49.1 -21
10 35
V = 11.8; Size 3.0'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 35d
18"
(1/21/04): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 3:1 SW-NE, ~2.8'x1.0', broad
concentration with a large bulging core and tapered ends. Irregular, mottled surface brightness
and fades on the SW end. Located
2.6' NE a mag 10 star.
17.5"
(12/28/94): fairly faint, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE, 2.7'x0.9', weak
concentration. Located 2.5' NE of
a mag 9.5 star. Appears asymmetric
with the SW end close to the bright star much fainter than the main body.
8"
(1/1/84): faint, very elongated 3:1 streak SW-NE. A mag 10 star 2.5' SW interferes with viewing. NGC 1521 lies 22' ENE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1518 = h2611 on 6 Jan 1785 and recorded "B; L; pmE; gbM;
has a *8 mag south-preceding 3' or 4' dist." His position is exactly 1.0 min of RA east of ESO 550-007 =
PGC 14475, but the description applies.
Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1898 using the 20"
refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes) and gave the
position angle as 200¡. Sir Robert
Ball, observing with Lord Rosse's 72" on 25 Jan 1867, wrote "I have
little doubt that there are interesting details in the form of this object but
the altitude is low (15¡) and the night was bad. The middle part is bright but apparently excentric if (as
was suspected) there is a branch proceeding south and somewhat curved towards
the preceding side."
******************************
NGC 1519 = ESO
550-009 = MCG -03-11-013 = PGC 14514
04 08 07.5 -17
11 34
V = 12.9; Size 2.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 107d
17.5"
(2/8/91): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 ~E-W, broad
concentration. Located 4.6' NNW of
mag 8.8 SAO 149397.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 1519 = T I-14 = T V-2 on 2 Jan 1878 with the 11" refractor
at the Arcetri Observatory. His
ring micrometer position in list V is an exact match with ESO 550-009 = PGC
14514.
******************************
NGC 1520 = ESO
032-SC005
03 57 51 -76 48
20
Size 5'
14" (4/7/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x): fairly small and poor cluster of a dozen stars mag 9.6
and fainter in a 5' region. The
group was not impressive but it's detached in the field, so was easy to
identify. Viewed through thin clouds.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1520 = h2615 on 8 Nov 1836 and described "a poor cluster of
about a dozen stars 9...12m within a space of about 5', the largest
taken." His position corresponds with a mag 9 star surrounded by a small
group of stars.
Lindsay reported
in 1964IrAJ....6..286L: "Not found. Centred on CPD -77¡154. Star
distribution seems normal."
RNGC repeated this, although ESO classifies the object as an open
cluster.
******************************
NGC 1521 = ESO
550-011 = MCG -04-10-015 = PGC 14520
04 08 18.9 -21
03 07
V = 11.4; Size 2.8'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 10d
18"
(1/21/04): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated N-S, ~1.2'x1.0',
fairly well concentrated with a small bright core and stellar nucleus. Mag 8.4 SAO 169161 lies 4.6' SSE.
8"
(1/1/84): faint, very small, round, weakly concentrated. Located 5' NNW of mag 8.5 SAO
169161. Forms a pair with NGC 1518
22' WSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1521 = h2612 on 21 Nov 1835 and logged "pB; R; bM; barely
in time and too late for a good observation." Nevertheless, his position is good and matches ESO 550-011 =
PGC 14520.
******************************
NGC 1522 = ESO
156-038 = AM 0404-524 = PGC 14462
04 06 07.7 -52
40 12
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 42d
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly faint to moderately
bright, fairly small, oval 3:2 SW-NE, 30"x20", very small brighter
core. A mag 15.8 star is just off the NW side, 30" from center. A mag 13.5 star lies 1.3' NE of
center. Located 14' SW of mag 8.6
HD 26354. Member of the Dorado
Group (NGC 1566 subgroup).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1522 = h2613 on 27 Dec 1834 and described "eeF, vS, R,
12". In a very dark field, no star 13th mag within 5'." On a second
sweep he called it "vF, vS, R, vlbM, 12" dia". His position
matches ESO 156-038 = PGC 14462.
******************************
NGC 1523 = ESO
156-**39
04 06 11 -54 05
24
=4*, Dreyer and
HC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1523 = h2614 on 6 Dec 1834 and logged "vF, R." His position is roughly 2 min of RA
east of NGC 1515 (recorded on the same sweep) and just north are four mag 14/15
stars. DeLisle Stewart reported
"Only 3 vF st, not a nebula" in the Harvard College Observatory NGC
Correction list. See Corwin's
notes.
******************************
NGC 1524 = NGC
1516a = MCG -02-11-017
04 08 07.4 -08
49 47
See observing
notes for NGC 1516.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 1524 = LM I-123 (along with NGC 1525 = LM I-124) on 31 Dec 1885
with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. He described a double system at 0.5'
separation in PA 340¡ (NNW-SSE).
There is nothing at the published position, but 2 min of RA west is NGC
1516, discovered by WH (III-499), and his sketch confirms the intended
objects. Neither William or John
resolved the close pair of galaxies.
So, NGC 1516A = NGC 1524 and NGC 1516B = NGC 1525. The RNGC classifies this number as
nonexistent. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 1525 = NGC
1516b = MCG -02-11-018
04 08 08.2 -08
50 08
See observing
notes for NGC 1516B.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 1525 = LM I-124 (along with NGC 1524 = LM I-123) on 31 Dec 1885
with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. He reported finding a double system at
0.5' separation in PA 340¡ (NNW-SSE).
NGC 1525 = NGC 1524B. See
notes for NGC 1524 for the story.
******************************
NGC 1526 = ESO
084-003 = PGC 14437
04 05 12.3 -65
50 23
V = 13.8; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 36d
14" (4/7/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x): very faint, small, slightly elongated SW-NE,
~25"x20", even surface brightness. Situated just south of a 10' x 1.5' group of 8 stars
including a mag 9.8 star just 3.3' NNE.
Viewed in poor conditions.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1526 = h2617 on 2 Nov 1834 and logged "F, R, glbM, among B
stars; one = 9th mag, 3' north."
His position and description matches ESO 084-003 = PGC 14437.
******************************
NGC 1527 = ESO
201-020 = PGC 14526
04 08 24.4 -47
53 50
V = 10.8; Size 3.7'x1.4'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 78d
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): very bright, fairly large,
elongated nearly 3:1 WSW-ENE, 3.2'x1.2'.
Very sharply concentrated with a blazing core that is elongated 2:1,
increasing to a very small, intense nucleus. A mag 14 star lies 1.2' N of center and a mag 15.3 star is a
similar distance south of center.
Probable member of the Dorado Group.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1527 = D 409 on 28 Sep 1826 and described as "a very small
and very faint round nebula, about 20" diameter." His position is 10' too far NE. JH independently found this galaxy
(h2612) on 28 Dec 1834 while searching for D 409 and recorded "B, E,
spmbM, growing more round internally; 60" long, 30" broad; pos
77¡." On a second sweep he called it "pB, E, vsbM to a roundish
nucleus." His third observation logged it as "pB, pmE, vsvmbM; seen
in sweeping in vain for Dunlop 409." Herschel tentatively suggested this
object corresponded with Dunlop 409 in the Cape Catalogue though the
equivalence is not mentioned in the NGC.
It's also possible that D 429 is a duplicate observation with a 1¡ error
in declination (too far north).
******************************
NGC 1528 = Cr 47
= Mel 23 = OCL-397
04 15 19 +51 12
42
V = 6.4; Size 24'
13.1"
(1/18/85): 80-100 stars in a 20' diameter. There are three bright stars on the west side including mag
8.5 SAO 24496 and mag 9.0 SAO 24501, includes many faint stars. Extremely faint naked-eye object!
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1528 = H VII-61 on 28 Dec 1790 (sweep 989) and described "a
beautiful cluster of large stars, very rich, and considerably compressed, about
15' diameter." His position
is near the center of this cluster.
******************************
NGC 1529 = ESO 084-004
= PGC 14495
04 07 19.7 -62
53 57
V = 13.4; Size 1.2'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.0; PA = 164d
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly faint, fairly small,
elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE, 45"x18", very small bright core gradually
increasing to a stellar nucleus.
Forms a pair with brighter NGC 1534 11' NE. Located 55' WSW of mag 3.3 Alpha Reticuli.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1529 = h2619 on 9 Dec 1836 and commented "vF, S, R, gbM,
15" dia.". His position matches ESO 084-004 = PGC 14495, though the
galaxy was clearly elongated in the 24".
******************************
NGC 1530 = UGC
3013 = MCG +13-04-004 = CGCG 327-017 = VII Zw 12 = PGC 15018
04 23 26.7 +75
17 44
V = 11.5; Size 4.6'x2.4'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 17d
48"
(10/29/16): at 488x; bright showpiece barred spiral! A relatively wide, very prominent bar extends WNW-ENE [PA
122¡] and is steeply inclined to the orientation of the core. The bright core, centered on the bar,
is elongated N-S and contains a very bright round nucleus that increases to the
center. Two relatively bright and
very distinctive thin spiral arms extend from the ends of the bar. The western arm is brightest in a
region near the root, where it attaches to the bar and contains a small
knot. The spiral arm is mostly visible
extending north ~1.5' and only
slightly curving east. A short,
low contrast section of the arm extends south of the bar. A second long thin arm nearly
perpendicular to the bar extends south a similar 1.5'. It is also brightest at its origin on the
east end of the bar. The arm only
extends a short distance and blends into the low surface brightness glow of the
halo on the north side. From north
to south tips of the arms is at least 3'.
Two mag 15 stars are at the NE edge and a collinear mag 15.5 star is off
the NW arm.
24"
(12/28/13): at 200x, appeared fairly bright, large, elongated nearly 3:2 N-S,
~3.5'x2.2'. Contains a large,
brighter circular core within a very large, elongated halo. A low contrast,
thin spiral arm is attached on the west side of the core and sweeps north at
the edge of the halo and a similar enhancement is visible on the east side
extending due south. Two mag 15
stars [22" separation] are superimposed on the NE side [1.1' from center]
and a mag 12.8 star lies 2.5' N.
13.1"
(1/18/85): fairly faint, fairly large, very diffuse, almost round, gradual weak
concentration, no nucleus.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 1530 = T I-15 in 1876 with an 11" refractor at the Arcetri
Observatory and included in the GC Supplement (GCS 5334). His matches UGC 3013 = PGC 15018.
******************************
NGC 1531 = ESO
359-026 = MCG -05-11-001 = PGC 14635
04 11 59.3 -32
51 05
V = 12.2; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 122d
48"
(10/22/11): very bright, moderately large, oval ~2:1 NW-SE, 1.2'x0.7', well
concentrated with a very bright core.
Forms a beautiful pair with the stunning edge-on NGC 1532 and situated
just 1.7' NW of the core of the larger galaxy. In addition, the major axis of NGC 1531 is angled directly
perpendicular to the core of NGC 1532.
Several stars surround the galaxy.
13.1"
(12/22/84): moderately bright, small, slightly elongated. Forms a close pair with larger and
brighter NGC 1532 1.6' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1531 = h2620 on 19 Oct 1835 and recorded "faint, round,
brighter in the middle, 60". The preceding of two [with NGC
1532]." His position
(measured on 3 sweeps) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1532 = ESO
359-027 = MCG -05-11-002 = PGC 14638
04 12 04.3 -32
52 29
V = 9.9; Size 12.6'x3.3'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 33d
24"
(12/1/16): SN 2016 iae, a type Ic supernova discovered on 7 Nov 2016, was
observed 15" E and 52" N of center of NGC 1532, along the western
edge of the spiral arm extending NNE.
The major axis of the companion NGC 1531 off the west side, pointed
exactly to an extremely faint "star". In poor seeing, the supernova was only occasionally visible,
perhaps mag 15.5.
48"
(10/22/11): this showpiece edge-on stretches 7'x1.2', tilting SW-NE. The galaxy is sharply concentrated with
a large, elongated, very bright core that is mottled and increases to the
center. The surface is knotty, streaky and mottled. A striking dust lane runs along the major axis, slicing the
galaxy asymmetrically into two parts to the south of the core. The dust lane expands to a larger,
elongated (dark) patch on the NE side of the core. The section to the south of the dust lane is much thinner
and brightens to a prominent, very bright knotty 1.5' streak on the SW end
[brightest part of a tidal tail extending towards NGC 1531]. A very faint star (B = 18.2) is close
to the southwest tip of the bright streak. The fainter strip of galaxy south of the dust lane near the
core appears patchy, probably due to dust and star-forming knots. Just northwest of the core is NGC 1531,
a bright elliptical that angles perpendicular to the core and forms a striking
pair.
IC 2041 lies 7'
NE of center, close following the NE tip of NGC 1532. It appeared fairly bright, fairly small, oval 3:2 NW-SE,
~35"x24", small bright core.
13.1"
(12/22/84): bright, large, pretty edge-on 5:1 SW-NE, very bright nucleus, thin
extensions. Forms a close pair
with NGC 1531 1.6' NW.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1532 = D 600 = h2621 on 29 Oct 1826 with his 9" reflector
from Parramatta, NSW, and described "an extremely faint ill-defined
nebula, rather elongated in the direction of the meridian, gradualy a little
brighter towards the centre."
Dunlop's position (single observation) is 7' too far east. JH observed this showpiece galaxy on 3
differents sweeps, recording it first on 19 Oct 1835 as "B, vL, vmE, 5'
long; A fine and curious object. The following and brighter of two [with NGC
1531]. In the ray is either a vF * or a knot in the nebula."
******************************
NGC 1533 = ESO
157-003 = PGC 14582
04 09 51.8 -56
07 06
V = 10.7; Size 2.8'x2.3'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 151d
13.1"
(2/19/04 - Costa Rica): fairly bright, moderately large, 2.0' diameter, round,
contains a small bright core.
Collinear with two 11.5 magnitude stars 1' and 2' NE of center. Member of the Dorado group with NGC
1536 24' SSE, NGC 1546 40' E and the NGC 1549/1553 pair less than a degree NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1533 = h2622 on 5 Dec 1834 and recorded "vB, pL, R, smbM to
a stellar nucleus. Has two stars
10th mag N.f." His position and description matches ESO 157-003 = PGC
14582.
******************************
NGC 1534 = ESO
084-006 = AM 0408-625 = LGG 110-002 = PGC 14547
04 08 46.2 -62
47 49
V = 12.8; Size 1.7'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 76d
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): moderately bright, fairly small,
elongated 2:1 WSW-ENE, 0.8'x0.4'.
A mag 13.7 star is at the SE edge, 25" from center and mag 8.9 HD
26524 is 6.6' NW. Forms a wide
pair with fainter NGC 1529 11.6' SW.
Located 43' WSW of mag 3.3 Alpha Reticuli. Images show a dust lane on the south side.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1534 = h2623 on 26 Dec 1834 and recorded "F, S, R. Has a vS
star following. Distance 1.5x radius of nebula (by diagram)." His position and description matches
ESO 084-006 = PGC 14547.
******************************
NGC 1535 = PK
206-40.1 = PN G206.4-40.5 = Cleopatra's Eye
04 14 15.8 -12
44 22
V = 9.4; Size 48"x42"
48"
(11/1/13): at 813x, this gorgeous planetary displayed an extremely bright,
green double-shell structure. The
20" diameter inner ring was quite striking with slight irregularities in
thickness and brightness and a very slight elongation. The darker interior of the inner ring
is mottled with subtle darker and brighter patches around the mag 12.5 central
star. The outer shell doubles the
diameter and is slightly elongated ~N-S, 40"x35", with a mag 14.5-15
star superimposed on the NW side [16" from the central star]. With extended viewing there appeared to
be subtle variations in brightness, almost like radial striations in the outer
and inner shell. Similar view on
10/23/14.
24"
(11/24/14): I didn't take notes, but at 500x a mag 14.5-15 star was faintly
visible near the northwest edge of the outer shell [16" from center].
18"
(1/1/08): In good seeing at 565x the complex double shell structure of this
gorgeous planetary was remarkable.
The bright mag 12.5 central star is surrounded by a well-defined dark
central hole with subtle mottling.
This is surrounded by a striking, bright inner ring that is relatively
narrow and sharply defined. The ring has a clumpy appearance, particularly on
the north side and it dims slightly on the southeast side. This 20" diameter ring is encased
within an outer shell of fainter nebulosity that doubles the diameter. Although the inner ring is round, this
outer envelope is slightly elongated SSW-NNE. At 807x the view was stunning with brighter knots within the
inner ring appearing to sparkle at times.
17.5"
(12/30/99): this planetary has beautiful, bluish double-shell structure which
was very evident at 100x surrounding a bright central star. The view at 380x and 500x was superb in
good seeing. The double shell envelope was very prominent with a bright inner
ring, ~20" diameter, with a fairly sharp edge embedded in a fainter
roundish halo roughly doubling the diameter. The inner shell was irregularly darker surrounding the
central star.
17.5"
(2/8/91): very bright, fairly small, high surface brightness, mag 12.5 central
star visible, blue color. This
planetary has a double shell structure with inner shell slightly elongated and
a faint rounder outer shell. Small
dark gaps are visible around the central star.
13"
(12/22/84): at 360x the central star visible surrounded by two shells. The
bright inner shell has a small dark annulus surrounding the central star and
the outer envelope is fainter and more diffuse.
8": bright,
greenish, fairly small, round.
13x80mm finder
(1/15/07): fairly bright stellar object at 13x in my 80mm finder and very easy
to identify with blinking. Appears
as a soft bluish star at 25x and definitely non-stellar at 32x and 54x.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1535 = H IV-26 = h2618 on 1 Feb 1785 (sweep 364) and recorded
"a very curious planetary, vB of a uniform brightness all but the edges
which are ill defined; about half a minute in diam. With 240 proportionally magnified, perfectly R or perhaps a
little elliptical." On a
second observation he called it resolvable on the borders, and probably a very
compressed cluster of stars at an immense distance. From the Cape of Good Hope, JH recorded "B; S; R; first
pretty suddenly, then very gradually brighter in the middle; 20" across. A
mottled disc, but so hazy at the borders that I have no doubt of its being a
very distant and highly compressed globular cluster. It is not a planetary
nebula, though a near approach to one: does not bear magnifying. A power of 320
is of no use. A very remarkable and interesting object." Possibly irregularities in the rim
influenced JH to believe it was a GC.
William Lassell
observed NGC 1535 on 7 Jan 1853 with his 24-inch equatorial reflector from
Malta and commented, "the most interesting and extraordinary object of the
kind I have ever seen. A bright
well-defined star, perhaps 11th magnitude, right in the centre of a circular
nebula, whose edge was the brightest part; and this nebula again placed upon a
larger and fainter, concentric and equally symmetrical." His sketch was published in his 1854
MRAS paper (figure 4) on observations from Malta.
Ralph Copeland,
made a detailed observation using Lord Rosse's 72" on 19 Dec 1873:
"blue planetary nebula. A
small stellar nucleus with a bright atmosphere surrounded by a fainter one
[double-shell structure]. There is
a very small vacuity close to and sf the nucleus - power 414. Outside diam np and sf = 45.1";
diameter of bright atmosphere = 18.4". With power 625 the nucleus seems quite granular and
surrounded by a narrow dark ring extending quite round. Position of two of the most conspicuous
central granules = 81.2¡."
Sherburne Wesley
Burnham, observing with the Lick 36-inch refractor, commented "besides the
central star, there are other fainter stars within the nebula. The most prominent of these is near the
northern edge of the circular disc... The 14.5m star does not seem to have been
seen by other observers [Lassell noted a faint star just inside its preceding
edge]." Burnham measured the
position of this star at 16" in PA 324¡ (NW) of the central star.
******************************
NGC 1536 = ESO
157-005 = PGC 14620
04 11 00.0 -56
28 55
V = 12.5; Size 2.0'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 155d
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): moderately bright, fairly large,
oval 5:3 NNW-SSE, 1.7'x1.1', broad concentration. Appears to have a bar oriented N-S containing a small,
bright nucleus and enhancements in the halo give an impression of two spiral
arms. Forms the western vertex of
a triangle with a mag 10.6 star 2.8' WNW and a mag 12.7 star 3' SSE. NGC 1533 lies 24' NNW and NGC 1546 is
39' NE. Member of the NGC 1566
subgroup of the Dorado Group of galaxies.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1536 = h2625 on 4 Dec 1834 and described "vF, R, pL, vlbM,
60" dia." His position
matches ESO 157-005 = PGC 14620.
******************************
NGC 1537 = ESO
420-012 = MCG -05-11-005 = PGC 14695
04 13 40.7 -31
38 43
V = 10.6; Size 3.9'x2.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 98d
13.1"
(1/18/85): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 ~E-W, prominent
elongated core, stellar nucleus.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1537 = h2624 on 18 Nov 1835 and recorded "vB, lE, psvmbM,
50" l, 40" br." His position is 5' N of ESO 420-012 = PGC 14695,
but the identification is secure.
******************************
NGC 1538 = IC
2047? = LEDA 941480
04 14 56.1 -13
11 30
Size
0.8'x0.6'; PA = 108d
24"
(12/22/14): faint, small, round, 12" diameter (core only), very faint
stellar nucleus. Holmberg 73
(double system) lies 3.3' SE and IC 2045 is 5.0' WNW.
Holm 73a = LEDA
3093623 appeared faint, extremely small, round, 6" diameter (core). Forms a close pair with Holm 73b = LEDA
940994 45" NE. The companion
is extremely to very faint, also just 6" diameter (core).
IC 2045
(identified as NGC 1538 in RNGC and PGC) appeared fairly faint, small, slightly
elongated, 20" diameter, very small slightly brighter core. IC 2045 is the
brightest in a small group including IC 2047 5' ESE and Holmberg 73 (pair) 8'
ESE. With my 17.5" on
12/30/99, IC 2045 was logged as faint, very small, round, 20" diameter,
weak concentration. Situated
between a mag 10 star 3' NE and a mag 9 star 5.5' SW.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 1538 = LM I-125 on 31 Dec 1885 with the 26" refractor at
the Leander McCormick Observatory and noted "mag 16.0, 0.1' dia, R,
gbM." His rough position
(nearest minute of RA) is very close southeast of Holmberg 73a = LEDA 3093623,
but could easily apply to other nearby galaxies given the inaccuracy of the
Leander McCormick positions.
Harold Corwin
remarks that Herbert Howe assumed Ho 73A was NGC 1538 when he observed the
field on 20 Jan 1900 with the 20" refractor in Denver and also discovered
nearby IC 2045 and IC 2047.
Stone's rough position is 8' southeast of IC 2045 = PGC 14722, described
by Howe as "eF, eS, almost stellar; near [NGC] 1538." and 4'
southeast of IC 2047 = PGC 941480, noted as "eF, eS, difficult, near [NGC
1538]."
RNGC and PGC
identify IC 2045 (the brightest of these galaxies) as NGC 1538. But Corwin examined Stone's
discovery sketch and NGC 1538 appears to be a better match with IC 2047. So, we are left with three possible
candidates for NGC 1538 and the identification is uncertain.
******************************
NGC 1539 = CGCG
488-001 = V Zw 373 = PGC 14852
04 19 02.0 +26
49 38
V = 14.6; Size 0.5'x0.5'
18"
(12/10/07): faint, small, slightly elongated ~SW-NE, 0.4'x0.35', moderate
concentration with a small brighter core.
Appears a little brighter than the catalogued magnitude. Located ~ 4' W of a NNW-SSE string of
three mag 12-13 stars with another mag 12 star 3' W enclosing the galaxy with
this triangular asterism. The
identification of NGC 1539 is uncertain.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 1539 = m 94 on 6 Sep 1864 with William Lassell's 48" on
Malta and reported "vF, vS, gbM." There is nothing at his position, though CGCG 488-001 = PGC
14852 lies 1 min of RA east and 5' N (nearly 15' ENE). Harold Corwin notes this would be a
fairly large error for Marth, so the identification is uncertain, though there
are no other candidates within at least 30' he might have picked up
instead. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 1540 = ESO
420-014 = AM 0413-283 = PGC 14733
04 15 10.6 -28
29 21
V = 13.5; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 5d
18"
(1/21/04): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 ~N-S, ~0.8'x0.5'. Appears to have a star or quasi-stellar
knot at the north tip -- this is actually an interacting galaxy [NGC
1540B]! Located 8' SW mag 9.4 SAO
169272 (wide double).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1540 = h2626 on 6 Nov 1834 and recorded "vF; E;
resolvable. Rather a doubtful
object. He confirmed the object,
though, on sweep 643 and his position matches ESO 430-014 = PGC 14733. This is an interacting pair (AM
0413-283) with separation 0.55'.
My visual observation recorded the southern galaxy as brighter and
larger and Harold Corwin concurs that the southern object is probably the one
viewed by Herschel. He suggests,
though, assigning NGC 1540 to the entire system.
******************************
NGC 1541 = UGC
3001 = MCG +00-11-040 = CGCG 392-013 = PGC 14792
04 17 00.2 +00
50 06
V = 13.5; Size 1.3'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 77d
17.5"
(2/1/92): faint, small, elongated 2:1 WSW-ENE, small bright core. Located 7' SW of mag 8.8 SAO 111720.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 1541 = m 95 on 14 Nov 1863 with William Lassell's 48" on
Malta and noted "vF, S".
His position is 1' S of UGC 3001 = PGC 14792.
******************************
NGC 1542 = UGC
3003 = MCG +01-11-016 = CGCG 418-017 = PGC 14800
04 17 14.2 +04
46 55
V = 13.9; Size 1.3'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 128d
17.5" (2/11/96):
very faint, small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 40"x20", very weak
concentration. A mag 14.5 star is
0.9' ENE of center. Collinear with
a 1' pair of mag 11 stars about 5' SE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 1542 = m 96 on 18 Nov 1863 with William Lassell's 48" on
Malta and logged "vF, S, E."
His position matches UGC 3003 = PGC 14800.
******************************
NGC 1543 = ESO
118-010 = PGC 14659
04 12 43.0 -57
44 17
V = 10.5; Size 4.9'x2.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 93d
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): bright, large, oval halo 2:1 E-W,
at least 3'x1.5'. Sharply
concentrated with a brilliant and bulging 1' round core that brightens slightly
to a small, intense nucleus. The large halo is relatively fainter and fairly
uniform. 9th magnitude HD 26942
lies 5' SW. Member of the NGC 1566
subgroup of the Dorado Group of galaxies.
Deep images reveal a detached outer ring, which was not seen.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1543 = D 306 = h2627 on 5 Nov 1826 with his 9" reflector
and described as "a small round pretty well defined nebula, 10" or
12" diameter, slightly bright to the centre, a bright star in the field
south following." Dunlop's position is 11' south of ESO 118-010 = PGC
14659. JH independently found this
galaxy on 4 Dec 1834 (no reference to Dunlop) and recorded it as "B, pL,
pmE, smbM to a round nucleus = star 11th mag." Herschel's position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1544 = UGC
3160 = MCG +14-03-006 = CGCG 361-011 = CGCG 370-001 = PGC 16608
05 02 36.0 +86 13
20
V = 13.2; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 130d
18"
(8/1/11): fairly faint, small, round, sharply concentrated with a very small,
bright nucleus. A 10" pair of
mag 14.5 stars is at the north edge and a second wider pair at 18"
separation (mag 13.6/14.4) is off the NW side. Located 10' WNW of a very distinctive 2' string of equally
spaced mag 9.5/10/11 stars (SAO 785/786).
17.5"
(3/19/88): fairly faint, small, round.
Several faint stars are near including an evenly matched mag 14.5 pair
with 10" separation at the north edge 20" from center. This is the second closest NGC galaxy
to the north celestial pole.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 1544 = T I-16 in 1876 with an 11" refractor at the Arcetri
Observatory. He reported it as a
"very small nebula, surrounded by many faint stars but as bright as II.
704 [NGC 1184]." His position is close west of UGC 3160 = PGC 16608. This galaxy is the 2nd closest galaxy
to the pole (next to "Polarissima") in the NGC or IC.
******************************
NGC 1545 = Cr 49
= OCL-399 = Lund 131
04 20 56 +50 15
18
V = 6.2; Size 18'
17.5"
(12/28/94): about 50 stars scattered evenly over a 20' field with no dense
areas or central concentration. A
pretty pair of mag 7/8 stars are near the center (South 445 = 7.3/8.2 at
72") with a blue mag 9 star to the west (SAO 24549) forming an isosceles
triangle. A number of mag 11/12
stars are arranged in a curving stream oriented SW-NE which passes through the
bright pair. At the north side of
the cluster is a pretty colored pair ·519 = 7.9/9.4 at 18". Off the east side is a small circular
group of five faint stars and one brighter star in a clump.
8": about
two dozen stars in the cluster.
The three brightest stars are mag 7.5-8.5. Includes chains of faint stars with double star ·519 =
7.9/9.4 at 18" at the north edge.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1545 = H VIII-85 on 28 Dec 1790 (sweep 989) and recorded "a
coarsely scattered cluster of large stars, pretty rich." His position corresponds with the
brightest star in the cluster.
******************************
NGC 1546 = ESO
157-012 = LGG 112-002 = PGC 14723
04 14 36.5 -56
03 39
V = 10.9; Size 3.0'x1.7'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 147d
13.1"
(2/19/04 - Costa Rica): fairly bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE,
1.1'x0.5', even surface brightness except for a small brighter core. Located 8' NE of mag 7.5 HD 27142. A trio of 11-12th magnitude stars trail
to the SW (nearest is HJ 3635 = 8.8/10.9 at 12" just 1.7' W). Located in the Dorado Group ~25' SW of
the NGC 1553/1549 pair. NGC 1533
lies 40' W.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1546 = h2628 on 5 Dec 1834 and logged "pB, lE, gbM to an
extended nucleus. A double star precedes." His position (two consecutive
nights) matches ESO 157-012 = PGC 14723 and the double is HJ 363.
******************************
NGC 1547 = ESO
550-018 = MCG -03-11-020 = PGC 14799
04 17 12.4 -17
51 27
V = 13.6; Size 1.3'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 133d
17.5"
(11/10/96): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 NW-SE, 0.8'x0.6'. Contains a faint stellar nucleus offset
to the south side or a mag 15.5 star is superimposed [DSS image appears to show
a superimposed star]. A mag 13
star lies 1.2' NE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1547 = LM I-126 on 17 Oct 1885 with the 26"
refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded a "cl? or neb
with sev vF st and one *(mag) 11.5 north of center inv." There is nothing at his rough position
(nearest minute of RA), but 43 sec of RA west is ESO 550-018 = PGC 14799, which
matches his description. Herbert
Howe measured an accurate position in 1898-99 using the 20" refractor at
Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes), although he adds he
"had no such suspicion" it was a cluster", probably due to the
nearby stars. RNGC classifies the
number as nonexistent and MCG does not label their entry as NGC 1547.
******************************
NGC 1548 =
OCL-415
04 20 59 +36 34
00
Size 20'
18"
(2/14/10): at 175x there was nothing that looked remotely cluster-like in the
35' field or that I felt might have caught Herschel's attention -- just a
random scattered star field with no denser groupings. At 73x (67' field),
though, my attention was drawn to mag 7.7 HD 27403 on the south side of the
eyepiece field. Extending to the west and southwest of this brighter star
was an elongated group highlighted by an oval ring, roughly 10' diameter with
several mag 10 stars. A collection of fainter stars that follows the oval
ring extends the overall dimensions to 20' x 10'.
Still, the
asterism I described was unimpressive and not rich enough to mimic a cluster,
but seemed the best fit in the nearby area to Herschel's object. If this group is Herschel's h312, then
his position for the brightest star is exactly 20' N of HD 27403 and matches in
RA, so a single digit error in dec would explain the discrepancy.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1548 = h312 on 3 Feb 1832 and described "The chief * of a
very loose poor cluster 30' diam; little comp; stars 10...12m." There is nothing near his position and
Karl Reinmuth states in his 1926 photographic survey "Die Herschel-Nebel
nach Aufnahmen der Kšnigstuhl-Sternwarte" that "no CL found; many st
in milky way". Brian Skiff
calls this object "just a sparse, unconcentrated group of stars slightly
brighter than the background."
But 20' south of Herschel's position I noticed that mag 7.7 HD 27403 and
the surrounding field is probably the best match for Herschel's object. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 1549 = ESO
157-016 = LGG 112-003 = PGC 14757
04 15 44.0 -55
35 30
V = 9.8; Size 4.9'x4.1'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 135d
13.1"
(2/19/04 - Costa Rica): bright, moderately large, round, 1.5' diameter. Strongly concentrated with an intense
30" core and a bright stellar nucleus with direct vision. Cradled by a distinctive group of 5
stars including mag 8.7 SAO 233458 to the SSE. This member of the Dorado Group forms an interacting pair
w/NGC 1553 12' SSE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1549 = h2629 on 6 Dec 1834 and noted "B, R, 40
arcseconds." (single sweep).
Wolfgang Steinicke originally credited James Dunlop with the discovery,
though Glen Cozens states D 331 applies to NGC 1553 with a 1 hr error in RA and
that Dunlop missed NGC 1549 for some reason (possibly poor conditions b/c of
dew on optics). Steinicke now
credits JH with the discovery.
Innes (MN 59, 339, 1899) and DeLisle Stewart's corrected position in the
IC 2 Notes section is accurate (Herschel's RA was uncertain).
******************************
NGC 1550 = NGC
1551 = UGC 3012 = MCG +00-11-055 = CGCG 393-001 = PGC 14880
04 19 37.9 +02
24 36
V = 12.0; Size 2.2'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 30d
24"
(12/28/16): at 282x; fairly bright, moderately large, sharply concentrated with
a small very bright core that increases to a stellar nucleus, large low surface
brightness halo roughly 1' fades out with a distinct edge. A fairly faint 7" double star is
1.7' S. IC 366, 3.1' SSE, was
logged again as faint, very small, round, 12" diameter. Brightest in a group at z = .012 (also
see observation from 12/22/14).
UGC 3004, 35' W,
appeared fairly faint, slightly elongated NW-SE, ~25"x20", very small
brighter nucleus. A mag 9.8 star
is 2.6' SSW. Located 4.8' S of mag 7.2 HD 2714.
UGC 3006, 33' W,
appeared moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE,
~25"x12", broad concentration with a slightly brighter nucleus.
UGC 2998, 50'
NW, appeared faint/fairly faint, fairly small, round, 30" diameter, low
even surface brightness. Situated
just 1.9' S of mag 8.3 HD 27039 that significantly detracts from viewing the
glow of the galaxy.
24"
(12/22/14): moderately bright, fairly small, round, sharply concentrated with a
very small, very bright core. An
uncatalogued double star lies 1.7' S (components 13.7/14.7 at 7"). Forms a pair with IC 366 3.1' SSE. The companion appeared faint (B Å
15.7), small, round, 12" diameter.
UGC 3011,
located 12' NNW, appeared very faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE,
21"x14", low surface brightness. UGC 3008, located 17' NW, appeared fairly faint, fairly
small, elongated 3:2 WSW-ENE, 24"x18", slightly brighter core. Three stars are nearby: a mag 11 star
is 1.5' SSW, a mag 13 star 1' SW and a mag 14 star 1.5' ESE.
13.1"
(1/18/85): faint, small, round, bright core, faint stellar nucleus.
Heinrich
d'Arrest found NGC 1550 on 29 Dec 1861 with the 11" refractor at
Copenhagen. His micrometric
position (measured on two nights) corresponds with UGC 3012 = PGC 14880. WH discovered this galaxy on 8 Oct
1785, but made a 1 degree error in recording his declination (too far south) and
it was catalogued as H II-464 = NGC 1551.
d'Arrest searched unsuccessfully for NGC 1551 and suspected WH made an
error in his declination. So, NGC
1550 = NGC 1551. Nearby IC 366 was missed by d'Arrest and discovered by
Sherburne Burnham with the 36-inch at Lick.
******************************
NGC 1551 = NGC
1550 = UGC 3012 = MCG +00-11-055 = CGCG 393-001 = PGC 14880
04 19 37.9 +02
24 36
See observing
notes for NGC 1550.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1551 = H II-464 on 8 Oct 1785 (sweep 462) and recorded "F,
vS, r[esolvable]." There is
nothing at his position and Dreyer comments in the NGC Notes "Not found at
Copenhagen [by d'Arrest], not at Birr Castle. GC 835 [NGC 1550] is exactly 1¡ north; they are probably
identical." NGC 1550 was
found by Heinrich d'Arrest on 29 Dec 1861 and accurately placed. By historical precidence, WH's II-464 =
NGC 1551 should be the primary designation but modern catalogues identify this
galaxy as NGC 1550 because of the unambiguous positional match. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 1552 = UGC
3015 = MCG +00-12-007 = CGCG 393-005 = PGC 14907
04 20 17.6 -00
41 36
V = 12.9; Size 1.8'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 110d
17.5"
(2/1/92): fairly faint, faint extensions 3:2 WNW-ESE, even concentration to a
small bright core, stellar nucleus.
A mag 11 star is 2.8' WSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1552 = H III-490 = h313 on 1 Jan 1786 (sweep 506) and noted
"vF, vS, lE, 240 showed it better, but left a bare possibity of
deception." His position is 10
sec of RA west of UGC 3015 = PGC 14907. JH's mean position (2 sweeps) is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 1553 = ESO
157-017 = LGG 112-004 = PGC 14765
04 16 10.5 -55
46 48
V = 9.4; Size 4.5'x2.8'; Surf Br = 12.0; PA = 150d
13.1"
(2/19/04 - Costa Rica): very bright, oval, elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE, 2.25'x1.0',
very bright core, fairly high surface brightness halo. With averted vision the halo increases
to nearly 3' in length. A mag 12
star is just west of the NNW tip and a slightly fainter star is off the SSE
edge. Forms a bright pair with NGC
1549 12' NNW in the center of the Dorado Group. IC 2058 lies 17' SE.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1553 = D 331 on 5 Nov 1826 and described "a rather bright
nebula about 1' diameter, very faint at the margin, gradually bright to the
centre: a small star north, and another south, both involved in the margin of
the nebula. A group of very small stars north." Dunlop made a 1 hr copying error in his RA (verified by Glen
Cozens after examining Dunlop's original observations), and his corrected
position is 10' S of this galaxy, a typical error. Wolfgang Steinicke equates D 331 = NGC 1549, but that seems
less likely, as Dunlop's description of two stars involved and a group of stars
to the north (near NGC 1549) applies to NGC 1553. But it is surprising that Dunlop apparently missed NGC
1549. On his first sweep (5 Dec
1834), JH recorded "vB, R, gmbM, 60", between three stars."
******************************
NGC 1554 =
Struve's Lost Nebula
04 21 43.5 +19
31 14
17.5"
(11/10/96): at the position of Struve's Lost Nebula (reported by Otto Struve in
1868) is a mag 14 star noted in the observation of NGC 1555 (Hind's Variable
Nebula). This star is 4' WSW of T
Tauri and is not involved with nebulosity.
Otto Struve
discovered NGC 1554 = "Struve's Lost Nebula" on 14 Mar 1868 with the
15-inch Merz refractor at Pulkovo Observatory in St. Petersburg and placed it
4' WSW of the star T Tauri (which illuminates NGC 1555 = Hind's Variable
Nebula). It was confirmed and measured
by Heinrich d'Arrest on 23-25 Mar 1868 after being notified by Struve. d'Arrest described it, using an
11" refractor at Copenhagen, as "pretty small, nearly round, with an
eccentric core like a star of 14th magnitude". After that date, it was not observed again and may have just
been a spurious observation of a close pair of mag 14 and 15.5 stars,
considering the fascination at the time with nearby Hind's Variable Nebula.
Dreyer comments
in the Notes section of NGC that he was unable to perceive any nebulosity near
Struve's position at Birr Castle in 1877 (Lawrence Parsons was previously
unsuccessful in 1872, 1876 and 1877) and it was not found by Tempel with the
11-inch Amici refractor at the Arcetri Observatory or Copeland at Dun Echt. Engelhardt was unsuccessful on 30 Dec
1884 and 8 Jan 1885. E.E. Barnard
and Sherburne Burnham couldn't see it with the 36-inch Lick refractor on 15 Oct
1890. In the IC 2 notes and
corrections section, Dreyer also mentions Struve's nebula was not found by
Barnard in 1895 or by James Keeler on plates taken in 1899.
Several sources,
including Sky Catalogue 2000.0 and
RNGC, group NGC 1554 and NGC 1555 together as a single object. NGC 1554 doesn't exist now and
Steinicke doubts it ever existed.
The RNGC position for NGC 1554/1555 is 1 min of RA too far east. Steinicke mentions the nickname
"Struve's Lost Nebula" was probably introduced by Cederblad in his
1946 catalogue.
******************************
NGC 1555 =
Hind's Variable Nebula = Ced 32b = vdB 28 = HH 155 = PP 17
04 21 56.8 +19
32 04
Size 1'
24"
(1/12/13): at 200x unfiltered, Hind's Variable Nebula was immediately seen as a
very faint, fairly small, elongated haze, roughly 40" in length and
slightly curved or bowed out to the west.
The variable reflection nebula seemed unevenly lit, though it was too
faint to see any specific details.
This famous nebula is illuminated by T Tauri (mag 10-10.5), just
35" to the east. T Tauri is
perfectly collinear with mag 8.4 HD 27560 5.6' SW and a mag 12 star 4.7'
SW. The nebula has likely
brightened since the view in 1996 with my 17.5".
17.5"
(11/10/96): this is Hind's Variable (reflection) Nebula, illuminated by T Tauri
(9-13). At 100x and 140x
(unfiltered) an extremely faint haze was highly suspected on the west or west-southwest
side of T Tauri (mag 9) in the direction of a mag 14 star to the west or
slightly south (this star is at the position of NGC 1554 = "Struve's Lost
Nebula"). No details in the
nebula were visible at 100x (it did not appear as an arc) but a sketch made at
100x exactly matched the orientation of the nebulosity with respect to T
Tauri. Nebulosity was not visible
at 220x and no nebulosity was noted following T Tauri.
Hind's Variable
Nebula was discovered (along with T Tauri) by John Russell Hind on 11 Oct 1852
with a 7-inch refractor. Because of it's variability, disappearance in the
early 1860's, and eventual recovery by Barnard in 1890, it was a subject of
fascination and numerous journal reports by most of the major great visual
observers of the time including d'Arrest, Tempel, Charconac, Auwers, Secchi,
Lassell, Struve, Winnecke, Lawrence Parsons, Dreyer, Barnard and Burnham.
John Russell
Hind discovered NGC 1555 = Au 20 = Hind's Variable Nebula, which surrounds the
variable star T Tauri, on 11 Oct 1852 with the 7-inch Dollond refractor of
George Bishop. He reported in AN
839 a "very small nebulous-looking object...; it was south-preceding a
star of 10th mag, which to my surprise, has escaped insertion on the map for 4h
R.A. recently published - possibly it may be variable." Hind had discovered the young variable
T Tauri and the variable reflection nebula NGC 1555. The following summarizes the visual history of this object
as told by Wolfgang Steinicke in his "Observing and Cataloguing Nebulae
and Star Clusters".
Jean Charcornac
confirmed the existence of the nebula in 1854 at Marseilles, likely using a
4-inch refractor. It was probably
independently found by James Breen with a 12-inch refractor at Cambridge in
1855. Heinrich d'Arrest first observed
the nebula on 3 Nov 1855 in Leibniz and described "a pretty bright nebula,
4' diameter, star 10 at its northern end" and made several additional
observations in 1856. Arthur Auwers made 7 observations between 7 Jan and 3 Mar
1858 with a 4.3-inch refractor. He
noted the nebula "was visible quite easily and without difficulty, but
much fainter than it must have been appearing [to d'Arrest] in 1855 and
1856. He later concluded that it
reached its maximum brightness in 1856.
He listed it as #20 in his 1862 catalogue of new nebulae and reported
the observations in his notes section.
By 1858, though,
there was some fading as Charcornac could not recover it at Paris with the
10-inch refractor. It was not seen
with confidence by Eduard Schšnfeld in Feb 1861 using the 6.5-inch Steinheil
refractor at Mannheim Observatory.
Auwers was unsuccessful in 1861 with a 6-inch Fraunhofer and so was
d'Arrest with the 11-inch Merz refractor in 1861-62. Leverrier and Charcornac failed to see nebula with the
12.4-inch refractor at Paris Observatory or the new 31.5-inch silver-on-glass
reflector in Jan-Feb 1862. Father
Angelo Secchi also failed in Rome using the 9.4-inch Merz refractor in Jan
1862. His report suggested a
connection between the fading of the variable star and the nebula, shining by
reflected light. William Lassell
made an unsuccessful attempt with his 48-inch from Malta in Mar-Apr 1862. Hind made another attempt on 12 Dec
1863 in excellent conditions, but failed.
The only
reported (barely) successful sighting of the nebula during 1861-62 was by
Struve and Winnecke using the 15-inch Merz refractor in Pulkovo on 29 Dec 1861
and more easily on 22 Mar 1862, when a sketch was made. When Struve visited Lassell on Malta,
they took a look again on 10 Oct 1863 with the 48-inch and could discern
"three or four individual masses separated from each other by black
sky", so Struve felt Lassell may have previously looked in the wrong
place. "Hind's wonderful
nebula in Taurus" was reported to the general public by Thomas Webb in
1864 in the popular magazine Intellectual Observer and the same year it was
catalogued by John Herschel (who never saw it) as GC 839 and he reported on the
history in the Notes section. In
1865 and 1866, Vogel made several observations (both positive and negative) in
Leibniz with 4.6-inch and 6.5-inch refractors and reported very different
degrees of visibility. But during
the same time frame and into 1867 it was not seen by Schšnfeld in Mannheim and
was completely invisible to Struve on 14 Mar 1868 at Pulkovo. Winnecke made a marginal observation in
1875 and sketched it with certainty in 1877. Tempel observed the field in 1877, made a map of the region
including his and others observations, but apparently included nonexistent
stars and nebulosity which he recorded.
Hind's Variable
Nebula wasn't seen again until 1890 when it was barely recovered by E.E.
Barnard and S.W. Burnham using the Lick 36-inch refractor. Barnard confirmed a very small, but
"conspicuous and definite" glow (only 4" diameter) surrounding T
Tauri, which he assumed was NGC 1555, and an excessively faint, round, larger
nebula close south that they took as new, but was actually the real NGC
1555. The larger glow was observed
again in 1891 by Burnham in 1891 and by Barnard in February 1895, when he
finally realized that the faint object just south of T Tauri was actually
Hind's Variable Nebula, (barely) visible again. But on three attempts in Sep 1895 ("under the finest conditions")
he could find no trace of the nebula.
Three years later in Sep 1898, Barnard made additional observations with
the 40-inch Yerkes refractor and reported a tiny nebula attached southeast of T
Tauri. The first photograph
showing nebulosity was made by Keeler on 6 Dec 1899 and three patches were
recorded (two corresponding with Barnard's sketches), but no sign of Struve's
Lost Nebula. Carl Wirtz was
unsuccessful in 1906 seeing either NGC 1554 or 1555 in a visual attempt using
the 19-inch Merz refractor at Strausberg as well as by S.W. Burnham in 1907
using the 40-inch Yerkes refractor.
Dreyer discussed many of the visual observations in the NGC, IC 1 and IC
2 Notes section.
Modern sources
often group NGC 1554 and 1555 (discovered by Struve) together, although there
is no nebulosity visible on the Sky Survey at Struve's position for NGC
1555. The RNGC RA for NGC 1554 and
NGC 1555 is 1.0 min of RA too far east.
******************************
NGC 1556 = ESO
202-004 = AM 0416-501 = PGC 14818
04 17 44.7 -50
09 50
V = 13.1; Size 1.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 167d
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 260x appeared moderately
bright and large, very elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, 1.1'x0.35'. Fairly high surface brightness with a
brighter core but no distinct zones.
Member of the Dorado Group.
Viewed with 4.5 day moon up.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1556 = h2631 on 28 Dec 1834 and recorded "vF, S, R, vglbM,
20" dia." His position
matches ESO 202-004 = PGC 14818.
Using Harvard College Observatory plates, DeLisle Stewart noted
"Not round but elongated 165 deg." The RNGC position is nowhere close and falls on a blank
piece of sky.
******************************
NGC 1557 = ESO
55-**15
04 13 12 -70 32
24
Size 17'
14" (4/7/16
- Coonabarabran, 142x and 184x): very large, scattered group of 3 dozen stars
mag 6.0 and fainter
(the next three
are mag 9-10). Not rich but
detached int the field. This possible cluster is projected onto the outer parts
of the LMC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1557 = h2633 on 24 Nov 1834 and described "A star 7m chief
of a cluster 8th class- about 20 in number, loose and struggling." His position corresponds with mag 7.0
SAO 256073 at 04 13 14.9 -70 25 14.
There is a scattered group of brighter stars mostly south of this star.
Eric Lindsay in
"Some NGC objects in the Large Magellanic Cloud",
(1964IrAJ....6..286L) reports, "Not found. Centered on CPD -70¡287. This
star is supposedly the chief of a cluster, about 20 in number, loose and
straggling. Star distribution seems normal." Hodge and Wright marks a smaller group of stars to the
northwest of Herschel's cluster.
RNGC classifies this number as nonexistent (repeating Lindsay) as well
as Kontizas, et al in the 1990 "The Cluster System of the Large Magellanic
Cloud". But Bica et al
(2001A&A...366..827B) call it a
possible open cluster remnant."
******************************
NGC 1558 = ESO
250-017 = PGC 14906
04 20 16.2 -45
01 52
V = 12.5; Size 2.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 72d
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly bright, fairly large,
elongated 3:1 WSW-ENE, 1.7'x0.6'.
Contains a large, brighter elongated core that gradually brightens
somewhat to the center. A mag 13.2
star lies 1.3' SSE of center.
Located 10' E of mag 7.7 HD 27805.
ESO 250-018, with a similar redshift, lies 8' ESE. Viewed with 4.5 day moon up.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1558 = h2632 on 14 Dec 1835 and recorded "pF, pmE, gpmbM,
25" long, 15" broad".
There is nothing at his position, but exactly 1 min of RA east is ESO
250-017 = PGC 14906.
******************************
NGC 1559 = ESO
084-010 = PGC 14814
04 17 35.8 -62
47 01
V = 10.6; Size 3.5'x2.0'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 64d
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): moderately bright, fairly large, elongated 2:1 WSW-ENE,
3.0'x1.5', broad weak concentration, slightly mottled. A mag 13.5 star is off the southwest
end, 2' from center and a brighter mag 12 star is 4.7' from center. Located 30' SE of mag 3.3 Alpha
Reticulum and 28' N of the mag 6.1/7.8 double star Theta Reticulum.
NGC 1559 is a
member of the NGC 1672 Group in the Dorado Cloud complex that includes NGC
1672, NGC 1688, NGC 1796 and NGC 1703.
Images reveal a number of HII knots, though other than some mottling I
didn't note these.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1559 = D 264 = h2634 on 6 Nov 1826 with his 9" reflector
and described a "faint round nebula, about 40" diameter, slightly
bright to the centre; this is north preceding Theta Rhomboidis". His position, though, is 18' too
far south (accurate in RA). JH
observed the galaxy twice but didn't mention an equivalence with D 264, so
Dunlop is not credited with the discovery in the GC or NGC. On his first sweep of 9 Dec 1836,
Herschel noted "B, L, mE, vg pmbM; 90" l; 40" br; has a * 14m at
the southern edge."
******************************
NGC 1560 = UGC
3060 = MCG +12-05-005 = CGCG 328-006 = FGC 71A = PGC 15488
04 32 48.9 +71
52 59
V = 11.4; Size 9.8'x1.7'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 23d
17.5"
(2/20/95): fairly faint, very large, 6'x1', low surface brightness edge-on
SSW-NNE. Broad weak concentration
with no distinct core but there a central 2' brightening. A mag 13 star is embedded on the
preceding side of the NNE extension.
The galaxy appears to extend very faintly beyond this towards a mag 12
star further north. Another mag 13
star is superimposed at the SSW end and a brighter mag 11.5 star is just
following the tip of this extension.
Member of the IC 342/Maffei I group, a nearby but obscured group of
galaxies.
8"
(1/1/84): very faint, fairly large, edge-on SSW-NNE, low even surface
brightness. Appears as a ghostly
streak.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 1560 = T IX-1 on 1 Aug 1883 with an 11" refractor at the
Arcetri Observatory. His position
is 1 min of RA preceding UGC 3060 = PGC 15488, though at this high declination
this amounts to 5'. UGC 3060 is misidentified
as IC 2062 in RC2, UGC and CGCG.
According to Harold Corwin, IC 2062 is a faint star found by Guillaume
Bigourdan on the same night he observed NGC 1560.
******************************
NGC 1561 = MCG
-03-12-006 = Holm 75a = PGC 15005
04 23 01.1 -15
50 45
V = 14.4; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(12/30/99): faint, small, irregularly round, 0.4' diameter, small brighter
center. Located 2' NE of mag 9 SAO
149593. Brightest of six faint
galaxies with NGC 1562 (18' WNW), NGC 1563 (7.0' NNW), NGC 1564 (6.4' N), NGC
1565 (8' NE) and IC 2063 (12' NNW).
17.5"
(11/10/96): faint, small, round, weak concentration. Located 2.1' NE of a mag 9 star.
17.5"
(2/8/91): very faint, small, round, broad mild concentration. Located 2' NE of a mag 8.8 SAO
149593. Brightest in a very faint
group including NGC 1563, NGC 1564, NGC 1565 and IC 2063.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1561 = LM I-127 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory and noted "mag 14.0, vS, lE 170¡, glbM, *8,
precedes 6 seconds." His
rough position (nearest minute of RA) is a good match with MCG -03-12-006 = PGC
15005, and the bright star is 2' SW.
Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1898-99 using the 20"
refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes) for NGC 1561,
1562, 1563, 1564 and 1565.
******************************
NGC 1562 = PGC
14956
04 21 47.6 -15
45 20
V = 14.3; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(12/30/99): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, very little concentration. A mag 14.5 star is close W. First of six in the NGC 1561 group (18'
following).
17.5"
(2/8/91): very faint, very small, round.
A mag 15.5 star is 1' W.
Located 20' W of the center of the NGC 1561 group.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1562 = LM I-128 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory. His
rough position (nearest minute of RA) is 1 min of RA east of PGC 14956. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position in 1898-99 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory
(repeated in the IC 2 notes) and noted that "1562 precedes the rest of the
group over a minute [of RA]."
******************************
NGC 1563 = PGC
15000
04 22 53.9 -15
43 58
Size 0.45'x0.4'
17.5"
(12/30/99): this member of the NGC 1561 group was a marginal object --
requiring averted vision and only glimpsed ~10% of the time as a 15"
featureless knot just 1.7' WNW of NGC 1564 and 7' NNW of NGC 1561.
17.5"
(2/8/91): Not found.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1563 = LM I-129, along with NGC 1564, on 12 Nov 1885
with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. Leavenworth gives a single (rough)
position for the pair (separated by 1.7'), which is 3'-4' too far north. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position in 1898-99 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory
(repeated in the IC 2 notes). RNGC
and MCG misidentify IC 2063 = MCG -03-12-005 as NGC 1563. PGC misidentifies MCG -03-12-005 as NGC
1563 but gives the correct position.
******************************
NGC 1564 = PGC 15004
04 23 00.9 -15
44 20
Size 0.7'x0.5'
17.5"
(12/30/99): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, low surface
brightness. Two mag 13.5/14 stars
are close NE. Located 6.4' due
north of NGC 1561 in a group.
Forms a close pair with NGC 1563 1.7' W.
17.5"
(2/8/91): extremely faint, very small, round. A trio of mag 13/14 stars lie 2'-3' NE. Member of the NGC 1561 group. Nearby NGC 1563 not seen.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1564 = LM I-130 (along with NGC 1563 = I-129) on 12
Nov 1885 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position in 1898-99 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory
(repeated in the IC 2 notes). The PGC magnitudes for NGC 1563 and 1564 appear
to be reversed.
******************************
NGC 1565 = MCG
-03-12-007 = PGC 15015
04 23 23.4 -15
44 40
V = 14.2; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(12/30/99): very faint, fairly small, round, 30". This galaxy has a low surface
brightness with no central brightening but may be the largest in the
group. A mag 14 star lies 1.5' NE
of center. Located 8' NE of NGC
1561 in a group of faint galaxies (last of six).
17.5"
(2/8/91): Not found.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1565 = LM I-131 on 12 Nov 1885 with the 26"
refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. His rough position (nearest minute of RA) is 2' N of MCG
-03-12-007 = PGC 15015. Herbert
Howe measured an accurate position in 1898-99 using the 20" refractor at
Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 1566 = ESO
157-020 = LGG 114-003 = PGC 14897
04 20 00.4 -54
56 16
V = 9.7; Size 8.3'x6.6'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 60d
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 260x, this gorgeous spiral was
a showpiece treat even with a 4.5-day moon well up in the west. NGC 1566 is strongly concentrated with
a very bright, elongated 1' core region that increases to an intense, round,
20" nucleus. The two spiral
arms were easily visible with direct vision. The "southern" arm is
attached on the north side of the core, wrapping around the core
counterclockwise on the east side (passing directly between the core and a mag
12 star 2' E of center) and spiraling around 180¡ to the south side of the
halo. On the south end, the arm
passes just north of a mag 15 star and ends at a slightly brighter mag 14.5
star. The "northern" arm
is attached on the south side of the core and wraps around the west side,
gradually unfurling towards the north side and ending over 2' NNE of center.
With careful
viewing, the northern arm "resolved" into 4 distinct extended HII
regions, identified as NGC 1566:[HP80] I, II, IV and VI in Hawley and Phillips
1980 paper "Spectrophotometry of H II regions and the nucleus of NGC
1566" in ApJ, 235, 783. NGC
1566:[HP80] VI is a 12" knot in the arm, 45" due west of center and
is clearly resolved from [HP80] IV, a slightly larger 15" knot which is
50" WNW of center. [HP80] II
is a distinct 10" knot, just over 1' NNW of center and the faintest is
[HP80] I, just to its north. The
arm passes just south of a mag 14 star 2' N of center. With averted vision, the outer halo
extends beyond the main arms, increasing the size to 5'x3' SSW-NNE. Mag 8.7 HD 27713 lies 5.4' NW. NGC 1566 is the largest and most luminous
member of the Dorado Group, which contains three subgroups: NGC 1433 group, NGC
1672 group and NGC 1566 group.
13.1"
(2/19/04 - Costa Rica): this Seyfert galaxy is a member of the Dorado Group and
appears bright, large, elongated 3:2 ~N-S. With careful viewing the halo extends to ~3'x2'. A spiral arm is attached on the west
side and curves towards the north beyond the main body of the galaxy. On the eastern side a low surface
brightness arm is attached (on an E-W line with a mag 12 star close following
the galaxy) and extends a little to the south on the eastern side of the main
body. I was surprised to see the
spiral arms so clearly! Mag 8.2 HD
27713 lies 5.4' NW of center and a mag 9.9 star lies in the field 9' W. NGC 1581 lies 40' E.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1566 = D 338 = h2635 on 28 May 1826 with his 9" reflector
from Parramatta and described "a pretty large round nebula, about 4'
diameter, moderately and gradually condensed to the centre. A very small star
near the following edge, not involved." His position is 11' too far south but the identification is
certain.
JH observed the
galaxy twice from the CGH, recording on 5 Dec 1834, "B, vL, first very
gradually then suddenly much brighter to the middle, to a stellar nucleus.
Diameter in RA = 15". A star 11th mag involved, N.p. gives it a distorted
appearance. A curious object." JH noted this nebula could be Dunlop 338.
******************************
NGC 1567 = ESO
202-010 = AM 0419-482 NED02 = PGC 14934
04 21 08.7 -48
15 18
V = 12.2; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.8
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly bright, fairly small,
round, 40"-45" diameter.
Sharply concentrated with a small bright core. A mag 10.5 star lies 5' SW.
NGC 1567 forms a
pair (same redshift and likely interacting) with ESO 202-009 3' SSW. The companion appeared very faint,
fairly small, thin edge-on SSW-NNE, 40"x12", low surface
brightness. Viewed with a 4.5-day
moon up.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1567 = h2636 on 28 Dec 1834 and described "vF, S, R, glbM,
20" (hazy)". A later observation adds "found in place and viewed
past meridian; not vF, S, R."
His position matches ESO 202-010 = PGC 14934.
******************************
NGC 1568 = NGC
1568B = UGC 3032 = MCG +00-12-027 = CGCG 393-016 = II Zw 10 = VV 809 = PGC
15034
04 24 25.4 -00
44 47
V = 13.6; Size 1.1'x0.8'; PA = 135d
24"
(12/22/14): at 375x; moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated, well
concentrated with a small bright core that increases occasionally to a stellar
nucleus. A mag 12 star lies 1'
NE. Forms an interacting double
system (II Zw 10) with NGC 1568A = UGC 3031 1.2' WNW.
NGC 1568A
appeared extremely or very faint, very small, round, 12"-15"
diameter, low surface brightness glow with averted vision. A mag 14.5-15 star is less than
30" N. On the SDSS, this
galaxy has a striking set of tidal tails; it is connected to brighter to NGC
1568B with a delicate, curving bridge and a long tidal plume extends to the
northwest.
17.5"
(2/1/92): fairly faint, fairly small, dominated by small bright core, fainter
extensions NW-SE, faint halo. Two
mag 12/13 stars are 1' NE and 1.5' NW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1568 = Sw V-60 on 2 Oct 1886 with the 16" refractor at the
Warner Observatory and reported "eF; vS; R; nearly betw 2
stars." His position is 21
sec of RA west and 19" south of UGC 3032. His comment "nearly betw 2 stars" may apply to two
stars 1' northeast and 4' southwest.
Most likely the companion (NGC 1568A) is too faint to be seen by Swift.
******************************
NGC 1569 = Arp
210 = UGC 3056 = MCG +11-06-001 = CGCG 306-001 = VII Zw 16 = LGG 104-002 = PGC
15345
04 30 48.6 +64
50 56
V = 11.0; Size 3.6'x1.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 120d
48"
(10/23/11): at 488x, three very compact knots (luminous super-star clusters)
are closely lined up from NW to SE in the central region (total length
~15") with the brightest knot NGC 1569-A in the middle of the trio. NGC 1569-A was flanked by 1569-C
7" NW and 1569-B 7" SE.
NGC 1569-C appeared very small but was also clearly non-stellar. NGC 1569-B, very close to the geometric
center, was very compact and symmetrical, like a slightly bloated star. SIMBAD lists a V mag of 15.3 for
1569-A.
18"
(1/17/09): at 380x this unusual starburst galaxy appeared as a high surface brightness
streak, elongated ~5:2 WNW-ESE.
The brightest region is NW of center and contains two stellar or
quasi-stellar knots (super-star clusters) within the glow. One of these "stars" was
fairly easy (NGC 1569-A) and the other was occasionally visible. A very faint stellar object (SSC NGC
1569-B) is close to the geometric center.
The ESE side of the galaxy is fairly uniform though the position angle
is slightly offset. A mag 9.8 star
is less than 1' N of center.
17.5"
(3/1/03): at 380x this is a bright, very elongated galaxy with an unusual
asymmetric appearance, situated less than 1' S of a mag 9.5 star! Extended nearly 5:2 NW-SE,
2.0'x0.8'. The bright core is
offset to the NW side of the glow with a tail extending SE, possibly bending at
a slight angle to the core. Two
stellar "nuclei" are visible in good seeing. The brighter "star" is
embedded within the core, possibly just slightly north of center. A second fainter "star" is
close SE, near the edge of the core and is visible intermittently. These "stars" are actually
SSC's (luminous super-star clusters).
NGC 1569 was recently determined to be a member of the IC 342 galaxy
group.
17.5"
(1/12/02): very bright, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE, 2.5'x1.1', high but irregular
surface brightness with an asymmetric appearance. The very bright core is mottled and irregular and is offset
to the NW side of the galaxy! At
380x, there are two stellar "nuclei" within this glow. The brighter stellar nucleus is fairly
easy and a fainter stellar point is close SE. There is also a strong impression of a third stellar spot
close west of the central nucleus.
These faint "stars" are actually luminous super-star clusters,
the most massive known type of star clusters (color image at
http://www.lowell.edu/users/dah/papers/n1569hst.html). A mag 10 star is close off the north
side, 1' from center and a mag 13 star is just off the SE end.
13.1"
(1/18/85): very bright, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE, high surface brightness,
elongated bright core, mottling suspected. Located just 1' S of a mag 10 star.
8"
(11/28/81): fairly bright, small, elongated. Located just south of a mag 9 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1569 = H II-768 on 4 Nov 1788 (sweep 881) and noted "pB, S,
lE, BN, just south of a pretty bright star." Ralph Copeland observed
this galaxy on 17 Jan 1873 using Lord Rosse's 72" and recorded,
"Decidedly cometic in appearance, with the head north-preceding.
Position of elongation 111.2¡. Has an 11 mag reddish star in PA
359¡, Dist 45". This star is
the south member of a double star. There is also a 15m star following in
the direction of the axis of the nebula. This object, although of the
second class, is 3 or 4x as bright as H I-258 [NGC 1491]."
******************************
NGC 1570 = NGC
1571 = ESO 250-019 = MCG -07-10-001 = PGC 14971
04 22 08.9 -43
37 47
V = 12.3; Size 2.0'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 172d
See observing
notes for NGC 1571.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1570 = h2637 on 4 Dec 1836 and recorded "F; S; R; gbM;
20" dia." His position
is 10' N of ESO 250-019 = PGC 14971.
This galaxy was found again by JH on 1 Dec 1837, accurately placed, and
it was catalogued again as h2638 = GC 848 = NGC 1571. Although NGC 1570 is the earlier discovery, this galaxy is
referred to as NGC 1571. RNGC
labels NGC 1570 as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 1571 = NGC
1570 = ESO 250-019 = MCG -07-10-001 = PGC 14971
04 22 08.9 -43
37 47
V = 12.3; Size 2.0'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 172d
18"
(1/17/09): at 175x appeared faint, small, elongated 3:2 or 4:3 N-S,
~25"x18", very small brighter core. A mag 10.6/10.8 double star (h3648) at 12" separation
lies 3' ENE. Located 47' NW of a
mag 6.4 star and 49' NE of a mag 5.3 star. Viewed at only 7 degrees elevation from Lake Sonoma.
John Herschel
found NGC 1571 = h2638 on 1 Dec 1837 and recorded as "vF; S; R; 15";
gbM; has a double star north-following." His position and description (the double star is HJ 3648)
applies to ESO 250-019 = PGC 14971. Herschel discovered the galaxy a year
earlier but placed it 10' too far north and it was catalogued as h2637 = NGC
1570. Apparently neither Herschel
or Dreyer suspected the two observations referred to the same nebula. Although NGC 1570 is the earlier
discovery, this galaxy is generally designated NGC 1571.
******************************
NGC 1572 = ESO
303-014 = MCG -07-10-003 = PGC 14993
04 22 42.8 -40
36 03
V = 12.4; Size 2.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 0d
18"
(12/30/08): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE (central
bar), ~0.9'x0.3', slightly brighter nucleus. A mag 12 star is just off the east side, 0.9' NE of center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1572 = h2639 on 23 Oct 1835 and recorded "pF; S; R;
15"; has a * 13m, 1' nf."
His position and description applies to ESO 303-014 = PGC 14993.
******************************
NGC 1573 = UGC
3077 = MCG +12-05-008 = CGCG 328-009 = VII Zw 18 = PGC 15570
04 35 04.1 +73
15 45
V = 11.7; Size 1.9'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 35d
24"
(2/22/14): fairly bright, moderately large, oval 4:3 SSW-NNE, sharply
concentrated with a very bright core.
The large halo extends to at least 1.6'x1.2' with averted as the outer
portion has a very low surface brightness. A mag 15-15.5 star is at the NNW edge [32" from
center]. Several stars follow,
including a mag 10.5 star 2.2' E.
Brightest in a trio with CGCG 328-007 4.7' NW ("fairly faint,
fairly small, slightly elongated, 25"x20", low even surface
brightness") and UGC 3069 4.3' SW ("fairly faint, fairly small,
slightly elongated SW-NE, 25"x20", gradually increases to the center,
faint stellar nucleus").
17.5"
(1/23/93): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, gradually
brighter halo, very small brighter core.
A mag 10.5 star is just 2.2' E of core. CGCG 328-007 lies 4.5' NW.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 1573 = T IX-2 on 1 Aug 1883 with the 11" refractor at the
Arcetri Observatory. His position
is 2' SW of UGC 3077 = PGC 15570.
******************************
NGC 1574 = ESO
157-022 = PGC 14965
04 21 59 -56 58
24
V = 10.4; Size 3.4'x3.1'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 35d
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 260x, fairly bright, fairly
large, round, 2' diameter. Sharply
concentrated with a well defined core.
A mag 9.7 star is near the SE edge of the halo (1.1' from center). A much fainter star is at the edge of
central core on the SE side, ~20" from center. Two mag 11/12 stars are 4' and 4' 6, respectively. Located 19' NW of Rmk 4 = 6.8/7.2 at
5". Member of the Dorado
Group.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1574 = h2640 on 4 Dec 1834 and described "pB, S, R, pgbM,
has a star 10th mag 1' distant and one 14th mag distant one radius of the
nebula from its edge, both S.f."
His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1575 = NGC
1577 = MCG -02-12-014 = PGC 15090
04 26 20.6 -10
05 54
V = 12.2; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.7
See observing
notes for NGC 1577.
Frank Muller
found NGC 1575 = LM II-395 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander
McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 13.5, 1.0' dia, R, *9.5 at 2' dist
in PA 185¡ [SSW]." His
position is 0.4 min of RA west of MCG -02-12-014 = PGC 15090 (accurate in
declination) and his description of the nearby star matches. This galaxy was discovered earlier by
Lewis Swift (III-29) on 10 Nov 1885 and catalogued as NGC 1577. Swift's position is just south of the
galaxy, though the equivalence was not noticed until Herbert Howe examned the
field in 1900 (the equivalence is repeated in the IC 2 Notes). So, NGC 1575 = NGC 1577, with discovery
priority to Swift (NGC 1577). Some
sources, such as RNGC, use NGC 1575 as the primary designation. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 1576 = MCG
-01-12-007 = PGC 15089
04 26 18.8 -03
37 16
V = 13.5; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 125d
17.5"
(2/1/92): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated 4:3 SW-NE, well-defined
bright core, faint stellar nucleus.
Almost at the midpoint of two mag 13 stars 1.2' SE and 1.5' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1576 = H III-587 = h314 on 28 Nov 1786 (sweep 640) and reported
"vF, S, bM, between 2 stars."
His position (Auwer's re-reduction) is 1' NW of MCG -01-12-007 = PGC
15089 and two stars bracket the galaxy.
******************************
NGC 1577 = NGC
1575 = MCG -02-12-014 = PGC 15090
04 26 20.6 -10
05 54
V = 12.2; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.7
17.5"
(2/8/91): fairly faint, irregularly round, gradually increases to small bright
core, possible faint stellar nucleus.
Located 2' N of a mag 10.5 star and 13' SE of mag 6.9 SAO 149622.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1577 = Sw III-29 on 10 Nov 1885 with the 16" refractor at
the Warner Observatory and recorded "vF, pL, R, lbM, * nr
south". His position and
description (an 11th mag star is 2' S) applies to MCG -02-12-014. Frank Muller independently found the
galaxy the following year and it was also catalogued as NGC 1575 (list II-395). Although his RA is 0.4 min off, the
comment "*9.5, PA 185, 2' sep" clinches the identify NGC 1575 = NGC
1577, with priority to Swift.
******************************
NGC 1578 = ESO
202-014 = AM 0422-514 = PGC 15025
04 23 46.7 -51
35 59
V = 13.1; Size 1.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 177d
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): moderately bright, fairly small,
slightly elongated, ~0.8'x0.65'.
Sharply concentrated with a very small bright core and a stellar
nucleus. Situated in a poor star
field 1.2¡ ESE of mag 4.3 Gamma Doradus.
Viewed with a 4.5-day moon in the sky.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1578 = h2641 on 27 Dec 1834 (same night he discovered NGC 1522)
and reported "vF, S, R, pgbM, dilute at the borders." His position (3 sweeps) matches ESO
202-014 = PGC 15025.
******************************
NGC 1579 = LBN
767 = Sh 2-222 = Ced 35
04 30 14.3 +35
16 47
Size 12'x8'
18"
(2/16/07): fairly bright reflection nebula at 220x, viewed unfiltered. The brightest portion is a fairly
striking, roundish patch, ~1.5 diameter in the center of a triangular group of
6 stars. A mag 11.5 star lies 2' N
with a faint star close south.
Symmetrically placed on the opposite side of the central region is a
pair of mag 13 stars. A wide pair
of mag 12 stars are off the NE side.
Faint, irregular haze spreads out from the bright patch towards the SW,
extending due west to due south and increasing the size to 6'-7', though the
borders of the fainter nebosity are not well defined. There was only a hint of the dust structure visible on
images.
17.5"
(3/2/02): this bright reflection nebula appears nearly 5' in diameter with a
prominent, slightly elongated 1.5' central region. The haze is irregular extending outward from this knot with
the borders seemingly marked by a half-dozen stars situated around the
periphery including a mag 11 star 2' N, a wide pair of mag 11.5-12 stars 1.6'
and 2.3' NE and a pair of mag 13 stars ~2.5' S. Nebulosity extends mostly west and southwest of the central
mass with a very faint piece to the south.
13"
(1/18/85): fairly bright, circular, fairly small, appears brightest at the
following edge. Forms an
equilateral triangle with two mag 11.5-12 stars off the north and NE edges both
2' from center.
8"
(12/6/80): faint nebulosity, diffuse.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1579 = H I-217 = h315 on 27 Dec 1788 (sweep 899) and reported
"pB, cL, mbM. Cometic. Stands nearly in the centre of a trapezium, 2 nf
small stars pointing to it."
Samuel Hunter
made a detailed sketch with the 72" on 13 Jan 1858, which was included in
LdR's 1861 publication (fig. 8, plate XXV). On 2 Nov 1850 Bindon Stoney logged "A faint patchy
neby. follows the chief portion and also to the south. The chief portion is irregular in
figure and I had the impression of a dark space intervening between it and the
faint nebulosity.
******************************
NGC 1580 = MCG
-01-12-011 = PGC 15189
04 28 18.4 -05
10 44
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(2/11/96): faint, fairly small, irregularly round, 50" diameter. Broad concentration with a brighter
center but no well-defined core. A
mag 15 star is just off the following end 48" from center and a mag 14
star is 1.4' WNW. There is an
30" pair of mag 12/13.5 stars ~3' SE. Located 10' NNE of mag 9 SAO 131233, which is at the edge of
the 220x field, and 1 degree west of the NGC 1600 group.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1580 = St VIIIb-15 on 18 Jan 1877 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory. His
position matches MCG -01-12-011.
******************************
NGC 1581 = ESO
157-026 = LGG 114-004 = PGC 15055
04 24 44.9 -54
56 31
V = 12.9; Size 1.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 80d
13.1"
(2/19/04 - Costa Rica): very faint, small, elongated 5:2 E-W, ~0.6'x0.25', no
noticeable concentration. Two mag
10 stars at 1' separation lie 6' E.
This Dorado Group member is located 40' due east of the bright galaxy
NGC 1566.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1581 = h2642 on 5 Dec 1834 and recorded "F, S, E,
gbM." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 1582 = Cr 51
= OCL-407 = Lund 133
04 31 39 +43 50
Size 24'
18"
(11/26/03): at 115x, appears a very large, scattered field with a number of
brighter stars. There are no
denser regions of fainter stars to distinguish this as a cluster although the
star density drops rapidly to the west (edge of Milky Way?). Most distinctive is a stream of bright
stars which extends 20' SW of the cluster's position and includes a number of
mag 8-10 stars. The string begins
with mag 8.7 SAO 39581 and includes a 16" pair of mag 10 stars as well as
mag 8.6 SAO 39578. The
classification of this group as a true cluster is doubtful.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1582 = H VIII-70 on 3 Feb 1788 (sweep 801) and logged "a
cluster of coarsely scattered large stars, pretty rich, 20 or 25'
diameter."
******************************
NGC 1583 = ESO
551-008 = MCG -03-12-010 = PGC 15193
04 28 20.7 -17
35 44
V = 13.6; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 98d
17.5"
(11/10/96): slightly brighter of a similar pair with NGC 1584 located 5.0'
NNW. Faint, small, round, 40"
diameter.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1583 = LM I-132 (along with NGC 1584 = I-133) on 17
Oct 1885 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. His rough position (nearest minute of
RA) is 0.6 tmin east of ESO 551-008 = PGC 15193. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using
the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 1584 = ESO
551-006 = PGC 15180
04 28 10.2 -17
31 24
V = 13.8; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 122d
17.5"
(11/10/96): very faint, small, round, 30" diameter, low even surface
brightness. Forms a pair with NGC
1584 5.0' SSE. Collinear with a
nice well–matched double star 6.5' NE and a mag 13 star 5.0' NE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1584 = LM I-133 (along with NGC 1583 = I-132) on 17
Oct 1885 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory
(repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 1585 = ESO
303-018 = MCG -07-10-006 = PGC 15150
04 27 33.0 -42
09 55
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 175d
18"
(12/30/08): at 175x appeared fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated
N-S, ~35"x30", very small brighter core. A mag 12.6 star is attached to the west edge and three mag
10 stars lies within 6'. Located
14' SSW of mag 6.5 HD 28552. IC
2068 is in the field 11' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1585 = h2643 on 6 Dec 1834 and logged "pF, S, R, gbM, a *
12 mag prec. 2 seconds; pos from centre of neb. = 287.8 degrees." His position is 1' N of center and the
description is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1586 = UGC
3062 = MCG +00-12-036 = CGCG 393-027 = LGG 117-001 = PGC 15331
04 30 38.2 -00
18 15
V = 13.2; Size 1.7'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 155d
17.5"
(2/1/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE. Bracketed by two very faint mag 14.5/15
stars close off the WNW end and 30" off the SSE end. A wide evenly matched mag 11 pair at
1.3' separation lies 7.5' NW and is collinear with the galaxy. Uncertain identification in the RNGC,
UGC, CGCG.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 1586 on 30 Dec 1861 with the 11" refractor at
Copenhagen and recorded (rough Latin translation) "faint, irregular, in
line with a double star and a mag 14 star. Searched again on night 93 (for this object) in
vain." There is nothing near
his single position and Copeland, using the 72" at Birr Castle, reported
"Not found, sky very clear".
But 15'
north-northeast is UGC 3062 and a wide double star is 14' northwest, along with
a mag 14.5 star at the northwest end.
All major catalogues (except MCG) correctly identify NGC 1586 = UGC
3062.
******************************
NGC 1587 = UGC
3063 = MCG +00-12-035 = CGCG 393-028 = Holm 76a = Mrk 616 = II Zw 12 = LGG
117-002 = PGC 15332
04 30 40.0 +00
39 43
V = 11.7; Size 1.7'x1.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 144d
17.5"
(2/3/03): fairly bright, moderately large, slightly elongated SW-NE, 1.2'x1.0',
well-concentrated with a very bright core and stellar nucleus. Forms a close
pair with NGC 1588 0.9' E. In a
trio with NGC 1589 12' N.
13"
(12/22/84): moderately bright, small, almost round, small bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 1588 1' E. NGC 1589 lies 12' N. Located midway between 44 and 45 Tauri.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1587 = H II-8 = h316, along with NGC 1588 and 1589, on 19 Dec
1783 (early sweep 54). He noted
"Two close together [with NGC 1588], 3/4¡ north of 45 Eri." His summary description (from 4 sweeps)
reads "Two [with NGC 1588]. The first F, S, r." JH called this object "the
south-preceding of a double nebula; R; pL; distance of centres 60"."
******************************
NGC 1588 = UGC
3064 = MCG +00-12-037 = CGCG 393-028 = Mrk 616 = II Zw 12 = Holm 76b = LGG
117-006 = PGC 15340
04 30 43.7 +00
39 53
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 175d
17.5"
(2/3/03): fairly faint/moderately bright, fairly small, 0.6'x0.5', sharply
concentrated with a very bright stellar nucleus. Smaller and fainter of close pair with NGC 1587 just 0.9' W.
13"
(12/22/84): faint, very small.
Forms a close pair with brighter NGC 1587 1' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1588 = H II-9 = h317, along with NGC 1587 and 1589, on 19 Dec
1783 (early sweep 54). His
published summary description (from 4 sweeps) reads "Two [with NGC 1587].
The second F, vS, r." JH called this object "the north-following of a
double nebula; F; S; R. Position
by a drawing made at the time 30-40¡ nf."
******************************
NGC 1589 = UGC
3065 = MCG +00-12-038 = CGCG 393-030 = PGC 15342
04 30 45.5 +00
51 52
V = 11.8; Size 3.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 160d
17.5"
(2/3/03): very nice moderately large edge-on 4:1 NNW-SSE, 1.3'x0.3'. Contains a bright core with faint
extensions. In a trio with NGC
1587/1588 12' S.
13"
(12/22/84): moderately bright, edge-on 4:1 NNW-SSE, fairly small, small bright
core. Forms a wide pair with NGC
1587 12' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1589 = H II-7 = h318, along with NGC 1587 and 1588, on 19 Dec
1783 (early sweep 54). His summary
description (from 3 sweeps) reads "F, pL, iR, vlbM." JH recorded "pB; bM; E from sf to
np; has a * 50¡ nf, 1' dist; its situation is nearly at right angles to the
longer axis of the nebula."
R.J. Mitchell,
using LdR's 72" on 29 Nov 1856, reported "the preceding edge of [NGC
1589] seems black and sharp as compared to its following edge." This "black" edge is a dust
lane along the western flank.
******************************
NGC 1590 = UGC
3071 = MCG +01-12-008 = CGCG 419-014 = II Zw 13 = LGG 120-015 = PGC 15368
04 31 10.3 +07
37 51
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 90d
13.1"
(11/29/86): faint, small, slightly elongated ~E-W. There is a trio of similar stars to the north with two mag
12.5 stars 2' NNE and 4.7' NW and a mag 11.5 star 4.4' N.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 1590 on 28 Oct 1865 with the 11" refractor at
Copenhagen. His single position
matches UGC 3071 and his comment "mag 12 star follows by 2.7 seconds of
time and 1 3/4' north" clinches this idenfication.
******************************
NGC 1591 = ESO
484-025 = MCG -04-11-015 = PGC 15276
04 29 30.6 -26
42 47
V = 12.8; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 30d
17.5"
(11/10/96): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, very weak
concentration. A mag 13 star lies
1.2' due west. Brightest and
largest of three with ESO 484-G26 4.4' SE and ESO 484-28 10' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1591 = h2644 on 6 Nov 1834 and recorded "pF; S; R; glbM;
15" dia." His position
matches ESO 484-025 = PGC 15276.
His RA in sweep 643 is 10 sec too small, though he noted the "time
of transit somewhat confusedly stated in MS, which renders a mistake of 10s not
improbable." It's a bit
surprising he missed ESO 484-26 and ESO 484-28 on all three sweeps.
******************************
NGC 1592 = ESO
421-IG 002A/B = MCG -05-11-011 = VV 647 = AM 0427-273 = PGC 15292
04 29 40.8 -27
24 32
V = 13.7; Size 1.4'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 96d
17.5"
(2/3/03): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 E-W, 0.8'x0.4', fairly low even
surface brightness. At moments, there appeared to be an extension or companion
attached on the following side. On
the DSS, this is an unusual (multiple?) galaxy (PGC 15285 and 15292) with two
off-center knots or condensations, one on the east end! A perfect parallelogram of stars with
sides 3'x1' lies 5' SE (brightest stars mag 10 on the south side).
John Herschel's
position is off by 27' in declination and ESO (421-IG 002A/B) and MCG
(-05-11-011) do not equate this galaxy with NGC 1592, while RNGC lists NGC 1592
as nonexistent.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1592 = h2645 on 29 Dec 1834 and recorded "vF;
vS." He only observed this
object on one sweep and the declination is given as uncertain. There is nothing at his position and Herbert
Howe reported in 1898 that "in the place given for this I found only small
stars. 1591, near by, was observed".
RC3 identifies
ESO 421-002 as NGC 1592, although this galaxy is 27' S (correct in RA) of
Herschel's position. Given the
uncertainly in his declination, this seems a likely candidate. Neither MCG nor ESO label ESO 421-002
as NGC 1592. RNGC classifies this
number nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 1593 = NGC
1608 = IC 2077 = UGC 3082 = MCG +00-12-044 = CGCG 393-037 = PGC 15447
04 32 06.1 +00
34 02
See observing
notes for NGC 1608.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 1593 = m 97 on 7 Nov 1863 with William Lassell's 48" on
Malta. There is nothing at his
position, but exactly 1 min of RA east is NGC 1608 and Harold Corwin
"recovered" this identification while compiling the ESGC. NGC 1608 was found by Lawrence Parsons,
using Lord Rosse's 72", on 1 Jan 1876, though his position is also
poor. Finally, Stephane Javelle
(III-988) independently found the galaxy again on 15 Jan 1898 with the 30"
refractor at Nice, reported J. 3-988 (later IC 2077) with an accurate
micrometric position. So, NGC 1593
= NGC 1608 = IC 2077.
******************************
NGC 1594 = IC
2075 = MCG -01-12-014 = PGC 15348
04 30 51.6 -05
47 54
V = 13.0; Size 1.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 100d
17.5"
(2/11/96): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 E-W, 1.2'x0.8'. Forms the east vertex of a near
equilateral triangle with two mag 13/13.5 stars 2.0' NW and 2.3' WSW. A mag 14.5 star is just off the
preceding edge 39" from center.
Fairly smooth surface brightness except for a nearly stellar nucleus.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1594 = Sw V-61 on 22 Oct 1886 with the 16" refractor at the
Warner Observatory. His position
is 17 sec of RA following MCG -01-12-014 = PGC 15348. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position for NGC 1594 in
1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory in Denver
(repeated in the IC 2 notes).
Bigourdan (260) independently found this galaxy on 17 Jan 1895 while
searching for NGC 1594 at Swift's position, placed it accurately, and it was
catalogued again as IC 2075. So,
NGC 1594 = IC 2075, with discovery priority to Swift. MCG identifies this
galaxy as IC 2075. See Corwin's
notes.
******************************
NGC 1595 =
Carafe Group = ESO 202-025 = AM 0426-475 = KTS 25B = PGC 15195
04 28 21.7 -47
48 57
V = 12.7; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 17d
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): moderately bright, oval 5:3
SSW-NNE, 40"x25", well concentrated with a small bright core and
stellar nucleus. With averted
vision the dim outer halo increases to 50"x30". Second of three in the Carafe Group
with NGC 1598 2.8' NE and ESO 202-023 (Carafe Galaxy) 6.9' SW.
The "Carafe
Galaxy" is the largest in the trio.
At 260x this galaxy was slightly elongated N-S, with a 1.5'x1.2' halo and an unusual structure. A brighter bar extends through most of
the galaxy in a N-S direction with a brightest and bulging portion of the bar
on the south side (perhaps an offset core). The northern half of the bar is narrower and extends nearly
to the edge of the halo creating a lopsided barbell appearance.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1595 = h2646 (along with NGC 1598 = h2647) on 3 Dec 1837 and
recorded "vF, R, bM, 15 arcseconds." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1596 = ESO
157-031 = LGG 114-005 = PGC 15153
04 27 38.1 -55
01 40
V = 11.2; Size 3.7'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 20d
13.1"
(2/19/04 - Costa Rica): bright, moderately large, very elongated 7:2 SSW-NNE,
1.8'x0.5', contains a slightly bulging core and tapering extensions. Sharply concentrated with a very small
bright core. Paired with NGC 1602
2.9' SE in the Dorado Group of galaxies.
NGC 1617 lies 43' NE. Located
55' due west of mag 3.3 Alpha Doradus.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1596 = h2648 (along with NGC 1602 = h2649) on 5 Dec 1834 and
recorded "B, mE, pL, psmbM, 60" long. The preceding of two [with NGC
1602]." His position (2
consecutive sweeps) is very accurate.
******************************
NGC 1597 = MCG
-02-12-032 = PGC 15374
04 31 13.5 -11
17 26
V = 13.9; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 95d
17.5"
(2/3/03): faint, very small, elongated 5:4 ~E-W, 0.5'x0.4', slightly brighter
core. A close double star lies 2'
NW.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 1597 = LM I-134 on 31 Dec 1885 with the 26" refractor at
the Leander McCormick Observatory.
His rough position (nearest minute of RA) matches MCG -02-12-032 = PGC
15374.
******************************
NGC 1598 =
Carafe Group = ESO 202-026 = AM 0427-475 = KTS 25C = PGC 15204
04 28 33.6 -47
46 57
V = 13.3; Size 1.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 123d
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly bright, fairly large, oval
4:3 NW-SE, 1.1'x0.8', broad concentration with a brighter core that gradually
increases towards the center. NGC
1598 is the third in the "Carafe" trio with NGC 1595 2.8' SW and ESO
202-023 10' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1598 = h2646 (along with NGC 1598 = h2647) on 3 Dec 1837 and
logged "F, R, bM, 20 arcseconds." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1599 = NGC
1610? = MCG -01-12-016 = PGC 15403
04 31 38.7 -04
35 18
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 174d
17.5"
(2/1/92): faint, very small, round, slight central brightening. Located just 1.1' W of mag 9.1 SAO
131769. Member of the NGC 1600
group with NGC 1607 10' NE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1599 = St XII-29 on 14 Dec 1881 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory. His
position is an exact match with MCG -01-12-016 = PGC 15403. NGC 1610 may be a duplicate observation
(see notes) and the first edition of the Uranometria 2000.0 labels the galaxy
NGC 1599 = 1610.
******************************
NGC 1600 = MCG
-01-12-017 = PGC 15406
04 31 39.9 -05
05 10
V = 10.9; Size 2.5'x1.7'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 15d
17.5"
(2/1/92): bright, moderately large, elongated 4:3 N-S, broadly concentrated
halo, almost stellar nucleus.
Brightest in a large group with NGC 1601 1.6' N, NGC 1603 2.6' ESE and
NGC 1606 7' NE. Other members
include NGC 1599, NGC 1604, NGC 1607, NGC 1609, NGC 1611, NGC 1612, NGC 1613 and
IC 373. Located 12' SE of mag 7.8
SAO 131262 12' NW and 15' ESE of mag 9 SAO 131258.
13"
(12/18/82): fairly bright, small, round, broad concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1600 = H I-158 = h319 on 26 Nov 1786 (sweep 638) and recorded
"pB, pL, irr R, vgmbM." Just two nights later (sweep 640) he noted
"cB, pS, mbB." JH made 4 observations and the observers using the
72" at Birr Castle made 5 observations of the field, discovering NGC 1601,
1603 and 1606.
******************************
NGC 1601 = MCG
-01-12-018 = PGC 15413
04 31 41.7 -05
03 37
V = 13.8; Size 0.6'x0.3'; Surf Br = 11.9; PA = 95d
17.5"
(2/1/92): very faint, extremely small, round, very small bright core. Faintest of a close trio with NGC 1600
1.6' S and NGC 1603 2.9' SE.
George Johnstone
Stoney discovered NGC 1601 = GC 867 (along with NGC 1603 and NGC 1606) on 14
Jan 1849 using Lord Rosse's 72" and a sketch of the field surrounding NGC
1600 was made in 1850. Heinrich
d'Arrest independently found the nebula on 16 Jan 1865 and it was catalogued
again in the GC Supplement (GC 5343), though the comment was added
"probably = GC 867". The
two GC entries were combined in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 1602 = ESO
157-032 = LGG 114-006 = PGC 15168
04 27 54.4 -55
03 24
V = 13.0; Size 1.9'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 83d
13.1"
(2/19/04 - Costa Rica): very faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, 40"
diameter, low surface brightness.
Forms a pair with the prominent galaxy NGC 1596 just 2.9' NW in the
Dorado Group.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1602 = h2649 on 5 Dec 1834 and recorded "eF, L, roundish
undefined. The following of two [with h2648 = NGC 1596]." His position is accurate (two sweeps).
******************************
NGC 1603 = MCG
-01-12-019 = PGC 15424
04 31 49.9 -05
05 40
V = 13.8; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 115d
17.5"
(2/1/92): very faint, very small, round.
Last of a close trio with NGC 1600 2.5' WNW and NGC 1601 2.9' NW.
George Johnstone
Stoney discovered NGC 1603 = GC 868 (along with NGC 1601 and NGC 1606) on 14
Jan 1849 using Lord Rosse's
72" and a sketch of the field surrounding NGC 1600 was made in 1850. In Jan 1874, Ralph Copeland measured an
accurate micrometric positions for NGC 1600, 1601 and 1603.
******************************
NGC 1604 = MCG
-01-12-020 = PGC 15433
04 31 58.6 -05
22 12
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(2/1/92): fairly faint, small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE. The halo brightens to a small bright core. Situated between two mag 11 stars 2.3'
ESE and 2.8' WNW. Located at the
south edge of the NGC 1600 group.
NGC 1600 lies 17' N.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1604 = Sw VI-16 on 20 Dec 1886 with the 16" refractor at
the Warner Observatory. His
position is 8 tsec west of MCG -01-12-020 = PGC 15433, but his comment
"between 2 stars one a wide double" secures the identification.
******************************
NGC 1605 = Cr 52
= OCL-406 = Lund 134
04 34 52 +45 16
18
V = 10.7; Size 5'
17.5"
(1/23/93): at 220x this is a very faint cluster of 15 stars mag 13.5-14.5 in
4'-5' diameter. The resolved stars
appear around the periphery forming an irregular oval outline. The central region is lacking in
resolved stars but consists of unresolved haze. Mag 7.7 SAO 39630 is 10' ESE at the edge of the 220x field.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1605 = H VI-26 on 11 Dec 1786 (sweep 645) and recorded "A
vF compressed cluster of extremely small stars, near 4' diameter". His position is just off the southeast
end of the cluster.
******************************
NGC 1606 = MCG
-01-12-022 = PGC 15443
04 32 03.3 -05
01 57
V = 15.1; Size 0.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(12/26/00): extremely faint, very small, round, ~15" diameter. Required averted and much harder to
view than IC 373 which was just observed.
Located 7' NE of NGC 1600 and 4.5' W of mag 7.6 SAO 131278 within the
large NGC 1600 group.
George Johnstone
Stoney discovered NGC 1606 = GC 869 on 14 Jan 1849 (along with NGC 1601 and NGC
1603) using Lord Rosse's 72" and a sketch of the field surrounding NGC
1600 was made in 1850. An accurate
position was never measured but the sketch matches MCG -01-12-022 = PGC 15443.
******************************
NGC 1607 = MCG
-01-12-023 = PGC 15442
04 32 03.1 -04
27 37
V = 14.2; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(2/1/92): very faint, small, round, low even surface brightness. Located 4.5' S of mag 7.9 SAO
131272. Member of the NGC 1600
group with NGC 1599 10' SW and NGC 1609 10' NE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1607 = St XI-30 on 14 Dec 1881 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory. His
position matches MCG -01-12-023 = PGC 15442.
******************************
NGC 1608 = NGC
1593 = IC 2077 = UGC 3082 = MCG +00-12-044 = CGCG 393-037 = PGC 15447
04 32 06.1 +00
34 02
V = 13.4; Size 1.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 130d
17.5"
(2/11/96): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 1.0'x0.6'. Contains a 30" brighter core with
fainter extensions. A mag 12.5
star lies 1.8' N of center.
Located 22' ESE of NGC 1587/88 pair.
Lawrence
Parsons, the 4th Earl of Rosse, discovered NGC 1608 on 1 Jan 1876 and reported
"about 1m 44s +/- following and 3.5' south [of NGC 1587/1588] is a pF, cS
stellar neb, with a *12 mag 117" south. His position is 10' NE of UGC 3082 = PGC 15447 and the "*12 mag 117"
south" is 1.7' north. Albert
Marth (m 97) earlier discovered this galaxy on 7 Nov 1863 and Dreyer catalogued
this galaxy as GC(S) 5342 and NGC 1593, but Marth's position was exactly 1.0
min of RA too far west, so the observations seemed to apply to different
objects. FInally, Stephane
Javelle independently found the galaxy on 15 Jan 1898 and he (as well as Kobold
at Strasbourg) measured an accurate position for J. 3-988 (later IC 2077). So,
NGC 1608 = NGC 1593 = IC 2077.
UGC, MCG and CGCG label the galaxy IC 2077, though NGC 1593 refers to
the earliest visual observation.
Karl Reinmuth, in his 1926 survey based on Heidelberg plates, notes NGC
1608 = IC 2077. Discussed in Malcolm
Thomson's Catalogue Corrections.
******************************
NGC 1609 = MCG
-01-12-025 = PGC 15480
04 32 45.1 -04
22 21
V = 14.2; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 170d
17.5"
(2/1/92): faint, small, dominated by small bright core, fairly bright stellar
nucleus, small faint extensions NNW-SSE.
A mag 14 star is 40" NW.
Located in the NGC 1600 group with NGC 1607 10' SW and NGC 1611 7' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1609 = H III-585, along with NGC 1611 = III-586, on 26 Nov 1786
(sweep 638) though only noted "suspected, but the haziness [weather] is
increasing." His position is
less than 1' northwest of MCG -01-12-025 = PGC 15480.
******************************
NGC 1610 = NGC
1599?? = MCG -01-12-016 = PGC 15543
04 31 38.7 -04
35 18
See observing
notes for NGC 1599. The NGC
identification is very uncertain.
Francis Leavenworth
discovered NGC 1610 = LM II-396 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory.
There is nothing at Leavenworth's position, though RNGC identifies PGC
15543 at 04 34 13.9 -04 41 59 (2000) as NGC 1610. Leavenworth's position is 81 sec of RA west and 7' north of
PGC 15543 (not an unusual error in RA, but the declination in the L-M lists are
generally fairly accurate). Corwin
suggests NGC 1610 may be a duplicate observation of NGC 1599. This galaxy is ~1 tmin W of
Leavenworth's position, a common error.
But Corwin notes this galaxy has a bright star 1.1' ENE which would
probably have been mentioned by Leavenworth.
******************************
NGC 1611 = MCG
-01-12-029 = PGC 15501
04 33 05.9 -04
17 49
V = 13.0; Size 1.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 103d
17.5"
(2/1/92): faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE, large brighter
middle. Member of a quadruple
subgroup (NGC 1613 5' ENE, NGC 1609 7' SW, NGC 1612 7.5' NNE) within the NGC
1600 group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1611 = H III-586, along with NGC 1609, on 26 Nov 1786 (sweep
638) and recorded "eF, S, E, but hazy weather." His summary description (including a
later observation) reads "eF, S, E nearly in parallel, another suspected
3' S.f., stellar." In
Dreyer's 1912 update to WH's catalogues, he states that WH probably also
observed NGC 1613 but his orientation should read 3' north-following instead of
3' south-following.
******************************
NGC 1612 = MCG
-01-12-030 = PGC 15507
04 33 13.1 -04
10 20
V = 13.0; Size 1.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 40d
17.5"
(2/1/92): very faint, small, round, very faint stellar nucleus. Faintest of three with NGC 1613 6.5'
SSE and NGC 1611 7.5' SSW. Member
of the NGC 1600 group.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1612 = St XI-31 (along with NGC 1613 = St XI-32) on 21 Dec 1881
with the 31" reflector at the Marseille Observatory. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1613 = MCG
-01-12-031 = PGC 15518
04 33 25.3 -04
15 55
V = 14.1; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 135d
17.5"
(2/1/92): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated 4:3 NW-SE, very small bright
core, stellar nucleus. Forms a
trio with NGC 1611 5' WSW and NGC 1612 6.5' NNW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1613 = St XI-32 (along with NGC 1612 = St XI-31) on 21 Dec 1881
with the 31" reflector at the Marseille Observatory. His position matches MCG -01-12-031 =
PGC 15518.
This galaxy was
probably discovered earlier by WH in his observation of NGC 1611 = H III-586,
commenting "another suspected 3' S.f., stellar." This would apply to NGC 1613 if
south-following was replaced with north-following.
******************************
NGC 1614 = Arp
186 = II Zw 15 = MCG -01-12-032 = Mrk 617 = PGC 15538
04 34 00.0 -08
34 44
V = 12.9; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 85d
17.5"
(10/29/94): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 SSW-NNE, 0.8'x0.6', broad
concentration. A mag 13 star is
2.0' S of center.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1614 = Sw III-30 on 29 Dec 1885 with the 16" refractor at
the Warner Observatory. His
position is 21 tsec east of MCG -01-12-032. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1898 using the
20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 1615 = UGC
3096 = MCG +03-12-005 = CGCG 467-003 = PGC 15608
04 36 01.9 +19
57 03
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 115d
17.5"
(1/23/93): faint, very small, round, very small bright core, stellar
nucleus. Forms the east vertex of
an equilateral triangle with mag 7.1 SAO 94022 6' SW and mag 8.0 SAO 94021 5'
NW!
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1615 = St IX-3 on 5 Jan 1878 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory. His
position is accurate. MCG does not
label +03-12-005 as NGC 1615.
******************************
NGC 1616 = ESO
251-010 = MCG -07-10-013 = AM 0431-434 = PGC 15479
04 32 41.7 -43
42 56
V = 12.6; Size 1.8'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 36d
14" (4/7/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x): fairly faint or moderately bright, elongated 3:2
SSW-NNE, brighter core, stellar nucleus, ~48"x32". A mag 11 star is 4.4' WNW.
This galaxy is
an asymmetric spiral with two arms of different shapes and brightness.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1616 = h2650 on 24 Oct 1835 and logged "pF, S,
psbM." His position from 3
observations is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1617 = ESO
157-041 = PGC 15405
04 31 39.5 -54
36 08
V = 10.4; Size 4.3'x2.1'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 107d
13.1"
(2/19/04 - Costa Rica): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE,
2.8'x1.4'. Well-concentrated with
a bright 30" core which increases to a bright stellar or quasi-stellar
nucleus! This member of the Dorado
group is easily located 33' NW of mag 3.2 Alpha Doradus. The galaxy is cradled by three mag 12
stars 4' WNW, 5' SSW and 6' SE.
The NGC 1596/1602 pair lies 43' SW.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1617 = D 339 on 5 Nov 1826 and described "a small round
pretty well defined nebula, bright in the centre, N.p. Alpha
Doradus". His position was
off by 11.5' (typical error) to the southeast. JH observed the galaxy on 5 Dec 1834 and logged (for h2651),
"B, L, mE, first very gradually then very suddenly much brighter to the
middle to a nucleus 5" in diameter; 3' long, 1' broad." The next night he reobserved it and
noted "pB, L, mE, sbM, 3' long, 2' broad, pos. 105.8 degrees." His mean position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1618 = MCG
-01-12-034 = PGC 15611
04 36 06.5 -03
08 56
V = 12.7; Size 2.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 35d
48"
(11/2/13): very bright, large, very elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE, 2.0'x0.7', well
concentrated with very bright core that increases to a stellar nucleus. A group of four stars follows. First of three prominent spirals with
NGC 1622 and NGC 1625. Located 13'
NNW of mag 3.9 Nu Eridani
17.5"
(10/12/85): faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE, weak
concentration. First of three very
elongated systems with NGC 1622 8' ESE and NGC 1625 18' SE. Located 13' NNW of Nu Eridani (V =
3.2). HCG 30 lies 19' NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1618 = H II-524 = h320 on 1 Feb 1786 (sweep 518) and noted
"F, S, iF, lbM, preceding 2 small stars." JH gave no description and the "observation marked as
doubtful", but his position is accurate. William missed nearby NGC 1622
and NGC 1625, although they are similar in magnitude (JH missed NGC 1622 also).
******************************
NGC 1619
04 36 12 -04 50
=Not found,
Corwin and Howe.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1619 = Sw VI-17 on 22 Dec 1886 with the 16" refractor at
the Warner Observatory. His
position is 15 sec of RA west and 8.7' N of NGC 1621, which he discovered on
the same night (V-18), but there is nothing at this relative offset. Herbert Howe, using the 20"
refractor at Chamberlain Observatory in 1898, reported "in the place given
for this I saw only stars of mags 13-14.
Its neighbour, 1627, was readily seen." Corwin suggests two possible candidates in his notes, though
both are speculative. So, I've
left NGC 1619 as not found.
******************************
NGC 1620 = UGC 3103
= MCG +00-12-052 = CGCG 393-046 = LGG 117-007 = PGC 15638
04 36 37.3 -00
08 35
V = 12.3; Size 2.9'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 25d
17.5"
(1/23/93): moderately bright, moderately large, very elongated 7:2 SSW-NNE,
3.0'x0.8', only a weak concentration but has an irregular surface brightness
and mottled appearance. A mag 14
star is at the NNE tip. Located
4.6' WSW of mag 8.9 SAO 131350.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1620 = H II-514 = h321 on 1 Jan 1786 (sweep 506) and logged
"F or vF, pL, E from sp-nf, about 2' long, 1' broad." He published a sketch in his 1811
paper (Fig. 8) as an illustration of "extended Nebulae."
******************************
NGC 1621 = NGC
1626 = MCG -01-12-035 = PGC 15626
04 36 25.0 -04
59 14
V = 13.5; Size 1.3'x0.8'; PA = 95d
17.5"
(1/23/93): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated 4:3 E-W, increases to small
bright core. Located 3.5' SE of a
mag 10.5 star. NGC 1627 lies 20'
ENE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1621 = Sw VI-18 on 22 Dec 1886 with the 16" refractor at
the Warner Observatory. His
position is just 30" N of MCG -1-12-35 = PGC 15626. This galaxy was independently found the
same year by Francis Leavenworth and included in list II-397. His position is 48 tsec east of MCG
-1-12-35. Leavenworth mentions a
"*8 np 12 sec", which clinches the identification NGC 1626 = NGC
1621. The discovery priority is
unknown. See notes for NGC 1619.
******************************
NGC 1622 = MCG
-01-12-036 = Holm 77a = PGC 15635
04 36 36.6 -03
11 20
V = 12.5; Size 3.6'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 45d
48"
(11/2/13): very bright, large, elongated 9:2 SW-NE, 2.8'x0.6', well
concentrated with a very bright, elongated core that increases to the
center. This is the thinnest of
three striking edge-ons, just 11' NE of mag 3.9 Nu Eridani. NGC 1618, 8' WNW, is roughly parallel
in orientation and NGC 1625, 10' SE, is perpendicular! MCG -01-12-037 lies 9' NNE.
17.5"
(10/12/85): faint, elongated SW-NE, small bright core, stellar nucleus, faint
elongated halo. This is the second
the of three edge-on systems with similar NGC 1618 8' WNW (also similar
position angle) and NGC 1625 10' SE.
Located 11' NNE of Nu Eridani.
HCG 30 lies 22' N.
George Johnstone
Stoney discovered NGC 1622 = GC 881 on 16 Jan 1850 using LdR's 72". His sketch shows NGC 1618, 1622 and
1625 in their correct orientation.
Heinrich d'Arrest independently found this galaxy on 1 Jan 1862 near NGC
1618. John Herschel included both
observations in the GC assuming they were different nebulae (881 for Stoney and
878 for d'Arrest) but accidentally placed GC 881 three degrees too far
north. Dreyer caught this error
and added a note that GC 881 = GC 878 in his observation on 1 Dec 1874 at Birr
Castle, so the two GC entries were combined into NGC 1622.
******************************
NGC 1623 = PGC
15591
04 35 32.4 -13
33 23
V = 14.7; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 15d
18"
(1/21/04): very faint, extremely small, 15" diameter. A very faint superimposed star or
stellar nucleus was intermittently visible. Member of AGC 496.
The identification or position in the RNGC is incorrect.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 1623 = LM I-135 on 31 Dec 1885 with the 26" refractor at
the Leander McCormick Observatory.
His rough position (to the nearest minute of RA) is essentially correct
(30 sec too large). Stone's sketch
also positively identifies NGC 1623 = PGC 1559. RNGC appears to misidentify PGC 75238 as NGC 1623.
******************************
NGC 1624 = OCL
403 = Cr 53 = Ced 37 = LBN 722 = Sh 2-212
04 40 37.2 +50
27 41
V = 10.4; Size 5'x5'
13.1"
(12/22/84): fairly bright, round, compact glow surrounding a small group of at
least five stars mag 11.8 and fainter using a UHC filter. The brightest cluster member (NGC
1624-2) and the principal source of ionization is the most magnetic massive
star known with 35 solar masses and 20,000x the sun's magnetic field.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1624 = H V-49 on 28 Dec 1790 (sweep 989) and reported "6 or
7 small stars, with faint nebulosity between them, of considerable extent, and of
an irregular form." G.P. Bond
independently discovered NGC 1624 at Harvard College Observatory on 18 Feb 1851
with a 4" comet-seeker and reported it as a discovery.
******************************
NGC 1625 = MCG
-01-12-038 = PGC 15654
04 37 06.2 -03
18 12
V = 12.3; Size 2.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 130d
48"
(11/2/13): brightest of three prominent edge-ons near mag 3.9 Nu Eridani. At 287x appeared extremely bright,
large, edge-on 4:1 NW-SE, 2.0'x0.45', well concentrated with a very bright,
elongated core that increases to a stellar nucleus. A mag 14.2 star is at the NW edge. There appears to be an elongated galaxy superimposed at the
SE edge, but I didn't look for or notice this object. Located 12' ENE of Nu.
17.5"
(10/12/85): fairly faint, edge-on 4:1 NW-SE, 1.4'x0.3'. A mag 14 star is at the NW tip 0.7'
from center. Third of three
edge-on systems with NGC 1622 10' NW and NGC 1618 18' NW. Located 10' ENE of Nu Eridani.
13"
(12/18/82): very faint, very elongated NW-SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1625 = h322 on 24 Nov 1827 and recorded "vF; E; 45¡ np sf;
sbM; follows nu Eridani 41sec." His position and description matches MCG
-01-12-038 = PGC 15654. This is
the third of three edge-ons near Nu Eridani with NGC 1618 (discovered by WH)
and NGC 1622 (discovered by George Stoney at Birr Castle).
******************************
NGC 1626 = NGC
1621 = MCG -1-12-35 = PGC 15626
04 36 25.0 -04
59 14
See observing
notes for NGC 1621.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1626 = LM II-397 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at the Leander McCormick Observatory and logged "mag 15.0, 0.2' dia, R,
*8, np 12 sec." His position
is 48 sec of RA east of NGC 1621 (found by Lewis Swift on 22 Dec 1886 and reported
in list VI-18) and Leavenworth's note of a "*8 np 12 sec" clinches
the identification NGC 1626 = NGC 1621.
Discovery priority is unknown.
RNGC classified this number as nonexistent. See Corwin's notes for more of the story.
******************************
NGC 1627 = MCG
-01-12-040 = PGC 15675
04 37 38.0 -04
53 15
V = 12.9; Size 1.6'x1.5'
17.5"
(1/23/93): faint, fairly small, 1.5'-2' diameter, low even surface
brightness. A mag 11 star is 2.7'
SSW. NGC 1628 lies 10' N and NGC
1621 20' WSW. The photographic
descriptions of NGC 1627 and NGC 1628 are reversed in the RNGC.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1627 = Sw VI-19 (along with NGC 1628) on 22 Dec 1886 with the
16" refractor at Warner Observatory.
His position is just 1' too far N.
RNGC reverses the photographic descriptions for NGC 1627 and NGC
1628. See my RNGC Corrections #1
and WSQJ 4/80.
******************************
NGC 1628 = MCG
-01-12-039 = PGC 15674
04 37 36.1 -04
42 53
V = 14.2; Size 1.8'x0.4'; PA = 171d
17.5"
(1/23/93): fairly faint, fairly small, edge-on 4:1 NNW-SSE, 1.5'x0.4', weak
concentration. A mag 12 star is 2'
WNW. NGC 1627 lies 10' S. The photographic descriptions of NGC
1627 and NGC 1628 are reversed in the RNGC.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1628 = Sw VI-20 (along with NGC 1627) on 22 Dec 1886 with a
16" refractor and recorded "vF; pS; vE in meridian; n of 2 [with NGC
1627]." His position and
visual description matches MCG -01-12-038 = PGC 15654. The photographic descriptions for NGC
1627 and NGC 1628 are reversed in RNGC.
See comments for NGC 1627.
******************************
NGC 1629 = ESO
055-SC024 = S-L 3
04 29 36 -71 50
18
V = 14.1; Size 1.0'
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly faint, moderately large,
round, 0.8'-1.0' diameter. A
couple of mag 16-16.5 stars are resolved around the edges.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1629 = h2653 on 23 Dec 1834 and reported "vF, R, glbM,
1'." (single observation)
******************************
NGC 1630 = ESO
551-019 = PGC 15659
04 37 15.5 -18
54 06
V = 14.1; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 140d
17.5" (12/26/00):
very faint, small, round, 25" diameter, low even surface brightness.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1630 = LM II-398 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at Leander McCormick Observatory.
His position is 42 tsec east of ESO 551-019 = PGC 15659 (typical error).
******************************
NGC 1631 = ESO
551-021 = MCG -03-12-017 = PGC 15705
04 38 24.2 -20
38 59
V = 13.4; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 44d
17.5"
(1/23/93): faint, small, slightly elongated, 0.8' diameter. A mag 13.5 star is 1.9' W of
center. Located 6' ENE of mag 7.1
SAO 169624.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1631 = h2652 on 11 Dec 1835. His position is accurate although no visual notes were
taken. Herbert Howe, observing
with the 20" refractor at the Chamberlin Observatory, added "very
faint and small".
******************************
NGC 1632 = IC
386? = PGC 15769
04 39 58.5 -09
27 23
V = 14.4; Size 1.0'x0.6'; PA = 40d
17.5"
(1/23/93): very faint, small, round, weak concentration, low surface
brightness. Located 3.1' SSW of a
mag 10.5 star. IC 382 lies 30'
WSW. Misidentified in the RNGC as
IC 382.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 1632 = LM II-399 in 1886 at the Leander McCormick Observatory
and recorded "mag 15.0, 0.2' dia, R." There is nothing at his position, but 0.8 min of RA east is
PGC 15769. As the L-M positions
are generally only off in RA, this identification is likely. Javelle found this galaxy again on 6
Feb 1893, measured an accurate position for J. 2-601 (later IC 386), so
probably NGC 1632 = IC 386. RNGC
and NGC 2000.0 identify IC 382 as NGC 1632. Although IC 382 is brighter than IC
386, it is 4' off in declination and so less likely to be Muller's object. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 1633 = UGC
3125 = MCG +01-12-014 = CGCG 419-023 = LGG 120-012 = Holm 79a = PP 22: = PGC
15774
04 40 09.1 +07
20 58
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1
13.1"
(1/18/85): faint, round, fairly small, faint knot involved. Forms a very close pair with NGC 1634
just 0.8' S. Situated among a
group of brighter stars including mag 8.7 SAO 111965 5.4' SSW, a mag 10 star 3'
SW and a mag 11.5 star 2.4' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1633 = H III-952 = h323, along with NGC 1634, on 9 Dec 1798
(sweep 1085) and recorded "Two nebulae [NGC 1633 & NGC 1634] within 1'
of each other; lying in the meridian. Both eF, vS. 300x showed the same." His position (Auwer's reduction) is 1' too far north.
******************************
NGC 1634 = MCG
+01-12-015 = CGCG 419-022 = Holm 79b = PGC 15775
04 40 09.8 +07
20 19
V = 14.1; Size 0.4'x0.3'; Surf Br = 11.9; PA = 109d
13.1"
(1/18/85): forms a double system with NGC 1633. Very faint, extremely small. Appears like a nebulous knot almost in contact close south
of NGC 1633. Situated within a
group of brighter stars.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1634 = H III-953 = h324, along with NGC 1633, on 9 Dec 1798
(sweep 1085) and recorded "Two nebulae [NGC 1633 & NGC 1634] within 1'
of each other; lying in the meridian. Both vF, vS."
******************************
NGC 1635 = UGC
3126 = MCG +00-12-063 = CGCG 393-060 = PGC 15773
04 40 07.8 -00
32 51
V = 12.4; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 5d
17.5"
(1/23/93): moderately bright, fairly small, round, 1' diameter, increases to
very small prominent core. An easy
mag 13 double star at 24" separation is just 1.0' NW. Located 3.5' WSW of a mag 10 star and
7' S of mag 9 SAO 131395.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1635 = H II-515 = h325 on 1 Jan 1786 (sweep 506) and recorded
"F or pB, S, bM." JH
called it "vF; R; has a *9m about 12.5 sec following to the north."
At Birr Castle (13 Jan 1863) it appeared "very like a distant globular
cluster, just plainly visible."
******************************
NGC 1636 = MCG
-01-12-042 = PGC 15800
04 40 40.1 -08
36 29
V = 12.0; Size 1.2'x0.8'; PA = 0d
17.5"
(1/23/93): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 N-S, 1.0'x0.6', slightly brighter
along major axis. A mag 13.5 star
is off the NE edge 1.0' from center.
Located 6.0' NW of a mag 10 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1636 = H II-522 = h326 = h2654 on 1 Feb 1786 (sweep 516) and
logged "F, pS, irr E, resolvable, about a minute sp a small
star." JH observed this
nebula both from Slough and from the CGH where he reported "F, R, gbM,
40", near some small stars."
******************************
NGC 1637 = MCG
+00-12-068 = CGCG 393-066 = UGCA 93 = PGC 15821
04 41 28.0 -02
51 29
V = 10.8; Size 4.0'x3.2'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 15d
48"
(11/2/13): bright, large, slightly elongated SSW-NNE, 3'x2.5'. Contains a large bright core which
contains an elongated bright nucleus that appears to be a bar oriented
E-W. The appearance is quite
irregular due a thick, fairly prominent spiral arm that curves north-south
along the eastern side of the halo and bending west as it curves counterclockwise
on the north side. A darker gap
was evident between the slightly brighter inner edge of this thick arm and the
core. A small section of another
spiral arm is attached at the SW side of the core. The SW side of the halo is fainter and not as extensive as
the NE side, so the galaxy has a lopsided appearance.
13.1"
(12/18/82): fairly faint, large, diffuse, elongated 4:3 SW-NE, weak
concentration. A mag 13 star is
2.1' NE of center. Located midway
between Mu Eridani (V = 4.0) 1¡ ESE and 51 Eridani (V = 5.2) 1¡ WNW.
8"
(10/4/80): faint, oval, fairly small.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1637 = H I-122 = h327 on 10 Dec 1835 (sweep 518) and reported
"cB, vL, iR, bM, easily resolvable, 5' or 6' diameter." This galaxy was observed 15 times at
Birr Castle and was seen first as a spiral on 19 Dec 1848 (included in the
LdR's 1850 list of "Spiral or curvilinear" nebulae). R.J. Mitchell, observing on 26 Dec
1856, added "Suspect very strongly that it is a right handed spiral, but
the outlying neby is vF." He
made a sketch two nights later (LdR's 1861 publication, Plate XXV, figure 9).
******************************
NGC 1638 = UGC
3133 = MCG +00-12-069 = CGCG 393-068 = PGC 15824
04 41 36.3 -01
48 33
V = 12.0; Size 2.0'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 70d
18"
(11/22/03): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 5:3 WSW-ENE,
1.5'x0.9'. Sharply concentrated
with a bright 30" core which increases to the center. UGC 3127 lies 22' SW.
13"
(12/18/82): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 WSW-ENE. Evenly lit halo with a very small bright
core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1638 = H II-525 on 1 Feb 1786 (sweep 518) and described as
"F, pL, lE." His
position is 2' NW of the center of UGC 3133 = PGC 15824. The NGC position (from d'Arrest) is
accurate. RNGC has an obvious typo
in the RA (0h 01.3m)
******************************
NGC 1639
04 40 52 -16 59
30
Size
9"/15"
24"
(12/22/14): this close triple star was viewed at 260x and 375x. It is easy to
see how this triple could be mistaken for a nebula at lower power or in soft
seeing. At times, the closer
9" pair nearly blended together or the fainter component appeared as a
faint glow off the east side of the brighter component. The 14.5-15th magnitude southern
component (at 12"-15") was always cleanly split.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1639 = h2655 on 10 Dec 1835 and remarked "eF; vS; R;
between 2 stars." At his
position is a triple star as reported in 1898 by Herbert Howe using the
20" refractor at the Chamberlin Observatory, "I find no nebula, but
simply an equilateral triangle of 12.5 mag stars." The closer pair is ~9" separation,
with a 3rd star at 15".
******************************
NGC 1640 = ESO
551-027 = MCG -03-12-018 = PGC 15850
04 42 14.5 -20
26 04
V = 11.7; Size 2.6'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 45d
13.1"
(1/18/85): fairly faint, elongated WSW-ENE, bright core, faint stellar
nucleus. Forms an equilateral
triangle with two mag 11.5 stars 2.0' SSE and 2.0' WSW of center.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 1640 = LM I-136 on 11 Dec 1885 with the 26" refractor at
the Leander McCormick Observatory and noted "mag 14.0, 0.4' dia, E
40¡." His rough position
(nearest min of RA) is 1.5 tmin west of ESO 551-027 (typical error), but his noted
"E 40¡" secures the identificiation. Stone later measured an accurate micrometric position with
the 26". Steinicke states
this galaxy is the brightest galaxy discovered at Leander McCormick
Observatory.
******************************
NGC 1641 = ESO
084-SC024
04 35 35 -65 46
48
Size 11'
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): large, scattered group of a dozen
mag 10.5 to 13.5 stars and another dozen stars down to mag 15, in roughly a 10'
region. No central concentration
or rich subgroups, though detached in the field so stands out reasonably well. Still, this is a very poor
"cluster" considering its size.
Some catalogues have misidentified NGC 1641 with a close pair of
galaxies on the east side of the group.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1641 = h2656 on 2 Dec 1834 and remarked " pL; p rich; irreg
R; p m comp; 5'; stars 11...16".
His position is on the southeast side of a scattered group of stars,
roughly 10' across. Shapley and
Lindsay (S-L 6) give a diameter of only 20" and notes "NGC 1641?
irregularly resolved", but this refers to the double system ESO 84-25,
which happens to be close to Hershel's position. Clearly, Herschel's description applies to the larger star
group and not these galaxies, so the listing in S-L is erroneous. The Hodge-Wright Atlas of the LMC also
labels the ESO galaxies as NGC 1641.
RNGC classifies this number as an open cluster, but references S-L, and
NGC 2000.0 references the RNGC.
The identifications were sorted out by Jenni Kay in an email dated Dec
13, 1998.
******************************
NGC 1642 = UGC
3140 = MCG +00-12-072 = CGCG 393-073 = LGG 120-013 = PGC 15867
04 42 55.0 +00
37 08
V = 12.6; Size 1.8'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 175d
24"
(12/22/14): moderately bright and large, round, ~1.2' diameter, fairly sharply
concentrated with a very small, bright core. Surrounded by a number of 14th and 15th magnitude
stars! A mag 10.4 star lies 3.7'
W.
UGC 3141 (double
system) lies 8.4' NNE and appeared faint to fairly faint, fairly small, round,
30" diameter, low surface brightness, no core or zones.
13.1" (11/29/86):
fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, fairly diffuse, slightly
brighter small core.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 1642 on 29 Dec 1861 with an 11" refractor at
Copenhagen. His single position is
accurate. He mentioned the nebula
formed a right triangle with two mag 18 stars following, though the two stars
are probably mag 14-15.
******************************
NGC 1643 = MCG
-01-13-001 = PGC 15891
04 43 43.9 -05
19 08
V = 12.8; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 30d
17.5"
(12/23/89): fairly faint, fairly small, round, weak concentration. Located 7' NNE of a mag 9.5 star. Forms a pair with NGC 1645 10' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1643 = H III-588 = h328 on 28 Nov 1786 (sweep 640) and noted
"vF, S." JH called this
nebula "eF; irr R; bM; 10"." Isaac Roberts photographed the region in 1903 and reported
(MN, 63, 301) that NGC 1643 was "bright and pretty large." So, in the IC 2 notes, Dreyer comments
"Is not eF. Roberts in 1903
found it B, pL; d'Arrest has F or pF.
I found it F in 1877."
******************************
NGC 1644 = ESO
084-SC030 = S-L 9
04 37 40 -66 11
48
V = 12.9; Size 1.8'x1.5'
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): moderately bright and large,
round, 40" diameter, small bright core, smooth halo, no resolution
(brightest stars are mag 17).
Located 5' S of mag 9.3 HD 29878.
NGC 1641, a scattered group of stars, lies 28' NNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1644 = h2657 on 2 Nov 1834 and recorded "pB, S, R, gbM,
15"." His position
matches this LMC cluster (possible globular).
******************************
NGC 1645 = MCG
-01-13-002 = PGC 15903
04 44 06.4 -05
27 56
V = 12.2; Size 2.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 95d
17.5"
(12/23/89): faint, very small, slightly elongated, almost even surface brightness. Forms a pair with NGC 1643 10' NW. Located 7.8' ESE of a mag 9.5
star. Appears fainter than V =
12.2.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 1645 on 31 Oct 1864 with an 11" refractor at
Copenhagen while observing NGC 1643 (10' northwest). He noted it was double the size of NGC 1643 and his position
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1646 = MCG
-01-13-003 = II Zw 22 = PGC 15914
04 44 23.5 -08
31 54
V = 13.0; Size 1.6'x1.1'; PA = 155d
24"
(12/21/16): at 432x; moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated,
~NNW-SSE, 0.4'x0.3', high surface brightness, contains a very small bright
nucleus. With averted vision a
very low surface brightness halo increases the size to roughly 40"x25"
NNW-SSE. Occasionally an extremely
faint stellar or quasi-stellar object briefly popped on the SSE edge of the
halo. This is nucleus of a merged
companion NGC 1646 NED2, just 15" between centers of the nuclei! The stellar companion (perhaps a faint
star?) was seen more often with confidence (though not continuously) through
Bob Douglas's 28" at 439x.
NGC 1646 is located 4.8' ESE of 5.9-magnitude 56 Eridani, which needs to
be kept outside the field! A mag 10.5
star is 2' E and a mag 14.7 star is 0.9' S.
17.5"
(1/23/93): fairly faint, small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, prominent small bright
core, overall fairly high surface brightness. Forms the south vertex of isosceles triangle with NGC 1648
4.4' NE and 56 Eridani (V = 5.9) 4.8' WNW. The bright star detracts from viewing! A mag 11 star lies 2.1' E.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1646 = H II-523 = h329 on 30 Jan 1786 (sweep 516) and remarked
"F, vS, irr R, bM, almost stellar." JH measured an accurate position and noted "pF; R; has
a *7m, 3 or 4' dist np."
Robert Ball observed NGC 1646 at Birr Castle on 10 Jan 1867 and wrote,
"there is one object sf and another np, one or both of which may be
nebulae, but my examination was interrupted before it could be completed."
The southeast object possibly refers to PGC 3084954, an extremely faint
companion 0.7' SE or perhaps Ball resolved the two merged components of NGC
1646 (15" SSE of center)?
******************************
NGC 1647 = Cr 54
= Mel 26 = OCL-457
04 46 00 +19 04
V = 6.4; Size 45'
13.1"
(1/11/86): about 80 stars in a scattered cluster including several bright
stars. Very large, bright. Includes a mag 8.5/8.9 double star at
33" separation in the center.
Also includes many faint double stars.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1647 = H VIII-8 on 15 Feb 1784 (sweep 143) and called it "a
cluster of scattered stars consisting chiefly of large ones, it takes up above
20' of space; but there is not a great number of them." Sue French notes it was the first
object discovered while trying out a new speculum mirror. He wasn't satisfied with the mirror, repolished
it, and put it back into action 4 nights later.
******************************
NGC 1648 = MCG
-01-13-004 = PGC 15920
04 44 34.7 -08
28 44
V = 14.5; Size 0.4'x0.3'
17.5"
(1/23/93): extremely faint, very small, round, requires averted vision. A mag 11 star 3.3' SSW forms the vertex
of a right triangle with NGC 1646 4.2' SW and 56 Eridani (V = 5.9) 7.4' WSW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1648 = Sw III-31 on 29 Dec 1885 with the 16" refractor at
the Warner Observatory and described "eeeF; pS; ee diff; nf of [NGC
1646]." His position is 19
tsec due east of PGC 15920 and the identification is certain though it's odd he
didn't mention the nearby bright star!
******************************
NGC 1649 = ESO
055-SC031 = KMHK 22
04 38 06.9 -68
46 41
V = 11.2; Size 0.6'
30"
(11/6/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly faint, small, round, 20"
diameter. Sandwiched between 8.1
HD 29994 2.1' SSE and a mag 12 star 1.4' NNW. Located 6.5' SSW of NGC 1652. The identification of NGC 1649 is disputed. It may refer to the small cluster
described above or more likely NGC 1649 is a duplicate observation of NGC 1652.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1649 = h2660 on 23 Dec 1834 and recorded "F; R; gbM;
30"." His position is 9'
S of h2661 = NGC 1652, which he observed on 3 sweeps, but not on the single
sweep that NGC 1649 was recorded.
Harold Corwin concludes NGC 1649 is likely a duplicate of NGC 1652 based
on the similar descriptions and a possible 10' digit error in declination. The Hodge-Wright LMC Atlas states
"possibly NGC 1652" (no object is indicated) and ESO equates NGC 1649
= NGC 1652. NGC 1649 is classified
as nonexistent in Mati Morel's "A Visual Atlas of the LMC". Eric Lindsay, in "Some NGC objects
in the Large Magellanic Cloud" [1964IrAJ....6..286L], states "Not
found. Centered on CPD -69¡284. Possibly the faint cluster S/L 8, 13'
south."
But Jenni Kay
disagrees and notes there is a small cluster (ESO 55-031 = KMHK 22) just 2.3'
NNW of JH's positon for NGC 1649 which may be the correct object. The visual appearance in a 30-inch is
given in my notes.
******************************
NGC 1650 = MCG
-03-13-001 = PGC 15931
04 45 11.5 -15
52 12
V = 11.9; Size 2.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 170d
17.5"
(12/23/89): faint, very small, slightly elongated, bright core. Located 11' E of a mag 10 star at the
edge of the 220x field.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1650 = LM I-137 on 12 Nov 1885 with the 26"
refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory and noted "mag 13.0, pS, E
0¡ [N-S], glsmbMN, envelope mag 14.0." His position is 3.6' SW of MCG -03-13-001 = PGC
15931and the description pins down the identification. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position in 1898-99 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory
(repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 1651 = ESO
055-SC030 = S-L 7
04 37 31.7 -70
35 07
V = 12.3; Size 2.5'
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x appeared moderately
bright, fairly large, round, 1.7' diameter, slightly brighter core. Two mag 13.7 and 15.2 stars at
~20" separation are off the SE edge.
A couple of mag 16-16.5 clusters members are occasionally resolved.
18" (7/9/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this LMC globular appeared fairly faint,
moderately large, round, 1.7' diameter with a weak concentration. There was no resolution except for a
mag 13.5 star off the SE edge, 1' from the center. Located 34' NW of mag 5.5 Mu Mensae.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1651 = h2662 on 3 Nov 1834 and noted "vF, L, R, vglbM, 2.5'
dia." His position (3 sweeps)
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1652 = ESO
055-SC032 = S-L 10
04 38 22.6 -68
40 21
V = 13.1; Size 1.5'
30"
(11/6/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): moderately bright, moderately large, round,
slightly elongated, 1.0'x0.8', broad concentration but azonal, symmetrical, no
resolution. Located 8.4' NNE of
mag 8.1 HD 29994. NGC 1649 lies
6.5' SSW and NGC 1676 lies 31' ESE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1652 = h2661 on 2 Nov 1834 and remarked "vF; S; R; gbM;
12" across." His
position (measurd on 3 sweeps) is accurate. NGC 1649 is probably a duplicate
observation with a 10' error in declination.
******************************
NGC 1653 = UGC
3153 = MCG +00-13-003 = CGCG 393-002 = PGC 15942
04 45 47.3 -02
23 34
V = 12.0; Size 1.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 12.8
13"
(11/29/86): moderately bright, moderately large, round, broadly concentrated
halo. The NGC 1654/NGC 1657 pair
lies 19' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1653 = H II-526 on 1 Feb 1786 (sweep 518) and remarked "F,
cS, R, lbM." His position is
just off the ESE side of UGC 3153 = PGC 15942.
******************************
NGC 1654 = UGC
3154 = CGCG 394-003 = PGC 15943
04 45 48.4 -02
05 02
V = 13.4; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.6
17.5"
(1/23/93): fairly faint, fairly small, round, broad mild concentration. Brighter of a pair with NGC 1657 4.6'
E. Located 10' WSW of mag 9.0 SAO
131483.
13"
(11/29/86): faint, small, oval slightly elongated ~E-W. NGC 1657 4.6' E not seen.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1654 = St XII-33 (along with NGC 1657 = St XII-34 and NGC 1661 =
St XII-35) on 21 Dec 1881 with the 31" reflector at the Marseille
Observatory. His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 1655
04 46 12 +20 56
=Not found,
Dreyer. =**?, Gottlieb
Gerhard Lohse
discovered NGC 1655 around 1886 with the 15.5-inch Cook refractor at the
private Wigglesworth Observatory Scarborough, England and communicated directly
to Dreyer. There is nothing at his
position except an easily resolved double star and Steward reported the object
was not found on Harvard College Observator plates. A mag 9.2 star to the south matches the NGC description
"pB, R, gbM, *10 south."
******************************
NGC 1656 = MCG
-01-13-005 = PGC 15949
04 45 53.3 -05
08 12
V = 12.8; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 55d
17.5"
(12/23/89): faint, small, elongated WNW-ESE. A mag 14.5 star is at the north edge 0.4' from center. Located 3.1' S of a mag 10 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1656 = h330 on 10 Feb 1830 and remarked "eF; irreg figure,
if not a double or triple star, seen indistinctly." His position is accurate and he must
have seen the star at the north edge.
******************************
NGC 1657 = UGC
3156 = MCG +00-13-004 = CGCG 394-005 = PGC 15958
04 46 07.2 -02
04 38
V = 13.8; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 150d
17.5"
(1/23/93): very faint, fairly small, round, low almost even surface
brightness. Located midway between
NGC 1654 4.6' W and mag 9.0 SAO 131483 5.1' E.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1657 = St XI-34 (along with NGC 1654 and NGC 1661) on 21 Dec
1881 with the 31" reflector at the Marseille Observatory. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1658 = ESO
304-016 = MCG -07-10-020 = PGC 15899
04 44 01.2 -41
27 48
V = 13.5; Size 1.4'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 124d
18"
(1/17/09): picked up at 175x as a very faint glow, ~40"x25", extended
NW-SE with careful viewing, low even surface brightness. Forms a 3' pair with fainter NGC 1660
to the SE. Located 5' NE of mag 10
HD 30203 and 45' NE of mag 4.5 Alpha Caeli. Viewed at a very low elevation from Lake Sonoma.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1658 = h2658 (along with NGC 1660 = h2659) on 1 Dec 1837 and
logged "F, pmE, glbM, 40"." His position is 1.6' too far south (similar offset with nearby
NGC 1660).
******************************
NGC 1659 = NGC
1677 = MCG -01-13-006 = PGC 15977
04 46 29.8 -04
47 22
V = 12.5; Size 1.6'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 40d
13.1"
(12/18/82): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated SW-NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1659 = H II-589 = h331 = Sw V-64 on 28 Nov 1786 (sweep 640) and
recorded "vF, cL, iE nearly in the parallel, bM." Harold Corwin found Lewis Swift
independently found this nebula on 22 Oct 1886 and recorded "pF; pL;
lE." His declination is accurate
but his RA is 5 min too large (same error with NGC 1689). Once corrected, NGC 1677 = NGC 1659.
******************************
NGC 1660 = ESO
304-018 = MCG -07-10-021 = PGC 15908
04 44 11.3 -41
29 52
V = 14.0; Size 1.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 32d
18"
(1/17/09): not picked up initially at 175x, but just visible at 225x as an
extremely faint, round, glow ~20" in diameter (the elongation was not
evident). After viewing at the
higher magnification, I was able to go back and glimpse the galaxy at
175x. Forms a 3' pair with
brighter NGC 1658 to the NW.
Located 6' ENE of mag 9.9 HD 30203 and 2' SW of a mag 14 star. Viewed at a very low elevation from
Lake Sonoma although the seeing was very good fairly close to the horizon.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1660 = h2659 (along with NGC 1658 = h2658) on 1 Dec 1837 and
logged "vF, lE, glbM, 20"." His position is 1.5' too far south (similar offset with
nearby NGC 1658).
******************************
NGC 1661 = UGC
3166 = MCG +00-13-008 = CGCG 394-009 = PGC 16000
04 47 07.6 -02
03 16
V = 13.2; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 35d
13.1"
(12/23/89): faint, small, almost round, bright core. A line of four mag 12-13.5 stars is 1.5' S oriented E-W with
length 1.7'. In a group with NGC
1654 and NGC 1657.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1661 = St XII-35 on 21 Dec 1881 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory. HIs
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1662 = Cr 55
= OCL-470 = Lund 141
04 48 29 +10 55
48
V = 6.4; Size 20'
17.5"
(12/9/01): striking group of ~40 stars within 15' including a number of mag 9
stars. Many of the brighter stars
are arranged in a "boat" shape with the bottom of the boat consisting
of a string oriented NW-SE. In the
middle is a mast, perpendicular to the longer stream of stars. The "mast" primarily consists
of a bright quadruple (one with a fainter companion) of mag 8-10 stars (h684)
with sides less than 1'. This
group may be a scattered group of bright stars.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1662 = H VII-1 = h332 on 18 Jan 1784 (sweep 80) and found
"a cluster of large scattered stars, they are visible in the
finder." His PT description
also using a later sweep, added "10' or 12' in extent, with a vacancy in
the middle." His
position is 30 tsec of RA too far east, but JH measured an accurate position
and described "A cluster of stars 11 and 12m, three L and five small
stars. Query if the right
object." It is.
******************************
NGC 1663 =
OCL-461 = Lund 142
04 49 24 +13 09
06
Size 8'
17.5"
(2/3/03): at 140x, ~20 stars are resolved in a scattered 6'-7' group. Includes a shallow arc of three
brighter mag 10 stars on the SW side which may not be cluster members. Most of
the mag 12-13 stars are concentrated in a 3' subgroup on the north side. Stands
out reasonably well in the field although this group has been listed as a
"possible open cluster remnant"
- Bica et al., 2001A&A...366..827B. The Lynga position, DSFG, NGC 2000, SC 2000 and RNGC all
place the cluster too far west by ~45 tsec of RA.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1663 = H VIII-7 on 10 Feb 1783 (sweep 137) and described "A
scattered cluster of stars. Large,
intermixt with small (stars), not very rich." There is no grouping at his offset of 4m 0s preceding, and
1d 7' south of 4 Orionis. But
Brent Archinal found a concentration of stars (~30 stars in 9') that is 1
minute of RA following H's position.
The Lynga position, DSFG, NGC 2000, SC 2000 and RNGC all place the
cluster too far west at 04 48.6 +13 09 and the cluster is plotted incorrectly
on the first edition of U2000.
******************************
NGC 1664 = Cr 56
= Mel 27 = OCL-411
04 51 05 +43 40
36
V = 7.6; Size 18'
13.1"
(1/18/85): 40-45 stars, striking, rich, many faint double stars and
chains. A long string of stars to
the south leads to mag 7.5 SAO 39807 on the SE edge. Appears rich in the center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1664 = H VIII-59 on 24 Oct 1786 (sweep 622) and called it
"a cluster of coarsely scattered pretty large stars, not very rich." His position was pretty accurate.
******************************
NGC 1665 = MCG
-01-13-009 = PGC 16044
04 48 17.1 -05
25 39
V = 13.2; Size 1.9'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 50d
17.5"
(12/23/89): faint, fairly small, oval SW-NE, weak concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1665 = H II-457 = h333 on 5 Oct 1785 (sweep 458) and recorded
"F, cL, lbM." JH
measured an accurate position and called it "vF, pL, R."
******************************
NGC 1666 = MCG
-01-13-010 = PGC 16057
04 48 32.8 -06
34 12
V = 12.6; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 35d
13.1"
(1/18/85): faint, small, round, faint stellar nucleus. Forms a wide pair with NGC 1667 15' N.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1666 = Sw V-62 on 1 Nov 1886 with the 16" refractor at the
Warner Observatory. His position
is accurate and the comment "s of [N1667] of Stephan's Catalogue in AN
2661" applies.
******************************
NGC 1667 = NGC
1689: = MCG -01-13-013 = PGC 16062
04 48 36.9 -06
19 13
V = 12.1; Size 1.8'x1.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 20d
13.1"
(1/18/85): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 ~N-S, weak
concentration. Forms a wide pair
with NGC 1666 15' N.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1667 = St XIII-26 on 13 Dec 1884 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory. His
position is accurate. Swift
independently found this galaxy on 22 Oct 1886, but Harold Corwin found his RA
was 5.0 tmin too large (same error with NGC 1677) and it was catalogued as NGC
1689. So, NGC 1667 = NGC 1689 with
priority to Stephan.
******************************
NGC 1668 = ESO
251-030 = MCG -07-10-023 = PGC 15957
04 46 05.9 -44
44 00
V = 12.7; Size 1.6'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 107d
14" (4/7/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x): faint to fairly faint, elongated 4:3 WNW-ESE, low
surface brightness, weak concentration to the center, which contains a faint
stellar ncleus. A mag 13.8 star
lies 25" NNE of center and several mag 11-12 populate the field. NGC 1668 is the brightest member of
Abell Galaxy Cluster S497.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1668 = h2663 on 1 Dec 1837 and logged "eF; R; attached to a
star 14m". His position is 3'
SE of ESO 251-030 = PGC 15957, and the description of the nearby star applies.
******************************
NGC 1669 = ESO
084-038 = PGC 15871
04 43 00.0 -65 48
52
V = 13.9; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 97d
14" (4/7/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x): extremely to very faint, small, round, 25"
diameter. Two mag 14 and 13 stars
lie 1.4' NW and 3.5' NW, respectively.
An asterism of 5 stars, including two mag 10 stars collinear with the
galaxy, lies ~7' WNW. I couldn't
hold the galaxy steadily with averted although it was viewed in poor conditions
(very hazy skies and positioned well west of the meridian). Located in northwest halo of the LMC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1669 = h2664 on 20 Dec 1835 and logged "eF, S,
R." His position is 6 sec of
RA west of ESO 084-038 = PGC 15871.
******************************
NGC 1670 = MCG
+00-13-016 = CGCG 394-017 = Holm 81a = PGC 16107
04 49 42.5 -02
45 37
V = 12.7; Size 2.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 112d
13.1"
(11/29/86): faint, small, round, bright core. A mag 14 star is close off the ESE edge 0.9' from center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1670 = H III-501 on 1 Feb 1786 (sweep 518) and noted "vF,
vS." His position is 1.5' SSE
of CGCG 394-017 = PGC 16107.
******************************
NGC 1671 = IC
395? = UGC 3178 = MCG +00-13-015 = Holm 80a = PGC 16095
04 49 34.1 +00
15 10
V = 12.9; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 130d
See observing
notes for IC 395.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1671 = Sw V-63 on 2 Oct 1886 with the 16" refractor at the
Warner Observatory and recorded, "pF; pS; R; pB * nr sp." His position falls on the empty
section of sky. Corwin suggests
NGC 1671 is possibly equivalent to IC 395 = UGC 3178 (found later by Swift on
30 Oct 1889 and recorded in list IX-15).
But this requires that Swift made large errors in both RA (45 tsec) and
in declination (1 degree). His
comment "pB * nr sp" applies, though, to this galaxy. RNGC classifies NGC 1671 as
nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 1672 = ESO
118-043 = AM 0444-592 = LGG 119-002 = PGC 15941
04 45 42.5 -59
14 50
V = 9.7; Size 6.6'x5.5'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 170d
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this gorgeous barred spiral appeared very
bright and large with the main body elongated E-W, extending ~3.5'x2.0'. An obvious spiral arm is attached at
the east end of the E-W central bar.
This arm hooks to the north, wrapping around a superimposed star to the
northeast of the bar (1.6' from the center). Three fainter stars with separations ~30" are
sandwiched to the west of this star, between the arm and the bar. The arm fades
out before reaching a mag 10 star 2.2' NE of center. A second arm begins to emerge on the west side of the bar,
barely sweeping towards the south before abruptly terminating. So the second "arm" is just a
small hooking appendage off the west end.
The central bar itself is sharply concentrated with a dramatic,
brilliant nucleus, ~25" diameter, that increases gradually to the center.
18" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this striking spiral galaxy appeared fairly
bright and large, ~4' diameter, sharply concentrated with a very bright
core. Clearly emerging from the
east side of the oval core or bar was a spiral arm which curled north and
wrapped around two stars to the NW of the core. The extension on the west side was just a very faint,
diffuse haze on the SW side without a sharply defined arm structure. A mag 9 star is 6.5' ENE and a mag 6.5
star (HD 30790) is 13' NE.
13.1"
(2/19/04 - Costa Rica): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 3:2 ~E-W,
~3'x2'. Sharply concentrated with
a very small, bright core, ~20" diameter, and a large oval halo. Spiral structure was evident as an
ill-defined extension or haze off the NE side, though I could not resolve this
spiral arm clearly. Situated
directly between two mag 9 stars 10' SW and 6.5' ENE. Located 30' NNE of mag 5.3 Kappa Doradus. This galaxy is a member of the Dorado
group, which includes NGC 1515, NGC 1533, NGC 1536, NGC 1543, NGC 1546, NGC
1553, NGC 1566, NGC 1574, NGC 1596, NGC 1617 and IC 2056. Possible additional
members include NGC 1559, NGC 1602, NGC 1672, NGC 1688, NGC 1703 and NGC 1705.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1672 = D 296 on 5 Nov 1826 and described "a faint
ill-defined nebula, with a small bright point in the preceding side, which I
suspect to be a star; there are several similar small stars in the
field." His position was off
by 15' to the NW. JH, who made two
observations of this barred spiral, noted the equivalence of h2665 with D 296
as uncertain. On the first sweep
he logged "B, L, pmE, svmbM to a nucleus; 2.5' long, 1.5' broad; a star
12th mag involved." His
position was accurate.
******************************
NGC 1673 = ESO
055-SC034 = S-L 17
04 42 40 -69 49
18
V = 14.1; Size 0.7'
30"
(11/6/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly faint, small, irregular shape, 35"
diameter, contains a quasi-stellar nucleus. A mag 14 star is at the NE end and a very faint star is
resolved at the west edge of the halo.
A mag 13.5 star lies 0.9' ENE.
A string of stars heads NE from the cluster. Forms a pair with S-L 19 2' E, which is a relatively faint,
small, roundish 25" glow.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1673 = h2667 on 23 Dec 1834 and recorded (from one sweep only)
"vF, S, attached to a star 10m.
A doubtful object".
His position, though, matches this cluster in RA and is off by less than
1' in dec.
******************************
NGC 1674
04 52 24 +23 54
=Not found,
RNGC.
Gerhard Lohse
discovered NGC 1674 with the 15.5-inch Cook refractor at the private
Wigglesworth Observatory in Scarborough, England. The discovery note states "two F neb [along with NGC
1675] in same field" but there are candidates near his position so this
number is lost.
******************************
NGC 1675
04 52 24 +23 54
=Not found,
RNGC.
Gerhard Lohse
discovered NGC 1675 with the 15.5-inch Cook refractor at the private
Wigglesworth Observatory in Scarborough, England. The discovery note states "two F neb [along with NGC
1674] in same field" but there are candidates near his position so this
number is lost.
******************************
NGC 1865 = ESO
055-SC036 = S-L 25
04 43 54 -68 49
42
V = 12.9; Size 0.8'
30"
(11/6/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly faint, moderately large, 1'
diameter. Between 8 to 10 faint
stars are resolved over the irregularly shaped glow. KMHK 59, a faint cluster, was picked up 5' NNE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1676 = h2669 on 13 Dec 1835 and recorded "vF; irreg R;
90"; resolvable." His
position matches this small cluster.
******************************
NGC 1677 = NGC
1659 = MCG -01-13-006 = PGC 15977
04 46 29.8 -04
47 22
V = 12.5; Size 1.6'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 40d
See observing
notes for NGC 1659.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1677 = Sw V-64 on 22 Oct 1886 with the 16" refractor at the
Warner Observatory. There is
nothing at his position but Harold Corwin identifies NGC 1677 = NGC 1659,
assuming Swift made a 5 min error in RA too far east. The same error was made with Swift's V-65 = NGC 1689, which
was found on the same evening, and is 5 tmin of RA east of NGC 1667.
Swift's
(uncorrected) position is 0.4 tmin east and 6' north of IC 2099 = PGC 16146,
and this galaxy is identified as NGC 1677 in the RNGC, PGC, NED. Isaac Roberts (MNRAS, Vol LXIII, p302)
recorded MCG -01-13-019 on a photographic plate in 1903, placed it accurately,
and it was catalogued as IC 2099. So, IC 2099 = PGC 16146 but not NGC 1677.
******************************
NGC 1678 = MCG
+00-13-019 = CGCG 394-020 = PGC 16179
04 51 35.3 -02
37 24
V = 13.2; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 70d
13.1"
(11/29/86): faint, small, slightly elongated, small bright core. A mag 12 star is close off western edge
1.0' from core. NGC 1670 lies 28'
WSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1678 = H III-502 on 1 Feb 1786 (sweep 518) and called "vF,
S." His position is less than
1' S of CGCG 394-020 = PGC 16179.
******************************
NGC 1679 = ESO
422-001 = AM 0448-320 = MCG -05-12-004 = UGCA 96 = PGC 16120
04 49 54.6 -31
57 53
V = 11.5; Size 2.7'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 150d
17.5"
(1/23/93): moderately bright and large, 2' diameter, irregularly round,
brighter core. Unusual appearance
as four stars are close including a mag 12 star at the NW edge, two stars near
the SW edge and a mag 13.5 star at the SE edge. This is a fairly bright galaxy for low elevation
viewing. Images reveal an irregular
extension on the south side.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1679 = h2666 on 18 Nov 1835 and described "pB, L, irreg
round; involves four stars, and is very gradually brighter about the chief of
them." The mag 11 star
mentioned in my observation may be at the north edge instead.
******************************
NGC 1680 = ESO
203-004 = PGC 16058
04 48 33.8 -47
48 58
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 102d
14" (4/7/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:3 WNW-ESE,
30"x18", even surface brightness. A mag 14.5 star is 25" S of center, just off the
edge. A mag 10.5 star lies 8' WNW
and a few mag 10/11 stars are in the field to the southwest.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1680 = h2668 on 28 Dec 1834 and recorded "eeF, R,
resolvable, or else stars seen on it. Well defined (hazy)." His position (3 sweeps) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1681 = MCG
-01-13-026 = PGC 16195
04 51 50.3 -05
48 13
V = 12.7; Size 1.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 40d
17.5"
(12/23/89): fairly faint, small, round, bright core. A mag 12 star is at the west edge 0.8' from center and a mag
12.5 star is 1.2' E.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1681 = St IX-4 on 6 Jan 1878 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory. His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1682 = MCG
-01-13-028 = PGC 16211
04 52 19.7 -03
06 20
V = 11.8; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 11.7
17.5"
(12/23/89): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, bright core, stellar
nucleus. Located 4.0' N of mag 8.0
SAO 131557. In a group with NGC
1684 3.0' E and NGC 1683 5' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1682 = H II-527, along with NGC 1684 = II-528, on 1 Feb 1786
(sweep 518), and logged "Two, the 1st vF, vS." His position is 40 tsec too far east,
the same offset applying to II-528.
JH missed this galaxy, only recording NGC 1684 = h334. The NGC position (from d'Arrest) is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 1683 = PGC
16209
04 52 17.6 -03
01 29
V = 14.8; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 165d
17.5"
(12/23/89): extremely faint, very small, low even surface brightness. Among an elongated group of mag 14
stars including a wide pair 1.5' W and a wide pair 2' NW. Located 5' N of NGC 1682 and faintest
in a group of four including NGC 1684 and NGC 1685.
George Johnstone
Stoney discovered NGC 1683 in Jan 1850 using Lord Rosse's 72" while
examining the NGC 1684 field, and labeled as "Gamma" on his
sketch. The NGC position is just
1.7' too far east.
******************************
NGC 1684 = MCG
-01-13-031 = PGC 16219
04 52 31.0 -03
06 20
V = 11.7; Size 2.3'x1.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 90d
17.5"
(12/23/89): fairly faint, fairly small, oval ~E-W, broadly concentrated
halo. Brightest of four with NGC
1682 3' W, NGC 1683 6' NW and NGC 1685 9' N. Mag 8.0 SAO 131557 lies 3' SSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1684 = H II-528 = h334 on 1 Feb 1786 (sweep 518) and noted
"The 2nd [with NGC 1682], F, S, lbM." His position is 40 tsec of RA too far east (same error as
NGC 1682 = II-527). JH made two
observations at Slough, first recording "pB; R; bM; has a *7m 45¡ sp; very
well observed." His position
is accurate, though I'm surprised he missed nearby NGC 1682. The field was observed 9 times at Birr
Castle. Because of the confusion
with WH's positions as well as the identifications at Birr Castle, JH assigned
3 GC designations -- 920, 921 and 924.
Dreyer sorted this out and combined the entries in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 1685 = MCG
-01-13-032 = PGC 16222
04 52 34.3 -02
56 58
V = 13.7; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 135d
17.5"
(12/23/89): very faint, small, slightly elongated NW-SE, almost even surface
brightness. A mag 14 star is off
the SE edge 1.0' from center. NGC
1684 lies 9.5' S.
George Johnstone
Stoney discovered NGC 1685 in Jan 1850 using Lord Rosse's 72" while
examining the NGC 1684 field, and labeled as "Delta" on his
sketch. The NGC position is 2.7'
too far north, though the sketch makes the identification certain.
******************************
NGC 1686 = MCG
-03-13-019 = PGC 16239
04 52 54.5 -15
20 49
V = 13.7; Size 1.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 27d
17.5"
(2/2/02): very faint, small, round, 20" diameter, low even surface
brightness. Elongation not seen,
so I only viewed the brighter core region as this galaxy is nearly edge-on
SSW-NNE. A mag 13 star follows by
2'.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1686 = LM I-138 on 26 Dec 1885 with the 26"
refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory and described as "mag 15.5,
vS, vE 30¡." His rough
position (nearest min of RA) is 1 tmin west of MCG -03-13-019 = PGC 16239 and
his position angle matches this galaxy. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory
(repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 1687 = ESO
361-013 = MCG -06-11-005 = PGC 16166
04 51 21.3 -33
56 21
V = 13.9; Size 1.3'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 40d
17.5": very
faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 0.6'x0.4'. Very small brighter core at moments but the overall surface
brightness is low and the object required concentration for a steady view. Based on the apparent size, I probably
viewed the brighter central region and missed the outer spiral extensions. Located 7' NE of mag 8.9 SAO 195348 and
19' NW of mag 6.7 HD 31142.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1687 = h2670 on 8 Jan 1836 and noted "vF; R; gbM; 20"." On the next sweep his position was a
perfect match with ESO 361-013.
******************************
NGC 1688 = ESO
119-006 = LGG 119-003 = PGC 16050
04 48 23.5 -59
47 57
V = 12.0; Size 2.4'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 177d
13.1"
(2/19/04 - Costa Rica): fairly faint to moderately bright, elongated 3:2
NNW-SSE, 1.5'x1.0', broad weak concentration but no other details were
evident. This barred spiral is
located 38' SE of NGC 1672 38' NW with NGC 1703 34' E. Located 30' ESE of mag 5.3 Kappa
Doradus.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1688 = h2671 on 4 Dec 1834 and recorded "vF; pL; R; gbM;
50"." Later he called
this nebula "B" and "pB". His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1689 = NGC
1667 = MCG -01-13-013 = PGC 16062
04 48 36.9 -06
19 13
See observing
notes for NGC 1667.
Lewis Swift
found NGC 1689 = Sw V-65 on 22 Oct 1886 with the 16" refractor at the
Warner Observatory. There is
nothing at his position and Herbert Howe reported "I searched for it on
two nights [with the 20" refractor at Denver] without success. Probably there was an error of just 5
min in its RA, and it is identical with 1667 [found earlier by Stephan in
1884], which has the same declination.
Swift made the same 5 min error in RA on the same sweep with NGC 1677 =
Sw V-64, which is identical to NGC 1659. RNGC classifies this number as "not found"
(from Dorothy Carlson's paper).
******************************
NGC 1690 = UGC
3198 = MCG +00-13-027 = CGCG 394-029 = WBL 109-002 = PGC 16290
04 54 19.2 +01
38 25
V = 13.9; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.9
24"
(12/22/14): at 375x; fairly faint, fairly small, round, 25" diameter, weak
concentration. Brightest in a trio
(WBL 109) with UGC 3199 1.7' NNW and CGCG 394-028 6.8' WNW. Several stars are nearby including a
mag 13.8 star 0.6' NW. Located 7'
NE of mag 6.6 HD 31209. The
observation was made with the bright star outside the field.
UGC 3199
appeared faint, small, round, 20" diameter, low even surface brightness
and CGCG 394-028 is very faint, very small, round, 15" diameter. A mag 10 star lies 3.2' SSW.
13.1"
(11/29/86): very faint, very small, round. Several faint stars are nearby including a two mag 13.5 star
at the west edge 0.6' from center and 1.2' NNE. Located 7.2' NE of mag 6.6 SAO 112191.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1690 = h335 on 13 Mar 1831 and called it "eF; among vS
stars; has one vL * sp." His
position matches UGC 3198 = PGC 16289, although he erroneously equated this
object with his father's III-453.
WH's III-343 has an error of 10 min in RA due to a reduction error by
Caroline Herschel and coincidentally happens to fall 13' west of UGC 3198. JH corrected this mistake in the GC.
MCG, PGC and RC3
(and software such as Megastar) misidentify nearby UGC 3199 as NGC 1690. UGC, RNGC and CGCG have the correct
identification. UGC mentions the
MCG error in the notes section.
******************************
NGC 1691 = UGC
3201 = MCG +01-13-009 = Mrk 1088 = LGG 120-003 = PGC 16300
04 54 38.3 +03
16 04
V = 12.0; Size 1.7'x1.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 85d
13.1"
(11/29/86): faint, very small, bright stellar nucleus or star superimposed.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1691 = St VIIIb-16 on 15 Dec 1876 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory. His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1692 = ESO
552-021 = MCG -03-13-029 = A0453-20 = PGC 16336
04 55 23.7 -20
34 16
V = 13.0; Size 1.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 5d
17.5"
(2/14/99): faint, moderately large, round, broad concentration to a 30"
core. With averted vision the halo
extends to at least 1' diameter with ill-defined edges. Located 13' SE of mag 8.9 SAO 169878. Misidentified in the RNGC.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 1692 = LM I-139 on 11 Dec 1885 with the 26" refractor at
the Leander McCormick Observatory.
There is nothing at his position, but Harold Corwin examined Stone's
discovery sketch and identified NGC 1692 = ESO 552-021. This implies Stone's position is
roughly 2 tmin of RA too small, a typical error found in his list. RNGC misidentifies PGC 840096 as NGC
1692. See my RNGC Corrections #5
and Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 1693 = ESO
056-SC002 = S-L 39
04 47 39 -69 20
36
V = 12.9; Size 0.7'
30"
(11/6/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly bright but small, round. Contains a very bright core and a small
30" halo. No resolution
except for a faint star at the NW edge.
Forms a trio with brighter NGC 1695 2' SSE and fainter KMHK 109 4.5' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1693 = h2672 (along with NGC 1695 = h2673) on 3 Nov 1834 and
noted "F, S, R". His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1694 = MCG
-01-13-035a = PGC 16335
04 55 16.8 -04
39 10
V = 14.7; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 14.7; PA = 30d
17.5"
(2/14/99): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated SW-NE, 40"x30",
very small brighter core. Situated within a group of brighter stars including a
mag 10.5 star 3.4' ESE. Located
28' WNW of NGC 1700.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1694 = St X-18 on 9 Jan 1880 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory. His
position is accurate. The MCG RA
is 0.5 tmin too far east.
******************************
NGC 1695 = ESO
056-SC003 = S-L 40
04 47 45 -69 22
24
V = 12.2; Size 1.5'
30"
(11/6/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): bright, fairly small, irregularly round. Sharply concentrated with a very small,
very bright core surrounded by a 45" irregular halo. One brighter star is resolved at the SW
edge and a faint star is resolved at the SE edge. A mag 11.5 star lies 1.7' NE. Brightest of three with NGC 1693 2' NNW and KMHK 109 3.8'
E. KMHK 109 appeared as a faint,
small glow with an irregular shape, gradually increased to the center but
azonal with no resolution.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1695 = h2673 (along with NGC 1693 = h2672) on 3 Nov 1834 and
logged "F, S, R."
******************************
NGC 1696 = ESO
056-SC004 = S-L 43
04 48 30 -68 14
36
V = 13.9; Size 0.9'
30"
(11/6/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 30"
diameter. Bracketed by two stars;
a mag 15 star 25" NW of center and a mag 15 star 38" SE of
center. Located 19' SW of mag 6.8
HD 31532.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1696 = h2674 on 2 Nov 1834 and wrote "vF; E; vlbM" on
his only observation. His position
is off by 1.5' in dec.
******************************
NGC 1697 = ESO
056-SC005 = S-L 44
04 48 36 -68 33
30
V = 12.6; Size 2.6'
30"
(11/6/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): bright, fairly large, round, large bright
core, very mottled but not resolved except for a few sparklers that are visible
for moments. A mag 10.6 star lies
2.5' SE. Located 11' E of mag 7.2
HD 30969.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1697 = h2675 on 2 Nov 1834 (along with NGC 1696, 1714, 1715,
1718, 1735, 1747, and a couple of dozen additional objects). On his first observation (out of 5) he
recorded "pB, R, vglbM, 40"." On the 4th sweep he wrote "globular cluster, pB, R,
glbM, 1.5'; resolved. With the left eye I see the stars". The Shapley-Lindsay position (S-L 44)
is exactly 10' too far south.
******************************
NGC 1698 = ESO
056-SC006 = S-L 45 = KMHK 115
04 49 04 -69 06
54
V = 12.1; Size 1.6'
30"
(11/6/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly bright, moderately large, irregular
glow, 1' diameter. Roughly 10
stars are resolved in the outer halo giving a triangular shape. KMHK118 lies 1.6' SE. It appeared as a faint, small glow,
20" diameter with no resolution.
IC 2105, a bright compact HII knot, lies 5.5' SSE, just beyond a mag 10 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1698 = h2677 on 23 Dec 1834 and called it "pB; R; glbM; 60";
resolvable." Although only
observed on a single sweep his position is good.
******************************
NGC 1699 = MCG
-01-13-039 = PGC 16390
04 56 59.6 -04
45 25
V = 12.9; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 160d
17.5"
(12/23/89): very faint, small, slightly elongated N-S, even surface
brightness. Located just 4' ENE of
mag 7.8 SAO 131619 and bracketed by two mag 13 stars 1.8' SW and 1.1' NE of
center. Forms a pair with brighter
NGC 1700 6.7' S.
Samuel Hunter
discovered NGC 1699 = Sw VI-21 on 13 Feb 1860 with LdR's 72Ó (too late for
inclusion in LdRÕs 1861 publication) while observing the field of NGC 1700.
He noted "a smaller one nf, scarcely perceptible in finder and vF,
above a F *." NGC 1699 is HunterÕs only deep sky discovery while an
observing assistant at Birr Castle. Lewis Swift independently found this
galaxy on 22 Dec 1886 and reported it as new in list VI-21. Dreyer credited
both observers in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 1700 = MCG
-01-13-038 = PGC 16386
04 56 56.2 -04
51 56
V = 11.2; Size 3.3'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 90d
17.5"
(12/23/89): bright, fairly small, oval 4:3 E-W, very bright core. Located 6' SSE of mag 7.8 SAO
131619. Forms a pair with NGC 1699
6.7' N.
13"
(12/18/82): fairly bright, small, round, small bright core. Located 20' NNE of 62 Eridani (V =
5.5).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1700 = H IV-32 = h336 on 5 Oct 1785 (sweep 458) and noted
"cB, S, mbM." On 28 Nov
1786 (sweep 640) he reported "cB, vS, bM. Like a star affected with irregular burs." NGC 1700 was observed 10 times at Birr
Castle. On 13 Jan 1858 R.J.
Mitchell logged, "B centre which I strongly suspect resolvable, faint nebulosity
stretches out a long way, involving a minute star preceding." WH's observation probably influenced
the Birr Castle observers to look for (nonexistent) structure.
******************************
NGC 1701 = ESO
422-011 = MCG -05-12-010 = PGC 16352
04 55 51.2 -29
53 01
V = 12.8; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 137d
17.5":
faint, fairly small, irregularly round, 45" diameter. Weakly concentrated with no
well-defined core. A mag 11 star
is close off the SE side (1.3' from center) and detracts slightly. A very faint pair of mag 15 stars at
18" separation is less than 2' S.
John Herschel discovered
NGC 1701 = h2676 on 6 Nov 1834 and remarked "F, S, R, 20". A star
10th mag S.f. and a small double star S.p." His positiions and description apply to ESO 422-011 = PGC
16352.
******************************
NGC 1702 = ESO
056-SC008 = S-L 46
04 49 28 -69 51
06
V = 12.5; Size 1.0'
30"
(11/6/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): nicely resolved cluster, a dozen stars counted
in a 50" region. KMHK119, a
faint cluster, was picked up 1.8' SW as a small faint, patch, 20"
diameter, no resolution. Located
6.7' WSW of mag 7.2 HD 31518. NGC
1704, a bright cluster, lies 6' NNE and NGC 1711, a showpiece object, lies 10'
SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1702 = h2680 on 12 Nov 1836 and reported a "vF, S,
cluster." His position
matches this LMC cluster. JH
mentions that Dunlop's D 73 is possibly an earlier discovery but of the three
objects that are likely D 73, namely NGC 1702, 1711 and 1751, NGC 1711 is the
brightest.
******************************
NGC 1703 = ESO
119-019 = LGG 119-005 = PGC 16234
04 52 52.6 -59
44 36
V = 11.3; Size 3.0'x2.6'; Surf Br = 13.4
13.1"
(2/19/04 - Costa Rica): fairly faint, moderately large, oval 3:2 ~N-S,
1.5'x1.0'. Unusual appearance as a
mag 10 star (close double) is superimposed southeast of the core and the galaxy
extends to the northwest of this bright star. The outer halo is diffuse and fades into the
background. Located 34' E of NGC
1688.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1703 = h2678 on 4 Dec 1834 and recorded F, L, R, vlbM, 90";
very dilute at borders. A star 9th mag S.f. almost involved." His position
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1704 = ESO
056-SC009 = S-L 50
04 49 56 -69 45
24
V = 11.5; Size 1.7'x1.6'
30"
(11/6/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): bright, moderately large, slightly elongated,
1.1'x0.9'. Three bright collinear
stars are resolved oriented E-W as well as a number of faint stars resolved in
the halo. NGC 1702, a bright
resolved cluster, lies 6' SSW and a mag 7.2 star (HD 31518) lies 6' SE. NGC 1704 forms the north vertex of an
equilateral triangle with NGC 1702 and the bright star.
James Dunlop
probably discovered this cluster in 1826 with his 9" reflector and
reported "a small faint nebula". Dunlop claims two observations and his position is 11' NE of
ESO 56-9 = S-L 50. JH described
(h2683) the cluster in Dec 1834 as "B; R; bM; 90"." On a later sweep he called it "eF;
S; E; 40" l; resolvable."
******************************
NGC 1705 = ESO
158-013 = PGC 16282
04 54 14.1 -53
21 38
V = 12.4; Size 1.9'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 50d
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 260x appears moderately bright and
large, elongated 4:3 SW-NE, 1.2'x0.9', broad concentration. This galaxy contains a super-star
cluster (SSC 1750-A) that appears as a 14th magnitude "star" offset
just west of the center. In good seeing at 350x using the 13mm Ethos and a 2x
barlow, the SSC was easily visible and generally appeared stellar, though at
moments there was an impression it spanned a couple of arcseconds. A short string of four faint stars is
collinear to the NW. Located 30'
ENE of the bright double star Iota Pictoris (5.6/6.4 at 12"). NGC 1705 is a nearby blue dwarf
starburst galaxy at a distance of 17 million light years.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1705 = h2679 on 5 Dec 1834 and recorded "B; S; R; pmbM;
20"." His position
(measured on 3 sweeps) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1706 = ESO
085-007 = AM 0452-630 = LGG 125-001 = PGC 16220
04 52 31.0 -62
59 08
V = 12.6; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 124d
14" (4/7/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated NW-SE,
40"x35", weak concentration, slightly brighter core. Mag 11 stars lie 5' SSW and 7' S. A mag 11.8 star is 3.6' NE. A companion attached to the
northern spiral arm was not seen.
The SGC notes this galaxy is similar to the LMC, although it was too low
and faint to see structure.
ESO 085-014,
situated 19' NE, appeared fairly faint, elongated 3:1 WSW-ENE,
45"x15", low surface brightness. Situated just 2.7' W of mag 8.0 HD 31875. A mag 12/13 pair at 7" is 1.6' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1706 = h2682 on 25 Dec 1837 and called it "F; R; vglbM;
40"." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 1707 = IC
2107
04 58 21.1 +08
14 19
Size 30"
17.5"
(2/14/99): this is a compact group of four mag 13.5-14.5 stars within
30". Easily picked up at 220x
and three close stars visible. At
280x, this multiple star is cleanly resolved in moments of good seeing. Listed as nonexistent in RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1707 = h338 on 8 Jan 1828 and described a "resolved nebula
or a small round group of very small stars, 30" diameter." There is nothing at his position but 30
seconds of RA west is a group of four to five stars and R.J. Mitchell,
observing with LdR's 72" in 1854, called it "only a group of 4 or 5
stars." Bigourdan apparently
couldn't find NGC 1707 at JH's position and claimed it as new -- B. 381 (later IC 2107). He noted, "cl, vF, vS,
R". So, this multiple star
has both a NGC and IC designation!
RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 1708
05 03 26 +52 52
30
Size 20'x12'
18"
(11/26/03): at 115x, this is a huge, triangular group of ~80 stars, roughly
20'x12', extended N-S with the base of this triangle on the south side and the
vertex at the north end.
Surprisingly, this scattered group is fairly well detached in the field
and appears visually to be a cluster.
Includes a number of mag 10.5-11.5 stars. The group is unconcentrated and most of the stars are
situated along the perimeter with two large starless interior regions (larger
one on the south side).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1708 = h337 on 16 Feb 1831 (single sweep) and described a
"v Loose, pRi, fills field, the largest *10m, mixed magnitudes." The mag 10 star in h's description
appears to be 30 tsec further east at 05 03 26.3 +52 52 31 (J2000). RNGC classifies this number as a
nonexistent cluster. Walter Scott
Houston mentioned this object in his columns of Jan '76 and Sep '89.
******************************
NGC 1709 = MCG
+00-13-054 = CGCG 394-058 = PGC 16462
04 58 44.0 -00
28 42
V = 14.1; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 46d
24"
(12/21/16): at 282x; fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 SW-NE,
~0.4'x0.3', very small or stellar nucleus. A mag 12.3 star is 50" NW of center. In a group (WBL
110) with NGC 1713 (brightest member) 2.7' ESE.
13.1"
(11/29/86): very faint, very small.
A mag 13 star is close to the WNW edge just 0.8' from center. Forms a pair with NGC 1713 2.7' ESE.
R.J. Mitchell,
LdR's assistant, discovered NGC 1709 on 8 Dec 1854 while observing NGC
1713. He described "two
nebulous knots, the following one [NGC 1713] brighter than the other, both R,
lbM, * preceding."
******************************
NGC 1710 = IC
2108 = MCG -03-13-037 = PGC 16396
04 57 17.0 -15
17 20
V = 13.2; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 15d
18"
(2/5/11): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 SSW-NNE, well concentrated
with a very small bright core. A
mag 11 star is 1.2' SE of center.
Located 13' NE of mag 7.6 HD 31585 and 45' SW of R Leporus.
17.5"
(12/3/88): fairly faint, small, round, weak concentration. A mag 12 star is off the SE edge 1.2'
from center. Hind's Variable Star
lies 45' NE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1710 = LM I-140 on 14 Nov 1885 with the 26"
refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. His rough position (nearest min of RA) is less than 1 min of
RA following MCG -03-13-037 = PGC 16396, so this identification is secure. Ormond Stone later measured an accurate
position. Bigourdan was misled by
Leavenworth's poor position and identified a faint star as NGC 1710. He assumed Big. 296 (later IC 2108),
found on 9 Dec 1896, was new. But
his position matches MCG
-03-13-037, so IC 2108 = NGC 1710.
Corwin notes that Bigourdan realied the equivalence in his own large
table of micrometric measurements.
MCG labels the galaxy as IC 2108 and ignores the NGC designation. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 1711 = ESO
056-SC010 = S-L 55
04 50 36 -69 59
06
V = 10.1; Size 3.5'
30"
(11/6/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): very bright, large impressive cluster,
appearing like a globular!
Contains an intensely bright core, which is very mottled and surrounded
by a well resolved halo. There
appears to be two layers of superimposed layers in the halo as it includes a
number of brighter stars overlaid on several dozen fainter stars. The halo extends out to at least 4'
diameter, though without a sharp border as it thins. Located 9' S of mag 7.2 HD 31518. Nearby objects include S-L 56 5.5' S, NGC 1702 10' NW and
NGC 1704 14' NNW.
James Dunlop
probably discovered NGC 1711 = D 73 and/or D76 = h2684 on 3 Aug 1826 with his
9" reflector and described (for D 73) "a pretty bright round nebula,
bright at the centre."
Dunlop's position is 6' NE of the center of this LMC cluster. D 76 was also described as a
"pretty bright small round nebula" and placed 11' ESE of the
cluster. JH first observed this
object on 11 Nov 1836 and described a "globular; B; S; R; r". On a second sweep he logged
"globular; B; irreg R; gbM.
Resolved into st 14m, with outliers as far as 4' diam." Herschel gave a possible equivalence
with D 76.
******************************
NGC 1712 = ESO
056-SC011 = S-L 60 = LMC-N79 = LH 1
04 50 59 -69 24
30
V = 9.9; Size 4'x3'
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): first of three clusters with
nebulosity including NGC 1722 + IC 2111 4' NE and NGC 1727 8' NE. At 128x it appeared as an irregularly
shaped, 4' nebulous haze just north of an attractive mag 10.7/11.5 double star
(17"). A half dozen faint
stars are embedded in the haze (part of LMC-N79) besides the two brighter stars
at the south edge. This is a young LMC cluster and forms the western portion of
association LH 1.
18" (7/9/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is the first of three nebulous
clusters with NGC 1722 3.9' NE and NGC 1727 7.7' NE. NGC
1712 appears as a fairly large knotty region of stars and possible weak
nebulosity (within LMC-N79), ~4' diameter. A mag 10.7/11.5 double (separation 17") is at the south
edge.
James Dunlop
probably discovered NGC 1712 = D 111 = h2685 on 24 Sep 1826 with his 9"
reflector and described "a small round nebula. The preceding of three nebulae in the form of a
triangle." He made 2
observations and his position is 12' SE of this nebulous cluster. JH made a single observation in Dec
1834 and reported "a pB, S, cluster." Herschel didn't reference Dunlop's possible earlier
observation.
******************************
NGC 1713 = UGC
3222 = MCG +00-13-056 = CGCG 394-059 = LGG 120-025 = WBL 110-004 = PGC 16471
04 58 54.5 -00
29 20
V = 12.7; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 45d
24"
(12/21/16): at 282x; fairly bright, moderately large, oval 4:3 SW-NE,
0.8'x0.6', gradually increases to the center. Brightest galaxy in a group (WBL 110 = HDCE 330) with NGC
1709 2.7' WNW.
CGCG 394-055,
7.7' SW, appeared fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated ~N-S,
~20"x15", slightly brighter core. Forms a close pair with CGCG
394-056 1.3' NNE.
CGCG 394-056,
6.6' S, appeared faint, very small, round, 12" diameter. A mag 13.5 star is attached at the
southeast end. Mag 8.9 HD 31724 is
5' W.
UGC 3221, 24' S,
appeared fairly faint, thin edge-on 6:1 NNW-SSE, ~30"x5", even
surface brightness. A mag 14.5
star is superimposed at the south end.
A mag 9.2 star is 4.7' S as well as a nearby mag 9.9 star.
UGC 3214, 26'
NW, appeared moderately bright, fairly large edge-on 4:1 SW-NE, at least
1.6'x0.4'. Contains a bright,
elongated bulging core and much fainter extensions.
CGCG 394-053,
21' NNW, appeared fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE,
30"x15".
13.1"
(11/29/86): fairly faint, fairly small, almost round, faint halo gradually
brightens. Forms a pair with NGC
1709 2.7' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1713 = H II-516 = h339 on 1 Jan 1786 (sweep 506) and reported
"F, S, iR, lbM." There
is nothing at his position, but 6.3' due south is UGC 3222 = PGC 16471. Because of H's poor position, JH
thought he discovered this nebula on 23 Nov 1827 and described "F; R; bM;
the preceding of two [with NGC 1719].
JH equated the two observations in the GC, so there is only a single NGC
designation.
******************************
NGC 1714 =
LMC-N4A = ESO 085-EN8 = S-L 64
04 52 06.5 -66
55 25
V = 11.6; Size 1.1'
18" (7/9/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 128x, I found a surprisingly bright,
high surface brightness knot, ~30" diameter, with a brighter off-center
core. A mag 11 star (M2-class
supergiant) is 1' NW. Forms a
close pair with fainter NGC 1715 just 1' NNE. NGC 1731 lies 8' E and NGC 1718 is 8' SSE. Situated in the NW corner of the LMC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1714 = h2686 on 2 Nov 1834 and recorded "vB, S, E, bM,
15"; Has another very faint neb nearly north [h2687 = NGC 1715]." On
later observations he described "vB, E or bi-nuclear, mbM, 40" long;
the S.p. of two" and
"vB, S, lE, psbM. Double or extended wedge-shaped." NGC 1714 is plotted as an planetary on
the Skalnate Pleso "Atlas of the Heavens" as well as the Sky Atlas
2000.0
******************************
NGC 1715 =
LMC-N4B = ESO 085-EN9
04 52 10.2 -66
54 27
Size 1.1'
18" (7/9/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): faint, small, low surface brightness glow,
~45" diameter. Located just
1' NNE of brighter NGC 1714 and 1.3' NE of a mag 11 star in the NW portion of
the LMC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1715 = h2687 on 2 Nov 1834 and logged "vF, the N.f. of two
[with NGC 1714 = h2686]." On
his last of three observations, he recorded "eF, R, pL, the 2nd of two
[with NGC 1714], making a lozenge with the other, and two stars."
******************************
NGC 1716 = ESO
552-034 = MCG -03-13-038 = PGC 16434
04 58 13.3 -20
21 49
V = 13.2; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 20d
17.5"
(1/20/90): very faint, small, slightly elongated, low even surface
brightness. A mag 13 star is 2.5'
N.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1716 = h2681 on 11 Dec 1835 and called "pF; pL; R; glbM;
50"." His position is
about 1' E of ESO 552-034 = PGC 16434.
******************************
NGC 1717
04 59 12 -00 15
=* or possibly
=NGC 1709, HC. =NGC 1719, JS.
George Johnstone
Stoney discovered NGC 1717 on 15 Jan 1849 while observing the presumed field of
h340 [= NGC 1719]. In the 1861 LdR
publication, the description for h340 simply notes a "nova" near (2
observations claimed) and JH added a single LdR nova to the GC. In the 1880 monograph, the description
states "3 vF nebulae" and a very small diagram shows 3 nebulae (no
arrow for west), two separated by 3.5' and a third separated by 10' from the
larger of the pair. But only a
single nebula was found again in 3 subsequent observations of NGC 1719 at Birr
Castle.
While preparing
the 1880 monograph, Dreyer added the note (in brackets) "The two upper
ones are probably h339 & 340 [NGC 1709 & 1713]" and noted the third
"nebula" could possibly be a mag 13-14 star recorded by d'Arrest 4.7
sec preceding and 80" north of NGC 1719. A mag 13 star is at d'Arrest's exact offset from NGC 1719
and the UGC notes section equates NGC 1717 with this star. RNGC equates NGC 1717 with NGC 1719 and
MCG labels NGC 1719 as NGC 1717.
Yann Pothier
suggests the 3 nebulae in the sketch are NGC 1709, NGC 1713 (the closer pair)
and the third nebula is CGCG 394-056.
Assuming west is to the left on the diagram, these three galaxies are a
pretty good match, though CGCG 394-055 is just 1.4' from -056 and is another
possibility. A visual observation
might help decide. See Corwin's
identification notes.
******************************
NGC 1718 = ESO
085-SC010 = S-L 65
04 52 25.6 -67
03 09
V = 12.3; Size 2.0'
18" (7/9/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this LMC cluster appeared at 128x as a
fairly faint, round, 1' diameter, well-defined knot with no resolution. A mag 14 star is 1' SSE of center. Located 8' SSE of NGC 1714 and 6' N of
a mag 9 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1718 = h2688 on 2 Nov 1834 and recorded "F, R, bM." On
his 3rd of 3 sweeps he logged "pF, R, vglbM, 60"." His positions are excellent.
******************************
NGC 1719 = UGC
3226 = MCG +00-13-060 = CGCG 394-063 = Holm 83a = LGG 120-026 = PGC 16501
04 59 34.4 -00
15 38
V = 13.6; Size 1.1'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 102d
24"
(1/28/17): at 225x; moderately bright, fairly small, contains a very small
bright core with very low surface brightness extensions, ~40"x15". A mag 15 star is superimposed on the
southwest side ~15" from center.
Located 11' SW of mag 8.1 HD 32024.
CGCG 394-064
lies 6.8' NNE of NGC 1719 within a group of stars. It appeared faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE,
25"x12", low surface brightness. CGCG 394-064 forms a close pair with LEDA 1150545 1.7'
W. This galaxy was extremely faint
(V = 16.0) and small, round, 10" diameter. It required averted to glimpse and only occasionally
popped. Located 1.3' SE of a mag
10.7 star.
17.5" (2/22/03):
fairly faint, fairly small, edge-on 4:1 ~E-W, 0.8'x0.2', faint stellar
nucleus. A mag 15 star is
superimposed on the southwest edge.
A mag 13 star is 1.7' NW.
13"
(11/29/86): fairly faint, very small, elongated ~E-W. A mag 14.5 star is at the west end.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1719 = h340 on 23 Nov 1827 and reported "pB; R; psbM; has a
B * N.f.; the fol of 2 [with NGC 1713]." Although his position is given as uncertain, it is just 1.7'
WNW of UGC 3226 = PGC 16501.
Heinrich d'Arrest's position (used in the NGC) is only 40" N. MCG identifies this galaxy as NGC 1717
= NGC 1719, but NGC 1717 is either a star or it is NGC 1709 according to
Corwin.
******************************
NGC 1720 = MCG
-01-13-041 = PGC 16485
04 59 20.5 -07
51 32
V = 13.1; Size 1.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 95d
13.1"
(12/18/82): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated E-W. Forms a pair with NGC 1726 7' NE. Located 4.8' S of mag 8.1 SAO 131659.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 1720 on 30 Dec 1861 with an 11" refractor at
Copenhagen. His position (measured
on 3 nights) and descriptions matches MCG -01-13-041 = PGC 16485. The RNGC RA is 26 seconds too small.
******************************
NGC 1721 = MCG
-02-13-027 = VV 699 NED1 = KTS 28A = PGC 16484
04 59 17.4 -11
07 08
V = 12.3; Size 2.5'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 120d
24"
(12/28/13): moderately to fairly bright, fairly small, high surface brightness,
elongated 3:2 NW-SE, ~45"x30".
Contains a small, bright irregular core. A mag 14 star is 0.8' NE of center. First in a close trio (KTS 28) with NGC
1725 and 1728.
17.5"
(12/3/88): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, broadly concentrated
halo. A mag 14 star is off the NE
side 1' from the center. In a
close trio with NGC 1725 1.6' SE and NGC 1728 2.5' ESE. In addtion, NGC 1723 lies 8.5' NNE.
E.E. Barnard
discovered NGC 1721, along with NGC 1725 and 1728, on 10 Nov 1885 with the
6-inch Cooke Refractor at Vanderbilt Observatory. In Sidereal Messenger,
volume 5, he described "three small novae close together; difficult;
rather faint, all three probably elongated north and south. A good many
stars in field. It requires considerable power to make these nebulae out
distinctly, a power of 120 on the 6-inch is about the lowest with which they
can be seen.
Lewis Swift
observed the trio (list III-32, III-33 and III-34) a month later on 2 Dec 1885
after being notified by Barnard, but he mistakenly reported them new.
Barnard immediately responded in AN 2755 to claim prior discovery.
Swift mentioned this trio was previously discovered by Barnard in his
list V errata.
******************************
NGC 1722 =
LMC-N79 = ESO 056-SC12 = LH 1
04 51 43 -69 23
54
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): in a small group of LMC clusters
with nebulosity including NGC 1727 and NGC 1712. At 128x appears as a fairly faint, irregular hazy region
with a few stars resolved and a small, bright knot (IC 2111). Good response to the UHC filter. Located 4' SW of NGC 1727. This is a very young open cluster with
an unevolved main sequence and forms the eastern component of association LH 2.
18" (7/9/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): the second of a trio of LMC clusters and
nebulosity at 128x and UHC filter.
At the core is a small, bright 15" knot = IC 2111 and surrounding
this is a larger 2'-3' group of faint haze and some stars. NGC 1727 lies 4.5' NE and NGC 1712 3.9'
SW.
James Dunlop
probably discovered NGC 1722 = D 112 = h2689 on 24 Sep 1826 with his 9"
reflector and described "a very pretty small double nebula; very nearly
equal; distance about 12" or 15"." He made 2 observations and his position is 7' too far
SE. JH made three observations
beginning in Dec 1834 and describing "F; S; R (Sky Hazy)". On a second sweep he recorded "pB;
S. A knot of clustering
stars." On his last sweep, he
noted "The second of a series of clustering patches." Herschel did not reference Dunlop's
possible earlier observation. NGC
1722 is plotted as an planetary nebula (since the IC description for IC 2111 is
"Planetary, Stellar") on the Skalnate Pleso "Atlas of the
Heavens" as well as the Sky Atlas 2000.0
******************************
NGC 1723 = MCG
-02-13-029 = PGC 16493
04 59 25.8 -10
58 51
V = 11.7; Size 3.2'x2.2'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 40d
24"
(12/28/13): fairly bright, moderately large, well concentrated with a bright
elongated core or bar oriented E-W that increases to a small, rounder
nucleus. The halo is much fainter
and elongated 2:1 NW-SE, ~1.8'x0.9'.
The galaxy is bracketed by mag 10 stars 2' N and 2.9' E, with a mag 11
star 1.4' S. The triplet NGC 1721,
1725 and 1728 lies 9' S.
17.5"
(12/3/88): brightest in a group with a trio NGC 1721, NGC 1725 and NGC 1728
about 8' S. Fairly faint, fairly
small, slightly elongated, small bright core. Sandwiched between a mag 10 star 2.0' NNW and a mag 11 star
1.3' S. An additional mag 10 star
lies 2.9' due east.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 1723 = T V-3 on 12 Jan 1882 with an 11" refractor at the
Arcetri Observatory and reported "Class III. Situated between two stars
9-10m, which form a triangle with a third." Tempel's micrometric
position is very accurate.
E.E. Barnard
independently found NGC 1723 on 10 Nov 1885 with the 6-inch refractor at
Vanderbilt University, along with the trio NGC 1723, 1725 and 1728 to the south.
His position in Sidereal Messenger, vol. 5 (page 25) was 3.5 min of RA
too far east, though he noted the RA might be in error. Swift notified
Barnard that this "nebula" was discovered earlier by Tempel.
******************************
NGC 1724 = OCL-405
= Lund 1121
05 03 33 +49 29
30
Size 1'
18"
(3/19/04): this asterism consists of only a trio of mag 11-12 stars at
separations of 21" and 29".
Located 5' WSW of mag 8.4 HD 32212. A few other mag 8-9 stars are in the same field. Also a chain of 5 mag 12-13 stars is
located ~7' E and is certainly more distinctive than this trio of stars.
George RŸmker
discovered NGC 1724 (his only NGC "discovery") on 30 Apr 1864 while
observing stars for the Hamburg catalogue with a 10-cm meridian-circle
refractor by Fraunhofer. RŸmker
marked a "nebula" on the Hamburg star catalogue and his position
corresponds with a small trio of mag 11/12 stars at a central position of 05 03
33 +49 29.5 (2000). Auwers
couldn't find Rumker's nebula and Karl Reinmuth, in his 1926 survey based on
Heidelberg plates, described NGC 1724 as "3 pF st; BD +49d1292
nff." Lynga considered it a
doubtful OC (OCL-405) and RNGC classified this number as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 1725 = MCG
-02-13-028 = VV 699 NED2 = KTS 28B = PGC 16488
04 59 22.9 -11
07 56
V = 12.3; Size 1.9'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 20d
24"
(12/28/13): moderately to fairly bright, fairly small, slightly elongated
SSW-NNE, well concentrated with a very small bright core. Initially logged as 25" diameter,
but the low surface brightness halo increases in size to
35"-40". Squeezed
between NGC 1721 1.6' NW and NGC 1728 1.3' NE.
17.5"
(12/3/88): second of three in a close trio. Faint, fairly small, elongated ~N-S, small bright core,
faint stellar nucleus. Located
midway between NGC 1721 1.6' NW and NGC 1728 1.3' NE.
E.E. Barnard
discovered NGC 1725, along with NGC 1721 and 1728, on 10 Nov 1885 at Nashville
with the 6-inch refractor at Vanderbilt University (see description under NGC
1725).
Lewis Swift
observed the trio (list III-32, III-33 and III-34) a month later on 2 Dec 1885
after being notified by Barnard, but he mistakenly reported them as new.
Barnard immediately responded in AN 2755 to claim prior discovery.
Swift mentioned this trio was previously discovered by Barnard in his
list V errata. Sherburne Burnham's
corrected RA (Publications of Lick Observatory, II) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1726 = MCG
-01-13-042 = PGC 16508
04 59 41.9 -07
45 19
V = 11.7; Size 1.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 0d
13.1"
(12/18/82): fairly faint, small, compact, small bright core, slightly
elongated. A mag 12 star is just
off the south edge 0.8' from center.
Forms a pair with NGC 1720 7' SW.
Located 4.8' ENE of mag 8.1 SAO 131659.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1726 = h341 on 8 Jan 1831, noting "F; R; about 30"
north of a *13 m." JH's
position and description is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1727 =
LMC-N79E = ESO 056-SC014 = S-L 67 = LH 2
04 52 11.5 -69
20 13
V = 11.1; Size 2.8'x2.0'
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly bright, fairly large,
irregular patch, ~2.5'x1.5', with at least a half-dozen stars mag 13 stars
resolved. This LMC cluster with
nebulosity responds well to a UHC filter at 128x. The western section is catalogued as LMC-N79C. A small extension is visible to the
southeast (KMHK 187 = LMC-N79D) increasing the size to ~3.5'x1.5'. In a group with NGC 1722 4' SW and NGC
1712 7.5' SW. Located 4' N of mag 8.5 HD 31722. This is a very young cluster or association (LH 2) with an
unevolved main sequence similar to nearby NGC 1722.
18" (7/9/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 128x and UHC filter this is a fairly
large elongated patch of nebulosity, ~3.5' diameter with a group of mag 12-13
stars superimposed. A smaller
detached piece of nebulous haze, ~1' diameter, is close SE. This is the 3rd (and 4th) in a chain of
objects with NGC 1722 4.5' SW and NGC 1712 8' SW. A mag 8.5 star (HD 31722) is 4' SSE.
James Dunlop
possibly discovered NGC 1727 = D 113 in 1826 with his 9" reflector and
described "a small faint nebula; 12" or 15" diameter." He made a single observation and his
position is 19' SSE of this nebulous cluster. Because of the poor match in position and simple
description, this identification is very uncertain. JH made three observations of h2690 beginning on 3 Nov 1834,
when he noted "a rather poor irreg R cluster. (Sky Hazy)". On a second sweep he recorded "A
cluster, pB, pmE, 3' l, 90" br; stars 12m" His last description says "The third of a series of
clustering patches. Oval."
Herschel did not reference Dunlop's possible earlier observation.
******************************
NGC 1728 = MCG
-02-13-030 = VV 699 NED3 = KTS 28C = PGC 16495
04 59 27.7 -11
07 22
V = 12.9; Size 1.8'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 177d
24"
(12/28/13): moderately to fairly bright, elongated 5:2 or 3:1 N-S, 0.6'x0.2',
sharp concentration with a small bright core and bright stellar nucleus. Third in a close trio (KTS 28) with NGC
1721 and 1725. MCG -02-13-031, a
very thin edge-on, lies 9.5' SSE and NGC 1725, a barred spiral, lies 8.5' N.
17.5"
(12/3/88): last of a trio with NGC 1725 1.3' SW and NGC 1725 2.5' W. Fairly faint, fairly small, very
elongated 3:1 N-S, small bright core.
E.E. Barnard discovered
NGC 1728, along with NGC 1721 and 1725, on 10 Nov 1885 with the 6-inch Cooke
Refractor at Vanderbilt Observatory. See historical notes for NGC 1721.
******************************
NGC 1729 = MCG
-01-13-043 = PGC 16529
05 00 15.5 -03
21 06
V = 12.3; Size 1.9'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 30d
17.5"
(12/23/89): fairly faint, fairly small, oval SSW-NNE. A mag 11 star is close off the east end 1.0' from center and
a mag 12.5 star is 1.1' N of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1729 = H III-503 on 1 Feb 1786 (sweep 518) and reported
"vF, pL, sp 2 pB stars, equilateral triangle. Its nebulosity reaches
the two stars." His position and description is accurate.
Lewis Swift
independently found this nebula on 20 Nov 1886 and recorded in list VI-22,
"eeeF; pS; R; pF * nr foll; [NGC 1740] in field."
******************************
NGC 1730 = IC
2113 = MCG -03-13-043 = PGC 16499
04 59 31.8 -15
49 25
V = 12.3; Size 2.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 94d
17.5"
(12/3/88): fairly faint, fairly small, oval ~E-W. There is possibly an extremely faint star at the east end
[verified on DSS]. Forms an obtuse
angle with mag 8.7 SAO 150054 5' NW and mag 9.0 SAO 150066 7' ENE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1730 = LM I-141 = LM I-142 = Sw I-66 on 12 Nov 1885.
The two listings were called a double nebula with separation 10" in
PA 110¡ but there is only a single galaxy with a faint star superimposed.
His rough position (nearest min of RA) is accurate in declination and a
good match in RA. Lewis Swift independently found this galaxy on 9 Oct
1886. Swift's position (used in the NGC) is very accurate.
Apparently Barnard found the galaxy again and notified Dreyer directly,
who catalogued it as IC 2113. As Barnard's position is nearly identical
to Swift's, Dreyer simply missed the earlier discovery. See Corwin's
notes.
******************************
NGC 1731 = ESO
085-SC012 = S-L 82 = LMC-N4 = LH 4
04 53 29.5 -66
55 30
V = 9.9; Size 8'
18" (7/9/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 128x this is a large region of
nebulosity (LHa 120-N4) and scattered stars (association LH 4), 6'-7' diameter,
involving the double star h3710 = 10.7/12.7 at 12" and a number of fainter
stars.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1731 = h2691 on 23 Dec 1834 and described "a double star,
the chief of a pretty rich, pretty large cluster of loosely scattered stars,
little compressed to the middle; 8'; stars 11..15th mag." On a second
sweep he called it "a poor loose cluster 8' diameter, stars 10..15th mag,
chief double star taken." and on his third and last sweep, "a double
star, the chief of a poor loose cluster 3 or 4' diameter."
******************************
NGC 1732 = ESO
056-SC017 = S-L 77
04 53 11 -68 39
00
V = 12.3; Size 0.9'
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): moderately bright, very small,
20"-24" diameter. At
first glance looks like a double star oriented NW-SE embedded in some
surrounding haze. But with a careful look one of the "stars" is clearly
bloated (perhaps has very close companions) and appears as a very small high
surface brightness glow. NGC 1734
lies 7.3' SSE.
LMC Supernova
remnant N86 lies 14' E. This
observation is from the 2017 OzSky star party:
25"
(10/17/17): at 244x; this LMC supernova remnant appeared unfiltered as a large,
low surface brightness hazy region, just south of a mag 11.8 star. A couple of 14th mag stars appear
involved with the haze. This mag
11.8 star forms the eastern vertex of an isosceles triangle with a mag 11.5
star 5.6' NW and a mag 10.0 star 6' SW.
There was a weak contrast gain adding a NPB filter, with the most
evident section ~1' diameter [centered 1.2' S of the mag 11.8 star] and
slightly brighter on the east side.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1732 = h2694 on 23 Dec 1834 and described "a small double
star first class [HJ 3712] in centre of a S, R, nebula." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1733 = ESO
085-SC013 = S-L 85
04 54 04.9 -66
40 57
V = 13.3; Size 1.2'
18" (7/9/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this LMC cluster appeared as a round knot,
~25" diameter with a fairly even surface brightness. Easy to locate as it is situated just
3.4' E of mag 6.5 HD 31754 on the NW side of the LMC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1733 = h2693 on 3 Jan 1837 and recorded "eF, R, gbM,
40". A very starry field follows this, and hereabouts may be said to
commence the denser part of the Nubecula Major." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1734 = ESO
056-SC018 = S-L 83
04 53 34 -68 46
06
V = 13.1; Size 1.3'
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): moderately bright, fairly large,
1' diameter, very irregular shape, mottled. At 200x, a couple of extremely faint mag 16 stars are
resolved at the edges. NGC 1732
lies 7.3' NNW. In addition I
logged three clusters not plotted on the Morel Atlas: KMHK 193 4.7' WSW, KMHK
189 6.9' SW and S-L 75 9.7' SSW.
The S-L cluster was brighter and larger than many NGC objects in the
LMC. At 200x it appeared
moderately bright and large, round, 45"-50" diameter, broad
concentration, no resolution.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1734 = h2695 on 23 Dec 1834 and described as "pB, L, R,
gmbM". His position matches
this LMC cluster.
******************************
NGC 1735 = ESO
085-SC015 - S-L 86
04 54 20.2 -67
06 04
V = 10.8; Size 1.8'x1.5'
18" (7/9/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 128x this LMC cluster appeared as a very
elongated, very knotty string, ~1.2' in length and consisting of several mag
12-14 stars in a tight chain. NGC
1747 is 6.5' SE and NGC 1731 12' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1735 = h2696 on 2 Nov 1834 and recorded "F, vS, R; has two
or three stars appended." On
a later sweep he called it "pB,S, R; has two stars appended forming an arc
with the nebula."
Joseph Turner
sketched the cluster in November 1876 using the 48" Great Melbourne
Telescope. See
http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/lithograph_m_3_20.php
******************************
NGC 1736 =
LMC-N8 = ESO 056-EN16
04 53 02 -68 03
12
Size 1.8'
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x, this is a bright,
relatively large, crescent-shaped nebulosity of stars, ~1.2'x0.8', stretching
NNW to SSE. On the east side, four
stars are resolved in an 0.8' curving arc that follows the shape of the
nebulosity! The brighter two mag
13.5 stars are on the south end of the string and two mag 14.5 and 15 stars are
just north. In addition, a couple
of very faint stars are off the southwest side. I didn't compare views with a filter. Located ~9' E of a 2' pair of bright
stars: mag 6.8 HD 31532 and mag 8.4 HD 31576.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1736 = h2697 on 30 Dec 1836 and recorded "B; R;
resolvable" on his single observation. There is nothing at his position, but Robert Innes suggested
h2697 was probably identical to a "nebulous patch north-preceding a 12 mag
star", located 1 min of RA west of JH's position. Henize (Catalogues of Hydrogen Alpha
Emission Stars and Nebulae in the Magellanic Clouds, Astrophysical Journal
Supplement 2, 1956, p315), also noted LHa N120-8 is "Probably NGC 1736.
The NGC description suits the object but the position is 1 minute in
error." He reported, "1.4' east-west and 1.9' north-south. It has a
slightly irregular outline, is not elongated and has appreciable structure. Two
12.8 mag exciting stars are involved." Eric Lindsay, in his 1964 paper "Some NGC objects in
the Large Magellanic Cloud" (IAJ, 6, 286-289), repeated the "NGC
position in error and should be 1m [West] where there is a bright round patch
of nebulosity not listed in the NGC. This is Henize N8 and noted by Henize to
be probably NGC 1736 with 1m error."
JH caught several typos of this type and corrected them in an errata
list, but missed this one.
******************************
NGC 1737 = ESO
056-EN20 = LMC-N83C
04 53 57.8 -69
10 28
V = 13.2; Size 0.8'
25"
(10/17/17 - OzSky): at 244x + NPB filter; fairly faint, moderately large, round
glow (emission nebula N83C), ~0.9' diameter. A mag 14.4 star is at the center of the circular patch. NGC 1737 is on the northwest side of an
impressive complex of nebulae with NGC 1743 1.8' SE and NGC 1748 2.4' E.
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x appears as fairly faint
nebulous patch centered ~1.8' NNW of the core of NGC 1743 and appears nearly
connected. The outline is irregular
and roughly 45" diameter with a couple of mag 14 stars involved on the
south side. Within an impressive
complex of nebulosity (LMC-N83 and association LH 5) with NGC 1745 and NGC 1748
as well as cluster NGC 1756.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1737 = h2698 0n 11 Nov 1836 and recorded "very faint,
small; the first of a trapezium of four nebulae. Place estimated from those of the second and fourth."
The four objects are NGC 1737, 1743, 1745 and NGC 1748.
NGC 1737 was
observed with the 48" Great Melbourne Telescope and noted in
"Observations of the Southern Nebulae made with the 48" Great
Melbourne Telescope". See the
sketch of the group at http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/lithograph_m_3_22.php
******************************
NGC 1738 = ESO
552-049 = MCG -03-13-054 = PGC 16585
05 01 46.7 -18
09 28
V = 12.9; Size 1.3'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 38d
17.5"
(1/20/90): fairly faint, fairly small, oval SW-NE, even surface
brightness. Contact pair with NGC
1739 at the south end.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 1738 = LM I-143 (along with NGC 1739 = LM I-144) on 11 Dec 1885
with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. His rough position (nearest min of RA)
is ~1 minute of RA west of ESO 552-049.
Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1898 using the 20"
refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 1739 = ESO
552-050 = MCG -03-13-055 = PGC 16586
05 01 47.4 -18
10 02
V = 13.5; Size 1.4'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 105d
17.5"
(1/20/90): extremely faint, very small, round. Attached at the south end of NGC 1738.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 1739 = LM I-144 (along with NGC 1738 = LM I-143) on 11 Dec 1885
with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. His rough position (nearest min of RA)
is ~1 minute of RA west of ESO 552-049.
Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1898 using the 20"
refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 1740 = MCG
-01-13-046 = Holm 84a = PGC 16589
05 01 54.8 -03
17 47
V = 12.6; Size 1.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 125d
17.5"
(12/23/89): fairly faint, small, oval SW-NE, small bright core. A mag 12 star is at the SW edge 0.5'
from center. NGC 1753 lies 10'
ESE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1740 = h342 on 11 Feb 1830 and described "eF; S; 4";
has a * 12m N.f." His
position is just off the east side of MCG -01-13-046 = PGC 16589, although the
star is south-preceding and not north-following.
******************************
NGC 1741 = NGC
1741A = HCG 31A = Arp 259 NED4 = VV 524 NED4 = VV 565 NED4 = MCG -01-13-045 =
PGC 16574
05 01 38.7 -04
15 34
V = 12.5; Size 1.4'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 70d
48"
(11/2/13): NGC 1741 = HCG 31A/C is a merging system with intense star
formation. HCG 31C, the western
component, appeared fairly bright, small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE,
~18"x9". HCG 31A, which
is attached or merged near the southwest end, appeared moderately bright,
small, elongated 2:1 E-W, 20"x10". A mag 12 star is less than 1' SE. The seeing was too soft to detect the low surface brightness
plume to the northeast. HCG 31B,
just 45" SW, appeared fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1
SW-NE, ~24"x8", no central brightening. HCG 31D situated 40" W is by the far the faintest
member (V = 17.8 and a distance of over 1 billion l.y.), and appeared as an
extremely faint and small knot, round, 6" diameter. Finally, IC 399 = Mrk 1090 lies 2.3' SE
and is interacting with the group.
17.5"
(2/8/97): brightest in HCG 31 (merged system with HCG 31C). Fairly faint, fairly small, elongated
2:1 ~E-W after extended viewing, bright core. Located 0.9' NW of a mag 12 star. NGC 1741 has an irregular appearance and is intermittently
partially resolved with a faint "knot" = HCG 31C visible with
concentration at the west end. IC
399, located 2.3' SE, is not considered as part of HCG 31 though it is a group
member (similar reshift as HCG 31A, 31B and 31C).
13"
(11/29/86): faint, small, round. A
mag 12 star is 0.9' SE of center.
This is a double system and brightest in HCG 31. IC 399 lies 2.3' SE
(not seen).
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1741 = St IX-5 on 6 Jan 1878 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory. Stephan's
micrometric position matches MCG -01-13-045 = Hickson 31A (irregular double
system) in a compact group.
******************************
NGC 1742 = Holm
84b
05 02 00.4 -03
17 14
=* 1' NE of NGC
1740, Corwin.
Sir Robert Ball,
an assistant on the Lord Rosse's 72" telescope, discovered NGC 1742 on 29
Dec 1866 during an observation of GC 965 = NGC 1740. He described this object as "vF, vS" and placed it
3.6 sec east and 25" north of NGC 1740. Ball's position corresponds to a star at 5 02 00.4 -03 17 15
(2000). The RNGC misidentifies NGC
1742 by calling it equal to NGC 1740.
******************************
NGC 1743 =
LMC-N83A = ESO 056-EN21 = S-L 87
04 54 03.2 -69
11 57
V = 11.3; Size 1.0'
25"
(10/17/17 - OzSky): at 244x + NPB filter; extremely bright, fairly large,
irregular, extends ~1.5' NW-SE.
The most prominent section has a very high surface brightness and
contains a mag 12.5 star. This
knot is surrounded by a fainter halo to the SE and E, along with an extension
towards the NE that ends just south of NGC 1737 (nearly connected). In the same nebulous complex (N83) is
NGC 1748 ~2' NE, NGC 1745 3' NE, NGC 1737 2' NW and NGC 1756 5' SE.
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): brightest section of an excellent
HII/cluster complex including NGC 1737, 1745, 1748 and 1756. At 200x, NGC 1743 appeared very bright,
moderately large, ~50" diameter.
Contains a very high surface brightness "core" with a fairly
bright star involved. A larger "halo"
extending mostly north roughly doubles the size to ~1.7'. NGC 1737, a faint extension with a
couple of stars involved, is 1.8' NNW.
NGC 1743 and NGC 1748 (a bright high surface brightness knot 2' NE) are
embedded within a very large, irregular, low surface brightness haze extending
~3' (stellar association LH 5 and emission nebula LMC-N83), oriented roughly
from NGC 1743 on the SW side to NGC 1745 on the NE end.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1743 = D 114 = h2699 on 3 Aug 1826 and described "a small
round nebula, about 20" diameter, bright at the centre." JH recorded this object on 3 Nov 1834
as "round, gradually brighter in the middle; 2' (thick haze)." He
next saw it as "bright, round, resolvable; No. 2 in a group of four
forming a sort of lozenge." The four objects he refers to are NGC 1737,
1743, 1745 and 1748.
Joseph Turner
sketched these four nebulous clusters in November 1876 using the 48" Great
Melbourne Telescope. The
orientation of the objects is not very good (even if north is not at the top),
and NGC 1743 is sketched as a very elongated, curvy nebulosity oriented N-S.
NGC 1743 is
plotted as an planetary nebula on the Skalnate Pleso "Atlas of the
Heavens" as well as the Sky Atlas 2000.0.
******************************
NGC 1744 = ESO
486-005 = MCG -04-12-029 = PGC 16517
04 59 57.6 -26
01 19
V = 11.1; Size 8.1'x4.4'; Surf Br = 14.9; PA = 168d
13.1"
(1/18/85): weak central brightening.
A faint double star at 20" separation is at the north edge.
13.1"
(12/22/84): fairly faint, fairly large, very diffuse, elongated 5:2 ~N-S,
5'x2', fairly even surface brightness.
Two mag 14 stars are at the north edge 2.5' from the center with a total
of three or four faint stars superimposed.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1744 = h2692 and called "vF, vL, vmE, vgvlbM, 4' long, 2.5'
broad." His position is ~35
sec of RA too far east, but the identification is certain based on the
description. Joseph Turner
sketched this galaxy in Dec 1876 using the 48" Great Melbourne Telescope
(http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/lithograph_m_3_23.php). Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position in 1898 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory
(repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 1745 =
LMC-N83D
04 54 27 -69 09
34
V = 13.4; Size 1.5'x1.0'
25"
(10/17/17 - OzSky): fairly faint but easily visible as an irregular nebulous
haze (N83D), fairly large, surrounding a half-dozen stars mag 14 and
fainter. Good contrast gain with a
NPB filter at 244x. In a group of
nebulae with compact NGC 1748 1.5' S and NGC 1743 3.5' SW.
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly faint, fairly large
nebulosity with a half dozen mag 13.5-14.5 stars involved, ~1' diameter. Located on the NE side of the NGC 1743
complex (association LH 5 and emission nebula LMC-N83), ~1.5' N of NGC 1748 and
3' NE of NGC 1743, the two main sections of the complex.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1745 = h2702 on 11 Nov 1836 and logged "faint, small, No 3
in a group of 4. Place estimated from No. 2." The four objects are NGC
1737, 1743, 1745 and NGC 1748.
Joseph Turner sketched the group in 1876 in "Observations of the
Southern Nebulae made with the [48"] Great Melbourne Telescope". See
http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/lithograph_m_3_22.php
Misidentified on
the Hodge-Wright LMC Atlas with a small group of stars off the SE edge of NGC
1743.
******************************
NGC 1746 = Cr 57
= Mel 28 = OCL-452
05 03 50 +23 46
12
Size 42'
17.5"
(2/22/87): very bright, very large, large range of magnitudes, spread out
overall but locally rich in a few spots.
Includes two main subgroups - NGC 1750 and NGC 1758 - which are probably
the only clusters here, along with several mag 7.5-8.5 stars. NGC 1750 consists of two dozen stars on
the south side. It appears as a
fairly large oval oriented NW-SE with a void in the center and includes a nice
mag 9.1/9.1 pair at 20". NGC
1758 is a richer, roundish group of stars close northeast (though probably
unrelated physically to NGC 1950) including about two dozen stars. NGC 1758 is bracketed by two mag 8
stars oriented N-S and a mag 7 star is off the east end. Includes five mag 13 stars at the east
side.
NGC 1746,
although often applied to the 40' field including NGC 1750 and 1758, may in
fact be a duplicate of NGC 1750 or just a group of faint field stars noted by
d'Arrest while searching for NGC 1750.
13"
(12/22/84): about 100 stars in 20' field.
The brightest mag 7 star (HD 32461) at the south edge and there are many
nearby bright stars.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 1746 on 9 Nov 1863 with an 11" refractor while
searching for NGC 1750 and called it a poor cluster. His position is roughly 10' north of WH's position for NGC
1750 = VIII-43 though d'Arrest refers to his "cluster" as H
VIII-43. NGC 1746 is often applied
to the entire 40' field including NGC 1750 and 1758 on the east side but Harold
Corwin suggests that NGC 1746 may indeed be a duplicate of NGC 1750 or perhaps
just a group of stars on the north
edge of NGC 1750. In any case, it
is not a separate cluster from NGC 1750 and 1759, although I've retained the
position and size often found in observing books and atlases.
******************************
NGC 1747 =
LMC-N9 = ESO 085-SC016 = S-L 98
04 55 11 -67 10
06
V = 9.4
18" (7/9/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 128x and UHC filter, this LMC nebulous
cluster appeared as a fairly large, low surface brightness glow, ~4' diameter
encasing a mag 9.7 star (HD 32034).
Without the filter the cluster consists of a number of mag 12 and
fainter stars that huddle around the bright star. On the DSS, the emission component (N9) is a nearly complete
large bubble of 5'-6' in diameter (open on the NE end) with the bright star in
the interior to the southwest of center.
The stellar component is part of association LH 6. NGC 1735 lies 6.5' NW and NGC 1774 is
17' ESE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1747 = h2701 on 2 Nov 1834 and described as "A star 9th mag
in the centre of a poor cluster of very small stars, 4' diameter."
******************************
NGC 1748 = IC
2114 = LMC-N83B = ESO 056-EN024
04 54 24.7 -69
11 02
V = 12.3; Size 0.7'
25"
(10/17/17 - OzSky): at 244x + NPB filter; fairly bright but fairly small round
patch (N83B) with a high surface brightness and a diameter of ~30". At 397x, a 13th mag "star"
was resolved at the southeast edge.
This star is classified as a high excitation H II blob [HEB]. According to Iranian-born astronomer
Mohammed Heydari-Malayeri , these unusual objects represent "early
stages of massive stars emerging from their embryonic molecular clouds". Unfiltered a second star (mag ~13.5) is
involved closer to the center, forming a 7" double with the HEB. NGC 1748 is in a group of interesting
nebulae with NGC 1743 2' SW, NGC 1745 1.5' N and NGC 1737 2.5' WNW. Also NGC 1756 (open cluster) is 4' SE.
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): this HII region (LMC-N83B)
appeared as a bright, small, high surface bright knot in a striking group of
nebulae, 20" diameter. A
couple of stars are involved in the bright glow. A mag 10.3 star is 1.9' SW. NGC 1743 lies 2' SW
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1748 = h2704 on 11 Nov 1836 and reported "pB, vS, R, No. 4
in a group of 4." The other
three objects are NGC 1737, 1743, 1745.
According to Harold Corwin, IC 2114 = Fleming 86, discovered by
Williamina Fleming on a Harvard objective prism plate taken at the Arequipa
station in 1901, is probaby the bright knot at the east edge that is classified
as a HEB -- or "High Excitation Blob".
Joseph Turner
sketched the nebular complex in "Observations of the Southern Nebulae made
with the [48"] Great Melbourne Telescope". See
http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/lithograph_m_3_22.php
******************************
NGC 1749 = ESO
056-SC026 = S-L 93
04 54 56.0 -68
11 22
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'
18" (7/9/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): extremely faint, very small glow, ~20"
diameter. Located 2' NW of NGC
1755.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1749 = h2703 on 30 Dec 1836 and recorded "vF; R; the
preceding of two [with NGC 1755] in the field." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1750
05 04 00 +23 38
42
Size 20'
17.5"
(1/19/91): prominent subgroup of two dozen stars within NGC 1746 on the SW
side. Fairly large, oval outline
oriented NW-SE, void in the center.
Includes a nice double star 9.1/9.1 at 20". NGC 1758 is close NE (though probably
physically unrelated ). Modern
catalogues apply NGC 1746 to the entire cluster (see description), although NGC
1750 (from William Herschel) and NGC 1746 (from d'Arrest) are either identical
or just parts of the same cluster.
13": group
of fainter stars, just SE of open cluster NGC 1746.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1750 = H VIII-43, along with NGC 1758, on 26 Dec 1785 (sweep
493) and described a "A cl of very coarsely scattered L *, joining to the
following [VII 21 = NGC 1758] I believe." His position indicates NGC 1750 is the large, elongated
group of stars centered at 05 03 55 +23 39.5, just southwest of NGC 1758. Although NGC 1750 is generally taken as
a subgroup (on the SE side) of much larger NGC 1746, Corwin suggests that Heinrich
d'Arrest's NGC 1746, which was found while searching for NGC 1750, is actually
a duplicate of NGC 1750. Karl
Reinmuth, in his 1926 survey based on Heidelberg plates, states that NGC 1750
is the central group in a very large cluster also containing NGC 1746 and NGC
1758.
******************************
NGC 1751 = ESO
056-SC023 = S-L 89
04 54 12 -69 48
24
V = 11.7; Size 1.7'
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly bright, fairly large,
round, 1.3' diameter, slightly brighter offset core with an irregular
halo. Two mag 15-15.5 stars
resolved at the edges and a couple of extremely faint mag 16-16.5 stars are
occasionally resolved within the cluster.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1751 = D 78 = h2705 on 24 Sep 1826 with his 9" reflector
and described as "a small faint nebula, about 15" diameter, with a
minute star slightly involved in the south side." His position is 12' ESE
of this cluster. though this
observation was missed by JH when compiling the GC. Dunlop's position is 12' ESE of the cluster. JH independently discovered this
cluster on 12 Nov 1836 and logged "extremely faint, irregularly round; 2'
diameter".
According to
Wolfgang Steinicke, this is the faintest (at V = 14.5) of Dunlop's discoveries
but it was much more prominent visually (described as a "fairly
bright" using Zane Hammond's 24"). Also, 1996ApJS..102...57 gives V = 11.7, so Steinicke's
magnitude may be from an erroneous source (same mag repeated in DOCdb).
******************************
NGC 1752 = MCG
-01-13-047 = PGC 16600
05 02 09.4 -08
14 27
V = 12.4; Size 2.6'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 70d
17.5"
(12/8/90): fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 WSW-ENE, even
surface brightness. A pair of mag
11.5 stars are 2' NE (50" separation WNW-ESE) and a fainter mag 12.5 star
is 3.8' NE. Located 10' WSW of mag
7.8 SAO 131718 at the south end of the huge Witch-Head Nebula.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 1752 on 30 Dec 1861 with the 11" refractor at
Copenhagen. His mean position
(measured on 2 nights) and description is accurate
******************************
NGC 1753 = MCG
-01-13-048 = PGC 16610
05 02 32.1 -03
20 35
V = 14.7; Size 1.6'x1.0'; Surf Br = 15.1; PA = 15d
17.5"
(12/23/89): extremely faint, fairly small, low even surface brightness. A close double star mag 13/15 is 3'
SE. NGC 1740 lies 10' WNW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1753 = Sw V-67 on 31 Oct 1886 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory. His position
and comment "s of [NGC 1740]" applies to MCG -01-13-048 = PGC 16610,
though the direction is ESE.
******************************
NGC 1754 = ESO
056-SC025 = S-L 91
04 54 18 -70 26
30
V = 11.6; Size 1.6'
30"
(10/14/15 - OzSky): bright, fairly small, round, high surface brightness with a
relatively thin outer halo, 45" diameter. Mottled, but unresolved except for a couple of mag 15.5
stars at the edges. A mag 11 star
is just off the southeast side [33" from center]. A mag 10 star (HD 268805) is 3.8'
NNW. NGC 1775 lies 13' E and NGC
1776 is 15' NE. NGC 1754 is one of
15 bona-fide ancient GC's in the LMC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1754 = h2708 on 12 Nov 1836 and recorded "F, S, R,
20". Has a 13th mag star close to edge (about 45 degrees S.f. by
diag.)". His position and
description is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1755 = ESO
256-SC028 = S-L 99
04 55 14.7 -68
12 20
V = 9.9; Size 2'
18" (7/9/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): bright, compact cluster, round, 1.5'
diameter, brighter core, no resolution.
Forms a pair with much fainter NGC 1749 2' NW.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1755 = D 167 = h2706 on 3 Oct 1826 with his 9" reflector
and described a "pretty bright round well-defined nebula, 15 arcsec
diameter." Dunlop made two
observations and his position is 7' west of center. JH made a single observation on 30 Dec 1836 and recorded
"very bright, round, gradually brighter in the middle; 60". The
following of two [with NGC 1749] in the field."
******************************
NGC 1756 = ESO
056-SC27 = S-L 94
04 54 49.9 -69
14 16
V = 12.2; Size 1.1'
25"
(10/17/17 - OzSky): fairly bright, relatively lrge, round, 1' diameter,
irregular surface brightness, slightly brighter center but no resolution. In a striking field with NGC 1748 4' NW
and NGC 1743 centered 4.7' WNW.
LMC-N90, a
compact HII region 3.7' SE, appeared as a small but moderately high surface
brightness hazy knot, ~20" diameter.
This object is categorized as a Low Excitation Blob (LEB) with a [O
III]/H-beta ratio = 0.65.
S-L 114, located
7' ESE, was resolved at 397x into 4 stars in a knot including a 12th mag star,
surrounding by unresolved haze. A
mag 11.5 star is 0.9' SSE.
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): moderately bright cluster,
relatively large, round, 1.0' diameter, broad concentration with no nucleus or
resolution. Located ~5' SE of the
NGC 1743 HII complex (LMC-N83) and stellar association LH 5, which includes NGC
1737, 1743, 1745 and 1748.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1756 = h2707 on on 11 Nov 1836 and noted "vF, S, R." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1757
05 02 36 -04 43
=Not found,
Corwin and Dreyer.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1757 = h343 on 11 Nov 1836 and described as a "very large
space affected with nebulous streams in zigzags up and down. (N.B. Such observations require several verifications. The opportunity has not occurred in
this case.)". It was not seen
on 6 or 7 attempts at Birr Castle in the years 1848-1858. It was not found twice by Tempel nor by
Spiraler and Karl Reinmuth was unsuccessful identifying it on Heidelberg plates. Harold Corwin concludes it is
nonexistent (see his notes for more).
******************************
NGC 1758 =
OCL-453 = Lund 150
05 04 33 +23 48
54
Size 10'
17.5"
(1/19/91): about two dozen stars visible at 100x. Moderately large, roundish group comprising one of the
subgroups of NGC 1746 on the east side.
Located between two mag 8 stars (oriented N-S) and a mag 7 star (HD
32575) is close east. Includes five
mag 13 stars at the east side. The
larger NGC 1750 group is close SW also within NGC 1746.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1758 = H VII-21, along with NGC 1750, on 26 Dec 1785 (sweep 493)
and described "a cluster of pretty compressed stars with many extremely
small stars mixed with them."
Auwers' re-reduced position places H VII-21 at 05 04 24 +23 48, matching
this 10' group of stars.
A 1992 article
"Probable open clusters NGC 1750 and NGC 1758 behind the Taurus dark
clouds" (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992BaltA...1..125S0) concludes
that NGC 1758 and NGC 1750 may be true open clusters are different distances
and a 1999 article
(http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FA%3A1002118814371?LI=true) arrives
at the same conclusion. Another
1998 article "The Overlapping Clusters NGC 1750 and NGC 1758" in
A&AS, 333, 471 concluded there was at least 1 cluster in the area (but
could not conclude it was a double cluster) and that NGC 1746 was not a
cluster. Finally, in a Feb 2005
S&T article, James Kaler states that "N1750 and N1758 are probably two
different clusters separated along our line of sight by 500 light years, but
they appear to fall almost directly atop each other"
******************************
NGC 1759 = ESO
305-001 = MCG -06-12-001 = PGC 16547
05 00 49.0 -38
40 27
V = 13.1; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.7
18"
(1/17/09): very faint, small, round, 25" diameter. Not seen initially (confused a close
double star as nebulous) until I carefully checked the position. This galaxy is the brightest member of
AGC 3301 and the only one viewed at a very low elevation (9 degrees).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1759 = h2700 on 28 Nov 1837 and called "vF; pL vglbM;
90"." His position is 2'
S of ESO 305-001 = PGC 16547.
******************************
NGC 1760 =
LMC-N11F = ESO 085-EN19 = LH 9
04 56 36 -66 31
36
V = 11.5; Size 2'
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): appears as a 1.7' E-W string of a half-dozen
stars over fairly bright nebulosity.
The emission haze is brightest just south of the string and extending to
the west of the string a couple of arc minutes. Irregular nebulosity also branches out to the south of the
string for another 2' and involves a mag 12 star. Another 2' string of N-S stars is on the west side of the
haze.
NGC 1760 is at
the SW end of a stunning complex (LHA 120-N11) of clusters and nebulosity including NGC 1763 = Bean Nebula,
a showpiece nebula and cluster centered 7' NE; NGC 1761, a larger cluster and
nebulosity just 3' N; NGC 1769, a bright emission nebula 8' NE; along with NGC
1773, NGC 1776 and IC 2115. Lucke
and Hodge assign NGC 1760 and 1761 to stellar association LH 9.
13.1"
(2/17/04 - Costa Rica): very faint, small, elongated 1' strip just 3' S of NGC
1761 with one or two stars barely resolved.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1760 = h2709 on 20 Dec 1835 and described "a very faint,
small nebula, with three very small stars involved. Place deduced not from a sweep but from a drawing carefully
made of its configuration with the neighbouring nebula, especially of the
cluster [NGC 1761]."
Steinicke attributes James Dunlop with the discovery (D 231), but I feel
this object is not obvious enough to have been picked up with his 9"
speculum reflector.
NGC 1760 was
recorded in "Observations of the Southern Nebulae made with the [48"]
Great Melbourne Telescope": Baracchi, in November 1884, says:—
"Very faint, small, roundish, three stars in it, 16th or 17th magnitude.
Agrees exactly with H[erschel]. and T[urner]. No stars in the field. Three
stars involved are not shown distinctly in the lithograph. They really appear
as three distinct stars involved in very faint roundish nebula, whereas
lithograph shows bright nebula with stars too diffused and
uncertain." I think the
sketch, though, applies to NGC 1763 and not this string of stars.
******************************
NGC 1761 = ESO
085-SC18 = S-L 122 = LH 9
04 56 38 -66 28
42
V = 9.9; Size 4.2'x3.0'
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): bright, large cluster sandwiched between the
showpiece Bean Nebula (NGC 1763) to the north and NGC 1760 to the south. There are roughly 80 stars mag 11 to 16
in a 3.5' irregularly shaped group over some background haze. The stars are fairly even distributed
except for a detached 1.3' group of 10-12 stars off the NW side. Including this detached section, the
overall size of this star cloud (association LH 9) is 5'x3.5'. On the northwest side of the main
cluster is HD 32228 = Brey 9, a compact knot containing at least 16 early-type
stars including a Wolf-Rayet star (type WC5 with dominant carbon emission) and
an O9-type star. Visually I noted
a close bright double star (h3716 = 11.7/12.4 at 5").
13.1"
(2/17/04 - Costa Rica): this rich group of very faint stars is located just
south of the south end of the HII region/cluster NGC 1763. On the west side is a quasi-stellar mag
10 object and the cluster is elongated E-W, 2'x1'. On the west side of the brighter star is another small group
of faint stars and haze which may be a continuation of the cluster.
James Dunlop was
probably the discoverer of NGC 1761 = D 231 on 6 Nov 1826, recording "a
faint round nebula, 1' diameter."
His position is 15' too far south, a typical error. This identification is reasonable,
assuming D 230 applies to NGC 1763 (Bean Nebula), although Steinicke applies D
230 to NGC 1760, a much less obvious object.
JH independently
discovered NGC 1761= h2710 on 11 Dec 1835 and recorded the "chief star 9th
mag in a large loose cluster." He made 3 observations as well as including
it on a sketch (Plate III, fig 3), along with NGC 1760, 1763 and 1769.
******************************
NGC 1762 = UGC
3238 = MCG +00-13-067 = CGCG 394-073 = LGG 120-024 = PGC 16654
05 03 37.0 +01
34 25
V = 12.6; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 175d
13.1"
(11/29/86): faint, small, oval ~N-S.
A mag 13 star is superimposed on the east side.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1762 = H III-453 on 8 Oct 1785 (sweep 462) and logged "vF,
vS, 240 confirmed it."
Caroline Herschel made an error in reducing WH's offset in RA and his
published position was 10 tmin of RA too far west. Coincidentally, that placed it close to UGC 3198. When JH observed this galaxy, he
equated his h335 with H III-453.
JH sorted out the mistake when compiling the GC. The NGC dec is 3' too
far north.
******************************
NGC 1763 = Bean
Nebula = LMC-N11B = ESO 085-EN20 = S-L 125 = LH 10
04 56 45 -66 24
36
Size 5'x3'
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): The Bean Nebula complex (LHA 120-N11) is the
second largest stellar nursery in the LMC after the Tarantula Nebula. The showpiece object is NGC 1763, which
sits near the center of a stunning field of emission nebulae and clusters
including NGC 1760 7' S, NGC 1761 3' S, NGC 1769 6.5' SE, NGC 1773 8' ENE and
NGC 1776 11' E. NGC 1763 is a very
bright, very large irregular nebula, shaped like a kidney-bean or a fetus. The
main body extends 5'x3', elongated SW-NE with a bulbous portion on the
northeast side and an indentation (weaker nebulosity) on the south side. Overall the surface brightness is very
high, though uneven, and much fainter haze and filaments flow out from the Bean
in most directions. Within the main
body, the nebula is brightest in a loop on the southwest side and secondly in a
section on the northeast side.
LH 10, a large
cluster or OB-association (youngest in the LMC-N11 complex) with roughly two
dozen resolved stars is involved with the nebula. LH 10 includes a number of 12-13 mag stars (several of which
are massive O3-type stars), many in an elongated 1' group on the southwestern
side. The brightest mag 11.7
"star" (PGMW 3070) is actually an extremely compact cluster with 18
stars resolved by the HST. A wide
pair [17" separation] of mag 11.9 and 12.9 stars (HD 268721 and PGMW 3223)
is ~1.5' ENE of the main stellar group; one of these may be IC 2115. At the
northeast edge of the cluster is mag 11.3 HD 268726 (sometimes identified as IC
2115) and 45" further east is IC 2116, a high surface brightness HII knot
of ~15" diameter. Very faint
haze at the NE side of NGC 1763 bulges towards IC 2116. The surrounding field is rich in stars
between the individual objects with some locally brighter patches of
nebulosity.
13.1"
(2/17/04 - Costa Rica): this emission nebula and cluster is set in fascinating
field of several clusters and HII regions including NGC 1761, 1769, and
1773. The nebula is fairly bright,
large, very elongated WSW-ENE, 4'x2'.
A few stars are superimposed on the nebulosity. The roughly oval outline is irregular
and the HII region appears brighter on the WSW side near a rich group of stars
at the WSW tip. A couple of mag 11
stars are close off the NE end. IC
2115 and IC 2116 comprise the western and eastern portion of this object. After viewing this group of objects,
the LMC which was well past the meridian disappeared behind some low clouds.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1763 = D 230 with his 9" reflector and described a
"very faint rather elliptical nebula, about 2' diameter. This is the preceding largest of three
nebulae forming a triangle".
Dunlop made two observations and his position is ~12' south of the
"Bean Nebula", but his description seems to apply.
JH made 5
observations of this nebula, describing it on one sweep as "a vB, vL neb
with stars (the chief of which in the anterior part of the neb taken) of a
crooked rounded oblong starpe. A
fine object. See fig. 3. Plate
III." His excellent sketch
includes NGC 1760, 1761, 1763 and 1769.
******************************
NGC 1764 = ESO
056-SC030 = S-L 115
04 56 28 -67 41
36
V = 12.6; Size 1.0'
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): relatively bright, fairly small,
round, 0.4' diameter. At 200x, a
few very tightly packed stars are resolved within the glow. A mag 14.2 star is 0.6' S and a mag 12
star is 2.2' SW. NGC 1786 lies 15'
ESE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1764 = h2713 on 2 Jan 1837 and described as "very faint,
small, round, 15". The zone here is full of grouping and clustering
stars." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 1765 = ESO
119-024 = PGC 16444
04 58 24.3 -62
01 41
V = 12.9; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 150d
14" (4/7/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x): fairly faint or moderately bright, fairly small, round,
30" diameter, small bright core, moderate surface brightness. A mag 11.5 star is 3.9' SSE and a mag
12 star is 7.8' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1765 = h2712 on 26 Dec 1834 and described as "vF; S; R;
glbM; 15"." His
position, measured on two sweeps, is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1766 = ESO
056-SC029 = S-L 113
04 55 58 -70 13
30
V = 12.2; Size 0.7'
30"
(10/14/15 - OzSky): bright LMC cluster, ~35" diameter. Two mag 14 stars are resolved, as well
as 3-5 mag 15+ stars over haze.
Located 2.7' ENE of mag 10 HD 268824 and 4.7' NNE of mag 9.5 HD
32229. NGC 1754 lies 15' SW and
NGC 1775 is 13' SSE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1766 = h2717 on 23 Dec 1834 and recorded "F, S, R, gbM, 25
arcsec." On a second sweep he
called it "vF, R, 30 arcsec. Taken at leaving the field, which, in so
faint an object, is a source of uncertainty in R.A." His position, though, is fairly
accurate.
******************************
NGC 1767 =
LMC-N94A? = ESO 056-SC31 = S-L 120
04 56 27.3 -69
24 08
V = 10.6; Size 1'
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 218x, this compact LMC cluster
appeared bright, small, round, ~25" diameter. It contains a very small bright core and an exhibits an
overall high surface brightness.
Forms the western vertex of a triangle with NGC 1782 7.4' E and NGC 1772
9.5' SSE. Just 2' N, I noticed a
very faint and small, round cluster, ~15" diameter (verified as
Shapley-Lindsay 123). These
clusters are part of LH 8, a large OB-association of stars. Emission nebula LMC-N94A is off the
west side and N94B is close south, though no nebulosity was noticed
(unfiltered).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1767 between Nov 1836 and Mar 1837 with a 5-inch refractor and
recorded as#123 in his preliminary catalogue of "Stars, Nebulae and
Clusters in the Nubecula Major."
Dreyer added the cluster to the GC Supplement as GC 5062.
******************************
NGC 1768 = ESO
056-SC032 = S-L 127
04 57 02.7 -68
14 54
V = 12.8; Size 0.7'
18" (7/9/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 128x, this LMC cluster appeared fairly
faint, small, 0.7' diameter. It
seemed to consist of a chain of faint knots of stars. Located 10' ESE of NGC 1755.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1768 = h2718 on 30 Dec 1836 and described as "F; R; gbM;
20"." His position is
just off the southwest side of this cluster.
******************************
NGC 1769 =
LMC-N11C = ESO 085-EN23 = LH 13
04 57 45 -66 27
48
Size 2'
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): bright, large oval nebula oriented SW-NE,
roughly 3'x2'. At the center is a
mag 11.5 "star" (Sk -66 41), with three mag 14-14.5 companions, the
closest 15" SE (an O3 or O4-class star). A small, bright knot (~10" diameter) is embedded on the
south side of the nebula, just 0.9' S of the central star. NGC 1769 is roughly centered within the
stunning NGC 1763 (Bean Nebula) complex with showpiece NGC 1763 just 6.5' NW,
NGC 1761 6' WSW, NGC 1776 6' NE, NGC 1760 8' SW and NGC 1773 7' NNE.
Sk -66 41 was
once thought to be one of the most single massive and luminous stars in the LMC
but it was resolved into a very compact cluster with ~15 components. The star 15" southeast (O3-class)
may be the ionizing source of the nebula.
The 10" knot on the south side (identified as HNT 1 in SIMBAD) has
been resolved into a compact cluster of ~70 stars mag 17 and fainter.
13.1"
(2/17/04 - Costa Rica): fairly bright HII region in a fascinating group with
several clusters and nebulae.
Appears fairly large, round, 2' diameter with a single mag 11 at the
center. Situated 6' SE of the cluster/HII region NGC
1763 and a similar distance NNE of NGC 1760.
James Dunlop
probably discovered NGC 1769 = D 232 on 6 Nov 1826 and reported "a faint
round nebula, about 1 1/2' in diameter." His position is 11' SSW of the LMC nebula, but roughly
matching the positional offset he made with NGC 1763.
JH discovered
the nebula on 2 Nov 1834 and recorded for h2716, "B, irregularly R; 2';
has a 10th mag star in centre." The next observation reads: "vB;
vsmbM to a 10th mag star which is double or triple. Other clusters and nebulae
in field." JH made a total of five observations of this nebula.
******************************
NGC 1770 =
LMC-N91 = ESO 056-SC35 = S-L 130 = IC 2117 = LH 12
04 57 17.0 -68
24 39
Size 3'x2'
18" (7/9/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this LMC object is an interesting mix of a
star cluster (OB-association LH 12) and associated nebulosity (LMC-N91A = IC
2117), with the nebulosity mostly on the south side. Includes a mag 10 star near the center and a number of mag
11-12 and fainter stars. The stars
are mostly on the north side of the nebulosity with several in small clumps.
S-L 105, located
13' SW of NGC 1770, was observed in a 25" on 17 Oct 2017. It appeared moderately bright, fairly
small, round, 30" diameter.
Contains a relatively large bright core but there was no
resolution. An additional 6' SSW
is N86, a verified LMC supernova remnant.
It was picked up unfiltered as a large, low surface brightness hazy
region, just south of a mag 11.8 star.
A couple of 14th mag stars appear involved with the haze. There was a weak contrast gain adding a
NPB filter, with the most evident section ~1' diameter [centered 1.2' S of the
mag 11.8 star] and slightly brighter on the east side.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1770 = D 169 = h2715 with his 9" reflector and described a
"pretty bright pretty large nebula, of an irregular round figure, 5'
diameter; a little brighter in the middle." He made 2 observations and his position is accurate. JH attributed the discovery to Dunlop
and described the object on 23 Nov 1834 as a "cluster of 6th class; pretty
rich, large, irregular figure, brighter in the middle; stars of 11..18th mag;
fine object." On a second
sweep he wrote "A star of 9th mag, the chief of a cluster of 6th class, 4'
diameter; nebulous. The most condensed part is 1' south of the stars."
******************************
NGC 1771 = ESO
085-027 = PGC 16472
04 58 55.7 -63
17 54
V = 13.4; Size 1.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 136d
14" (4/7/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x): faint, fairly small, very elongated 4:1 NW-SE,
1.2'x0.3', low surface brightness, occasional faint stellar nucleus. Two mag 12 stars are 1.7' SW and 3' SW. Located 6' SE of mag 8.2 HD 32363 and
4' SE of a mag 10.7 star (the two stars are nearly collinear with the major
axis of the galaxy).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1771 = h2720 on 25 Dec 1837 and recorded "vF, mE, glbM,
25" long, in field with many B and 1 vB * 7' m np the neb." His CGH position is accurate, but he
made an error precessing the coordinates to 1860 for the GC, where the position
is 10' too far south. This was
copied by Dreyer into the NGC.
Eric Lindsa notes in "Some NGC objects in the Large Magellanic
Cloud" (IAJ, 6, 286-289), "A galaxy at the same RA but 9' south,
which seems to be this object."
******************************
NGC 1772 = ESO
056-SC33 = S-L 128
04 56 54.1 -69
33 24
V = 11.0; Size 1.5'
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly bright, fairly small,
irregularly round, 40"x35".
Sharply concentrated with a bright, 15" core. Three faint stars are
resolved on the south side of the cluster and one on the north side. Forms the southern vertex of a triangle
with LMC clusters NGC 1767 9.5' NNW and NGC 1782 11' NNE, which are part of
stellar association LH 8.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1772 = h2722 on 23 Dec 1834 and recorded "pB, S, R,
40", resolvable, preceded by a hook of stars 12th mag." On a second sweep he recorded "an
irregularly round, compact cluster, bM, 40" diameter." Finally on a third observation he
logged "pF, R, resolvable, among numberless stars." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1773 =
LMC-N11E = ESO 085-EN25 = LH 14
04 58 11 -66 21
36
Size 2.7'x2.1'
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly large, bright glow, oval 3:2 ~N-S,
2.2'x1.5'. On first glance, two
brighter mag 12/13 stars are offset southwest of the geometric center and
separated by 17". But on
closer inspection the more central star (0-type supergiant SK -66¡43), resolved
into a very close double. In additional a couple of fainter mag 15/15.5 stars
are superimposed on the north side of the glow. The nebulosity is slightly irregular in surface brightness
and brighter along the rim, particularly on the southwest side. This emission nebula is located at the
northeast end of the NGC 1763 (Bean Nebula) complex with NGC 1763 centered 9'
SW, NGC 1769 7' SSW and NGC 1776 5' SSE.
13.1"
(2/17/04 - Costa Rica): this HII region is the furthest NE in a group of HII
regions and clusters. Appears
fairly faint, fairly small, 1'-1.5' diameter with a couple of stars or a knot
near the center. Located 9' ENE of
NGC 1763 and a similar distance NNE of NGC 1769.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1773 = h2721 on 3 Jan 1837 and described as "pF, pL, irregularly
R with two or three bright stars."
His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1774 = ESO
085-SC026 = S-L 141
04 58 07 -67 14
36
V = 10.8; Size 1.8'
30"
(10/14/15 - OzSky): very bright, moderately large, roundish, ~45" diameter. Appears as a clumpy string of stars
~E-W, surrounding by unresolved haze.
A couple of faint stars are resolved on either end of the string and a
few very compact knots and stars "pop" in the main glow. The cluster appears on the verge of
more extensive resolution though would require very high power due to its
compactness. In a fairly poor star
field with a mag 10.2 star 4.1' NW.
NGC 1747 is 17' WNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1774 = h2723 on 23
Nov 1834 and recorded "B, R or oblong, pretty evidently a double star with
a nebula about it." On a
second sweep he called it "pF, R, pgbM" and on his last sweep
"vB, S, R, smbM, 20" (evidently better seen.)".
******************************
NGC 1775 = ESO
056-SC034 = S-L 129
04 56 53 -70 25
48
V = 12.6; Size 0.7'
30"
(10/14/15 - OzSky): bright, elongated ~E-W, 35" diameter, mottled. A couple of mag 16-16.5 stars
occasionally resolve around the edges.
A mag 14 star is 0.9' NW.
The unresolved background glow of the LMC is remarkable just to the
east. NGC 1754 lies 13' W and NGC
1766 is 13' NNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1775 = h2725 on 12 Nov 1836 and logged "vvF, irreg R;
2'." His position is just off
the east side of this 1' cluster.
******************************
NGC 1776 = ESO
085-SC028 = S-L 145
04 58 40 -66 25
48
V = 13.0; Size 1.1'
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): located on the east side of the NGC 1763 (Bean
Nebula) complex, this cluster is moderately bright, fairly small, well
concentrated with a small bright core surrounded by a 50" halo. A couple of extremely faint stars are
just visible in the halo. Located
5' SE of emission nebula NGC 1773, 6' ENE of emission nebula NGC 1769 and 2.7'
NE of a mag 10.8 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1776 = h2724 on 3 Jan 1837 and described "vF; S; R;
gbM." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 1777 = ESO
033-SC001 = S-L 121
04 55 48 -74 17
06
V = 12.8; Size 2.1'
30"
(10/14/15 - OzSky): fairly bright, fairly small, irregular shape, 45"
diameter. Two mag 11.2/11.5 stars
= HJ 3722 at 31" separation are superimposed on the east side of the
glow! Only a couple of mag 16
stars pop around the edges of the mottled glow. Mag 12.5 and 13 stars lies 2.2' SE and 1.7' NW and a
brighter mag 10.6 star is 3.6' N.
Located 38' N of mag 5.5 Eta Mensae.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1777 = h2728 on 11 Nov 1836 and reported "eF, E, attached
to and following a double star [of 9th magnitude]." His CGH position is exactly 1 min of RA
west of this cluster, but the identification is certain. The wide double star, though, is east
and southeast of the core and this error was corrected by JH in the GC.
******************************
NGC 1778 = Cr 58
= OCL-429 = Lund 152
05 08 06 +37 01
24
V = 7.7; Size 7'
17.5"
(2/1/92): about 50 stars mag 10-15 in a 15' field. Most stars are arranged in two rows oriented NW-SE with a
dark lane between. Fairly
scattered overall, includes several double stars. There is a nice double star 10/10 at 15" with two mag
13 stars near and 4' SE is a close striking double star h3266 = 9.9/11.1 at
8". A fairly rich clump is at
the SE end of cluster.
8": 20
stars mag 10 and fainter in a 6' field, small, elongated NW-SE, nice double
star 10/10. Includes a string of
mag 10-11 star to the north.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1778 = H VIII-61 = h344 on 17 Jan 1787 (sweep 693) and noted
"a coarsely scattered cluster of large stars, irr F, not rich, like a
forming one." His position is
off the SW side of the cluster. JH
described "a double star in a pretty close cluster of 20 or 30
stars." His position is 20'
too far north, but he corrected the NPD in a short errata list at the end of
his Slough catalogue and the GC has the correct position.
******************************
NGC 1779 = MCG
-02-13-041 = PGC 16713
05 05 18.0 -09
08 50
V = 12.1; Size 2.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 135d
17.5"
(12/8/90): fairly faint, fairly small.
Contains a small, well-defined, fairly bright oval core that's elongated
3:2 NW-SE, very faint oval halo.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1779 = H III-500 = h345 = h2714 on 30 Jan 1786 (sweep 516) and
called it "cF, S, irr F, bM.". JH observed this galaxy both from
Slough and at the Cape. His CGH
observation reads ""pB, R, gbM, it is visible in strong moonlight and
is much brighter than II.522 [NGC 1636] or III.399 [NGC 4163]."
Joseph Turner
made a sketch with the Great Melbourne Telescope
(http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/lithograph_m_3_25.php)
with the comment "Present aspect agrees with H.'s description." In
1882 he added, "The nebula becomes gradually brighter towards the middle,
not suddenly as shown in the lithograph."
******************************
NGC 1780 = ESO
553-001 = MCG -03-13-070 = PGC 16743
05 06 20.7 -19
28 00
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 84d
17.5"
(1/20/90): very faint, very small, round.
A mag 13 star is 1.4' NNE.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 1780 = LM I-145 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory. His
rough position (nearest min of RA) is 1.6 min of RA west and 1' north of ESO
553-001. Herbert Howe measured an
accurate position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin
Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 1781 = NGC
1794 = ESO 553-007 = MCG -03-14-002 = PGC 16788
05 07 55.0 -18
11 24
See observing
notes for NGC 1794.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1781 = H III-268 on 6 Feb 1785 (sweep 367) and recorded
"eF, vS, stellar, 240 verified it beyond doubt." There was a confusion in the reference
star on the sweep and Auwers' position (used by JH in the GC and Dreyer in the
NGC) is 3.0 min of RA too far west.
Caroline Herschel's reduced position matches ESO 553-007 = PGC 16788.
Ormond Stone
independently discovered this galaxy 100 years later on 11 Dec 1885, recording
it in LM I-146, but his rough position (nearest min of RA) was 1 min too far
west. His sketch (examined by
Corwin) clearly establishes the equivalence. Dreyer assumed it was new and it received the designation
NGC 1794. Herbert Howe, observing
with the 20" refractor at the Chamberlin Observatory in Denver, was unable
to find NGC 1781 on two nights, though measured NGC 1794. He noted the similar descriptions and
difference in RA, and concluded NGC 1781 = NGC 1794. Dreyer repeats this in the IC 2 Notes. In this case, NGC 1781 should takes
historical precedence. RNGC
misidentifies MCG -03-13-071 = PGC 16748 as NGC 1781. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 1782 = ESO
056-SC36 = S-L 140
04 57 51.5 -69
23 38
V = 10.5; Size 1.2'
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): viewed at 228x, this bright LMC
cluster was fairly small, round, 40" diameter, strongly concentrated with
a bright 15" core. Several
faint stars huddle very near or are resolved around the edges. NGC 1782 forms the NE vertex of a
triangle with two other LMC clusters - NGC 1767 7.4' W and NGC 1772 11'
SSE. Located on the east side of
stellar association LH 8, which contains these clusters.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1782 = h2727 on 16 Dec 1835 and described "B, R, pmbM,
35", resolvable." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1783 = ESO
085-SC029 = S-L 148
04 59 08.7 -65
59 18
V = 11.0; Size 3'
30"
(10/18/17 - OzSky): at 202x and 264x; Intensely bright LMC cluster! Very large, roundish, 2.5'-3' diameter,
highly concentrationed with a large, brilliant core that gradually increases
towards the center. At 429x; very
granular or mottled appearance. A
number of extremely faint stars and/or clumps of stars (too many to count)
popped in and out of visibility.
13.1"
(2/17/04 - Costa Rica): moderately bright, fairly large, round, 2.0' diameter,
fairly smooth surface brightness.
Appears to be a globular cluster as it is well-detached in the field
with a fairly crisply defined edge, increasing to a brighter 1' core. NGC 1805 lies 20' ESE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1783 = h2726 on 13 Dec 1835 and recorded "pB, L, R, gbM,
2'." On a second sweep he called it "B, L, R, vgpmbM, resolvable
3'."
******************************
NGC 1784 = MCG
-02-13-042 = PGC 16716
05 05 27.0 -11
52 18
V = 11.7; Size 4.0'x2.5'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 105d
17.5"
(12/3/88): moderately bright, moderately large, oval 3:2 ~E-W, bright
core. Situated in a group of
brighter stars including a mag 11.5 star 3.0' E and a mag 12.5 star 1.3' NNE of
center. Located 14' SE of mag 7.5
SAO 150123.
8"
(10/13/81): faint, moderately large, diffuse. A mag 7 star is in the field to the NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1784 = h2719 on 11 Dec 1836 and recorded "pB, pL,
irregularly round, or vlE, vgbM, 80", among pB stars." His position
is accurate. Ralph Copeland,
observing with 72" on 19 Dec 1873 called it "pB, L, irr E. The brighter part is much elongated
90¡." The brighter part is
the central bar.
******************************
NGC 1785 = ESO
56-**38
04 58 45.4 -68
49 24
Size 3.5'
18" (4/6/16
- Coonabarabran, 236x): asterism of 8 stars superimposed on the LMC. It includes two mag 11/11.7 stars at
the northeast end and a roughly 9" pair of mag 12/12.5 stars at the
southwest end. BSDL 375, a very
faint nebulous patch, was noticed 2' following the two stars at the northeast
end of NGC 1785. One or two mag 15
stars were resolved on the south side of the glow.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1785 between Nov 1836 and Mar 1837 with a 5-inch refractor and
included it as #147 in his preliminary catalogue of "Stars, Nebulae and
Clusters in the Nubecula Major."
No description was given but his position is 04 58 33 -68 51.3
(J2000). ESO lists two possible
candidates: ESO 56-**38 at 04 58
45 -68 49.4 (2000) with comments "Chain of 5 to 10 sts; not in LMC"
and S-L 150 = ESO 56-SC40 at 04 58 57 -69 13 04, which is LMC cluster.
In "Some
NGC objects in the Large Magellanic Cloud" [1964IrAJ....6..286L] Eric
Lindsay states, "Not found. A few bright widely scattered stars NE but no
cluster or nebula. There is a bright cluster, S/L 116, 2m W 3' N and a
conspicuous one, S/L 117, 2m W and 7' S, neither in the NGC. The object is in
the Nub. Cat. only classified as a nebula." RNGC follows Lindsay and classifies this number as
nonexistent.
Based on JH's
position and his LMC sketch, Corwin identified NGC 1785 with asterism of about
5 stars superposed on the LMC (ESO 56-**38). This is the first of the ESO candidates.
******************************
NGC 1786 = ESO
056-SC039 = S-L 149
04 59 08 -67 44
42
V = 10.9; Size 1.2'
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): exceptionally bright, relatively
large, round, 45" diameter, extremely high surface bright core. A mag 11-12 star is superimposed just
northwest of the core! KMHK 412
was picked up as a very faint glow 6.5' SE and just north of two mag 13
stars. NGC 1786 is one of 15
bona-fide ancient GC's in the LMC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1786 = h2729 on 26 Nov 1834 and logged "vB, E, S. Stellar,
like a star 9th mag blurred."
On the second of 3 sweeps it was called "vB, R, vsmbM,
30"."
******************************
NGC 1787 = ESO
085-SC031 = LH 15
05 00 07 -65 45
48
V = 10.9; Size 23'
13.1"
(2/17/04 - Costa Rica): large cloud of stars (association LH 15), 15'-20' in
size, over an extensive haze of unresolved stars. 40-50 mag 11-13 stars are visible at 105x within the
cluster. NGC 1783 is located 15'
S.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1787 = h2731 in the LMC on 25 Dec 1837. His single observation placed this
cluster at 05 00 17.3 -65 50 33 (2000) and his description "p Rich cl of S
stars which fills field" appears to describe the entire 20'-25' stellar
association HW 15, which includes NGC 1783 and SL 178.
The RNGC and NGC
2000.0 position 04 59.1 -65 44 (2000) from Lucke and Hodge's "A Catalogue
of Stellar Associations in the Large Magellanic Cloud", AJ, 75, 171-175,
corresponds with the northwest portion of the association. The Hodge-Wright Atlas identifies NGC
1787 = S-L 178 at 05 01 44 -65 49.4, on the east side of the association, and
ESO and Morel's Visual Atlas of the LMC follows this misidentification. Shapley & Lindsay did not equate
S-L 178 with NGC 1787.
******************************
NGC 1788 = LBN
916 = Ced 40 = Bernes 98
05 06 53.2 -03
20 27
Size 8'x5'
18"
(1/1/08): very interesting, bright reflection nebula at 175x. Two brighter stars are involved in the
brightest portion of the nebula with a mag 10 star (very unequal double) at the
NW end. An oval glow extends
~4'x2.5' to the SE and contains a bright "knot" that surrounds a mag
11.5 star on the SE side. Two
fainter stars are embedded within the glow and form a rhombus with the brighter
stars at opposite ends. The SW
edge of the main body has a sharper edge (due to dust). Surrounding this region are faint
extensions that significantly increase the total size to ~8x6'. Towards the SE, dim haze can be seen as
far as a 2' pair of mag 12.5 stars.
Broad, wispy extensions appears to feather off to the NE for ~6' with
additional faint haze to the south. The entire complex is bounded by several
mag 8-9 stars forming a striking star field.
17.5"
(2/9/02): at 144x this is a bright reflection nebula involving two mag 10 and
11.5 stars. The nebulosity is
irregularly bright in a 4'x3' region elongated NW-SE and locally very bright in
a knot surrounding the mag 11.5 star near the SE end. Enhanced by a Deep Sky filter at low power. The brighter mag 10 star ~2' NW has a
faint companion and is also encased in the glow as well as a couple of other
fainter stars. A faint extension
fans out to the NE from the mag 11 star and some haze is suspected to the
south, increasing the size to ~7'
and involving a few additional stars.
NGC 1788 is located within a bright trapezoid consisting of three mag
8.5-9 stars and a mag 10 star (sides of 9'-13')
17.5"
(12/23/89): bright, fairly large, locally very bright surrounding a mag 12 star
on the south end. This star
appears slightly nonstellar as difficult to separate from bright haze. Extends NW to include a mag 10 star and
three other faint stars are involved in the brightest portion. Very faint nebulosity also extends to
north and further east.
8"
(12/6/80): moderately bright reflection nebula, large, brightest in center, two
stars involved, extends to east.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1788 = H V-32 = h347 = Sw. II-30 = Sw. VII-9 on 1 Feb 1786
(sweep 518) and reported as "cB, vL, milky, diffused and vanishing, very
near and sf a bright star, the milkiness diffused and vanishing." On 26 Nov 1786 (sweep 640) he recorded
"vL, milky; seems to have some untied stars towards the southern part of
it; some other stars are in it, but plainly unconnected. 3 or 4' dia. vF except about the united
stars." JH's description
reads "A *10m with a neb south-following; pos 138 from *; the centre of
the neb is like a misty *12 or 13m, or perhaps 2 or 3 st 15m; a small * to the
south of neb makes an isosceles triangle.
Place that of the *10m."
The nebula was observed 21 times at Birr Castle beginning in 1849 (the
1880 publication lists 10 of these).
Lewis Swift
found this reflection nebula on 24 Nov 1884 and apparently felt that nebulosity
surrounding the 10th mag star on the west side was distinct from Herschel's
nebulosity, reporting it as a "nova" in his 2nd discovery list (#30)
and 7th list (#9).
******************************
NGC 1789 = ESO
056-SC037 = S-L 144
04 57 51 -71 54
06
V = 13.1; Size 1.5'
30"
(10/14/15 - OzSky): fairly bright, fairly large, slightly elongated ~E-W, ~45"
diameter. A couple of mag 15.5
stars are resolved, one near the west end and another on the northeast
side. Situated on the southwest
end of the LMC, with no other significant LMC clusters in the immediate
vicinity, though S-L 111 lies 30' NNW.
The description below of S-L 111 was made on 10/17/17 using a 25"
f/5.
At 244x; easily
identified as a partially resolved large cluster, elongated E-W and at least 2'
diameter. A mag 11.2 star is off
the south side. At 397x; a total
of ~15 stars were resolved, mostly in the mag 15+ range. The cluster is situated 6.8' S of mag
9.4 HD 268873. Another 11' NW of
S-L 111 is S-L 95, which appeared fairly faint, round, 30" diameter,
bright core, no resolution.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1789 = h2733 on 15 Dec 1835 and called it "vF, R, vglbM,
40"." His position is
about 40" too far north.
******************************
NGC 1790
05 11 13.3 +52
03 54
18"
(2/19/09): scattered, unimpressive group of 15 stars mag 11.5 and brighter in
an elongated 15'x8' region. The
main body of stars is extended ~E-W.
A small group of stars is detached off the NW side, including a mag 10
star and an easy 14" pair. At
the east end is a small clump of 4 stars (one very faint) just following mag
9.3 HD 33247, the brightest member.
There are no rich regions and the group does not appear to be a cluster
visually. Classified as
nonexistent in the RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1790 = h346 on 16 Feb 1831 and described "A group of 8 or 9
stars 10m, nearly in parallelogram.
A pretty object." His
position corresponds with mag 9 SAO 25060 at 05 11 13.3 +52 03 54 (2000). This appears to be an asterism on
the DSS and RNGC classifies it as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 1791 =
LMC-N186 = ESO 056-SC041 = S-L 155
04 59 07 -70 10
06
V = 13.1; Size 1.3'
30"
(11/6/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly bright cluster, irregular, ~1'
diameter, several mag 14-15 stars are resolved in the core and one on the
northwest end. The cluster is
situated in the center of an equilateral triangle consisting of mag 8.7 HD
32571 5' WNW, mag 10 HD 268923 5' NE and S-L 158 5.4' S. The latter object appears as a bright,
compact knot (cluster), round, 20" diameter, with a surprisingly high surface
brightness. LMC-N186, an
incomplete, faint annulus of nebulosity passes through NGC 1791, but I didn't
examine the region with a filter to look for nebulous haze.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1791 = h2734 on 16 Dec 1835 and recorded "eF, R;
25"." His single
position is very accurate.
******************************
NGC 1792 = ESO
305-006 = MCG -06-12-004 = LGG 127-001 = PGC 16709
05 05 14.0 -37
58 47
V = 10.2; Size 5.2'x2.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 137d
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): at 105x appears as a bright, large oval ~2:1 NW-SE,
3.2'x1.6'. Broad concentration to
a large bright core and then sharply concentrated with a bright 15"
nucleus. The surface brightness is
irregular with a mottled texture. A
faint star is just preceding the northwest tip. At 166x the galaxy appears brighter along the major axis
with some areas of lower surface brightness giving a hint of spiral
structure! A mag 14 star is at the
preceding edge [1.2' from center].
Brightest in a group with NGC 1808 40' NE.
17.5"
(1/31/87): bright, large, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 3'x1.5', pretty diffuse. Two faint mag 14.5 stars are
superimposed. Appears brighter
along the western side.
8"
(1/1/84): moderately bright, moderately large, slightly elongated.
8"
(11/28/81): fairly faint, round, moderately large, diffuse.
James Dunlop discovered
NGC 1792 = D 531 = h2730 on 4 Oct 1826 and described "a long or rather
elliptical nebula, about 2' long and 50" broad, a little brighter in the
middle, and well defined. There is a group of small stars on the north
side." JH lists 3
observations in the Cape Catalogue: on his first sweep on 24 Dec 1835 he logged
"vB, vL, vmE, gbM, 4' long. Taken as Dunlop 531 but too late for transit,
the observation having been missed by relying on Mr Dunlop's place." Then 2 nights later he revisited this
galaxy and noted "vB, vL, mE,
glbM, 5' long, 2' broad, pos 314¡, stars seen in it. Visible with moonlight and
lamp illumination". Finally
on a third sweep he noted "B, vL, mE, regular elliptic; resolved. I see
several small stars in it."
This starburst
spiral has a mean distance of ~42
million light years and spans 70,000 l.y. across. We view it inclined ~28¡ from edge-on.
******************************
NGC 1793 = ESO
056-SC043 = S-L 163
04 59 38 -69 33
30
V = 12.4; Size 1.3'
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x, this LMC open cluster
appeared fairly faint, fairly small, round, 35" diameter with an even
surface brightness and no sign of resolution. A triangle of mag 11 stars is preceding in the field. Forms a pair with NGC 1801 6' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1793 = h2736 on 24 Nov 1834 and described as "pB, R, bM,
1'." On a second sweep he
logged "vF, S, R, glbM, 30", insulated." His mean position (2 sweeps) is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 1794 = NGC
1781 = ESO 553-007 = MCG -03-14-002 = PGC 16788
05 07 55.0 -18
11 24
V = 12.7; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 45d
17.5"
(1/20/90): fairly faint, small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus. A mag 14 star is 1.2' SSE of
center. Located 10' SW of mag 8.0
SAO 150172. Identified as NGC 1781
on the U2000.
Ormond Stone
found NGC 1794 = LM I-146 on 11 Dec 1885 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory.
Stone's rough position is 1 min of RA west of ESO 553-007 = MCG
-03-14-002. At the end of the
second discovery list there is a note that LM I-146 = GC 998 = NGC 1781. This galaxy was discovered 100 years
earlier by WH (III-268) but Herschel's RA was 3.0 tmin too far west (corrected
by Caroline Herschel). ESO 553-007
is labeled NGC 1781 in the Uranometria 2000 Atlas but as NGC 1794 in MCG and
RC3. By historical precedence, the
primary designation should be NGC 1781.
******************************
NGC 1795 = ESO
056-SC044 = S-L 165
04 59 47 -69 48
06
V = 12.4; Size 1.6'
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): moderately bright cluster,
relatively large, 0.9' diameter, fairly smooth glow with no resolution. Located 2.9' ENE of a mag 10.5
star. This star forms the northern
vertex of a distinctive isosceles triangle (legs 3.5' and base 1.4') with two
mag 10.2 and 11 stars to its south.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1795 = D 81 = h2738 on 24 Sep 1826 with his 9" reflector
and described "a faint nebula, 35" diameter, a small star
preceding". Dunlop's position
is just 2' N of this LMC cluster. JH made a single observation on 12 Nov 1836
and recorded "F, pL, lE, 2'."
******************************
NGC 1796 = ESO
119-030 = PGC 16617
05 02 43.0 -61
08 22
V = 12.3; Size 1.9'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 102d
14" (4/7/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x): moderately bright and large, very elongated 3:1
WNW-ESE, 1.3'x0.45', broad concentration, brighter core. A mag 10/11.5 pair at 9" lies 10'
SSE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1796 = h2735 on 26 Dec 1834 and called it "F, pmE, gbM,
7" long, 25" broad."
His position (2 observations) and description matches.
******************************
NGC 1797 = MCG
-01-14-002 = Mrk 1093 = PGC 16781
05 07 44.9 -08
01 07
V = 14.7; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 14.6; PA = 90d
17.5"
(12/8/90): very faint, very small, round, very faint stellar nucleus. A mag 13 star is just 48" NW of
center. Forms a pair with NGC 1799
3' N.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1797 = Sw VI-23 (along with NGC 1799 = Sw VI-24) on 13 Feb 1887
with the 16" refractor at Warner Observatory. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1798 = Be 16
= OCL-410
05 11 40 +47 40
37
Size 5'
18"
(11/18/06): at 115x I was surprised to find a fairly rich group of perhaps 20
stars peppered over a 5' region of extensive haze. The low power Milky Way field is rich in bright and faint
stars with glowing regions of unresolved stars. Listed as nonexistent in the RNGC and not plotted on the
first edition of the Uranometria 2000.0.
E.E. Barnard
discovered NGC 1798 in Nov 1885 with the 6-inch Cooke Refractor at Vanderbilt
University. In Sidereal Messenger, vol. 5 (page 25) he described a "small
hazy spot, with high power (120) seems to be some faint stars mixed up with
nebulosity, a small star involved f[ollowing]. It is followed some little
distance by a 9th magnitude star." His position corresponds with
Berkeley 16, a 5' group of stars. The RNGC misclassifies this number as
nonexistent.
This cluster is
located in the direction of the anti-galactic center at a distance of 4.2 kpc
and an estimated age of 1.4 billion years.
******************************
NGC 1799 = MCG
-01-14-001 = PGC 16783
05 07 44.5 -07
58 08
V = 14.3; Size 1.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 65d
17.5"
(12/8/90): faint, small, round, bright core. This galaxy is the brighter of two with NGC 1797 3' S.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1799 = Sw VI-24 (along with NGC 1797 = Sw VI-23) on 13 Feb 1887
with the 16" refractor at Warner Observatory. His position is 8 tsec east of MCG -01-14-001 = PGC 16783.
******************************
NGC 1800 = ESO
422-030 = MCG -05-13-005 = PGC 16745
05 06 25.5 -31
57 16
V = 12.6; Size 2.0'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 113d
13.1"
(12/22/84): faint, small, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, even surface brightness. A mag 13 star is off the NE edge 1.3'
from center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1800 = h2732 on 19 Nov 1835 and described it as "pB, pmE,
gpmbM, has a star 13th mag following." His position and description is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1801 = ESO
056-SC045 = S-L 170
05 00 35.3 -69 36
48
V = 12.2; Size 2.2'
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 128x this LMC cluster appeared
moderately bright, round, 1' diameter with a fairly even surface brightness and
no core. Located 8' SW mag 8 HD
33031. Forms a pair with NGC 1793
6' NW. NGC 1809, a galaxy that
shines through the LMC, lies 8' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1801 = h2739 on 24 Nov 1834 and reported "B, L, R, vgbM,
2.5'." On 3 subsequent sweeps
he variously described the size as 90", 45" and 40".
******************************
NGC 1802
05 10 13 +24 08
24
Size 25'
18"
(11/18/06): at 115x this Milky Way field appears as a bright, large, scattered
group including a couple of dozen mag 10-11 stars. Most distinctive is a fairly rich 5' string of mag 10 to 13
stars oriented N-S. The rest of
the group is scattered and extends east and southeast ~10' in size.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1802 = H VIII-41 on 7 Dec 1785 (sweep 485) and recorded "a
coarse cluster of star or projecting point of the milky way." Karl Reinmuth, in his 1926 survey based
on Heidelberg plates, adds "many st, v sc, no distinct cl." RNGC classifies the number as
nonexistent but WEBDA has a listing for NGC 1802.
******************************
NGC 1803 = ESO
203-018 = PGC 16715
05 05 26.5 -49
34 04
V = 12.9; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 62d
14" (4/7/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated 4:3
WSW-ENE, 30"x24", fairly high surface brightness. NGC 1803 is situated 4.7' ENE of mag
5.0 Eta-2 Pictoris and the bright glare hampers the observation.
Forms a close
pair with ESO 203-019 2.2' SE. The
companion appears as a slightly soft mag 13 "star". This is the stellar nucleus of the
galaxy.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1803 = h2737 on 28 Dec 1834 and described "F, S, R, vglbM;
query whether a star 11..12th mag near it S.f. be not also nebulous." Herschel's object south-following is
likely ESO 203-019, located 2.2' southeast, which did not receive a NGC
designation (Steinicke concurs).
******************************
NGC 1804 = ESO
056-SC046 = S-L 172
05 01 03 -69 05
00
V = 11.9; Size 0.9'
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): very small bright knot,
~25"-30" diameter, with four or more mag 12-14.5 stars resolved
including three on a NW to SE line.
Tightly packed into a very high surface brightness glow. S-L 180 lies 4'
NE and appeared as a fairly faint, moderately large, round, 0.5' diameter, soft
glow with no resolution.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1804 = h2742 on 3 Nov 1834 and described "F (?), R, bM
(Thick haze in sky)". On a
second sweep his description reads "F, S, R, 30". Shapley and Lindsay (1963) give a
diameter of 25'' and remark "few stars, partly condensed."
******************************
NGC 1805 = ESO
085-SC32 = S-L 186
05 02 21.2 -66
06 41
V = 10.6; Size 2.2'
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): very bright, fairly small, brilliant core,
30" diameter. A mag 13 star
is situated just off the NW side, 25" from center. The core is oddly displaced off-center
in the direction of this star. A
few faint stars are resolved in the halo and a mag 13.5 star is at the south
edge. NGC 1783 lies 20' WNW and
NGC 1822 is 18' ESE (all three collinear).
13.1"
(2/17/04 - Costa Rica): moderately bright, small, 25" diameter, sharply
concentrated with a quasi-stellar bright nucleus. A mag 13 star is at the NW edge (24" from center). This is a well-studied young (40
million years old) LMC star cluster.
Located 20' ESE of NGC 1783.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1805 = D 233 = h2741 on 24 Sep 1826 and described "a small
round well-defined nebula, 10" or 12" diameter". His position is 6' SSW of the cluster.
JH made 5
observations, the first on 2 Nov 1834 in which he recorded "a vS compact
cluster of stars 11th mag with (?) nebulosity, 20"." On later sweeps he wrote "B, S, R,
sbM, 25", has two stars very near, one N.p. one S.f." and "vB,
vS, vsvmbM, a condensed knot of stars, two of which (one on either side) are
exterior."
******************************
NGC 1806 = ESO
056-SC047 = S-L 184
05 02 11 -67 59
00
V = 11.1; Size 2.2'
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): very bright LMC globular, large,
round, at least 1.5' diameter.
Sharply concentrated with a brighter, grainy 25" core and a
slightly mottled halo. Located
4.5' NE of mag 8.3 HD 32972 = AO Doradus.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1806 = h2745 on 30 Dec 1836 and described as"pB, L, gbM,
3'." His position and
description is accurate, though his estimate is a little too large.
******************************
NGC 1807 = Cr 59
= Mel 29 = OCL-462
05 10 45 +16 30
48
V = 7.0; Size 17'
18"
(1/26/09): this asterism contains a very faint galaxy, CGCG 469-003, located
just following a 26" pair of mag 11.5/12 stars just south of center. The galaxy appeared very faint and small,
round, 15" diameter, low surface brightness.
17.5"
(2/1/92): bright, moderately large, striking group of 30 stars mag 9-14 in 12'
including 10 stars mag 11 or brighter.
Five bright stars are in a 11' string oriented N-S. The central star in this string is a
pleasing, close double star h3268; consisting of mag 9.5/10.5 stars at 10"
separation. This double is
collinear with two mag 11 stars 1.3' E and 2.9' E oriented perpendicular to the
string. Several other members
trail to SW forming a cross asterism.
8": ~25
stars in cluster including 10-12 brighter stars, several almost collinear. A double star mag 10/11 at 10"
separation is near the center.
Forms a pair of open clusters with NGC 1817 25' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1807 = h348 on 25 Jan 1832 and logged "a cluster of 10 or
12 large and a good many small stars.
The place that of a double star." It is perhaps an outlier of VII.4 (NGC 1817)." His position is accurate.
A 2004 study
("uvby-H-beta CCD photometry of NGC 1817 and NGC 1807") concludes NGC
1807 is not a distinct cluster. Only NGC 1817, a very extended open cluster,
covers the area.
******************************
NGC 1808 = ESO
305-008 = MCG -06-12-005 = LGG 127-002 = PGC 16779
05 07 42.3 -37
30 47
V = 9.9; Size 6.5'x3.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 133d
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): this 105x this striking starburst galaxy appeared
bright, large, very elongated 4:1 NW-SE, 5'x1.3'. The glow is sharply concentrated with a well-defined
20" core that brightens to a stellar nucleus. There appears to be an irregular extension at the northwest
end that brightens and is offset to the major axis [on photos this corresponds
with the start of a spiral arm that is attached at the north edge of the NW end
of the galaxy]. At 166x, the halo
is irregular and mottled.
Brightest in a group with NGC 1792 40' SW.
17.5"
(1/31/87): bright, fairly large, small elongated core, long thin arms 4:1
NW-SE. A mag 14 star is off the NW
end. This is a very pleasing
galaxy.
8"
(1/1/84): fairly bright, elongated NW-SE, moderately large, bright core. Similar in size to NGC 1792 but
slightly fainter.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1808 = D 549 = h2740 on 10 May 1826 and described "a faint
nebula, about 2.5' long, and fully 1' broad, extended S.p. and N.f.; a very
minute star near each extremity, not involved." He observed it on 2 occasions and his position is ~7' too
far east. D 532 is probably a duplicate observation, but his position was off
by 42' ESE.
JH made two
observations from the Cape. On 24
Dec 1835 he logged "B, L, lE, first gradually then psmbM. Transit missed, PD very
rough" Two nights later he
reobserved it and noted "B, E, 3' long, 1.5' broad; in a field strongly
illuminated by the moon in her first quarter."
Joseph Turner
sketched NGC 1808 on 19 Dec 1876 using the 48" Great Melbourne Telescope
(http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/lithograph_m_3_26.php)
******************************
NGC 1809 = ESO
056-048 = PGC 16599
05 02 05.0 -69
34 06
V = 12.1; Size 3.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 143d
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): this faint, reddened galaxy shines
through the LMC in the same field 9' NE of the LMC cluster NGC 1801 and 16'-18'
SW of a trio of clusters consisting of NGC 1828, NGC 1830 and NGC 1835! At 128x it appeared as a large, very
faint, low surface brightness glow with very weak if any concentration and no
visible core or nucleus. With
careful viewing the galaxy is elongated 5:2 or 3:1 NW-SE, perhaps
1.6'x0.6'. Located 5' SE of mag 8
HD 33031.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1809 = h2747 on 23 Dec 1834 and recorded (one one sweep only)
"pF, S, R, gbM, 40", the second of two in field [with NGC 1801 =
h2739]." JH's position is 4'
south of ESO 056-048 = PGC 16599.
This is a pretty low surface brightness galaxy to be noticed by JH.
Eric Lindsay, in
"Some NGC objects in the Large Magellanic Cloud"
[1964IrAJ....6..286L], commented "At the same RA but 4' N an object which
may be a galaxy, 210'' x 50''. In
"Exploring the Southern Sky" (1987), the authors (Laustsen, Madsen
and West) noted "It has been known for more than a century, and for a long
time was believed to belong to the LMC.
However, less than a decade ago, it became possible to measure the
radial velocity...Somewhat unexpectedly, the velocity was found to be 1000
km/s, or several times larger than the velocities of stars and other LMC
nebulae..."
******************************
NGC 1810 = ESO
085-SC035 = S-L 194
05 03 23 -66 22
54
V = 11.9; Size 1.2'
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): moderately bright cluster, fairly small,
45" diameter, partially resolved with 4 or 5 stars visible on the east
side of the halo including a couple of mag 13.5-14 stars. Located 2.6' ESE of mag 10.3 HD 268879. A mag 12.5 star lies 45" N. Forms a pair with brighter NGC 1818 6'
SE. S-L 205 lies 8.4' ENE.
James Dunlop
probably discovered NGC 1810 = D 235 = h2746 on 24 Sep 1826 and described
"a small round pretty well defined nebula." He made a single observation and his position is 11'
south-southeast of the cluster.
It's also possible that this observation refers to brighter NGC 1818 --
along with D 234 and D236, though the latter two are placed south of D 235,
agreeing with orientation of NGC 1810 and 1818.
JH made a total
of 5 observations beginning on 6 Nov 1834. In order of his observations, he logged "eF, S, R,
15", precedes a globular cluster.", "vF, R, lbM, 40
arcsec", "F, S, R", "pF, R, lbM, 25 arcsec" and
"Nebula; no description but that it has a globular cluster following
it." The cluster he refers to
is NGC 1818 and Herschel attributed Dunlop's 235 with the discovery.
******************************
NGC 1811 = ESO
422-037 = MCG -05-13-008 = PGC 16811
05 08 42.6 -29
16 35
V = 13.5; Size 1.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 60d
17.5"
(1/19/91): very faint, small, elongated 5:2 WSW-ENE. A mag 13 star is 1.4' ENE of center. Forms a pair with NGC 1812 2.7' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1811 = h2743 (along with NGC 1812 = h2744) on 6 Nov 1834 and
logged as "vF, E." On a
later sweep he recorded "pF; S; lE; the preceding of two [with NGC
1812]."
******************************
NGC 1812 = ESO
422-039 = MCG -05-13-009 = PGC 16819
05 08 52.9 -29
15 04
V = 12.7; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 8d
17.5"
(1/19/91): fairly faint, fairly small, oval 4:3 N-S, moderate concentration,
very small bright core. A mag 13
star lies 1.4' SW. Forms a close
pair with NGC 1811 2.7' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1812 = h2744 (along with NGC 1811 = h2743] on 6 Nov 1834 and
recorded "F; S; R; glbM; 15"; the following of 2." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1813 = ESO
056-SC050 = S-L 190 = LH 18
05 02 40 -70 19
06
V = 12.8; Size 0.8'
30"
(11/6/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): first in a string of three clusters with NGC
1823 4' ESE and S-L 200 7' SE (within stellar association LH 18). Appears as an irregular 45" glow
with a single brighter mag 14 star on the south end and three fainter stars
aligned E-W resolved on the north side.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1813 = h2752 on 16 Dec 1835 and observed on a single sweep. His description reads "vF; S; R;
r" and his position is just 0.1 tmin preceding the center of the cluster.
******************************
NGC 1814 =
LMC-N17B = ESO 085-SC36 = S-L 199 = LH 19
05 03 46.4 -67
18 04
V = 12.8; Size 1.0'
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): bright, small, elongated N-S
"knot" of stars on the west side of the LMC association NGC 1820 = LH
19. Three stars are resolved
within the 24" glow. Faint,
irregular nebulosity encompasses the knot. Forms a close pair with NGC 1816 2.5' NNE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1814 = h2748 on 2 Nov 1834 and described as "The southern
of two nebulae [with NGC 1816] in the same cluster of stars [NGC
1820]." On a second sweep his
description reads "vF, R, a nebulous knot in the south preceding part of a
cluster".
******************************
NGC 1815 = ESO
056-SC049 = S-L 189
05 02 27 -70 37
18
V = 12.4; Size 1.2'
30"
(11/6/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly bright, small, round, very bright core
partially resolved into a couple of knots, 25" diameter. A single faint star is resolved at the
north edge. A mag 12.5 star lies
1' SSE and there are several mag 11-12 stars in the field. Located 9' due east of mag 7.6 HD
32956.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1815 = h2753 on 24 Nov 1834 and described as "pF, vS, R,
vlbM, among many stars." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1816 = ESO
085-SC037 = S-L 199
05 03 51 -67 15
36
V = 13.0; Size 1.0'
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): small, brighter "knot"
on the west side of the LMC association NGC 1820 = LH 19. At 200x, a couple of stars are resolved
within the 18" glow. Forms a
pair with slightly brighter NGC 1814 2.5' SSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1816 = h2748 on 2 Jan 1837 and recorded "vF, R, another
nebulous knot [along with NGC 1814] in the cluster [NGC 1820]". Shapley and Lindsay (1963) group NGC
1814, 1816 and NGC 1820 together and note "bright scattered stars in
nebulosity", with a size of 6.8' x 4.5'.
******************************
NGC 1817 = Cr 60
= OCL-463 = Lund 156
05 12 26 +16 41
06
V = 7.7; Size 16'
17.5"
(2/11/96): large, roundish group of ~100 stars in a 15' diameter. The three brightest mag 8/9 stars lie
on the west side. This trio is
part of a 7' arc of 15 stars elongated N-S sharply defining the preceding side
of the group. The cluster is
fairly well detached except at the east side which merges into the general
field density. About 5' NW of the
trio described above is an unequal double h3269 = 8.6/10.6 at 20", though
it appears detached from the main group.
25' SW is the bright, striking group NGC 1807 which has a cruciform
outline.
8": about
65 stars in 15'-20' diameter, large, fairly rich, many faint stars. Includes three brighter stars on the
west side including a mag 8.5 star.
Forms a poor version of the "Double cluster" with NGC 1807 25'
SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1817 = H VII-4 = h349 on 19 Feb 1784 (sweep 147) and recorded
"a cluster of stars, ccattered and of very different magnitudes. They take up a space of about 20' and
the cluster is coarsely circular.
The weather is very indifferent so that the small stars are not very
well to be seen; but I suppose there cannot be less than 150 that I might count
at present." On 15 Oct 1784
(sweep 292), he reported "a cl of stars about 20 or 25' diameter, pretty
rich, the stars not very small, nor very compressed." JH called it
"L, rich cl; stars 12...15 m; fills the field. Place that of a double star. The most compressed part is 42.5 sec foll the double star
and 3' south of it." The
double star is h3269 = 8.6/10.6 at 20".
******************************
NGC 1818 = ESO
085-SC040 = S-L 201
05 04 14 -66 26
06
V = 9.7; Size 3'
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): very bright, fairly large, 2.5' diameter,
sharply concentrated with an intense core that is partially resolved into
several very faint stars. The halo
is fairly well resolved with two dozen faint stars plus some brighter mag 12-13
stars in the outer halo. Just off
the southwest edge is KMHK 490, a very small non-stellar object that appears
like a close double star.
Brightest of a trio with NGC 1810 6' NW and S-L 205 5' NE. S-L 205 is just a faint, diffuse glow,
roughly 35" diameter. NGC
1822 and NGC 1826, a fainter pair of clusters, lie 14' NNE. NGC 1818 is a "young" blue
globular (YPC), formed only 40 million years ago.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1818 = D 236 = D 234? = D235? = h2749 on 3 Aug 1826 and
described (for D 236) as "a small nebula, 20" diameter, with a very
bright point in the centre." He observed it twice and the published
position is 3.4' ENE of center. D
234 was described as "a round well-defined nebula, about 30"
diameter." This entry has a
single observation and the position is 8.5' SSW of center. D 235 was described as a "small
round pretty well-defined nebula" and his position is 5.5' NNW of
center! JH made 6 observations of
the cluster with the first description from 2 Nov 1834: "vB, S, R cluster
of distinct stars, mbM, 2' diameter."
******************************
NGC 1819 = UGC
3265 = MCG +01-14-002 = Mrk 1194 = PGC 16899
05 11 46.1 +05
12 03
V = 12.4; Size 1.7'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 120d
13.1"
(11/29/86): faint, very small, bright core, elongated NW-SE. Located 12.5' S of mag 8 SAO 112508.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 1819 = Sw III-35 on 26 Dec 1885 with the 16" refractor at
the Warner Observatory. His
position is 10 tsec west of UGC 3265 = PGC 16899. Bigourdan measured an accurate position on 6 Dec 1888
(repeated in the IC 2 Notes section).
******************************
NGC 1820 = ESO
085-SC039 = S-L 199 = LH 19
05 04 02 -67 16
00
V = 11.5; Size 8'x5'
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): this star cloud or association
(LH 19) in the LMC appears as a very large, irregular group of approximately
two dozen stars mag 10-15, roughly 9'x5' and extended N-S. Includes five stars mag 12 or brighter,
along with two brighter "knots" (NGC 1814 and 1816) on the west side
as well as containing some irregular nebulosity (LHa120-N17).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1820 = h2754 on 2 Jan 1837 and described a "pL, rich, 6th
class cluster, irregular figure, in radiating streaks. Place that of a star
10th mag (one of 3 such). It is
within this cluster that the two nebulae [NGC 1814 & NGC 1816] occur."
******************************
NGC 1821 = MCG
-03-14-007 = PGC 16898
05 11 46.0 -15
08 04
V = 13.5; Size 1.3'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 130d
17.5"
(12/3/88): faint, very small, elongated WNW-ESE, weak concentration. MCG -02-14-004 lies 20' N.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1821 = LM I-147 on 26 Dec 1885 with the 26"
refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. His rough position (nearest min of RA) is 45 tsec west and
1' N of MCG -03-14-007 = PGC 16898 and his PA = 140 deg is very close. Herbert
Howe measured an accurate position in 1898-99 using the 20" refractor at
Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 1822 = ESO
085-SC042 = S-L 210
05 05 09 -66 12
36
V = 13.1; Size 0.8'
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly faint, fairly small, 30"
diameter. A single mag 14.5 star
is resolved at the west edge.
Forms a close pair with NGC 1826 2.8' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1822 = h2756 on 20 Dec 1835 and described as "vF, 20",
the preceding of two [with NGC 1826 = h2751]." Wolfgang Steinicke credits James Dunlop with the discovery
(D 235) on 24 Sep 1826, though Dunlop's position is much closer to NGC 1818,
which may have multiple entries. I
believe this cluster is too faint to have been picked up by Dunlop.
******************************
NGC 1823 = ESO
056-SC051 = S-L 198 = LH 18
05 03 25 -70 20
06
V = 12.1; Size 0.9'
30"
(11/6/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly bright irregular cluster with 8 or 9
resolved stars within 45".
Five of the resolved stars are collinear on the west side oriented
~N-S. Second of three clusters
with NGC 1813 4' WNW and S-L 200 4' SSE and the surrounding field is filled
with a scattering of mag 12-13 stars and a large number of fainter stars (this
is the stellar association LH 18).
S-L 200 is the largest of the three clusters, 1.2'x0.6' extended N-S,
with several stars resolved over a hazy background or emission glow and a
detached group of 4 stars off the south end.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1823 = h2758 on 12 Nov 1836 and described "The most
compressed part of a pF; L; branching cluster of stars 12...15m" His position is on the southeast side
of the cluster. Hodge and Lucke
(1970) note this open cluster in the LMC lies within the LMC O-association No.
18; the brightest star in the cluster is 13.9 mag.
******************************
NGC 1824 = ESO
119-036 = AM 0506-594 = PGC 16761
05 06 56 -59 43
30
V = 12.6; Size 3.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 160d
14" (4/7/16
- Coonabarabran, 142x and 230x): fairly faint to moderately bright, nice
edge-on 5:1 NNW-SSE, ~2.3'x0.5'.
Weak, broad concentration to a slightly brighter core. Located 9' NNE of mag 7.3 HD 33475.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1824 = h2755 on 26 Dec 1834 and recorded "vF, vmE, 2' long,
20" broad, pos = 162 degrees."
******************************
NGC 1825 = ESO
056-SC053 = S-L 202
05 04 19 -68 55
36
V = 12.0; Size 1.0'
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): bright, very small, round,
20" diameter, increases to a very bright quasi-stellar nucleus but no
resolution. Located 3.5' WSW of
mag 8.0 HD 33477. NGC 1847 lies
15' ESE and NGC 1804 is 20' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1825 between Nov 1836 and Mar 1837 with a 5-inch refractor and
listed it as #199 in his preliminary catalogue of "Stars, Nebulae and
Clusters in the Nubecula Major."
There was no description given but his position is 1.5' NW of this LMC
cluster.
******************************
NGC 1826 = ESO
085-SC043 = S-L 221
05 05 34 -66 13
54
V = 13.2; Size 0.9'
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): slightly brighter of a pair of small clusters
with NGC 1822 2.8' NW. Appeared
moderately bright, round, 45" diameter, broad weak concentration but no
resolution. A mag 10.8 star lies
2.9' E.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1826 = h2757 on 20 Dec 1835 and recorded "vF, 20", the
following of two [with NGC 1822]."
Steinicke lists Dunlop as the discoverer (D 235) of this object as well
as NGC 1822, though Dunlop's position is much closer to NGC 1818, which may
have multiple entries. I think
this pair of clusters is too faint to have been picked up by Dunlop.
******************************
NGC 1827 = ESO
362-006 = MCG -06-12-008 = PGC 16849
05 10 03.7 -36
57 32
V = 12.5; Size 3.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 120d
17.5"
(1/19/91): faint, fairly large, edge-on 5:1 WNW-ESE, even surface
brightness. Unusual appearance as
a mag 11 star is superimposed on the east side of the center. Member of the NGC 1792/1808 group.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1827 = h2751 on 28 Nov 1837 and described as "vF, vmE, a
long ray through a star 11th mag."
His position is 1' too far south.
******************************
NGC 1828 = ESO
056-SC054 = S-L 207
05 04 21.5 -69
23 18
V = 12.5
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): first in a trio with NGC 1830 and
NGC 1835. At 228x this LMC cluster
appears fairly faint, fairly small, round, 30" diameter. NGC 1830 lies 3.2' NNE and much
brighter NGC 1835 is 4' ESE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1828 = h2761 on 23 Dec 1834 and described "F, S, R,
20"; the first of 3 [with NGC 1828, 1830 and 1835]." His position is accurate
******************************
NGC 1829 =
LMC-N23A = ESO 056-SC57 = S-L 208
05 04 57 -68 03
18
V = 12.1
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): this LMC cluster and HII region
(LMC-N23A) appeared bright, fairly large, irregular round, 1.5' diameter. Four stars are within the nebulous glow
including a mag 13.5, two mag 14 stars and a mag 15 star. Located 1.8' NW of mag 7.9 HD 33486. The surrounding region includes several
mag 12-13 stars, but these are detached from the glow. HS 114 lies 6.3' ENE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1829 = h2760 on 13 Dec 1835 and recorded "F, R, 60",
r[esolvable]." His position
(single sweep) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1830 = ESO
056-SC056 = S-L 207
05 04 39 -69 20
26
V = 12.6
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): second of three in a distinctive
triangle with NGC 1828 3' SSW and NGC 1835 4.6' SE. At 228x, this LMC cluster appeared fairly faint, fairly
small, round, 30" diameter and quite similar to NGC 1828. An extremely faint, very small glow
(designated BRHT 3b in SIMBAD) is 1' SW, on a line towards NGC 1828 (verified
on DSS).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1830 = h2762 on 23 Dec 1834 and recorded "F, S, R,
25"." He next recorded it as "the second of 3 [with NGC 1828 and
1835]." His position (observed on 4 sweeps) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1831 = ESO
085-SC044 = S-L 227
05 06 16.2 -64
55 09
V = 11.2; Size 3.9'
13.1"
(2/17/04 - Costa Rica): fairly faint, fairly large, 1.5'-2' diameter, weak even
concentration to the center. This
is a rich intermediate-age LMC globular cluster.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1831 = D 246 = h2759 on 3 Aug 1826 and described a "pretty
well-defined round faint nebula, 25" diameter; a little brighter at the
centre." He observed it twice
and his position is 5' W of center.
On 3 Dec 1834 JH logged, "B; L; R; glbM; 90"."
******************************
NGC 1832 = MCG
-03-14-010 = PGC 16906
05 12 03.2 -15
41 19
V = 11.3; Size 2.6'x1.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 10d
24"
(1/28/17): at 375x; bright, fairly large, oval 4:3 N-S, 1.6'x1.2', well
concentrated with a small bright core.
A mag 11 star is 1.1' E of center.
13.1" (12/18/82):
fairly bright, bright core, slightly elongated ~N-S. A mag 11 star is
1.0' E of center. Situated 33' NNW of mag 3.3 Mu Leporis.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1832 = H II-292 on 4 Feb 1785 (sweep 365) and reported "pB,
irr R, mbM, south-preceding a pretty considerable star and within a minute of
it." His position is 2.3' SE
of MCG -03-14-010 = PGC 16906.
******************************
NGC 1833 =
LMC-N190 = ESO 056-SC55 = S-L 206 =
LH 24
05 04 22 -70 43
54
V = 11.7; Size 2'
25"
(10/10/15 - OzSky): at 318x; fairly large nebulous patch 1.5' diameter with a
mag 13.4 star near the center and a half-dozen additional stars resolved. The nebulosity has a fair response
using the NPB filter with a brighter piece on the northeast side and a 2' irregular
shape. Located at the south end of
the huge NGC 1845 association/star cloud (LH 26) and many brighter stars over a
rich, glowing background extend a full 20' NNE! Mag 9.5 HD 269028 lies 3.2' NNW. NGC 1837 lies 3' ENE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1833 = h2765 on 12 Nov 1836 and recorded "vF; pL; runs into
and forms the first mass of a series of clustering groups." His position is accurate. Located within stellar association LH
24.
******************************
NGC 1834 = ESO
056-SC060
05 05 12.2 -69
12 27
V = 11.8; Size 20"
30"
(10/15/15 - OzSky): bright, small, round, thin halo, just 20" diameter,
mottled but no resolution. Located
2.8' SE of mag 9.3 HD 33487. NGC
1834 (and nearby clusters NGC 1828 and 1830) is 12' S.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1834 = h2764 on 11 Nov 1836 and recorded (single sweep) "B,
vvS, lE, uniform in light, 10" across." His position is 30" S of this compact cluster. The NGC description added the query
"Planetary?" On the DSS,
this object appears to be an extremely compact cluster, though perhaps a
brighter star is superimposed.
Eric Lindsay, in
the 1964 paper "Some NGC objects in the Large Magellanic Cloud",
comments "A fairly bright star blended with two faint ones. Questioned as
a planetary nebula in the NGC. Prism plates show a fairly strong continuum
only, and it is probably an early-type star." RNGC follows Lindsay and misidentifies NGC 1834 as a triple
star. Hodge and Wright note that it "may only be a bright star in a rich
field". The ESO records it as
a globular cluster (ESO 056-SC060) but gives no other details. NGC 2000.0 misidentifies this object as
an asterism.
******************************
NGC 1835 = ESO
056-SC058 = S-L 215
05 05 06 -69 24
18
V = 10.2; Size 1.2'
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): brightest of three clusters with
NGC 1828 4' W and NGC 1830 4.6' NW.
At 228x, this LMC globular cluster appears bright, moderately large,
round, 1.5' diameter, strongly concentrated with a small bright core. This object has a very symmetrical
appearance with a high surface brightness like a compact globular cluster. NGC 1834 lies 12' N.
NGC 1835 is one
of 15 bona-fide ancient GC's in the LMC.
It has the highest known number (84) of RR Lyr variables in the LMC and
is the brightest and most elliptical of the classic globulars.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1835 = D 116 = h2763 on 24 Sep 1826 and described "a small
round pretty well-defined nebula, bright at the centre." The description
fits this globular, though his position is nearly 15' SSE of center (fairly
typical error). JH independently
discovered the cluster in December 1834 and recorded "vB, S, R, pmbM;
40"; the last of three [with NGC 1828 and 1830]." His position is accurate. The cluster is missing from the
Uranometria 2000.0 Atlas although it includes nearby NGC 1828 and 1830.
******************************
NGC 1836 = ESO
056-SC061 = S-L 223
05 05 35 -68 37
42
V = 12.2; Size 1.5'
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): bright LMC cluster, relatively
large, high surface brightness, very elongated NW-SE, 1.2'x0.4'. The dominant portion of the cluster is
on the NW end and appears bright, roundish, 25"-30" diameter with a
few stars resolved just outside the glow. A 14th magnitude star is off the SE
side and connects to a small knot
(BRHT 4b) containing a very tight string of 15th magnitude stars. Forms a striking pair with NGC 1839
2.5' E. HS 109 is 5.4' S and
several other small clusters are in the field.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1836 = h2766 on 23 Nov 1834 (along with NGC 1839 = h2768),
though no description or position was given. On his second sweep (30 Dec 1836) he noted "the first
nucleus of a clustering group of mixed stars and nebulosity." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1837 = ESO
056-SC059 = S-L 217 = LH 24
05 04 56 -70 42
54
V = 10.6; Size 1.3'
25"
(10/10/15 - OzSky): at 318x; this cluster is primarily a very elongated N-S
string of stars with some unresolved haze. Appears to have no filter
response. A few brighter mag
12.5-13 stars are involved and a dozen total in the 1.2' string. Forms a 3' pair with NGC 1833 to the
west-southwest. A star cloud
extends to the north with several mag 12 stars, along with many faint stars in
the wider field. This magnificent
association (LH 26) is rich in bright and faint stars.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1837 = h2769 on 3 Nov 1834. He observed this cluster on two sweeps and recorded it as
"The last of three clustering groups (hazy)" and "the most
condensed part of a large rich cluster of scattered stars which more than fills
field." Archinal notes that
brightest star is at 05 04 56.8 -70 42 57, close to Herschel's second
position. It is not clear what
other two objects he was referring to in the first sweep as only NGC 1833 is in
the same field, though the star cloud (stellar association LH 24) containing
these clusters extends to the northeast.
******************************
NGC 1838 = ESO
056-SC064 = S-L 225
05 06 47 -68 25
42
V = 12.9; Size 10'
30"
(10/14/15 - OzSky): excellent scattered cluster/association in the LMC. Includes many brighter mag 11.5-13
stars along with dozens of fainter stars.
Perhaps 75 stars down to mag 15 are resolved in a 7' region. Located just east of mag 8.2 HD 33617
with mag 10.2 HD 269035 at the southeast edge.
There are three
Shapley-Lindsay clusters (not specifically mentioned by Herschel) at the edges.
S-L 225, at the southwest edge, appeared
fairly bright, round, 50" diameter. Several mag 14-16 stars are resolved, particularly along the
north side. Located 2' SSE of mag
8.2 HD 33617. A mag 11.7 star is
1.3' WSW. S-L 230, at the northern
edge, appeared very bright, fairly small LMC cluster, 30"x20" ~N-S,
clumpy. At 394x, a brighter star
is resolved along with a few very faint stars and a quasi-stellar knot. It was too densely packed for
additional resolution. Just 1' SW
of S-L 230 is S-L 229, a pretty faint small glow, ~20" diameter, with no resolution.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1838 = h2767 on 30 Dec 1836 and logged as "a star 7 mag,
the chief of a large very loose clustering mass." The star was earlier listed in the
Brisbane Catalogue of Stars (published in 1835) as B895, and JH references the
Brisbane number in the Cape Catalogue.
Shapley-Lindsay,
ESO and the Hodge-Wright Atlas identity the small knot S-L 225 as NGC
1838. Jenni Kay states that
Herschel's description clearly refers to the larger star group, which contains
a few small, faint open clusters within it, including S-L 225 and S-L 230. The large, loose grouping including a
mag 8 star is roughly 10' in diameter, compared to S-L 225, which is just
35". Harold Corwin notes that
S-L 225 may be outside of JH's intended object.
******************************
NGC 1839 = ESO
056-SC063 = S-L 226
05 06 02 -68 37
36
V = 11.8; Size 1.6'
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): very bright cluster forming a
striking pair with NGC 1836 just 2.5' W.
At 200x appears as a very high surface brightness irregular glo,
~30" diameter, mottled but not resolved. A group of six mag 13-14 stars is off the west side in two
short N-S strings. Several fainter
clusters are in the field including HS 117 5' SSE, HS 109 6' SSW and S-L 234 6'
SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1839 = h2768 (along with NGC 1836 = h2766) on 23 Nov 1834 and described
as "pB, irregular figure; the following of 2 [with NGC 1836] in field
together." On a second sweep he called it "the second nucleus of a
binuclear clustering group of mixed nebula and stars."
Herschel
questioned, though, whether this object was Dunlop 170, which was described as
"a pretty large faint nebula, irregular figure." Dunlop's RA is 1.7 tmin too large and I
would assume if NGC 1839 was picked up then so would NGC 1836, just 2.5' W.
******************************
NGC 1840 = ESO
056-SC062
05 05 19 -71 45
46
Size 0.6'
30"
(10/15/15 - OzSky): NGC 1840 may the asterism of four mag 13.7-14.7 stars
within 1.4' at this position.
In addition a couple of mag
15-16 stars were resolved at 394x.
Situated in a sparsely populated field.
More likely,
though, NGC 1840 is a duplite of NGC 1833.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1840 = h2771 on 3 Nov 1834 and described "F, R, bM,
resolvable. Hardly visible through
a thick haze. The observations
makes the RA 6m 13.5s, but this is impossible from the context [of the
sweep]. It *may* be 8m." In the Cape observations, Herschel
gives a position of 5h 7m 13.5s (1830), which is ~3' too far west, and that
position is also used in the GC.
In any case, the only nearby object is an asterism of 4 stars.
Eric Lindsay,
in the 1964 paper "Some NGC
objects in the Large Magellanic Cloud", comments "There is some
confusion about the RA. Dreyer chose the position 5h 6m 13.5' (1830) instead of
5h 7m 13.5s adopted by Herschel. There is nothing at either position. The object
was hardly visible though a thick haze, the observation made the RA 6m which
was considered impossible and may even by 8m. At the latter is the small
cluster S/L 235."
In August 2016
Harold Corwin went over the sweep carefully and concluded "Checking this
arc, we find two candidate objects:
NGC 1833 and SL 249 (at
05 07 35, -70
44.9). The NGC object (= h 2765)
is the larger and brighter of the two, and its position is off JH's by even
digits: 1 minute of time, and 1
degree of declination. This makes it
likely to also be NGC 1840."
******************************
NGC 1841 = ESO
004-SC015
04 45 23 -83 59
48
V = 14.1; Size 2.4'
18" (7/9/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 128x, this cluster appeared as a fairly
large, round glow, ~3' diameter with a low surface brightness and just a very
weak concentration. At 228x the
cluster just starts to resolve into extremely faint 16th magnitude stars.
NGC 1841 resides
in the halo and is one of 15 bona-fide ancient GC's in the LMC. It is also the southernmost globular in
the sky.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1841 = h2788 on 19 Jan 1836 and described "pF, L,
irregularly round, vgbM, resolvable, 3' diameter. (RA open to much error for
want of zero stars to be depended on)." Although his RA is off by 1 tmin, his position still matches
the globular very well at this declination.
Shapley and
Paraskevopoulos announced it was a new globular cluster, possibly extragalactic
(credited to Mrs. Seyfert, based on a long-exposure plate).
in
"Southern Clusters and Galaxies" (Harvard Obs. Bull., No.914,
6). The listed V magnitude of 14.1
is almost certainly too faint.
******************************
NGC 1842 = ESO
085-SC046 = S-L 241
05 07 18 -67 16
24
V = 14.0; Size 0.8'
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly faint, moderately large,
irregular shape, 25" diameter, no resolution. Forms a pair with brighter NGC 1844 3.4' SSE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1842 = h2772 on 20 Dec 1835 and described as "eF, the
preceding of two [with NGC 1844 = h2773]." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1843 = MCG
-02-14-008 = UGCA 107 = PGC 16949
05 14 05.9 -10
37 38
V = 12.6; Size 2.5'x1.8'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 110d
17.5"
(12/8/90): fairly faint, fairly small, round, broad concentration, halo
gradually fades into the background.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 1843 = St VIII-17b on 17 Jan 1877 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory. His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1844 = ESO
085-SC048 = S-L 242
05 07 31 -67 19
24
V = 12.1; Size 1.3'
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly bright, moderately large,
irregular (brightest portion is triangular shaped), 45"-60"
diameter. A couple of faint stars
are resolved at the edges with two interior stars occasionally resolving. Mottled appearance on the verge of
higher resolution. A mag 12.4 star
lies 2' SSW. NGC 1842 lies 3.4'
NNW with NGC 1846 8' S.
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): moderately bright, fairly small,
round, ~40" diameter, fairly smooth with only a weak concentration to the
center. Two mag 12-13 stars lie to
the south and a mag 10 star (HD 33631) is 8' SW. Nearby is the larger (globular?) cluster NGC 1846 8' S.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1844 = h2773 on 2 Nov 1834 and described "pB, R, gbM,
60"." On a second sweep
he recorded "pF, R, gbM, 25", has two stars 12th mag to the
north." On a third observation is only logged "F, R". The final observation reads: "F,
R, bM, the following of two [with NGC 1842 = h2772]."
******************************
NGC 1845 = ESO
056-SC065 = S-L 232 = LH 26
05 06 22 -70 35
24
V = 10.2; Size 20'
25"
(10/10/15 - OzSky): at 318x; very large star cloud/association (LH 26)
completely filling the 19' field.
At the northeast end is the small open cluster S-L 232, which is often
taken as NGC 1845. It appeared as
a moderately bright, nebulous patch, roundish, 30" diameter,
unresolved. A mag 11.2 star is
0.9' SW. The star cloud generally
trends northeast to southwest (from S-L 232), stretching ~20'x10', and includes
the open cluster NGC 1833 and 1837 at the southwest end. The cloud includes a
stunning mix of bright (a few mag 9.5 stars are Milky Way stars), numerous mag
12-13 stars and faint stars over the glowing LMC background haze of myriad
unresolved stars.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1845 = h2770 on 24 Nov 1834 and simply noted the position was
"the general middle of the same cluster [field containing NGC 1837 =
h2769]." On a second sweep he
gave the more detailed description, "a star 9m the second in magnitude and
near the centre of clustering groups which run together and form a cluster
which fills the whole field. vl comp M; st 11...16m." His two positions refer to different
objects: probably the small cluster S-L 232 to the northeast of HD 269070 and
the much larger star cloud itself (LH 26 association). Uranometria 2000 misclassifies this
object as a bright nebula. The
Hodge-Wright LMC Atlas identifies S-L 232 as NGC 1845.
******************************
NGC 1846 = ESO 056-SC067
= S-L 243
05 07 34.1 -67
27 41
V = 11.3; Size 2.8'
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 128x this young LMC globular
appeared fairly bright, relatively large, round, 2.5' diameter, broad
concentration, mottled with some weak resolution. A mag 10 star lies 9' SW. Second in a collinear string of 4 LMC clusters with NGC 1844
9' NNW, NGC 1842 11.5' NNW and NGC 1852 21' SSE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1846 = h2774 on 2 Nov 1834 and logged "B; L; R; gbM;
3'." He recorded this cluster
on 4 different sweeps and his position is accurate. James Dunlop possibly discovered the cluster earlier (D 209)
on 6 Nov 1826 and described a "very faint round nebula, 45" diameter,
preceding a bright star in the same parallel." He made a single observation and his position is 9' SW of
center, certainly within the range of Dunlop's usual measurements. Wolfgang Steinicke credits Dunlop with
the discovery, but there isn't a bright star "in the same parallel"
anywhere nearby to match his description, so I'm skeptical.
******************************
NGC 1847 = ESO
056-SC066 = S-L 240
05 07 08 -68 58
18
V = 11.1; Size 1.0'
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): very bright LMC blue globular,
moderately large, irregular elongated shape, high surface brightness glow with
a small fainter halo, ~0.6'x0.4'.
At 200x, several mag 14.5-15.5 stars are resolved (a couple are fairly
easy) within and at the edges of the central glow. NGC 1825 lies 15' WNW, NGC 1856 is 16' SE and NGC 1855/1858
are ~15' NE. John Herschel
described a "double star in the centre" and I'm sure this refers to
the two brightest central stars.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1847 = h2775 on 15 Dec 1835 and logged as "B, E, 30",
has a double star in the centre." On a second sweep he called it "B,
S, R, gbM, 15"."
His position is accurate.
Joseph Turner
described and sketched NGC 1847 with the 48" Great Melbourne Telescope:
"It has a mottled appearance, the bright parts being very bright, as if
consisting of very small stars. Sometimes these bright parts sparkle, but I
cannot make out any distinct stars, although I feel convinced that these exist.
The small star immediately south of nebula and close to it is involved in very
faint nebula. H.'s drawing of this object is very unlike its present
appearance. He describes it as having a double star in centre and his drawing
also shows it so. The nebula presents altogether a more mottled appearance than
indicated by H.'s sketch, and the two brighter parts might easily, upon an
unfavourable night, be mistaken for the double star with H. shows in his
drawing; I can however make nothing more of it than already stated. Night
exquisite"
On 19th November
1884, Barachi noted using the GMT:— "Pretty large, elongated, bright
patches within it, not stars. Sparkling looks as if resolvable, but not so.
Agrees exactly with Turner's drawing. Position of neighbouring stars agrees
exactly with T. Nebula is most likely unchanged. H. puts a double star in it.
This double star is perhaps represented now by the bright patches. It may be
that H.'s stars have changed into diffused patches." Both T. and B.
consider the lithograph as fairly representing the object."
******************************
NGC 1848 = ESO
056-SC068 = S-L 247 = LH 28
05 07 27 -71 11
43
V = 9.7; Size 6'
30"
(11/6/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): large, scattered group of stars, winding in a
loop or U-shape that is open on the east and northeast side. On the west end is a close, unequal
double star with the primary being the brightest star in the cluster. In total between 30-36 stars are
resolved in a 5' region (stellar assoication LH 28). At the east end of the loop is S-L 256, a faint but clumpy
glow of 20" diameter. NGC
1848 is centered 6' NE of mag 7.3 HD 33923.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1848 = h2776 on "the first and brightest star, 9th mag, of
a cluster of loosely scattered stars" and recorded as "The first and
brightest star, 9m, of a cluster of loosely scattered stars." His position is exactly 1 min of RA
west of the star at the west edge of the group.
******************************
NGC 1849 = ESO
085-SC049 = S-L 267
05 09 35 -66 19
00
V = 12.8; Size 1.3'
30"
(11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly bright, irregularly round, 1' diameter,
small bright core, no resolution.
An equilateral triangle of mag 11/12 stars with sides of 2.4' is
centered 4' SW. While scanning the
field, I noticed open cluster S-L 283 7.7' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1849 = h2778 on 3 Jan 1837 and recorded "vF; lE; glbM;
25". His position from a
single sweep is ~30" NNW of
center.
******************************
NGC 1850 =
LMC-N103A = ESO 056-SC70 = S-L 261
05 08 45.8 -68
45 39
V = 9.5; Size 3'
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 350x in the 24" I was stunned by
the view of this huge, extremely bright, blue globular cluster! The outer halo, which extends 5' in
diameter, was resolved into dozens of faint stars arranged in irregular star
chains that appear to stream out of the core. A single brighter mag 13 star is superimposed on the west
side [30" W of center is the core of companion cluster N1850A]. The center is highly concentrated with
an extremely bright 1' core that appears elongated, irregular and clumpy with a
curved outline. A small, 20"
diffuse glow is embedded at the north edge of the halo (open cluster S-L 260).
NGC 1850 resides
in a glorious LMC region that is packed with an unbelievable number of clusters
and HII regions including NGC 1854 6' SE and NGC 1858, a huge cluster and
nebulosity, ~10' SE. A faint loop
of nebulosity (LMC-N103A) is involved with the cluster, extending ~N-S on the
east end, but I didn't try a filter to see if it was visible.
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): After the Tarantula region (30
Doradus complex), NGC 1850 is the brightest star cluster in the LMC and at an
estimated age of only 40-50 million years, this rich, globular-like cluster has
no counterpart in the Milky Way!
At 128x, the cluster appeared very bright (9th magnitude), large, round,
~3.5' diameter, well concentrated with an intensely bright 1' core. A brighter mag 13 star is superimposed
on the western side of the halo. Several very faint stars are resolved in the
very lively halo.
NGC 1850 lies in
a very impressive region of the LMC (near the outskirts of the central bar)
with 13 additional NGC clusters/nebulosity within 30' including NGC 1854 7' SE,
NGC 1858 10' SE, NGC 1856 22' SSE and several others including NGC 1836, 1839,
1847, 1860, 1863, 1865.
Unfortunately dawn was starting to break so I only was able to view the
first group of objects mentioned above and I need to return to this field! See image at
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap010712.html.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1850 = D 172 = h2780 on 3 Aug 1826 and described a "pretty
bright round nebula, 40" diameter.
This is the preceding and brightest of three nebulae in a
line." His position was 10'
too far east but correct in declination.
The other two "nebulae" are NGC 1855 and 1858. D 170 may be a duplicate observation
("a pretty large faint nebula, irregular figure.")
JH observed this
cluster on 6 sweeps beginning on 2 Nov 1834 when he logged "pretty bright,
small, round, a cluster of stars 12th mag; diam 1'." The 2nd sweep was
recorded as "globular, very bright, very much compressed, 3' diameter."
On the third sweep he noted "globular, a fine large clusgter st = 13m,
mbM." Herschel gave possible
synonyms with D 172 as well as D 170.
******************************
NGC 1851 = ESO
305-SC016 = Mel 30
05 14 06.3 -40
02 50
V = 7.2; Size 11.0'; Surf Br = 0.1
18"
(1/17/09): at 275x this very bright globular spanned ~6' and contained a
blazing 1.5' core. Nearly two
dozen stars were resolved including a distinctive SSW-NNE string that runs past
the west side of the core. The
observation was hampered by the low elevation of this globular from northern
California (~10¡ elevation).
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): at 200x, this compact globular is very bright, strongly
concentrated with an intense 1.5' core and a 4-5' fainter halo. The core is very lively and there are
~30 stars resolved [brightest cluster members are mag 13.2], mostly in the
loose halo. A neat loop of stars emerges from the core and runs NNE-SSW along
the west edge of the core.
17.5"
(1/31/87): small bright core, large very mottled halo. About 20 stars are resolved, mostly west
of the core.
13"
(1/1/84): mottled bright core, unresolved except for two or three faint stars
at the west edge.
8"
(10/13/81): small, very small bright core, faint halo.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1851 = D 508 = h2777 on 10 May 1826 with his 9-inch speculum
f/12 reflector at Parramatta, New South Wales. His decription reads
"exceedingly bright, round, well-defined nebula, about 1.5' diameter,
exceedingly condensed, almost to the very margin. This is the brightest small nebula that I have seen. I tried
several magnifying powers on this beautiful globe; a considerable portion round
the margin is resolvable, but the compression to the centre is so great that I
cannot reasonably expect to separate the stars. I compared this with the 68
Conn. des Tems, and this nebula greatly exceeds the 68 in condensation and
brightness." Dunlop observed it 5 times.
JH recorded it
on 23 Oct 1835 as a "superb globular cluster; all resolved into stars of
14th mag.; very suddenly much brighter in the middle to a blaze or nucleus of
light; diam. in RA = 15 seconds of time. Difference of left and right eyes in
resolving this cluster very remarkable. Returning from the left to the right
eye, the object (in comparison) appears as if glazed over with a kind of dull
film." He recorded it a second time as "very bright; round; very
suddenly very much brighter in the middle; 3'; all clearly resolved into stars
from 14 to 16 mag except at the centre, where they are massed together into a
blaze of light." His final observation reads "Superb globular
cluster, very bright; round; first very gradually then suddenly very much
brighter in the middle; 4'; resolved, the stars barely visible in strong
twilight."
This is an older
halo cluster (age of 14 billion years and 54,500 l.y. from the galactic center)
and harbors an intense X-ray source, that might signal the presence of a black
hole. Sydney van den Bergh
suggested that NGC 1851 (along with NGC 2808 and Fornax 3) may have formed from
the merger of two globular clusters that were once part of a dwarf spheroidal
galaxy (based on its peculiar color-magnitude diagram). See
http://cdsaas.u-strasbg.fr:2001/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJL/v471n1/5467/5467.pdf. A 2010 preprint ("Accreted versus
In Situ Milky Way Globular Clusters") states this globular is a probable
member of the Canis Major dwarf galaxy, along with M79, NGC 2298 and NGC 2808!
******************************
NGC 1852 = ESO
056-SC71 = S-L 264
05 09 24 -67 46
36
V = 12.0
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 128x, this rich LMC cluster
(possible globular) appeared moderately bright and large, round, 1'
diameter. Fairly low surface
brightness with a weak concentration to a slightly brighter core. Forms the northern vertex of a triangle
with two mag 10 stars (HD 34038 and HD 34143) 7.4' SSW and 6' SSE,
respectively. NGC 1846 lies 21'
NW.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1852 = D 171 = h2781 on 6 Nov 1826 and described a "very
faint round nebula, 25" diameter." His position is 5' SSE of the cluster and there are no other
nearby candidates. JH
independently found the cluster on 23 Dec 1834 and recorded "F; R; gbM;
2'." His position (measured on 4 sweeps) is accurate. Herschel made no mention of Dunlop's
possible earlier observation.
******************************
NGC 1853 = ESO
158-022 = PGC 16911
05 12 16.4 -57
23 57
V = 13.0; Size 2.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 43d
14" (4/7/16
- Coonabarabran, 142x and 184x): moderately bright and large, elongated ~5:2
SW-NE, 1.25'x0.5', slightly brighter core, brighter along the major axis. A mag 12 star is 1.6' NE of center,
collinear with the major axis.
Located 4.5' SSW of mag 9.6 HD 34231 and 8.7' SW of mag 9.7 HD 34314.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1853 = h2779 on 4 Dec 1834 and logged "F; S; mE; pos 45¡ n
f to s p. Has a *11 mag
north." His position
(measured on 3 sweeps) and description matches ESO 158-022 = PGC 16911. RNGC labels this object as an
"unverified southern object".
******************************
NGC 1854 = NGC
1855 (core) = ESO 056-SC072 = S-L 265
05 09 20.1 -68
50 50
V = 10.4; Size 0.8'
24" (4/7/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): I revisited this remarkable field after
viewing NGC 1850 (located 6' NW) the previous night. At 200x this cluster appeared very bright, large, round,
with a brilliant core. At 350x, it
was resolved into numerous faint stars around the edges of the intense
core. Up to a couple of dozen very
faint stars popped in and out of visibility. The core is noticeably elongated
N-S and is surrounded by a large, much fainter halo. There is a small clump of stars at the NW edge. NGC 1858, a large star cluster and
nebulosity, lies 4' SE.
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly bright, fairly small, oval
4:3 NW-SE, 0.8'x0.6', moderate concentration. There is a small knot attached to
the north edge. Located 6' SE of
NGC 1850 with NGC 1858 4.5' further SE in a region of the LMC packed with
clusters.
James Dunlop
probably discovered NGC 1854 = D 119 on 2 Aug 1826 with his 9" reflector
and noted a "small round pretty well-defined nebula". His position is 12' ESE of NGC 1854
(bright core of NGC 1855) and nearby NGC 1858 = D 120 has a similar offset. It is also possible that D 119 refers
to NGC 1858, as Dunlop's position is directly east of NGC 1858 by 8'.
John Herschel
independently discovered NGC 1854 = h2782 on 23 Nov 1834 (Dunlop is not
referenced) and logged "a cluster nebula, S, R, pB, 40"." On a 2nd sweep he noted "globular,
B, S, R, 25", resolvable."
On the 3rd sweep logged as "B, S, R, 35"." The 4th
observation reads "B, E, gbM, 2' resolvable. The second of three
objects." His final observations reads: "F, R, gbM,
40"." Except for the 4th
observation, these refer to the core of the cluster (NGC 1855). His observation for NGC 1855 = h2783
reads "a vB, L, round cluster of stars 12m, 5' diameter [this obs must
refer to the general cluster in which the former (NGC 1854) is situated as a
nebulous-looking knot - a combination of the most ordinary occurence in the
Nubecula Major, though very rare in other parts of the heavens."
NGC 1854 and
1855 are equated in S-L (1963) and ESO as well as online sources such as
SIMBAD. Brent Archinal has
separate listings for NGC 1854 ("central portion") and NGC 1855 in
his book "Star Clusters".
******************************
NGC 1855 = ESO
056-SC072
05 09 20 -68 51
00
Size 2.3'x2.3'
24" (4/7/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 350, the cluster was resolved into
numerous faint stars around the edges of the intense core. Up to a couple of dozen very faint
stars popped in and out of visibility. The core (NGC 1854) is noticeably
elongated N-S and is surrounded by a large, much fainter halo (NGC 1855).
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): see description for NGC 1854.
John Herschel discovered
NGC 1855 = h2783 on 2 Nov 1834 and described "a vB, L, round cluster of
stars 12m, 5' diameter [N.B. this obs must refer to the general cluster in
which the former (h2782 = NGC 1854) is situated as a nebulous-looking knot - a
combination of the most ordinary occurence in the Nubecula Major, though very
rare in other parts of the heavens]." He has 5 observations of h2782 (the central core of the
cluster), but only this single observation noting a much larger field. Most sources, such as ESO and SIMBAD,
simply equate the two numbers or refer to the cluster as NGC 1855, though Brent
Archinal has separate listings for both objects in his book "Star
Clusters".
James Dunlop
probably discovered NGC 1854 = D 119 (the core of the cluster) on 2 Aug 1826 and
described a "small round pretty well-defined nebula". His position is
12' ESE of NGC 1855, a typical error shared by D 120 = NGC 1858. Dunlop is not credited in JH's
catalogues or the NGC.
******************************
NGC 1856 = ESO
056-SC073 = S-L 271
05 09 29 -69 07
42
V = 10.1; Size 2.7'x2.4'
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 128x, this LMC rich cluster
appeared bright, moderately large, 1.5' diameter. Well concentrated with a very bright 30" core similar
to a globular cluster. Located 2'
N of mag 9.4 HD 34144 and 23' SSE of NGC 1850.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1856 = D 118 = h2784 on 24 Sep 1826 and described "a pretty
well-defined small nebula, with a small star south of it." His position is 6' ENE of NGC 1856 and
the position of the nearby star clinches the identification. JH missed the possible earlier
observation by Dunlop and independently swept up the cluster on 3 Nov 1834,
logging it as "B, R, gbM, 12 seconds diameter in RA in time. Has a bright
star to south." On a second
sweep he noted "B, pL, R, gbM, 1.5'." His position (measured on 3 sweeps) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1857 = Cr 61
= Mel 32 = OCL-428
05 20 06 +39 20
36
V = 7.0; Size 6'
13.1"
(1/18/85): 50-60 stars resolved surrounding mag 7.5 SAO 57903 near the
center. This is a very pleasing
cluster and is rich in faint mag 13/14 stars.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1857 = H VII-33 = h350 on 18 Sep 1786 (sweep 619). He described "a cluster of pretty
compressed pS stars, considerably rich, contains one large star, the rest are
all of a size." His position
is accurate. JH recorded "a
*7m, very ruddy, almost orange-coloured, in a p rich cl of very small
stars."
******************************
NGC 1858 =
LMC-N105A = ESO 056-SC74 = S-L 274 = LH 31
05 09 56.1 -68
54 06
V = 9.9; Size 4.4'x2.6'
24" (4/7/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this would be a fascinating nebula and
cluster (association LH 31) if it were isolated, but is even more striking
situated at the southeast end of a wonderful chain with the bright cluster NGC
1854 and NGC 1850, which is one of the top showpieces in the LMC. At 346x about two dozen stars were
superimposed over an elongated glow and many other stars are just outside the
glow. At 200x with a UHC filter,
the associated emission nebula (LMC-N105) was very bright overall with a
30" very high surface brightness patch at the north end. The nebula is brightest along the west
and east border and weaker in the center.
The elongation is towards a mag 12 star on the south side. HD 34169, a mag 13.7 star off the west
side, is a rare eclipsing binary, consisting of a Wolf-Rayet WN4 star and an
O5-class blue supergiant. NGC 1854
lies 4.5' NW.
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): third of three bright objects in a
NW to SE string with NGC 1850 and NGC 1854/55. This is a large and very unusual cluster with
nebulosity. There is a bright knot
attached near the NW edge, ~15"-20" in diameter. This knot responds very well to a UHC
filter at 76x (27 Panoptic). An
obvious elongated patch of nebulous haze curves to the SE with several mag 13
stars involved with the glow and extended N-S. Overall, the size of the cluster/nebulosity extends to
3.5'x2'. Located 4.5' SE of NGC
1854.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1858 = D 120 on 3 Aug 1826 with his 9" reflector and
described a "small round nebula, about 30" diameter." His position is 14' ESE of this
cluster/nebula (association?).
JH missed the
earlier observation by Dunlop (not referenced in the CGH catalogue) due to the
poor position and independently discovered NGC 1858 = h2784 on 2 Nov 1834,
noting "A bright cl of irregular figure." Herschel observed the cluster on no less than 7 sweeps. The next observation was recorded as
"a large, irregularly elongated cluster and nebula. Has two bright nebulae
N.p." On a third occasion he noted it as "bright, large, irregular
figure; binuclear; 3' long, 2' broad. The S.f. of 3." His final observation was recorded as
"Two oval nebulae joining." He notes: "This object, by diagrams,
made in several of the observations, appears to consist of a resolvable and
irresolvable portion, the general form being that of a somewhat crooked oblong
extended from N.p. to S.f. at an angle of 60 or 70 degrees with the parallel,
the northern end being nebulous, the southern starry. This anomolous form and
constitution will serve to explain the apparent disagreement of these
descriptions and places."
******************************
NGC 1859 = ESO
085-SC50 = S-L 297
05 11 32.5 -65
14 55
V = 12.1; Size 2.0'
30"
(11/6/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly bright, fairly small, round. A brighter "bar" oriented
NW-SE runs through the center, 0.6' diameter. Appears very mottled with a few very faint stars
resolved. Collinear with mag 7 HD
34349 5.5' NE and a mag 11.4 star
4.5' SW. NGC 1866 lies 18' SE.
13.1"
(2/17/04 - Costa Rica): at 166x, this cluster appeared as a faint, fairly
small, round, unresolved spot, roughly 0.5' diameter. Located 5.5' SSW of mag 7.0 SAO 249218 and 18' NW NGC 1866.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1859 = h2786 on 3 Dec 1834 and recorded "F; S; R; vgbM;
20"; has a *7m nf, dist 6'."
His position and description is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1860 = ESO
056-SC075 = S-L 284
05 10 39.9 -68
45 13
V = 11.0; Size 1.1'x1.1'
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this LMC cluster was fairly faint,
moderately large, possibly elongated slightly N-S, ~35"x30", very
weak concentration. A mag 10 star
lies 1.7' SW. Picked up after
viewing NGC 1863 (5.5' ENE) and NGC 1865 (9.5' ESE). The amazing field containing NGC 1850 (brightest cluster in
the LMC), NGC 1854 and 1858 is just to the SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1860 = h2787 on 30 Dec 1836 and described as "F; R; vgbM;
60." His position is
~30" too far south.
******************************
NGC 1861 = ESO
056-SC076 = S-L 286
05 10 22 -70 46
36
V = 13.2; Size 1.2'
30"
(11/6/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): moderately bright, round, fairly small,
35" diameter, weak concentration to a slightly brighter core, no
resolution. A mag 12 star lies 4'
W and there are no stars brighter than mag 11 in the field.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1861 = h2790 on 12 Nov 1836 and described as "eF, R, gvlbM,
90 arcseconds." His single
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1862 = ESO
085-SC051 = S-L 306
05 12 34.4 -66
09 11
V = 13.3; Size 0.3'
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly faint, fairly small,
irregular round, 25" diameter.
Two mag 15-15.5 stars are resolved on the north side [6"
separation] and a knot on the south side just resolves into a 4"
pair. A wide 30" pair of mag
11/12.5 stars is 2.5' S.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1862 = h2789 on 31 Jan 1835 and logged "vF, R,
30"." His position from
this single sweep is 1.3' too far west.
******************************
NGC 1863 = ESO
056-SC077 = S-L 299
05 11 40.1 -68
43 36
V = 11.0; Size 1.4'x1.2'
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x this LMC globular appeared very
bright, moderately large, irregular outline, ~40" diameter, high surface
brightness. A faint star or clump
is at the NE edge. Forms a pair
with NGC 1865, located 5' SE. The
remarkable field containing NGC 1850 (brightest cluster in the LMC), NGC 1855
and 1858 lies 15' SW.
James Dunlop
possibly discovered NGC 1863 = D 173 on 5 Sep 1826 and recorded a "small
faint nebula, 12" diameter."
He made a single observation and his position is 12' ENE of the cluster. This easily falls within the range of
his rough positions although NGC 1860 and NGC 1865 are nearby and also possible
candidates. JH independently discovered NGC 1863 = h2791 on 23 Dec 1834 and
recorded "B; vS; R; 20"."
On a second sweep he added "resolvable, 15", has a small star
very near the edge." His
position (recorded on 5 sweeps) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1864 = ESO
056-SC079 = S-L 309
05 12 41.0 -67
37 25
V = 12.9; Size 0.9'
30"
(10/12/15 - OzSky): fairly bright, fairly small, roundish glow, 35"
diameter. Four stars are resolved
are 303x. Two mag 14.3 and 15.5
stars on the west end and a couple of mag 14.5-15 stars on the southeast
side. HD 34650 = HJ 3747 =
9.4/11.0 at 7" is 6.2' ENE.
NGC 1871/1869/1873 lies 12' and more to the northeast.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1864 = h2792 on 23 Dec 1834 and recorded "F; R; bM;
60." On a second sweep he
logged "F; irreg R; r; query, if not a knot of vS stars." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1865 = ESO
056-SC078 = S-L 307
05 12 25.0 -68
46 19
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x1.4'
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x this LMC cluster was fairly bright,
fairly large, round, 1' diameter with a weak concentration and no resolution.
It has a symmetrical appearance like a globular. Located 5' SE of the bright cluster NGC 1863.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1865 = h2794 on 23 Dec 1834 and recorded "vF, pL, R, vglbM,
45"." His position (measured on 3 sweeps) is accurate. James Dunlop possibly discovered this
cluster earlier in 1826 and described for D 173, "a small faint nebula,
12" diameter." He made a
single observation and his position is 6.4' NE of the cluster. Herschel noted the possible equivalence
with D 173.
******************************
NGC 1866 = ESO
085-SC52 = S-L 319
05 13 38.6 -65
27 51
V = 9.8; Size 4.5'
30"
(11/6/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): beautiful, highly resolved "blue
globular" in the LMC.
Appeared very bright, very large, with an intense 1' core surrounded by
a 5' halo containing a few dozen very faint stars. The core itself was partially resolved into a number of
densely packed stars over bright, mottled haze. NGC 1859 lies 18' NW.
13.1"
(2/17/04 - Costa Rica): at 166x, this LMC globular appeared moderately bright
and fairly large large, round, 2.5' diameter. The appearance was symmetrical with a faint 2.5' halo
increasing to a 1' bright core which was concentrated to the center. There was no obvious resolution
although the surface was grainy or mottled. Forms an equilateral triangle with a mag 11-12 star 3' WNW
and a mag 12-13 star 3' NNW. This
is a young populous "blue globular" with an age of roughly 100
million years.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1866 = D 247 = D 248 on 3 Aug 1826 and described (for D 247)
"a pretty bright round nebula, 40" diameter." His position for this entry (1
observation) is 10' too far NW.
Dunlop described D 248 as "a pretty bright round well-defined
nebula, about 30" diameter, gradually brighter to the centre." He claims 3 observations for this
object and the published position is 9' too far east. Since both descriptions are quite similar and this is the
only bright object in the vicinity, it's reasonable to assume D 247 = D 248 =
NGC 1866. JH described NGC 1866 =
h2793) as "vB; L; R; vgmbM; 2'; resolvable." and listed both Dunlop
entries as possible equivalences.
******************************
NGC 1867 = ESO
058-SC053 = S-L 321
05 13 41.6 -66
17 36
V = 13.3; Size 1.3'
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): this LMC cluster appears as a
fairly faint soft glow with no resolution, moderately large, irregularly round,
35" diameter, slightly brighter core. Forms the obtuse angle of a flat triangle with a mag 10.5
star 2.6' S and a mag 12.5 star 1.9' NW.
NGC 1882 lies 15' NE and NGC 1887 is a similar distance ESE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1867 = h2795 on 3 Jan 1837 and described as "eF, pL, R, 2'
(sky dull)" His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 1868 = ESO
085-SC56 = S-L 330
05 14 37 -63 57
18
V = 11.6; Size 3.9'
30"
(10/15/15 - OzSky): at 394x; bright, moderately large, round, fairly thin halo,
1.0' diameter, mottled and high surface brightness but not resolved. A mag 12 star lies 2.5' NE. Resides in an fairly sparse field 57'
SE of mag 5.2 WZ Doradus.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1868 = h2796 on 30 Nov 1834 and reported "pF; pL; R; vglbM;
80"." On a second sweep
he recorded "pB; R; gbM; 30"." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1869 =
LMC-N30A = ESO 085-SC55 = S-L 326 = LH 37
05 13 53 -67 22
48
V = 10.5; Size 14'
30"
(10/12/15 - OzSky): S-L 326 (middle of three clusters within a large star
cloud) consists of a mag 11.5 star, along with 5 other fairly bright stars and
a number of faint stars (12-15 total resolved). The cluster is encased in an irregular HII glow with a
brighter patch (LMC-N30A) to the southeast of the mag 11.5 star. Moderately enhanced with the NPB
filter, which reveals nebulosity extending off the cluster to the west. NGC 1873 lies 3' N and NGC 1871 is 4.5'
S. All three clusters appear as
local enhancements anchored by bright stars and lie within a striking star
cloud (large association of blue supergiants including LH 32/34/36/37/38). A rich background glow of unresolved
stars extends west and north.
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): fairly faint, hazy glow (= S-L 326) around a mag 10.5
star (HD 269183) with a couple of mag 12 stars close west. NGC 1873 lies 2.7' N with 1871 4.4'
S. Located 11.5' S of mag 4.9
Theta Doradus. Shapley used NGC
1869 as the center of "Constellation" IV, a 33'x33' association of
blue supergiants.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1869 = h2798 on 30 Jan 1835 and described on sweep 658
"cluster of 7th class; a fine L cluster of scattered stars which fills
field. The point taken is the
middle of 3 groups [including NGC 1871 and 1873] in the most condensed
part." On a second sweep (2
Jan 1837) he noted "The first of a series of clusters which extends
northwards as far as B 922 [Theta Doradus]." NGC 2000, ESO and Morel's Visual Atlas of the LMC all
identify NGC 1869 with S-L 326, a small cluster flanked by NGC 1871 to the
south and NGC 1873 to the north of JH's position. This is the object described by JH on his second sweep. But Jenni Kay notes that "I am
confident the small cluster centrally positioned between NGC 1871 and NGC 1873,
being 2.5' in size is not JH's cluster.
The whole star group is attractive enough to warrant it's own
designation. ...the small OC was used to measure a position only for the whole
group which is the true NGC 1869 JH cluster." Based on his two sweeps, NGC 1869 refers BOTH to the small
cluster and to the star cloud (Lucke-Hodge associations 36/37/38 as well as
34/32).
Wolfgang
Steinicke, as well as JH, attributes James Dunlop as the discoverer of NGC 1869
on 24 Sep 1826 as his position for D 210 is just 3.4' ESE of S-L 326 in the center
of the association (the "point taken" by JH). Dunlop's description reads "a
small round nebula, rather faint.
This is the preceding in a line of nebulae and small stars, with a star
of the 7th magnitude at the north extremity." Although Dunlop gives a sketch, I couldn't match up the
sketch with the DSS to tell what object he was sketching. Another reasonable guess is that D 210
applies to NGC 1871, which is the "southern" cluster in a line of nebulae
extending north to Theta Doradus.
******************************
NGC 1870 = ESO
056-SC081 = S-L 317
05 13 10.9 -69
07 03
V = 11.3; Size 1.1'x1.0'
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x this cluster appeared very bright,
small, round, at most 30" in diameter. The cluster was very grainy and lively at 350x and a few
extremely faint stars occasionally popped into view.
James Dunlop
probably discovered NGC 1870 = D 123 = h2799 on 3 Aug 1826 with his 9"
reflector at Parramatta and described "a faint ill-defined nebula, 2'
diameter." His position, from
a single observation, is 9.5' ESE of the cluster. JH independently discovered the cluster on 30 Jan 1835 and
logged "B; S; R; glbM; 25."
His position (measured on two sweeps) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1871 =
LMC-N30B = ESO 056-SC085 = S-L 325 = LH 38
05 13 54.4 -67
27 27
V = 10.1
30"
(10/12/15 - OzSky): this nebulous cluster contains 5 or 6 bright stars (mag
11.5-13) and 10 stars total. A
very small nonstellar knot is near the center. Nebulosity encases the stars and is moderately enhanced with
an NPB filter. Located at the
southeast end of a 15' star cloud (includes LH 32/34/36/37/38) with NGC 1869 =
S-L 326 4.6' N and NGC 1873 7' N.
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): at 105x, this is a small group of stars in the LMC, 4
stars are resolved in nebulosity.
NGC 1873 lies 7' N and NGC 1864 is 12' SW.
James Dunlop
probably discovered NGC 1871 = D 210 on 24 Sep 1826 and recorded "a small
round nebula, rather faint. This
is the preceding in a line of nebulae and small stars, with a star of the 7th
magnitude at the north extremity".
Although NGC 1871 is not "preceding in a line", it is the
furthest south in a line and his position is just 5' NE of this cluster.
JH independently
discovered NGC 1871 = h2800 on 2 Nov 1834 and described "a poor cluster;
the southern of three (with NGC 1869 and 1873) of four." On a subsequent sweep he logged
"the second of a series of clusters which extend northwards as far as B
922." His mean position from
two sweeps is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1872 = ESO
056-SC083 = S-L 318
05 13 11.6 -69
18 45
V = 11.0; Size 1.7'x1.7'
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this bright globular was the first LMC
object I observed in the 24" and the view and surrounding field was very
striking. At 200x, the cluster
appeared very bright, fairly large, round, 1.25' diameter, with a very bright
core and a mottled halo. A couple
of mag 14-14.5 stars are near the edge of the halo.
Just to the east
is a fairly rich scattering of stars including a 6' N-S curving chain that
includes several mag 11-12 stars with a nice mag 12 pair at the north end (NGC
1881). The southern end of the
chain is near an impressive complex (stellar association LH 35) containing five
HII regions (NGC 1874, 1876, 1877 and 1880) which are located ~4' S and 5' SSE
of NGC 1872.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1872 = h2802 on 3 Nov 1834 and reported "B, R, gbM; the
preceding nebula." The next observation was recorded as "pB, S, R,
insulated in the recess of an arc-formed nebulous cluster (See plate III fig 6
for this and several following objects)." His position (recorded on 4 sweeps) is accurate.
James Dunlop
possibly discovered this cluster on 24 Sep 1826 and recorded for D121 "a
small round nebula." This
would require he made a 15' error in declination (too far south). Another possibility is that NGC 1872 =
D 122, described by Dunlop as "a small nebula, about 20" diameter,
with three smaller nebulae following, and three pretty bright small stars on
the north side". This
position of D 122 is 17' due south of NGC 1872. The "three smaller nebulae following" matches,
though I can't identify the "three pretty bright small stars."
******************************
NGC 1873 = ESO
085-SC054= S-L 324 = LH 36
05 13 53.5 -67
20 14
V = 10.4
30"
(10/12/15 - OzSky): fairly bright, large resolved cluster, 2.5' diameter. Includes a bright mag 11.6 star and 20
or more mag 13 and fainter stars over unresolved haze and nebulosity. Moderate contrast gain with NPB filter.
Connected to S-L 326 (see NGC 1869) just 2.8' S and NGC 1871 7.5' SSW. The three star groups are embedded in a
15' star cloud (including associations LH 32/34/36/37/38). Faint stars and unresolved haze extends
to the west and north as well as a several brighter mag 11.5-12.5 stars 4' to
6' W. This excellent region is
situated 9' S of mag 4.8 Theta Doradus.
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): very faint, 4 stars resolved over haze, 1.0'
diameter. Located 9' S of mag 4.9
Theta Doradus in a series of small clusters including NGC 1871 7' S and a small
group just 3' S surrounding a mag 10 star that John Herschel gave as the center
for NGC 1869.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1873 = h2801 on 2 Jan 1837 and described as "the third
[with NGC 1871 and 1869] of a series of clusters extending to B 922." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1874 =
LMC-N113D = ESO 056-EN84 = LH 35
05 13 09.0 -69
22 34
V = 12.8; Size 1.0'
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is the first in a complex of HII
regions located ~4' due south of the bright cluster NGC 1872. At 200x and UHC filter, NGC 1874
appeared bright, round, ~1' diameter, even surface brightness. The nebulous glow is just slightly
fainter than NGC 1876 which is just 1.3' NE. Without a filter a couple of mag 14 stars are involved
within the glow.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1874 = h2803 on 16 Dec 1835 and described as "the south
preceding of two [with NGC 1876 = h2804], forming a binuclear nebula at the
southern extremeity of an arc-formed cluster of stars." Also in this grouping are NGC 1877 and
NGC 1880. Sketched on Plate III,
figure 6 in his CGH observations.
His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1875 = HCG
34A = Arp 327 NED1 = VV 169a = MCG +01-14-032 = CGCG 421-039 = PGC 17171
05 21 45.8 +06
41 20
V = 13.7; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0
48"
(10/24/11): bright, round, 30" diameter, brighter core. A mag 13 star lies 1' W. The other three fainter members
(interacting chain Arp 327) are in a string to the southeast with HCG 34D 0.5'
SE, HCG 34C 0.9' SE and HCG 34B 1.2' SE.
HCG 34D is extremely faint and small, round, 6" diameter, HCG 34C
is faint, very small, slightly elongated E-W, 12"x8" and HCG 34B
appears faint, very small, elongated 2:1 ~N-S, 20"x10". I also picked up 2MASX
J05215739+0643182, a fairly faint (mag 16.7B) galaxy 3.5' NE.
24"
(2/9/13): NGC 1875 is the dominant E or S0 galaxy in HCG 34. At 375x it appeared moderately bright,
fairly small, round, 0.4' diameter, well concentrated with a small brighter
core. A mag 13 star lies 1' W and
a mag 16 star is just 0.4' W of center.
Two additional members were barely seen to the southeast; HCG 34C 0.9'
SE and 34B 1.2' SE.
17.5"
(2/8/97): faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, very faint stellar nucleus. Located 1.0' E of a mag 13.5 star. No other members of HCG 34 seen.
17.5"
(12/23/89): very faint, very small, round, faint stellar nucleus. A mag 14 star is 1' W. This galaxy is the brightest member of
HCG 34 including an extremely faint interacting triplet just SE which was not
seen.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 1875 = m 98 on 18 Nov 1863 with William Lassell's 48" on
Malta and logged as "eF, S, R."
His position matches MCG +01-14-032 = PGC 17171, the brightest member of
HCG 34. VV 169 = Arp 327 is a
triplet of distorted galaxies just southeast.
******************************
NGC 1876 =
LMC-N113C = ESO 056-EN84 = LH 35
05 13 18.5 -69
21 52
V = 11.7
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is the largest and brightest in an
impressive complex of HII regions just 3' S of the blue globular NGC 1872. At 200x and a UHC filter it appeared
very bright with a slightly irregular outline, ~1.2' diameter, brightest along
the north rim where there is a brighter knot. NGC 1874, another bright section, lies only 1' SW and
NGC 1877 is a similar distance south-southeast. A long curving chain of stars sweeps to the NE of the
complex (stellar association LH 35).
NGC 1881 lies the north end of this stellar chain.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1876 = h2804 on 3 Nov 1834 and described as "B, irreg R
(the following of two very close) connected by an arc-formed cluster with
another." On his second he
logged "pB, r, the most compressed part of an irregular binuclear nebula
which terminates, to the south, an arc-formed cluster." His mean position from 4 sweeps is
accurate and a sketch showing the entire complex is on plate III, figure 6.
******************************
NGC 1877 = ESO
056-EN084 = LMC-N11A/B
05 13 21.7 -69
22 37
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is the third in an interesting complex
of HII regions and is situated just 1' SE of much brighter NGC 1876. At 200x with a UHC filter it appeared
faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, with several stars embedded. NGC 1877 forms the SE vertex of a small
equilateral triangle with NGC 1874 and 1876. NGC 1880 lies another 1.5' ESE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1877 = h2805 on 17 Jan 1838 and described as "a third and
very faint nucleus of the nebular group at the southern extremity of the
arc-formed cluster. From a figure of Jan 17, 1838 [plate III, figure 6 in the
CGH Observations]." See
Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 1878 = ESO
056-SC080 = S-L 316
05 12 51 -70 28
18
V = 12.9; Size 1.1'
25" (10/10/15
- OzSky): at 318x; moderately bright, small, round, compact, 20" diameter,
fairly high surface brightness glow, no resolution. Occasionally a mag 16-16.5
star pops at the north edge. A mag
13.5 star is 1' NE and a mag 12.5 star is 1.8' NE. LHA 120-N 193A, a compact HII region, is 4.3' NNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1878 = h2807 on 12 Nov 1836 and described as "vF, lE,
gvlbM, r. (N.B. The Nubecula Major is here very poor, and hardly anything of it
seen.)" His position, from a
single sweep, is ~30" too far east.
******************************
NGC 1879 = ESO
423-006 = MCG -05-13-016 = UGCA 110 = PGC 17113
05 19 48.2 -32
08 29
V = 12.8; Size 2.5'x1.7'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 60d
17.5"
(1/19/91): faint, moderately large, almost round, low even surface
brightness. Located 3.3' SE of mag
9.8 SAO 195756.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1879 = h2797 on 18 Nov 1835 and reported as "vF, L, R,
vgvlbM, 2', has a star 12 seconds preceding and 3' north." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1880 =
LMC-N113F = ESO 056-EN82
05 13 38.6 -69
23 03
Size 0.7'
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is the 4th in a striking group of HII
regions with the main complex consisting of NGC 1874, 1876 and 1877 just to the
west by 2'-3'. At 200x with a UHC
filter NGC 1880 appeared as a moderately bright, small, round haze surrounding
a star. A brighter mag 12.3 star
~40" SW is free of nebulosity.
Very faint haze is visible extending to the east (BSDL 945) and
northeast.
John Herschel discovered
NGC 1880 = h2808 in Dec 1834 and described as "A fourth nucleus at the
southern end of the arc-formed nebula and cluster, as laid down in the figure
of Jan 17, 1838 [plate III, figure 6 in the CGH Observations]." This
grouping consists of NGC 1872, 1874, 1877 and NGC 1880. See Corwin's notes for NGC 1874.
******************************
NGC 1881 = ESO
056-SC086 = S-L 323 = LH 35
05 13 37.3 -69
18 03
Size 1.0'
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): a long, curving chain of stars (part of stellar
association LH 35) extends to the northeast of the NGC 1874/76/77 HII complex
and ends at an easy pair of mag 12 stars (12" separation) located about
2.5' NE of the globular NGC 1872.
At 260x, faint haze or unresolved stars, ~1' in diameter, encompasses
this pair of stars.
Although there
is dim nebulosity generally north and west of the double, John Herschel's
description and sketch refers to an asterism of 5-6 faint stars 2.5' following
the pair of stars. Modern sources
are incorrect in identifying NGC 1881 with the pair of mag 12 stars.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1881 = h2810 on 17 Jan 1838 and recorded "vF; follows a
double star. An outlier of the
arc-formed nebula and cluster [N1874/76/77]. Laid down in drawing Jan. 17, 1838, whence also its
place. See Plate III. fig.
6." There are only a handful
of faint stars near JH's position.
See Corwin's notes and my visual description.
******************************
NGC 1882 = NGC
1884? = ESO 085-SC057 = S-L 340
05 15 33 -66 07
48
V = 12.3; Size 1.2'
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly bright, fairly large,
roundish, 1.2' diameter, small brighter core. A mag 14 star is resolved at the west edge of the core. A mag 10 star lies 5.5' E. NGC 1887 lies 12' SSE and NGC 1867 is
15' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1882 = h2809 (along with NGC 1867, 1919, 1946, 2034, 2062, 2153
and 2176) on 3 Jan 1837 and recorded "pF, R, vgvlbM, 3' diameter, mottled
(resolvable)." His position
is less than 30" NW of center.
******************************
NGC 1883 = Cr 64
= OCL-417 = Lund 175
05 25 54 +46 29
24
Size 3'
13.1"
(12/22/84): about a dozen very faint stars mag 13.5 and fainter over unresolved
haze. Located 1.5¡ NE of Capella.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1883 = H VII-34 on 11 Dec 1786 (sweep 645) and recorded "a
cluster of vF and vS stars, pretty compressed but not very rich, irr F, about
3' diameter." His position is
just off the north side of this cluster.
The declination in Lynga, RNGC and Sky Catalogue 2000.0 is 4' too far N.
******************************
NGC 1884
05 15 58 -66 09
48
=Not found or 3
*'s, Corwin. =Not Found, Lindsay.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1884 = h2812 on 3 Jan 1837 and noted,"eF, 2'
diameter." There is nothing
obvious on the DSS at his position (29 tsec east and 2' south of NGC
1882). Eric Lindsay reports
"not found" in his 1964 paper "Some NGC objects in the Large
Magellanic Cloud". ESO
equates NGC 1884 with NGC 1882.
Since NGC 1882 and 1884 were recorded on the same sweep, this seems
unlikely. If JH made a 10' error
in dec, then NGC 1884 could be a duplicate of NGC 1887 instead, though his size
estimate would be significantly too large. Finally, Harold Corwin notes this number may refer to 3
stars close to JH's position.
******************************
NGC 1885 = ESO
056-SC88 = S-L 338
05 15 07.0 -68
58 43
V = 12.0; Size 1.4'x1.2'
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x this cluster appeared very bright,
round, moderately large, ~35" diameter. It was very irregular and slightly elongated E-W at 350x
with a few extremely faint stars resolved around the edges and a few stars
resolved within the halo (including one brighter star).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1885 = h2814 on 31 Jan 1835 and described as "pB; R; bM;
15"." His position from
a single sweep is about 1' too far WNW.
******************************
NGC 1886 = ESO
487-002 = MCG -04-13-013 = AM 0519-235 = FGC 484 = PGC 17174
05 21 48.6 -23
48 34
V = 12.8; Size 3.1'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 60d
48"
(10/29/16): at 488x; bright, striking edge-on 7:1 SW-NE, at least 2.0'x0.3',
contains a brighter bulging core.
This large, thin edge-on is nearly bisected by a thin, pretty subtle
dust lane slightly north of the central axis. The portion of the core south of the lane was slightly
larger and more prominent with a smaller section of the core north of the
lane. A mag 10.0 star (HD 35127)
is 2.7' SW, nearly collinear with the major axis. In additional a mag 9.3 star is 3.6' SSW (HD 35157) and a
mag 10 star (HD 35105) is 6' WNW.
These three bright stars, along with a 4th mag 10 star, form a prominent
11' chain angling NW-SE. On
images, NGC 1886 is a miniature version of NGC 891 with a box/peanust-shaped
bulge. Located 54' NW of M79.
17.5"
(12/3/88): faint, fairly small, edge-on WSW-ENE, even surface brightness.
Located just east of a line of four bright stars oriented NW-SE,
including mag 9.5 SAO 170343 10' NW, mag 9.5 SAO 170346 6' WNW and mag 9 SAO
170350 3.4' SSW.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 1886 = LM II-400 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick and recorded "mag 14.0, 3.0'x1.8', E 240¡, *8 at 0.6' in PA
245¡." His position is just
11 tsec west of ESO 487-002.
Herbert Howe mentioned the "*8 sp 40" should read "*9
precedes 11 sec, 0.9' south, and a *8.5 about 6' S."
******************************
NGC 1887 = ESO
085-SC059 = S-L 343
05 16 06 -66 19
06
V = 12.7; Size 1.0'
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly bright, moderately large,
irregularly round, 40" diameter.
Concentrated with a very small brighter core that is offset towards the
west side. A mag 13.5 star is just
off the NW edge of the main glow and a mag 15.2 star is off the NE edge. NGC 1882 lies 12' NNW and NGC 1867 is
14' WNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1887 = h2813 on 23 Nov 1834 and described as "vF; vS; R;
has a * preceding 25" distance." His position from a single sweep is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1888 = Arp
123 NED1 = MCG -02-14-013 = PGC 17195
05 22 34.7 -11
29 58
V = 11.9; Size 3.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 145d
48"
(2/18/12): very bright, large, elongated 5:1 NW-SE, 2.4'x0.5'. Contains a very bright, elongated core
that appears mottled. The
northwest extension is partially cut off in a north-south direction due to a
dust lane near the midpoint and the northwest end has a much lower surface
brightness.
48"
(10/22/11): very bright, large, edge-on 5:1 NW-SE, 2.6'x0.5', large bright
core. Forms a striking pair with
NGC 1889, which is attached on the east side of the core.
13.1" (12/22/84):
fairly faint, very elongated 3:1 NW-SE streak. Forms a contact pair with NGC 1889 just NE of the center.
8"
(10/13/81): very faint, small.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1888 = H II-289 = h352 = h2806 on 31 Jan 1785 (sweep 362) and
recorded as "F, pL, irregular triangular figure, resolvable." I'm surprised he missed NGC 1889, which
was discovered by Bindon Stoney at Birr Castle on 29 Oct 1851. Joseph Turned sketch the pair of
galaxies (Arp 123) on 4 Jan 1877 with the 48" Great Melbourne Telescope
(http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/lithograph_m_3_28.php).
The NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1889 = Arp
123 NED2 = MCG -02-14-014 = PGC 17196
05 22 35.3 -11
29 49
V = 13.3; Size 0.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 11.6; PA = 165d
48"
(2/18/12): very bright, small, round, very high surface brightness core,
stellar nucleus, 0.4' diameter.
Forms a contact pair at the east edge of the core of NGC 1888
48"
(10/22/11): very bright, small, round, 25" diameter, very high surface
brightness. Attached on the east
side of the core of NGC 1888.
13.1"
(12/22/84): faint, extremely small, round. Forms a contact pair with much brighter NGC 1888. Located just east of the north end of
NGC 1888.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 1889 on 29 Oct 1851 using Lord Rosse's 72" and described a
"close double nebula, the preceding nebula [NGC 1888] is elongated
NW-SE.". The rough position
in the NGC is very close.
******************************
NGC 1890 = ESO
056-SC087 = S-L 331
05 13 46 -72 04
42
V = 12.8; Size 1.2'
30"
(10/15/15 - OzSky): at 394x; moderately bright, fairly small, elongated
NNW-SSE, 40" diameter. This
cluster consists of two "knots". The brighter knot on the northwest side appears to have a
stellar or quasi-stellar nucleus.
A mag 13-13.5 is just off the west-northwest edge, 0.7' NE and another
mag 13.5 star is 1' SSE. Mag 9.5
HD 271126 is 2.8' NNE and mag 9.1 HD 35141 is 9.5' E.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1890 = h2816 on 26 Nov 1834 and recorded "vF; S; R; glbM." His position (single sweep) is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 1891 = ESO
362-?020
05 21 16.3 -35
42 5
18"
(1/21/04): ~15 mag 10-13 stars, scattered in a 15' field. There are no rich subgroups and appears
to be an unimpressive, random group of stars. Still, it stands out as reasonably detached at 115x. Listed as nonexistent in RNGC and not
catalogued by Lynga as a cluster.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1891 = h2811 on 26 Dec 1835 and called it "A large
scattered cluster, which more than fills the field. Stars 10...12m.
Place that of a double star [HJ 3753], the chief star." His position corresponds with mag 9.3
SAO 195771 at 05 21 16.3 -35 42 56.
ESO notes "No Cluster" and RNGC also classifies the number as
nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 1892 = ESO
085-061 = PGC 17042
05 17 09.0 -64
57 35
V = 12.2; Size 2.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 74d
13.1"
(2/17/04 - Costa Rica): this galaxy shines through the northern portion of the LMC! At 166x, it appeared very faint, fairly
small, very elongated 3:1 WSW-ENE, 0.9'x0.3' with just a weak
concentration. A very faint star
is just south of the following end.
Located 37' NE of the bright LMC young globular NGC 1866.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1892 = h2815 on 30 Nov 1834 and reported "vF; pL; lE in
parallel; vglbM; 2' l; 9" br."
On a second sweep he recorded "pF, pL, elongated in parallel;
90", 50"; has a star or two in it." The Hodge-Wright Atlas claims the RA is off by 1 tmin, but
it is correctly marked on the Atlas and the NGC position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1893 = Cr 63
= Mel 33 = OCL-439
05 22 45 +33 25
12
V = 7.5; Size 11'
24"
(1/4/14): at 200x, this bright, young cluster contains 80-100 stars, with the
richest portion forming a large boomerang-shaped region extending 12'x5'
N-S. The outline is slightly
concave to the west and convex to the east with a narrow denser region in the
center with several pairs and trios.
NGC 1893 is the core of the Aur OB2 association and contains a number of
massive O-type stars including 9th mag O4-type HD 242908 at the NW tip of the
"boomerang" and 9.4-mag HD 24296 (O6-type star) forming the SW tip of
the outline. In the rich central
region is 9.8-mag O7-type HD 242935, and the brightest component of the multiple
star Bu 887, with two fainter companions at ~10" separation. Just 1.4' NNW of this triple is a
14" of mag 10.4/11.4 stars, with brighter component BD+33 1025, an O8-type
star. Also 2.4' SE is a 10"
pair of mag 11.4/12.4 stars. In addition, many other stars appear to be
arranged in pairs and strings, so the cluster has a striking appearance. These and other hot O and B-type stars
in the cluster ionize the large emission nebula IC 410, which is quite impressive
using a UHC filter (see separate description).
The cometary
"Tadpoles" nebulae Simeis 130 and 129, which contain recently minted
stars, lie on the east end of the cluster. The "head" of Simeis 130 was immediately picked up
at 200x as a very small, fairly high surface brightness knot with at least one
star involved. At 260x and 375,
two very close "stars" oriented WSW-ENE were embedded in the glow,
with the ENE object quasi-stellar (would not focus to a sharp point) and
perhaps a very tight pair. Although impressive on images, there was no sign of
the wavy tail extending from the "head" towards the NE. Mag 9.1 BD+33 1028, 3' E of Simeis 130,
along with a 6' group of a half-dozen mag 10-11 stars, were visually detached
to the NE of the main cluster.
13.1"
(2/25/84): about 40 mostly faint stars, elongated N-S in poor
transparency. Located within a triangle of three mag 8 stars. The
emission nebula IC 410 is involved.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1893 = h351 on 22 Jan 1827 and described a "rich coarse
cluster of scattered stars 9...15m; more than fills field." There is nothing at his position but
exactly 3 tmin of RA west is a cluster embedded in the HII region IC 410. JH didn't mention any nebulosity in his
description, so the number should just apply to the cluster only, with IC 410
referring to the nebula. The error in position was copied by JH into the GC and
by Dreyer into the NGC. Reinmuth,
in his 1926 photographic survey Die Herschel-Nebel, gave an corrected RA
(noting it with an asterisk).
******************************
NGC 1894 = ESO
056-SC089 = S-L 344
05 15 51 -69 28
06
V = 12.2; Size 1.4'x1.2'
30"
(10/15/15 - OzSky): at 394x; bright to very bright, moderately large, round,
0.8' diameter, high surface brightness.
A couple of mag 15+ stars are at the edge on the north side as well as a
mag 13.5 star at the northwest edge.
Situated in a rich region of the LMC with a glowing background. NGC 1903
and NGC 1916, both showpiece globulars, lie 11' NE and 15' ENE, respectively. NGC 1876 and neighbors, an impressive
HII complex, lies 15' NW and NGC 1898 is 12' SSE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1894 = h2818 on 24 Nov 1834 and recorded "F; R; gbM;
80"; resolvable. On a ground
of small stars." His position
from a single sweep is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1895 =
LMC-N33 = ESO 085-EN62
05 16 52 -67 19
50
V = 12.9; Size 0.8'
30"
(10/12/15 - OzSky): very bright, irregular HII region, ~45" diameter,
enhanced with NPB filter at 152x.
Three mag 14.5-15 stars are involved with the glow, one centrally. A mag
12 star is 1.7' NNW. NGC 1897 lies
8' SSE and the NGC 1873 complex (along with NGC 1869 and 1871) is 16' W.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1895 = h2817 on 2 Nov 1834 and recorded "pF; pL; R; glbM;
40"." On later sweeps he
estimated the size as 70" and 80".
******************************
NGC 1896
05 25 35 +29 15
36
18"
(11/22/03): at 115x, this is a scattered group of two dozen or more stars
(depending on assumed dimensions) situated northeast of mag 8.6 SAO 77158. The group is elongated NW-SE, ~10'x4'
in size, although the borders of the group are arbitrary. Includes 10 brighter mag 10-12
stars. The declination given in
the RNGC is 9 degrees too far south (listed as nonexistent).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1896 = H VIII-4 = h353 on 17 Jan 1784 (sweep 76) and recorded
"a cl of scattered stars with small ones intermixed; it is about 3/4 nf
Beta Tauri." His summary
description (from 3 observations) reads "a cluster of coarse and
irregularly scattered pretty large stars." His position is accurately
placed in this scattered group of stars.
JH made a single observation, calling it "the most condensed part
of a poor cl divded into two. It
consists of 20 or 30 stars 9...12m." His position is only given roughly,
but is just off the southeast side.
JH made a typo copying the NPD into the GC, where it is 9¡ too far south
and Dreyer passed along this error into the NGC. RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent and uses the
erroneous NGC position. Lynga does
not list a cluster at Herschel's position, so this group is probably an
asterism and Karl Reinmuth, in his 1926 survey based on Heidelberg plates, also
adds "no distinct Cl."
******************************
NGC 1897 = ESO
056-SC092 = S-L 355
05 17 32 -67 26
54
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'
30"
(10/12/15 - OzSky): moderately bright cluster, fairly small, round, 25"
diameter, fairly smooth, no resolution except for a mag 16.5 star at the south
edge. No response to filter. Mag 9.9 HD 35292 is 5' ENE. NGC 1895 is 8' NNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1897 = h2820 on 31 Jan 1835 and described as "eF; S;
R." His position from a
single sweep is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1898 = ESO
056-SC90 = S-L 350
05 16 42 -69 39
24
V = 11.9; Size 1.6'
30"
(10/15/15 - OzSky): at 394x; fairly bright, moderately large, irregular
outline, nearly 1.0' diameter, bright central region, very mottled, contains a
very small bright nucleus. A mag
12.5 star is just off the southwest edge, 30" from center and two mag 12
stars are 2' S and 1.7' SE . Set within a rich background glow from the LMC,
12' W of NGC 1918, a large nebulous cluster. Open cluster S-L 363 is 6' E and NGC 1894 is 12' NNW. NGC 1898 is one of 15 bona-fide ancient
GC's in the LMC.
James Dunlop
probably discovered NGC 1898 = D 124 on 27 Sep 1826 and recorded "a very small
round nebula, about 12" diameter." He made 2 observations and his position is 5' SW of this LMC
globular. JH found NGC 1898 =
h2822 on 24 Nov 1834 and reported as "F; R; 40"." His position from a single sweep is
accurate. Herschel noted this object
as possibly D 124.
******************************
NGC 1899 = ESO
056-EN094 = LMC-N36
05 17 49 -67 54
06
30"
(10/15/15 - OzSky): at 303x and 394x; no cluster or nebulous object was in the
field at the nominal position, which included three mag 11 stars and the rest
mag 13 and fainter. I see nothing
that would have caught John Herschel's attention in the field.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1899 = h2821 on 30 Dec 1836 and reported as "F; R; vgbM;
40"; 3 stars 10' [approximate] mag precede."
Eric Lindsay
reports "Not found" in his 1964 paper "Some NGC objects in the
Large Magellanic Cloud". Nevertheless, there appears to be a small
very faint star and nebulosity (Henize 120-N 36) on the red DSS2 2' SE of
Herschel's position. The Hodge-Wright Atlas states "possibly Henize
36". Two mag 11 stars and a mag 12.7 star precede LHA 120-N 36,
roughly agreeing with "3 stars 10' m precede." See Harold Corwin's notes for more on
this number.
******************************
NGC 1900 = ESO
085-SC068 = S-L 376
05 19 09 -63 01
24
V = 13.6; Size 1.7'
30"
(10/15/15 - OzSky): at 394x; fairly bright, moderately large, irregularly
round, ~45" diameter, mottled with brighter spots but no definite
resolution. A mag 14.5 star is 1'
WSW and a few mag 15-15.5 stars are within 1' E. Located 3.7' SE of mag 7.2 HD
35199.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1900 = h2819 on 30 Nov 1834 and recorded "eF; pL; lE;
vgvlbM". In a second sweep,
it appeared "pB; irreg R; gbM; 25". Among many stars, one = 7m, np." His position and description (the mag 7
star is 3.7' NW) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1901
05 18 16 -68 26
24
Size 15'
14" (4/7/16
- Coonabarabran, 142x and 184x): very scattered cluster of stars in a 15'
region. The central grouping,
extending 7'x2.5', is the most compressed with ~15 stars (7 of these are fairly
bright). Perhaps 40 stars total
within 15', including 10 brighter stars.
The brightest stars are mag 8.4 HD 35294 in the central group and mag
7.6 HD 35230 on the southwest end.
This sparse Milky Way cluster or asterism is superimposed on the
LMC. The true LMC cluster S-L 359,
just 1.3' WSW of the mag 8.4 star, was not seen.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1901 = h2824 on 30 Dec 1836 and described "a star 7th mag.
The most southern and largest of a large, brilliant but poor cluster which
fills the field. Stars 8, 9 ... 12th mag." His position is close west of mag 7.6 HD 35230.
In "Some
NGC objects in the Large Magellanic Cloud" (1964IrAJ....6..286L) Eric
Lindsay comments, "Centered on CPD -68¡347. A dozen fairly bright stars,
of which CPD 68¡347 is the brightest and most southern, scattered within 11'
diameter. Could hardly be considered a cluster and resembles mroe nearly a
field irregularity." The brighter
field stars are not associated with the LMC. But "A stellar group in line of sight with the Large
Magellanic Cloud." (1968AJ.....73..566S) concludes, "BV photometry of
a stellar group first noticed by Bok in line of sight with the Large Magellanic
Cloud indicates that the group is real.
An H-R diagram shows an apparent main sequence with a turnoff near
A0."
******************************
NGC 1902 = ESO
085-SC066 = S-L 367
05 18 18.3 -66
37 35
V = 11.8; Size 1.6'
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): moderately bright, fairly small, 40" diameter,
weak concentration. Located 43' NE
of mag 4.8 Theta Doradus. NGC 1920
lies 16' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1902 = h2823 on 23 Nov 1834 and described as "pB; S; R; bM;
15"." On the fifth and
final sweep he commented "globular; pB; R; psmbM; 2' diameter. Resolved."
******************************
NGC 1903 = ESO
056-SC093 = S-L 356
05 17 22.4 -69
20 16
V = 11.9; Size 1.9'x1.9'
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this showpiece globular is located just 10'
SW of the NGC 1910 complex, which contains S Doradus. At 350x, it appeared very bright, ~1' diameter, with a
blazing 20" core. Perhaps 20
stars were resolved in the halo at this power with a single brighter star at
the edge of the core on the south side.
NGC 1916, another bright globular, lies 8' SE. This cluster is located in a wonderful section of the LMC
and panning south and to the west yields field upon field filled with both
bright and fainter clusters of all sizes, along with nebulous HII glows.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1903 = h2825 on 3 Nov 1834 and described as "vB; S; R; gbM;
30"." His position on 5
sweeps (all descriptions similar) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1904 = M79 =
ESO 487-SC7
05 24 10.6 -24
31 27
V = 7.8; Size 6'; Surf Br = 0.0
13.1"
(2/19/04 - Costa Rica): excellent view at 200x. Contains an intense, 1'
core which is mottled and partially resolved, particularly around the edges.
The halo is easily resolved with several dozen brighter members peppered
within the halo and around the periphery (~40 stars counted) although there are
no dense knots. Surrounding the inner core (nucleus) is a dense ring of
high surface brightness which is very mottled. In good moments of seeing
this ring breaks up into a swarm of stars. Located 40' ENE of 5th magnitude
h3752, a striking mag 5.5/6.7 pair at 3".
17.5"
(1/9/99): at 280x, M79 is well resolved into several dozen stars.
Contains a sharply concentrated intense core, ~2' in diameter which is
clumpy, mottled and partially resolved at its periphery. The inner part
of the halo is peppered with faint stars. The background haze drops off
significantly towards the outer portion of the halo but a number of brighter
stars are resolved including a nice arc of stars along the following edge of
the halo. A evenly matched close pair is on the northeast side and a mag
12 star (a post-AGB star that belongs to the cluster) is at the north edge.
Located 35' NE of naked-eye 5th magnitude h3752 (5.5/6.7 at 3").
17.5"
(12/8/90): 40-50 stars resolved mostly in the halo or at the edge of the very
mottled core. A string of six stars is just east of center and a long
string passes through the core. The brightest mag 12.5 star is north of
the core.
17.5"
(12/3/88): three dozen stars resolved, mostly at the edges of the core and in
the halo.
17.5"
(12/19/87): at 220x, three dozen stars were resolved.
13"
(1/19/85): at 360x, about 40 stars resolved in good seeing including a few over
the core.
8"
(9/25/81): small bright core, a few stars are resolved at the edge of the mottled
core. The outer halo is well resolved in excellent conditions.
Pierre MŽchain
discovered M79 = NGC 1904 on 26 Oct 1780.
He reported it to Messier, who confirmed its position, and included it
in his 1780 catalogue. On 17 Nov
1784, WH recorded M79 as "a fine cluster of stars, near 3' dia. Extremely compressed but completely
resolved." On 13 Jan 1806, he observed with his "Large 10 feet"
and logged "The 79th of the Connoiss. is a cluster of stars of a globular
construction, and certainly extremely rich. Towards the centre the stars are
extremely compressed, and even a good way from it. With 171 the diameter is a
little less than 1/3 of the field, and with 220 a little more; the field of one
being 9'0", and of the other 8'0", a mean of both gives the diameter
of the cluster 2'50", but I suppose that the lowness of the situation
prevents my seeing the tiny scattered stars, so that this cluster is probably
larger than it appears."
******************************
NGC 1905 = ESO
085-SC067 = S-L 369
05 18 24 -67 16
42
V = 13.2; Size 1.0'
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): moderately bright LMC cluster,
fairly small, round, 30" diameter.
Contains an irregular, small knotty nucleus that was unresolved. NGC 1895 (HII region) lies 9' WSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1905 = h4016 on 2 Jan 1837 and described as "F, S, R,
r[esolved]. It was catalogued in a
"supplementary nebulae" list of objects at the end of the Cape
catalogue (h4016 to h4021) and identified as "h o n" (John Herschel
Omitted Object) in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 1906 = MCG
-03-14-015 = PGC 17243
05 24 47.2 -15
56 34
V = 14.0; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(12/3/88): fairly faint, fairly small, oval 3:2 NW-SE, even surface
brightness. A mag 12.5 star is
just off the SE edge 1.6' from center.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 1906 = LM I-148 on 12 Nov 1885 with the 26"
refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. His rough position (nearest min of RA) is essentially
correct (0.2 tmin too far east).
Bigourdan measured an accurate position on 21 Feb 1889 as well as Howe
in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in
the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 1907 = Cr 66
= Mel 35 = OCL-434
05 28 05 +35 19
30
V = 8.2; Size 7'
17.5"
(10/12/85): 50 stars in a 7' diameter.
Includes a few bright stars but very rich in fainter stars in the
central region. A wide pair of mag
9.5-10 stars is at the south end (9.6/9.9 at 52") and a closer pair is off
the NE side (h699 = 10.4/11.6 at 10"). Located 33' SSW of M38.
13"
(11/5/83): dense, about three dozen stars.
8": rich,
glowing cluster, compact, includes two bright stars to the south.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1907 = H VII-39 = h354 on 17 Jan 1787 (sweep 693) and noted
"a pretty compressed cluster of small stars, near 4' diameter." JH made three observations and reported
"p Rich; irreg R; stars 9...12m, 50 or 60 counted; bM."
******************************
NGC 1908
05 26 00 -02 32
=Not found,
Corwin and Carlson.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1908 = H V-33 on 1 Feb 1786 (sweep 518) and reported "I
suspect diffused eF milky nebulosity.
The means of verifying this phenomenon are difficult."
On 15 Jan 1868,
Lord Rosse was "unable to say whether any diffused neby exists here. At the set there was a spot about 10'
diam or so, where there was almost total absence of stars when compared with
the surrounding parts, and either from this cause or some other, it was rather
*darker*." Karl Reinmuth, in
his 1926 photographic survey Die Herschel-Nebel, reported "not found"
and Harold Corwin, using the PSS, also reports no obvious nebulosity. So, NGC 1908 is either lost or
nonexistent. See Corwin's notes
for more information.
******************************
NGC 1909 = IC
2118?
05 04 54 -07 15
Size 180'x60'
See observing
notes for IC 2118.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1909 = H V-38 on 20 Dec 1786 (sweep 656) and recorded
"strongly suspected nebulosity of very great extent. Not less than 2 degrees 11' of PD and
26s of RA." So, this
"suspected nebulosity" stretched across several fields! Karl Reinmuth, in his 1926 survey based
on Heidelberg plates was unable to find Herschel's nebulosity. Corwin suggests this giant north-south
nebuosity may refer to IC 2118 = Witch Head Nebula! WH's rough position of H V-36 is ~23 min of RA to the east
but if his offset direction from Rigel is reversed (roughly 11 min of RA west
instead of 11 min of RA east), then his position is a reasonable match with IC
2118. This would be a pretty
amazing observation to pick up this extremely low surface brightness nebula
without prior knowledge as it is considered a major challenge object today.
******************************
NGC 1910 = ESO
056-SC099 = S-L 371 = LH 41 = LMC-N119
05 18 42.5 -69
14 12
V = 9.7; Size 10'
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this large, bright cluster or star cloud
(stellar association LH 41) contains the variable star S Doradus (8.6-11.5),
the brightest star in the LMC and one of the brightest known stars (absolute
magnitude -9). At 200x, roughly
100 stars mag 11-15 were resolved in a 7' region with some extensions
increasing the diameter another couple of arc minutes. S Doradus is the brightest star in the
main portion of the cluster, though there are several mag 12 stars. On the northwest side (2' N of S Dor)
is S-L 360, a small bright knot that is clearly non-stellar and surrounded by a
thin, fainter halo (ring of faint stars on DSS).
The cluster is
embedded in LMC-N119, a very large, bright emission nebula. The most prominent section of the
nebula is a very bright 3' patch to the east of S-L 360 and a wing to the south
of S-L 360 that responds well to a UHC filter at 200x. Nebulosity is also visible on the west
side of S Doradus. This section
curves N-S to S-L 360 and also south of S Doradus. To the south of NGC 1910, on a northwest to southeast stream
extending a couple of degrees, are dozens of LMC clusters with NGC 1903, an
impressive globular, situated 10' SW.
In a 1953 paper, Harlow Shapley and Virginia Nail defined NGC 1910 as
the center of "Constellation" V, a 24' region containing a numerous
blue supergiants.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1910 = D129 = h2827 on 3 Aug 1826 with his 9" reflector
from Parramatta, New South Wales.
He described "A pretty large and very ill-defined nebula, of an
irregular round figure, with several small stars in it." His position is unusually accurate.
John Herschel
first recorded it in Dec 1834 as a "fine cluster. Irregular figure, the
chief nucleus (which seems to be a close double star, 9th mag)
taken." On a second sweep he
called it "The most condensed knot ( = 12 arcseconds) in a pretty rich, L,
scattered cluster." His third observation was recorded as "p rich L
cluster 10' diameter. It has in it a close triple star, easily taken for a
nebulous knot. (N.B. This is doubtless the knot taken in the three foregoing
observations...)."
******************************
NGC 1911 = NGC
1920
05 20 33.0 -66
46 44
Size 1.2'
See observing
notes for NGC 1920.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1911 = h2826 on 23 Dec 1834 and recorded "F; R; gbM;
30", among may stars."
He only logged this object on one sweep and there is nothing at his
position. Jenni Kay and
Harold Corwin suggest NGC 1911 is probably be a duplicate observation of NGC
1920, which was recorded on 7 sweeps but not on the one in which he recorded
NGC 1911. JH's position is 80 sec
of RA west of this cluster and his description is a reasonable match.
Eric Lindsay, in
his 1964 paper "Some NGC objects in the Large Magellanic Cloud"
writes "Not found. This should be WNW of NGC 1920. This is No 2826 in
Herschel's general Catalogue to which there is reference under NGC
1915." RNGC follows Lindsay and
classifies this number as nonexistent.
See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 1912 = M38 =
Cr 67
05 28 43 +35 51
18
V = 6.4; Size 21'
18"
(1/17/09): at 175x this gorgeous cluster extends 25'-30' in diameter and
contains roughly 200 stars in many irregular groupings. A very pretty string of stars extends
N-S out the north side. Includes a
very large number of mag 10-12 stars (fairly uniform) with many of the stars
group very irregularly in long chains and loops. Some of these chains outline the periphery of nearly
starless voids including the unconcentrated center which contains starless
patches. NGC 1907 is located 33'
SSW, though the two clusters were likely born in different parts of the galaxy.
8": large,
bright, rich cluster with many 10th magnitude stars, square or cruciform shape,
includes a number of double stars.
A number of stars are arranged in strings.
Naked-eye
(10/24/11): just glimpsed in very dark skies.
Giovanni
Hodierna discovered M38 = NGC 1912 before 1654. It was independently discovered by Le Gentil in 1749 and
probably by Messier on 25 Sep 1764 (Le Gentil is not mentioned in his
description). WH observed the
cluster on 23 Nov 1805 with the large 10-foot reflector and recorded "A
cluster of scattered, pretty large [bright] stars of various magnitudes, of an
irregular figure. It is in the Milky Way."
******************************
NGC 1913 = ESO
056-SC097 = S-L 373
05 18 18.7 -69
32 15
V = 11.1; Size 1.3'x1.1'
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is an interesting LMC cluster and
nebula at 200x. On the south edge
is a small triangle of mag 13-14 stars (12"-15" on each side) and
another three stars within the cluster are resolved. The cluster is involved an elongated bright nebulous glow
NNW to SSE and at 350x additional nebulosity surrounds the main glow for a
total size of 1.5'x1.0'. A mag
11.7 star lies 1.7' E and a mag 10 star 2.2' SW.
Continuing
southwest for 2' beyond the mag 10 star I also picked up S-L 362, which
appeared as a small, high surface brightness knot. At 350x, 5 or 6 very faint stars were tightly packed into
the bright 20" diameter glow, the brightest at the south edge. These clusters are within the glow of
the central bar, so the background is relatively bright.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1913 between Nov 1836 and Mar 1837 with a 5-inch refractor and
recorded it as#356 in his preliminary catalogue of "Stars, Nebulae and
Clusters in the Nubecula Major."
No description was given in the GC or NGC but his position is just 1' SE
of this small cluster.
******************************
NGC 1914 =
LMC-N195 = ESO 056-SC95 = S-L 365 = LW 40
05 17 40 -71 15
24
V = 12.0; Size 2'
30"
(10/15/15 - OzSky): at 303x; fairly bright cluster and HII region, elongated
NNW-SSE, at least a half-dozen stars resolved over an irregular glow extending 1.5'. Good contrast gain with a NPB filter at
152x. The size increases to ~2'
and a small, very bright patch (LHa 120-N195A) is prominent on the northwest
end. A mag 12 star is 4' E.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1914 = h2830 on 3 Nov 1834 and described as "vF; L; irreg
R; 3'." On a second sweep he
logged "F; pL; irreg fig; resolvable; 2' l, 90" br." His mean position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1915 = BSDL
1237
05 19 38.5 -66
47 59
Size 0.5'
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly small knot of four mag
14-14.5 stars with perhaps some unresolved haze, ~40" diameter. Appears to be an asterism only and
unimpressive. Three mag 11-12 stars lie 2'-3' E and emission nebula NGC 1920 is
6' ENE.
This
identification of NGC 1915 is very uncertain and this number may refer instead
to open cluster ESO 085-SC71 located 4' N. It also may be a duplicate observation of either NGC 1919 or
1920.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1915 = h2828 on 2 Jan 1837 and recorded "extremely faint,
pretty large. (Possibly the same with No. 2826 [NGC 1911], but the nebulae are
so crowded that they may with equal probability be different ones)." Herschel's position is 4' S of ESO
085-SC71 and ESO identifies this cluster as NGC 1915.
Jenni Kay says a
faint cluster exists at the original position and the ESO cluster is too small
and faint. On the DSS, there are
only three mag 14 stars and a few very faint stars near Herschel's position,
which to me was not eye-catching enough in the 24" to fit JH's description
(mentioned to Corwin in a Feb 2014 email). In the 1964 paper "Some NGC objects in the Large
Magellanic Cloud", Eric Lindsay reported "Not found. This should be
WSW of NGC 1920...".
RNGC follows Lindsay and notes "Not Found". So, the identification of this number
is uncertain. See Corwin's notes
for further discussion.
******************************
NGC 1916 = ESO
056-SC098 = S-L 361
05 18 37.6 -69
24 25
V = 10.4; Size 2.1'x2.1'
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x, this LMC globular was very bright,
moderately large, round, symmetric, 45" diameter. The center was sharply concentrated
with a small blazing core! NGC
1903, a showpiece globular, lies 8' NW.
NGC 1916 is one
of 15 bona-fide ancient GC's in the LMC.
It resides within the LMC's central bar, ~10' S of the large NGC 1910
complex, which contains S Doradus.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1916 = h2829 on 3 Nov 1834 and described "vB; vS; R; gbM;
20"." His position
(measured on 3 sweeps) is accurate.
Shapley and Lindsay ("A Catalogue of Clusters in the Large
Magellanic Cloud", Irish Astronomical Journal, Vol. 6, 1963) give a
diameter of 60'' and comment "NGC 1916, very condensed centre,
unresolved." The RA has a
misprint 1 tmin too far west and this error was copied into the RNGC.
******************************
NGC 1917 = ESO
056-SC100 = S-L 379
05 19 02.1 -69
00 04
V = 12.3; Size 1.7'x1.7'
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x this LMC cluster (possible a
globular) appeared fairly bright, fairly large, round, 1' diameter, with a
broad concentration. A 1' string
of 3 faint stars to the east is collinear with the cluster. S-L 397 lies 8' NE, and appeared as a
compact, but relatively bright, elongated glow with an irregular or mottled
surface, ~30" diameter.
James Dunlop
probably discovered NGC 1917 = D 130 on 25 Sep 1826 and described "a small
round nebula." His position
is about 10' ESE of this cluster, certainly within his usual errors. JH independently discovered NGC 1917 =
h2831 on 16 Dec 1835 and recorded "vF, L, R, gvlbM, 1'." His position (only recorded on this one
sweep) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1918 =
LMC-N120C = LH 42
05 19 04.5 -69
38 56
V = 9.8; Size 7'x4'
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is a combination LMC cluster and
nebula (contains an embedded SNR B0519-69.6) in the rich LMC central bar. At 200x a striking double star (TDS
3145 = 11.6/11.8 at 9") sits within the glow with a third star in a line
and an additional 20 stars are resolved in the cluster (stellar association LH
42). These stars are immersed in a
diffuse nebulous glow that responds well to a UHC filter. The brightest section is a patch just
east of the double star (LMC-N120C), but nebulosity extends throughout the cluster
as an elongated glow of ~5' length.
On images the nebulosity appears more like an arc or rim with some
filamentary structure.
LMC-N127A,
located 12' E, was observed in the 30" on 10/18/17. At 264x this emission nebula was
bright, compact, roundish, 40" diameter. A star was visible at the center. Very good response to the NPB (narrow-band) filter and
displayed a slightly brighter central region and thin fainter outer halo. Forms a "pair" with open
cluster S-L 418 2' NE.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1918 = D 88 on 27 Sep 1826 and described a "small faint
nebula, 25" or 30" diameter, with two small stars near the south side
of it." His position is about
13' too far SE, but the double star is within the nebula.
JH independently
discovered this nebula (SNR) between Nov 1836 and Mar 1837 with a 5-inch
refractor and recorded it as #369 in his catalogue of "Stars, Nebulae and
Clusters in the Nubecula Major."
Corwin notes Herschel's position falls between two bright knots near the
supernova remnant.
******************************
NGC 1919 =
LMC-N37 = ESO 085-SC73 = S-L 392
05 20 15 -66 53
00
Size 2.5'
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): large group of ~10 stars mag
13.5-15 in an irregular 2.5' group.
The stars are involved in a fairly bright patch of nebulosity (LMC-N37),
which probably including some unresolved stars. A 6' elongated string of mag 11-12 stars is centered
roiughly 3' N and NGC 1920 is 6' NNE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1919 = h2832 on 3 Jan 1837 and described a "cluster, 6th
class, extremely faint, large, irregularly round, 4' diameter. Resolved into
small stars with nebulous light."
His position (single sweep) is accurate. NGC 1915 may be a duplicate observation (see that number).
******************************
NGC 1920 =
LMC-N38 = ESO 085-EN74
05 20 33.0 -66
46 44
V = 12.5; Size 1.2'
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): bright, high surface brightness
HII region, relatively large, round, ~50" diameter. One or two stars are resolved within
the glow. NGC 1919 lies 6' SSW.
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): this HII region (LMC-N38) appeared fairly faint, fairly
small, round, 35" diameter, smooth glow. Located ~3' NE of a line of three mag 11-11.5 stars. NGC 1902 lies 16' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1920 = h2833 on 2 Nov 1834 and observed on at least seven
different sweeps! On the initial
observation he logged "pB, S, R, vgbM, 20"." The remaining observations were fairly
similar, though his size estimates ranged up to 60" and 2' across. NGC 1911 (seen on only 1 sweep) is
possibly a duplicate (essentially an 8th observation) -- though the RA is off
by 1 min 20 sec.
******************************
NGC 1921 =
LMC-N121 = ESO 056-SC102 = S-L 381
05 19 23 -69 47
18
V = 12.3; Size 1.0'
30"
(10/15/15 - OzSky): at 394x; moderately bright but small nebulous glow, with a
mag 13.5 star [or an extremely compact emission nebula (N121) or cluster] just
off the west edge [20" separation].
A very faint star was visible at its southwest edge. There was only a weak response to an
NPB filter at 152x. Located at the
south end of a very rich region of the LMC (south side of the central bar) just
8' S of the NGC 1918 complex. Numerous
other clusters lie ~15' N. A faint
cluster H-S 227 was noticed 2' SW. It's a very faint, small, roundish, low
surface brightness glow, ~20" diameter.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1921 = h2834 on 12 Nov 1836 and recorded "vF; oval; r;
40"." His position from
a single sweep is accurate.
James Dunlop
possibly discovered the cluster earlier on 24 Sep 1826 and recorded D 128 as
"a small faint nebula, 1' north of a pretty bright star." His position is within his usual errors
- 8' WSW, but there is no "pretty bright star" 1' S, so I'm not
confident of this identification
Perhaps this is another observation of NGC 1918 to the north. Another possibility is NGC 1921 =
D 89, described by Dunlop as "a pretty well-defined round nebula, about
20" diameter. His position is
15' ESE of NGC 1921. Without
further information or a sketch, I can't see assigning a Dunlop number to this
cluster.
******************************
NGC 1922 = ESO
056-SC103 = S-L 391
05 19 49.7 -69
30 04
V = 11.5; Size 1.4'x1.2'
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x, this LMC cluster appears as a very
small but high surface brightness knot, ~15" diameter with a tiny 8"
core. A 3' chain of four mag 11-12
stars extends to the north and another chain extends to the east. A very close pair of faint clusters,
S-L 385 and 387, lie 3' SW. The
clusters are close twins - both soft round glows of ~30" diameter and
separated by just 45" in an E-W orientation.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1922 between Nov 1836 and Mar 1837 with a 5-inch refractor and
included it as object #374 his table of "Stars, Nebulae and Clusters in
the Nubecula Major." Dreyer
included the cluster to the GC Supplement as GC 5063. JH's position is 1.5' too far north. It's possible that James Dunlop's D 131
refers to NGC 1922, but there are several nearby candidates, so assigning it to
NGC 1922 seems very speculative.
******************************
NGC 1923 =
LMC-N40 = ESO 085-SC75 = S-L 404 = LH 43
05 21 33.0 -65
29 16
V = 13.0; Size 0.9'
13.1"
(2/17/04 - Costa Rica): very faint, fairly small, irregular glow, ~1'x0.5',
brighter center. Just following a
group of faint stars elongated NNW-SSE.
This is a cluster (part of stellar association LH 43) and HII region
(N40) although I didn't test to see if there was a filter response. Locate 49' E of NGC 1866.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1923 = h2835 on 30 Nov 1834 and described as "vF; R;
30"." A faint and poor cluster precedes." His position is accurate. The poor cluster that precedes is part
of stellar association LH 43.
******************************
NGC 1924 = MCG
-01-14-011 = PGC 17319
05 28 01.9 -05
18 39
V = 12.5; Size 1.6'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 130d
17.5"
(11/25/87): moderately bright, moderately large, slightly elongated. Located 6.7' SE of mag 8.5 SAO 1321324
and 9' NW of mag 8 SAO 132149. M42
lies just two degrees east!
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1924 = H III-447 on 5 Oct 1785 (sweep 458) and recorded as
"vF, pL, R, within 2 or 3' of the corner of a hook of vS stars." It's interesting he classified this
galaxy as a cluster. His position
is 3.6' south of MCG -01-14-011 = PGC 17319. George Bond independently found this nebula on 7 Feb 1863 at
Harvard College observatory with the 15-inch Merz refractor and measured an
accurate position (#12 in the HC discovery list in AN #1453).
******************************
NGC 1925 = ESO
085-SC076 = LH 45
05 21 44 -65 47
36
V = 9.5; Size 11'
13.1"
(2/17/04 - Costa Rica): at 166x, appears as a 10' star cloud (association LH
45) of brighter mag 10-11 stars over a background carpet of faint stars and
either haze or unresolved stars. The brightest mag 9.6 star (HD 271182) is one the west side,
a couple of mag 10.5 stars are on the south side and another is on the north
end. At 105x and UHC filter, the nebulosity seems to increase a bit in contrast
although on the DSS, nebulosity (LMC-N43) is only visible in the northern
portion (which includes a supernova remnant). NGC 1923 is located 18' N.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1925 = h2837 on 30 Nov 1834 and described a "Cluster 8th
class; poor; scattered stars; a *10 mag the chief, in southern part
taken." His position is close
to the brightest star on the south end.
******************************
NGC 1926 = ESO
056-SC105 = S-L 403
05 20 35.4 -69
31 33
V = 11.8; Size 1.4'x1.2'
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this bright LMC cluster appeared moderately
large, ~55" diameter, irregularly round with a high surface
brightness. Located between two
mag 11.5 stars 1' S and 1.5' N.
Located along the central bar with NGC 1922 4.2' WNW and NGC 1928 3.4'
NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1926 = h2838 on 3 Nov 1834 and recorded "pB; R;
60". Situated in the main
body of the Nubecula Major."
On a second observation he wrote "pB; pL; irreg R; r. Field full of light, consisting partly
of stars, and partly of resolvable nebula." His position (on his first two sweeps) matches this
cluster.
James Dunlop
possibly discovered this object earlier on 3 Aug 1826 with his 9"
reflector and recorded D 131 as "a very faint ill-defined small
nebula." His position is 2'
NE of the cluster, but also just 1.7' S of NGC 1928, and I'd be surprised if
Dunlop picked up one of these clusters and not the other. Another possibility is his observation
refers to NGC 1922, which is 5.6' W of his position. Unless there is additional information on his observation, I
don't see how an assignment can be made (Steinicke gives both NGC 1926 and
1928).
******************************
NGC 1927
05 28 42 -08 23
=Not found,
Carlson and Corwin.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1927 = h356 on 8 Jan 1831 and reported "all about this
place there exists diffused nebulosity." His position corresponds with mag 6.8 HD 36059, but there is
no nebulosity in the vicinity of this star. JH equated his object with H V-38, but his father's object
(NGC 1909) is either nonexistent or perhaps refers (according to Harold Corwin)
to the Witchhead Nebula (IC 2118).
The observers at Birr Castle were unsuccessful (on 3 attempts) in finding h356. Karl Reinmuth, in his 1926 survey based on Heidelberg
plates, states "not found" and this is was repeated by Dorothy
Carlson and the RNGC. Harold
Corwin also concludes this object is nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 1928 = ESO
056-SC106 = S-L 405
05 20 57.7 -69
28 40
V = 12.5; Size 1.3'x1.3'
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x; fairly bright, fairly small,
round, 40" diameter with a symmetrical appearance. Forms the last of three clusters with
NGC 1926 3.4' SW and NGC 1922 6' WSW, along the richly populated central
bar. A very distinctive trapezoid
of four mag 10-11 stars (sides 1'-1.5') is just a couple of arc minutes to the
NE. NGC 1928 is one of 15
bona-fide ancient GC's in the LMC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1928 = h2839 on 3 Nov 1834 and recorded "pB; R;
60". Situated in the main
body of the Nubecula Major."
On a second observation he wrote "vF; R; gbM. Field full of the nebulous light of the
great Nubecula. His position is
accurate, though a second sweep placed it 20 sec of RA too far west.
James Dunlop
possibly made an earlier observation of NGC 1928, recording it as D 131 on 3
Aug 1826 and reporting "a very faint ill-defined small nebula." Dunlop made a single observation and
his position is 1.7' S of NGC 1928.
But his position is just 2' NE of NGC 1926, which is slightly brighter,
and I'm a bit surprised Dunlop would notice one of these clusters and not the
other. Another possibility is D
131 refers to NGC 1922, which is 5.6' W of his position. Unless there is more unpublished
information, I don't see how an assignment can be made (Steinicke gives both
NGC 1926 and 1928).
******************************
NGC 1929 =
LMC-N44F = ESO 056-EN107 = LH 47
05 21 38.3 -67
54 50
V = 12.4; Size 1.1'
24" (4/7/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this HII knot is the first in an impressive
star cluster/emission complex (stellar association LH 47) that extends over 7'
in size and includes NGC 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, and IC 2126. At 260x it appeared as a bright,
moderately large, round glow of ~50" diameter surrounding a 13th magnitude
star.
On the DSS this
object appears to be a symmetrical bubble. This HII complex and cluster includes the superbubble
complex N44.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1929 = h2840 on 23 Nov 1834 and simply noted "F. The preceding nucleus of the compound nebula figured in fig.
2, Plate III. Place by Delta RA
and PD, from the chief nucleus measured on diagram." The sketch clearly established this
number refers to the northernmost knot in the complex.
James Dunlop
discovered the LH 47 association = D 175, which contains NGC 1929, on 27 Sep
1826. He described "a pretty
large rather faint nebula, about 5' diameter, irregular figure, partly
resolvable into stars of mixt magnitudes.
The nebulous matter has several seats of attraction, or rather it is a
cluster of small nebulae with strong nebulosity common to all." Dunlop's position is roughly 5' SSW of
the complex, a good match for Dunlop and NGC 1929 might be one of the
"seats of attraction."
******************************
NGC 1930 = ESO
253-004 = PGC 17276
05 25 56.5 -46
43 43
V = 12.4; Size 1.9'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 32d
14" (4/7/16
- Coonabarabran, 142x and 230x): moderately bright, elongated 4:3 SSW-NNE,
brighter core, 0.8'x0.6'. A distinctive collinear trio of mag 11-11.5 stars
(2.6' length) is a few arc minutes west.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1930 = h2836 on 29 Dec 1834 and recorded, "vF; S; R glbM;
15"; has 4 B stars preceding."
His position matches ESO 253-004 = PGC 17276. On a second observation he called NGC 1930
"B[bright]" instead of "vF".
******************************
NGC 1931 = Sh
2-237 = LBN 810 = Ced 49 = Cr 68
05 31 26 +34 14
42
V = 11.3; Size 3'x3'
18"
(1/20/07): bright, high surface brightness nebula, ~2'x1.5', surrounds six
stars including two mag 11/12 stars, a mag 13 star and three fainter stars. The central 4 stars = ADS 4112 (one
difficult in fairly poor seeing) form a small trapezium asterism. Best view is unfiltered. IC 417 lies 45' WNW.
17.5"
(2/8/86): five stars including ADS 4112 (mag 11.5/12.3/13 at 8" and
10") are located within a bright, small nebulosity of high surface
brightness. A sixth very faint
star is just outside the nebula.
Dims with OIII filter.
13"
(11/5/83): five stars involved including three close fairly bright stars. A
fourth very faint star to the west, fifth very faint star NE and sixth
extremely faint star west. This is
a bright, high surface brightness nebulosity.
8"
(11/8/80): compact, striking nebulosity involving several stars.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1931 = H I-261 = h355 on 4 Feb 1793 (sweep 1030) and recorded
"vB, irr R, vgbM, about 4 or 5' diameter. Seems to have 1 or 2 stars in
the middle or an irregular nucleus; the chevelure diminishes very
gradually." JH reported
"a triple star in a nebula. A
most curious object. The nebula
surrounds the stars like an atmosphere." The observers using Lord Rosse's 72" reported 5 to 6
stars involved on various nights.
******************************
NGC 1932
05 22 17.3 -66
09 16
=*, Corwin
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1932 + 1933 = h2841 on 2 Nov 1834 and recorded "B; eS; bM;
10"." On a later sweep
he called it a "double nebula; pos 260¡, 80". The first pB; S; R; 30". The second eF; R; almost
stellar." The second nebula
was only recorded on one sweep (#538) out of 5 total. Based on this description, though, JH assigned two GC
numbers (1138 and 1139), which became NGC 1932 and 1933. But there is only a single cluster at
his position and Harold Corwin identifies NGC 1932 with a mag 13 star just west
of the cluster.
Eric Lindsay, in
"Some NGC objects in the Large Magellanic Cloud"
[1964IrAJ....6..286L] writes "[NGC 1932 and NGC 1933] seem to be the same,
a small compact fairly conspicuous open cluster, S/L 420. The supposedly
fainter was observed in only one of five sweeps by Herschel. Dreyer therefore
questioned it as a variable nebula." ESO also identifies the cluster as NGC 1932 = NGC 1933
but only the latter number should apply to the cluster.
******************************
NGC 1933 = ESO
085-SC077 = S-L 420
05 22 27.3 -66
09 08
V = 11.8; Size 1.2'
13.1"
(2/17/04 - Costa Rica): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter,
compact with a fairly high surface brightness. Two mag 11 stars aligned WNW-ESE lie 2' NNE and 3' NNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1933 + 1932 = h2841 on 2 Nov 1834 and recorded "B; eS; bM;
10"." On the third
of five sweeps, he described this object as "a double neb; pos 260 deg;
dist 80", hence the two GC and NGC entries. But there is only a single cluster at his position and
Harold Corwin identifies NGC 1932 with a mag 13 star just west of the cluster
and NGC 1933 with the cluster. ESO
and the S-L catalogue calls the cluster NGC 1932 = NGC 1933, though only a
single number (NGC 1933) should apply to the cluster.
******************************
NGC 1934 = ESO
056-SC109 = = LH 47
05 21 46.9 -67
56 14
Size 1.1'
24" (4/7/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is a locally brighter patch in the NGC
1929-34-35-36-37 complex (stellar association LH 47), situated very close
northwest of NGC 1935. This patch
is not as well defined as the other NGC objects in this bright HII complex but
is noticeable as it involves a couple of brighter mag 12 stars and a number of
fainter stars.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1934 = h2842 on 23 Nov 1834 and recorded "The second nucleus
of the compound nebula figured in fig 2, Plate III, from diagram." The resolution on the pdf of Herschel's
sketch in the LMC is not sharp enough to identify which "knot" JH is
referring to within the complex (NGC 1929, 1935, 1936, 1937). At the position indicated here (from
Corwin), there is nothing that stands out on the DSS or in my observation,
other than a few stars. The
"LMC extended catalog" (Bica+, 1999) places the center of NGC 1934 2'
further north and there is another "knot" near this position on JH's
sketch. James Dunlop discovered
the entire LH 47 association = D 175, though NGC 1934 is probably not one of
the "seats of attraction" in the description.
******************************
NGC 1935 = IC
2126 = LMC-N44B = ESO 056-EN110 = LH 47 = S-L 417
05 21 58 -67 57
20
V = 11.2; Size 1.2'
24" (4/7/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this emission glow forms a pair NGC 1936
just southeast in a very striking field of clusters and HII patches (part of
stellar association LH 47). At
200x and UHC filter it appeared as a very bright, round glow of uniform high
surface brightness. The size is
slightly smaller than NGC 1936, perhaps 45"-50" in diameter. Good response to the UHC filter. Nebulosity also extends off to the NW
of NGC 1935 and a locally brighter patch (NGC 1934) involves a couple of
brighter stars.
Superimposed on
this entire complex of HII knots is a rich concentration of stars (S-L 417 =
KMHK 822). As John Herschel
described NGC 1935 on one sweep as "one of the chief nuclei or knots of a
large irregular cluster nebula", this number along with NGC 1936 could
also apply to the cluster. Nail
and Hubble designated the OB association centered on NGC 1929, 1934, 1935, 1936
and 1937 as "Constellation" I in a 1953 paper on the Magellanic Clouds
James Dunlop
discovered the LH 47 association = D 175, consisting of NGC 1929, 1934, 1935,
1936, 1937 on 27 Sep 1826. He described "a pretty large
rather faint nebula, about 5' diameter, irregular figure, partly resolvable
into stars of mixt magnitudes. The
nebulous matter has several seats of attraction, or rather it is a cluster of
small nebulae with strong nebulosity common to all." Dunlop's position is roughly 5' SSW of
the complex, so a good match (for Dunlop), although JH didn't reference Dunlop
as the discoverer. It's probably
safe to assume that two of these "seats of attraction" were NGC 1935
and NGC 1936 (JH only credited Dunlop with the latter).
JH found NGC
1935 = h2843 on 23 Nov 1834 and recorded "B; S; R. One of the chief nuclei
or knots of a large irregular cluster nebula." He next logged it as "F, S, R. The third of a group of
four nebulae connected by stars." His third observation saw it as
"the second nebula of a group of three." His final sweep was recorded
as "the first bright nebulous head of a large beautiful irregular cluster
of resolved stars." His
detailed sketch is in Plate III, figure 2.
Williamina
Fleming independently discovered this nebula on Harvard objective plates taken
in 1901 at the Arequipa station and Dreyer catalogued Fleming 90 as IC 2126,
although the IC position is just 5 sec of RA west of NGC 1935. The Hodge-Wright LMC Atlas labels this
nebula as IC 2126 instead of NGC 1935 (same with NGC 1936 = IC 2127).
******************************
NGC 1936 = IC 2127
= LMC-N44C = ESO 056-EN111 = LH 47
05 22 12.6 -67
58 32
V = 11.6; Size 1.1'
24" (4/7/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): NGC 1936 appeared as a very bright, round
glow, ~1' diameter with a very high, uniform surface brightness at 200x using a
UHC filter. Situated at the south
end of a large cluster and HII complex.
Additional fainter nebulosity sweeps to the south and is connected with
a fainter (anonymous) patch to the west by 1'. This extension increases the total size to 2' to 2.5'. NGC 1935 lies 2' NW. This number also applies to the cluster
(S-L 417) that spreads out the north.
James Dunlop
discovered the LH 47 association = D 175, consisting of NGC 1929, 1934, 1935,
1936, 1937 on 27 Sep 1826. He described "a pretty large
rather faint nebula, about 5' diameter, irregular figure, partly resolvable
into stars of mixt magnitudes. The
nebulous matter has several seats of attraction, or rather it is a cluster of
small nebulae with strong nebulosity common to all." Dunlop's position is roughly 5' SSW of
the complex, so a good match (for Dunlop), although JH didn't reference Dunlop
as the discoverer. It's probably
safe to assume that two of these "seats of attraction" were NGC 1935
and NGC 1936, the brightest knots in the complex.
JH observed NGC
1936 = h2844 on 23 Nov 1834 and recorded "pB; S; R. Another chief nucleus or knot of the
cluster nebula." He next
logged it as "pB, S, R, The fourth of a group of four, connected by stars,
etc." On the third sweep, he
wrote "the third nebula in a group of 3." The 4th sweep saw it as
"the last of three nebulae in a zig-zag formed cluster." On his 5th
sweep, he noted "the southern and brightest nebular nucleus of a great
branching cluster." His
detailed sketch of the entire complex is on Plate III, figure 2.
Williamina
Fleming independently discovered this nebula on Harvard objective plates taken
in 1901 at Arequipa and Dreyer catalogued Fleming 91 as IC 2127, although the
IC position is just 4 sec of RA west of NGC 1936. The Hodge-Wright LMC Atlas labels
this nebula as IC 2127 instead of NGC 1936 (same with NGC 1935 = IC 2126).
******************************
NGC 1937 =
LMC-N44I = ESO 056-SC112 = S-L 422 = LH 48
05 22 25 -67 53
42
V = 10.4; Size 2.8'x2.0'
24" (4/7/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this object is the furthest northeast in a
gorgeous field of stars and HII regions.
NGC 1937 is a large nebulous patch, ~3.7'x2.7' in size, with ~20 stars
resolved over the bright glow.
Excellent contrast gain using a UHC filter at 200x. The cluster or star cloud (association
LH 48) includes a string of stars oriented WSW-ENE that passes through the
center, including a mag 11.5 star.
NGC 1936, a very bright nebulous glow, lies 5' S, and other sections of
the N44 superbubble complex (see http://www.universetoday.com/am/publish/gemini_interstellar_cavern.html)
lie to the southwest including NGC 1929, 1935 and IC 2126. Superimposed on this complex of HII
glows is a fairly rich concentration of stars.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1937 = h2845 on 23 Nov 1834 and recorded "vF; pL. An
outlier of the group figured in Plate III No. 2. Place from diagram." His detailed sketch (Plate III, figure
2) clearly established that h2845 refers to this nebulous cluster. James Dunlop discovered the entire LH
47 association = D 175 on 27 Sep 1826 and referred to "several seats of
attraction". I doubt that NGC 1937 was one of these, though Wolfgang
Steinicke credits Dunlop with the discovery.
******************************
NGC 1938 = ESO
056-SC108 = S-L 413
05 21 24.8 -69
56 22
V = 13.0; Size 0.6'
30"
(10/18/17 - OzSky): at 264x and 429x; fairly faint, small, round, 25"
diameter, nearly even surface brightness.
The bright LMC globular cluster NGC 1939 is only 40" SSE. At 429x I noticed a dim cluster, KMK88
50, just 1.8' N of NGC 1938. It
was just a very faint, very small knot, 15", low surface brightness.
30"
(10/15/15 - OzSky): fainter of a close pair of clusters with brighter NGC 1939
to the south-southeast by just 40".
At 303x, NGC 1938 appeared fairly faint, small, round, 24"
diameter.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1938 + NGC 1939 = h2848 on 24 Nov 1834 and recorded a "B;
R; a double nebula (clouding over)."
On a second observation he recorded "pB; S; R; glbM; a double neb. It has a vF neb (NGC 1939) attached
np." On a third sweep (of 4)
he logged "A double neb. Pos
339.1; 50" dist; each F; R; glbM; 35" and 30"." JH catalogued both objects individually
in the GC (1144 and 1145). See
Corwin's notes for more on the clusters.
James Dunlop
possibly discovered this "double cluster" on 24 Sep 1826 and
described D 89 as a "pretty well-defined round nebula, about 20"
diameter." His position is
~5' NE of NGC 1938 and 1939.
Perhaps he noticed the combined glow of these clusters (though the size
would then be much too small), or he picked up only NGC 1939, which is the
brighter cluster. Another
possibility is D 90, described as "a small round faint nebula, north of a
small star", refers to NGC 1938 and 1939. His position is 13' SE of the pair of the clusters. Without further information, I don't
see how Dunlop can be confidently given credit for the discovery.
******************************
NGC 1939 = ESO
056-SC108 = S-L 414
05 21 26.7 -69
56 59
V = 11.8; Size 1.2'
30"
(10/18/17 - OzSky): at 264x and 429x; bright, fairly small, round, 40"
diameter, high surface brightness with an intensely bright nucleus. Brighter of a close pair with NGC 1938
only 0.8' N. NGC 1939 is one of 15
bona-fide ancient GC's in the LMC.
A mag 10.7 star is 3' SE.
While looking
for this cluster I picked up an unplotted cluster, Hodge-Sexton 253, situated
6.6' SE of NGC 1939 and 3.7' SE of the mag 10.7 star. It appeared moderately bright, round, ~35" diameter, no
significant concentration. S-L
412, situated 7' N of NGC 1939, was a roundish, fairly faint glow, ~24"
diameter. In addtion, LMC-N127A
lies 16' N of NGC 1939. At 264x
this emission nebula was bright, compact, roundish, 40" diameter, with a
star visible at the center. Very
good response to the NPB (narrow-band) filter with a slightly brighter central
region and thin fainter halo.. It
forms a "pair" with open cluster S-L 418 2' NE.
30"
(10/15/15 - OzSky): at 303x; bright, fairly small, round, 45" diameter,
high surface brightness, mottled, contains a very bright core. Forms a close pair with NGC 1938 just
0.8' NNW. A mag 10.7 star lies
2.9' SE. NGC 1943 lies 14' SSE and
NGC 1950 is 16' ENE.
James Dunlop
probably discovered NGC 1939 = D 89 on 24 Sep 1826 and described a "pretty
well-defined round nebula, about 20" diameter." His position is ~5' NE of NGC 1938 and
1939, a close pair of clusters.
Perhaps he noticed the combined glow of both clusters (though the size
would then be too small), or he only picked up NGC 1939, which is the brighter
cluster. See Corwin's notes for
more on the clusters.
JH observed the
pair of clusters (NGC 1938/1939 = h2848) on 24 Nov 1834 and described a
"B; R; a double nebula (clouding over)." On a second observation he recorded "pB; S; R; glbM; a
double nebula. It has a vF neb
attached np." On a third
sweep he logged "A double neb.
Pos 339.1; 50" dist; each F; R; glbM; 35" and 30". He attributed Dunlop with the
discovery.
******************************
NGC 1940 = ESO
085-SC078 = S-L 427
05 22 44.9 -67
11 10
V = 11.9; Size 0.4'
30" (11/5/10
- Coonabarabran, 264x): bright but relatively small knot, triangular shape,
30" diameter, clumpy with a few stars just resolved. Forms the western vertex of a small
equilateral triangle with a mag 10 star 1' E and a mag 11.5 star 1' S. The mag 10 star has an 11th magnitude
companion following at 27".
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. No resolution. Cradled by three mag 10-11 stars 1.2'
S, 1.1' E and 1.5' E. Located 52'
E of mag 4.8 Theta Doradus in the LMC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1940 = h1146 on 23 Dec 1834 and described the cluster as
"pB; S; R; bM. Has 2 st 9 and
10 mag following." His
position and description is a perfect match. James Dunlop recorded D 212 on 6 Nov 1826, noting a
"small faint ill-defined nebula." That's not much to go on and his position is 26' E of this
cluster. JH didn't list a possible
equivalence with NGC 1940 and I feel this identification is very
uncertain. Still, Wolfgang
Steinicke attributes Dunlop with the discovery.
******************************
NGC 1941 =
LMC-N46 = ESO 085-EN79
05 23 07.4 -66
22 41
V = 12.0; Size 0.9'
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): faint, very small, round, 15" diameter. One or two very faint stars are
resolved. Located 2.7' N of a mag
10 star and 12' NW of NGC 1945.
NGC 1941 is situated within LMC-N46, although nebulosity wasn't evident.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1941 = h2846 on 20 Dec 1835 and described as "a nebulous
group or knot." His single
position is ~30" too far southeast.
******************************
NGC 1942 = ESO
085-SC081 = S-L 445
05 24 45 -63 56
30
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'
18" (4/6/16
- Coonabarabran, 236x): this LMC cluster appeared fairly faint, fairly small,
round, 25"-30" diameter, fairly low even surface brightness. A mag 13.7 star is at the north edge. A mag 10.8 star is 4.5' SE and a mag
10.2 star is 8' ESE. The galaxy
NGC 1947 is 17' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1942 = h2849 on 30 Nov 1834 and described "a star 14th mag,
with an eF nebula about it." His second observation was recorded as
"very faint. (Cloudy) (N.B. The PD has been probably spoiled by the
clouds)". But Herschel's
second observation through the clouds has the correct PD and his first is off
by ~3'.
******************************
NGC 1943 =
LMC-N130 = ESO 056-SC114 = S-L 430
05 22 29 -70 09
18
V = 11.9
30"
(10/15/15 - OzSky): fairly bright, moderately large, round, thin halo, 0.8'
diameter, quite mottled but not resolved in poor seeing. A mag 14 star is just
off the NNE edge, 0.6' from center.
I didn't use the NPD filter, but the red DSS shows some nebulosity is
involved (LHA 120-N130). NGC 1938
and 1939, a very close pair of clusters, lies 14' NNW.
James Dunlop
probably discovered NGC 1943 = D 91 = h2850 on 24 Sep 1826 with his 9"
reflector at Parramatta and described "a small round nebula, 12" or
15" diameter." His
position is 13' SE of the cluster.
Dunlop's D 90, described as "a small round faint nebula, north of a
small star", may be another observation of this cluster. His position for D 90 is just 5' NE of
the cluster.
JH independently
discovered the cluster in Dec 1834 and recorded "pB; R; glbM;
50"." On a later sweep
he wrote "vF; 40"; has a *15m at 60" dist, pos = 19.6¡." His position (recorded on 3 sweeps) is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 1944 = ESO
033-SC017 = S-L 426
05 21 57 -72 29
42
V = 11.8; Size 3.2'
30"
(10/15/15 - OzSky): at 303x; bright, fairly large, round, thin halo, 1.2'
diameter, mottled, only a few stars resolved around the edges of the halo. A mag 13.5-14 star is off the SW edge,
a mag 15.5 star is at the NW edge.
Situated within a nice group of stars including four nearby mag 12.5
stars; 1.4' SE, 2' SSE, 2' N and 3.4' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1944 = h2852 on 8 Feb 1836 and described as "pB; R; bM;
90"." His position is
just off the NW side of this globular cluster.
******************************
NGC 1945 =
LMC-N48E = ESO 085-EN083
05 24 55 -66 27
24
Size 1.0'
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x unfiltered, this LMC HII
region (N48E) appeared fairly faint, fairly small, ~30" diameter. The shape is irregular and brighter
along the south edge. NGC 1946
lies 4.4' NE. Several mag 11-13
stars are in the field to the northwest and these seem to stream 10' to the
northeast direction, heading towards NGC 1948, a magnificent star cloud and HII
complex. NGC 1951, a bright
cluster, lies 11' SE and NGC 1941 is 12' NW. These objects are located on the west side of the huge LMC-4
Superbubble.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1945 = h2851 on 3 Jan 1837 and reported "eeF, vvL. Great blotches of diffused
nebulosity." I logged a
small, brighter patch of nebulosity on the south side of a large annular ring
or loop of nebulosity. Herschel's
description implies a much larger object than I described, though his position
is an excellent match with this patch.
I'd be surprised if he picked up the entire loop so perhaps the richness
of the star field mimicked "diffused nebulosity". See Harold Corwin's notes on this
number.
Karl Henize in the
1956 "Catalogues of Hydrogen Alpha Emission Stars and Nebulae in the
Magellanic Clouds" (ApJS 2, p315), notes his object LHa N120-48
"includes NGC 1945." LHa
N120-48 measures 12.3' east-west and 15.2' north-south. It has a slightly
irregular outline, is very elongated and shows appreciable structure. LHa
N120-48E (33" x 36", somewhat irregular outline, considerably
elongated) lies at the centre of NGC 1945.
******************************
NGC 1946 = ESO
085-SC084 = S-L 454
05 25 16 -66 23
42
V = 12.6; Size 1.0'
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): bright LMC cluster, fairly small,
irregularly round, high surface bright glow, 30" diameter. Although this knot was not resolved, it
is situated in a glorious rich star field surrounded by numerous stars. A stream of stars, oriented SW to NE,
seems to pass through NGC 1946, extending southwest to NGC 1945 (4.4' SSW) and
northeast to NGC 1948, a magnificent star cloud and HII complex ~8' NNE. A brighter, parallel stream, consisting
of stars of mixed magnitudes and unresolved glow (stars or nebulosity) is
roughly 3' W, extending at least 10' SW to NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1946 = h2854 on 3 Jan 1837 and recorded "pF, R, gbM,
resolvable." Herschel credits
Dunlop with the discovery (D 237), though in the GC and NGC a question mark was
added. Dunlop's position matches
this cluster very well though the description "a rather large faint
nebula, 3' or 4' diameter, of an irregular round figure, no central
attraction" implies a much larger object -- probably NGC 1948, whose center is just 6' NNE of his
position.
******************************
NGC 1947 = ESO
085-087 = PGC 17296
05 26 47.5 -63
45 37
V = 10.6; Size 3.0'x2.6'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 119d
18" (4/6/16
- Coonabarabran, 236x): fairly bright and large, slightly elongated,
~2.5'x2.0', well concentrated with a bright core that gradually increases to
the center. A mag 9.7 star (HD
36355) lies 4.2' NNW. The LMC cluster NGC 1942 lies 17' SW and S-L 509 is 21'
NE.
24" (4/4/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): very bright, large, round, contains a
large, very bright core surrounded by a fainter halo with a total diameter of
~3'. Within the brighter 2' core
is a sharply concentrated brighter nucleus. This is an impressive S0 or E-galaxy at 200x due to the high
surface brightness core and several brightness levels. Situated in the outskirts of the LMC
with S-L 509, a faint LMC cluster, 21' NE. On images, the minor axis of this elliptical is bisected by
a dust lane, though this feature wasn't noticed.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1947 on 5 Nov 1826 with his 9" reflector although the
observation was not included in his 1828 catalogue. Glen Cozens found the observation by examining Dunlop's
handwritten notes. John Herschel
independently discovered this galaxy on 30 Nov 1834 and described h1153 as
"pB, L, R, glbM; 2.5' diameter, a star 9th mag N.p.". There is nothing at his position but
exactly 1 degree north is ESO 85-87, an unusual elliptical with a minor-axis
dust lane, and mag 9.7 HD 36355 (matching his description) is 4.4' NNW.
Eric Lindsay, in
"Some NGC objects in the Large Magellanic Cloud"
(1964IrAJ....6..286L), notes "The Decl. [recorded by Herschel] seems to be
in error and the object is the well-known galaxy 1¡ N." In a paper on LMC clusters, Kontizas et
al misidentifies KMH90-878 as NGC 1947 because of the dec error, though there
doesn't appear to be a cluster on the DSS at the Kontizas position.
******************************
NGC 1948 = ESO
085-SC85 = S-L 458 = LMC-N48 = LH 52
05 25 46 -66 15
51
V = 10.6; Size 8'
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is a large, well-resolved
star cloud (stellar association LH 52) and emission nebula. The richest section is ~8' diameter,
with a roughly diamond shape.
Approximately 60 stars were resolved at 260x over haze. A fairly large, nebulous knot
(LMC-N48B) was visible on the southwest side, ~1.2' diameter, and it responded
well to a UHC filter. A couple of
other very small knots or clumps of stars were visible at the center (LMC-N48A
and N48C). Two parallel streams of
stars and unresolved haze (roughly 3' apart), oriented SW to NE, extends
southwest from NGC 1948 through NGC 1946 to NGC 1945. The western string is brighter, consisting of a number of
mag 12-14 stars along with an unresolved glow (stars or nebulosity) extending
at least 10'.
LMC-N49, located
11' NNE, is the brightest LMC supernova remnant and it harbors a powerful
pulsar. At 260x unfiltered, it
appeared as a bright "U" shape just under 1' in diameter with the
center of the "U" at the east end (base oriented SW-NE) and open on
the west side. The interior is
much dimmer than the rim. The
brightest spot is right at the east end, though the rim is much brighter and
better defined along the entire base.
The northern bar of the "U" side is fainter and oriented NW-SE
with some haze spreading into the interior. The southern bar is brighter and narrower. A UHC filter increased the contrast and
there were hints of more complex filamentary structure. Located 3.7' ENE of mag 9.0 HD
36257. Open cluster S-L 463, which
appears as a very small knot attached to a star, is located 2.4' NE.
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): at 105x this is a fairly large star group in the
LMC. Over a dozen mag 12-13 stars
are resolved in a triangular group, ~6' diameter, over unresolved background
haze or possibly nebulosity. NGC
1978, a bright "blue globular", lies 18' E.
James Dunlop
probably discovered NGC 1948 = D 237 on 6 Nov 1826 with his 9" reflector
and described a "a rather large faint nebula, 3' or 4' diameter, of an
irregular round figure; no central concentration. His position is about 6' SW of NGC 1948, certainly within
his usual errors, and his size estimate (3' or 4') is reasonable. Another possible assignment is NGC 1945
= D 237, situated a similar distance south-southwest of his position. But NGC 1945 is much smaller (roughly
30"), so this seems much less likely to me, though Glen Cozens suggests
the possible equivalence with D 237.
JH independently
discovered NGC 1948 = h2856 on 3 Jan 1837 and described "a rich, discrete
cluster, class VII. Not much compressed to the middle; 10' diameter, stars of
13th mag." His position is
accurate. Herschel didn't credit
Dunlop as the discoverer and neither did Dreyer in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 1949 =
LMC-N138A = ESO 056-EN117
05 25 05 -68 28
18
V = 12.4
30"
(10/15/15 - OzSky): very bright, fairly small, round, high surface brightness,
~35" diameter. No resolution,
though this is primarily an emission nebula. A string of 3 mag 13.7/12.8/13 stars extend to the southwest
by 45", 2.2' and 3.4'. I was
very surprised when I added an NPB filter at 152x. A fairly prominent, large, round emission nebula was nearly
attached on the southwest side!
The nebula (considered part of LHA 120-N 138A) extends 1.3' with a
slightly brighter rim and NGC 1949 nearly forms with it a "diamond
ring". It surrounds a mag
13.6 star at its center.
With the NPB
filter, LHA 120-N 138C was also seen 1.8' W as a very faint, fairly small,
25" glow. It surrounds a mag
15.2 star that was not seen with the filter. Much brighter is N 138B, located 5.2' SW of NGC 1949. With the filter it appeared fairly
bright, small, round, 20" diameter, crisp-edged. A mag 15 star is attached at the southwest edge. This interesting field is located 14'
NW of a mag 6.1 HD 36584 (equal mag 1.3" pair).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1949 = h2857 on 30 Dec 1836 and recorded "pB; S; R; psbM;
20"." His position
(single sweep) is accurate and appears to described the small, high surface
brightness nebula only.
******************************
NGC 1950 = ESO
056-SC116 = S-L 450
05 24 33.0 -69
54 04
V = 13.2; Size 1.7'
24" (4/7/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is the first in a group of clusters
including NGC 1958, 1959, 1969, 1971, 1972 and 1986, towards the SE end. These clusters reside in a dense part
of the LMC bar with a bright background glow. NGC 1950 forms the southwest vertex of a triangle with NGC
1959 5.5' ESE and NGC 1958 6.3' NE.
At 260x it appeared moderately bright, fairly large, ~2' diameter, with
a relatively low surface brightness.
At 346x, several extremely faint stars pepper the surface of the
cluster. A mag 11 star lies 3' E,
within the triangle described above.
John Herschel discovered
NGC 1950 = h2859 on 23 Dec 1834 and described as "The first of several
nebulae running together [along with 1958, 1959, 1969, 1971 and NGC 1972] and
forming a very remarkable group, which fills the field with a faint diffused
nebulosity. See figure 8, Plate 4." His second description reads: "A
large ill-defined patch at the lower edge of the Nubecula Major, which is
pretty definite here, and very bright." His position (measured on 2 sweeps) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1951 = ESO
085-SC086 = S-L 464
05 26 06.4 -66
35 50
V = 10.6; Size 1.9'
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): fairly bright, small, round, 25" diameter,
well-concentrated with a 10" bright core (John Herschel described the core
as a close double star).
John Herschel discovered
NGC 1951 = h2858 on 23 Dec 1834 and recorded "B, R or lE; binuclear or sbM
to a double star 10th and 11th mag." His second observation was recorded
as "A close first class D star, 10th and 11th mag, with a thick nebulous
mist like dust about it." His
first position is accurate.
Shapley and Lindsay ("A Catalogue of Clusters in the Large
Magellanic Cloud", Irish Astronomical Journal, Vol. 6, 1963) give a
diameter of 80'' and remark "elongated, inner condensed, outer
resolved."
******************************
NGC 1952 = M1 =
Crab Nebula = LBN 833 = Sh 2-244 = Ced 53 = Tau A = SNR 184.6-5.8
05 34 32.0 +22
00 52
V = 8.5; Size 6'x4'
48"
(10/23/14): remarkable intricate filamentary structure at 488x using a DGM
Optics OIII filter. I didn't try
to take detailed notes, but the entire surface of M1, which filled over half the field, was resolved into an
intertwined maze of thin, twisting filaments. This complex structure was more evident than the view I had
a year ago at 287x.
48"
(11/2/13): using 488x I immediately focused in on a close unequal mag double
star (roughly mag 16/16.5) that was visible near the center but a bit offset
from the geometric center towards the SE side of the nebula. The fainter southwest component (CM
Tau) is the famous pulsar (rotating neutron star) at the heart of the Crab
Nebula, which was discovered in 1968 and pulses 30 times/sec!
Although this
observation was exciting (first definite view of the pulsar), the real
jaw-dropping sight was at 287x using a DGM Optics OIII filter, which lit up the
interior filaments! The two bright
filaments that meander E-W through the nebula (dipping just south of the
pulsar) were very prominent with slightly fainter side filaments extending south
and north. Scanning with averted
vision, numerous additional very faint, thin radial filaments extending outward
were evident throughout the nebula.
In addition, the periphery had a ragged or curdled appearance,
particularly along the northern edge. The eypiece view approached the iconic
HST image of the Crab Nebula !
18"
(11/14/09): at 175x and OIII filter an obvious brighter filament is visible
that begins just south of center and extends WNW towards the west end. This filament is brightest (or has a
brighter knot) at its eastern end near the center. A fainter filament begins near the same point south of
center and extends towards the NE.
The two filaments, if joined as one, extend nearly from the west end of
the Crab Nebula to the east.
18"
(2/23/06): at 225x the shape was quite elongated and irregular and the interior
had a turbulent appearance due to a very irregular surface brightness. The periphery has a tattered or ragged
edge and changes shape somewhat with averted vision. With a UHC filter, there is a brighter knot (sometimes
appears as an extended, elongated feature) near the SW edge.
17.5"
(2/8/86): very bright, unusual potato shape with an irregular surface
brightness, 6'x4', broad concentration towards center. Very irregular elongated shape with
extensions or "arms" towards the NW and SE, ragged edges at
periphery. A large dark
indentation or "bay" intrudes on the NE side of the SE extension, so
this end is thinner and less prominent.
A few faint stars are superimposed. Using an OIII filter, the overall structure is muted but a
bright inner streak is visible in the SW quadrant (oriented ~E-W) and this
streak is not noticeable without the filter.
13.1"
(1/18/85): large, bright, irregular potato shape, large indentation on
following end. Easy in 16x80
finder.
8"
(10/4/80): moderately bright, irregular shape, fairly large, indentation on the
NW and SE ends.
15x50mm IS
binoculars (2/23/06): easily visible as a faint, oval patch.
John Bevis
discovered M1 = NGC 1952 = h357 around 1731 using a 3-inch (+/-) refractor of
24 ft focal length. He labeled it as a nebula in his Uranographia Britannica
star atlas, which was completed in 1750, though not published in 1786.
Charles Messier independently discovered M1 on 28 Aug 1758. While searching for comet Halley on its
first predicted return, he found instead another comet, which turned out to
have been discovered earlier. Then
while tracking this comet he found M1, which Messier noted "contains no
star; it is a whitish light, elongated like the flame of a taper." Bevis informed Messier of his earlier
discovery in 1771. MessierÕs
rediscovery of M1 was the inspiration to begin the compilation of his catalog.
William Herschel
made numerous observations with his various telescopes, clearly attempting to
resolve the nebula into stars: "Very bright, of an irregular figure; full
5 minutes in longest direction. I suspect it to consist of stars."
[18.7-inch]
Much of the
following is gleaned from Wolfgang Steinicke's book on "Observing and
Cataloguing Nebulae and Star Clusters". William Parsons (third Earl of
Rosse) and friends Romney Robinson and James South observed M1 with his first
(compound) 36-inch in early November 1840. A few weeks later Robinson wrote
Rosse to examine other nebulae as "I am anxious to know whether they all
have tails and claws". Parsons sketched M1 in 1844 (using his solid
36") with filaments or streamers extending out of the body and a long tail
(see http://messier.seds.org/more/m001_rosse.html). His description reads:
".. a cluster; we perceive in this [36-inch telescope], however, a
considerable change of appearance; it is no longer an oval resolvable [mottled]
Nebula; we see resolvable filaments singularly disposed, springing principally
from its southern extremity, and not, as is usual in clusters, irregularly in
all directions. Probably greater power would bring out other filaments, and it
would then assume the ordinary form of a cluster. It is stubbed with stars,
mixed however with a nebulosity probably consisting of stars too minute to be
recognized. It is an easy object, and I have shown it to many, and all have
been at once struck with its remarkable aspect. Everything in the sketch can be
seen under moderately favourable circumstances."
Romney Robinson,
director of Armagh Observatory and a regular observer at Birr Castle, remarked
"it is ragged, bifurcated at the top, and has streamers running out like
claws in every direction." This description, along with the 1844
sketch, probably led the popular nickname "Crab Nebula". Certainly influenced by the sketch,
William Lassell observed M1 in December 1852 with his 24" reflector and
commented, "long filaments run out on all sides". Three weeks later, he noted "the
outlying claws are only just circumscribed by the edge of the field of 6' in
diameter." Father Angelo
Secchi was also influenced; his sketch made around 1856 using a 9.5"
refractor strikingly mimics the 1844 sketch with a long tail and external
feelers! Secchi claimed the
agreement in features demonstrated the strength of his telescope.
Interestingly,
R.J. Mitchell resketched the Crab in 1855 with a much more traditional shape.
Dreyer commented in The Observatory, Vol. 37, p. 399-402 (1914),
"The only published drawing which is a complete failure, is that of M1,
the "Crab Nebula", which has unfortunately been reproduced in many
popular books. It was made with the 3-foot, and long "feelers"
were never again seen with the 3-foot nor with the 6-foot." Still the nickname stuck. See More
http://www.southastrodel.com/NGC1952.htm for more historical observations.
In 1921 Lundmark
mentioned (PASP, 33, 234) that the nova of 1054 was near NGC 1952 and in 1928
Edwin Hubble (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1928ASPL....1...55H) found the
nebula "is expanding rapidly and at such a rate that it must have required
about 900 years to reach its present dimensions. For, in the ancient
accounts of celestial phenomena only one nova has been recorded in the region
of the Crab Nebula. This account is found in the Chinese annals, the
position fits as closely as it can read, and the year was 1054!" In 1937
Nicholas Mayall made a spectral analysis (PASP, 49, 101) and in 1939 (ASPL, Vol
3, 145) announced the Crab Nebula was a supernova remnant.
******************************
NGC 1953 = ESO
56-SC118 = S-L 459
05 25 28.0 -68 50
18
V = 11.7; Size 1.2'
24" (4/7/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x, this LMC cluster appeared bright,
moderately large, round,~50" diameter, with a brighter core. At 350x, it was grainy with a couple
stars easily resolved at the edges of the halo. The nucleus appears offset from center towards the
east. The interesting NGC
1962-65-66-70 HII complex and cluster follows with NGC 1962 4.5' due east and
stretching quite a distance to the east and SE lie a huge number of clusters,
star clouds and HII regions.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1953 = h2862 on 31 Jan 1835 and described as "pF, S, R,
glbM, 40"." On a second sweep he recorded "pB, S, R, insulated,
but has a group of four nebulae [NGC 1962, 1954, 1966, 1970] following in the
parallel." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 1954 = MCG
-02-15-003 = PGC 17422
05 32 48.3 -14
03 45
V = 11.8; Size 4.2'x2.0'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 155d
24"
(12/28/16): at 225x; moderately bright and large, sharply concentrated with small,
very bright core ~20"x15" N-S. The core is surrounded by a low
surface brightness without a well defined edge but roughly 1.25' diameter.
A mag 13 star is superimposed 45" N of center and a mag 13.8 star
1.3' NW (outside the halo).
NGC 1954 is the
brightest in a trio (HDCE 361) at a distance of ~150 million years with NGC
1957 4.5' SSE and IC 2132 9.5' NNW. The three galaxies are nearly
collinear.
17.5"
(12/3/88): faint, small, slightly elongated, bright core, faint stellar
nucleus. A mag 13.5 star is off
the northwest edge 1.3' from center.
Forms a pair with NGC 1957 5' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1954 = H III-590 = h2853 on 14 Dec 1786 (sweep 647) and recorded
"suspected, eF, stellar, not very doubtful." His position is accurate. JH observed it from the Cape and noted
"vF, R, 25"." Both
Herschels missed nearby NGC 1957.
******************************
NGC 1955 =
LMC-N51D = ESO 056-SC121 = S-L 467 = LH 54
05 26 10 -67 29
54
V = 9.8; Size 1.8'
30"
(11/5/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): this cluster and emission nebula is near the
western end of a beautiful curved chain of bright clusters involved with
prominent nebulosity (referred to as the "Sextant Arc") that extends
17' WSW to ENE and includes NGC 1966 and NGC 1974 to the NE and S-L 456, a
group of stars and nebulosity 4' W of NGC 1955. The cluster, which is part of stellar association LH 54,
includes as many as 40 stars in a 4' region including a half-dozen mag
11.5-12.5 stars in a 3' gently curving arc elongated E-W. The cluster is immersed in a large,
irregular haze that is brightest on the eastern side in a 30" circular
glow. This is a locally brighter
portion of a large irregular loop bowed out to the east and extending N-S for 6'-7'
to a mag 9.5 star 3.5' S of the cluster.
A fainter group of stars and haze lies 4' W (S-L 456 within association
LH 51) and the DSS reveals both halves form an 8' bubble (LHa 120-N51D) like a
Wolf-Rayet shell or supernova remnant.
NGC 1968 lies ~8' ENE and NGC 1974 11' NE.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1955 = D 211 on 3 Aug 1826 and described "a small faint
elliptical nebula, about 20" diameter. This is the preceding in a curved
line of six or seven small nebulae, of unequal magnitudes." Dunlop made 4 observations and his
position is just 1.6' too far SE.
JH called NGC 1955 = h2863 "The second of a great line of rich
clusters [NGC 1968, 1974 and 1991] which are connected by abundant scattered
stars. (The first not taken)."
The first is probably S-L 456.
JH credited Dunlop with the discovery.
******************************
NGC 1956 = ESO
016-002 = PGC 17102
05 19 36.1 -77
43 45
V = 13.1; Size 1.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 68d
24" (4/4/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): excellent, fairly large edge-on at 200x,
~2.0'x0.6'. Sharply concentrated
with a small, round bright core and much fainter extensions WSW-ENE. A faint star is just beyond the SW
tip. This galaxy has an absorbtion
lane (dust) along the north side, although this feature was not noted.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1956 = h2874 on 22 Jan 1836 and recorded "eF, S, R, gbM,
15"." On a second sweep
he noted "eF, little elongated, 40 arcseconds, has a coarse double star
n.f., 6' distant." His mean
position (2 sweeps) is accurate.
DeLisle Stewart described this galaxy as a "vF, hazy * inv in
nebula" (Harvard College Observatory correction list).
******************************
NGC 1957 = PGC
17427
05 32 55.1 -14
07 58
V = 13.9; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.6
24"
(12/28/16): at 225x; fairly faint, small, round, 20" diameter, gradually
increases to the center. With
direct vision a stellar nucleus pops out.
Situated 4.5' SSE of NGC 1954 in a trio (HDCE 361) with IC 2132.
17.5"
(12/3/88): very faint, very small, round, weak concentration. Located 5' SSE of NGC 1954.
Francis Leavenworth
discovered NGC 1957 = LM I-149 on 11 Dec 1885 with the 26" refractor at
the Leander McCormick Observatory.
His rough position (nearest min of RA) is a good match with PGC 17427. RNGC classifies it as an unverified
southern object.
******************************
NGC 1958 = ESO
056-SC119 = S-L 462
05 25 30.7 -69
50 10
V = 13.0; Size 1.5'
25"
(10/17/17 - OzSky): at 397x; this LMC cluster was very bright, moderately
large, round, 1' diameter. A few
extremely faint stars were resolved at the edge with a non-stellar knot or
small clump of stars at the west end.
A mag 12 star is 1' NW.
Seven clusters lies within 7' of NGC 1958 including NGC 1969, 1971 and
1972, a close trio ~6' E and faint NGC 1950 and 1959, situated 6.5' SW and 5.5'
S, respectively.
S-L 460, located
3.5' N, appeared fairly faint, round, 30" diameter, even surface
brightness.
S-L 469, located
5.5' NNE, appeared fairly faint, irregular, 30" diameter. Slightly brighter of a pair with S-L
460 3' SW.
24" (4/7/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 260x, this LMC cluster appeared bright,
fairly small, round, 45" diameter.
Increasing the magnification to 346x, the cluster resolved into a couple
of dozen very faint, densely packed stars. The 1' halo appeared irregular and mottled as if more stars
were just below resolution.
This cluster is
situated in a rich section of the central bar and a number of clusters are
nearby. NGC 1958 forms the northern vertex of an isosceles triangle with NGC
1959 5.5' S and NGC 1950 6.3' SW.
A single brighter mag 11 star sits within this triangle at the vertex of
another isosceles triangle with NGC 1959 and NGC 1950. A trio of clusters, NGC 1969, 1971 and
1972, lies 5' to 6' E.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1958 = h2864 on 23 Dec 1834 and commented "The second of
the group, fig 7, Pl IV. L; F; vgbM." On a second observation he noted "F; R; gbM,
40". Joseph Turner sketched
the cluster on 21 Dec 1875 with the Great Melbourne Telescope (see
http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/index.php#m_3_29). S-L 460, which lies 4.6' N of NGC 1958,
is clearly shown on the sketch as well as S-L 469 situated 5.5' NNE, but these
clusters did not receive NGC designations.
******************************
NGC 1959 = ESO
056-SC120 = S-L 466
05 25 35.7 -69
55 36
V = 12.2; Size 1.6'
24" (4/7/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this globular is at the southeast corner of
a triangle of clusters with NGC 1958 5.5' NNW and NGC 1950 6' WNW. It appears similar to NGC 1950 -- a
moderately bright, fairly large glow of ~2' but with a relatively low surface
brightness. Appears slightly
smaller than NGC 1958. At 346x, a
few faint stars are resolved around the edges. Located along the southeast side
of the LMC bar, so the background is bright.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1959 = h2865 on 23 Dec 1834 and recorded "F; vL; vgbM; the
third of several whose borders join, forming the group in figure 7, pl
IV." His position is fairly
accurate.
******************************
NGC 1960 = M36 =
Cr 71
05 36 18 +34 08
30
V = 6.0; Size 12'
18"
(1/17/09): at 175x roughly 175 stars are resolved in the central 10' but
irregular extensions increase the halo to closer to 20' and includes roughly
250 stars. Many of the stars are
arranged in long curving strings as well as one very distinctive curving loop
on the SE side of the core with a pretty double (·737 = 8.5/9.0 at 11")
with a fainter third companion at the NW end of the loop. The cluster itself is pretty
symmetrical with a dense 10' core and the brighter stars are sprinkled about
fairly uniformly.
8": very
bright, large, loose, includes two curving star lanes. The double star ·737 = 8.5/9.0 at
11" is near the center.
Naked-eye
(10/24/11): just glimpsed in very dark skies.
Giovanni
Hodierna probably discovered M36 = NGC 1960 = h358 in 1654. Guillaume Le Gentil independently
discovered this cluster in 1749 and he is credited with the discovery in the
NGC. WH, using his 7-ft reflector
(6.2" aperture) at 120x on 28 Oct 1794, called it "a pretty rich
cluster of small [faint] stars, seems to have many more than are visible, very
small [faint]."
******************************
NGC 1961 = Arp
184 = IC 2133 = UGC 3334 = MCG +12-06-007 = CGCG 329-008 = LGG 132-002 = PGC
17625
05 42 04.4 +69
22 46
V = 11.0; Size 4.6'x3.0'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 85d
48"
(10/23/11): at 375x, this distorted spiral appeared very bright, very large
oval nearly 2:1 E-W, ~3.6'x2.0', highly asymmetric appearance. Contains a very bright, large oval core
that is clearly offset to the north side of the galaxy! A large arm sweeps E-W along the south
side of the halo. A broad dust
lane runs parallel to the arm on the inside. Surrounding the core are shorter inner spiral arms including
an arm just north of the core that sweeps west and bends south. A mag 13.5 star is superimposed just
inside the dust lane, 30" SSE of center.
17.5"
(12/8/90): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 E-W, weak
concentration, small bright core.
A mag 13 star is 30" SSE of center and a mag 12 star is just off
the west edge, 2.4' from center.
There appears to be a dark patch between this star and the core. Forms a pair with CGCG 329-011 7.6' NE
(not seen).
8"
(10/13/81): faint, moderately large, bright core, diffuse, elongated, star
involved.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1961 = H III-747 on 3 Dec 1788 (sweep 889) and recorded
"cF, pL, iF, mbM, easily resolvable, 5 or 6 of the stars belonging to it
visible in the middle." In the 1912 "Scientific Papers of William
Herschel" Dreyer comments "Caroline Herschel has used the place of
the comparison star in Wollaston's Catalogue of 1790, which is very
erroneous. Auwers assumed it to be
B.A.C. 1985, hence his very erroneous polar distance. But it is = G. 1199 agreeing with two other stars, 42 and 43
Camelop. The place of the neb
found from this coincides with that of I.C. 2133 = Bigourdan 385." Bigourdan found this galaxy
independently on 22 Dec 1891, measured an accurate position, and Dreyer
catalogued Big. 385 as IC 2133.
So, NGC 1961 = IC 2133. See
Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 1962 = ESO
056-SC122 = LMC-N144
05 26 18 -68 50
18
V = 11.5
24" (4/7/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): NGC 1962 forms the bright western patch of
the NGC 1962-65-66-70 cluster and emission nebula (stellar association LH
58). At 200x it appeared as a
large, fairly bright glow on the west side of the complex, ~2' in
diameter. A few faint stars are
peppered across the glow.
Excellent contrast gain using the UHC filter which increased the
visibility to a prominent glow.
Cluster NGC 1953 lies 4.5' W and a large number of additional clusters
that I didn't have time to explore lie to the south and southeast.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1962 = h2866 on 31 Jan 1835 and recorded "vF, pL, R; the
first of a group of 4 nebulae [NGC 1962, 1965, 1966, 1970] with stars. (N.B.
The mirror newly polished. See fig 20, Plate VI.)" His sketch (Plate VI, figure 20)
clearly identifies all 4 nebulae in the group. James Dunlop discovered the entire group (D 136 = S-L 476)
and described "a faint confused pretty large nebula. There are a multitude of small nebulae
in this place." His position
is ~10' too far SW (typical error), though he did not distinguish individual
components.
Joseph Turner
sketched the entire group in Dec 1875 using the 48" Great Melbourne
Telescope
(http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/index.php). The sketch resolves NGC 1962 into two
adjacent pieces.
******************************
NGC 1963 = ESO
363-SC005
05 32 10.8 -36
22 51
17.5"
(2/22/03): at 100x, a distinctive looping group of two dozen mag 10-13 stars
which is likely an asterism.
Roughly 10' diameter with a string of stars on the south side trailing
to the east (forming the bottom loop of the figure "3"). Includes several mag 10-11 stars with
two mag 8 stars (oriented N-S) on the north side of the low power field. IC 2135, an edge-on galaxy, lies 15' E.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1963 = h2861 on 24 Dec 1835 and described "the cusp of a
cluster of stars, 8...11m; arranged pretty exactly in a figure of 3 with
appendages. *8 in cusp
taken." This group of stars
stands out fairly well on the DSS although the brightest star is closer to mag 10. This is a random grouping with no
correlation in proper motion. The
RC3 and PGC misidentify the galaxy IC 2135 (~15' further east) as NGC
1963. RNGC classifies NGC 1963 as
nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 1964 = ESO
554-010 = MCG -04-14-003 = PGC 17436
05 33 22.6 -21
56 49
V = 10.8; Size 5.6'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 32d
17.5"
(12/3/88): fairly faint, fairly large, very elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE, unusually
bright stellar nucleus. A mag 13.5 star is at the west edge 0.7' from
center and a mag 14 star is at the SSW edge of the major axis 1.2' from center. Situated just southeast of a thin
triangle of mag 9.5-10.5 stars, the closest being mag 9.3 SAO 170546 1.7' NW of
center.
13"
(12/18/82): faint, elongated, small bright nucleus, fairly small, faint halo
surrounded core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1964 = H IV-21 = h2860 on 20 Nov 1784 (sweep 325) and recorded
"vS, stellar, the nucleus very brigh; the chevelure vF and not perfectly
central; there seems to be a vS star preceding it." His RA is 13 sec too large, but the
identification is certain. JH
observed this galaxy from the CGH and recorded "F, irregularly round,
vsbM, to a star 12th mag, 2 or 3 stars involved, and several bright ones
near." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 1965 = ESO
056-SC123 = LMC-N144B = LH 58
05 26 29.5 -68
48 23
V = 11.7
24" (4/7/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is a bright, small knot on the NW side
of a large HII complex and cluster (association LH 58) that includes NGC 1966
(1.5' ESE), NGC 1962 (2.2' SW) and NGC 1970. NGC 1965 surrounds two stars and ~20" in diameter with
a fainter nebulous halo.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1965 = h2867 on 31 Jan 1835 and recorded "F, S; the second
of a group of four nebulae [with NGC 1962, 1966 and 1970] with stars. The place
interpolated from those of the 1st and 3rd by aid of a diagram made at the
time. Plate VI, figure
20." Herschel notes that this
could be Dunlop 136 which refers to the entire group (S-L 476): "a faint
confused pretty large nebula.
There are a multitude of small nebulae in this place." His position is ~10' too far SW
(typical error), though he did not distinguish individual components. The entire group was also sketched by
Joseph Turner in Dec 1875 using the 48" Great Melbourne Telescope (http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/index.php).
******************************
NGC 1966 =
LMC-N144A = ESO 056-SC125 = LH 58
05 26 46 -68 48
49
V = 11.8; Size 0.7'x0.3'
24" (4/7/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this number refers to one of the multiple
components of a large star cloud and HII complex (LH 58), ~5' in diameter. At 346x this is a small, bright glow on
the NE side that surrounds three stars, elongated WNW-ESE,
~40"x15". Fainter
nebulosity is attached extending to the west for 1.5' and connecting to the
knot NGC 1965. A mag 9.9 star lies
1.2' S. This HII complex is
located roughly 12' S of a mag 6.1 star (6.7/7.0 pair at a close 1.4").
At 200x using a
UHC filter, this is a fascinating emission complex as the entire 5' region is
awash in bright nebulosity and there are faint, irregular extensions beyond the
main portion, particularly to the north (the outer portions form a faint bubble
on images). A 10th mag star is
involved, though the cluster itself (S-L 476) does not stand out significantly.
NGC 1966 is
sometimes applied to the entire complex. Shapley listed the complex as the
center of the OB-association "Constellation" II (of V).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1966 = h2868 on 31 Jan 1835 and recorded "the third of a
group of four nebulae with stars; pB, R, pslbM. Plate VI, figure 20." Herschel notes this might be Dunlop 77 (two question marks),
but this must be an error as the position of D 77 is roughly 04 56 07 -70
07 (2000). Dunlop discovered the
entire group (D 136 = S-L 476) and described "a faint confused pretty
large nebula. There are a
multitude of small nebulae in this place." His position is ~10' too far SW (typical error), though he
did not distinguish individual components.
The entire group
was also sketched by Joseph Turner in Dec 1875 using the 48" Great
Melbourne Telescope
(http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/index.php).
******************************
NGC 1967 = ESO
056-SC126 = S-L 478
05 26 43 -69 06
06
V = 10.8; Size 0.9'
25"
(10/10/15 - OzSky): very bright, fairly small cluster, ~30" diameter. 8 to
10 stars are resolved, many in a string along the west side. A mag 13 star is at the east edge. First of 3 clusters with NGC 1984 5.4'
ESE and NGC 1994 9' ESE. BSDL 1781
is a 1.5'x0.5' elongated group of stars just 2.5' NE. About 10 stars mag 13-14.5 in a N-S string were
resolved. NGC 1967 is situated 9'
SW of the NGC 1983 star cloud/association (LH 61).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1967 between Nov 1836 and Mar 1837 with a 5-inch refractor and
listed it as object #456 in his table of "Stars, Nebulae and Clusters in
the Nubecula Major." His
position is 1.8' too far northwest.
******************************
NGC 1968 =
LMC-N51C = ESO 056-SC130 = S-L 483 = LH 60
05 27 39.7 -67
27 48
Size 1.5'
30"
(11/5/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): third in a great chain of clusters involved in
extensive nebulosity oriented southwest to northeast. The cluster is bright and
very elongated 3'x1' E-W with ~20 stars including a number of mag 12-13
stars. The cluster (part of
association LH 60) is surrounded by nebulosity (Henize N51C) that brightens on
the east end in a large, round knot and extends beyond the cluster on the south
side for several arc minutes in the direction of NGC 1955 to the west. NGC 1968 is connected to NGC 1974,
another nebulous cluster 3' NE and NGC 1955 lies 8' WSW. The entire complex is nicknamed the LMC
"Sextant Arc".
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1968 = h2870 on 2 Jan 1837 and described "The third of a
great line of rich clusters [with NGC 1955, 1969, 1971, 1972 and 1974] all
connected by abundance of irregularly scattered stars." His position is 1' too far west.
******************************
NGC 1969 = ESO
056-SC124 = S-L 479
05 26 33 -69 50
27
V = 12.5; Size 1.2'
25"
(10/17/17 - OzSky): faintest in a compact trio of clusters with NGC 1971 and
1972. At 397x; appears moderately
bright, small, roundish, fairly low surface brightness. A mag 13 star is at the
NW end and a couple of fainter stars are involved.
24" (4/7/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is the first in a compact right
triangle of clusters with NGC 1971 1.2' SE and NGC 1972 1.4' E (within stellar
association LH 59). At 260x it
appeared moderately bright, fairly small, round. This cluster has a lower surface brightness than NGC 1971
and 1972. A mag 13 star is at the
NW edge. NGC 1958 lies 5' W. Located along the southeast side of the
LMC bar, with a relatively bright background glow
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1969 = h2872 in Dec 1834 and recorded on NGC 1969 "the 4th
of several running together (fig 7, Pl IV). F; S; attached to a larger (the
5th)." The 5th refers to NGC
1971 = h2875. His position is
accurate. James Dunlop possibly
discovered this cluster earlier on 24 Sep 1826 and noted (D 93) "a very
faint nebula, about 30" diameter." His position is ~5' SE of the NGC 1969/1971/1972 trio, but
visually NGC 1971 is the most prominent of the group. So, my guess is that D 93 refers to NGC 1971.
Joseph Turner
sketched the field (along with NGC 1958, 1971 and 1972) on 21 Dec 1875 using
the 48" Great Melbourne Telescope.
See
http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/index.php#m_3_29
******************************
NGC 1970 = ESO
056-SC127 = LMC-N144 = LH 58
05 26 53 -68 50
12
V = 10.3
24" (4/7/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is the 4th of 4 NGC knots in the NGC
1962-65-66-70 complex (stellar association LH 58) using 200x. At the ESO position and the Morel Atlas
are three close collinear stars oriented NNW-SSE, with the brightest mag 10.8
star at the north end. Using a UHC
filter, the stars are surrounded by only a very weak glow, which is not more
prominent than the general haze between the other knots. Perhaps the string of stars caught his
attention or this object was misplaced on Herschel's diagram.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1970 = h2869 on 31 Jan 1835 and recorded "The last nebula
in the group of four [with NGC 1962, 1965 and 1966] with stars. Place concluded
(with no precision) from the 1st and 3rd by the aid of a diagram." [Plate
VI, fig 20]. Despite his uncertainty
with the position, it is pretty accurate. Dunlop discovered the entire group (D
136 = S-L 476) and described "a faint confused pretty large nebula. There are a multitude of small nebulae
in this place." His position
is ~10' too far SW (typical error), though he did not distinguish individual
components. Herschel noted the
possible equivalence with D 136.
The complex was
also sketched by Joseph Turner in Dec 1875 using the 48" Great Melbourne
Telescope (http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/index.php).
******************************
NGC 1971 = ESO
056-SC128 = S-L 481
05 26 45.6 -69
51 03
V = 11.9; Size 1.1'x0.95'
25"
(10/17/17 - OzSky): at 397x; very bright, fairly small, round,
30"-35" diameter, high surface brightness. Brightest in a small trio with NGC 1972 50" NNE and NGC
1969 1.3' NW. In a glowing region
on the southeast side of the central bar of the LMC with NGC 1958 6.5' WNW and
S-L 469 7' NW. The latter
(brighter of a 3' pair with S-L 460) appeared fairly faint, irregular, 30"
diameter.
24" (4/7/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this cluster is the furthest south in a
small right triangle of clusters with NGC 1969 1.2' NW and NGC 1972 0.9'
NNE. At 260x it appeared bright,
fairly small, round, 45" diameter (largest of trio), gradually increases
to the center. At 350x, it
contains a sharp stellar core or a mag 14 star is superimposed and a star is
also on the SE edge. Located 15'
SW of a mag 6.1 star (close double) within the southeast side of the LMC's central
bar.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1971 (or NGC 1972) = D 93 on 24 Sep 1826 and described "a
very faint nebula, about 30" diameter." His position is ~5' SE of the trio NGC 1969/1971/1972. Based on my visual observation I
propose that NGC 1971 = D 93, although Steinicke assigns D 93 to NGC 1972. JH independently discovered this
cluster (h2875) on 23 Dec 1834 and recorded it as "the 5th of several
running together (fig 7, Pl IV); attached to a smaller, No. 4". His position is accurate.
Joseph Turner sketched
the field (along with NGC 1958, 1969 and 1972) on 21 Dec 1875 using the
48" Great Melbourne Telescope.
See
http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/index.php#m_3_29
******************************
NGC 1972 = ESO
056-SC129 = S-L 480
05 26 48.8 -69
50 17
V = 12.6; Size 0.9'x0.8'
25"
(10/17/17 - OzSky): at 397x; bright, small, round, high surface brightness glow
(cluster), ~25" diameter.
Contains a very bright quasi-stellar nucleus (knot of stars). Second brightest in a compact trio of
clusters with NGC 1971 50" SSW and NGC 1969 1.4' W.
24" (4/7/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): forms the northeast vertex of a small
triangle of clusters with NGC 1971 0.9' SSW and NGC 1969 1.4' E (within stellar
association LH 59). At 260x this
small cluster is bright, round, ~35" diameter (smaller than NGC
1971). There is either a very
small knot of stars at the east edge (DSS reveals an apparent close double
star). These clusters are buried
with the southeast side of the LMC's bar, so the field has a bright background.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1972 (or NGC 1971) = D 93 on 24 Sep 1826 and described "a
very faint nebula, about 30" diameter." His position is ~5' SE of the trio NGC 1969/1971/1972. Based on my visual observation I
suggest that NGC 1971 = D 93, although Steinicke assigns D 93 to NGC 1972. JH independently discovered this
cluster (h2876) on 23 Dec 1834 and recorded it as "the 6th of several
[including NGC 1950, 1958, 1959, 1969 and 1971] running together (fig 7, Pl
IV). This also is a double nebula, having a very small one attached N.p (No
7)." His position is
~40" too far south.
Joseph Turner
sketched the field (along with NGC 1958, 1969 and 1972) on 21 Dec 1875 using
the 48" Great Melbourne Telescope.
See http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/index.php#m_3_29
******************************
NGC 1973 = Ced
55b = Sh 2-279 = "Running Man" Nebula
05 35 04.8 -04
43 55
Size 5'x5'
24"
(1/22/15): locally bright (reflection?) nebula surrounding mag 6.9 HD 36958, embedded
within the much larger NGC 1977 complex.
Extends ~4' diameter in a circular glow, though the perphery is not well
defined. A fainter star 34"
NNE is involved in the nebula and at moments seemed to be encased in its own
small halo. NGC 1975 is 4.4' NE.
13.1":
bright reflection nebulosity surrounding 7th magnitude SAO 132302. See NGC 1977.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 1973 on 16 Dec 1862 within NGC 1977. He calls it a nebulous mag 8-9 star and
his single position corresponds with HD 36958 = SAO 132302 = KX Ori.
******************************
NGC 1974 = NGC
1991 = LMC-N51A = ESO 085-SC89 = S-L 494 = LH 63
05 28 00 -67 25
24
Size 1.7'
30"
(11/5/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fourth in a great looping chain of clusters
and nebulosity (collectively called the "Sextant Arc") including NGC
1955 and NGC 1968 to the SW. This
group is virtually attached to NGC 1968, only distinguished by less nebulosity
and stars. There are roughly three
dozen stars resolved in a 3' circular group (stellar association LH 63)
including a number of mag 12-13 stars.
The cluster is involved in fairly bright nebulous haze (LMC-N51A). NGC 1991 is a duplicate entry with a 1
minute error in RA. Nail and
Hubble designated the OB association that includes the "Sexatant Arc"
as "Constellation" III in a 1953 paper on the Magellanic Clouds
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 1974 = D 213 on 6 Nov 1826 and described "a faint
elliptical nebula, about 30" diameter. This is the following in a curved
line of nebulae." He observed it on three occasions and his position is
2.8' too far northeast. JH
recorded h2877 on 23 Nov 1834 as "The following part of a large irregular
cluster which extends obliquely across the field." The objects in this
grouping include NGC 1955, 1968, 1974 and NGC 1991 and his position is accurate
(~30" south of cneter). JH
found this nebulous cluster again on 2 Jan 1837 and recorded it as h2884 (= NGC
1991), although his RA was 1.0 min too large. So, NGC 1974 = NGC 1991. Lucke and Hodge misidentifies this object (typo) as NGC
1947.
******************************
NGC 1975 = Ced
55c = Sh 2-279 = "Running Man" Nebula
05 35 18 -04 41
06
Size 10'x5'
24"
(1/22/15): bright 2' reflection
nebulosity surrounding HD 294263 (triple star) within the NGC 1977
complex. The two brighter
components form ·746 = 10.4/10.7 at 14", with a third fainter star
12" SW. Also a 4th star is
~35" NW of the pair and within the glow. The nebula seems more centered on the northeast component of
·746. Brighter NGC 1973 lies 4.5'
SW and the entire field is awash in nebulosity.
13.1": see
description for NGC 1973. This is
the faintest portion of the NGC 1977 complex and appears large and elongated,
including a mag 11/11 double star.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 1975 on 3 Oct 1864 and called it a "bright double
star involved in nebulosity within V. 30 [NGC 1977]." His single position corresponds with
the double star ·746 = 10.4/10.7 at 14" in the northern part of the
nebula.
******************************
NGC 1976 = M42 =
LBN 974 = Ced 55d = Sh 2-281 = Orion Nebula
05 35 17.1 -05
23 27
V = 4.0; Size 66'x60'
48"
(4/1/11): the Trapezium was first object viewed while the sky was still
darkening. The "H" star
(discovered by Barnard in 1888 with the Lick 36" was easily visible
without reference to a chart, though I apparently missed the G star inside the
Trapezium and a fainter companion to H at 1.3" separation. The "E" component was seen
for the first time with a vivid orange color! In addition, due north of the A-E pair is a faint double star
near the edge of the darker central pocket containing the Trapezium. On the opposite side (SE) of the
Trapezium (at the edge of the inner pocket) are a wide pair of stars
(~20") oriented E-W with possibly a third extremely difficult star between
and a bit further east. Although I
didn't take notes or try to sketch the main features of M42, there were several
faint pink or red stars peppered over the glow of the nebula!
17.5"
(10/12/85): best emission nebula in northern sky, fantastic view under all conditions,
bright colored wings sweep to the east and south. The remarkable structure is difficult to describe but
includes bays, filaments, knots, nebulous stars and a huge outer loop. Definite colors are visible including
pale greens and pinks. Highlighted
by the Trapezium which contains six stars and appears to reside in a darker
hollow. The bright portion
surrounding Theta probably has the highest surface brightness of any HII region
in the sky with an "electric" appearance. Dark streaks and a dark wedge = "fish's mouth"
intrudes on the NE side. Using an
H-Beta filter, the nebulosity significantly dims in general but there is one
outer wing or loop on the west side (oriented N-S) which obviously increases in
contrast with the filter!
The following observational
history of M42 = NGC 1976 = h360 is from Wolfgang Steinicke and
http://seds.org/messier/more/m042_dis.html
The Orion Nebula
was probably discovered in November 1610 by Nicholas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc
(1580-1637), a French lawyer, who turned his telescope given to him by Galileo
to Orion and reported a "small illuminated cloud" near the middle
star of Orion's Sword. This sighting, however, was not published, but only
reported in Peiresc's personal documents and mentioned by Bigourdan in 1916. It
was independently found a year later 1611 by the Jesuit astronomer Johann
Baptist Cysat (1588-1657) of Lucerne who compared it in 1619 to a comet he had
observed in 1618. Cysat's work also did not get widely circulated but was found
and reported by Rudolf Wolf in 1854. So, Dreyer included Cysat under the
"Other Observers" column in the NGC. The first known (very rough) sketch of the Orion nebula was
created by Sicilian astronomer Giovanni Batista Hodierna before 1654 and
included three stars, probably Theta1, Theta2A and Theta2B. As he was little-known, his work was
lost and not rediscovered until the 1980's.
None of the
early discoveries were known when Christian Huygens rediscovered the nebula in
1656 with a 50mm refractor and published the first printed sketch which
appeared in his "Systema Saturnium" in 1659, gaining credit for a
long time as the discoverer, as reported by Halley and Messier. Huygens's
sketch included 3 stars in the trapezium and the general shape of the bright
central part of the nebula.
Messier's more detailed sketch [made in 1769] showing the wings and the
"fish's mouth" near the trapezium was published in 1771 (MŽmoires de
l'AcadŽmie Royale), though soon after William Herschel trained his large
mirrors towards M42 (first observations in March 1774) and obtained much more
detailed views. He called it
"altogether the most wonderful object in the heavens." (16 Oct 1784)
M42 was one of
the objects Lord Rosse attempted to "resolve" in 1845 and 1846 using
his new 72-inch. After several
bouts of poor weather, in February of 1846 he wrote "we are still in doubt
as to the resolvability of the Nebula in Orion. The great instrument has shown us an immense number of stars
in it, dense groups in the immediate vicinity of the Trapezium, but further
evidence is I think wanting."
A month later he was more convinced, writing in a letter "...there
can be little if any doubt as to the resolvability of the nebulae...we could
plainly see that all about the trapezium is a mass of stars; the rest of the
nebula also abounding with stars, and exhibiting the characteristics of
resolvability strongly marked."
Most astronomers accepted these claims, though a few such as Wilhelm
Struve challenged the alleged resolution.
Clearly the Orion was a poor choice to decide resolvability as there are
many stars associated with it, but the Irish observers also claimed
resolvability for the Crab Nebula and the Ring Nebula (especially by Romney
Robinson).
Ronald Stoyan,
in "Sketching the Orion Nebula" (Astronomy, Feb 2013) mentioned that
George P. Bond [son of William Cranch Bond] determined the positions of all
stars he could perceive through the 15-inch (HCO refractor) in a 20' radius
around the Trapezium. Working through
seven winter seasons from 1857 to 1864 and finally reaching a field of 3.36¡
square, he catalogued 1,101 stars as faint as 15th magnitude, observed numerous
various stars, and described M42 in metriculous detail like no one before. But above all, he sketched what he saw
at the eyepiece - the first complete and accurate "image" of this
region. His eye for detail was so
that that the engraver [for the 1867 "Observations upon the Great Nebula
in Orion" in http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1867AnHar...5D...3B] had to
look through the telescope to adequately reproduce Bond's impressions. The result was the most accurate and
elaborate astronomical drawing ever done.
Bond's cousin, American astronomer Edward S. Holden, said in 1882 that
it was the "most satisfactory representation of any celestial object." [A biography of George Bond, as well as
his sketch of the Orion Nebula is at http://ejamison.net/bond.html]
The Orion Nebula
was reported early on by various observers as possibly variable, with changes
in both shape and brightness.
Edward Holden gives a comprehensive history of observations of the Orion
Nebula by 44 individuals, from Cysat in 1619 to Draper in 1880. See
http://openlibrary.org/books/OL7237514M/
******************************
NGC 1977 =
Running Man Nebula = Ced 55e = Sh 2-279
05 35 15.8 -04
50 40
Size 20'x10'
24"
(1/22/15): NGC 1977 is a prominent 20' field of nebulosity involving 42 Ori (V
= 4.6 and a challenging 1.2" pair), 45 Ori (V = 5.2) and mag 7.3 HD 37058
on the south side and NGC 1973 (KX Ori) and NGC 1975 (·746) in the northern
half. The entire complex is
irregularly luminous but locally brightest around these stars and dimmer in the
central region. The southern
portion is brighter and elongated E-W with an irregular outline. On the southeast side is an extension
and the northeast section ends near a 30" unequal pair of stars. See NGC 1973 and NGC 1975 for separate
descriptions.
13.1":
extensive bright field of nebulosity including NGC 1973 and NGC 1975, very
large, elongated ~E-W. Involves
several bright stars including 42 Orionis (V = 4.7) and 45 Orionis (V =
5.3). Irregular and detailed with
detached segments. Extends north
and south beyond 42 Orionis.
Located north of M42 and south of the bright cluster NGC 1981.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1977 = H V-30 on 18 Jan 1786 (sweep 510) and recorded "I
returned to the c's Orionis [1 and 2 c Orionis], and the stars about them; and
found them as suspected involved in very visible, and unequally bright milky
nebulosity. I am pretty sure this
joins to the great nebula [M42]."
NGC 1977 is generally taken as the brightest portion around 42 and 45
Orionis, though Herschel's description really applies to the entire nebula and
scattered group of stars.
******************************
NGC 1978 = ESO
085-SC90 = S-L 501
05 28 44.6 -66
14 08
V = 10.7; Size 3.9'x2.7'
30"
(10/14/15 - OzSky): this impressive LMC (intermediate age) globular is
extremely bright and large, noticeably elongated NNW-SSE, 2.3'x1.5', contains a
large, very bright core (unresolved), and grainy halo. Only a few mag 15-16
stars are resolved around the edges at 303x. Situated within the huge LMC-4 Superbubble that includes the
NGC 1848 complex 18' WSW, NGC 2003 19' SE and the "Eighth-Note
Nebula" (LHa 120-N55) 25' SE.
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): bright, large, elongated NNW-SSE, 2.4'x1.5' (unusually
elongated for a globular), weak even concentration to center, no
resolution. This is a blue
intermediate-age cluster or "blue globular", roughly 2 billion years
old, with a million solar masses.
NGC 1948, a combination star cloud/emission complex, lies 18' W.
James Dunlop
probably discovered NGC 1978 = D 238 = h2878 on 6 Nov 1826 and described
"a faint round nebula, about 50" diameter. His position is 05 27 37, -66 21 (2000), about 10' SW of the
globular.
JH first
observed this bright globular on 2 Nov 1834, logging "vB, vL, E, gbM,
3'." On his final of 3 sweeps, he recorded "vB, vL; oval; vgpmbM; a
beautiful nebula; it has very much resemblance to the Nubecula Major itself as
seen with the naked eye, but is far brighter and more impressive in its general
aspect as if the Nubecula were at least doubled in intensity. (Note - July 29,
1837. I well remember this observation, it was the result of repeated
comparisons between the object seen in the telescope and the actual nubecula as
seen high in the sky on the meridian, and no vague estimate carelessly set
down. And who can say whether in this object, magnified and analysed by
telescopes infinitely superior to what we now possess, there may not exist all
the complexity of detail that the nubecula itself presents to our
examination!)"
******************************
NGC 1979 = ESO
487-024 = PGC 17452
05 34 01.1 -23
18 37
V = 11.8; Size 2.2'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 7d
17.5"
(12/3/88): fairly faint, small, round, bright core, faint stellar nucleus. IC 2138 lies 14' SE and NGC 1964 is 80'
N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1979 = H III-240 on 20 Nov 1784 (sweep 325) and noted "vF,
vS, stellar." His
position is 13 sec of RA east of ESO 487-024 = PGC 17452. Bigourdan measured an accurate position
on 11 Feb 1898 (repeated in the IC 2 Notes).
******************************
NGC 1980 =
OCL-529 = LBN 977 = Ced 55f = Lund 189 = Cr 72
05 35 26.0 -05
54 36
Size 14'x14'
13.1"
(1/28/84): very faint, large nebulosity of low surface brightness surrounding
Iota Orionis (V = 2.8). Very
difficult to distinguish from glare of Iota. M42 lies 30' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1980 = H V-31 = h361 on 31 Jan 1786 (sweep 517) and noted
"Iota Orionis seems with its neighbouring stars to be involved in milky
nebulosity; but it is so faint and the number of stars makes the field so
bright, that I cannot assure myself; though I compared this spot with the
preceding and following ones."
He observed it again on sweep 529 and recorded "Iota certainly affected,
but no more that what the tinge of the bottom in this neighbourhood will
account for." JH simply noted
(single observation) "Iota Orionis involved in a feeble neb 3' diam." William Lassell made an observation on
7 Jan 1853 with his 24-inch equatorial reflector and reported, "Surveyed
this star for some time without any impression of a nebula about it. At length I began to conceive that the
glare around it, which I had attributed to the splendour of the star, might be
really nebulous; and on further looking attentively at the stars, I could fancy
they were on a black ground in the midst of the nebulae; but, withought the
suggestion of Lord Rosses's drawing, I think the appearance would have escaped
me."
It is very
possible that WH observed just scattered light around Iota, since the very
southern end of M42 has a very low surface brightness and would be difficult to
distinguish among the several bright stars in the field. Wolfgang Steinicke favors interpreting
NGC 1980 as an illusion (personal email on 21 Mar 2015), though Harold Corwin
is not convinced (personal email of 23 Mar 2015).
******************************
NGC 1981 = Cr 73
= OCL-525 = Lund 187
05 35 10 -04 25
30
V = 4.6; Size 25'
24"
(1/22/15): at 200x; HD 37040 = ·750 = 6.4/8.4 at 4" on the northeast side
of the cluster was easily resolved and ·743 = 7.7/8.3 at 1.8", a tight
pair in the western side was just resolved. The cluster filled most of the 30' field.
18"
(1/17/09): this very bright, scattered 25' cluster is situated just north of
the cluster/emission nebula NGC 1973/75/77 and both appear to be part of the
same complex at 73x. Contains 7
stars mag 6-7.5 and a dozen stars mag 9 or brighter. Most of the remaining stars are much fainter and more
concentrated on the west side and streaming off the northwest end.
8": bright
cluster with about two dozen stars mag 6 and fainter. Very large, scattered.
Includes ·750 = 6/8 at 4".
To the south is another group of bright stars surrounded by the emission
nebula NGC 1973-1977.
Naked-eye
(10/23/11): visible as a hazy glow just north of the three "stars" in
the sword. None of the individual
mag 6.5 stars are resolved naked-eye as they are two tightly grouped, but the
cluster is easily resolved in binoculars.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1981 = h362 on 4 Jan 1827 and described "a coarse and por
but very splendid cluster of large stars; a beautiful object." His position corresponds with mag 6.5
HD 37040 = ·750 = mag 6/8 at 4" on the NE side of the cluster.
But by analyzing
William Herschel's early "reviews" of bright stars (before his
systematic sweeps), Wolfgang Steinicke recently found (email Oct '16) that
Herschel first discovered the cluster on 23 Oct 1780 using his 6.2"
reflector.
******************************
NGC 1982 = M43 =
Ced 55g = Sh 2-281 = Orion Nebula
05 35 31.3 -05
16 02
V = 9.0; Size 20'x15'
13.1":
large detached piece of M42, mottled outer region, very bright center. Has a large rotated "comma"
shape with a dark indentation on the east side. A mag 8 star is embedded.
8": fairly
large, irregular, protrudes to the NE, includes a bright star.
Jean-Jacques
d'Ortous de Mairan discovered M42 = NGC 1982 = H III-1 around 1731 with a
small, long-focal length refractor (18 or 22 ft). It's sometimes referred to as "De Mairan's
Nebula". This prominent patch in the Orion Nebula complex was not
mentioned by Piersec or sketched by Huygens. William Herschel catalogued it as H III-1 on 3 Nov 1783
(third night of sweeps), noting "vF, S, mE. In the Large nebula."
******************************
NGC 1983 = ESO
056-SC133 = LH 61 = S-L 492
05 27 45.3 -68
59 10
V = 8.8; Size 5'x3'
25"
(10/10/15 - OzSky): at 318x; this large star cloud/association (LH 61) includes
the embedded cluster S-L 492. It
appeared as a very bright, small knot of stars, 30" diameter, with a half-dozen
resolved. The star cloud is
elongated N-S and is rich in bright and faint stars (too many to count). A very striking N-S string (6' length)
of 10 bright mag 10.5-12 stars passes just east of the cluster. Just outside the field to the south (9'
from S-L 492) is NGC 1984, along with NGCs 1994 and 1967.
Two additional
clusters were picked up nearby to the east (nearly collinear with S-L
492). H-S 314, 3.7' E of S-L 492,
appeared as a bright, high surface brightness, compact glow, 20" diameter,
no resolution. H-S 319, just 2' E
of H-S 314, was noted as fairly faint, small, round, 18" diameter, no
resolution. A mag 11.5 is off the
southeast side [35" from center] and a mag 12.3 star is 0.7' E.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1983 = h2881 on 11 Nov 1836 and described "a pretty rich
irregular cluster which fills the field; a knot in it taken." S-L 492 is the "knot" he
measured, but the object which "fills the field" is the association
LH 61.
******************************
NGC 1984 = ESO
056-SC132 = S-L 488
05 27 40.8 -69
08 05
V = 10.0; Size 1.2'
30"
(10/12/15 - OzSky): at 303x; extremely bright, small, high surface brightness
knot of stars, mottled. Several
stars are resolved around the edges of the 30" clumpy glow. A nice 4'
string of stars begins at the west edge of the cluster and extends to the
south-southeast, ending at a mag 11.3 star. No response to a NPB filter, although LMC-N145 is on the
southwest edge. NGC 1984 is situated in a very rich region of the LMC with NGC
1994 3.8' ESE and NGC 1967 5.4' NW.
NGC 1983, an excellent cluster and star cloud, lies 9' N.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1984 = h2882 on 16 Dec 1835 and described as "a cluster; a
double star in it taken." His
position is accurate and he catalogued the double star as HJ 3771 = 11.4/13 at
5".
******************************
NGC 1985 = Ced
57
05 37 47.8 +31
59 20
13.1"
(1/18/85): faint reflection nebulosity surrounding a mag 13.5 star. This small, circular nebula is visible
without a filter.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1985 = H III-865 = h359 on 13 Nov 1790 (sweep 980) and recorded
"vF, vS, R, bM. 300 showed it very plainly." His position is 2.5' too far NW,
though JH measured on accurate position.
R.J. Mitchell, observing on 28 Dec 1856 with Lord Rosse's 72",
remarked "Looks like a star enveloped in a vF nebulous atmosphere which is
lE nearly preceding-following."
This reflection
nebula was misclassified as a PN (PK 176+00.1) in Kohoutek's Catalogue of
Galactic Planetary Nebulae and the RNGC repeats this error.
******************************
NGC 1986 = ESO
056-SC134 = S-L 489
05 27 37.7 -69
58 14
V = 11.1; Size 2.8'x2.4'
25"
(10/17/17 - OzSky): at 397x very bright, large, roundish, ~2' diameter,
contains a relatively large bright core.
The cluster is very lively and several extremely faint stars are
resolved over the glow. Nine
clusters lies within 16' in a 90¡ arc from the west to the north, the closest
is H-S 307 4.8' N (logged as "faint, small, round, ~20" diameter, low
surface brightness, no resolution.")
Further east of NGC 1986 are numerous additional clusters.
24" (4/7/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 260x, this LMC globular appeared very
bright, fairly large, round, at least 2' diameter, with a bright core and
several faint stars resolved. At
346x, at least a couple of dozen stars were resolved in the fainter halo and
over the disc. There is a brighter
elongated bar in the central portion (reminiscent of M4). Located 7.5' NE of a mag 8 star (HD
36598) near the southeast end of the LMC's central bar.
H-S 307, a very
faint cluster, lies 4.8' NNE (logged as "small, round and grainy,
~25" diameter") and a very small trio of clusters, NGC 1969, 1971 and
1972 is ~9' NW. NGC 1959 is a bit
further away at 11' WNW with NGC 1950 continuing on the same line 16.5'
WNW. All of these clusters are
visible in the same 30' field of the 13mm Ethos at 200x. In addition, a number of clusters,
including H-S 327, S-L 519, S-L 535 and NGC 2016 are nearly on a line extending
to the east!
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1986 = h2883 on 24 Nov 1834 and recorded "pF; pL; R; glbM;
2'." His position (measured
on 4 sweeps) is accurate. James
Dunlop possibly discovered NGC 1986 = D 94? earlier on 27 Sep 1826 and simply
logged "an extremely faint small nebula." His position is 7' due south of the cluster. Another possibility is D 96,
recorded on 24 Sep 1826, refers to this cluster. He reported "a faint round nebula nebula, about 1 1/4'
diameter, slightly bright to the centre." Dunlop's position here is further off - 12.6' ESE - but is
the entry Glen Cozens identifies as NGC 1986.
******************************
NGC 1987 = ESO
056-SC131 = S-L 486
05 27 17 -70 44
18
V = 12.1; Size 1.7'
30"
(10/15/15 - OzSky): at 303x; moderately bright and large, roundish with a
slightly irregular halo, lively but only a couple of mag 16-16.5 stars are
resolved around the edges. Three
bright stars in the field to the west: a mag 10.7 star 2.1' SW, a mag 9.5 star
3' W and a mag 10.5 star 5' WNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1987 = h2885 on 3 Nov 1834 and recorded "vF; L; irreg R; 3
B st precede." His position
and description is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1988 =
Chacornac's Variable Nebula
05 37 26.5 +21
13 06
=*,
Carlson. =**, Gottlieb.
The following
historical summary is based on Wolfgang Steinicke's "Observing and
Cataloguing Nebulae and Star Clusters" as well as Harold Corwin's NGC/IC
identification notes. Jean
Chacornac discovered NGC 1988 on 19 Oct 1855 with the 25-cm Lerebours refractor
of the Paris Observatory, though the note "have found a new nebula very
near to Zeta Tauri." was not announced until 1863. When he reobserved the
field on 20 Nov 1862, he was surprised to find the "nebula" missing
and Heinrich d'Arrest was unsuccessful in seeing it in 1863 and 1865. Tempel reported it was probably a
reflection in the eyepiece (and not a variable nebula) based on his negative
sighting in 1861. Hind later
summarized the discovery and subsequent negative results of this object in a
paper titled "Chacornac's Variable Nebula near Zeta Tauri" in
1876. John Herschel, unaware of
Tempel's negative result, catalogued it as GC 1911 and Dreyer followed in the
NGC with the description "!!!, variable (?)", though he has a long
description on this star in the notes section in which he mentions that Tempel
found only a false image of a star.
Still others tried to find it including Father Hagen who described this
object as a ghost image of mag 3 Zeta Tauri. Burnham also unsuccessfully searched for it in 1891 with the
36-inch Lick refractor (Publ of Lick Observatory, II). Burnham agreed with Tempel's assessment
and added "Too much time has been wasted in looking for this
object.." Karl
Reinmuth, in his 1926 survey based on Heidelberg plates, concluded "*12.5
in Dreyer's place, BD +21 907 f 0.6'." Harold Corwin also suggests this was a "reflection or
flare from zeta Tauri which is only 5 arcmin to the southeast." This is the only NGC entry credited to
Chacornac, so he didn't discover any non-stellar objects.
******************************
NGC 1989 = ESO
423-021 = MCG -05-14-004 = PGC 17464
05 34 23.4 -30
48 04
V = 13.1; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 106d
17.5"
(12/3/88): faint, very small, slightly elongated, broad concentration. Situated at the vertex of two converging
rows stars including mag 9.6 SAO 19574 3' NNE and mag 9.4 SAO 195974 5.5'
NNE. Forms a pair with NGC 1992 6'
SSE and brightest in cluster ACO S536.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1989 = h2871 on 28 Jan 1835 and recorded "eeF; S; R; south
of several bright stars." On
a second sweep he noted "vF; S; R at the apex of a converging parcel of
distant stars." His position
(measured on 3 sweeps) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1990 =
Epsilon Ori = LBN 940 = Ced 55h
05 36 12.7 -01
12 07
V = 1.7
=* (Epsilon
Orionis = middle belt star).
Nebulosity not visible on the POSS-II.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1990 = H V-34 = h363 on 1 Feb 1786 (sweep 518) and reported
"Epison Orionis passed, and I am pretty sure it is involved in nebulosity,
unequally diffused." JH made
two observations at Slough and remarked (sweep 107, 23 Nov 1827) "Epsilon
Orionis. Place by Catalogue a very
brilliant star involved in an immense nebulous atmosphere, whose north and
south limits are 91¡ 7' 29" and 91¡ 31' 29". Viewed also and shown to Mr. Dunlop in
Sweep 110." Guillaume
Bigourdan reported "I could not see any trace of nebulosity around this
bright star which is epsilon Orion. Nor did d'Arrest or Engelhardt see any
nebulosity around this star."
The Birr Castle observers reported no nebulosity on several attempts.
Based on
Crossley plates at Lick, Curtis reported in 1913, "It seems that Herschel
must have been misled here by the radiance about the very bright star... I find
no trace of nebulosity in an exposure of two hours." Dorothy Carlson classified this number
as nonexistent in her 1940 paper on NGC/IC corrections based on Curtis'
results. Brian Skiff, also found
no large nebulosity surrounding Epsilon Orionis and Harold Corwin concludes
this object is nonexistent. He
notes, though, that images are too burned in, to tell if there is a small,
faint nebulosity very close to Epsilon (like IC 349 adjacent to Merope).
******************************
NGC 1991 = NGC
1974 = ESO 085-SC089
05 28 00 -67 25
24
Size 1.7'
See observing
notes for NGC 1974 with the 30" from Coonabarabran.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1991 = h2884 on 2 Jan 1837 and noted "the 4th of a great
line of rich clusters connected by abundant irregularly scattered
stars." There is nothing at
his position, but 1.0 min of RA west (same declination) is NGC 1974 and the
Hodge-Wright Atlas (1967) notes "probably NGC 1974. RA off by 1m." ESO repeats the identification NGC 1974
= NGC 1991.
Eric Lindsay, in
"Some NGC objects in the Large Magellanic Cloud"
[1964IrAJ....6..286L], notes "Not found. This should be 1m due east of NGC
1974 which follows NGC 1955, 1968."
RNGC follows Lindsay and classifies NGC 1991 nonexistent instead of
equating with NGC 1974.
******************************
NGC 1992 = ESO
423-023 = MCG -05-14-007 = PGC 17466
05 34 31.9 -30
53 49
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 45d
17.5"
(12/3/88): extremely faint, small, very low surface brightness. Forms a pair with NGC 1989 6' NNW in
ACO S536.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1992 = h2873 on 19 Nov 1835 and recorded "eeF; vS;
certainly not to be seen except in a superbly clear night, as this
is." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 1993 = ESO
554-014 = MCG -03-15-003 = PGC 17487
05 35 25.5 -17 48
55
V = 12.4; Size 1.5'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 80d
17.5"
(12/3/88): fairly faint, very small, round, very small bright core. Located 40' E of Alpha Leporis (V =
2.6).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1993 = H III-269 on 6 Feb 1785 (sweep 367) and recorded
"eF, vS, stellar, 240 power it beyond doubt." Auwers reduced position is 1 hr too
large in R, but this error was caught by JH when compiling the GC.
******************************
NGC 1994 = ESO
056-SC136 = S-L 499
05 28 22 -69 08
30
V = 9.8; Size 1.6'
30"
(10/12/15 - OzSky): extremely bright, fairly small, high surface brightness
knot, 25" diameter, clumpy, irregular. The main patch is too dense to cleanly resolve (a few
sparkle over the background glow) but a large number of mag 13-15 stars are
nearby, forming a larger cluster.
Mag 11.5 stars are less than 1' NE and 1.5' ESE. Forms a striking pair with NGC 1984
3.8' W with NGC 1967 9' WNW. In a
gorgeous, rich region of the LMC with scattered brighter stars extending 10' N
to NGC 1983.
25"
(10/10/15 - OzSky): at 318x; very bright, small, very high surface brightness
knot, 25" diameter, slightly elongated E-W. A few stars are resolved in the cluster and many are
scattered very nearby. In a very
rich region of the LMC and third of three clusters with NGC 1984 and 1967.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1994 = h2887 on 16 Dec 1835 and described "a little knot, a
triple, perhaps a quadruple star, forming a point of reference in a cluster of
the 7th class. The knot looks like a nebula till analysed." On a second sweep he logged "the
second knot in a rich cluster of irregular figure of stars 11..16th mag. The
knot seems to be a close double or triple star." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 1995
05 33 03.3 -48
40 34
V =
15/15.5; Size 13"
14" (4/7/16
- Coonabarabran, 142x and 230x): NGC 1995 is a 13" pair of mag 15/15.5
stars just 2.3' NW of NGC 1995.
Through thin clouds, low elevation and only fair seeing, it appeared as
a very faint unresolved glow.
Under these conditions, I would also have mistaken it for a tiny nebula.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1995 = h2879, along with NGC 1998 = h2880, on 28 Dec 1834 and
recorded "eeF; R; bM; exceedingly difficult and delicate. (Sky perfectly
clear.) The preceding of two [with NGC 1998]. Both objects were recorded on sweep 526, while NGC 1998 was
also recorded on sweep 762. NGC 1995 appears to apply to a faint pair of stars
at ~13" separation and Corwin also concludes NGC 1995 is a double
star. The photographic description
in the RNGC under NGC 1995 applies to NGC 1998 (descriptions are reversed).
******************************
NGC 1996
05 38 10.2 +25
49 02
Size 20'x10'
18"
(11/6/04): at 73x (31 Nagler), this is a moderately rich group of ~60 stars mag
11-14 in a large, elongated group, perhaps 17'x8', extended N-S. The majority of the stars are ~12th
magnitude. A string of 10th
magnitude stars heads southeast for 15'.
Situated in a rich star field ~20' W of mag 5.2 HD 37438 (125
Tauri). This cloud stands out
reasonably well at low power but would not be distinguishable at higher power.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1996 = H VIII-42 on 7 Dec 1785 (sweep 485) and described a
"cluster of coarsely scattered stars above 15' dia. The stars nearly of a size and equally
scatterered." On 26 Oct 1786
(sweep 627) he noted "a coarsely scattered clu of pL stars, not rich; may
be a projecting point of the milky way." Karl Reinmuth, in his 1926 survey
based on Heidelberg plates, describes this group as 17'x12' in PA 10, "Cl,
L, E, pP, sc, st 11..." The
DSS appearance agrees with this description and the group (status as a cluster
is uncertain) is between two mag 5-6 stars at 40' separation E-W. The RNGC classifies this number as
nonexistent (Type 7).
******************************
NGC 1997 = ESO
086-SC001 = S-L 520
05 30 34 -63 12
18
V = 13.4; Size 1.3'
30"
(10/15/15 - OzSky): at 303x; fairly faint elongated glow, oriented SW-NE,
~45"x30". A mag 14 star
is attached at the northeast end and a couple of additional mag 16 stars are on
the NW and SW sides. Located 47'
SSW of mag 3.8 Beta Dor, well to the north of the main body of the LMC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1997 = h2886 on 30 Nov 1834 and described as "eF; R;
30"." His position from
this single sweep is ~30" SE of the center of the cluster.
******************************
NGC 1998 = ESO
204-015 = PGC 17434
05 33 15.7 -48
41 46
V = 14.2; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 20d
14" (4/7/16
- Coonabarabran, 142x and 230x): faint, slightly elongated ~N-S,
25"x20", smooth surface brightness. Located within a striking group of mag 9-11 stars; a mag 10
star is 3.5' NE, five mag 9.0-10.8 stars in a N-S string (6' length) is close
south, including HD 274952 and 37047.
NGC 1995, a close pair of very faint stars, is 2.3' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 1998 = h2880 on 28 Dec 1834 and recorded "eeF, R, bM, the
following of two [with NGC 1995 = h2879]; in field to the south is a brilliant
group of stars." His position
matches ESO 204-015 = PGC 17434, though NGC 1995 applies to a double star. RNGC misclassifies NGC 1998 as
nonexistent (Type 7), though the photographic description for NGC 1998 is given
under the listing for NGC 1995.
Megastar mislabels this galaxy as NGC 1995.
******************************
NGC 1999 = LBN
979 = Ced 55i = PP 34
05 36 25.3 -06
42 57
Size 2'x2'
48"
(10/25/11): stunning view at 375x and 488x. The high surface brightness reflection nebulosity
surrounding the mag 10.5-11.0 illuminating star (V380 Ori) was intensely
bright. The dark splotch (possibly
a Bok globule) that blots out a portion of the nebula just west of center
appeared sharply etched into the nebulosity and formed a "keyhole" or
"anvil" outline with a thin extension to the east and a thicker
north-south flat section on the west.
The contrast of this dark nebulosity was extremely high and appeared
virtually identical to images.
18"
(2/24/06): spectacular view at 565x.
The bright mag 10.5 central star appears slightly offset east of center,
though this may be an optical affect due to the very dark patch on the west
side. The bright, 2' reflection
nebula is slightly brighter just following the central star. The irregular dark vacuity is large and
detailed at this power and appears anvil-shaped. The base of the anvil is along the western side and oriented
N-S. There is a narrow extension
to the south that tapers to a wedge.
Along the north side, the globule extends to the east and partially
wraps around the central star.
This was the first time I've seen the dark patch take on an appearance
similar to the well-known HST image.
17.5"
(2/22/03): remarkable, bright 2' reflection nebula surrounding mag 10.5 V380
Orionis (emission-line star). At
220x, a prominent, curving dark patch or globule wraps around the star along
the west side. Two of the
brightest Herbig-Haro objects are close south, with HH 2 lies 4.3' due south
and fainter HH 1 2.5' is SSW.
17.5"
(2/8/90): bright, high surface brightness emission nebula surrounding a mag 10
star, round, about 2' diameter.
There is a striking curved irregular dark patch or globule along the
west side of the central star that is remarkable at high power. The nebulosity is weakest on the SE
side of star. Easily takes
220x-280x.
17.5"
(2/22/86): bright, round nebula around a 10th magnitude illuminating star. A eye-catching, curved, irregular dark
patch is NW of the central star within the nebulosity.
13"
(2/25/84): a curving dark lane is visible west of the central star with faint
nebulosity west of the gap.
8"
(11/28/81): small circular nebulosity surrounds a mag 10 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 1999 = H IV-33 on 5 Oct 1785 (sweep 458) and called it "a
star with a very strong burr all around." On 1 Nov 1785 (sweep 468) he noted "vB or rather a
nucleus with a milky nebulosity chiefly on the preceding side, of no very great
extent." In his 1814 PT paper
WH included NGC 1999 under the section "Of Stars connected with extensive
windings of nebulosity" and noted "a star situated upon a ground of
extremely faint "milky nebulosity diffused over this part of the heavens,
has "a milky chevelure surrounding it, which is brighter than "the
nebulosity of the ground; but which loses itself imperceptibly in the extreme
faintness of the general diffusion of the nebulous matter." He used this object in his argument
that the star was formed by the law of gravitation from the nebular
material. His rough sketch shows
the off-central star superimposed, though no dark patch. Ralph Copeland, observing with Lord
Rosse's 72" on 15 Nov 1873, recorded a "*9m with nebulosity in which
there is a vacuity preceding the star.
It looks like a comet coiled round into a ring nebula [See Pl I.]. So, clearly the dark patch was quite
evident.
Although the
dark patch in NGC 1999 is generally assumed to be a dark globule, a 2010 paper
titled, "er ist wahrhaftig ein Loch im Himmel. The NGC 1999 dark globule
is not a globule", suggests that "the dark patch is in fact a hole or
cavity in the material producing the NGC 1999 reflection nebula, excavated by
protostellar jets from the V 380 Ori multiple system." See
http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMFEAKPO8G_index_0.html for more.
******************************
NGC 2000 = ESO
056-SC135 = S-L 493
05 27 29 -71 52
48
V = 12.1; Size 1.5'
30"
(10/15/15 - OzSky): fairly bright, moderately large LMC cluster, slightly
elongated, 50" diameter, very mottled, contains a brighter and denser
core. The halo is resolved into
many mag 14.5-16 stars, particularly on the south and west side. Located on the south end of the LMC,
25' SW of NGC 2025.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2000 = h2889 on 8 Feb 1836 and described as "F; R; vlbM;
60"." His position
(single sweep) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2001 = ESO
056-SC137 = S-L 507 = LH 64
05 29 02 -68 46
12
V = 9.5; Size 7.3'x3.6'
25"
(10/10/15 - OzSky): a gorgeous, elongated star cloud/association (LH 64),
extending 7'x2.5' NNE-SSW. Roughly
65 stars, including a number of mag 12-13 stars are resolved in this region
over a glowing background. A mag
10.7 star is at the southwest end and a non-stellar mag 12 knot (KMHK 955) is
north of center. A curving chain
of a dozen stars pokes out of the west side and heads south towards S-L 495
(3.4' W of the mag 10.7 star). S-L
495 is a very bright, very small knot, 20" diameter. It was difficult to resolve this clump,
but a few stars popped. A mag 12.5
star is just off the west edge. LH
58, a stunning large star cloud and HII complex including NGCs 1962, 1965, 1966
and 1970, lies roughly 13' WSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2001 = h2888 on 30 Dec 1836 and recorded "the middle of the
most condensed part of a cluster of stars 13th mag which runs off to the
south-preceding and joins No. 39 of this sweep." In a separate entry on the same sweep he also mentioned
"Here commences a very starry or resolved region of the greater
Nubecula."
James Dunlop
possibly discovered this association earlier on 25 Sep 1826, recording D 178 as
"a small faint nebula with a ray proceeding from it, about 6' or 7' long;
a small star is involved in the preceding extremity of the ray." Dunlop's position is 11' ENE of the
cluster and Herschel noted the possible equivalence of D 178. Glen Cozens equates NGC 2001 = D 136,
which was recorded as "a faint confused pretty large nebula. There are a multitude of small nebulae
in this place." The position
is D 136 is ~12' SSW of the association and actually falls much closer to NGC
1983. So, I don't see how a
specific assignment can be made without additional information, such as similar
offsets on the same night.
******************************
NGC 2002 = ESO
086-SC3 = S-L 517
05 30 21.0 -66
53 02
V = 10.1; Size 1.9'x1.7'
24" (4/7/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x this cluster is extremely bright
but small. It is sharply
concentrated with a small, brilliant core surrounded by a much fainter 30"
halo. At 346x, the core diameter
is ~15" diameter and three interior stars are resolved, the brightest on
the southeast side. Sharing the
same field 8' SE is the double cluster NGC 2006 and S-L 538.
NGC 2002 is at
the west end of a huge, arcing string of associations (bowed to the south)
referred to as LH 77 or the "Quadrant", which extends nearly 40' to
the east beyond NGC 2041. The
Quadrant, itself, defines the southern rim of the huge LMC-4 Superbubble, a
ring of HII regions and clusters spanning 6000 l.y.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 2002 = D 214 on 24 Sep 1826 and recorded a "a round small
nebula, 12" or 15" diameter." He made two observations and his position is 4.7' SW of the
cluster. JH credited Dunlop with
the discovery.
JH made two
observations for h2890. On 20 Dec
1835 he logged "place of a double star, the chief of a great cluster of
small stars loose and filling the field. It is the forerunner of the great
cluster-region [OB association LH 77] of the nubecula." On a second sweep
he called it "vB, S, R. Here comes on the richest and brightest part of
the starry and clustering portion of the nubecula. (Note - From this object
being described at one time as a double star, and at another as a nebula, it is
probable that it is one of those singular close-knotted groups which especially
characterize the nubeculae)."
So, it appears he is describing two objects -- one the cluster
(containing the double star) and second, the association that contains the
cluster.
******************************
NGC 2003 = ESO
086-SC006 = S-L 526
05 30 54.3 -66
27 59
V = 11.3; Size 2.1'
30"
(10/12/15 - OzSky): at 303x; extremely bright, extremely high surface
brightness core, fairly small, 30" diameter. Surrounded by a thin fainter halo. A mag 13-13.5 star or
quasi-stellar knot [BSDL 2043] is at the west end and a couple of mag 15 stars
are off the east side. Two mag 9
and 10 stars lie 4.7' SSW and 7' SSW and mag 8.0 HD 36849 is 9' WNW.
S-L 553 and the
remarkable Eighth-Note Nebula (LHa 120-N55) lies ~8' E. Even without a filter the Eighth Note
Nebula is a gorgeous object, with ~75 stars (S-L 553) in a 7'x3' region
elongated NW-SE. A very large,
detailed nebula encompasses these stars.
There are four main sections with the largest and brightest on the
southeast end (N55A) extending ~2.5' diameter in an uneven, knotty circular
glow. A couple of dozen stars are
involved with N55A including a mag 13 star on the northeast end and a mag 12
star on its northeast side. A
second small, detached 35" glow lies ~2' NW. Unfiltered, 4 or 5 mag 15-15.5 stars are involved. A larger roundish glow, extending 1',
is 2' further NNW. A few mag 15
stars are involved and mag 11.5-12 HD 269722 (brightest in the cluster, type
OBe) is 1.4' ENE. Finally the 4th
and faintest piece is a 50" detached glow that is close north of the
bright star. Three mag 14-14.5
stars are involved. Using an NPB filter at 152x enhances the nebulosity,
presenting a showpiece object similar in detail to the Red DSS2 image! The three southern nebulous glows all
have an irregular surface brightness and are connected by very faint nebulosity
but the northernmost section seems detached.
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): this compact cluster in the LMC appeared fairly faint,
very small, round, 20" diameter.
Appears to have a star involved or increases to a sharp stellar
nucleus. S-L 553, a 3' star cloud
(association LH 72) lies 9' E. S-L
553 appeared as a 3' elongated glow, consisting of a half-dozen resolved stars
over an unresolved background glow of stars and nebulosity. The outline is irregular but elongated
N-S. S-L 553 cluster is embedded
within the HII complex LMC-N55 ("Eighth-Note Nebula"), though I
didn't use a UHC filter to examine its extent.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2003 = h2891 on 23 Nov 1834 and described "a B S stellar
neb, or very close cluster 15"." His position is accurate. GC and NGC misidentify (typo) this cluster with h2981,
instead of h2891.
******************************
NGC 2004 = ESO
086-SC004 = S-L 523
05 30 40 -67 17
12
V = 9.6; Size 2.7'
30"
(11/5/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): bright, superb cluster, ~3' diameter. Contains a small, brilliant core and a
highly resolved halo that is packed with 50 stars. The surrounding field is quite rich in both faint and
brighter mag 11-12 stars. The NGC
1955/1968/1974 complex lies ~20' SW and the NGC 2014/2020 complex lies 27' SSE.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 2004 = D 215 on 24 Sep 1826 and described "a round
well-defined nebula, about 20" diameter, bright at the centre." Dunlop reported 3 observations and his
position is 5.5' WSW of center (relatively accurate for him).
JH observed this
bright cluster (h2893) on 6 sweeps: on 2 Nov 1834 he recorded "B; pretty
rich; compressed cluster of stars 12m." Next he recorded "globular, B; irreg; R; 2'. The stars are easily
distinguishable." On a third
sweep he wrote "globular, B; S; R; comp M to a blaze of stars. Many stragglers." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2005 = ESO
056-SC138 = S-L 518
05 30 11 -69 45
12
V = 11.6; Size 1.8'
30"
(10/14/15 - OzSky): extremely bright, fairly large, round, 45" diameter,
very bright core, mottled halo, high surface brightness. No resolution except for a couple of
extremely faint star around the periphery. Located 2' NE of mag 9.1 HD 37121 along the southeast side
of the LMC's central bar. NGC 2005
is one of 15 bona-fide ancient GC's in the LMC.
I noticed two
nearby faint clusters. H-S 332,
just 2.3' S and 50" SE of the mag 9 star, is a faint 20" glow with no
resolution. S-L 514 was also
picked 3.3' SW. It appeared fairly faint, elongated WSW-ENE,
40"x25", grainy but no resolution. A mag 13 star is off the southwest edge.
James Dunlop
probably discovered NGC 2005 = D 138? on 24 Sep 1826 and described a
"small round faint nebula."
His position is 12.7' ESE of the cluster. JH independently discovered the cluster with a 5-inch refractor
between Nov 1836 and Mar 1837 and listed it as #509 in his preliminary
catalogue of "Stars, Nebulae and Clusters in the Nubecula Major."
******************************
NGC 2006 = ESO
086-SC008 = S-L 537
05 31 20.0 -66
58 23
V = 10.9; Size 1.6'x1.4'
24" (4/7/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): forms the southern member of a close pair
of small clusters (a double cluster!) with SL-538 less than 1' N. At 346x it appeared fairly bright,
fairly small, ~30" diameter, brighter core, with no evident resolution. Forms a small triangle with two stars
on the east side. Located 8' SE of
NGC 2002.
Just 0.9' N is
S-L 538, a small, moderately bright glow that is sandwiched between a brighter
star at the east edge and a fainter star off the west side. At 346x the shape appeared irregular
and ~25" diameter.
Interestingly, John Herschel's two positions for NGC 2006 on different
sweeps correspond closely with each cluster, so he apparently viewed both
(quite similar in the eyepiece) and NGC 2006 should apply to the pair. Herschel didn't note this object as double,
though he commented this object was the central part of the "extremely
rich assemblage of stars and clustering groups which fill the field." NGC 2006 is on the western side of the
huge OB association LH 77, an arcing group of clusters and stars stretching 40'
E-W and including NGC 2002, 2027 and 2041 and collectively dubbed the
"Quadrant Arc".
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2006 = h2895 on 23 Dec 1834 and recorded "a very small
nucleus knot in an extremely rich assemblage of stars and clustering groups
which fill the field." On his
second sweep JH recorded "a small highly condensed knot in an immensely
large and very rich cluster, which fills much more than the field, and is like
the Milky Way." His positions
differ by ~2' in declination and apply to two different close clusters! NGC 2006 is generally assigned to the
southern object, with the northern cluster is S-L 538. The "immensely large and very rich
cluster, which fills much more than the field, and is like the Milky Way"
is known as the "Quadrant Arc".
******************************
NGC 2007 = ESO
204-019 = PGC 17478
05 34 59.3 -50
55 18
V = 13.9; Size 1.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 83d
14" (4/7/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x): very faint, moderately large, very elongated 3:1
WSW-ENE, 45"x15", low even surface brightness. A mag 11.6 star is 4' ENE. Forms a close pair with NGC 2008 2.7'
S. Viewed in poor transparency.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2007 = h2892 (along with NGC 2008 = h2894) on 27 Dec 1834 and
logged "eeF; pL; R; 40"."
His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2008 = ESO
204-020 = PGC 17480
05 35 03.7 -50
58 00
V = 13.8; Size 1.5'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 93d
14" (4/7/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x): faint, moderately large, elongated 5:2 ~E-W,
~40"x16", weak concentration, low surface brightness. A mag 11.2 star is 3' E. Forms a close pair with NGC 2007 2.7'
N. Coincidentally, both galaxies
have mag 11-11.5 stars 3' to 4' following. Observation in poor transparency.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2008 = h289 (along with NGC 2007 = h2892) on 27 Dec 1834 and
logged "eF; pL; R; vlbM; 30"." His position is fairly accurate.
******************************
NGC 2009 = ESO
056-SC140 = S-L 534
05 30 59 -69 10
54
V = 11.0; Size 0.9'
25"
(10/10/15 - OzSky): at 318x; very bright knot, moderately large, round,
45" diameter, mottled. A
dozen mag 13.5-15.5 stars are resolved.
Sits in a beautifully rich star field (association) with numerous mag 12
and fainter stars including an arc of 4 mag 12-13 stars off the southwest side.
The NGC 2015 star cloud and cluster S-L 557 lies to the southeast and NGC 1994
and 1984 lies 14' and 18' WNW.
This cluster is ~40' WSW of the Tarantula Nebula.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2009 = h2897 on 3 Nov 1834 and recorded "pB, R, bM,
40"; in a field rich with clustering stars." On a second sweep of four he logged
"pB, R, glbM, 80", in the N.p. part of a cluster." His mean position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2010 = ESO
056-SC139 = S-L 531
05 30 34.6 -70
49 10
V = 11.7; Size 1.9'x1.7'
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this LMC cluster is located just 1.5' NE of
9th magnitude HD 37181. This star
is part of a large, scattered group of mag 8.5-10.5 stars including a prominent
24' loop with a double star (h3783 = 8.2/10.7 at 15") at the east end of
the loop. This double star is 6' S
of NGC 2010. NGC 2031 lies 18' SE
and the bright HII complex/cluster NGC 2018 lies 15' S.
S-L 539,
situated, 7.7' NNE, appeared as a small, elongated glow, 20"x10",
with a mag 12.5 star involved on the east end and three additional very faint
stars resolved.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2010 = h2898 on 12 Nov 1836 and logged "F; R; vglbM;
3'." His position is 1' south
of center of this cluster.
******************************
NGC 2011 = ESO
056-SC144 = S-L 559 = LH 75
05 32 19.8 -67
31 17
V = 10.6; Size 1.0'
30"
(11/5/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): very bright, tight intense knot of four stars
(a couple are quite bright) enveloped in a 1.5' triangular glow with a few
additional stars resolved within the boundaries of the emission nebula. A 3' line of brighter stars (part of
the stellar association LH 75) oriented E-W passes through the south end of the
glow. The surrounding fields
include a number of fascinating objects with a cluster and star cloud ~6' E
(S-L 567), a bright, compact cluster/nebula 8' NE (NGC 2021), a large bright
cluster/nebula 10' S (NGC 2014), a large ring-shaped emission nebula (NGC 2020)
12' SSE and the Seagull Nebula complex (NGC 2030/2032/2035) 17' E. NGC 2011 is embedded in the OB
association LH 75.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2011 = h2899 on 31 Jan 1835 and logged "vB; S; R; psmbM;
25"." His single
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2012 = ESO
016-005 = PGC 17194
05 22 35.4 -79
51 07
V = 12.9; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 117d
24" (4/4/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly faint, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE,
contains a very small brighter core.
A very faint star lies close following and a close double star lies 4'
E. An unequal brighter pair lies
5' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2012 = h2907 on 22 Jan 1836 and reported "vF; S; lE; bM; 2
st 9 mag follow toward the north."
His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2013
05 44 14 +55 46
30
Size 4'
18"
(11/6/04): This unimpressive asterism consists of two small groups of stars to
the NW of mag 8.9 HD 37880. A
group ~3' NW of the brighter star is a quartet containing two mag 10.5 stars,
while 6' NW is a evenly distributed quintet of mag 11-12 stars. Also, a couple of arcminutes further NW
are 3 stars including a double.
The three small groupings are extended NW to SE and span 7', although
John Herschel's description may just apply to the first two groups which are 4'
diameter.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2013 = h364 on 10 Feb 1831 and described as "a poor cl of 8
or 10 stars 11 mag."
The NGC RA is 30 tsec larger than JH's discovery position and
corresponds better with the center of this group of stars. Karl Reinmuth, in his 1926 survey based
on Heidelberg plates, adds "10-12 st 11...14; BD+21d907 f 0.6'." RNGC gives the description "No
cluster."
******************************
NGC 2014 =
LMC-N57A = ESO 056-SC146 = S-L 560 = LH 76
05 32 20 -67 41
24
V = 9.0; Size 5'x3.5'
30"
(11/5/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): very bright, large cluster or star cloud
(stellar association LH 76) with nebulosity, ~50 stars resolved in a 5' region
(no distinct boundary on the north side), including many in a 2' string,
elongated N-S. A mag 10 star
(brightest in the cluster) is at the south end of this string. A portion of the cluster is immersed in
nebulosity (Henize N57A), most prominently on the southeast side of the
cluster. Irregular haze (roughly
elongated SW-NE) extends out of the cluster for a couple of arc minutes on the
east side, spreading south and north.
Forms an interesting contrast with emission nebula NGC 2020 5' ESE. The remarkable Seagull Nebula (NGC
2030, 2032, 2035) lies ~20' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2014 = h2900 on 23 Dec 1834 and described the "chief *9 of
a very irreg cluster, 4' long, 3' broad." On a second sweep he logged "a pretty L irreg cluster
7th class; chief *9m taken (at leaving the field); the rest are 10...15m." His position is accurate.
James Dunlop
possibly discovered this cluster (D 217?) earlier on 3 Aug 1826 with his
9" reflector from Parramatta, NSW, and recorded "a rather
well-defined nebula, 40" or 50" diameter. Dunlop observed this object 3 times and his position is 5'
SSW of the cluster. Despite
Dunlop's relatively good position, JH did not credit Dunlop with the discovery
and Dunlop's description for D 217 implies a much smaller object, so I'm also
hesitant about this identification.
******************************
NGC 2015 = ESO
056-SC147 = S-L 557 = LH 74
05 31 47 -69 14
54
V = 10.4; Size 5.6'
30"
(10/12/15 - OzSky): this bright star cloud extends up to 8' diameter, spreading
out on the west side and reaching NGC 2009 in the northwest corner. Near the east end is open cluster S-L
557, which is often taken for NGC 2015.
It appeared fairly bright, fairly small, very irregular outline,
35" diameter. It contains a
brighter mag 13.5 star and at least a half-dozen mag 14.5-16 stars over
haze. Mag 9.7 HD 269720 lies 2.3'
NE. Extending west and spreading
north and south is a large star cloud (association LH 74) containing a number
of mag 12 stars and at least 70 in total.
The background glow of unresolved stars is bright in this entire
region. NGC 2009 is 7' NW of S-L
557.
25"
(10/10/15 - OzSky): at 318x; large star cloud with a few dozen mag 11-15
stars. Not well detached in this
rich region of the LMC as the clouds extends to the west and north. On the east end is S-L 557, which
includes a single brighter mag 13.5 star and ~6 total, over unresolved glow.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2015 = h2901 on 24 Nov 1834 and reported "the general
middle of a cluster of loose stars 11...16m. It is rich and fills the whole field." The "whole field" contains
the smaller cluster S-L 557 on its east side, which Shapley-Lindsay and the
Hodge-Wright Atlas took as NGC 2015.
But based on Herschel's description Brent Archinal says "This is
not NGC 2015" in "Star Clusters". Instead he identifies NGC 2015 as the entire association LH
74 at 05 31 48, -69 14.9 with a size of 5.6'.
******************************
NGC 2016 = ESO
056-SC142 = S-L 547
05 31 39 -69 56
48
Size 1.8'
30"
(10/14/15 - OzSky): fairly bright LMC cluster, large mottled glow, elongated
E-W, ~1.5'x0.8'. Two or three mag
14.5-15 stars are resolved on the west end and perhaps a half-dozen additional
mag 15.5-16 stars are resolved at 394x.
NGC 2016 is situated in a gloriously rich region of the LMC with
numerous clusters nearby including NGC 2028 11' E, S-L 674 9' E, BSDL 2212 2.4'
SSE, S-L 535 3.6' WSW, S-L 519 8.3' W, H-S 327 12' WNW.
S-L 535: fairly
bright, fairly small, roundish haze, 30" diameter, mottled. Two faint stars were resolved on the
west side. Located 1.5' NNE of mag
10.2 HD 269663.
S-L 519: fairly
bright, fairly small, elongated E-W, 30"x20", a single star was
resolved. Picked up less than 2' N
of mag 8.2 HD 37122.
H-S 327: this is
a very close pair of LMC clusters. At 394x the brighter western cluster (H-S
327W) appeared as a fairly faint, hazy 20" knot. H-S 327E = OGLE-CL LMC 520 is a fainter 20" knot just
40" SE. A couple of mag
15-15.5 stars near these two clumps may be members.
BSDL 2212:
moderately bright, small, round, hazy glow, ~20" diameter, just preceding
a mag 13 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2016 = h2902 on 23 Dec 1834 and recorded "F; vL; and
diffused; irreg R; gbM." His
position is ~40" too far south.
******************************
NGC 2017 = h3780
= ESO 554-**22
05 39 16 -17 51
00
V =
6.4/7.9/8.5/9.2/8.4/8.1
18"
(3/13/04): multiple group of six stars mag 7-10 within 3.5'. The stars are generally separated by at
least 1' with the widest separation at 2'. The brightest star is mag 6.4 HD 37643. The brightest "star" to the
SE is the C+D component, a close 8.5/9.2 pair separated by 1.4", making 7
stars in total. Located 1.6¡ east
of mag 2.6 Alpha Leporis.
8": this is
the multiple star h3780. Six stars
are visible including mag 7, 8, 8.5, 9 and 10 stars. This group does not appear to be a true cluster.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2017 = h2896 on 11 Dec 1835 and recorded a "fine clustering
group of large stars." His
position matches the multiple star h3780.
Bica et al, in 2001A&A...366..827B, call this object a
"possible Open Cluster remnant".
******************************
NGC 2018 =
LMC-N206A = ESO 056-SC141 = S-L 533 = LH 69
05 31 23 -71 04
12
V = 10.2; Size 25'x18'
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is a fascinating, showpiece HII
complex with a cluster (S-L 533) and a large, detailed nebula (N206) appearing
like a fainter version of M8 -- of course, in another galaxy! At 200x the cluster is ~8' in diameter
and includes a couple of dozen mag 11-15 stars (part of the stellar association
LH 69). The stars are involved in
the glow of a bright HII complex that has an excellent response to a UHC
filter.
The brightest
region of nebulosity (NGC 2018 = LMC-N206A) is a very prominent 1' circular
patch on the east end of the cluster.
Fainter wings extend north and south, increasing the size to 3'x1'. A wide pair of stars including mag 11.5
HDE 269676 [a massive, compact cluster containing several O-type stars] is at the west edge of this patch. Three additional elongated patches
(each 1' to 1.5' in diameter) along the SW side of the complex are strung out
in a 6' line oriented NW to SE line
(BSDL 2005, BSDL 2048 and LMC-N206B = BSDL 2120). Another glowing patch of nebulosity,
~45" diameter, is to the west of of the brightest region and surrounds a
couple of brighter stars. Finally
there is an isolated, elongated patch on the northwest end of the complex (BSDL
1985) that seems detached. Weaker
sections of the nebulosity give the impression of dark lanes. Surprisingly, Herschel's description
applies only to the brightest region at the east end of this entire complex.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2018 = h2904 on 3 Nov 1834 and recorded "pB; R; pglbM; 2';
a star 10m involved, preceding."
His position (single sweep) is on the southeast side of the brightest
portion of the nebula. The ESO
position is centered on the entire complex described in my notes and not the
bright piece described by Herschel.
******************************
NGC 2019 = ESO
056-SC145 = S-L 554
05 31 57 -70 09
36
V = 10.9; Size 1.5'
30"
(10/14/15 - OzSky): at 394x; extremely bright, large, 50" diameter,
sharply concentrated with a large intense core and smooth halo, no
resolution. NGC 2019 is one of 15
bona-fide ancient GC's in the LMC.
S-L 542
(brightest of 3 nearby clusters) is 4.6' SW, BSDL 2196 is 2.7' SW and S-L 544
is 5' NNW. S-L 542 is fairly
bright, moderately large, round, 40" diameter, mottled but with no
definite resolution. A mag 12.8
star is 0.9' NW. BSDL 2196
(noticed between NGC 2019 and S-L 542) is a very faint, small, round, low
surface brightness patch, 20" diameter, no resolution.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2019 = h2905 on 11 Nov 1836 and recorded the cluster as "B;
R; gbM; 60". He observed it
on two sweeps and his position is just off the east side. On the first observation, though, his
polar distance was 1¡ further north, but he rejected that (correctly) in favor
of the polar distance in the second sweep.
James Dunlop
possibly discovered NGC 2019 = D 96, D 98, D 99 and/or D 94 (one or more of
these may apply!) on 24 Sep 1826 with his 9" reflector from
Parramatta. He described D 96 as
"a faint round nebula, about 1 1/4' diameter, slightly bright to the
centre." Dunlop made two
observations of D 96 and his position is 12' NW of this cluster. But his position is also 12.6' SE of
NGC 1986, so this description could also apply to the later cluster. D 98, described as "a pretty
well-defined round nebula, about 30" diameter" was observed twice and
the position is just 1.9' W.
Finally, D 94, described as an "extremely faint small nebula"
is also within Dunlop's usual errors (7' S of the cluster). To further confuse the
issue, Glen Cozens identifies NGC 2019 = D 99, which Dunlop described as a
"pretty well-defined nebula, 20" diameter." His position in this case is 16' SE of
the cluster!
******************************
NGC 2020 =
LMC-N57C = ESO 056-?148
05 33 10 -67 42
54
Size 2.5'
30"
(11/5/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly bright, roundish annular emission
nebula, slightly elongated SW-NE, 3'x2.5'. The inner edge of the annulus is slightly brighter and
sharply defined with a relatively large dark center, ~45" x30". North of center in the ring is a 13th
magnitude star, which appears roughly centered in the emission nebula. A 12th magnitude star lies 1.3' S of
the central star, at the southern edge of the nebula. Two fainter stars are just north and south of the mag 12
star and the trio is collinear with the central star. Forms a striking due with NGC 2014 (cluster and emission
nebula) 5' WNW. The remarkable
Seagull Nebula (NGC 2030, 2032, 2035) lies 15' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2020 = h2903 on 30 Dec 1836 and recorded "pB; vL; vglbM;
lE; 4'. A fine cluster precedes
it." On the very next sweep
he wrote "vF; vL; R; vglbM; 4' diameter." His position is accurate.
James Dunlop
possibly discovered NGC 2020 = D 218? earlier in 1826 and described "a
pretty bright round nebula, 30" diameter, with a minute star slightly
involved in the margin."
Dunlop claims two observations and his position is 5' too far NE, well
within his usual errors, though Steinicke attributes Herschel with the
discovery. This nebula is probably
too faint to have been picked up by Dunlop with his 9" reflector and it
could describe NGC 2014 instead, which is 9' west of his position.
******************************
NGC 2021 = ESO
056-SC150 = S-L 570
05 33 30.3 -67
27 11
V = 12.1; Size 0.9'
30"
(11/5/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): bright, compact knot surrounding two resolved
stars, slightly elongated, ~20"x15". This knot is in the northern end of a very large, elongated
cluster or star cloud. Extending
mostly south of NGC 2021 is a very elongated stream of stars, 5'x1', including
a mix of brighter and fainter stars (stellar association LH 78). The densest concentration is a 2' group
(S-L 567) on the south end with a number of mag 12-14 stars. Roughly a total of 50-60 stars were
resolved. The Seagull Nebula complex
(NGC 2030, 2032, 2035) lies 12' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2021 = h2906 on 31 Jan 1835 and logged "vS; F; R;
12". In the northern part of
a cluster of stars 14m, 8' long, 3' br." His position points to the small clluster S-L 567 within the
stellar association LH 79.
******************************
NGC 2022 = PK
196-10.1 = PN G196.6-10.9
05 42 06.2 +09
05 10
V = 11.7; Size 29"x28"
48"
(2/21/12): at 488x, this bright, double-shell planetary contains a bright oval
ring oriented SSW-NNE, ~23"x18". The annulus is fairly thin with a relatively large, darker
central hole, though the contrast is fairly low. At the exact center is a faint central star (close to 16th
mag?). The ring has an irregular
surface brightness; slightly brighter at the ends of the major axis,
particularly the SW end (knot or thicker?), and slightly fainter along the
minor axis. Surrounding the ring
is a fainter and rounder outer shell, ~30" diameter. The outer shell was surprisingly
prominent and exhibited a pinkish hue.
24"
(1/25/14): at 500x appeared as a fairly bright knotty annulus, slightly
elongated SW-NE with fascinating structure. The rim was clearly brighter along an ~200¡ arc running from
the southwest counterclockwise to the northeast. Very small brighter knots were definite at the SW and NE
ends and perhaps a slight brightening at the NW edge. In general, though, the rim appeared mottled and sparkling
though clearly dimmer along the southeast side, giving a "C"
appearance. At 750x, the darker
center was also irregular in surface brightness and occasionally, an extremely
faint central star sparkled.
18"
(2/24/06): at 220x appeared moderately bright, fairly small, round, ~25"
diameter, very slightly elongated, irregularly lit and brighter along the
western half of the rim giving a "C" appearance. A faint sparkle is occasionally visible
on the WSW edge of the rim and images show this may be a faint superimposed
star or knot in the planetary.
320x provides an excellent view with the planetary weakly annular and
the rim a bit dimmer on the SE side.
At 435x, the shape is slightly elongated SW to NE, ~27"x22"
with a mottled interior and a brighter rim, particularly along the western
half. The appearance is quite
patchy at 565x and the sparkle on the SW end is still evident. The central star was not seen at any
power. Ced 59 (surrounding FU
Orionis) lies 48' due east.
17.5"
(2/2/02): immediately picked up at 100x as a very small, bluish-gray
"egg" of fairly high surface brightness. Good contrast gain with OIII filter. At 380x (unfiltered), it appeared as
fairly bright, clearly elongated SSW-NNE, ~27"x20". The surface brightness was irregular or
mottled with a slightly brighter rim and darker center giving a weakly annular
appearance. The rim seems to have
a couple of slightly brighter spots and the ends of the minor axis are slightly
dimmer. No sign of a central star.
17.5"
(12/8/90): fairly bright, slightly elongated 4:3 ~SSW-NNE, about 30"
diameter. Appears slightly annular
at 412x with a brighter rim. No
central star seen at this power.
13":
moderately bright, high surface brightness. No internal structure was visible.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2022 = H IV-34 = h365 on 28 Dec 1785 (sweep 496) and described
it as "cB, vS, like a star with a large diameter. With 240 it appeared almost like a
planetary nebula, but very ill defined, and little elongated. Nearly of equal brightness throughout,
except at the edges." JH
called it "Planetary neb, a little indistinct at the edges; rather oval
and perhaps of a mottled light."
NGC 2022 was
observed 5 times with Lord Rosse's 72", often in an attempt to resolve it,
and the following notes were recorded:
11 Dec 1850:
"It is I am nearly sure resolvable, probably it is a glob Cl. At times I fancied the centre a little
darker and a star in the p part."
23 Oct 1851:
"I strongly suspect annular, r[esolvable], one star especially seen in the
p part.
28 Dec
1853: "...a B patch or a
star?, it is near the edge of the neb.
Some dark spot or spots certainly seen and at times I had the suspicion
of a concentric ring or rings."
5 Jan 1877:
"Seems a glob Cl, stars seen sparkling in it, oval sp nf. Edges v diffuse, especially sf, np edge
more sharp. Proportion of
diameters about 7:10."
William Lassell
observed NGC 2022 in Jan. 1853 from Malta with his 24-inch equatorial reflector
and commented, "a singular curdled-looking object, slightly and
irregularly elliptical, with a sort of cordon [outer shell] running round
parallel, but a little outside of its margin." A sketch was included in his 1854 MRAS paper (figure
2). Father Secchi sketched a
slightly darker center in his 1856 "Osservazioni di Nebulose".
Based on a
Crossley photograph, Curtis (1918) reported, "Sharp stellar nucleus about
mag 13, surrounded by an elliptical ring 22"x17" in outside
dimensions in pa 29¡. Outside this
is an oval disk of fainter matter 28"x27". The brightest parts are the two masses at the ends of the
major axis of the inner ring."
******************************
NGC 2023 = LBN
954 = Ced 55o
05 41 38.3 -02
15 33
Size 10'x10'
13.1":
fairly prominent nebulosity surrounds mag 7.8 SAO 132464. The Horsehead nebula lies 15' SW.
8":
moderately bright, surrounds a mag 8 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2023 = H IV-24 on 6 Jan 1785 (sweep 352) and described in his
1791 paper "On Nebulous Stars" as "A bright star with a very
considerably milky chevelure; a little extended, 4 or 5' in length, and near 4'
broad; it loses itself insensibly. I suspected some extensive milky windings in
the neighborhood but could not verify them; other stars of equal magnitude are
perfectly free from this chevelure."
He later noted "The connection between the star and the chevelure
cannot be doubted, from the insensible gradation of its luminous appearance, decreasing
as it receded from the centre."
******************************
NGC 2024 = Flame
Nebula = Ced 55p = Sh 2-277
05 41 43 -01 51
30
Size 30'x30'
17.5"
(2/8/86): bright, very large.
Consists of two main parallel sections elongated SSW-NNE separated by
prominent detailed dark lanes.
Excellent structure with ragged edges, gaps, streaks, rifts and various
brightness levels. The eastern
strip has one or two indentations or a scalloped inner edge. The inner edge of the connecting strip
has a sharply defined edge and the gap at the base connecting the brighter
western section is obvious. Zeta
Orionis lies 15' NE detracts and the best view is unfiltered.
8": fairly
easy in very dark skies, the strip along the east side is longer with a
possible gap at the base of "U" in the southwest corner. The center is definitely darker than
the background sky.
8"
(10/4/80): fairly bright, large.
Consists of two parallel strips separated by a dark lane. Appears
possibly broken (gap) at the base of "U". Best view with a UHC filter.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2024 = H V-28 on 1 Jan 1786 (sweep 506) and recorded "a
wonderful milky nebulosity, divided into 3 or 4 large patches including a dark
space, the whole cannot take up less than half a degree; but I suppose it to be
much more extensive." A month
later (sweep 518) he noted "Wonderful black space inlcuded in
nebulosities."
The following
information is from Wolfgang Steinicke's book "Observing Cataloguing
Nebulae and Star Clusters. NGC
2024 was independently found by Brorsen in 1850 with a small refractor at
Senftenberg Observatory and announced in AN that "I have found a very
faint, very extended, pretty irregular nebula, located about 15 minutes east of
Zeta Orionis, which is listed neither in the catalogue of the younger Herschel
nor in Messier's." Marth
noted in 1856 that Brorsen's object is William Herschel's V-28. This was another case where the
observer only checked the Slough catalogue and didn't refer to WH's catalogues,
which only had relative offsets and not absolute positions.
d'Arrest
sketched the nebulosity in 4 sections. The brightest section (labeled A) is
just west of the main dust lane.
This object was observed 13 times at Birr Castle from 1873-1878 by
Lawrence Parsons (with the 36-inch), Ralph Copeland and Dreyer, and stars
"in an about the neb" were sketched and accurately measured.
Garrett Serviss
(Pleasures of the Telescope, 1901) wrote "Just to the left of Zeta, and in
the same field of view with a very low power, is a remarkable nebula bearing
the catalogue number GC 1227. We must use our five-inch on this with a low
power, but with Zeta out of the field in order to avoid its glare. The nebula
is exceedingly faint, and we can be satisfied if we see it simply as a hazy
spot, although with much larger telescopes it has appeared at least half a
degree broad. Tempel saw several centers of condensation in it, and traced
three or four broad nebulous streams, one of which decidedly suggested spiral
motion."
******************************
NGC 2025 = ESO
056-SC149 = S-L 571
05 32 33.1 -71
43 00
V = 10.9; Size 1.9'
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x this LMC cluster appeared bright,
slightly elongated, moderately large, ~45"x40", weakly concentrated
with a slightly brighter core. Three faint stars are resolved around the
edges. Two 8th magnitude stars lie
11' ESE and 13' ENE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2025 = h2909 on 8 Feb 1836 and recorded "vB; S; lE; gmbM;
resolvable. Almost a
globular." His position is
less than 1' too far north.
******************************
NGC 2026
05 43 06 +20 08
17.5"
(2/14/99): At 220x, ~30 stars in a 6' region including three mag 9-9.5 stars
(mag 8.7 SAO 77440 and mag 9.3 SAO 77448). Most of the stars are mag 11-13. The group lacks any concentration and appears to be an
asterism with the three brighter stars drawing attention to the group. However, there is a small arc of a half
a dozen mag 13 stars that includes SAO 77448 at the SE corner and a nice clump
of mag 13 stars is just south of the mag 9.5 star at the north end of the
group. Listed as nonexistent in the RNGC.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2026 = H VIII-28 on 5 Dec 1784 (sweep 329) and reported "a
cluster of pretty large scattered stars. Not rich." No observations were made by JH or at
Birr Castle. Karl Reinmuth, in his
1926 survey based on Heidelberg plates, found "no distinct Cl" and
RNGC classifies it as nonexistent (Type 7" with the comment "No
cluster".
******************************
NGC 2027 = ESO
086-SC13 = S-L 592 = LH 84
05 35 00 -66 54
55
V = 11.0; Size 1.0'
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): NGC 2027 is at the west end of an interesting,
elongated cluster or association (LH 84) extending ~4'x2' E-W in a crescent
shape with NGC 2034 at the east end.
At 105x, this condensed portion of the cloud contains a couple of dozen
mag 12-13 stars and a wide pair of mag 10 stars on the NW side. Although NGC 2027 is often applied to
the small cluster S-L 592, Herschel described the entire association LH 84.
NGC 2027 is
situated ~10' NW of the compact cluster NGC 2041 and near the east end of a
huge, elongated star cloud known as the "Quadrant" (consisting of OB
associations LH 65, LH 77 and LH 84) looping SW and the bending NW, extending
35' to NGC 2006 and 2002.
James Dunlop discovered
NGC 2027 = D 241 = h2908 on 6 Nov 1826 and described "a large cluster of
small stars of mixt magnitudes in strong nebula; irregular extended
figure." His position falls
at the east end of association LH 77 or the west end of LH 84, known as the LMC
"Quadrant" (of a circle).
JH made three
observations of the field. On the
first sweep (2 Nov 1832) he described "a very large, very rich cluster of
separate stars 9..11th mag, which fills the whole field." On a second
sweep he called it "cluster 7th class. The second of two stars 9th mag,
which may be considered the leading stars of the very large and fine cluster of
the Nubecula Major, which fills many fields, is of all degrees of condensation,
and much broken up into groups and patches." His third observation was
recorded as "an ill-defined nebuloid group of stars 15th mag (N.B. Clouds
very troublesome.) The field full of grouping stars."
Herschel is
clearly describing the large OB association LH 77, which stretches west to NGC
2002. His position from the second
sweep ("second of two stars 9th magnitude") and third sweeps is close
to S-L 592, and the position given here.
This cluster is also at the west end of a looping association of stars
(probably NGC 2027) on the east end of LH 77.
******************************
NGC 2028 = ESO
056-SC152 = S-L 575 = LH 80
05 33 49 -69 57
06
V = 12.9; Size 1.1'
30"
(10/14/15 - OzSky): fairly bright, moderately large, roundish, high surface
brightness, mottled, a couple of stars resolved at the edges. A small partially resolved clump is
just off the northeast side. In a
small trio with similar S-L 574 2.4' W and fainter H-S 353 2.2' NNW. NGC 2028 is within association LH 80, a
stunningly rich region of the LMC with NGC 2016 11' W, S-L 591 6' NE, H-S 362
is 8' NE, NGC 2036 8' SE and more.
A group of 4 mag 14 stars is 2' E.
S-L 574 appeared
bright, moderately large, slightly elongated E-W, 30" diameter, brighter
along the major axis, clumpy. A
mag 14 star is at the west tip and a mag 11.9 star is 0.9' SSW. H-S 353 is a fairly faint, soft round
glow, 30" diameter. S-L 591
appeared fairly bright, fairly small, roundish, 35", mottled. Only a couple of mag 16 stars resolved
around the edges. A mag 11.8 star
is 1.7' NE. H-S 362, just 2' ENE
of S-L 591 is fairly faint, elongated NW-SE, 25" diameter. It forms the eastern vertex of a
equilateral triangle with S-L 591 and the mag 11.8 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2028 = h2912 on 12 Nov 1836 and simply noted as
"vF". His position is an
excellent match (he corrected his RA by 10 sec) with cluster S-L 575, so the
identification is certain although I'm surprised he apparently missed nearby
S-L 574, which is equally as prominent.
JH questioned if his object might be D 100. Dunlop's description reads "a small round nebula, about
2' north of a small star."
His position is just 2' NW of S-L 575 and 3.4' NE of a mag 11 star (his
small star?). But D 100 is also
10' ENE of NGC 2016, so it could be also be D 100 given his range of positional
errors. Neither Steinicke nor Glen
Cozens equates D 100 with NGC 2028.
******************************
NGC 2029 = ESO
086-SC15 = LMC-N63 = DEM L 243 = S-L 595 = LH 83
05 35 40.8 -66
02 06
V = 12.3; Size 4'
30"
(10/18/17 - OzSky): at 202x, 264x and 429x; large, fairly bright cluster (S-L
595) with ~30 stars resolved in a 3.5' region and includes at least 4 brighter
stars from mag 12.3-13.5 and another mag 12.7 star is at the SW edge. Moderately faint nebulous haze
(LMC-N63) encompasses the cluster.
Adding a NPB filter at 264x increases the contrast with the large
nebulous glow, which extended 2.5-3' diameter. Note: this object is identified as NGC 2030 in most sources!
N63A, embedded
slightly east of center of N63, is a well-known bright, compact supernova
remnant and one of the first 3 extragalactic SNRs to be discovered (1966). The SNR appeared as a small round knot,
only ~12"-15" in diameter, and was faintly visible even at 202x. It was easy to distinguish at 264x and
stood out fairly prominently at 429x.
Surprisingly, I didn't notice any contrast gain adding a NPB filter
(similar visibility).
14" (4/4/16
- Coonabarabran, 142x): fairly bright, large, over a dozen mag 13 and fainter
stars are resolved in a 3.5' region.
A fairly faint, oval emission glow (LMC-N63) is involved with the
cluster (S-L 595). Adding an NPB
filter, the nebulosity is bright, large, irregular (roughly round), ~2.5'
diameter, with several of the brighter stars still visible.
Emission nebula
LHa 120-N 62A is 14' SSW. Using an
NPB filter, it appeared very bright, very elongated ~E-W, relatively large,
~1.5'x0.4'. The shape is a bit
irregular, but it has a sharply defined northern edge, with the southern edge
weaker and more ill-defined.
Visible unfiltered but excellent response to the NPB. A couple of very faint stars are
visible with averted. BSDL 2348,
an LMC cluster perhaps associated with the nebula, is ~2' W and contains a half-dozen mag 14-15 stars in a 1.5'
knot, along with a mag 12.5 star on the west end. Emission nebula LHa 120-N 64 is 16' further
southeast.
Emission nebula
LHa 120-N 64 is 20' SSE. Using an
NPB filter, it is a bright, large, irregular nebulous patch, about 3'x2'
E-W. The brightest portion (N64A)
is on the west side. A mag 11 star
is ~2' N of the east end. Another
2' NNW of this star is a detached 40" piece (N64C) that was fairly easy
with the filter. Unfiltered three
mag 13 line in a 1.8' string are involved in the central portion, along with a
couple of mag 14-15 stars. Mag 8.8
HD 37853 is 6' NW.
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): fairly bright, fairly large, 3'x1.5', elongated
N-S. This LMC object appears to be
a large cluster with nebulosity (stellar association LH 83). A half-dozen mag 12-13 stars are
resolved over an irregular background haze (unresolved stars?). Located 32' N of mag 6.2 HD 37935. NGC 2003 lies 38' SW. The compact SNR N63A is embedded (not
noted).
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 2029 = D 240 = h2911 on 27 Sep 1826 and noted a "faint
round nebula, 25" or 30" diameter." His position is just 4' SW of center of the nebula. JH called this object "a rich, R,
pL cluster of stars 12m; little comp; 5' l; one * 11m." On a second sweep he wrote "pB; R;
gbM; 60"; resolved into stars 13...15m."
Jenni Kay notes
that GC and NGC positions for NGC 2029 and NGC 2030 are reversed from JH's
original CGH positions of h2911 and h2910, respectively. The error must have occurred when JH
transfered his positions into the GC.
So, NGC 2030 = h2030 is part of the Seagull Nebula and NGC 2029 = h2911
is an isolated nebula. All modern sources such as SIMBAD, ESO and the KMHK
catalogue reverse the original identifications and call NGC 2029 part of the
Seagull Nebula. See WSQJ #108,
4/97. The identifications given
here are based on the CGH positions/identifications.
******************************
NGC 2030 =
Seagull Nebula = Dragon's Head Nebula = LMC-N59A = LH 82
05 35 00.5 -67
33 18
Size 1.6'x0.9'
30"
(10/18/17 - OzSky): at 202x and 264x + NPB filter; this is the first section in
the remarkable Seagull or "Dragon's Head" Nebula, though the faintest
of three connected patches extending 5.5' from NW to SE with NGC 2032 and
2036. The brightest portion is an
elongated "bar" section ~2'x40", oriented WSW-ENE, just west of
mag 12.2 HD 269810. Fainter
nebulosity spreads to the north in roughly an oval outline and includes a mag
14.5 star, so the total extent of NGC 2030 in the N-S direction is over
2.5'. Very faint nebulosity
appears to connect NGC 2030 with brighter NGC 2032 directly SE.
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is the NW component of the
Seagull Nebula; a bright, highly structured 7'x5' emission nebula. The brightest portion of NGC 2030 is a
bright streak elongated E-W that extends west from mag 12.3 HD 269810. A large mass of nebulosity spreads to
the north from this streak in a more circular 2' patch. This object is incorrectly identified
as NGC 2029 in modern catalogues and atlases.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2030 = h2910 on 23 Dec 1834 and recorded "B; L; gbM. The first of 3 neb, which run
together." On a second sweep,
he logged "vF; pL; irreg R.
The first of 3, which run together. See Plate III. fig 5." The modern identities for NGC 2029 and 2030 are
reversal. See historical notes for
NGC 2029.
******************************
NGC 2031 = ESO
056-SC153 = S-L 577
05 33 41.9 -70
59 16
V = 10.8; Size 3.4'
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x this LMC cluster was very bright,
fairly large, slightly elongated NNW-SSE, well concentrated with a 1' core and
2' much fainter halo. The cluster
had a mottled texture and was quite lively around the edges, but was not
clearly resolved. Located 12' NW
of mag 7.6 HD 37899 and 5.5' SW of a mag 9.1 star. NGC 2018, a remarkable nebulous cluster, lies 12' WSW and
NGC 2051 is a similar distance to the ESE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2031 = h2915 on 3 Nov 1834 and noted "F (?); R; gbM; 3'
(Hazy Sky)". On a later sweep
he had a better view and logged "globular, B; R; gbM; 2'. Resolved into stars." His position is just off the south side
of this large cluster.
******************************
NGC 2032 =
Seagull Nebula = Dragon's Head Nebula = LMC-N59A = LH 82
05 35 20.6 -67
34 06
Size 2'x1'
30"
(10/18/17 - OzSky): at 202x and 264x + NPB filter; NGC 2032 and 2035, separated
by a dark lane, form a stunning pair of adjacent emission nebulae of comparable
surface brightness, though NGC 2032 is larger. Using a narrow-band filter, NGC 2032 was extremely bright,
elongated SW-NE, ~2'x1', with a scalloped but sharply defined border at the brighter
edge along the dust lane. A fairly prominent thin filament extends NE for
~1.5', curling a bit towards the tip.
A thin strip on the SE end (just beyond the lane) connects to NGC 2035. The ionizing star was visible
unfiltered at the eastern border, in an indentation, though it appeared fainter
than the listed mag of 13.5. A
second mag 14 star was also involved at 25" to its east. A mag 11.4 star is off the SW side and
a mag 12.2 star (O3-type HD 269810) is at the NE edge. The latter star (also known as RMC 122)
may be the ionizing source for the surrounding nebulosity.
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is possibly the brightest
section of the "Seagull Nebula" or "Dragon's Head Nebula"
in the LMC (similar to NGC 2035 1.6' SE).
It consists of a very bright, elongated ~SSW-NNE patch, 2'x1', with an
unusual kidney-bean shape that is indented or concave on the east side. NGC 2032 is just separated to 2035 by
an elongated dark lane (oriented SSW-NNE) on the east side. A faint, thin streamer of nebulosity
shoots to the north from 2032. Mag
11.4 HD 269808 is off the SW side.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 2032 = D 219 on 27 Sep 1826 and described a "pretty bright
round nebula, about 1 1/4' diameter, bright towards the centre." He states 2 observations were made and
his published position is within the Seagull Nebula complex. As NGC 2032 is probably the brightest
section along with NGC 2035, this identification seems reasonable. Herschel gave an uncertain equivalence
with D 219 in his CGH catalogue.
He first observed the nebula (h2913) on 2 Nov 1834 and recorded
"vB; vL. A singular figure
like 3 nebulae lumped together."
On a second sweep he recorded "pB; irreg fig; glbM." On his next observation he logged
"B; L; gbM. The second of 3
which run together." A
detailed sketch of the complex was published in plate III, figure 5 in the CGH
observations.
The Seagull
Nebula contains four separate NGC designations: NGC 2030 (misidentified as NGC
2029 in GC and NGC), NGC 2032, NGC 2035 and NGC 2040 with NGC 2035 being the
brightest and largest of the group.
Collectively the area is known as N59A and is located at the boundary of
the supershell LMC4 in the Large Magellanic Cloud. NGC 2032 and 2035, which
form the bright core of the H II region N59A (B053530- 6736), belong to a
single H II region that appears divided due to the presence of a heavy dust
lane.
******************************
NGC 2033 =
LMC-N154B = ESO 056-SC157 = S-L 589 = LH 81
05 34 30 -69 46
48
Size 10'
14" (4/4/16
- Coonabarabran, 142x and 230x): large bright star cloud (stellar association
LH 81), ~10' diameter with ~50 stars (depending on size taken) mag 11-14. Adding an NPB filter brings out the
associated nebulosity (LHA 120-N54), which is fairly bright and very large. A curving swath of nebulosity,
elongated E-W for ~8' on the southwest side of the association. The cluster itself is also encased in
diffuse nebulosity with the filter.
NGC 2037 is generally taken as a small knot (BCDSP 8) within this star
cloud. NGC 2048, a bright emission
nebula, is at the northeast end of the association.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2033 between Nov 1836 and Mar 1837 with a 5-inch refractor and
recorded it as #579 in his preliminary catalogue of "Stars, Nebulae and
Clusters in the Nubecula Major."
Herschel's position falls in the large stellar association LH 81. But as there is no listing or
description in the CGH catalogue, it's possible Herschel was recording a small
knot or a very large field of stars + nebulosity. So, the size and center is unknown. See NGC 2037 for more. The large nebulosity on the south side
of the association might be NGC 2052.
See that number.
James Dunlop
possibly discovered NGC 2033 = D 141? earlier on 24 Sep 1826, recording "a
faint extended nebula, about 4' long, very faint towards the extremities,
brightest and broadest in the middle.
This is in the south following side of a faint cluster of very minute
stars." Dunlop's position
(single observation) is 11' SE of this nebulous cluster.
******************************
NGC 2034 = ESO
086-SC14 = S-L 592 = LH 84
05 35 38 -66 54
06
V = 9.3; Size 8'x4'
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): at 105x this is an interesting, elongated curving
cluster or association (LH 84), situated northwest of the compact cluster NGC
2041. This condensed portion of LH
84 contains a couple of dozen mag 12-13 stars and a wide pair of mag 10 stars
(including HD 269855) on the north side.
The resolved stars are embedded in an unresolved glow of fainter stars,
~4'x2', extended E-W in a crescent shape, arching north on both ends. NGC 2034 is located at the east end of
an impressive star cloud (collectively known as the "Quadrant" = LH
77), looping 30' W (bending south in the middle) to NGC 2002.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2034 = h2914 on 3 Jan 1837 and described "a more condensed
part of the great cluster (sweep 761, 39), of a crescent-like form, occupying
one field. Rich and fine."
His position corresponds with association LH 84 at the northeast end of
the "Quadrant" feature of the LMC. NGC 2034 = h2914 and NGC 2027 = h2908 both described the
same field, though NGC 2027 is on the west end of the association. Harold Corwin considers NGC 2027
to refer to the entire region.
James Dunlop
discovered the association on 6 Nov 1826 and described D 241 as "a large
cluster of small stars of mixt magnitudes in strong nebula; irregular extended
figure." His position falls
at the east end association LH 77 or the west end of LH 84, known as the LMC
"Quadrant" (of a circle).
******************************
NGC 2035 =
Seagull Nebula = Dragon's Head Nebula = LMC-N59A = LH 82
05 35 33 -67 35
06
Size 1.6'x1.0'
30"
(10/18/17 - OzSky): at 202x and 264x + NPB filter; NGC 2032 and 2035, separated
by a dark lane, form a stunning pair of adjacent emission nebulae of comparable
surface brightness, though NGC 2032 is larger. The two impressive regions are attached or merge at the
south end by a thin strip of nebulosity.
NGC 2035 was extremely bright, roughly rectangular but irregular with
slightly concave eastern side and lots of complex, internal structure with
brighter and darker areas. A fairly thin streamer is attached on the northeast
end and extends 2' NNE, similar (though slightly fainter) to a filament
attached to NGC 2032! LMC-N59C is
a detached patch ~2' SE. It
appeared moderately large, roundish, at least 1' diameter. A mag 10.4 star is 2' ESE.
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is the southeast section of
the bright Seagull Nebula in the LMC.
At 200x using a UHC filter it appeared very bright, moderately large,
with a very irregular shape similar to an anvil. The very knotty, complex structure was elongated N-S,
1.6'x1.0', with the widest part of the anvil on the south end. NGC 2032, another very bright section,
is very close preceding (roughly 1.6' between centers) and the two sections are
separated by a dark lane oriented SSW-NNE. A very faint streamer attached on the NE side flows to the
north (NGC 2032 has a similar but brighter streamer). A fairly small detached patch, ~1.2' in diameter, is close
SE (identified as LHA 120-N 59C in SIMBAD).
James Dunlop
probably discovered NGC 2035 = D 219 on 27 Sep 1826 and described a
"pretty bright round nebula, about 1 1/4' diameter, bright towards the
centre". He states 2
observations were made and his published position is within the Seagull Nebula
complex. As NGC 2032/2035 are the
brightest sections, this identification seems reasonable.
JH first
observed this bright nebula on 23 Dec 1834 and called NGC 2035 = h2916,
"B, L, bM. The 3rd of three which run together. (Plate III, fig 5)". On his next observation he recorded "pB, L, R. The
third of 3 which run together." Herschel gave an uncertain equivalence
with D 220 in the CGH.
******************************
NGC 2036 = NGC
2043? = ESO 056-SC155 = S-L 587
05 34 32 -70 03
54
V = 12.8; Size 1.5'
30"
(10/14/15 - OzSky): very bright, fairly large, irregular, mottled, brighter
core, 50" diameter. A bright,
tiny knot of mag 15.5 stars is at the southeast end. A couple of additional mag 16 stars are resolved near the
edges. A mag 10.7 star lies 4'
NNE. NGC 2028 lies 8' NW.
BSDL 2464 =
OGLE-CL LMC 611 was noticed 2.6' NE as a very faint, small glow, 20"
diameter. A couple of very faint
stars were resolved at the east end.
The mag 10.7 star noted above lies 2.7' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2036 = h2917 on 11 Nov 1836 and recorded "vF; R; gbM;
90"." There is nothing
at his position, but one degree south is the cluster S-L 587. Herschel's added a note to his description
that there was likely an error of 1¡ in the polar distance and clearly this was
the case. Eric Lindsay, in the
1964 paper "Some NGC objects in the Large Magellanic Cloud" (IAJ, 6,
286-289) comments "The Decl. seems to be in error. The object is probably
the small cluster S/L 587 at 1¡ south. Herschel found strong ground to suspect
an error of a degree in P.D. which should most likely be 160¡ and not
159¡." As this cluster is
exactly 1¡ S of h's position, the identification is virtually certain.
Also, see
historical notes for NGC 2043.
This number may be a duplicate observation with the 48" Great
Melbourne Telescope.
******************************
NGC 2037 =
OGLE-CL LMC 605 = BCDSP 8
05 34 40.4 -69
44 50
V = 11.6; Size 0.4'
14" (4/4/16
- Coonabarabran, 142x and 230x): very small high surface brightness glow,
~12" diameter. Situated with
the large stellar association LH 81 and at the north end of a 2' string to the
south-southwest with three mag 12, 11 and 13 stars. This standard identification is unlikely and both NGC 2033
and 2037 probably refer to sections of the general star cloud.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2037 between Nov 1836 and Mar 1837 with a 5-inch refractor and
listed it as #593 in his preliminary catalogue of"Stars, Nebulae and
Clusters in the Nubecula Major."
The only information he gives (besides a position) is type
"Cl" and Mag 8. There is
no listing or description in the main CGH catalogue, so along with nearby NGC
2033, it is unknown if Herschel was describing a small knot or a very large
field of stars + nebulosity in association LH 81, though the magnitude implies
a bright object. NGC 2037 is taken
as the small cluster OGLE-CL LMC 605 at 05 34 40 -69 44.8 (2000) by Archinal and
Hynes, Mati Morel and Jenni Kay.
Harold Corwin remarks this cluster is too faint to have been picked up
by Herschel with his 5-inch refractor and certainly wouldn't be described as
8th magnitude. So, the standard
identification (given here) is almost certainly wrong.
******************************
NGC 2038 = ESO
056-SC158 = S-L 590
05 34 42 -70 33
42
V = 11.9; Size 1.6'
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): very bright, fairly small,
slightly elongated, 40" diameter, clumpy but no individual stars
resolved. First of three nearly on
a line with NGC 2056 11' SE and NGC 2075 20' SE. Located 4' SSE of mag 9.5 HD 37732.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2038 = h2920 on 24 Nov 1834 and logged "B, R, glbM,
25", has a *9 mag 5' north-preceding." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2039
05 44 33 +08 39
42
Size 30'
18"
(1/26/09): large, scattered field with a number of mag 8 to 10 stars, though
too dispersed to resemble a cluster.
the most distinctive part is a nice 8' string of 6 collinear stars
oriented E-W with mag 8 HD 38096 at the west end and mag 8.5 HD 38163 at the
east end. A larger elongated group
of stars extends to the SE out to the edge of the 35' field. This group probably contains unrelated
field stars and there is no listing in SIMBAD.
John Herschel discovered
NGC 2039 = h366 on 19 Jan 1828 and described as "A large tract of stars
filling many fields. It extends
much further in RA." He
equated this observation with H VIII-2 = NGC 2063, so he may have confused
these two fields at the time. His
father's object is either nonexistent or just an asterism ~40' to the
east. On a second sweep, JH logged
"A large ill-defined tract of loose stars, neither rich nor
condensed"). JH used two
numbers in the GC for h366 and H VIII-2, so both objects received their own NGC
designation. Karl Reinmuth, in his
1926 survey based on Heidelberg plates, states "many st, Cl not well
defined." See Corwin's notes
for further discussion.
******************************
NGC 2040 = ESO
56-EN164 = LMC-N59B = LH 88
05 36 05 -67 34
01
V = 11.5; Size 2'
30"
(10/18/17 - OzSky): at 202x and 264x + NPB filter; bright, very large,
irregular nebula just east of NGC 2030/2032/2035 (Dragon's Head or Seagull
Nebula). The main portion is
roughly triangular with one "vertex" on the south side and another on
the northeast end. It has a sharp,
contrasty edge on the east side to the south tip and some internal, irregular
brightness in the interior. Unfiltered
a dozen stars mag 14-15 are involved (association LH 88), with several more
spreading to the south.
NGC 2040 is
merged with a supernova remnant shell (SNR B0536-67.6) on the south side. On images the shell is ~2' in diameter,
with a complex interlaced web of delicate filaments. Visually, I could see a very faint, thin curving loop,
~45" in length, which forms the southwest end of the shell (brightest part
on images). A mag 13.5 star (O5-type) is in the interior of the shell, with the
observed strip centered 40" to its WSW. This star was possibly bound to
the precursor star of the SNR remnant.
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is a bright, irregularly
round glow, ~2' diameter, located ~4' ENE of the Seagull or Dragon's Head
Nebula and part of the same emission complex. The nebulosity surrounds a cluster of roughly 15 stars (LH
88). A UHC filter provided an
excellent contrast gain at 200x and revealed a very irregular outline. The POSS image shows delicate filaments
to the south forming a large loop (SNR shell SNR 0536-67.6) although I don't
believe this extension was recorded.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2040 = h2918 on 2 Nov 1834 and recorded "F; irreg R; glbM;
r; 2'. (Pl III, fig 5)." On a
later sweep he reported "vF; R; follows 3 vB L nebulae [NGC 2030, NGC 2032
and NGC 2035] which run together."
His position (from 5 sweeps) is accurate and an excellent sketch of the
complex is on plate III, figure 3.
James Dunlop
possibly discovered this nebula (D 220) earlier on 27 Sep 1826 and logged
"a round faint nebula, about 40" diameter." His position is just 4' NNW of the
center of LMC N59B = NGC 2040, but given the range of his positional errors,
it's possible this observation either refers to nearby NGC 2032 or 2035 (part
of the same complex).
******************************
NGC 2041 = ESO
086-SC16 = S-L 605
05 36 28.0 -66
59 29
V = 10.4; Size 0.7'
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): at 105x, this LMC cluster appears bright, fairly small,
round, 1' diameter, high surface brightness. Symmetrical appearance and increases to a very small bright
core and a stellar nucleus. This
young, massive cluster is located ~7' SE of the elongated cluster NGC 2034 at
the east end of the very large, extended collection of associations (the
"Quadrant") that includes NGC 2026 and 2002 on the western side.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2041 = h2919 on 2 Nov 1834 and described as "B, S, vgbM,
20"." On a second sweep
he noted "a rich clustering
part precedes." His position
(measured on 4 sweeps) is accurate.
Wolfgang Steinicke and Glen Cozens both credit James Dunlop with the
discovery on 6 Nov 1826. His entry
for D 241 describes "a large cluster of small stars of mixt magnitudes in
strong nebula; irregular extended figure." His position is 6.6' NW of the cluster, but his description
implies a much larger object - like NGC 2027/2034 and the position is a closer
match.
******************************
NGC 2042 = ESO
056-SC163 = S-L 601 = LH 89n
05 36 09.6 -68
55 24
V = 9.6; Size 6'x3'
18" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly large patch of stars and haze
(association LH 89), ~5' in size.
At least two dozen stars are resolved in an elongated group oriented
SW-NE, including a few mag 10 stars over unresolved stars or outer nebulous
haze from the Tarantula complex.
Two additional knots are to the northwest and form an obtuse isosceles
triangle with NGC 2042. The first
knot is KMHK 1122 situated 5' NW and S-L 585 is 10' NW. NGC 2042 is located just 17' NW of the
center of the Tarantula Nebula.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2042 = h2922 on 30 Dec 1836 and recorded "the chief star
(9th mag) of a large, irregular figured, looped or hooked cluster of stars
12..15th mag, rich and various, and filling the field." His description and position applies to
the assocation LH 89.
This object may
have been discovered earlier by James Dunlop. His D181, described as a "small faint nebula, 10"
or 12" diameter" is 5.5' NW of center of the association. But the description doesn't match an
object of this size. His D 140,
described as "a small faint round nebula" is a similar distance SW of
center, but again the description is a very poor match. Finally D 183, described as "a
faint ill-defined nebula, 20" diameter", is ~8' NE but another poor
match in description. So, I'm not
confident any of these observations referring to NGC 2042.
******************************
NGC 2043 = NGC
2036? = ESO 056-SC155
05 34 32 -70 03
54
=NGC 2036?,
Jenni Kay. =ESO 56-SC168, ESO and
Corwin. Not found, Lindsay.
Pietro Baracchi
discovered NGC 2043 on 18 Dec 1884 with the 48-inch f/41 Great Melbourne Telescope
and it was included in R. L. Ellery's "Observations of Southern Nebulae
made with the Great Melbourne Telescope 1869 - 1885". He wrote "preceding H. 1259 [NGC
2058] by 79.5 sec and 4' 30" north is a small elongated group of minute
stars in very thin nebula..".
There is nothing at his offset from NGC 2058 except very faint
stars. ESO identifes ESO 056-168,
an extremely faint cluster close to Baracchi's position, as NGC 2043. But this cluster is probably too
faint. Eric Lindsay, in the 1964
paper "Some NGC objects in the Large Magellanic Cloud" (IAJ, 6,
286-289), comments "Not found. Star-rich region but no evidence of
clustering. Not listed by
Herschel. In the Melbourne Catalogue."
Harold Corwin
suggests NGC 2043 is a N-S string of stars (about 1.7' length) situated 2.5' S
of Baracchi's position, which is a good match with his description.
Jenni Kay
suggests NGC 2043 was a duplicate observation of NGC 2036, discovered earlier
by John Herschel but with a published error in declination of 1 degree (he
actually noted that this was a strong possibility). Furthermore, the GC (and later the NGC) carry forward this
declination error without any reference to the discrepancy. So, Baracchi would have thought this
cluster was a new discovery. This
requires he made a 1 min error in RA (NGC 2036 precedes NGC 2058 by 2 min 23
sec of RA, instead of 1 min 20 sec of RA), though the dec would be fairly
close.
******************************
NGC 2044 = 30
Dor C = ESO 056-SC165 = S-L 602 = LH 90
05 36 06.2 -69
11 55
V = 10.6; Size 4.5'
18" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): group of about a dozen stars in a 3'
diameter at 171x dominated by three brighter stars in a E-W string. Two of the "stars" in this
line are actually compact clusters (BRHT 17a and 17b) with multiple components
on a HST image. Also a mag 11.5 "star" on the north side is a compact
cluster (KMK 87). NGC 2044 is situated in the outer portion of the 30 Doradus
complex 16' SW from the central core.
Like NGC 2060, this stellar association (LH 90) also harbors a young
SNR! Also, the site of SNR 1987A
(05 35 28, -69 16.2) lies only 5.5' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2044 between Nov 1836 and Mar 1837 with a 5-inch refractor and
listed as #608 in his preliminary catalogue of "Stars, Nebulae and
Clusters in the Nubecula Major."
His position is ~1' south of the center of this cluster/association (LH
90).
******************************
NGC 2045 = Ced
58 = SAO 94827
05 45 01.3 +12
53 18
V = 6.6
=*6.6 SAO 94827,
Gottlieb. =No nebulosity, Carlson.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2045 = h367 on 23 Jan 1832 and recorded "a star 8-9 mag
with faint nebulosity." His
position coincides precisely with mag 6.6 HD 38263. Karl Reinmuth, in his 1926 survey based on Heidelberg
plates, describes NGC 2045 as "BD+12 884, nebulous?" Although classified as nonexistent in
RNGC, the RA is 5.0 minutes too small.
******************************
NGC 2046 = ESO
056-SC162 = S-L 597
05 35 37.6 -70
14 27
V = 12.6; Size 1.3'
24" (4/9/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is the first in a rich field of 8 NGC
clusters (with the brightest NGC 2058).
At 200x, it appeared bright, fairly small, slightly elongated WSW-ENE in
the direction of a mag 13 star just 0.8' SW. The core seems offset from the center to the NE end or a
compact knot of stars is attached at the following end. NGC 2047 lies 3.2' NNE. Located 6' SE of mag 8.2 HD 37762.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2046 = h2923 on 11 Nov 1836 and descrbed as "vF; R; gbM;
the first of a group of six nebulae.
See Pl IV, fig 9. His
position and sketch is accurate.
Joseph Turner also sketched the entire group of clusters (NGC 2046,
2047, 2057, 2058, 2059, 2065, 2066) on 26 Apr 1876 using the 48" Great
Melbourne Telescope. See
http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/lithograph_m_4_33.php
******************************
NGC 2047 = ESO
056-SC167 = S-L 600
05 35 54.4 -70
11 29
V = 13.2; Size 0.9'
24" (4/9/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this LMC cluster is located on the west
side of a rich field of 8 NGC clusters in the 13mm Ethos (200x). It appeared moderately bright, fairly
small, round, 45" diameter. A
faint star is at the south edge.
Forms a pair with slightly brighter NGC 2046 3.2' SSW. Located 5.8' ESE
of mag 8.2 HD 37762 and 5.4' WSW of NGC 2058.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2047 = h2925 on 11 Nov 1836 and described as "the second of
a group. Pl IV, fig 9." His position and sketch is accurate. The entire group of clusters (NGC 2046,
2047, 2057, 2058, 2059, 2065, 2066) was also sketched by Joseph Turner on 26
Apr 1876 using the 48" Great Melbourne Telescope. See
http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/lithograph_m_4_33.php
******************************
NGC 2048 = ESO
056-*N166 = LMC-N154A = LH 87
05 35 56 -69 38
54
V = 12.2; Size 2'
14" (4/4/16
- Coonabarabran, 142x + NPB filter): NGC 2048 is a bright elongated glow,
~1'x0.7' E-W, surrounded by fainter nebulous haze extending 3'-4' in
diameter. The emission component
(LHA 120-N 154A) is cradled around the south and east side by a large,
semicircular chain with mostly mag 12 stars and a total length of ~15'
(association LH 87). NGC 2048 is
situated in a glorious region of the LMC; extending to the southwest is NGC
2033 = LH 81, a large stellar association (the stars on the south side of the
semicircular chain are likely members) and further north is NGC 2055 = LH 96, a
huge rich cloud just south of the Tarantula Nebula.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2048 = h2926 in 1834-1835 (exact sweep or date unknown as based
on a sketch of the Tarantula Nebula (NGC 2070) region made over several nights
in Nov 1834 and Dec 1835) and described as "a very faint large oval
ill-defined nebula; not taken in sweeping, but laid down from a careful
drawing. See Notes on Catalogue of
Nubecula Major". His position
is 3' NE of the center of this nebula.
Hodge and Wright describe it as "possibly only 2-3 stars in
nebulosity" in their LMC Atlas.
******************************
NGC 2049 = ESO
424-011 = MCG -05-14-011 = PGC 17657
05 43 15.2 -30 04
42
V = 12.8; Size 2.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 168d
18"
(12/22/11): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 ~N-S, 0.6'x0.3', low surface
brightness, very weak concentration (possibly viewed through thin clouds). IC 2147 lies 25' S.
17.5"
(12/8/90): fairly faint, small, oval 3:2 NNW-SSE, bright core.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2049 = h2921 on 28 Jan 1835 and recorded "vF; S; R; pslbM;
25." His position (measured
on two sweeps) matches ESO 424-011 = PGC 17657.
******************************
NGC 2050 = ESO
056-SC170 = S-L 609 = LH 93
05 36 41.8 -69
22 49
V = 9.3; Size 3.0'x2.4'
14" (4/4/16
- Coonabarabran, 142x): NGC 2050 was taken as a 2'-3' patch of stars on the
north side of the large stellar association LH 96, a 15'x10' cloud of roughly
120 stars. At 142x, ~20 stars were
resolved including a mag 10.6 star at the west edge and a mag 10.7 star
(11" double) at the southwest edge.
The central part contains several mag 12 stars. A long stream of mag 10-12 stars begins
about 12' SW of the cluster and extends east-northeast for over 20', passing
just south of the Tarantula Nebula, and heads towards NGC 2100. Several of the nearby stars in this
stream may also be part of NGC 2050.
18" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 171x, appears as just a locally brighter
spot containing perhaps a dozen stars over a hazy background glow (stellar
association LH 93), ~2' in diameter.
Embedded in the edge of an amazing 15'-20' linear stream of stars
(association LH 93/94) which runs through the field from east-northeast to
west-southwest. This long chain
passes just off the south side of the tendrils of the Tarantula Nebula and
heads towards NGC 2050! NGC
2050 is situated 30' SW of the center of the Tarantula.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2050 = h2928 in 1834-1835 (exact date unknown as based on a
sketch of the Tarantula Nebula (NGC 2070) made over several nights in Nov 1834
and Dec 1835). He described this
object "Cl VI; vF st and nebulosity of irregular branching figure, or
rather 3 clusters connected. See
Notes on Catalogue of Nubecula Major." His position falls in the north-central portion of NGC 2055,
a very large association and probably included part of the stream of stars
mentioned in my description.. See
Harold Corwin's notes for more on this object.
******************************
NGC 2051 = ESO
056-SC169 = S-L 608
05 36 07.5 -71
00 43
V = 11.7; Size 1.7'
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x this LMC cluster appeared bright,
fairly small, round, 35" diameter.
Located 12' ESE of brighter NGC 2031. Two additional S-L clusters (617 and 624) share the field
8.5' SSE. The cluster is also
equidistant from a mag 9 star 8' NW and mag 7.6 HD 37899 a similar distance SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2051 = h2930 on 23 Dec 1834 and reported "pB; S; R; gbM;
30"; insulated." His
position from a single sweep is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2052 = ESO
056-EN176 = LMC-N155
05 37 11 -69 46
30
Size 1.2'
14" (4/4/16
- Coonabarabran, 142x): without a filter this emission nebula (N155) is a very
faint, small patch perhaps 35" diameter, only a couple of faint stars are
involved. Situated midway between
a mag 12 star 2' W and a mag 12.5 star 2' ENE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2052 = h2929 in 1834-1835 (sweep number and date unknown as
based on a sketch of the Tarantula Nebula (NGC 2070) region made over several
nights in Nov 1834 and Dec 1835) and described as "vvF, vvL,
vglbM." Herschel changed the
description in the GC to read "eF, vvS, vglbM" (probably an error) and
this was copied by Dreyer into the NGC.
His position is 2.5' SW of the faint HII region Henize N155, which the
Hodge-Wright Atlas and the ESO identify as NGC 2052. There are no other nearby candidates. Harold Corwin suggests "NGC 2052
may be the large diffuse nebula 2 minutes of time preceding JH's position. But it may not be."
Eric Lindsay, in
the 1964 paper "Some NGC objects in the Large Magellanic Cloud" (IAJ,
6, 286-289), notes "Should be 2.3m E of NGC 2033. It may be a small group
slightly NE in which is Henize N155.
Dreyer and Herschel differ as to size [actually Herschel changed the
size]. Position measured by Herschel from a drawing and not during a
sweep."
******************************
NGC 2053 = ESO
086-SC017 = S-L 623
05 37 40 -67 24
48
V = 12.2; Size 1.2'
14" (4/4/16
- Coonabarabran, 142x and 184x): fairly bright, relatively large, slightly
elongated N-S, 1.0' diameter, smooth glow at 142x, slightly mottled at
184x. A mag 12 star is 1.2' W. Located 23' W of mag 7.0 HD 38616 and
~15' NE of the showpiece Seagull Nebula complex (NGC 2030, 2032, 2035, 2040).
S-L 628 lies 7'
NE. It was immediately seen as an
moderately bright, fairly small glow, round, 25" diameter, fairly high
surface brightness, no resolution.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2053 = h2927 on 2 Jan 1837 and noted "F; lE; gbM;
2'." His position from a
single sweep is 1' SSE of this cluster.
******************************
NGC 2054
05 45 15.4 -10
04 59
=4*, HC and
Dreyer.
George Bond
discovered NGC 2054 = HN 3 on 6 Oct 1850 with a 4-inch comet-seeker at the
Harvard College Observatory. He
mentioned that it required confirmation and JH didn't include this object in
the GC. Dreyer observed the
cluster using the 72" at Birr Castle on 13 Jan 1877 and reported "vF,
pS, iR, at times I thought it was a very small cluster, but it is
doubtful".
Nevertheless, he included it in the GC Supplement (GC 5354). Herbert Howe observed it around 1899
using a 20" refractor and noted "it appears to be simply a small
triangle composed of 2 stars of mag 12, and one of mag 13." Bigourdan's position from 26 Dec 1891
(repeated in the IC 2 Notes) also corresponds with three mag 14.5, 14.7 and
14.9 stars within 30", along with a couple of fainter stars.
******************************
NGC 2055 = ESO
056-SC171 = LH 96
05 36 45 -69 29
54
V = 8.4; Size 15'x10'
14" (4/4/16
- Coonabarabran, 142x): roughly 120 stars are resolved in a gorgeous 15'x10'
SW-NE star cloud (association LH 96) situated to the south of the Tarantula
Nebula. The cloud is rich in faint
stars but also includes a mag 9.6 star (HD 269820) at the southwest edge, along
with a few other mag 10.5 stars.
The background shows unresolved haze and perhaps nebulosity. Adding an NPB filter, there is definite
nebulosity in the northeastern quadrant of the cloud. It spreads northwest and northeast, merging with the outer
tendrils of the Tarantula Nebula!
Within this
cloud is S-L 610 (often misidentified as NGC 2055), a small knot of four stars
in a 1' region. It includes two
bright "stars" (R127, V Å
10.5 and R128, V Å 10.7 ) at 20" separation, along with two 12th
mag stars to the northwest. Both
R127 and R128 are very compact clusters with R127 containing the brightest
Luminous Blue Variable (LBV) in the LMC!
NGC 2050 is probably a group of stars on the north side of the
cloud. Roughly ~20 stars were
resolved including a mag 10.6 star at the west edge and a mag 10.7 star
(11" double) at the southwest edge.
The central part contains several mag 12 stars. A long stream of mag 10-12 stars begins
about 12' SW of the cluster and extends east-northeast for over 20', passing
just south of the Tarantula Nebula.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2055 = h2931 on 24 Nov 1834 and noted "a vL v rich cluster
of sc st 10...15 which more than fills the field." His position is near the center of this
large association or star cloud (LH 96), which includes NGC 2050 and S-L 610.
******************************
NGC 2056 = ESO
056-SC172 = S-L 611
05 36 34 -70 40
17
V = 11.8; Size 1.5'
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): very bright, fairly large, 1.2'
diameter, very high surface brightness core, mottled and clumpy halo with a
couple of mag 15.5-16 stars resolved around the edges. Second of three with NGC 2038 11' NW
and NGC 2075 9' ESE. Mag 9.3 HD
38174 is near the midpoint of NGC 2056 and 2075. Mag 10.5 HD 269825 lies 3.6' SSW and a mag 11 star is 2.5'
N.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2056 = h2932 on 23 Dec 1834 and recorded "pB, R, bM, the
preceding of 2 [with NGC 2075] on the same parallel; a star 9 mag
between." His position is
~30" SE of center of this cluster.
******************************
NGC 2057 = ESO
056-SC174 = S-L 616
05 36 56.2 -70
16 10
V = 12.2; Size 1.8'
24" (4/9/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this LMC cluster is on the south side of a
field filled with 8 NGC clusters.
At 260x it appeared bright, fairly small, round, ~30" diameter,
fairly well concentrated with a small bright core. Situated on a line between NGC 2065 4' NE and a mag 10.4 HD
269839 3' SW. NGC 2046 lies 6.8'
WNW, 2047 7.0' NW and 2058 6.4' N.
James Dunlop
probably discovered NGC 2057 = D 104? on 24 Sep 1826 and described "a very
small faint nebula, 8" or 10" diameter." He made a single
observation and his position is 11' SE of this cluster. Assuming Dunlop also picked up NGC 2057
= D 104 and NGC 2065 = D 105, this identification is reasonable. JH independently discovered NGC 2057 =
h2935 on 11 Nov 1836 and recorded "pF; S; R; gbM; the 5th (4th properly)
of a group of 6, RA only estimated from a rough diagram incorrect (as it would
seem) in the order of the objects."
The entire group
of clusters (NGC 2046, 2047, 2057, 2058, 2059, 2065, 2066) was sketched by
Joseph Turner on 26 Apr 1876 using the 48" Great Melbourne Telescope. See http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/lithograph_m_4_33.php
******************************
NGC 2058 = ESO
056-SC173 = S-L 614
05 36 54.5 -70
09 44
V = 11.9; Size 2.1'
24" (4/9/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is the brightest cluster in a 15'
field of 8 NGC clusters including NGC 2046, 47, 57, 59, 65, 66 and 72. All 8 clusters easily fit in the field
of 13mm Ethos at 200x within a 20' circle. Using 260x, NGC 2058 appeared very bright, large, well
concentrated. The outer halo
extends up to 2' diameter using averted vision. At 350x, a few very faint stars are resolved in the halo and
around the edges of the core. Two
mag 12.5-13 stars lie 1' WSW and 1.5' WNW. Other nearby clusters include NGC 2059 2' N, NGC 2066 4.1'
E, NGC 2047 5.4' WSW and NGC 2065 5.8' SE. I also picked up a couple of "anonymous" clusters
or HII knots. OGLE-CL LMC 632 is
north of NGC 2059 and LHA 120-N171B is following NGC 2072. This group of clusters is located just
over a degree south of the Tarantula Nebula.
James Dunlop
probably discovered NGC 2058 = D 103 on 24 Sep 1826 and described "a A
round well-defined nebula, 30" diameter, bright at the centre. The preceding of three nebulae forming
a triangle" He made a single
observation and his position is just 3.7' NW of the cluster. On 11 Nov 1836, JH
called this cluster (h2933), "B; R; gbM; 90"; the 3rd of a group of
6." Three sweeps later he
observed the cluster again as "vB; R; the 3rd of a group of 7. Pl IV, fig 9." His position and sketch is
accurate. JH equated Dunlop 102
with h2933, which Dunlop described as "a faint ill-defined nebula, perhaps
3' diameter". The large size,
though, makes this identification unlikely.
The entire group
of clusters (NGC 2046, 2047, 2057, 2058, 2059, 2065, 2066) was also sketched by
Joseph Turner on 26 Apr 1876 using the 48" Great Melbourne Telescope. See
http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/lithograph_m_4_33.php
******************************
NGC 2059 = ESO
056-SC175 = S-L 613
05 37 01.5 -70
07 37
V = 12.9; Size 1.1'
24" (4/9/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this LMC cluster is on the north side of a
field of 8 NGC clusters. At 200x
it appeared moderately bright, fairly small, round, 35" diameter. At 350x it appeared grainy but was
still unresolved except for a faint star at the north edge. Located 2.1' NNE of NGC 2058 and just
40" following a mag 12 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2059 = h2936 on 11 Nov 1836 and reported "vF; the 5th (4th
in MS) of a group of 6. Pl IV, fig
9." His position and sketch
is accurate. This cluster was also
sketched using the 48" Great Melbourne Telescope. See
http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/lithograph_m_4_32.php). The cluster was shown as elongated N-S.
The Hodge-Wright Atlas misidentifies OGLE-CL LMC 632 (too far north) as NGC
2059.
******************************
NGC 2060 = 30
Dor B = LMC-N157B = ESO 057-EN1 = LH 99 = SNR 0538-69.1
05 37 46.9 -69
10 18
V = 9.6; Size 2'
18" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this fairly small knot of nebulosity is
situated just southwest of the main mass of the Tarantula nebula approximately
7' from the center. About a
half-dozen mag 12-14 stars are involved (association LH 99) in the glow with a
total diameter of 2'. A mag 12
"star" on the north edge (Brey 73 = TLD1) was resolved by the HST
into a very compact cluster with 11 components, including a Wolf-Rayet star.
Studies have
shown NGC 2060 harbors a compact x-ray source and a rapidly rotating pulsar,
indicating an obscured Crab-like supernova remnant (1998 IAU Circ., 6810,
2). The cluster also contains VFTS
102, the most rapidly rotating massive O-type star known, which is possibly
related to the pulsar.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2060 between Nov 1836 and Mar 1837 with a 5-inch refractor and
listed it as #642 in his preliminary catalogue of "Stars, Nebulae and
Clusters in the Nubecula Major." (not included in his main CGH
catalogue). His position
corresponds with this SNR on the southwest side of the Tarantula nebula.
******************************
NGC 2061 = ESO
363-**16
05 42 53.2 -33
57 29
Size 16'
18"
(1/15/07): at 115x I was initially attacted by a large, bright trapezoid-shaped
asterism of 5 stars with a pair of 9.5-magnitude stars at 35" separation
at the NW vertex. The brightest
star in the asterism is a mag 7.2 orange star at the NE vertex with an 11th
magnitude companion (h3794). But
John Herschel was likely referring to an 8' scattering of a couple of dozen mag
13 and fainter stars that lie to the north of the bright star. This group appears to be a random
collection at the eyepiece.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2061 = h2924 on 9 Jan 1836 and logged "Cluster, 8th class,
course, loose and filling the field; stars 10...13m. Place that of a double star in a vacant part." There is no double star at Herschel's
position but exactly 1.0 tmin west is h3794 = 7.7/11.6 at 20" separation
with a mean position of 05 42 53.2 -33 57 29 (J2000). There is a scattering of stars extending 8' north and five
brighter stars to the south. The
ESO position is 05 42 42 -34 00.6 (2000), and it is classified as a group of
stars instead of a cluster.
Dorothy Carlson also classifies this group as "no cl" (from
Helwan Observatory) and this is repeated in the RNGC.
******************************
NGC 2062 = ESO
086-SC020 = S-L 640
05 40 03.8 -66
52 36
V = 12.7; Size 0.9'
18" (4/6/16
- Coonabarabran, 236x): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated
N-S, 30" diameter, mottled. Some extremely faint stars are on the verge of
resolution including one at the north or northeast edge. Two mag 9.8 stars lie 1.6' S and 2.9'
SSW. A small, low surface patch,
~20"x15" NW-SE, was noticed 4.7' W. On the DSS, it appears to be a possible uncatalogued LMC
cluster. S-L 643 lies 10'
SSE. It appeared fairly faint,
fairly small, round, smooth surface brightness. Located 4.7' E of mag 8.4 HD 38305. A mag 12 star is 2' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2062 = h2937 on 3 Jan 1837 and recorded "vF; E; glbM;
40"; north of 2 stars 10m."
His position is 1 tmin too far west, but his declination matches this
cluster and two bright stars lie to the south, so the identification is
certain. Eric Lindsay first noted
this error in "Some NGC objects in the Large Magellanic Cloud" (IAJ,
6, 286-289), "Position should probably be 1.3m E corresponding to S/L
640."
******************************
NGC 2063
05 46 48 +08 39
12
18"
(1/26/09): although nothing stands out in the field, near William Herschel's
position is a group of 30 stars elongated N-S in a string. Includes mag 10.1 HD 247555 near the
north end, though the richest concentration is at the south end (7' S from the
bright star).
Other observers
have picked brighter groupings in the area as NGC 2063 and WH's description of
"a small cluster of very small scattered stars" is not very
helpful. RNGC classifies the
number as nonexistent and in any case this number likely applies to an asterism
and not a true cluster.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2063 = H VIII-2 on 26 Dec 1783 (very early sweep 67) and logged
"A small Cl of scattered stars." In a second sweep (28 Dec 1785) he reported "A few
pretty closely scattered very small stars." JH equated his h366 = NGC 2039
with his father's H VIII-2, but these are two diferent star fields. Harold Corwin notes there is only a
small grouping of faint stars near WH's position although a larger and brighter
patch of stars is ~8' south-southeast.
In any case, this is likely just a random group of stars. The position given in Archinal and
Hynes (Star Clusters) to the west of NGC 2039 is incorrect. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 2064 = LBN
939 = Ced 55s
05 46 18.4 +00
00 21
Size 12'x2'
17.5"
(12/20/95): very faint reflection nebula in the M78 complex, but clearly
visible. Appears elongated 2:1
SW-NE, at most 2'x1'. There are no
involved stars. Located 7' SW of
M78 and 4' SE of a mag 10.5 star.
The large listed dimensions refer to a very elongated strip extending
NNE on the west side of M78.
13"
(2/25/84): very faint reflection nebula, small. Located 7' WSW of M78 and 4' SE of a mag 10.5 star. This difficult object is near the
visual threshold.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 2064 near M78 on 11 Jan 1864. He noted a mag 9-10 star was 4' north-preceding and measured
an accurate position (2 nights).
The visual extent is much smaller than the catalogued dimensions.
******************************
NGC 2065 = ESO
057-SC002 = S-L 626
05 37 35.9 -70
14 07
V = 11.2; Size 2.6'
24" (4/9/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 260x, this LMC cluster appeared very
bright, fairly large, round, 1.2' diameter, weak concentration. With averted vision, the surface is
mottled and the outer halo increases to at least 1.5'. The cluster appeared very lively at
350x with a few stars just on the verge of resolution. At this power the halo appeared up to
1.8' in diameter. A mag 12 star is
at the NE edge and two mag 13/13.5 stars lie ~1.5' WNW. Eight NGC clusters reside in this one
field with four other clusters within 6': NGC 2057 4' SW, NGC 2066 4.2' N, NGC
2072 4' E and NGC 2058 5.8' NW!
James Dunlop
probably discovered NGC 2065 = D 105 on 24 Sep 1826 and described "a round
well-defined nebula, 25" diameter." He made two observations and his position is 9' SE of this
cluster. On 11 Oct 1836, JH found
the cluster and reported h2938 as "pB; R; last of group of 6. Pl IV, fig 9." Three sweeps later he noted "B;
the 6th of a group of 7." His
position and sketch is accurate.
He questioned if this object was D 103, though D105 seems a better
match. The entire group of
clusters (NGC 2046, 2047, 2057, 2058, 2059, 2065, 2066) was also sketched by
Joseph Turner on 26 Apr 1876 using the 48" Great Melbourne Telescope. See
http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/lithograph_m_4_33.php
******************************
NGC 2066 = ESO
057-SC003 = S-L 627
05 37 41.2 -70
09 58
V = 13.1; Size 1.0'
24" (4/9/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 260x appeared moderately bright and
large, round, 45" diameter, very weakly concentrated. Located on the eastern end of a rich
field of 9 NGC clusters and forms the vertex of an isosceles right triangle
with NGC 2065 4.2' due south and NGC 2058 4.1' due west.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2066 = h2939 on 12 Nov 1836 and noted "vF and S; the last
of a group of 7; this nebula escaped notice sweep 748. Plate IV, fig 9." The sketch on Plate IV accurately
places the 7 clusters (flipped right-left and upside down). The entire group of clusters (NGC 2046,
2047, 2057, 2058, 2059, 2065, 2066) was also sketched by Joseph Turner on 26
Apr 1876 using the 48" Great Melbourne Telescope. See
http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/lithograph_m_4_33.php
******************************
NGC 2067 = Ced
55t
05 46 29 +00 06
24
Size 8'x3'
13.1"
(2/25/84): extremely faint, suspected reflection nebula 5' WNW of M78. Sighting uncertain as only visible
fleetingly. [It's not clear from
my description whether I observed the very low surface brightness circular
patch NW of M78 or the brightest portion of the streamer pointing towards NGC
2064].
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 2067 = T I-17 in 1876 with the 11" refractor at the Arcetri
Observatory. His position and
rough tranlation of his description (in German) points to the very faint
nebulosity to the northwest of M78.
Harold Corwin lists two possible regions as the intended object -
"a large patch of pretty low surface brightness nebulosity about 5 arcmin
northwest of M78" and "a knot about 3 arcmin southwest, the brightest
part of a long faint streamer pointed toward NGC 2064". It's possible that Tempel's nebula
applies to both sections.
******************************
NGC 2068 = M78 =
Ced 55u = vdB 59
05 46 45 +00 04
42
V = 8.0; Size 8'x6'
17.5"
(12/20/95): very bright reflection nebula surrounding two mag 10.5 stars with a
mag 13 star involved at the south end.
Large, irregular shape, 6'x4'.
Brightest along the north side which has a sharply defined slightly
bowed-out edge with one of the mag 10.5 stars near the midpoint. A brighter knot is just following this
star. The nebula irregularly fans
out towards the south and fades with no distinct borders but tapers somewhat at
the south edge.
17.5"
(2/1/92):very bright, surprisingly large, 6'x4'. Surrounds two mag 10 stars although the nebulosity extends
further to east of these stars.
Also a mag 13 star is embedded in the SE end. Brighter and sharper edge gently curves from west to north
side. Appears to fan out to the SE
where the nebula gradually fades into background. Brightest in a group of reflection nebulae including NGC
2064 7' SW and NGC 2067 6' WNW.
8"
(12/6/80): bright reflection nebula, large, NW edge brighter and sharper,
elongated, roughly rectangular, wide pair of mag 10 stars involved,
striking. Brightest in a group of
reflection nebulae.
Pierre MŽchain
discovered M78 = NGC 2068 = h368 in March 1780. WH described M78 on 19 Dec 1783 as "Two large [bright]
stars, well defined, within a nebulous glare of light resembling that in
Orion's sword. There are also three very small [faint] stars just visible in
the nebulous part which seem to be component particles thereof. I think there
is a faint ray near 1/2 deg long towards the east and another towards the south
east less extended, but I am not quite so well assured of the reality of these
latter phenomena as I could wish, and would rather ascribe them to some
deception. At least I shall suspend my judgement till I have seen it again in
very fine weather, tho' the night is far from bad." M78 was the first reflection nebula
that was discovered.
R.J. Mitchell,
using LdR's 72" on 9 Jan 1856, described "in finder eyepiece a B oval
neb with n and nf edges brightest and best defined, and sp edge fading away
gradually; with higher power there is seen a decided darkness at and between
the stars. I can confirm previous
observation as to the curve formed by the brightest part of the neb."
Joseph Turner
made a sketch in Dec 1876 using the 48" Great Melbourne Telescope - see
http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/lithograph_m_3_31.php
******************************
NGC 2069 =
Tarantula Nebula = ESO 057-EN007
05 38 37.7 -69
00 49
V = 10.1
18" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is the northern outer loop of the
Tarantula Nebula which Dunlop and Herschel catalogued separately. Several mag 12-13 stars are involved.
See observing notes for NGC 2070.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 2069 = D 143 on 3 Aug 1826 with his 9 reflector and noted a
"A pretty large, faint, ill-defined nebula, elongated in the direction of
the meridian." His position
is 2'-3' too far north (unusually accurate for him). JH recorded h2940 on 24 Nov 1834 as "the middle of a
large extended faint nebulous mass which forms the northern branch of the great
looped nebula, and is almost, or entirely, detached from it. See the next
object [Tarantula Nebula]."
******************************
NGC 2070 =
Tarantula Nebula = 30 Doradus = LMC-N157A = ESO 057-EN6 = S-L 633 = LH 100
05 38 42 -69 06
03
V = 8.3; Size 40'
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x unfiltered, I examined
the 30 Doradus cluster = R136 cluster at the heart of the Tarantula
Nebula. The cluster is dominated
by R136a, a 10th magnitude bloated "star" at the center that would
not focus sharply. Surrounding
this star was a compact but very rich carpet of dozens of mag 14-15.5 stars
packed into a 1' region that were much too numerous to count.
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia):
The Tarantula nebula was simply unreal at 200x in the 13mm Ethos with a
UHC filter -- better than any photo I've seen and convincingly 3-dimensional,
even though I viewed it late so the elevation was only 20¡. Although this magnification brought out
an unbelievable amount of detail in the loops and ribbons, the main complex fit
snugly in the eyepiece field (30').
20" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): the Tarantula is the largest known emission
region (800-1000 light years) and is easily visible to the naked-eye from
Australia. The view of the
Tarantula early in the morning through a 20" f/5 at 127x (20 Nagler) and
OIII filter was jaw-dropping! Near
the center are several bright loops and arcs. Extending out are a number of convoluted loops including one
heart-shaped arch which is quite large.
Running out from the central region of the nebula are streaming lanes of
nebulosity. One in particular
extends quite a long distance and the outer loops and streamers seem to merge
into some of the nearby HII regions forming a mind-boggling complex. There are perhaps 10 different loops
and ribbons in the main body giving a 3-dimensional effect. Near the center lies an extremely
compact cluster of superluminous stars (R136) but only a few were visible
including what appears to be a single bright star. Also a number of additional stars are scattered about the main
body.
18" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): NGC 2060 lies 6.5' SW of the central
cluster (R136) of the Tarantula.
It appeared as a fairly small knot of nebulosity, ~2' diameter, with
about a half-dozen mag 12-14 stars involved (association LH 99) in the
glow. A mag 12 "star" on
the north edge has been resolved into a very compact cluster by the HST.
Studies have shown this nebula contains a compact x-ray source and a rapidly
rotating pulsar, indicating NGC 2060 is a Crab-like supernova remnant in the
LMC (1998 IAU Circ., 6810, 2).
Hodge 301 is the
oldest cluster in the Tarantula (age 25-30 million years) and is situated just
3' NW of the central cluster (R136). It appeared as a coompact 30" knot with a
half-dozen mag 13-14 stars resolved over haze.
12"
(6/29/02 - Bargo, Australia): first view of the Tarantula in Les Dalrymple's
12" was early in the evening, very low in the southern sky (20¡ elevation)
and without a filter. Even under
these conditions it was a fascinating sight – fairly bright, detailed,
15' convoluted, mottled nebulosity with several striking loops or ribbons which
radiate out from the central region.
Sweeping in the nearby fields I ran across numerous small knots of
nebulosity and small clusters.
10x30 IS
binoculars (1/21/12): viewed the Tarantula Nebula in a 19" dobsonian
(pointed horizontally) and in my binoculars. At a declination of -69.1¡, the
Tarantula just skimmed the horizon from the 9300' Mauna Kea Visitor Center,
culminating 1.1¡ above the horizon! Still with atmospheric refraction, it
was obvious in the binoculars. There was too much extinction and seeing effects
for much structure in the 19".
Nicolas-Louis de
Lacaille discovered NGC 2070 = Lac I-2 = D 142 = h2941 in 1751-1752 using a
half-inch refractor at 8x during his expedition to the Cape of Good Hope. He included it in his 1755 catalogue as
Class I No. 2 and remarked "like the former [NGC 104: "like the
nucleus of a fairly bright comet] but faint." James Dunlop reported D 142 as "a pretty large ill-defined
nebula, of an irregular branched figure, with a pretty bright small star in the
south side of the centre, which gives it the appearance of a nucleus. This is
resolvable into very minute stars - Figure 4. is a very good representation of
the nebula resolved. (N.B. The 30 Doradus is surrounded by a number of nebulae
of considerable magnitudes, nine or ten in number, with the 30 Doradus in the
centre.)"
On his first
observation from the Cape of Good Hope, JH noted "the great nebula; an
assemblage of loops." He later discussed in detail, "This is one of
the most singular and extraordinary objects which the heavens present, and
derives no small addition to its intrinsic interest from its situation, which
is among the thickest of the nebulae and clustering groups of the greater
Nubecula, of whose total area it occupies one-five hundredth part. For these
reasons, as well as because its real nature has been completely misunderstood,
and its magnified appearance so strangely misrepresented in the only figure which
I am aware to have been made of it as to convey an entirely erroneous
impression both of its form and structure; I have taken great pains to give as
nearly as possible a perfect representation of it as it appeared in the
twenty-feet reflector on a great many occasions, but more especially on the
29th November, 1834, when a 'very careful drawing' was made of it by the eye
alone, unaided by any micrometrical measures; and on the 21st and 22nd
December, 1835, when the nebula was worked in from the telescope on a
'skeleton' previously prepared by an approximate reduction of the micrometrical
measures of its principle stars, forming a chart, with a system of triangles,
for its reception and for that of minute stars not susceptible of micrometric
measurement, or not considered as of sufficient importance to be so measured.
This is the only mode in which correct monographs can be executed of nebulae of
this kind which consist of complicated windings and ill-defined members
obliterated by the smallest illumination of the field of view; and in which the
small stars, when very numerous, can be mapped down with tolerable precision.
The following catalogue contains all the stars which I have been able
distinctly to perceive within the area occupied by the nebula and nearly
adjacent to it... [The catalogue contains 105 stars.] The stars thus scattered
over the area occupied by this nebula may or may not be systematically
connected with it, either as an individual object, or as part of the vast and
complex system which constitutes the Nubecula. In respect of their arrangement
there is nothing to distinguish them from those which occupy the rest of the
area covered by the Nubecula, in which every variety of condensation and mode
of distribution is to be met with. The nebula itself (as seen in the 20-feet reflector) is of the milky or
irresolvable kind - quite as free from any mottling or incipient stellar
appearance as any other nebula which I can remember to have examined with that
instrument. Its situation in the Nubecula is immediately adjacent to two large
and rich clusters [NGC 2042 and NGC 2055]. Mr Dunlop remarks that 'The 30
Doradus is surrounded by a number of nebulae of considerable magnitudes, nine
or ten in number, with the 30 Doradus in the centre.', of which nebulae he
gives a figured representation. For what objects these can be intended I am
quite at a loss to conjecture, unless they be the brighter portions of the
nebulous convolutions seen without their connecting enbranchments. But with
this supposition their relative situations, intensities, and magnitudes in the
figure alluded to, so far as I am able to judge, appear irreconcilable."
******************************
NGC 2071 = LBN
938 = Ced 55v = vdB 60
05 47 07.2 +00
17 39
Size 4'x3'
17.5"
(12/20/95): fairly bright reflection nebula surounding a mag 9.5 star, 3.5'
diameter. Shape appears irregular
(although no distinct borders) but extends more to the south side of the star,
which has a faint companion close south.
A second mag 9.5 star (not involved) lies 3.5' NW. The field is strangely lacking in stars
due to obscuration.
17.5"
(2/1/92): fairly bright reflection nebula surrounds a mag 10 star although
extends farther south. A second
mag 13 star is embedded just south of the bright star. The round outline gradually fades into
the background. A mag 10 star is
3.5' NW but the field is strangely devoid of stars due to obscuring dust. Located 15' NNE of M78.
8": faint
reflection nebula. Located 15' NNE
of M78. Surround the SE member of
a mag 10 double star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2071 = H IV-36 on 1 Jan 1786 (sweep 506) and recorded "a
star affected with vF extensive milky chevelure. The star not quite
central." On a second observation on 22 Feb 1786 (sweep 526) he noted
again "a star with a milky chevelure. vF and extensive." In his PT paper of 1791 he mentions
"As by the word chevelure I always denoted something relating to a center,
the connection cannot be doubted."
His position is fairly accurate.
******************************
NGC 2072 = ESO
057-SC004 = S-L 630
05 38 23.8 -70
14 01
V = 13.2; Size 1.0'
24"
(4/10/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 260x this LMC cluster appeared
moderately bright, fairly small, round, 35"-40" diameter, weak
concentration. Located 4' E of NGC
2065 at the east end of a group of 8 NGC clusters (and a couple of fainter
ones)
Pietro Baracchi
discovered NGC 2072 on 20 Dec 1884 with the 48-inch Great Melbourne Telescope
while observing near NGC 2065 in the LMC . He described "following H.1265 [NGC 2065] by 47s and
north 40" is a very faint, small, indistinct patch." Barrachi also found NGC 2043 in the
area, though the identification for that number is not clear. Dreyer credits "Melbourne
Obs" in the NGC (R. L. Ellery's "Observations of Southern Nebulae
made with the [48"] Great Melbourne Telescope 1869 - 1885"). His position is just 0.6' NE of center
of this small cluster.
******************************
NGC 2073 = ESO
554-031 = MCG -04-14-024 = PGC 17772
05 45 53.9 -21
59 58
V = 12.4; Size 1.5'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(12/3/88): fairly faint, very small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus. Located 35' NE of the wide bright
double star Alpha Leporis 3.6/6.3 at 90".
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2073 = H III-241 = h2934 on 20 Nov 1784 (sweep 325) and recorded
"eF, vS, lE nearly in the parallel."
******************************
NGC 2074 =
LMC-N158C = ESO 057-EN8 = S-L 637 = LH 101
05 39 03 -69 29
54
V = 9.3; Size 3.5'x2.0'
24"
(4/10/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): this prominent HII region
(LMC-N158C) and cluster (OB-association LH 101) appeared as a very bright, very
large "C" shaped nebula surrounding a semi-circular chain or crown of
stars open to the SW. Two bright
mag 10.4 and 11 stars oriented SW-NE (50" separation) lie on the northwest
end of this crown. The northeastern luminary consists of a 1.8" pair of
OB-stars (TDS 3273 = 11.4/11.8) and a mag 12.5 Wolf-Rayet star just 3" W.
The mag 11 star to its southwest (HD 269923) is the brightest single star
(A0-class) in the cluster. In
addtion, a mag 12.5 star (O3-class supergiant) is situated on southeast end of
the chain. A bright knot of
diameter ~35" is superimposed on the general glow within the northeast
side of the "C". At 216x
at least 20 fainter stars were resolved in the chain besides the brighter stars
at the ends.
NGC 2074 is part
of a huge complex (LMC-N158) stretching 11' SW-NE with NGC 2081, a bright HII
region that lies just 8' NE.
LMC-N158 is located roughly 20' SSE of the center of the Tarantula
Nebula.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2074 = h2942 in 1834-1835 (exact sweep or date unknown as based
on a detailed sketch of the Tarantula Nebula (NGC 2070) region made over
several nights in Nov 1834 and Dec 1835) and recorded as "pL, pB, mE, of
irreg rounded and somewhat serpentine figure, much brighter in its foll part;
elongated generally in parallel. Involves 5 stars, 2 of which are 10th
mag. See Notes in 'First
Approximation Towards a Catalogue of Objects in the Magellanic
Clouds...'." His position is
~1' W of center.
******************************
NGC 2075 =
LMC-N213 = ESO 057-EN5 = S-L 631
05 38 21 -70 41
04
V = 11.5; Size 2.2'
24"
(11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): very bright, irregular,
triangular-shaped, ~50" diameter.
Near the center is a very bright knot consisting of a few extremely
close stars. A couple of
additional stars are resolved within the glow and a number of stars are near
the edges. The cluster is
surrounded by faint nebulosity (LMC-N213) which doubles the size of the
object. Forms the vertex of an
isosceles right triangle with mag 9.4 HD 38174 4.5' W and a mag 10 star 4.5'
S. Third of three clusters with
NGC 2056 9' WNW and NGC 2038 20' NW.
NGC 2107 lies 24' ENE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2075 = h2943 on 23 Dec 1834 and logged "B, R, bM, resolved;
the following of two on the same parallel [with NGC 2056], a star 9 mag
intervening." His position is
at the east edge of this nebulous cluster.
******************************
NGC 2076 = MCG
-03-15-012 = PGC 17804
05 46 47.1 -16
46 54
V = 13.0; Size 2.2'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 45d
17.5"
(12/3/88): moderately bright, fairly large, oval SW-NE, fairly high surface
brightness but no distinctive core.
Several bright stars are nearby including mag 7.8 SAO 150803 8' NNE and
mag 9.2 SAO 150795 5' WNW. This is
an early-type galaxy with a broad equatorial dust lane.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2076 = H III-267 on 4 Feb 1785 (sweep 365) and recorded
"vF, pS, irr E, bM, requires attention to be seen."
******************************
NGC 2077 =
LMC-N160D = ESO 057-EN9 = LH 103
05 39 35.3 -69
39 21
V = 11.7; Size 1.0'
24" (4/9/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is the southwest component of a very
bright, impressive 2' emission patch with NGC 2080. At 200x and UHC filter, NGC 2077 appeared bright, moderately
large, elongated 2:1 E-W, ~1.2'x0.6'.
Without a filter, three fainter stars are involved in the glow (one is a
massive Wolf-Rayet star). Forms a
close pair with NGC 2080 (Ghost Head Nebula) 1.1' NE.
NGC 2085 and
2086, a smaller pair of bright HII glows, lie 3' and 4' ESE, and the entire
collection forms LMC-N160. In addition, a bright complex of HII knots including
NGC 2078, 2079, 2083 and 2084 (LMC-N159 and O-association LW 105) lies 5' S. Together these groups form a stunning
field about 35' SSE of the Tarantula Nebula.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2077 = h2947 in Dec 1834 (exact sweep date unknown) and
described as "The preceding two forming a double nebula. The place deduced from that of the
following and brighter [NGC 2080 = h2950], by Delta RA = 7.1sec, Delta NPD =
20", as they result from the drawing of Dec 4, 1837. Pl III, figure 4."
James Dunlop
discovered the entire complex (D 145) on 24 Sep 1826 and recorded "This is
the centre of a large cluster of extremely minute stars, with many very small
nebulae in it." His position
is just 4' SE of NGC 2080. As NGC
2077 has a high surface brightness, it was likely picked up as one of the
"very small nebulae in it."
******************************
NGC 2078 = LMC-N159F
= ESO 057-EN10
05 39 39.7 -69
44 37
V = 10.9; Size 0.8'
25"
(10/21/17 - OzSky): NGC 2078 is the northwest portion of the multi-sectioned
NGC 2078-79-83-84 complex (LMC-N159).
At 244x + NPB filter, it appeared as a bright, elongated N-S patch, ~1.3'
in length, with a prominent mag 12.1 star (blue supergiant R128) involved on
the south side and two mag 14/14.5 stars on the north end. It appears brightest on the southern
end and dims on the northern end.
NGC 2079, the brightest section, lies 1.7' S.
24" (4/9/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is the northwest component of an
impressive 4' emission nebula filled with bright knots (LMC-N159), several of
which form a curving "S" shape.
At 200x and UHC filter it appeared as a fairly bright, moderately large
glow surrounding a mag 12 star (B5 supergiant R148) and two fainter stars. This knot is elongated ~E-W, ~1.2'x0.8'
and is encased in a fainter outer halo that extends perhaps 1.5', mostly to the
north. NGC 2079, an extremely
bright isolated patch, lies 1.7' S, NGC 2083 is a similar distance to the east
and NGC 2084 is 2.5' SE.
R148 forms a
6" pair - not logged in either of the two observations above - with the
optical counterpart (V Å 14.8) of LMC X-1, a 10 solar-mass black hole and
variable X-ray source. Nearby is
the impressive LMC-N160 complex with NGC's 2077 and 2080, another very bright
patch of nebulosity 6' N, and NGC's 2085 and 2086, a smaller bright pair, a
similar distance to the NE. This
complex, along with LMC-N159, is within the O-association LH 105.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2078 = h2948 on 23 Dec 1834 and recorded "the north
preceding of the four principal nuclei of the nebula of Plate III, figure
4." Herschel's sketch shows a
complex object with 7 condensations or nuclei, involved in nebulosity. The four
NGC objects in this grouping are NGC 2078, 2079, 2083 and NGC 2084. Glen Cozens and Wolfgang Steinicke
assign Dunlop's #149 (discovered in 1826) to NGC 2078. Dunlop recorded "a faint round
nebula, about 1' diameter" and his position is 6' due east of this
emission nebula. But unless there
is additional information available, I don't see how a specific object in this
complex can be assigned to D 149.
******************************
NGC 2079 =
LMC-N159A = ESO 057-EN11
05 39 40 -69 46
20
V = 11.8; Size 1.0'
25"
(10/21/17 - OzSky): NGC 2079 = Henize N159A is at the southwest end of the
impressive NGC 2078-79-83-84 complex (N159) and has the highest surface
brightness. At 244x + NPB filter
it appeared extremely bright, moderately large, with an unusual triangular outline,
~1' diameter, extremely high surface brightness. A thin fainter strip is on the south end, otherwise, the
outline is very sharply defined.
Contains a slightly darker interior region or perhaps a weak dust
lane. Unfiltered a faint star or
two is at the center, including the O5-type ionizing source DD 13. NGC 2079 is just detached from NGC 2084
to the northeast.
24" (4/9/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is the brightest section of an
impressive 4' collection of perhaps 8 different emission knots (collectively
LMC-N159) that are encased in a diffuse glow and carry four separate NGC
designations. NGC 2079 (LMC-N159A) is situated on the southwest end of the
complex and appeared extremely bright, ~1' diameter,with a uniform very high
surface brightness. The outline
has an unusual triangular shape (one vertex at the north end) with a
well-defined border and appears detached from the main section. Without a filter, a faint star and
ionizing source (DD 13, an unresolved pair of O-stars) is located at the center
of the glow.
NGC 2079 is collinear
with two mag 12 stars 1.7' N (at the center of 2078) and another mag 12 star
3.5' N. The main section of the complex to the northeast forms a large
"S" shaped group of multiple knots with NGC 2078 1.7' N, 2084 to the
east and 2083 to the NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2079 = h2949 on 23 Dec 1834 and recorded "The most southern
of a group of 4 or 5 nebulae, 5' diameter, mixed with stars. This is the south preceding of the four
chief nuclei [NGC 2078, 2079, 2083 and 2084] of the complex group of Plate III,
figure 4". Herschel's sketch shows a complex object with 7 condensations
or nuclei involved in nebulosity with the NGC 2079 at the upper right corner in
the detailed sketch.
James Dunlop
discovered the entire complex earlier in 1826 and described D 152 as "a
cluster of six or seven small nebulae, forming a square figure 5' or 6'
diameter, with several minute stars mixt. This is a very pretty group of
nebulae - see Figure 5."
Dunlop's sketch appears to show this complex though his position is 15'
SE. Since NGC 2079 is one of the
brightest sections, Dunlop should probably be credited with the discovery.
******************************
NGC 2080 = Ghost
Head Nebula = LMC-N160A = ESO 057-EN12 = S-L 641
05 39 44.6 -69
38 45
V = 10.4; Size 1.5'
24" (4/9/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x and UHC filter, this emission
nebula is very impressive, appearing as an extremely bright nebulous glow with
an irregular shape, ~1.5' diameter, slightly elongated. The brightest section is encased in a
larger, fainter nebulous glow that extends mostly to the south. NGC 2077, a bright HII glow, is
attached on the SW side with their centers just 1' apart. Located just 30' SSE of the center of
the Tarantula Nebula!
Along with NGC
2085 and 2086, another pair of knots ~3' SE, the complex forms LMC-N160. Roughly 6' S is LMC-N159, another
stunning group of nebulous glows consisting of NGC 2078, 2079, 2083 and
2084. NGC 2080 is the brightest
region in the LMC-N159/160 complex and is nicknamed the "Ghost-Head
Nebula" from a 2000 HST image.
At 350x the view
was fascinating with 3 or 4 "stars" embedded (the brightest one or
two appeared to be quasi-stellar knots) and NGC 2080 had a curdled
texture. A couple of brighter mag
13/14 stars are off the NW side and a number of stars trail off to the east and
NE (part of the O-association LH 103).
The two
"eyes" of the Ghost Head (noted as quasi-stellar above) are rare,
compact "high excitation blobs" (HEBs) of diameter ~3". They were discovered in 1986 and
identified as A1 and A2, separated by ~20".
James Dunlop
probably discovered NGC 2080 = D 145 or D 150 in 1826 and described D 145 as
"the centre of a large cluster of extremely minute stars, with many very
small nebulae in it."
Dunlop's position falls just southwest of the NGC 2077/2080/2085/2086
association and just northwest of the NGC 2078/2079/2083 association, so he
certainly observed several of these objects and NGC 2080 is perhaps the
brightest individual section. D
150 was recorded as "A well-defined round nebula, small. This precedes a group of
nebulae." There is nothing at
his position but NGC 2080 is 14' NW and it is on the west side of the complex,
so fits the description.
JH observed NGC
2080 = h2947 in Dec 1834 and logged "B; R; double; the other sp [NGC 2077]
is F; R; followed by clustering stars." An excellent sketch of the entire complex is on plate
III, figure 4.
******************************
NGC 2081 =
LMC-N158A = ESO 057-SC13 = LH 104
05 40 00 -69 24
24
V = 9.9; Size 6'x3.5'
24" (4/10/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): At 214x, this is a gorgeous star cloud
consisting of two dozen stars in a 5' region (stellar association LH 104, which
is dominated by B-class supergiants), including many mag 13-14 stars as well as
mag 12.2 star HD 38489 (an extreme luminous blue variable!) on the northeast
side. Adding a UHC filter enhances
a fairly bright HII glow that nearly surrounds the entire cluster in a
triangular wreath (weak in the center)!
The brightest portion is a ribbon with a bright region (identified in
SIMBAD as BSDL 2722) at one end just south of the cluster and extending due
east. With closer inspection BSDL
2722 actually consists of a couple of knots and fainter streaks intersecting! Just beyond the east end of this ribbon
is NGC 2091, a slightly elongated cluster that is collinear with the
streamer. HDE 269936, a mag 11
"star" (found to be an extremely compact cluster) is just off the SW
side and NGC 2074, a bright HII region and cluster (part of the same complex
LMC-N158), lies 8' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2081 = h2951 in 1834-1835 (exact sweep or date unknown as based
on a detailed sketch of the Tarantula Nebula (NGC 2070) region made over
several nights in Nov 1834 and Dec 1835) and simply noted in the CGH catalogue
as a "Cluster VI of vF stars and nebula. See Catalogue of Nubecula Major." His coordinates and placement on his
chart of the LMC matches this association.
******************************
NGC 2082 = ESO
086-021 = PGC 17609
05 41 51.0 -64
18 04
V = 12.1; Size 1.8'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.1
14" (4/7/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x): fairly bright, moderately large, round, 1.3' diameter,
irregular surface brightness, slightly mottled like a face on spiral. A mag 12 star is 2.5' ESE and two mag
11.5 stars are 8' WNW. Shines
through the north edge of the LMC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2082 = h2945 on 30 Nov 1834 and recorded "pF, L, R, vlbM,
2'." On a later sweep he
added "B, L, R, glbM, 90", has a *10m 2' dist 25¡
south-following." His
position and decsription matches ESO 086-021 = PGC 17609.
******************************
NGC 2083 =
LMC-N159D = ESO 057-EN14
05 39 58.8 -69
44 10
V = 10.8; Size 1.5'
25"
(10/21/17 - OzSky): NGC 2083 is the main northern section and the largest piece
of the NGC 2078/79/83/84 complex (LMC-N159 and OB-association LH 105). At 244x and NPB filter it appeared
bright, large, nearly 2' in diameter, roughly circular. The surface brightness appeared fairly
uniform, though lower at the northeast periphery where is merges with NGC 2078. Unfiltered, a half-dozen dozen stars
mag 13.5 and fainter are involved in the nebula, along with mag 12.5 RMC 149,
an O8.5-type supergiant near the center.
At 397x (unfiltered), a mag 14.5 companion is 7" N of RMC 149 and
the star seemed slightly "soft".
On the southeast
side of NGC 2083 [44" SE of the mag 12.5 star] is the 15th magnitude
"star" N159-5, known as the LMC "Papillon Nebula". This very compact object is classified
as a Young Stellar Object (YSO) and High Excitation Blob (HEB), a rare class of
ionized nebulae associated with massive star formation. At 397x it appeared faint (15th mag)
and quasi-stellar (though difficult to confirm).
24"
(4/10/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 214x and UHC filter, NGC 2083
appeared as a bright, large, slightly elongated glow ~1.8' diameter,
surrounding a mag 12.5 star (O-class supergiant). A brighter knot is embedded within the glow on the west side
(LMC-N159I) on a line with NGC 2078.
Removing the filter, the bright central star has a companion at ~7"
and several other mag 14 stars are embedded in the periphery of the glow.
NGC 2083 is
situated in the northeast section of the curving "S" shaped NGC
2078/79/83/84 complex (LMC-N159 and OB-association LH 105). This complex shares the same field with
two additional bright emission regions - NGC 2085/86 4' N and NGC 2077/80 ~5.5'
NNW (LMC-N160), and the combined complex forms a superb field of bright HII
regions ~35' SSE of the center of the Tarantula Nebula. Although Herschel assigned 4 NGC
numbers within LMC-N159, I logged at least 7 different brighter knots (see NGC
2084 for more).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2083 = h2952 (along with numerous other objects in this HII
complex) on 23 Dec 1834 and
recorded "the north following nucleus of the complex group of Plate III,
figure 4, from drawing."
Herschel's excellent sketch shows a complex object with 7 condensations
or nuclei, involved in nebulosity. The four NGC objects in this grouping are
NGC 2078, 2079, 2083 and NGC 2084.
******************************
NGC 2084 =
LMC-N159C = ESO 057-EN15
05 40 06.9 -69
45 34
V = 11.3; Size 1.2'
25"
(10/21/17 - OzSky): NGC 2084 is the second brightest section of the striking
Henize N159 complex (NGC 2078/70/83/84) on its SE side and the brightest part
of N159C. At 255x + NPB filter, it
appeared very bright, fairly large, irregular shape, over 1' diameter
(elongated N-S). Unfiltered two stars are involved included a mag 14.0 (O-7
type). Fainter nebulosity extends
west for 1' (also part of N159C) with a mag 14.0 O7-type and 14.5 O8-type stars
involved unfiltered. The nebulosity curls north on its west side and brightens
in a 40" circular patch (N159C-west) that includes two 15th mag stars
(unfiltered), one a young stellar object (YSO). Overall, N159C displays a highly irregular curving shape
with a patchy surface brightness and includes a half-dozen stars.
N159E, a
detached piece ~1.5' S, is a fairly faint to moderately bright patch,
irregularly round, 35" diameter, even surface brightness. Unfiltered, a star was seen involved
with the nebulosity (ionizing source?). N159G, a slightly brighter detached piece 1.1' ENE of
NGC 2084, appeared moderately bright and large, roughly oval, ~45"
diameter. Unfiltered, a faint star
is centered in N159G.
24"
(4/10/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): This emission knot was noted while
making a careful observation of NGC 2084, which is located within the southeast
region of a very bright nebular complex NGC 2078-79-83-8 (LMC-N159), located
~40' SSE of the Tarantula Nebula.
At the northeast end of the NGC 2084 region I noted a moderately bright,
round knot, ~45" diameter.
Without a filter a star is involved with this glow. Although John Herschel didn't
catalogued this knot, it's shown on his sketch (Plate III, figure 4). NGC 2084, a brighter knot, is close WSW
on a direct line with NGC 2079.
NGC 2084 appeared very bright, fairly large, elongated, ~1.2'x1.0'. Removing the filter a couple of stars
are involved (with one brighter star).
24"
(4/10/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): I returned to this detailed nebula
the following night to make a complete observation at 200x using a UHC
filter. NGC 2084 forms the SE
region of the complex and it's composed of several nearby components. At the NE end of this extended region
is a moderately bright, round knot, ~45" diameter (N159G). Without a filter a star is involved
with N159G (sketched by John Herschel but not catalogued). A second, brighter embedded
"glow" is close WSW on a direct line with NGC 2079. This knot corresponds with John
Herschel's position for NGC 2084 and is catalogued as N159C-east. It appeared very bright, fairly large,
elongated, ~1.2'x1.0'. Removing
the filter a couple of stars are involved (with one brighter star). Finally, N159C-west (also sketched by
Herschel but not cataloged) lies 1.5' W of N159C-east in the center of the
entire complex and is connected to N159C-west by a faint bridge of
nebulosity. N159C-west appeared
fairly bright, moderately large, round, 45" diameter.
24" (4/9/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is the SE component of a fascinating
4' HII complex filled with up to 8 distinguishable knots (4 have NGC numbers)
with several of the brighter knots forming an "S" shape (this knot is
at SE end of the "S").
At 200x and UHC filter it appeared very bright, round, fairly large
glow, 1' diameter and encased within fainter nebulous haze that extends to the
west. NGC 2083 lies 1.5' NNW
within the background glow that envelopes the entire complex.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2084 = h2953 in Dec 1834 and described as "The south
following nucleus of the complex group of Plate III fig 4, from
drawing." Herschel's sketch
shows 7 condensations or nuclei, involved in nebulosity. The four NGC objects
in this grouping are NGC 2078, 2079, 2083 and NGC 2084. The complex was
discovered earlier by James Dunlop on 24 Sep 1826 and D 149 was recorded as
"a faint round nebula, about 1' diameter". His description could apply to NGC 2084 or one of the
others in the nebulous group. His
position is ~5' too far east.
******************************
NGC 2085 =
LMC-N160B = ESO 057-EN16
05 40 09.3 -69
40 23
V = 12.1; Size 0.7'
24" (4/9/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this HII knot is part of an amazing field
of nebulous glows located ~35' SSE of the Tarantula Nebula. At 200x using a UHC filter, NGC 2085
appears bright, fairly small, ~25" diameter. A mag 10.0 star (supergiant
HDE 269953) is just off the NE end (23" from the center). NGC 2085 forms a close pair with NGC
2086 = IC 2145, a similar knot just 1.2' E. Both of these knots are immersed in small, much fainter
nebulous halos but the bright star itself does not appear to be involved. Viewing with the filter, the field is
divided up into three main groups with NGC 2085 and 2086 forming a close E-W
pair separated by a mag 10 star.
NGC 2080 (brightest section in the LMC-N159/160 complex) and NGC 2077
lies ~2.5' NW and an impressive cluster of nebulous knots (NGC 2078, 2079, 2083
and 84) is roughly 6' SSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2085 = h2954 on 23 Dec 1834 and reported "a very faint,
nearly round nebula close to a star 10th mag, not observed in sweeping, but
laid down Dec 4, 1873 in the drawing fig 4, Plate III whence its place is
derived." The identification
is certain based on his sketch.
******************************
NGC 2086 = IC
2145 = LMC-N160C = ESO 057-EN18
05 40 24 -69 40
14
V = 12.0; Size 0.7'
24" (4/9/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is the eastern component of a close
pair of nebulous glows with NGC 2085 just 1.2' W. This pair is part of a fascinating group of numerous
emission nebulae (LMC-N160 and LMC-N159) just 35' S of the Tarantula
nebula. At 200x with a UHC filter,
this knot appears very bright (slightly brighter than NGC 2085), fairly small,
round, ~30" diameter. Without
a filter, a faint star is near the center. Mag 10 supergiant HD 269953 (misidentified as NGC 2086 in
the ESO catalogue), which is nearly attached to the NE side of NGC 2085, lies
1' W.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2086 = h2956 in Dec 1834 and recorded "B, pS, R, lbM,
follows a star 10m with other S stars about it. Not observed in sweeping, but laid down in the drawing of
Dec 4, 1837, whence its place is derived from the drawing fig 4, Pl III . JH's position and sketch clearly shows
that NGC 2086 follows the mag 10 star and corresponds with a nebulous patch 12
seconds of RA following the bright star.
Williamina
Fleming independently found this nebula again on an objective prism plate taken
in 1901 at Arequipa. Dreyer recatalogued Fleming 92 as IC 2145. ESO, Harold Corwin and Mati Morel
misidentified NGC 2086 with the mag 10 star. After Corwin was notified he corrected his identification of
NGC 2086.
******************************
NGC 2087 = ESO
159-026 = PGC 17684
05 44 16.2 -55
31 57
V = 13.8; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 136d
14" (4/7/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x): fairly faint, slightly elongated, 30"x25",
weak concentration. Mag 7.5 HD
38873 is 11' ESE, mag 7.5 HD 38683 is 10' S, and unequal double HJ 3802 (8.4/10.7
at 8") is 14' SE, the trio forming a striking right triangle of stars.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2087 = h2946 on 6 Dec 1834 and noted "eF, R, vlbM,
40"." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 2088 = ESO
057-SC020 = S-L 652
05 41 00 -68 27
55
V = 12.5; Size 1.7'
30"
(10/14/15 - OzSky): at 394x; bright, fairly small, irregular, ~35"
diameter. Includes a bright
quasi-stellar knot of stars near the center along with an individual star close
east and a couple of mag 15-16 stars around the edges. A neat 6' curving stream of stars
begins at a mag 11 star 4.5' north and arcs southeast. NGC 2088 is the first in a group of
cluster with NGC 2096 7' E, NGC 2094 8.6' NE, NGC 2098 14' NE and NGC 2109 19'
ESE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2088 = h2955 on 9 Feb 1836 and recorded "eF; S; R;
insulated." His mean position
(2 sweeps) of 05 40 56.4 -68 27 54 (2000) was used by Dreyer in the NGC. The declination given in RNGC, NGC 2000
and UGC 2000 (first edition) is exactly 1 degree too far south. This error originated in Shapley and
Lindsay's "A Catalogue of Clusters in the Large Magellanic Cloud",
Irish Astronomical Journal, v. 6, pp. 74-91, 1963. The declination should have been -68¡ 29' instead of -69¡
29'. The error was noted by Hodge
and Wright in their LMC Atlas. The
ESO and Kontizas position is correct.
******************************
NGC 2089 = ESO
554-036 = MCG -03-15-016 = PGC 17860
05 47 51.4 -17
36 08
V = 11.9; Size 1.9'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 39d
17.5"
(12/3/88): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, bright core,
stellar nucleus. Collinear with a
mag 11 star 1.6' SSE and a mag 12 star 2.8' SSE of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2089 = H III-270 on 6 Feb 1785 (sweep 367) and recorded "a
very faint extremely small stellar nebula; 240 verified it with difficulty, and
considerable attention, the night being uncommonly clear." JH did not make an observation but the
NGC position matches ESO 554-036 =
PGC 17860. Auwers reduced RA is 1
hr too large.
******************************
NGC 2090 = ESO
363-023 = MCG -06-13-009 = PGC 17819
05 47 01.8 -34
15 02
V = 11.2; Size 4.9'x2.4'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 13d
13.1"
(2/25/84): faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 ~N-S, 2.5'x0.8'. A mag 13.5 star is at the north tip
1.5' from center, a mag 14 star is at the west edge, 40" from center and
another 14th mag star is 1.2' SE.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 2090 = D 594 = h2944 on 29 Oct 1826 and described "a small
faint nebula, with a ray shooting out on the north side." Dunlop observed this galaxy once and
his position is 3' too far SSW.
The "ray" he mentions probably consists of 3 mag 13-14 stars. JH recorded the galaxy twice, on 8 Jan
1836 recording a "globular cluster, B; R; with an appendage to northward; 2.5'
diameter." The following night he described it as "B, irreg R, gbM;
3' long; 2' broad with stars appended. This RA to be preferred". Herschel called this galaxy a globular
in the GC and Dreyer copied that classification in the NGC description.
******************************
NGC 2091 = ESO
057-SC021 = S-L 653
05 40 57.7 -69
26 11
V = 12.0; Size 1.0'
24"
(4/10/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): I accidentally picked up this
cluster while examining the beautiful star cloud/nebula NGC 2081 to the NW. A bright E-W ribbon is on the south
side of NGC 2081 with its vertex (brighter and larger end of the streamer)
closest to NGC 2074 (to the SW) and extending towards the east. Just beyond the east end of this ribbon
I picked up this elongated glow that appeared collinear with the streamer. At 214x without a filter, the
35"x25" knot partially resolved into a number of fainter stars.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2091 = h2957 in 1834-1835 (exact sweep or date unknown as based
on a detailed sketch of the Tarantula Nebula (NGC 2070) region made over
several nights in Nov 1834 and Dec 1835) and recorded as "vF; S; mE; glbM;
1' l; perhaps a vF double neb. See
Catalogue of the Nubecula Major."
Since no sweep is given in his LMC catalogue, the discovery date is
unknown. His position is ~1' SSW
of this cluster.
******************************
NGC 2092 = ESO
057-SC022
05 41 22.0 -69
13 27
V = 12.2; Size 1.2'
18" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): very faint round knot, ~40" diameter
with a brighter core. Located 4' W
of NGC 2100 and 17' SE of the center of the Tarantula.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2092 = h2962 in 1834-1835 (exact sweep or date unknown as based
on a detailed sketch of the Tarantula Nebula (NGC 2070) region made over
several nights in Nov 1834 and Dec 1835) and recorded a "cluster class 6.
vF, R, 60", partially resolved. See Catalogue of the Nubecula
Major". The CGH position
(based on the sketch) is 1.3' east of this cluster (and just west of NGC 2100).
Eric Lindsay, in
the 1964 paper "Some NGC objects in the Large Magellanic Cloud" (IAJ,
6, 286-289), notes "This may be the star-rich region just W of NGC 2100.
Position deduced by Herschel from a drawing and not made in a sweep. Listed as
N[ebula] in Nubec. Cat and Cl in general Cat. Description does not agree with anything here."
******************************
NGC 2093 = ESO
057-SC023 = S-L 657 = LH 109
05 41 50 -68 55
18
V = 11.6; Size 1.5'
14" (4/3/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x): this
stellar association (LH 109) is located just 20' NE of the center of the
Tarantula Nebula and less than 1' SSE of a mag 7.2 star (HD 38617). It appeared as a fairly bright, fairly
large mottled glow, roughly 1.7' in diameter. A mag 11.7 star is at the west
edge. Several faint stars are
resolved around the edges, including ones at the north, northeast and south
side. A mag 9.4 star (HD 38654) is
3' NW and a mag 9.4 star (HD 269975) is 6' WSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2093 = h2963 on on 30 Dec 1836 and recorded "vF, S, R. This
nebula forms an appendage to the skirts of the great looped nebula 30 Doradus,
which hang down in visible fringes from the upper (southern) part of the
field." His position is
accurate. Herschel gave a possible
equivalence with D 184, which James Dunlop discovered in 1826 and described as
"a very small round nebula, about 8" diameter." Dunlop's position is 9' due west of the
cluster.
******************************
NGC 2094 = KMHK
1251
05 42 07.4 -68
21 47
V = 12.8; Size 0.4'
30"
(10/14/15 - OzSky): at 394x; bright, small, high surface brightness, 20"
diameter. Two close stars are
resolved at the north edge. Mag
9.6 HD 270036 is 4.6' SE. Several clusters are nearby including NGC 2098 5.8'
NNE, NGC 2096 5.8' S and NGC 2088 8.7' SW
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2094 = h2959 on 31 Jan 1835 and noted "vF; S; R;
12"." Herschel made a
single observation and his position is an excellent match with KMHK 1251. The Hodge-Wright LMC Atlas
misidentifies ESO 57-SC26 as NGC 2094.
This cluster is situated 33' south (and just following NGC 2093). ESO and NED followed this
misidentification. Archinal and
Hynes correctly identify NGC 2094 = KMHK 1251.
******************************
NGC 2095 = ESO
086-SC024 = S-L 669 = LH 112
05 42 51 -67 19
18
V = 13.1; Size 3.0'x1.5'
30"
(10/13/15 - OzSky): Although Herschel described a large "oblong
cluster", the brightest subgroup is at the east end (S-L 669). It appeared as a bright, moderately
large patch, irregular, 1' diameter, with several mag 13.5-14 stars resolved
around the edges. A separate patch
lies 1.3' W with a mag 11 star 2.2' W.
A group of stars (KMHK 1253) is 1' NW of the brighter star. The entire collection forms the stellar
association LH 112, a 3'x1.5' group of resolved stars highlighted by S-L
669. Located 8' NE of mag 7.0 HD
38616.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2095 = h2961 on 20 Dec 1835 and described "a star 9m, chief
of a F irreg oblong cluster 3' in extent." His position, measured on 3 sweeps, is fairly accurate.
******************************
NGC 2096 = ESO
057-SC027 = S-L 664
05 42 18 -68 27
30
V = 11.4; Size 1.2'
30"
(10/14/15 - OzSky): bright, compact LMC cluster, ~25". A close double star is resolved at the
center, along with two other bright mag 13 stars and a couple of additional mag
15+ stars. A mag 11.8 star is off
the west side [40" from center].
Mag 9.6 HD 270036 lies 3.5' NE.
Nearby is NGC 2088 7' W, NGC 2094 6' N and NGC 2098 11' NNE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2096 = h(725) between Nov 1836 and Mar 1837 with a 5-inch
refractor and listed it as#725 in his preliminary catalogue of "Stars,
Nebulae and Clusters in the Nubecula Major." His position is 1.7' too far south.
******************************
NGC 2097 = ESO
086-SC028 = S-L 682
05 44 16 -62 47
06
V = 13.7; Size 1.8'
30"
(10/15/15 - OzSky): at 303x and 394x; fairly faint , moderately large, 45"
glow with a mag 14 star involved on the south side. The slightly brighter core of the cluster is very close
northeast of the star, but the cluster was unresolved. The field includes a mag 13 star 2' SSE,
two mag 11/12.5 stars 3.5' ENE and a group of mag 13-15 stars ~3' NW. Located 17.5' NE of mag 6.9 HD 38511.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2097 = h2960 on 26 Dec 1834 and described as "F,
irregularly round, psbM, sf a small group." On a second sweep he called it
"eF, S, R; has a star 16th mag in centre." His last observation was
recorded as "pF, R, pslbM, 50"." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2098 = ESO
057-SC028 = S-L 667
05 42 30 -68 16
30
V = 10.7; Size 1.6'
30" (10/14/15
- OzSky): extremely bright LMC
cluster, ~1' diameter. Contains a
very bright, nebulous core. The
halo is largely resolved and includes two or three bright stars; a mag 13 star
is at the east edge, a mag 13-13.5 star is at the north edge and a mag 13.5
star is at the south edge. In
addition another 10 stars are resolved in the cluster. Several clusters are to the south: NGC
2094 5.8' SSW, NGC 2096 11' S, NGC 2088 14' SW as well as S-L 666 6' NNW. The S-L cluster surrounds a mag 13 star
and a half-dozen mag 15/16 stars are resolved in a 40" halo.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2098 = h2965 on 31 Jan 1835 and recorded "B; S clustering
group or globular cluster; 30", stars visible." On a second sweep he logged it as
"a small close knot or cluster, 40"." JH gave a very uncertain (??) equivalence with D 185. Dunlop's description reads "a
small faint round nebula, preceding a minute double star of the 12th
magnitude. Another similar nebula
follows, about 20" in RA, and 2' south in a line with the double
star." His position is nearly
13' due E of this cluster, though there is no "similar nebula" that
follows, so this identification is very suspect.
******************************
NGC 2099 = M37 =
Cr 75
05 52 19 +32 33
12
V = 5.6; Size 24'
8": very
large, very rich cluster, over 150 stars, rich in mag 10-13 stars. A reddish star, HD 39183, is near the
center. Best of the three bright
Messier open clusters in Auriga and one of the top open clusters in the sky.
Giovanni
Hodierna discovered M37 = NGC 2099 = h369 in 1654. Charles Messier independently discovered the cluster on 2
Sept 1764 and reported a "cluster of small stars, not far from the
preceding [M36], on the parallel of Chi Aurigae; the stars are very small, very
crowded and containing nebulosity; it is difficult to see the stars with an
ordinary telescope of 3 feet and a half." On 4 Nov 1782, WH recorded "Is an astonishing
number of small stars with 227; they are almost all of the 2ndor 3rd class. I
see no kind of nebulosity in the spot. With 460 the whole is resolvable into
stars without nebulosity."
******************************
NGC 2100 = ESO
057-SC025 = S-L 662 = LH 111
05 42 08.0 -69
12 44
V = 9.6; Size 2'
18" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this LMC cluster appears as a small, bright
(V = 9.6) clump of stars and unresolved haze with a diameter of ~2'. Fairly compact and isolated with at
least 10 mag 12 and fainter stars resolved. Located 20' ESE of the core of the Tarantula nebula within
the LMC OB-association LH 111. On
the DSS, this appears to be a very rich open cluster or globular within a
larger association. NGC 2092 ies
4' WSW and NGC 2108 is 10' ENE.
James Dunlop
probably discovered NGC 2100 = D 154? on 25 Sep 1826 and reported "a
pretty bright round or rather elliptical nebula, 25" diameter." His position is 5.6' ESE of the
cluster, well within his typical errors.
Glen Cozens assigns D 151 to NGC 2100. Dunlop described this entry as "a faint ill-defined
small nebula" and the position is just 2.5' NW of the cluster. Finally, JH also suggest that D 147
might be an equivalence. This
entry is 8.4' WSW of the cluster and the description reads "a pretty
bright round or rather oval nebula, 30" diameter." This description is very similar to the
one for D 154.
On his first
sweep of 3 Nov 1834, JH described NGC 2100 = h2966 as "a bright S cluster
of distinct stars (thick haze)."
On a second sweep he wrote "the cluster sf the great looped
nebula." On a third occasion he called it "globular cluster, irr R,
psmbM, 2'." His 4th sweep
reads "globular, B, R, 3', all resolved into stars 13..16th
mag." His final record states
"B, S, m compressed, not mbM; irregular oval, 3', stars distinct 13th
mag." He noted it might be equivalent to Dunlop 154, 151? or 154??
******************************
NGC 2101 = ESO
205-001 = PGC 17793
05 46 22.6 -52
05 24
V = 13.7; Size 1.9'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.5; PA = 85d
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): at 166x, this disturbed, chaotic galaxy appeared
extremely faint, very small, round, 15" diameter. The galaxy is collinear
with a string of three mag 10-11 stars to the SW (closest star is 3.6' SW) and
mag 14 stars are close south and ESE.
Located 22' SSW of NGC 2104.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2101 = h2958 on 9 Jan 1837 and recorded "eF, R, 40", a
line of three stars, 10th mag to south, points nearly to it." His position and description is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 2102 = ESO
057-SC029 = S-L 665
05 42 21 -69 29
12
V = 11.4; Size 1.0'
30"
(10/13/15 - OzSky): at 394x; bright, small, mottled glow, 24" diameter. A
half-dozen tightly packed stars are resolved including an easy mag 12.9 star at
the south edge. Located 17' E of
the excellent NGC 2074 nebulous cluster and 15' SE of showpiece NGC 2081, both
of which lie ~20' SSE of the Tarantula Nebula!
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2102 between Nov 1836 and Mar 1837 with a 5-inch refractor and
recorded it as#730 in his preliminary catalogue of "Stars, Nebulae and
Clusters in the Nubecula Major."
His position is 0.9' SSW of this cluster.
******************************
NGC 2103 =
LMC-N214C = ESO 57-EN24 = S-L 660 = LH 110
05 41 40 -71 19
56
V = 10.8; Size 3'x2'
25"
(10/17/17 - OzSky): at 244x unfiltered; fairly bright, very large, roundish
glow surrounding a central star (12.7-magnitude O2-type Sk -71¡51) with a
bright quasi-stellar knot at the north edge (0.9' N of the central star). Increasing the magnification to 397x,
~8 total stars are involved with the nebula, which was clearly elongated
NNW-SSE (tapering on the SSE end) and brighter along a central spine. The addition of a NPB filter at 244x
produced an excellent contrast gain and the nebula appeared very bright with an
irregular surface brightness. The
small knot at the north edge (a high excitation HII blob or HEB) was prominently
visible.
Note: The
central "star" was resolved by the HST into a compact cluster of at
least 6 components in a 4" region!
HEBs are small dense regions, usually "only" 4 to 9
light-years wide, that sometimes form adjacent to or inside giant H II regions
and according to Iranian astronomer Heydari-Malayeri, represent "early
stages of massive stars (O-type) emerging from their embryonic molecular
clouds."
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this LMC cluster and emission nebula
appeared as a bright, very large oval glow, ~3'x2'. Excellent response to a UHC filter at 200x and with this
combination the nebulosity has a very high surface brightness. Five stars down to 15th magnitude are
involved unfiltered with mag 12.7-magnitude Sk -71¡51, an unusually hot and
intrinsically bright star (O2-class), at the center. The cluster is the O-association LH 110.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2103 = h2968 on 23 Dec 1834 and recorded "pB; L; pmE; glbM;
has a *13m in the middle."
His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2104 = ESO
205-002 = PGC 17822
05 47 04.7 -51
33 11
V = 12.7; Size 2.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 160d
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): at 166x appears very faint, moderately large, elongated
3:2 NNW-SSE, low even surface brightness, 1.3'x0.8'. A mag 12 star lies 5' SW. Easy to locate 29' S of mag 3.9 Beta Pictoris. NGC 2101 lies 22' SSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2104 = h2964 on 27 Dec 1834 and recorded "pB, R, vlbM,
30"." His position
matches ESO 205-002 = PGC 17822.
******************************
NGC 2105 = ESO
086-SC029 = S-L 687
05 44 19.8 -66
55 02
V = 12.2; Size 1.7'
30"
(10/13/15 - OzSky): at 394x; very bright, large, irregular, mottled, partially
resolved, 50"x30" E-W.
Slightly brighter stars are at the east and west end, and several
additional mag 16 stars are resolved.
A mag 11.5 star is 2' SE and cluster H-S 408 was picked up 5.5' SE. It appeared as a moderately to fairly
bright glow, elongated NW-SE, 0.6'x0.2', mottled but unresolved. The mag 11.5 star is roughly midway
between H-S 408 and NGC 2105. The
HII complex LHa 120-N74 lies 15' SSE (western part) and 20' SE (eastern part).
LHa 120-N74
(west): at 152x + NPB filter; excellent HII region! Bright, very large, elongated E-W, very irregular shape,
~7'x4', the main section tapers on the eastern end and spreads out on the
western end. Numerous mag 14 stars
are involved as well as mag 10.2 HD 270111 on the south side. LHa 120-N74 (East) lies ~9' ESE, with
the two regions spanning nearly 15' E-W.
LHa 120-N74
(east): at 152x + NPB filter; bright, very large nebulous region. The main piece is oval 3:2 E-W,
~2'x1.4' and brighter along the rim.
A filament is attached on the south side extending to the
southeast! Unfiltered a number of
stars are involved with the nebulosity.
A mag 11.2 star is roughly 3' S.
LHa 120-N74 W is ~9' W.
Although this is very likely part of the same complex, the two sections
did not appear connected.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2105 = h2969 on 2 Jan 1837 and logged "vF; R;
30". The obs in RA is marked
as uncertain." On the very
next night he observed the cluster again and reported "F; R; gbM; 80". His (mean) position matches ESO
86-SC29. The RNGC and NGC 2000.0
declination is 30' too far north.
This positional error originated from a misprint in the Shapley-Lindsay
catalogues for S-L 687 = NGC 2105.
******************************
NGC 2106 = ESO
555-003 = MCG -04-14-040 = PGC 17975
05 50 46.6 -21
34 01
V = 12.1; Size 2.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 100d
17.5"
(12/3/88): fairly faint, small, oval, bright core. A mag 13 star is 1.6' N and a mag 13.5 star lies 2.5' ESE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2106 = h2967 on 21 Nov 1835 and recorded "vF; S; R or lE;
gbM; 15"." His position
matches ESO 555-003 = PGC 17975.
******************************
NGC 2107 = ESO
057-SC32 = S-L 679
05 43 12.5 -70
38 28
V = 11.5; Size 2.1'
30"
(10/13/15 - OzSky): at 394x; very bright, large, round, 1' diameter. Contains a very large bright core with
only a thin fainter halo, slightly mottled appearance but no clear
resolution. Two mag 12 and 13
stars are 3' and 4' WSW and two mag 12.5 and 13 star lie 3.5' and 4' WNW.
NGC 2107 is
surrounded by several small clusters (these were all picked up just examining
the field): S-L 691 and S-L 692, a close pair of open clusters, is 5' ESE, S-L
676 is 4' N, S-L 684 is 5' NNE and H-S 398 is 9' NNW.
S-L 676:
moderately bright and large, round, 35" diameter, smooth glow with no
resolution. S-L 684 is 2.4' ENE.
S-L 684: fairly
faint to moderately bright, smooth glow, 25" diameter, roundish, no
resolution.
S-L 691: faint
or fairly faint, small, round, glow, 25" diameter. S-L 691 is the northern of close pair
of LMC clusters with S-L 692 just 48" S.
S-L 692: fairly
faint, fairly small, slightly elongated glow, 35" diameter, no resolution.
H-S 398:
moderately bright, fairly small, round, soft glow, no resolution.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2107 = h2971 on 9 Feb 1836 and described as "F; R; gvlbM;
60"." On a second sweep
he recorded "B; R; gmbM; 40"." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2108 = ESO
057-SC033 = S-L 686
05 43 56.8 -69
10 50
V = 12.3; Size 1.8'
18" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): picked up while viewing NGC 2100 located
10' WSW. At 171x it appeared as a
fairly faint knot, ~1 diameter with no resolution. Located 5' NE of a mag 10 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2108 = h2970 on 16 Dec 1835 and described as "eF; pL;
1E." His position is
accurate. Herschel gave an
uncertain (??) equivalence with D 153, which James Dunlop described as "a
faint small round nebula, 15" diameter." His position is 7.4' NW of the cluster, so this
identification is within his typical errors, though the Glen Cozens doesn't
make this equivalence.
******************************
NGC 2109 = ESO
057-SC034 = S-L 688
05 44 23 -68 32
54
V = 12.2; Size 1.6'
30"
(10/14/15 - OzSky): at 394x; very bright, large, high surface brightness glow
with a thin halo, mottled but too dense to resolve the main 40" glow. A couple of mag 16 stars are visible
around the edges of the 1' halo. A
mag 9 star is 7' SW. NGC 2096 lies
13' WNW and NGC 2116 is 16' ENE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2109 = h2972 on 23 Nov 1834 and recorded "pF; pL; R; vglbM;
80"." On a second sweep
he recorded "F; S; R; gbM; 20"." Finally, on his last observation he noted "pF; pL; R;
vgvlbM; 35"." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2110 = MCG
-01-15-004 = PGC 18030
05 52 11.4 -07
27 21
V = 12.4; Size 1.7'x1.3'; PA = 160d
17.5"
(1/23/93): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated 4:3 N-S, evenly
increases to bright middle and small bright core with a stellar nucleus. Located in a rich star field 6' SSW of
mag 8.9 SAO 132606. Mag 5.4 55
Orionis lies 12' WSW. Appears brighter
than 14p. Incorrect declination in
the RNGC 10' too far north.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2110 = H III-448 = H III-450 = h370 (equivalence noted by Albert
Marth in AN 995) on 5 Oct 1785 (sweep 458) and recorded III-450 as "eF,
vS, 240 confirmed it." His
summary description from three observations reads "vF, S, R, resolvable,
lbM." He also found it on 24
Feb 1786 (sweep 529) and logged "eF, E, er. Is probably a patch." Because of the differing descriptions, WH assumed it was
new, and catalogued it again as III-510.
JH called this galaxy "vF; R; psbM." and combined the two
H-designations in the GC. The
declination given in the RNGC is 10' too far north.
******************************
NGC 2111 = ESO
057-SC035 = S-L 699
05 44 33 -70 59
36
V = 12.4; Size 1.5'
25"
(10/10/15 - OzSky): moderately bright, fairly large cluster, irregular outline,
45" diameter. The brighter
core is elongated E-W and mottled with a couple of stars occasionally resolved. A few mag 15+ stars are also visible
around the edges. Mag 9.2 HD 39133
is 5' SW. Located near the
southeast end of the LMC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2111 = h2973 on 9 Feb 1836 and described as "vF; S; R;
gbM". On a second sweep he
estimated the size as 40".
His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2112 = Cr 76
= OCL-509 = Lund 1122
05 53 46 +00 24
36
V = 8.4; Size 11'
17.5"
(2/8/91): three dozen stars over unresolved haze, roughly 10' diameter. The brightest star (mag 10) is at NW
edge. Includes a string of five
mag 12-13 stars on the north side but most stars are very faint. This cluster is fairly rich but not
dense. Barnard's Loop passes just
west of the cluster heading south and NE where it is brightest!
8"
(1/1/84): 12 faint stars mag 12/13 in cluster. Also includes one bright mag 10 star at NW edge.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2112 = H VII-24 = h371 on 1 Jan 1786 (sweep 506) and recorded
"a cluster of pretty compressed pS scattered stars." The summary description (including a
2nd observation) in his PT catalogue and "with many eS suspected between
them. 7' or 8' diameter." JH
recorded "the 2nd and brightest star of a poor straggling cl 10 or 12'
long."
******************************
NGC 2113 =
LMC-N168 = ESO 057-EN36
05 45 25 -69 46
30
V = 12.3; Size 2.0'
30"
(10/13/15 - OzSky): bright, fairly large elongated glow, knotty, 1'
diameter. This nebulous cluster
has an unusual structure; a small bright elongated knot is on the east end
(N168A) and a second small, fairly bright, elongated knot is adjacent on the
west side (N168B). Strong response
to an NPB filter and a much larger nebulous hazy glow extends to the west,
increasing the size to 1.5'. The
high surface brightness elongated pieces lie on the east end. Located 30' E of the NGC 2078/79/83/84
complex.
Emission nebula
LHa 120-N163 lies 12' W and appeared as a bright, large, irregular glow, ~3'
diameter. Several stars are
involved with the nebulosity, including a mag 13 star on the north side and a
couple of additional mag 13.5 stars (H-S 400). Excellent response to the NPB filter at 152x and 303x. The glow is clearly brighter in an arc
(opening towards the northwest) on the southeast end.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2113 = h2975 on 3 Nov 1834 and recorded (first of 5
observations) "F (?) L, R; thick haze." The next observation was
recorded as "a pB cluster nebula 90"." On a third occasion he
noted "F cluster, irreg fig; gbM; 2'; resolved." The fourth
observation was recorded as "F, irreg fig; resolvable; one star seen;
90"." The final observation was recorded as "irregular oval
cluster; vF; 2' diameter; vl compressed to the middle; almost nebulous. Stars =
16th mag." JH noted the
equivalence with Dunlop 155, although it is not given by Steinicke.
James Dunlop
possibly discovered NGC 2113 = D 155? in 1826 and described "a very faint
elliptical nebula, about 50" diameter, slightly bright to the
center." His position is 6'
SW of this cluster and the description is a reasonable match. But Wolfgang Steinicke and Glen Cozens
equate D 156 with NGC 2113. The
position for D 156 is 11' SE of this nebulous cluster.
******************************
NGC 2114 = ESO
057-SC037 = S-L 706
05 46 12 -68 02
54
V = 12.5; Size 1.0'
30"
(10/15/15 - OzSky): at 303x and 394x; this fairly faint to moderately bright LMC
cluster is elongated SW to NE, ~1' diameter. A mag 14 star is at the southwest edge and another is near
the north edge, 30" from center.
In addition, a couple of individual stars are within the main body of
the cluster. A mag 11.3 is 1.4'
ESE of the cluster, mag 10 HD 270109 is 4.5' NW and mag 7.5 HD 38942 is 15'
WSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2114 = h2974 on 30 Jan 1835 and described as "eF; pL; irreg
R." His position (single
sweep) is accurate.
James Dunlop
possibly discovered NGC 2114 = D 186? on 27 Sep 1826 and recorded "a very
small faint nebula". His
position is 14' SE of the cluster.
Wolfgang Steinicke equates D 187 with NGC 2114. His position for this
entry is 19' SE of the cluster.
******************************
NGC 2115 = ESO
205-G006 = PGC 18001
05 51 19.8 -50
34 58
V = 13.1; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 50d
14" (4/7/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x): fairly faint, small, round, 20" diameter,
occasional faint stellar nucleus.
Located just north of a bright asterism of a half-dozen stars; mag 9.0
HD 39625 is 5' SW, mag 9 HD 39606 8.6' SSW, mag 10 star 3.5' SE, mag 11/12/11
triple at 5"/24" is 3' S.
Located 49' NE of mag 3.8 Beta Pictoris. A faint companion (NGC 2115A) off the south side was not
seen.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2115 = h2976 on 4 Jan 1837. His position and description
("eeF; vS; nf a triangle of stars 10m which form part of a bright
group") matches ESO 205-006 (double system). Classified as an "Unverified southern object" in
the RNGC.
******************************
NGC 2116 = ESO
057-SC038 = S-L 715
05 47 15 -68 30
30
V = 12.9; Size 1.0'
30"
(10/14/15 - OzSky): at 394x; bright, fairly small, roundish glow, 0.6'
diameter, very mottled and lively with a number of extremely faint mag 16+
stars popping in and out of view.
Located 2.2' ESE of a mag 11 star.
NGC 2109 lies 16' WSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2116 = h2977 on 30 Dec 1836 and reported "F; S; R. A star 11m precedes." His position from this single sweep is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 2117 = ESO
086-SC033 = S-L 718
05 47 46 -67 27
00
V = 11.6; Size 1.3'
30"
(10/13/15 - OzSky): bright, moderately large, irregular shape, 1'
diameter. A mag 13.3 star is at
the west edge, a mag 14 star is on the northeast side and a mag 14.8 star is at
the southeast end. The central
region is very mottled and lively with 8 additional mag 15+ stars
resolving. Mag 9 HD 39371 lies 6'
WNW. LHa 120-N74, a huge HII
complex with two sections lies 20'-25' NNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2117 = h2978 on 23 Nov 1834 and recorded (first of 5 sweeps)
"pB, S, resolved." On a
second sweep he recorded "pB, E; resolved. I see the stars in it; 2'
long." On his third sweep he
logged "pF, irregularly round, 40 or 50", vlbM."
******************************
NGC 2118 = ESO
057-SC039 = S-L 717
05 47 40 -69 07
54
V = 12.0; Size 1.3'
25"
(10/10/15 - OzSky): at 318x; very bright, moderately large, round, 40"
diameter, sharply concentrated with a very bright core, unresolved.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2118 = h2979 on 16 Dec 1835 and described a "globular;
vsmbM; 15"." On a second
sweep he recorded "a vS, B knot, probably 6 or 8 vS stars wedged into a
close group." His position
matches this cluster.
James Dunlop
perhaps discovered NGC 2118 = D 157? earlier on 25 Sep 1826 and recorded
"a small round nebula, 8" or 10" diameter. This is the preceding of three nebulae
forming a triangle." His
position from a single observation is 8' NE, well within his typical errors,
though there is no sign of his other two nebulae anywhere nearby.
******************************
NGC 2119 = UGC
3380 = PGC 18136
05 57 26.9 +11
56 56
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 145d
17.5"
(12/19/87): faint, very small, bright core, elongated 3:2 NW-SE in a rich star
field. A mag 11 star is 2'
NE. Located just 6 degrees from
the galactic equator.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2119 = St X-19 on 9 Jan 1880. His position matches UGC 3380 = PGC 18136, though the UGC
does not identify this number as N2119.
******************************
NGC 2120 = ESO
086-SC034 = S-L 742
05 50 35 -63 40
30
V = 12.7; Size 2.0'
30"
(10/15/15 - OzSky): at 303x and 394x; moderately bright and large, round,
contains a large slightly brighter core, fairly smooth, ~50" diameter. A
mag 15 star is off the southwest side, 0.9' from center, and a few extremely
faint stars sparkle around the edges.
Located 5.7' S of mag 8.8 HD 39842.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2120 = h2980 on 30 Nov 1834 and described as "vF; pL; R;
glbM; 80"." His position
(measured on 2 sweeps) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2121 = ESO
057-SC040 = S-L 725
05 48 12 -71 28
54
V = 12.4; Size 2.3'x1.5'
25"
(10/10/15 - OzSky): at 318x; bright, very large, slightly elongated ~N-S,
2.0'x1.6', only a broad weak concentration. Fairly smooth appearance with only a slight
granularity. A couple of mag
15.5-16 are resolved around the edges.
Mag 9.9 HD 39626 is 6' WSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2121 = h2982 on 9 Feb 1836 and described as "vF; vglbM;
3'." His position from one
sweep is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2122 =
LMC-N180B = ESO 057-EN41 = S-L 731 = LH 117
05 48 53 -70 04
12
V = 10.4; Size 4.5'
30"
(10/13/15 - OzSky): Superb HII region and cluster! Unfiltered, at least 3 dozen stars are resolved in a 4'
region including several fairly bright mag 12 stars. The brightest mag 12.2 star HD 270145 at the center is a
supermassive O6-class (binary).
The NPB filter provided an excellent contrast gain at 152x! With the filter, the nebulosity (N180B)
was very bright and large, round, ~4.5' diameter, brighter on the southwest end
and overall displayed an irregular surface brightness with some darker
areas. A bright, small detached
knot (N180A), just south of 3 stars, is just off the southwest side [~2.5' from
center]. NGC 2122 is part of
association LH 117 and contains several early O-type stars..
Open cluster S-L
740 is 10' SSE and S-L 769 is 23' due east. At 394x; S-L 769 appeared large, round, smooth moderate
surface brightness, nearly 1' diameter.
A mag 13 star is attached at the east end.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 2122 = D 106 on 3 Aug 1826 with his 9" reflector and
recorded "A faint elliptical nebula, about 2' diameter; slightly condensed
to the centre." He made 2
observations and his position is just 3' NE of center.
JH observed this
cluster/nebula on 5 sweeps (h1319).
On his first observation from 24 Nov 1834 he logged "B, L nebula,
6' l, 5' br; resolved, in part; chief star 11th mag taken." On a second sweep he called it
"pB, L, irregularly round, glbM, 3', resolved into stars 15th
mag." On his 4th sweep he
noted "cluster, irregular figure, consists of 3 or 4 disjoined clusters,
the middle one the largest and brightest; of 3 or 4 large stars and nebulosity;
chief star taken."
******************************
NGC 2123 = ESO
086-SC036 = S-L 755
05 51 43.5 -65
19 18
V = 12.6; Size 1.2'
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): very faint, small, round, 30" diameter. This LMC cluster is located 50' NE of
mag 4.3 Delta Doradus. In the 105x
field it is 8' SE of mag 8.0 SAO 249373 and is collinear with two mag 10.5-11.5
stars 5' and 10' NE, respectively.
DSFG notes this is a "relatively bright and compact group".
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2123 = h2983 on 30 Nov 1834 and described as "pB; vS; R;
vglbM; 12"." His
position (measured on 3 sweeps) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2124 = ESO
555-016 = MCG -03-16-003 = PGC 18147
05 57 52.2 -20
05 05
V = 12.6; Size 2.7'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 2d
17.5"
(12/3/88): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 N-S, broadly
concentrated halo. A mag 15 star
is at the south edge. Located in a
rich star field.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2124 = H III-225 on 20 Oct 1784 (sweep 304) and noted "eF,
E, resolvable, near 1' long.
Verified 240 power."
Auwer's reduction places his position is 2.4' NW of ESO 555-016 = PGC
18147. Herbert Howe, observing
with the 20" refractor at the Chamberlain Observatory, commented
"F,S; not eeF as in WH's description".
******************************
NGC 2125 = ESO
057-SC044 = S-L 750
05 50 54 -69 28
48
Size 1.0'
30"
(10/13/15 - OzSky): at 394x; fairly faint to moderately bright glow, elongated
NW-SE, 35" diameter. A mag
14.7 star (~5" double with a mag 16 star) is at the northeast end, a mag
15.7 star is at the southwest tip and a mag 16 star is at the northwest
edge. NGC 2127 lies 7.5' NNE and
the double cluster NGC 2136/2137 is 11' E.
25"
(10/10/15 - OzSky): fairly faint, fairly small, 30" diameter,
unconcentrated. A couple of very
faint stars are resolved as well as a mag 14.5-15 star on the northeast
edge. Faintest of 3 clusters with
NGC 2127 7.5' NE and NGC 2136/2137 11' ESE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2125 = h2985 on 23 Dec 1834 and recorded "vF; R; 50";
gbM." His position (single
sweep) is 1' too far south.
******************************
NGC 2126 = Cr 78
= Mel 39 = OCL-418
06 02 31 +49 52
00
Size 6'
13.1"
(2/25/84): 25-30 stars mag 12-14.5, fairly dense, small, pretty cluster. The cluster is dominated by mag 6.1 SAO
40801 which lies on the NE side of the cluster.
8"
(1/1/84): 20 stars mag 12-13.5.
Located close SW of a mag 6 star, appears rich with averted vision.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2126 = H VIII-68 on 12 Nov 1787 (sweep 781) and recorded "a
small cluster of scattered stars, not rich, one 7th mag towards the northern
side, but it does not seem to be connected with the cluster." His position is very close to mag 6 HD
40626, although this is at the northeast side of the cluster and is probably
not related.
Ling notes that
position of this cluster should be 06h 02.6m +49d 52' according to Megastar
position.
******************************
NGC 2127 = ESO
057-SC045 = S-L 751
05 51 22 -69 21
39
V = 11.6; Size 1.2'
25"
(10/10/15 - OzSky): very bright, small, slightly elongated SW-NE, 30"
diameter, high surface brightness, stellar nucleus. No resolution except for
mag 14.5 star at the south tip and a mag 15.5 star at the west edge. NGC 2125 is 7.5' SSW and NGC 2136 is
12' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2127 = h2986 on 23 Dec 1834 and recorded "B, S, R,
15"." His position (measured on 3 sweeps) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2128 = UGC
3392 = MCG +10-09-010 = CGCG 284-006 = PGC 18374
06 04 34.2 +57
37 40
V = 12.6; Size 1.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 60d
17.5"
(1/19/91): fairly faint, small, oval 3:2 SW-NE, bright core, stellar nucleus.
Edward Swift,
Lewis' 15 year-old son, discovered NGC 2128 = Sw VI-25 on 27 Dec 1886. There is nothing near the published
position but exactly 30' south is UGC 3392. The description "vF; vS; vlE" is appropriate
(though not adding anything) and it seems very possible that Lewis made a 30'
error in reading the dec circle.
Due to the difference in dec, Bigourdan was unable to find NGC
2128. Harold Corwin concurs with
this conclusion.
******************************
NGC 2129 = Cr 77
= OCL-467 = Lund 293
06 01 07 +23 19
24
V = 6.7; Size 7'
17.5"
(12/20/95): bright, fairly rich group surrounding two mag 7.5 and 8 stars (SAO
77842 and 77839) oriented N-S.
There are about three dozen stars mag 10-14 in an 5' well-detached
circular group with several double stars including a faint pair preceding the
northern mag 8 star. The southern
mag 8 star has a couple of very faint companions.
This group is
apparently an asterism based on a 1994 study.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2129 = H VIII-26 = h372 on 16 Nov 1784 (sweep 317) and described
"A Cl of st of various magnitudes, not very rich, 6 or 7' diam." JH recorded "about 40 or 50 st. The brightest 8m taken. The rest are 10...15m." The center (as defined as the midpoint
of the two mag 7.5-8 stars) is 06 01 07 +23 19.4 (J2000).
By analyzing
William Herschel's early "reviews" of bright stars (before his
systematic sweeps), which resulted in the discovery of many double stars,
Wolfgang Steinicke recently found (email Oct '16) that Herschel first
discovered the cluster on 6 Feb 1782 using his 6.2" reflector.
******************************
NGC 2130 = ESO
086-SC037 = S-L 758
05 52 24 -67 20
06
V = 12.1; Size 1.2'
30"
(10/15/15 - OzSky): at 303x and 394x; bright, small, round, high surface
brightness, 35" diameter.
Four or five mag 14.5-15 stars are resolved in the halo on the NW, SW
and E sides. NGC 2135 lies 9' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2130 = h2987 on 2 Nov 1834 and the cluster was observed on 7
sweeps! His descriptions for this
cluster range from "faint" to "pretty bright" with sizes
ranging from 18" to 45".
******************************
NGC 2131 = ESO
488-050 = PGC 18172
05 58 47.4 -26
39 10
V = 14.1; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 118d
17.5"
(12/8/90): very faint, very small, round, low even surface brightness. A mag 14 star is in contact on the
north end. A possible companion is
about 4' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2131 = h2984 on 20 Jan 1835 and recorded "eF; S; R; has a
*13 m in centre." His
position matches ESO 488-050 = PGC 18172.
******************************
NGC 2132 = ESO
120-?022
05 55 58 -59 55
42
Size 17'x11'
14" (4/7/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x): 20 stars (half-dozen bright ones) in a 10'x3' region,
roughly arranged in two east-west strings. This group (asterism or cluster) includes mag 7.9 HD 40484
at the northwest end and four additional mag 10 stars.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2132 = h2988 on 11 Jan 1836 and described the "chief * of a
cluster 8th class of about a dozen bright and some smaller stars." His
position corresponds with mag 8 SAO 234207 at 05 55 09.0 -59 54 37 (J2000) and
his description probably applies to the scattered group following.
Eric Lindsay, in
his 1964 paper "Some NGC objects in the Large Magellanic Cloud" (IAJ,
6, 286-289) notes "Not found. Centered on CPD 59¡542. This is supposedly
the chief star of a cluster of about a dozen stars. Dreyer has a marginal note
"1/2 doz. only". Not in the Nubec. Major Catalogue. No sign here of a
cluster." RNGC follows
Lindsay as classifies as nonexistent and the number is missing from the ESO
catalogue, although it stands out on the DSS.
******************************
NGC 2133 = ESO
057-SC046 = S-L 751
05 51 29 -71 10
30
V = 12.4; Size 1.7'
25"
(10/10/15 - OzSky): moderately bright and large, round, 45" diameter,
relatively large brighter core, unresolved. This cluster is a smaller and paler version of NGC 2134,
which lies 5.2' NNE. S-L 747 is
6.5' WNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2133 = h2989 (along with NGC 2134 = h2991) on 24 Nov 1834 and
recorded "pB; pL; R; gbM; 60"." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2134 = ESO
057-SC047 = S-L 760
05 51 57.2 -71
05 52
V = 11.1; Size 2.5'
25"
(10/10/15 - OzSky): bright, fairly large, round, 1.1' diameter, sharply
concentrated with a relatively large bright core. No resolution in the halo except for a mag 14.5 star just
off the northeast edge and a mag 15.5 star at the south-southwest edge. NGC 2133 lies 5' SSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2134 = h2991 (along with NGC 2133 = h2989) on 24 Nov 1834 and
recorded it in four sweeps. His
first observation reads "B; L; R; gbM; 90"." His mean position is 05 51 57.2 -71 06
27 (2000) which is close to the ESO position of 05 51 56.7 -71 05 50 (2000) but
RNGC has an incorrect RA of 05 50.1, which is repeated in NGC 2000.0.
******************************
NGC 2135 = ESO
086-SC039 = S-L 765
05 53 35 -67 25
36
V = 12.1; Size 1.0'
30"
(10/15/15 - OzSky): at 303x and 394x; bright, small, roundish, mottled, high
surface brightness, 30" diameter.
Unresolved (too compact) except for a mag 14.5 star at the west
edge. A mag 11 star is 1.9'
WSW. NGC 2130 lies 9' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2135 = h2990 on 23 Nov 1834 and recorded it on 5 sweeps. His first observation reads "vF,
R, glbM, 1'. Among stars."
His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2136 = ESO
057-SC048 = S-L 762
05 52 59 -69 29
36
V = 10.5; Size 1.9'
30"
(10/13/15 - OzSky): at 394x; extremely bright LMC cluster, large, very mottled
and lively, relatively large bright core.
A mag 13-13.5 star is at the northwest edge and a mag 14 star is at the
south edge. Roughly a dozen stars
are resolved in total. A mag 10.8
star is 1.5' NNW and a mag 12 star is 1' SSW. Forms a striking double cluster
with NGC 2137 1.4' NE (the two clusters form a gravitationally bound binary
system). NGC 2125 lies 11' W and
NGC 2150 (a galaxy) is 15' ESE.
James Dunlop
probably NGC 2136 = D 160 on 24 Sep 1826 and described "a small round
pretty well defined nebula."
He made 2 observations and his position is 8.6' too far SW (typical
error).
JH attributed
Dunlop with the discovery and recorded the cluster on 4 sweeps. His first observation of h2992 reads
"pB, R, bM, 1'; has a star 10.11th mag N.p. (thick haze)." On his last sweep he noted
"Globular cluster, pB, R, gmbM, resolved, stars 14..16 mag; has a vvF neb
N.f [NGC 2137]."
******************************
NGC 2137 = ESO
057-SC049 = S-L 764
05 53 13 -69 28
54
V = 12.7; Size 0.8'
30"
(10/13/15 - OzSky): at 394x; moderately bright, small, round, 20"
diameter, lively, several extremely faint mag 16+ stars resolved. A mag 13 star is 50" NE. NGC 2137 is the fainter and smaller of
a striking double cluster with much brighter NGC 2136 just 1.4' SW!
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2137 = h2994 on 23 Dec 1834 and recorded "vF; R; 30";
the following of 2 [with NGC 2136]."
His position (2 sweeps) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2138 = ESO
086-SC040 = S-L 777
05 54 49 -65 50
06
V = 13.8; Size 1.0'
14" (4/3/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x): relatively faint, small, round, 25"-30"
diameter, slightly brighter core, low surface brightness, no resolution. Four bright field stars lie directly
south including mag 7.9 HD 40624
2.9' SSE and mag 8.5 HD 40625 7.5'
S, along with a mag 10 companion at ~45".
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2138 = h2993 on 30 Nov 1834 and recorded "eF; S; R; has 3 B
st pretty distinct towards the south." His position from a single sweep is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2139 = IC
2154 = ESO 488-054 = MCG -04-15-005 = PGC 18258
06 01 07.9 -23
40 25
V = 11.6; Size 2.6'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 140d
17.5"
(12/8/90): moderately bright, moderately large, slightly elongated, broad
concentration, core appears offset to the northwest of center. A mag 14 star is at the north edge 1.3'
from center and a mag 11 star lies 3.5' SSE.
8"
(1/1/84): faint, fairly small, round, broad concentration. A mag 11 star is 4' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2139 = H II-264 on 17 Nov 1784 (sweep 322) and called it
"F, S." He added "The RA cannot be above 10 or 15 sec out;
the roller went off the apparantus which occasions the uncertainty."
This was the only nebula found in the sweep.
Lewis Swift
independently discovered this galaxy from Southern California on 1 Dec 1897 and
reported it in discovery list XI-90 (later IC 2154). Swift's position was
off by 14 sec in RA and Herbert Howe measured an accurate position (used in the
IC). In the 1912 revision of WH's
catalogues Dreyer comments that once a correction is made to WH's position
(based on another star in the sweep), NGC 2139 matches IC 2154. MCG labels this
galaxy as IC 2154 and ignores the NGC designation. See Corwin's notes for
more.
******************************
NGC 2140 = ESO
057-SC051 = S-L 773
05 54 16.5 -68
36 05
V = 12.4; Size 1.7'
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): moderately bright LMC cluster,
elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, 40"x25".
A star is located at the WNW tip.
Situated between a mag 10.2 star 3.2' NW and a mag 10.1 star (HD 40750)
5.3' SE. NGC 2159 lies 20' E, in a
group of 4 NGC clusters with NGC 2155, 2164 and 2172.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2140 = h2995 on 23 Dec 1834 and recorded "pF; irreg R; psbM." His next observation reads "pF; R;
bM; 30"." On his last
sweep he wrote "F; lE; gbM."
******************************
NGC 2141 = Cr 79
= OCL-487 = Lund 203
06 02 56 +10 26
48
V = 9.4; Size 10'
17.5"
(12/8/90): 20-25 faint stars mag 13-15 at 220x over extensive haze. Located within an incomplete circle of
several brighter mag 11-12 stars about 8' diameter.
E.E. Barnard
discovered NGC 2141 in Jan 1883 with his 5-inch refractor. His announcement note in Sidereal
Messenger, Vol 3, p9 titled "A New and Faint Nebulosity" gives an
accurate position and describes a "very faint nebulosity. It lies a little
over 3/4¡ north of Mu Orionis, and requires a low power to be seen at all. With
my 5-inch refractor and a power of 30, it is quite distinct; but high powers
diffuse it greatly. There is a faint star in its center, and several others on
its border, about 2' diameter. I have repeatedly seen this nebula since January
1883."
******************************
NGC 2142 = 3 Mon
= SAO 151037
06 01 50.4 -10
35 53
V = 5.0
=* 5.0 = 3 Mon,
Corwin. Not found, RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2142 = h373 on 6 Jan 1831 and recorded "3 Monocerotis. I am sure this star has a F neb atm
2'-3' diam." This is a mag 5
star free from nebulosity. There
are other similar cases from Herschel including NGC 771 = 50 Cas, NGC 4530 =
Beta CVn and NGC 2542 = h3115 (see comments on NGC 4530). Lord Rosse also recorded on Nov 30
1850: "Same appearance as epsilon Orionis [N1990], but v[ery] m[uch]
fainter". In 1868, his son
Lawrence also recorded, "appears nebulous..." Corwin notes, however, that on the red
POSS1 there is a very faint extended nebulosity surrounding 3 Mon, so perhaps
Herschel did pick something up.
******************************
NGC 2143
06 03 07.5 +05
43 42
Size 15'
18"
(11/6/04): at 73x this asterism is a large, scattered rectangular group,
roughly 10'x6', and elongated N-S. On the west side is a N-S string of stars
while the east side is dominated by three brighter mag 9.5-10.5 stars including
mag 9.6 HD 41080. Off the two
northern vertices of the main rectangle, strings of stars head NW and NE
extending the diameter to at least 15'.
This scattered group just stands out with 31 Nagler in a fairly rich
field and appears to be an asterism.
Listed as nonexistent in the RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2143 = h374 on 2 Feb 1831 and recorded "L, p rich, very
scattered; place of *10m in M."
His position corresponds with mag 9 SAO 113401 at 06 03 07.5 +05 43 42
(J2000). Karl Reinmuth, in his
1926 survey based on Heidelberg plates, gives the dimensions as 20'x20' and
described "Cl, L, iR, P, sc, st 9.5...". But this group does not appear to be a cluster on the DSS
and RNGC classifies it as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 2144 = ESO
016-010 = PGC 17592
05 40 57.2 -82
07 10
V = 13.0; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 93d
24" (4/4/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): moderately bright and large, slightly
elongated ~E-W, 1.4'x1.1'.
Contains a bright core that increases to the center. Located between a mag 10 star 6' E and
a mag 11 star 6' WNW. This is the
third closest NGC galaxy to the south celestial pole.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2144 = h3009 on 17 Jan 1836 and reported "F; irreg R;
pslbM; 40 arcsec." His
position (measured on 2 sweeps) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2145 = ESO
057-SC052 = S-L 780
05 54 23 -70 54
06
V = 12.1; Size 1.7'
25"
(10/10/15 - OzSky): bright, fairly small, roundish, 40" diameter,
well-defined slightly brighter core.
A mag 14 star is at the southeast edge and two mag 15.5-16 stars are
just off the north and east side.
A bright mag 11.7 star is 50" SSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2145 = h2998 on 12 Nov 1836 and described as "F; lE;
resolvable." His position
from a single sweep is off by 1.7' in dec (too far south).
******************************
NGC 2146 =
"Dusty Hand" Galaxy = UGC 3429 = MCG +13-05-022 = CGCG 348-017 = PGC
18797
06 18 39.0 +78
21 28
V = 10.6; Size 6.0'x3.4'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 123d
48"
(10/29/16): at 488x, the "Dusty Hand" galaxy has an unusual, highly
disrupted appearance. The
very bright core is large and elongated NW-SE with a small, intense
nucleus. A prominent, fairly wide
dust lane slices through the center with the brightest part of the core roughly
parallel on the north side. A small portion of the core is on the south side of
the lane. On the
southeast side a fairly prominent "arm" or plume (part of a merged
companion?) extends generally east beyond a mag 14.5 star 2' ESE of
center. The halo is very diffuse
to the north of this arm. At the
northwest end of the a galaxy a very faint "arm" curls sharply
clockwise and with careful viewing a very low surface brightness plume
(detached from the central portion) extends south on the west side. On deep images these arms and plumes
seem to be a single tidal structure or stream that wraps around the galaxy.
24"
(12/28/13): this highly distorted galaxy was observed at 260x. The galaxy appeared very bright, very
large, elongated 5:2 NW-SE, ~5'x2', with a very asymmetric structure. It contains a very bright, elongated
core, ~1.2'x0.5' NW-SE, but with no distinct nucleus. A low contrast dust lane cuts through the core unevenly,
with the main section on the north side, so the lane initially appears to run parallel
to the core on the southwest side.
But a fainter, elongated section of the core extending NW-SE is just
beyond the dust lane on the southwest side. To the southeast of the core, the outer halo is diffuse,
with a low surface brightness and is not aligned with the major axis of the
core, extending more towards the east.
On the NW side of the core, the halo has a higher and irregular surface
brightness with a slightly brighter curving arc (arm) along its eastern side.
13.1"
(1/18/85): fairly bright, fairly large, very elongated 3:1 NW-SE, bright
core. A mag 11 double at 30"
separation is just off the SE end.
A few brighter mag 10-11 stars are 6' E. NGC 2146A lies 19' ENE.
Friedrich August
Winnecke discovered NGC 2146 = T 1-18 in 1876 using a 6.5-inch comet seeker at
the Strasbourg Observatory. It was independently discovered by Wilhelm Tempel
the same year and by Johann Palisa (AN 2732). This is one of 3 galaxies discovered by Winnecke, along with
NGC 2276 and NGC 4760.
As there is no
candidate for a previous interaction (creating the disrupted appearance and
nuclear starburst), it has been proposed that NGC 2146 is a far-evolved merger.
******************************
NGC 2147 =
LMC-N75B = ESO 057-SC54 = S-L 784
05 55 46 -68 12
06
V = 12.9; Size 1.0'
30"
(10/13/15 - OzSky): at 394x; very bright, small, roundish cluster, 25"
diameter. Contains a very small,
extremely bright core. Three or
four stars are resolved in the small halo on the west side and south side. Located 3.6' NNW of mag 9.9 HD 270358
and 9.5' S of mag 7.6 HD 40810. A
shallow arc of 3 mag 13/13.9/14.2 stars lies 2' SE. Just north of these is a small group of resolved mag 15-15.5
stars. The collection is
catalogued as S-L 785 and is part of association LH 122. The red DSS shows a thick wreath of
faint nebulosity nearly enclosing S-L 785, but I didn't notice it, at least
without a filter. NGC 2160 lird
15' ESE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2147 = h2997 on 30 Jan 1835 and logged "vF; R; bM;
30"." On a second sweep
he also noted "connected with stars, etc." The "stars" probably refers to S-L 785.
NGC 2147 was
possibly discovered by James Dunlop on 27 Sep 1826 with his 9"
reflector. He described D 191 as
"a pretty bright round nebula, 40" diameter". His position is 12' west of the
cluster, a typical error. Also D
190, described as "two very small faint nebulae" is roughly at the
same position, so could also apply to this object. Herschel didn't reference these possible earlier discoveries
by Dunlop and neither does Glen Cozens.
******************************
NGC 2148 = ESO
120-024 = PGC 18171
05 58 45.8 -59
07 34
V = 13.8; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 150d
14" (4/7/16
- Coonabarabran, 142x and 184x): extremely faint, very small, round, 20"
diameter, required averted vision.
A mag 12.5 star is 33" E of center and two mag 13 star are within
2' to the south. Observation made
in quite hazy conditions through thin clouds or smoke.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2148 = h2996 on 4 Dec 1834 and recorded "eF; S; R; 20";
has a *12m, sf very near."
The star is 33" E of center.
******************************
NGC 2149
06 03 30.8 -09
43 50
Size 3'x2'
17.5"
(1/19/91): this moderately bright reflection nebula is fairly small and has a
12th magnitude (illuminating) star on the west side. Appears prominent with an OIII filter(?) at 140x.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2149 = St VIIIb-18 on 17 Jan 1877 with the 31" refractor at
Marseille Observatory. His
position is accurate. NGC 2149 was
misclassified as a galaxy in the Shapley-Ames list and misplotted as a galaxy
on the Skalnate Pleso Atlas of the Heavens.
******************************
NGC 2150 = ESO
057-055 = PGC 18097
05 55 46.4 -69
33 40
V = 13.0; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 143d
30"
(10/13/15 - OzSky): at 394x; fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small,
oval 4:3 or 5:4 NW-SE, 0.7'x0.5', smooth halo then suddenly increases to a
bright, very small core. A mag
16.5 star is at the southeast edge.
Located 9' SW of mag 8.0 HD 41158 and 15' ESE of the LMC cluster NGC
2136. So, this galaxy easily
shines through the thin outer halo of the LMC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2150 = h3000 on 9 Feb 1836 and recorded "F; vS; R; vsbM;
stellar." His position is
~35" south of ESO 057-055 = PGC 18097.
******************************
NGC 2151 = ESO
057-SC057 = S-L 786
05 56 21 -69 01
06
Size 1.0'
30"
(10/13/15 - OzSky): at 394x; moderately bright, small, roundish, 35"
diameter. A mag 15.2 star is
resolved on the southwest edge and a mag 14 star is at the northeast end. The bright nucleus is nearly stellar,
so on first glance it looked like three collinear stars. A 13" pair of similar mag
12.6/12.8 stars lies 4.5' ENE and a mag 10.6 star is 3.7' SSW. Located 12.6' NW
of NGC 2157.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2151 = h3001 on 31 Jan 1835 and logged "F; R; bM;
45"." His position is
accurate. The Hodge-Wright Atlas
completely misplaces NGC 2151 onto chart 66, near 05 57 50 -63 53 38 (2000),
about 20' SW of NGC 2162. NGC 2151
is labeled SL 786.
******************************
NGC 2152 = ESO
205-015 = PGC 18249
06 00 55.2 -50
44 27
V = 13.8; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 69d
14" (4/7/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x): very faint, small, slightly elongated,
25"x20", low surface brightness, no noticeable concentration. A mag 14 star is just off the northeast
edge. A mag 10 star is 4.4'
E. Located 29' N of mag 5.7 HD
41214. Observation through thin
clouds or smoke.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2152 = h2999 on 28 Dec 1834 and noted, "eeF; R; attached to
a vS star." His position is
fairly accurate and the star is off the northeast edge.
******************************
NGC 2153 = ESO
086-SC043 = S-L 792
05 57 52 -66 24
06
V = 13.1; Size 1.3'
14" (4/3/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x): moderately bright, fairly small, round,
35"-40" diameter, smooth glow. A mag 14 star is easily resolved at the southwest
edge. Located 8' SE of mag 8.2 HD
40924. A mag 10 star is 4'
NNE. NGC 2153 happens to be
situated just 16' NW of the south ecliptic pole!
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2153 = h3002 on 3 Jan 1837 and recoded "eeF; R or lE;
attached to a * 16m." His
position, from a single sweep, is accurate and the faint star appears to be at
the south end.
******************************
NGC 2154 = ESO
086-SC042 = S-L 793
05 57 38 -67 15
42
V = 11.8; Size 2.3'
14" (4/3/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x): this LMC globular is located 50' SE of mag 5.1 Epsilon
Doradus. It appeared bright,
large, round, 1.5' diameter, broad concentration, mottled with a couple of mag
15-16 stars resolving. A mag 14
star is close off the north side.
S-L 800 lies 10' NNE and NGC 2135 is 25' SW.
S-L 800 was
fairly faint, round, 0.6' diameter, low surface brightness. A mag 12.5 star is at the west end and
a mag 14.5 star is just off the east side.
John Herschel discovered
NGC 2154 = h3003 on 2 Nov 1834 and observed on 4 sweeps. His first description reads "F; L;
R; glbM; 100".
******************************
NGC 2155 = ESO
086-SC045 = S-L 803
05 58 32.3 -65
28 40
V = 12.6; Size 2.1'
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): faint, fairly small, round, 1.1' diameter, weak
concentration. Near a scattered
group of bright (mag 9-10) Milky Way stars and nearly collinear with two mag
9/9.5 stars 7' NW and 13' NW. This
is a well-studied older intermediate-age LMC cluster with an age of 2.5 - 3.5
billion years.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2155 = h3004 on 30 Nov 1834 and recorded "vF; pL; R; vlbM;
80"; in a rich field."
His position (from 3 sweeps) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2156 = ESO
057-SC059 = S-L 796
05 57 50 -68 27
36
V = 11.4; Size 1.1'
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is the first of four bright
clusters in a 16' field! At 200x
it appeared bright, fairly large, elongated N-S, ~1.2'x0.8', sharply
concentrated. At 350x a couple of
stars are resolved in the halo and the central core is just broken up into
several clumps or knots with a couple of very faint stars resolved. Located 6.9' NW of the impressive
cluster globular NGC 2164.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2156 = h3005 on 23 Nov 1834 and recorded "pF; S; irreg R;
psbM; 25". He observed this
cluster on 5 sweeps and other than brightness, the descriptions are similar.
James Dunlop
possibly made the first observation (D 197) on 27 Sep 1826 and noted a
"small faint round nebula".
His position, though, while correct in declination is nearly 19' too far
east and might also apply to NGC 2172, which is 12' SW of his position. Another possibility, given by Herschel,
is that D 196 = h 3005 = NGC 2156.
Dunlop's position is 8' ESE of this object.
******************************
NGC 2157 = ESO
057-SC058 = S-L 794
05 57 35 -69 11
48
V = 10.2; Size 2.7'
30"
(10/13/15 - OzSky): extremely bright, very large, 1.3' diameter, strong
concentration with a very bright, large core, very mottled appearance,
showpiece (globular?) cluster. At
394x, several obviously mag 14.8-15.5 stars are resolved in the halo and around
the edges. With careful viewing
the core broke up into a few dozen extremely packed stars (too tight and faint
to count). A mag 11.4 star is 1.4'
WNW of center. NGC 2151 lies 13' NNW.
These clusters are on the east end of the LMC.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 2157 = D 161 on 6 Nov 1826 with his 9" speculum reflector
and described "a small faint nebula, 15" diameter; a small star near
the north preceding edge."
Dunlop made a single observation and his position is 6.8' too far
SW. Despite the small size
estimate, there is a mag 11 star off the NW edge.
JH recorded this
cluster (h3006) on 4 sweeps, first recording "vB, R, gbM, 30"." On a second sweep he logged "globular cluster, vB, R,
vgvmbM, resolvable." JH noted a very uncertain (??) identification with D
161.
******************************
NGC 2158 = Mel
40 = Cr 81
06 07 26 +24 05
48
V = 8.6; Size 5'
18"
(2/24/06): at 323x, this rich, irregularly shaped cluster is beautifully
resolved into 45-50 stars that are peppered over a 5' background glow. Appears like a resolved globular of low
concentration class. Includes a couple of dozen mag 13.5-14.5 stars along with
a rich carpet of fainter mag 15 stars.
There are several close pairs (1"-2" and possibly closer) and
the number of stars keep increasing in moments of rock steady seeing as they
seem to emerge from the background.
A single brighter star is at the east edge.
17.5"
(2/8/86): 30-35 stars resolved, unusually rich, compact, about 5'
diameter. The appearance is
similar to a resolved globular cluster.
Located 30' SW of M35.
13.1"
(2/16/85): at least 20-25 stars resolved at 415x.
13.1"
(11/5/83): ~15-20 stars, mottled clump near SE edge.
8": few
stars resolved over haze.
13x80mm
(1/20/07): visible in the finder as a very faint, small glow about a
half-degree SW of M35.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2158 = H VI-17 = h375 on 16 Nov 1784 (sweep 317) and logged
"a very compressed cluster of vS stars, very rich." JH described the cluster as
"rich; much compressed almost to nebulosity; stars very small; irregular
triangular figure."
NGC 2158 has
been classified as a globular by Rosino in 1954 (Contr. Padova in Asagio No.
52), Helen Sawyer Hogg, 1959 (Star Clusters) and more recently in the RNGC due
to its richness. Nevertheless, it
is considered an intermediate age open cluster (~ 1 billion years old). NGC 2158 is also five or six times as
distant as M35, as far as 16,000 light years away (5071 parsecs).
******************************
NGC 2159 = ESO
057-SC060 = S-L 799
05 58 03 -68 37
30
V = 11.4; Size 0.9'
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x this cluster appeared
bright, fairly small, slightly elongated, 0.9'x0.7'. A brighter star is at the north edge. At 350x, at least three additional
faint stars are resolved on the north side and the appearance is asymmetric as
the cluster is brighter on the north side. Located 8' SW of NGC 2164 and 10' S of NGC 2156. NGC 2172 lies 11' ESE, NGC 2140 is 20'
WNW and S-L 791 is 6' W.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 2159 = D 193 on 6 Nov 1826 and recorded "pB; R;
well-defined, 12"." He
made a single obervation and his position is just 3' S of this cluster.
JH observed the
cluster (h3007) on 4 sweeps, first reportin on 23 Nov 1834, "pF; S; irreg
R; psbM; 25"." Next he
logged it as "pF; S; R; the second of three [with NGC 2156 and
2164]." On the third sweep he
logged "pB; S; R; has a *15m close to the edge, nf". Herschel attributed Dunlop with the
discovery.
******************************
NGC 2160 = ESO
057-SC061 = S-L 801
05 58 13 -68 17
24
V = 12.2; Size 1.2'
30"
(10/13/15 - OzSky): at 394x; bright, small cluster, 25"-30"
diameter. Three stars are resolved
in the small central clump including a mag 13.5 star on the northwest
edge. Two fainter stars are on the
east side and just south of center.
NGC 2156 lies 10' SSW, NGC 2164 is 14' SSE, NGC 2147/S-L 785 is 15' WNW
and S-L 822 is 22' ESE. The last cluster
appeared as a moderately bright, small round glow. A mag 13.5 star is involved at the north edge.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2160 = h3008 on 30 Dec 1836 and recorded as "pF; R; gbM;
30"." His position from
a single observation is accurate.
James Dunlop's D 195 possibly refers to this cluster, but it seems too
faint to have been described as "a small pretty bright round nebula,
10" or 12" diameter."
His position is 10.6' NE of the cluster.
******************************
NGC 2161 = ESO
033-SC031 = S-L 789
05 55 43 -74 21
12
V = 12.9; Size 2.3'
14" (4/3/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x): this outlying LMC globular appeared moderately bright,
fairly large, slightly elongated, nearly 1' diameter, weak concentration, no
resolution. It seemed the cluster was slightly brighter along a central spine
oriented WSW-ENE (probably due to slightly brighter unresolved stars).
S-L 804 was
picked up 13' NE as a faint, relatively large glow, round, ~50" diameter,
low even surface brightness. A mag
10.6 star is 6' SW.
S-L 828, located
28' ENE, is fairly faint, fairly small, round, ~35" diameter, smooth
surface brightness, no resolution.
Two mag 13-14 stars lie 2' SW.
S-L 783, located
16' SSW, is very faint, fairly small, round, 30" diameter, smooth glow,
fairly low surface brightness, no resolution.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2161 = h3013 on 8 Feb 1836 and described as "F; pL; R;
gpmbM; 2'." His position from
a single sweep is about 30" NW of center. Located outside the boundaries of the Hodge-Wright LMC
Atlas.
******************************
NGC 2162 = ESO
086-SC047 = S-L 814
06 00 30 -63 43
18
V = 12.7; Size 2.1'
30"
(10/13/15 - OzSky): at 394x; fairly bright, very large, round, contains a
relatively large brighter core, mottled.
A couple of very faint stars are fairly easily resolved and several more
pop in and out with averted vision.
Located 4' W of mag 8.5 HD 41515.
Three additional mag 11.5-12 stars, forming a distinctive group, extend
south-southwest from the bright star.
This LMC globular is located in the northeast outer halo of the LMC,
well outside the main outline.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2162 = h3010 on 30 Nov 1834 and recorded "vF; pL; R; vglbM;
80"." On a second sweep
he noted "F; R; glbM; 40"; a *9 mag follows in parallel, and 3 more
11 mag near." His position
(recorded on 3 sweeps) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2163 = Ced
62 = DG 87 = GN 06.04.9
06 07 49.5 +18
39 27
Size 3'x2'
17.5"
(1/9/98): moderately bright reflection nebula surrounding a young mag 11 star
(HBC 193). The brightest portion
of the nebula is noticeably elongated N-S from the central star and 2'-3' in
length tapering towards the star.
The northern extension has a slightly higher surface brightness. Located
3' W of a mag 9 star. Observed at
220x without filtration.
17.5"
(12/23/92): faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 N-S, ~2.5'x1.0', fairly high
surface brightness. A mag 11 star
is at the south tip of the bright portion and a small very faint extension
appears south of this star.
Located 3' W of mag 9 HD 41787.
Two mag 13 stars are 1' NE and 1' N and a mag 10 star is 5' S. An evenly matched mag 10.5/10.5 double
at 12" separation lies 8' WSW.
This reflection nebula doesn't respond to a Daystar 300 or OIII
filter. Listed as nonexistent in
the RNGC due to an error in declination in the NGC. Plotted as Ced 62 in U2000.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2163 = St IX-6 on 6 Feb 1874 with the 31-inch reflector at the
Marseille Observatory and recorded "eF, E, dif, *11 attached
south." He observed it again
on 6 Jan 1878. In compiling the
NGC, Dreyer accidentally copied the declination of NGC 1741 (Stephan's previous
entry, IX-5). Dreyer later caught
and corrected his error in the IC 2 Notes/Corrections section (Dreyer added the
comment "my mistake"). The
correction was missed by most later cataloguers though Esmiol's 1916
re-reduction of Stephan's positions also gives the accurate position. As an
example, in 1922 Edwin Hubble called it "A bright, uncatalogued nebula
similar to NGC 2245" and Sven Cederblad listed it as "anonymous"
object (#62). So, both were
obviously thrown off by Dreyer's mistake.
I uncovered that E.E. Barnard independently discovered it on 2 Sep 1888,
though initially mistook it for Faye's Comet, which he was searching for.
Skiff recomputed
Stephan's original position using precise coordinates for his offset star HD
41787 as 06 04 53.62 +18 40 08.7 (1950).
At this exact location is the reflection nebula Cederblad 62 at 06 04
53.17 +18 39 55.0 just 0.45 tsec of RA and 13".7 in declination from
Stephan's original coordinates.
Besides the excellent positional match, Stephan described NGC 2163 as
"elongated with *11 attached south" and visually this nebula appears
to extend more prominently north of the mag 11.5 (central) star. On the POSS, Ced 62 is an interesting
bipolar nebula with two symmetrical funnel-shaped jets extending north-south
from the central star.
More recently,
Cederblad 62 wasn't referenced as a NGC object in the first edition of the
Uranometria 2000.0, Sky Atlas 2000.0 or the Sky Catalogue 2000. The RNGC identifies this object as
nonexistent and furthermore reverses the sign of the declination. In addition, a poor RA was given for
Ced 62 in Sky Catalogue 2000 and it was misplotted on the Uranometria 2000
(first edition) too far east, though the position was corrected in the second
edition. The Millenium Star Atlas
labels this object Ced 62 at the wrong position.
******************************
NGC 2164 = ESO
057-SC062 = S-L 808
05 58 56.0 -68
30 57
V = 10.3; Size 2.5'
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is the brightest of four
clusters in a 10' field. At 260x
it appeared very bright, large, round, sharply concentrated with an extremely
bright core (appears to be a globular), the large outer halo extends to 2'
diameter. Roughly 15 stars are
resolved in the halo - some of these are easily resolved 14th mag stars, while
others are quite faint. At 350x,
two dozen stars are resolved and the core is very grainy. Overall, this is a
very impressive cluster. NGC 2156
lies 6.8' NW, NGC 2159 is 8' SW and NGC 2172 is 9.7' SE..
James Dunlop
probably NGC 2164 = D 194 on 27 Sep 1826 and described a "A pretty large
faint ill-defined nebula."
His position is just 3' SW of this cluster. There are 3 other clusters within 9' (NGC 2156, 2159, 2172),
but this is the largest and brightest.
D 193, decribed by Dunlop as "pretty bright" is south of NGC
2159, but could also apply to NGC 2164.
JH observed this
cluster (h3011) on 5 sweeps beginning on 23 Nov 1834, when he recorded
"vB, R, gmbM; 90",
resolvable." Herschel
attributed Dunlop with the discovery.
******************************
NGC 2165
06 11 05 +51 40
36
17.5"
(3/1/03): Roughly a dozen stars in a 6'x4' group at 100x. Extended E-W except for a few stars which
tail off towards the north on the following end. Nine of the stars in the group are fairly evenly distributed
and similar in magnitude (10.5-11).
No concentration or dense spots and appears to be an asterism. Listed as a nonexistent cluster in the
RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2165 = h376 on 12 Feb 1831 and noted "a ppor cl 7' length,
3' broad; about a dozen stars 11m." There is a very scattered group of brighter stars on
the DSS at Herschel's position with the fields to the west lacking in
stars. Karl Reinmuth, using a
Heidelberg plate, described a "Cl, P, 20-25 st 11...". RNGC classifies this object as
nonexistent (Type 7).
******************************
NGC 2166 = ESO
057-SC064 = S-L 811
05 59 34 -67 56
30
V = 12.9; Size 1.2'
30" (10/13/15
- OzSky): at 394x; very bright, fairly small, round, 24" diameter, high
surface brightness. Contains a
relatively large bright core and smooth halo. A mag 12.5 star is off the northeast side [42" from
center]. Located 6' S of mag 9.3
HD 41443. NGC 2177 lies 16' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2166 = h3012 on 2 Jan 1837 and recorded "F, S, R, gbM,
15"." His position is
accurate. JH credits D 223 as the possible earlier discovery. James Dunlop found D 223 and/or D 222
on 27 Sep 1826. His description
for D 222 reads "small round nebula preceding a small star." There is a "small star" just
following the cluster, though his position is 9' too far west. D 223 has a relatively accurate
position (1.6' N) with description "pretty bright and well-defined small
round nebula." Both objects
were recorded as observed once, though I don't know if they were on the same
night.
******************************
NGC 2167 = SAO
132848
06 06 58.5 -06
12 08
V = 6.6
=*6.6 SAO
132848, Gottlieb and Corwin. = No
nebulosity, Carlson.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2167 = h378 on 8 Jan 1831 and described "a star 7m with a p
strong neb atmosphere." His
position matches mag 6.6 HD 41794 at 06 06 58.7 -06 12 25, but there is no
surrounding nebulosity. He
incorrectly assumed this was his father's IV-44, which was described on 28 Nov
1786 (sweep 640) as a "star involved in milky chevelure, situated between
two stars, with a 3rd star at rectangles to the former two." There is nothing at WH's position for
IV-44, though a couple of reflection nebulae are nearby, including NGC 2170 8'
south and vdB 68 about 30 sec of RA following and 2' north.
Several
unsuccessful attempts were made to see h378 at Birr Castle. The GC and NGC used JH's position and
description for h378, so NGC 2167 = h378 = HD 41694, and not H IV-44.
Dreyer commented
that IV-44 h378 in the notes to his 1912 Scientific Papers of WH:
"Occurs only in Sw. 640, 2m 0s p, 4' n of IV 38 [NGC 2182]. 'Situated
between two stars with a third star at rectangles to the former.' This cannot be h378 (as hitherto
assumed), nor does the description quite fit IV 19 [NGC 2170], which does not
occur in this sweep, though this star has a star 11m ssp and a vF star north
and third farther off npp. But 70s
f h378 on the same parallel there is a star 11m between two others sp and nf
with a third star p, forming a striking rectangular triangle [vdB 68]. If this is H's object, his RA is 33s
too small."
Dreyer is
proposing IV-44 = vdB 68 = Ced 65 (and Wolfgang Steinicke concurs), though
Corwin feels H IV-44 is more likely a duplicate observation of NGC 2170 = H
IV-19, which is brighter and 8' due south of WH's position.
******************************
NGC 2168 = M35 =
Cr 82
06 08 54 +24 20
V = 5.1; Size 28'
18"
(11/14/09): gorgeous view at 75x, which beautifully frames the cluster as well
as NGC 2158. The densest portion
is the central 25' where roughly 250-300 stars are resolved. The cluster is noticeably lopsided due
to a loop of stars that juts out on the SE side of the cluster. This loop
includes mag 7.5 HD 42086 near its SE end. The brightest cluster star is a double on the north side (O·
134 = 7.5/9.1 at 31") with a bright orange-colored primary. A prominent loop of stars heads south
and curves to the west beginning at O· 134. This same chain nearly merges with another prominent chain
of fainter stars that begins on the west side of the cluster and forms a string
that heads east through the cluster.
Other loops and chains caught my eye as star chains seem to outline regions
where there are star voids. The
cluster itself resides in a rich star field though is fairly well-detached by a
region of lower star density surrounding the cluster, particularly around the
south side.
8": very
bright string cluster, very large, excellent field but not rich in faint
stars. Many of the stars are
arrange in rows and loops.
Naked-eye:
Visible as a fairly small naked-eye glow in a dark sky.
Phillippe De
ChŽseaux discovered M35 = NGC 2168 = h377 in 1745-46. John Bevis independently found the cluster before 1750
(possibly earlier than De ChŽseaux).
JH described "a L, coarse, p rich cl of st 9...16m, which fills 2
or 3 fields, but cheifly one in which are about 100 stars."
******************************
NGC 2169 =
"37" Cluster = Cr 83 = OCL-481 = Lund 206
06 08 25 +13 57
54
V = 5.9; Size 7'
17.5"
(1/19/91): 20 stars mag 7.5-13 in bright, distinctive group. Fairly small, about 6' diameter, not
rich. The stars are divided into
two main subgroups - along the west side is a string of six stars aligned N-S
in a very shallow "V" asterism.
The northern two stars in this string form the wide double ·844 =
8.8/9.9 at 24" and less than 2' S is mag 8.7 SAO 95271. The eastern subgroup consists of 9
stars forming a distinctive triangle outline and includes the close double star
·848 = 7.5/8.0 at 2.5". The
brighter stars form a fairly distinctive "37" pattern! Located 0.9 degrees WSW of Xi Orionis.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2169 = H VIII-24 = h379 on 15 Oct 1784 (sweep 293) and recorded as
"a small cluster of pretty large white stars, prettily arranged, not many
of them." On 24 Dec 1786
(sweep 662) he note "a cl of brilliant stars, not many in number, but
pretty much compressed; with a vacancy in the middle."
By analyzing
William Herschel's early "reviews" of bright stars (before his
systematic sweeps), which resulted in the discovery of many double stars,
Wolfgang Steinicke found (email Oct '16) that Herschel first discovered the
cluster on 12 Oct 1782 using his 6.2" reflector.
******************************
NGC 2170 = LBN
994 = vdB 67 = Ced 63 = RAFGL 877
06 07 31.8 -06
23 57
Size 2'x2'
18"
(1/13/07): fairly bright, moderately large reflection nebula surrounding a mag
9.5 star, ~2.5' diameter. There
are two stars bracketing the nebula at the north and south ends with the
brighter southern star of 10th magnitude.
Reflection
nebula vdB 69 lies 8.5' ENE and surrounds a mag 9.5-10 star. It appeared moderately bright, ~4'x2',
extends mostly SE of the star. vdB
68 lies 13' NE and surrounds mag 9.6 HD 42004. It appeared moderately bright, large, encompassing two mag
11 stars 1.5' NE and 3' NE. The
shape appears irregular and ~5' in size.
13.1"
(1/28/84): fairly bright nebulosity surrounds mag 9.5 SAO 132861. Also a star 8' ENE is slightly nebulous
(vdB 69). This is the brightest
and westermost in a group of reflection nebulae.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2170 = H IV-19 on 16 Oct 1784 (sweep 296) and recorded "a
pretty large star, about the 9th magnitude, surrounded by milky nebulosity, not
circular; but an irregular ellipsis." He recorded it again on 23 Feb 1786 (sweep 528) and logged
"a considerable star with milky nebulosity E in meridian or a little from
np to sf. It involves a smaller
star which is about 1.5' north of it.
Other stars of equal magnitude are perfectly clear from it." It was possibly recorded again on 28
Nov 1786 as IV-44 (sweep 640) as a "star involved in milky chevelure,
situated between two stars, with a 3rd star at rectangles to the former
two." His position is 8'
north of NGC 2170.
******************************
NGC 2171 = S-L
691 and S-L 692
05 58 59 -70 43
09
30"
(10/13/15 - OzSky): there are no good candidates matching Herschel's
description for this number, but Mati Morel suggested NGC 2171 was possibly S-L
691 and 692 with a large error in RA (15 min of RA). Although Corwin has since rejected this possibility as it is
out of RA order in the sweep, here are the descriptions of these clusters.
S-L 691: faint
or fairly faint, small, round, glow, 25" diameter. S-L 691 is the northern of close pair
of LMC clusters with S-L 692 just 48" S. Located 5' ESE of NGC 2107.
S-L 692: fairly
faint, fairly small, slightly elongated glow, 35" diameter, no
resolution. Visually, there is no
noticeable star cloud surrounding these two clusters.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2171 = h3016 on 16 Dec 1835 and recorded "eeF; vL; R; glbM;
4'." There is nothing at this
position though ~5' NW is S-L 809 = KMHK 1571. Eric Lindsay, in his 1964 paper "Some NGC objects in
the Large Magellanic Cloud" (IAJ, 6, 286-289), notes "This may be the
small object S/L 809, 0.5 min W, 2' N which may be an unresolved cluster or
possibly a galaxy. The size does not agree." SIMBAD also identifies S-L 809 as NGC 2171. But this tiny cluster is roughly
30", so it's not a reasonable match with a 4' object. The Hodge-Wright Atlas misidentifies a
faint star as NGC 2171.
Mati Morel has
proposed that h3016 is a star cloud at 05 44 14 -70 40 09, which includes S-L
691 and S-L 692. This requires a very
large error in RA (over 15 min of RA).
Harold Corwin notes that the sweep order argues against such an error
(see his identification notes) and this object appears to be lost.
******************************
NGC 2172 = ESO
057-SC065 = S-L 812
06 00 05.6 -68
38 14
V = 11.8; Size 1.7'
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): At 200x this LMC cluster appeared
moderately bright, fairly small, ~0.8' diameter, irregular, a couple of stars
are resolved within the glow. At
350x, the glow is clumpy with four stars resolved with the brightest star at
the SE edge. Located 10' SE of NGC
2164 and 11' ESE of NGC 2159.
Fourth of four (including NGC 2156) in a 16' circle.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2172 = h3015 on 31 Jan 1835 and recorded "vF; L; R; gbM;
2'." On a second sweep he
recorded "pF; R; lbM; 50"." His mean position (two sweeps) is at the south edge of the
cluster.
James Dunlop's D
197, found on 27 Sep 1826 possibly is an earlier discovery, though this cluster
may be too faint to have seen by Dunlop.
He described a "small faint round nebula" that was placed 12'
NE of this cluster.
******************************
NGC 2173 = ESO
033-SC034 = S-L 807
05 57 58.9 -72
58 46
V = 11.9; Size 2.3'
24" (4/4/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 260x this outlying LMC cluster
(classified as a GC in SIMBAD with an age of ~2 billion years) appears as a
fairly bright, round glow, ~2' in diameter, weak concentration, no
resolution. A wide pair of 12th
magnitude stars lies 2.4' ENE and 3.5' ESE. NGC 2199 (a galaxy) lies 38' SE, and NGC 2209, another LMC
cluster, lies 68' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2173 = h3018 on 8 Feb 1836 and described as "pF; R; gmbM;
90"." His single
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2174 =
"Monkey Head" Nebula = LBN 854 = Sh 2-252 = Ced 67a
06 09 23.6 +20
39 34
Size 40'x30'
17.5"
(1/16/02): at 64x and OIII filter, this is a beautiful, detailed nebulosity
surrounding a mag 8 star (SAO 78049), extending at least 20' diameter. The OIII filter gives a dramatic
contrast gain. With averted vision
and careful viewing, the outer borders extend to ~25'. Structure includes interior streaky
dark lanes visible to the west of the star. The rim is slightly brighter or has a higher contrast on the
western edge but slightly more nebulosity is visible on the following side of
the star.
Without a filter
at 64x, I was surprised to immediately notice a moderately bright 3' round
glow, situated ~11' NNW of SAO 78049 near the NW edge of the main glow. Interestingly, this patch of nebulosity
is more prominent than the main body without a filter and is probably the
section of the HII complex visually discovered by Stephan! It seemed quite strange that this patch
had such a different filter response and dimmed significantly with the OIII
(mainly reflection component?). A
curving arc of stars is situated along the north side of the glow. The entire nebula is situated among a
scattered group of stars, which is often mistaken for NGC 2175. Located 1.4 degrees ENE of Chi(2)
Orionis.
17.5"
(2/28/87): very large, irregular nebulosity surrounding mag 8.0 SAO 78049. Dark lanes are evident west of the
star, appears very streaky. A
bright small unresolved knot is 3.2' ENE of the bright star using an OIII
filter [this is NGC 2175].
13"
(1/18/85): very bright with filter, very large, surrounds a mag 8 star, sky
very dark off west side. West of
the star the nebula is mottled and streaky with a bright region near the north
edge.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2174 = St IX-7 on 6 Feb 1877. His description does not describe the entire nebulosity or a
scattered cluster but rather a small patch of nebulosity (without the accents):
"excessive., excess., faible (a peine observable); a l'interieur d'un
triangle forme par trois petites etoiles."
He gives a 1878
position of 06 02 07.47 +20 40 54.4 which precesses to 06 09 24.0 +20 39 53
(2000), and falls on the northwest side of the nebula. This probably needs a small correction
in declination based on his reference star, but is still accurate enough to
clearly identify a small brighter patch of nebulosity. His three stars are mag 13-14 and the
knot of nebulosity is quite prominent on the DSS just following the middle of
these three stars. This star has a
position of 06 09 21.9 +20 39 30 (2000) and Stephan's knot appears only
30-40" in diameter.
******************************
NGC 2175 =
"Monkey Head" Nebula = Ced 67a = LBN 854 = Sh 2-252E = Cr 84
06 09 39.5 +20
29 15
Size 40'x30'
17.5": See
description for NGC 2174. Although
the scattered group of stars involved with the HII region is identified as NGC
2175, the NGC description (from Auwers and Bruhns) does not refer to a cluster
but rather a "*8m in neb (Auw No 21)". The position given is 10' S of NGC 2174 and 16 tsec
east. But in the IC 2 notes and
correction, Dreyer gives a correction in RA from Bigourdan to 06 01 32. This places NGC 2175 at 06 09 52 +20
29.1 (2000) and is just 1' S of the brightest section of the nebula (about 3' ENE
of mag 8 SAO 78049). The scattered
group is catalogued as Cr 84.
Carl Christian
Bruhns discovered NGC 2175 = Au 21 in 1857 using a comet-seeker at the Berlin
Observatory. His position
corresponds with mag 7.6 HD 42088.
Arthur Auwers described this nebula on 24 Feb 1861 with the 6"
Heliometer at Konigsberg Observatory as "a considerable area of milky,
faint light, extended about 8' north-south and 25' east-west. In the brightest part is the 8m
star." Heinrich d'Arrest made
3 observations using the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen in Jan 1865 and wrote
"the extraordinarily large, faint nebula is one of the objects which are
difficult to see with higher magnification. It took a long time to find it." (translations from
Wolfgang Steincke). See notes on
NGC 2174.
******************************
NGC 2176 = ESO
086-SC050 = S-L 815
06 01 19 -66 51
12
Size 1.3'
14" (4/3/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x): fairly faint, roundish, 30" diameter, low surface
brightness, no resolution although a mag 14 star is just off the east
side. The compact cluster S-L 824
is 8' SE and large S-L 800 is 23' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2176 = h3017 on 3 Jan 1837 and recorded as "eeF; R; pL;
gbM; 2'." His position from a
single sweep matches this cluster.
******************************
NGC 2177 = ESO
057-SC066 = S-L 816
06 01 17 -67 44
00
V = 12.8; Size 1.2'
14" (4/3/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x): moderately bright, fairly small, round, 30"
diameter, fairly even surface brightness, no resolution. Located 8' NNW of mag 9.3 HD 41802 and
11' NE of mag 9.4 HD 41443. Three
additional mag 10 stars are in the field to the north and east. NGC 2166 lies 16' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2177 = h3020 on 13 Dec 1835 and recorded "F; R; lbM;
15"." On a second sweep
he noted "pF; irreg R; resolvable." His mean position matches this cluster.
******************************
NGC 2178 = ESO
086-053 = PGC 18322
06 02 47.6 -63
45 50
V = 12.6; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.7
30"
(10/13/15 - OzSky): at 394x; fairly bright, moderately large, slightly
elongated WSW-ENE, 50"x40", contains a very small bright core and
stellar nucleus. A mag 15.3 star
is close west-northwest [33" from center]. Located 2.7' WSW of mag 8.5 HD 41904. The LMC open cluster NGC 2162 lies 15'
WNW.
ESO 086-056 lies
8.8' NE and appeared moderately bright and large, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE,
1.0'x0.4', broad concentration, the brighter core bulges slightly at the
center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2178 = h3019 on 31 Jan 1835 and logged "eF, vS, r,
10"." His position is
35" south of ESO 086-053 = PGC 18322.
******************************
NGC 2179 = ESO
555-038 = MCG -04-15-011 = PGC 18453
06 08 02.2 -21
44 48
V = 12.3; Size 1.7'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 170d
13.1"
(1/28/84): fairly faint, fairly small, almost round, broad concentration. Located 15' ENE of mag 6.0 SAO 171251.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2179 = h3014 on 21 Nov 1835 and noted "F, pmE, glbM,
40"." His position
matches ESO 555-038 = PGC 18453.
******************************
NGC 2180
06 09 37.6 +04
43 03
Size 15'
18"
(3/5/05): large, scattered group viewed at 115x with the 31 Nagler. Most distinctive is a
"candy-cane" loop of a dozen mag 10-11 stars which closely wrap
around to the east of mag 7.9 HD 29212 and then extends in a string to the NW
ending in two mag 10 stars. A
scattering of brighter stars in the vicinity increase the apparent diameter to
perhaps 20'x15', though besides the half-dozen or so brighter stars this
appears to be an asterism. A
half-dozen mag 8.5-10 stars 10' to 12' E and north from the mag 7.1 star
roughly define an eastern border to the group. Listed as nonexistent in the RNGC. though this may be an
evolved, open cluster remnant that is partially stripped of former members.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2180 = H VIII-6 = h380 on 24 Jan 1784 (sweep 114) and reported "A
Cl of scattered stars, about 30 large and many small ones." A later sweep provided an accurate
position. JH felt this was a
"a fine cluster, coarse, p rich, place of a *9m." His position corresponds with mag 8.4
SAO 113523 at 06 09 37.6 +04 43 03 (2000).
Karl Reinmuth,
in his 1926 photographic survey, lists dimensions of 20'x20' with the
description "Cl, L, pR, P, sc, st 8.7..., B* BD+4d1141 nr M." RNGC classifies this object as
nonexistent (Type 7), though a recent journal article suggests this is an
evolved, disrupted cluster (A&A 427, 485-494 (2004).
******************************
NGC 2181 = ESO
086-SC054 = S-L 825
06 02 43.2 -65
15 52
V = 13.6; Size 1.6'
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): extremely faint, fairly small, irregular, ~1' diameter,
very low surface brightness. This
LMC cluster is located 2.8' WSW of a mag 10 star. NGC 2193 lies 21' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2181 = h3021 on 30 Nov 1834 and recorded "vF; S;
R." His position from this
single sweep is 1' too far east.
******************************
NGC 2182 = LBN
998 = vdB 72 = Ced 68
06 09 30.9 -06
19 35
Size 3'x3'
18"
(1/13/07): bright reflection nebula, round, ~2' diameter, surrounding 9.3 HD
42261. In a group of reflection
nebula with NGC 2170 28' WSW and NGC 2183 20' ENE.
13.1"
(1/28/84): faint, small, nebulosity surrounding mag 9.0 SAO 132895 using
averted vision. Located 28' ENE of
NGC 2170.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2182 = H IV-38 = h381 on 24 Feb 1786 (sweep 529) and described
"a considerable star very faintly affected with milky chevelure, the
milkiness not far from the parallel." A second observation (also with an accurate position), was
made on 28 Nov 1786 (sweep 640), although Sherburne Burnham (Publ of Lick
Observatory, II) incorrectly stated the RA should be 1 min larger.
******************************
NGC 2183 = LBN
996 = Ced 69
06 10 46.9 -06
12 43
Size 1'x1'
18"
(1/13/07): fairly faint reflection in a group. Appears ~1' diameter and notably was *not* surrounding a
bright star as are the other nebulae in the group. There appears to be a faint star, though, at the south edge
which may be the illuminating star.
A much larger complex of of nebulosity including NGC 2185 is less than
5' E and SE.
13.1"
(1/28/84): very faint reflection nebula near four faint stars just SE. Forms a pair with NGC 2185 4.8' E. Located 25' ENE of NGC 2182.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 2183 on 11 Dec 1850 using Lord Rosse's 72" and noted
"about 65' following h378 [NGC 2167} is a small nebula with nucleus or
stellar point." On the sketch
of 24 Jan 1851, it's labeled as Epsilon and NGC 2185 is labeled Alpha.
Heinrich
d'Arrest independently found this reflection nebula on 11 Jan 1864 and measured
an accurate position (as well as NGC 2185). He noted a mag 11-12 star 2.5' south and 1.4 sec of time
preceding. Stoney's observation
was not included in the GC (because of his rough location) and Dreyer only
credited d'Arrest with the discovery in the GC Supplement and NGC.
******************************
NGC 2184
06 11 04 -03 31
12
Size 20'
17.5"
(12/23/92): scattered group of 75 stars mag 7.8 to 13 in a 30' diameter. Bright, very large, includes a mag 7.8
star (HD 42761) on the SE, 10 mag 9 stars and two mag 8 stars off the SE end
(one a nice double ·874 = 9.5/10.3 at 21"). There is no concentration towards the center and no dense
regions. Fills most of the 100x field. Listed as nonexistent in the RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2184 = h382 on 19 Feb 1830 and recorded "A large loose
straggling cl of 8th class. The
place is that of a double star [HJ 2299]." Karl Reinmuth, in his 1926 photographic survey "Die
Herschel-Nebel", gives dimensions 30'x30' and a description "Cl, vL,
P, v sc, iR, st 9..."
RNGC classifies
this number as a nonexistent cluster (Type 7) and it is not included in the
Lynga catalogue.
******************************
NGC 2185 = LBN
997 = vdB 73 = Ced 70 = GN 06.08.7
06 11 06.1 -06
12 38
Size 3'x3'
18"
(1/13/07): faint, fairly small, 1' reflection nebula surrounding a mag 12-12.5
star. A few arc minutes southwest
is a group of 4 mag 12 stars which are also encased in a larger 3' haze of weak
nebulosity. Both of these pieces
are part of NGC 2185. Located 5' E
of NGC 2183.
13.1"
(1/28/84): this faint reflection nebula surrounds a mag 12 star. A group of four mag 11.5-12.5 stars is
2' to 3' SW. Forms a close pair
with NGC 2183 in the NGC 2182 group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2185 = H IV-20 = h383 on 16 Oct 1784 (sweep 296) and recorded as
"a small star of the 11 or 12 mag, affected in the same manner [as NGC
2170], but very faint. 240 also
showed it, other stars of the same magnitude are perfectly free from these
appearances." He observed
this reflection neb again on 23 Feb 1786 (sweep 528) and logged "5 or 6 pS
stars within a space of 3 or 4'; all affected with vF milky nebulosity. It is remarkable that the general
milkiness which involves them, seems to be a little stronger about each star;
but this last circumstance may be a deception arising from the light of the
star."
JH recorded on
sweep 235, "A *10m with a vF atmosphere. Two others sp are free from such atmosphere. A very F neb suspected south preceding
this object [this may refer to NGC 2183, which is due west].
******************************
NGC 2186 = Cr 85
= OCL-498 = Lund 209
06 12 08 +05 27
30
V = 8.7; Size 4'
17.5"
(1/19/91): at 140x about 30 stars in a 4' diameter including three mag 10
stars. Includes a prominent
subgroup with a mag 10 star on the north side and a double star 11/12 at
10". A clump of mag 13/14
stars is just west of this subgroup.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2186 = H VII-25 = h384 on NGC 2186 (sweep 512) and logged
"a cluster of pretty compressed stars of several sizes, 4' or 5' diameter
wth extensively straggling ones."
JH described "a pretty rich, comp cl, one st = 9, 3 or 4 = 11, and
many 12...15. Place that of double
star h2288." JH's position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 2187 = ESO
057-068A = AM 0604-693 = PGC 18354
06 03 48.3 -69
34 59
V = 12.1; Size 2.5'x1.1'; PA = 79d
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): although described as a
"double nebula" by John Herschel, this close pair of galaxies
received a single NGC entry. At
260x the double system is oriented SW-NE with their outer halos
overlapping. The brighter
northeast component is fairly bright, fairly small, round, 35" diameter,
strong concentration. The
southwest member is fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, slightly
elongated E-W, 40"x35", weak concentration, with a lower surface
brightness than the NE member of the pair. The pair shines through the eastern portion of the LMC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2187 = h3025 on 23 Dec 1834 and recorded a "Double nebula,
position 12.5 degrees; larger pB, R, gbM, 40"; smaller vF, R, glbM."
His position (measured on 3 sweeps) corresponds with the double system ESO
57-68A. On the other two sweeps he only described a single object and he only
gave a single entry in the GC.
******************************
NGC 2188 = ESO
364-037 = MCG -06-14-008 = AM 0608-340 = PGC 18536
06 10 09.5 -34
06 22
V = 11.7; Size 4.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 175d
24"
(1/25/14): at 200x-260x appeared fairly bright, large, very elongated 5:1 N-S,
4.0'x0.8', broad concentration with a large, slightly brighter elongated
core. Mag 8.5 HD 42519 lies 8' SW. ESO 364-039 lies 16' NE and ESO
364-035/036, in the core of AGC 3391, lie 28' N. This edge-on Magellanic dwarf irregular has several giant
HII regions on the south side and appears to be disrupted, although there is no
nearby interacting companion.
13.1"
(2/23/85): faint, moderately large, edge-on streak 6:1 NNW-SSE. A mag 13.5 star is at the NNW end. Located 7.8' NE of mag 8.6 SAO 196541.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2188 = h3022 on 9 Jan 1836 and described as "pF, vmE,
gvlbM, 2' long." His position
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2189
06 12 18 +01 08
=Not found,
Carlson.
Truman Safford
discovered NGC 2189 = HN 25/26 on Mar 19 1863 using the 15-inch Merz refractor
at Harvard College Observatory. In
AN #1453, George Bond (then director of the observatory) noted "two
clusters, seen 1863 Mar 19, near two stars of the 10th, 11th magnitude by J.H.
Safford, with the Great Refractor."
The positions for the two stars are roughly 15' apart E-W although
Dreyer used a mean position and only a single entry in the NGC. In any case,
there are no obvious clusters on the DSS at his positions, just scattered
stars. The same night he also
found NGC 2198, which appears to be nonexistent or a weak scattering of stars.
Karl Reinmuth,
in his 1926 photographic survey using Heidelberg places, was unable to identify
NGC 2189. Corwin very tentatively
identifies a group of stars at 06 14 29 +01 02.2.
******************************
NGC 2190 = ESO
033-SC036 = S-L 819
06 01 04 -74 43
30
V = 12.9; Size 2.0'
14" (4/3/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x): fairly faint, relatively large, ~1' diameter, fairly
low smooth surface brightness. No resolution, though viewed through thin
clouds. NGC 2161 lies 30' NW. Located 36' W of mag 5.1 Alpha Men.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2190 = h3027 on 8 Feb 1836 and described as "vF; R; gbM;
2'." His position from single
sweep is accurate (45" NW of center). NGC 2190 is located outside the boundaries of the
Hodge-Wright LMC Atlas.
******************************
NGC 2191 = ESO
160-014 = PGC 18464
06 08 23.8 -52
30 44
V = 12.3; Size 1.7'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 118d
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): at 166x, this Carina galaxy (on border with Pictor)
appeared fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, 0.7'x0.5'. Sharply concentrated with a very small
brighter core. Surrounded by
several brighter stars including mag 9 HD 42537 1.9' SW and mag 9 HD 42545 5'
ESE. Located 2.4 degrees west of
Canopus on the Pictor border.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2191 = h3023 on 9 Jan 1837 and reported "pB, vS, E, vsbM; a
ruddy star 9th mag precedes about 5 seconds in R.A." His position is accurate. The ruddy star is mag 9 HD 42537.
******************************
NGC 2192 = Cr 86
= Mel 42 = OCL-437
06 15 18 +39 51
18
Size 6'
13.1"
(12/22/84): two dozen very faint stars in a 4' diameter over unresolved haze.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2192 = H VII-57 on 31 Dec 1788 (sweep 901) and recorded "a
compressed cluster of vS stars, irregular figure, 6' diameter, considerably
rich." His position (Auwer's
reduction) is accurate. This older
cluster has an age of roughly 2 billion years
******************************
NGC 2193 = ESO
086-SC057 = S-L 839
06 06 17.5 -65
05 54
V = 13.4; Size 1.9'
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): very faint, fairly small, round, ~1' diameter, low
surface brightness. NGC 2181 lies
24' SW. This LMC globular is the
most elliptical of any known globular cluster with eccentricity = 0.33 (see
http://aa.springer.de/papers/9348002/2300418/sc2.htm). NGC 2193 is located 8' SE of HJ 3838, a
mag 10.5/10.5 pair at 10".
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2193 = h3026 on 3 Dec 1834 and recorded "F; irreg fig;
glbM; has 2 or 3 stars in it."
His position from this single sweep is just 30" NNW of center.
******************************
NGC 2194 = Cr 87
= Mel 43 = OCL-485
06 13 46 +12 48
24
V = 8.5; Size 10'
13.1"
(1/18/85): at least 50 stars in a 5' region including many mag 14/15 stars,
very rich with averted. Includes a
few brighter stars on the east edge.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2194 = H VI-5 on 11 Feb 1784 and described a "a cluster of
very close stars. Rich and of
large extent, i.e. about 7 or 8' or more." On 24 Dec 1786 (sweep 662) he recorded "a beautiful
cluster of very compressed small stars of several sizes, gradually most
compressed in the middle, irr R, 12 or 15' in diameter." In his 1814 PT paper he considered this
as an example of a cluster in an advanced state of insulation, "not much
differing from a globular figure."
Adolph Petersen
independently found the cluster in 1849 but with a poor position. The position was accuratelly measured
by d'Arrest on 18 Sep 1862 and by Vogel on 7 Dec 1869. Dreyer missed the equivalence with H.
VI 5 and entered d'Arrest's observation as GC 5380 in his Supplement.
******************************
NGC 2195
06 14 33.8 +17
38 22
V = 13/14
17.5"
(12/23/97): this close pair of mag 13/14 stars was picked up at 100x just south
of a mag 10 star. At 220x and 280x
this double star was cleanly resolved [10" separation] although the region
between the pair and the bright star (just 30" from the southern star)
appeared slightly hazy, probably due to two additional very close faint stars
just below resolvability. At 410x, at least one very faint sparkle was
occasionally glimpsed close to the mag 10 star. It is not difficult to see why Lohse may have suspected this
object to be nebulous.
Coincidentally, a very faint reflection nebula (GN 06.11.5) is located
6.7' NNW and it is misidentified as NGC 2195 in RNGC.
Gerhard Lohse
discovered NGC 2195 around 1886 with the 15.5-inch refractor at the private
Wigglesworth Observatory in England.
His position is 17 tsec west of a double star (with two additional very
faint stars in a chain). His
description of a mag 10 star 30" north pins down this identification. Interestingly, on my first observation of
this object, I also thought it was nebulous - either due to glare from the mag
10 star or the closeness of the chain of the stars. Coincidentally, there is a very faint reflection nebula (GM
1-45 = P-P 58) 6.7' NNE in the same field which was also visible in my
17.5" and this object has the same RA as Lohse's original position. The RNGC has misidentified this
reflection nebula as NGC 2195. See
Corwin's notes.
Wolfgang
Steinicke commented "The discoverer was Gerhard Lohse, a German working at
Scarborough using a 15.5 inch refractor. The object is one of 18 nebulae (from
a total of 20) Dreyer put into the NGC. Lohse is among the observers with the
poorest statistics: Only 3 objects
are real nebulae (the galaxies NGC 2518, 2565, 6792)! 12 are stars (or asterisms),
3 are "not found". From
the existing, NGC 2518 is the faintest, but an easy object with V around 13 mag
a and compact core. Due to this,
it is questionable, if he really saw GM 1-45. The description of a 10 mag star
31" N matches the small group. In general Lohse's positions are not bad,
there are "objects" at the places, but in most cases no
nebulae."
******************************
NGC 2196 = ESO
556-004 = MCG -04-15-014 = UGCA 121 = PGC 18602
06 12 09.5 -21
48 27
V = 11.0; Size 2.8'x2.2'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 45d
13.1"
(1/28/84): fairly bright, fairly small, almost round, increases to a small
bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2196 = H II-265 = h3024 on 20 Nov 1784 (sweep 325) and logged
"pF, pS, iF, bM of an irregular shape, somewhat elongated." His position is 30 sec of RA too large
and 3' too far south. JH observed this galaxy from the Cape on 4 sweeps, first
recording it as "B, pL, R, pspmbM. Many stars near it." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2197 = ESO
086-SC058 = S-L 838
06 06 09 -67 05
54
V = 13.4; Size 1.7'
14" (4/3/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x): fairly faint, round, 35" diameter, even surface
brightness, a mag 15 star is resolved at the north edge and one or two others
occasionally pop. The galaxy ESO
86-59 is 3.8' SE (= HS 452 in Hodge-Wright Atlas), but was not noticed. NGC 2197 is situated 12' NNW of mag 6.7
HD 42701
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2197 = h3028 on 31 Jan 1835 and noted "vF; R;
40"." His mean position
from two sweeps matches this LMC cluster.
******************************
NGC 2198
06 13 54 +01 00
24"
(1/22/15): at the position given here is a 10' to 12' field with perhaps a
half-dozen mag 10-11 stars and a number of fainter stars. The group, though, is totally unimpressive
and does not stand out in the general field. On the southwest side is a 20" pair (one of Safford's
10th magnitude reference stars).
About 25' south is a scattered group of mag 9-10.5 stars (along with
some fainter stars) that is much more distinctive, though doesn't match
Safford's position.
Truman Safford
discovered NGC 2198 = HN 27 on 19 March 1863, along with the nonexistent
cluster NGC 2189, using the 15-inch Merz refractor at the Harvard College
Observatory. In AN #1453, George
Bond (director of the observatory) reported "A cluster, seen 1863 March
19, by J.H. [sic] Safford, between two stars in the following position. With the Great Refractor." The positions for the two stars are
fine (separated by ~8' east-west) but there is no obvious clustering nearby.
Karl Reinmuth,
in his 1926 photographic survey "Die Herschel-Nebel", reported
"no CL, many pB st sf Dreyer's place." RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent (Type 7). Harold Corwin suggests Safford's object
might be "a scattered group of 20-30 stars, probably no more than a random
field, centered at 06 11 56, +01 03.2 (B1950.0) that covers an area about 12 x
11 arcmin in size. The stars range
between 9th magnitude (the eastern-most of Safford's two stars) to about 13.
******************************
NGC 2199 = ESO
034-003 = PGC 18379
06 04 45.0 -73
24 00
V = 12.8; Size 1.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 37d
24" (4/4/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): moderately bright and large, elongated 2:1
SW-NE, 1.2'x0.6', small bright core, occasional sharp stellar nucleus. NGC 2173 and NGC 2209, both likely LMC
clusters, lie 38' NW and 30' SE, respectively.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2199 = h3031 on 8 Feb 1836 and recorded "F, vS, R,
bM." His position matches ESO
034-003 = PGC 18379, a galaxy shining through the southeast side of the LMC.
******************************
NGC 2200 = ESO
254-039 = MCG -07-13-006 = AM 0611-433 NED2 = PGC 18652
06 13 17.4 -43
39 48
V = 14.2; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 170d
25"
(10/16/17 - OzSky): at 244x; faint, fairly small, round, 40" diameter, low
surface brightness. A mag 15.5
star is at the southwest edge.
Located 5' SE of mag 9.2 HD 432421 and 7' ESE of mag 8.3 HD 43180. Larger of a pair (similar redshift)
with NGC 2201 3.5' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2200 = h3029, along with NGC 2201, on 1 Jan 1835 and recorded
"eF; R; vlbM; 40"."
He observed the pair again in Dec 1837, but his NPD was 1¡ further
south. His first position was
accurate and matches ESO 254-039 = PGC 18652.
******************************
NGC 2201 = ESO
254-040 = MCG -07-13-007 = PGC 18658
06 13 31.4 -43
42 18
V = 13.4; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 113d
25"
(10/16/17 - OzSky): at 244x; fairly faint, small, elongated 5:3 WNW-ESE,
25"x15". Slightly brighter
of a pair with NGC 2200 3.5' NW.
The two galaxies are nearly collinear with a mag 9.2 star 5' further
northwest.
24"
(2/22/14): at 260x; very faint, small, 18" diameter, low even surface
brightness. Viewed at 9¡
elevation. Forms a pair with NGC
2200 3.5' NW, but the companion was not seen at this low elevation.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2201 = h3030 (along with NGC 2200 = h3029) on 1 Jan 1835 and
recorded "eF; vS; pslbM; rather a doubtful object." He observed the pair again in Dec 1837,
but his NPD was 1¡ further south.
His first position was accurate and matches ESO 254-040 = PGC 18658.
******************************
NGC 2202
06 16 51 +05 59
48
17.5"
(2/2/02): fairly distinctive asterism at 100x (20 Nagler), consisting of a
bulbous mushroom-shaped ring of about a dozen fairly bright stars with a few
others nearby. Within this
irregular ring is a nice, mag 9.1/10.8 double (SAO 113671) at 10"
separation. Adding to the effect
is a straight trail of stars from the double forming a 10' "stem" heading
to the NNE and containing a mag 8.7 star (SAO 113677). Listed as a nonexistent cluster in the
RNGC.
Wilhelm Struve
discovered NGC 2202 = · 885 in 1825 with the 9.6" refractor at the Dorpat
Observatory and he listed it in his main catalogue of double stars. JH observed this cluster (or asterism)
on Feb 2 1831 and recorded h385 as "The chief of a tolerably neat cluster
of large stars." The double
star is a 9.1/10.8 pair at 10" separation located at 06 16 51.5 +05 59 47.
Karl Reinmuth described the photographic appearance as "Cl, S, R, vP, st
8.5..." with dimensions 6.5'x6.5'.
RNGC classifies NGC 2202 as a nonexistent cluster.
******************************
NGC 2203 = ESO
034-SC004 = S-L 836
06 04 43 -75 26
18
V = 11.3; Size 3.2'
14" (4/3/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x): this LMC cluster (outside the Hodge-Wright Atlas)
appeared fairly bright and large, round, ~1.4' diameter, unresolved but
slightly patchy or mottled with a weak concentration. A mag 12.4 star is off the NW side [1.6' from center] and a
mag 14.5 star is off the south side [1.6' from center]. Located 46' SSW of mag 5.1 Alpha
Mensae.
The galaxy IC
2164 lies 9' NE and was logged as "faint, small, round, 30" diameter,
fairly low surface brightness, no concentration. A mag 14 star is 1' SE."
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2203 = h3035 on 23 Jan 1836 and recorded "pB; irreg R;
vgpmbM; 2'; resolvable. His
position from this single sweep is accurate. DeLisle Stewart called this object a "faint cluster,
not a nebula" (given in the IC Notes).
******************************
NGC 2204 = Cr 88
= Mel 44 = ESO 556-SC007
06 15 33 -18 40
00
V = 8.6; Size 13'
13.1"
(1/28/84): two dozen stars mag 12-14 in a 10' diameter. Two mag 9 stars are on the SW and NW
edge and many stars are aligned in strings. Mag 6.0 SAO 151274 in field to NNW about 11'.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2204 = H VII-13 on 6 Feb 1785 (sweep 367) and recorded "a
cluster of scattered stars, not very rich, above 15' diameter, south following
a star 6-7 mag." Jane Houston
Jones credited Caroline Herschel credit for the discovery in her Sky & Tel
article on CH, but she is not referenced in the NGC nor in WH's
catalogues. The error was caused
by a transcription error when William's handwritten catalogue went to the
printer (she discovered H VII-12 = NGC 2360).
******************************
NGC 2205 = ESO
086-063 = PGC 18551
06 10 33.0 -62
32 19
V = 12.7; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 80d
14" (4/7/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated E-W,
25"x20". A mag 11.7 star
is 3.3' NNE and a similar star is 5' SSE.
A group of stars (mag 10.6 and fainter) is ~10' W. Located 33' SE of a mag 5.0 HD
42540. Observation made in hazy
conditions (thin clouds and/or smoke).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2205 = h3034 on 9 Dec 1836 and noted "pF, R, bM,
20"." There is nothing
at Herschel's position, but Eric Lindsay comments in his 1964 paper "Some
NGC objects in the Large Magellanic Cloud" (IAJ, 6, 286-289), this is
"Probably the galaxy 3/4m West."
******************************
NGC 2206 = ESO
489-026 = MCG -04-15-019 = UGCA 123 = PGC 18736
06 15 59.9 -26
45 57
V = 12.2; Size 2.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 138d
17.5"
(2/8/86): moderately bright, small, almost round, small bright core. A star is superimposed very close east
of the core.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2206 = h3033 on 20 Jan 1835 and remarked "vF; R; vlbM;
50"." His position
(measured on 3 sweeps) matches ESO 489-026 = UGCA 123. Herbert Howe noted that the
superimposed star is actually a 10" double.
******************************
NGC 2207 = ESO
556-008 = MCG -04-15-020 = UGCA 124 = Holm 85a/b = PGC 18749
06 16 22.0 -21
22 21
V = 10.8; Size 4.3'x2.8'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 112d
48"
(2/20/12): this beautiful spiral galaxy forms a stunning pair with IC 2163
attached to its east side. The
center is sharply concentrated with a brilliant nucleus embedded in a very
bright core. A mag 13.5 star is
superimposed on the west-southwest edge of the core. A couple of beautiful, winding spiral arms are visible in
the halo. An outer arm is on the
southern end of the galaxy stretching to the west and curving counterclockwise
north towards a mag 12.5-13 star situated 1.7' NW of center. A second more inner arm vaguely emerges
on the west side of the core and wraps counterclockwise to the north, where it
is parallel to the outer arm described above. This arms then curve back east of along the north side of
the halo, stretching to the NE side of the halo, but not reaching IC 2163.
IC 2163 is
attached at the east side of NGC 2207.
The central region is very bright, round, ~1' diameter, small bright
core. Attached on the southwest
side is a spiral arm that gracefully sweeps to the east while curving gently
clockwise. The arm is ~1.5' long
and significantly increases the overall size to roughly 2'x1'. Just northeast of the tip of the arm is
2MASX J06163579-2122032, which appears as a faint, very small knot. This galaxy is probably a dwarf
elliptical at the same distance as the pair.
18"
(2/5/11): fairly bright, fairly large, sharply concentrated with a bright,
elongated core (WSW-ENE) ~1' diameter and a large, much lower surface
brightness halo ~2.5'x2.0'. A
faint star is close WSW of the nucleus.
A mag 13.5 star is at the NW edge of the halo.
Forms an
interacting pair with IC 2163, which is embedded on the east side of the
halo. The fainter companion
appears fairly faint, moderately large, oval E-W, 1.0'x0.7', weakly
concentrated
13.1"
(1/28/84): moderately bright, moderately large, bright core, double
nuclei. A faint extension is
visible to the east. This is an
unusual interacting pair and the extension to the east is IC 2163.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2207 = h3032 on 24 Jan 1835 and recorded "pB, pL, mE in pos
= +/- 87¡, pslbM, 2.5' long, 40" broad, to a tolerably well defined round
nucleus." His position and
Engelhardt's micrometric measurement are accurate, though I'm surprised that
Herschel wasn't able to resolve the IC component of the system. The IC Notes mentions "binuclear,
surrounded by faint trace of ring" from Herbert Howe (based on a visual
observation with a 20" refractor) and DeLisle Stewart (based on plates
taken at Harvard's Arequipa station).
Holmberg 85b refers to the inner spiral arm (ring) to the west of the
core.
******************************
NGC 2208 = UGC
3452 = MCG +09-11-010 = CGCG 260-007 = PGC 18911
06 22 34.7 +51
54 34
V = 12.8; Size 1.7'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 110d
17.5"
(1/19/91): fairly faint, small, elongated 2:1 E-W, weak concentration. A mag 13 star is 1.1' W of center.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 2208 = Sw VI-26 on 24 Nov 1886 and noted "pF, pS,
lE." His position is 6 tsec
of RA west and 1.6' north of UGC 3452 = PGC 18911.
******************************
NGC 2209 = ESO
034-SC006 = S-L 849
06 08 35 -73 50
18
V = 13.2; Size 2.8'
24" (4/4/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this fairly bright outlying LMC cluster
(probable globular cluster) appears as a 2.5'-3' glow with only a weak
concentration and no resolution.
Surrounded by a number of stars including a mag 11.5 star 3.4' W. NGC 2199 (a galaxy) lies 30' NW and
continuing in this direction another 38' is NGC 2173, a slightly smaller LMC
cluster.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2209 = h3037 on 8 Feb 1836 and remarked "vF; L; R; gvlbM;
3'." His position from this
single sweep is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2210 = ESO
057-SC071 = S-L 858
06 11 32 -69 07
18
V = 10.9; Size 1.7'
14" (4/3/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x): bright, relatively large, round, at least 1' diameter,
contains a very bright grainy core and a relatively thin halo, no definite
resolution. A mag 14 star is off
the southeast side [1.3' from center].
Located 9.3' NW of a mag 8.2 star and 22' SE of mag 5.1 Nu Doradus. NGC 2210 is one of 15 bona-fide ancient
GC's in the LMC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2210 = h3036 on 31 Jan 1835 and logged "vB; S; R; pgvmbM;
35"; not resolvable." He
noted the observation probably had a one degree error in the polar distance as
the next two sweeps agreed in position.
******************************
NGC 2211 = ESO
556-013 = MCG -03-16-021 = PGC 18794
06 18 30.3 -18
32 14
V = 12.7; Size 1.4'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 22d
17.5"
(1/20/90): fairly faint, very small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, small bright
core. Forms a pair with NGC 2212
1.5' NE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 2211 = LM I-150, along with NGC 2212, on 11 Dec
1885. His rough position is
accurate to the nearest min of RA, though Bigourdan (on 9 Mar 1890), Herbert
Howe and Ormond Stone measured an accurate RA (given in the IC 2 Notes).
******************************
NGC 2212 = ESO
556-014 = MCG -03-16-022 = PGC 18796
06 18 35.7 -18
31 10
V = 13.5; Size 1.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 136d
17.5"
(1/20/90): extremely faint, very small, round, very low surface brightness. A line of three equally spaced mag 14
stars begins 1.5' E and ends 1.3' N.
Forms a pair with NGC 2211 1.5' SW.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 2212 = LM I-151 (along with NGC 2211 = LM I-150) on
11 Dec 1885. His rough position is
accurate to the nearest min of RA, though Bigourdan, Herbert Howe and Ormond
Stone measured an accurate RA for nearby NGC 2211 (given in the IC 2 Notes).
******************************
NGC 2213 = ESO
057-SC070 = S-L 857
06 10 42 -71 31
42
V = 12.4; Size 2.1'
14" (4/3/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x): moderately bright and large, round, 45" diameter,
slightly brighter core, no resolution.
A distinctive 1' trio in a slight curve, consisting of a mag 11 star and
two mag 12 stars, lies 3' W.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2213 = h3038 on 9 Feb 1836 and recorded "vF; R; glbM;
30". A triple star
precedes." His position from
this single sweep is 30" SW of center.
******************************
NGC 2214 = ESO
057-SC074 = S-L 860
06 12 57 -68 15
36
V = 10.9; Size 3.6'
18" (4/3/16
- Coonabarabran, 236x): this young massive LMC cluster appeared very bright,
fairly large, noticeably elongated E-W, ~1.6'x1.1'. About a half-dozen stars are resolved around the edges and
within the main glow. Well
concentrated with a bright central region and a slightly mottled halo.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 2214 = D 201 on 27 Sep 1826 and described "a round
well-defined small nebula, 20" diameter, bright at the centre." Dunlop made 3 observations and his
position is about 2' SW of center (unusually accurate).
JH made two
observations, first on the sweep of 30 Jan 1835 when he recorded h3039 as
"B; S; R; or lE; resolved into stars 14...16m; 50"." On a second sweep he logged it as
"B; irreg R; or lE; gbM; 80"; resolvable."
******************************
NGC 2215 = Cr 90
= Mel 45 = OCL-550
06 20 50 -07 17
00
V = 8.4; Size 11'
17.5"
(12/28/94): about 50 stars mag 11-14 in a 12' region, pretty evenly distributed
and stands out well in the field at 100x.
At the west edge is a faint detached group of 8 stars. Near the center are several wide pairs
and one close evenly matched fainter pair. The cluster is not well defined on the east side and merges
into the general field.
17.5"
(2/1/92): 30 stars mag 11-14 in 10' diameter, fairly bright, elongated ~E-W,
pretty evenly distributed, fairly rich although there no dense areas. Includes about 10 mag 11 stars but
there is no single dominant star.
The remainder are mag 12-14.
Set over background haze.
Stands out well in low power field.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2215 = H VII-20 = h386 on 1 Nov 1785 (sweep 468) and recorded
"a cl of coarsely but pretty evenly scattered pS stars, of nearly the same
magnitude, coarsely round and about 15' diam." His summary description (based on 3 sweeps) reads "a
beautiful cluster of pretty compressed and equally scattered stars, 10' or 12'
diameter."
******************************
NGC 2216 = ESO
556-017 = MCG -04-15-027 = PGC 18877
06 21 30.7 -22
05 14
V = 12.8; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 20d
17.5"
(1/20/90): faint, fairly small, oval SW-NE, even surface brightness. A mag 13 star is off the SE end 1.7'
from center and a mag 14.5 star is superimposed at the SE end. A group of 20 stars are in the field to
the west.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2216 = h3040 on 23 Jan 1835 and noted it as "vF, pL, R,
vglbM, 40"." His position (single sweep) matches ESO 556-017 = PGC
18877.
******************************
NGC 2217 = ESO
489-042 = MCG -05-15-010 = LGG 136-001 = PGC 18883
06 21 39.8 -27
14 04
V = 10.7; Size 4.5'x4.2'; Surf Br = 13.8
24"
(2/5/13): very bright, very large, contains a brighter 1.3' core that is
sharply concentrated with an intense nucleus! The round halo extends 3' and has a fairly smooth surface
brightness. The outer halo passes
through a wide pair of mag 12/13 stars on the west side. UGCA 126, a thin edge-on, lies 60' WSW.
13.1"
(1/18/85): fairly bright, small, elongated ~E-W, well concentrated with a
bright core surrounded by small faint halo, stellar nucleus at moments.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2217 = h3041 on 20 Jan 1835 and recorded "vB; R; psmbM;
30", r." His position
(measured on two sweeps) matches ESO 489-042 = PGC 18883.
******************************
NGC 2218
06 24 41.5 +19
20 29
=4*,
Reinmuth =no cluster, RNGC.
Edward Cooper
discovered NGC 2218 on 13 Jan 1853 at the Markree Observatory in Ireland while
compiling the Markree Ecliptic Catalogue.
Arthur Auwers couldn't find it using the 6" Heliometer at
Konigsberg, though included it as #22 in his 1862 list of new nebulae. Karl Reinmuth, using Heidelberg plates,
reported "only 4 st 14...15".
There is only a small group of 3-5 stars on the DSS at Cooper's
position. The RNGC classifies this
number as nonexistent (Type 7).
******************************
NGC 2219
06 23 45 -04 40
36
17.5"
(2/2/02): at 100x, 15-20 fairly faint mag 13-14 stars and a few brighter stars
are visible just following mag 6.7 SAO 133199. The group is elongated ~WNW-ESE and the stars are fairly
evenly distributed. The SE corner
is marked by a mag 7.5 star.
Visually, this group appears to be a cluster as the star density is
reasonably rich and the group is isolated in the field. Listed as a nonexistent cluster in the
RNGC and not in the Lynga catalogue.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2219 = h387 on 19 Feb 1830 and noted "The first *6 of a
course poor cl; *11...12."
His position corresponds with mag 6.7 SAO 133199 at 06 23 22.8 -04 41 15
(J2000). Karl Reinmuthm, based on
his 1926 photographic survey, gives a size of 10' and describes "Cl, pL,
P, st 10...; B* BD -4 1484 p."
RNGC classifies this number as nonexistent (Type 7).
******************************
NGC 2220 = ESO
255-**4
06 21 11.0 -44
45 32
Size 22'
24"
(2/22/14): at 125x, this asterism is a scattered 20' field containing several
bright stars. There are two
groupings with the more prominent southeast group containing 8 brighter stars
including mag 7.7 HD 44737, mag 8.4 HD 44665, mag 8.8 HD 44764, along with 4
mag 10-11 stars. These are
scattered within an 8' region. A
separate group is to the northwest, separated by a 7'-8' gap, which contains 4
mag 9.5-10 stars. Visually this
appears to be a random grouping, though the number of bright stars is striking. ESO 255-005 off the east side of the
asterism was not seen. Viewed at an
elevation of only 8¡.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2220 = h3042 on 29 Dec 1834 and recorded a "A poor, very
coarsely scattered, but brilliant cluster of 8th class. Place of a star 8m = B 1222, the chief
of cl." His position
corresponds with mag 7.7 HD 44737 at 06 21 11.3 -44 45 31 (2000). The asterism also includes HD 44665 =
HJ 3852 (8.4/10.7 at 7") and mag 8.8 HD 44764. WEBDA has no listing, and this grouping is probably an
asterism. RNGC calls NGC 2220
nonexistent (Type 7).
******************************
NGC 2221 = ESO
121-024 = KTS 33A = PGC 18833
06 20 15.7 -57
34 42
V = 12.9; Size 1.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 0d
24"
(4/10/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is the brightest member of a
trio of elongated galaxies (KTS 33).
At 260x it appeared fairly bright, large, edge-on 4:1 N-S, ~1.5'x0.35',
broad concentration, dims at the tips.
Just at the north tip is an extremely faint star or a knot (appears to
be an HII knot on the Vickers CCD image).
Forms a striking pair with NGC 2222 2.7' N. The third member, ESO 161-001 is much fainter and lies 5.3'
NNE. A 26" pair of mag
11.5/12 stars 4.5' NW is collinear with this galaxy and a mag 10.9 star lies to
the NW of the trio.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2221 = h3044 (along with NGC 2222 = h3045) on 4 Dec 1834 and
recorded "vF; lE; vgbM; the preceding of 2." His position is 1' too far north.
******************************
NGC 2222 = ESO
121-025 = KTS 33B = PGC 18835
06 20 17.0 -57
32 04
V = 13.3; Size 1.2'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 150d
24"
(4/10/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 260x, this edge-on galaxy
appeared moderately bright and large, elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, 0.9'x0.3',
gradually increases to a small bright core. This is the second brightest in a trio of elongated systems
with NGC 2221 2.6' S and ESO 161-001 2.9' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2222 = h3045 (along with NGC 2221 = h3044) on 23 Jan 1835 and
recorded "vF; lE; vgvlbM; the following of 2." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2223 = ESO
489-049 = MCG -04-16-002 = UGCA 129 = PGC 18978
06 24 36.0 -22
50 18
V = 11.6; Size 3.2'x2.8'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 175d
17.5"
(1/20/90): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated N-S, even surface
brightness. A mag 14 star is on
the north end 24" from center.
Apparently I missed the outer 3' low surface brightness outer halo as
the superimposed star is just outside the core.
8"
(1/1/84): very faint, fairly small, elongated ~N-S.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2223 = h3043 on 23 Jan 1835 and logged "F; R glbM; has 1 or
2 stars on it and a small close double star (dist 3", 12 and 12 mag)
north." His mean position
(measured on 3 sweeps) matches ESO 489-049 = UGCA 129.
******************************
NGC 2224
06 27 28 +12 35
36
= no cluster, RNGC.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2224 = H VII-35 on 24 Dec 1786 (sweep 662) and described "A
cluster of small pretty much compressed stars with suspected nebulosity, but the latter may be a
deception." His position is
close to a mag 9.6 star in a rich field containing some extremely faint
nebulosity. Robert Ball,
observing with the 72" on 9 Dec 1866, noted "some stars scattered
about, but no neby see. Sky not
good."
Karl Reinmuth
reported "no pC Cl seen", based on Heidelberg plates. The RNGC classifies
this number as nonexistent and it is not listed in any open cluster
catalogue. Harold Corwin there is
an elongated group of very faint stars close to Herschel's position and these
are embedded in very faint nebulosity, though I haven't checked this field.
******************************
NGC 2225
06 26 37 -09 38
30
17.5"
(1/23/93): NGC 2226 is the core of NGC 2225 and consists of a 2' faint group of
six mag 14 stars, over unresolved haze.
A mag 10 star is 1' S and a mag 12 star is 4' N. NGC 2225 probably also consists of
several nearby mag 13.5-14 stars forming a 5' group elongated N-S. Herschel described the cluster as
"hook" shaped.
Listed as
nonexistent in RNGC though shows up well on the DSS.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2225 = H VII-26 = h388 on 30 Jan 1786 (sweep 516) and described
"a cluster of extremely small and pretty much compressed stars, with a few
larger ones, but not very rich; in the shape of a hook." His position is off the southeast side
of the cluster (or asterism) and the "large ones in the shape of a
hook" probably refer to a group of stars off the northeast side of the
core of the group. JH measured a
more accurate position.
This cluster,
though, is not listed in the Lynga catalogue and RNGC classifies the number as
nonexistent with the comment "NOCL". NGC 2226 is the small core of NGC 2225.
******************************
NGC 2226
06 26 37.6 -09
38 34
Size 2'
17.5"
(1/23/93): faint group of six mag 14 stars over unresolved haze giving a fairly
rich appearance. Forms an
irregular arc 2' length N-S bending west on the south end. Located 1' N of a mag 10 star and a mag
12 star is 4' N. Several more mag
13.5-14 stars are nearby, which together as a 5' group elongated N-S may form
NGC 2225.
E.E. Barnard
discovered NGC 2226 (discovery date unknown). Harold Corwin notes Barnard was
probably using a 5- or 6-inch refractor at Nashville and the discovery was
directly communicated to Dreyer.
His rough position is nearly identical to this cluster, but the NGC
description "small,very difficult,*10 close S" suggests he only noted
the core of the larger group (NGC 2225) discovered by WH. RNGC classifies this number as
nonexistent (Type 7).
******************************
NGC 2227 = ESO
556-023 = MCG -04-16-004 = PGC 19030
06 25 57.9 -22
00 18
V = 12.5; Size 2.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 19d
17.5"
(2/8/86): faint, fairly large, fairly diffuse, elongated ~N-S, almost even
surface brightness. A mag 10 star
is 8' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2227 = h3046 on 27 Jan 1835 and remarked "eF; R; has coarse
double star preceding on same parallel 90" dist." His description and position (NPD
corrected by two degrees in his addendum) matches ESO 556-023 = PGC 19030.
******************************
NGC 2228 = ESO
087-007 = PGC 18862
06 21 15.6 -64
27 33
V = 13.6; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.7
25"
(10/16/17 - OzSky): at 244x; fairly faint, fairly small, round,
30"-36" diameter, very small bright core. At 397x the core seemed elongated ~E-W, but this was due to
a mag 15.6 star that occasionally resolved at its east edge. Located 11.6' NW of mag 8.2 HD 45462 (a
wide 1.5' pair with a mag 9.9 star).
NGC 2228 is a
member of ACO S585 = AGC 3389, which includes NGC 2229, 2230 and 2235, but is
situated ~30' N of the core of the cluster.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2228 = h3047 on 31 Jan 1835 and noted "F; R; glbM;
20"." His position
(single sweep) matches ESO 087-007 = PGC 18862.
******************************
NGC 2229 = ESO
087-008 = PGC 18867
06 21 23.7 -64
57 24
V = 13.4; Size 1.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 133d
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly faint, very elongated 3:1
NW-SE, 0.75'x0.25', a mag 14 star is 45" S of center. In the core of the rich cluster AGC
3389 = ACO S585 with NGC 2230 2' S, NGC 2235 6.4' ENE, NGC 2233 5' SSE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2229 = h3048 (along with NGC 2230, 2233 and 2235) on 30 Nov 1834
and logged as "eF; vS; R; the preceding of 3." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2230 = ESO
087-009 = PGC 18873
06 21 27.5 -64
59 35
V = 13.1; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 81d
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): moderately bright, round, 0.9'
diameter, moderately concentrated with a bright 20" core. Situated in the core of the rich cluster
AGC 3389 = ACO S585 with NGC 2229 2.2' N, NGC 2233 2.9' SE, NGC 2235 6.8' NE,
2MASX J06215975-6459181 3.4' E. A
total of 7 galaxies were picked up within an 11' circle.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2230 = h3049 (along with NGC 2229, 2233 and 2235) on 30 Nov 1834
and logged "eF, S, lE, the middle of 3." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2231 = ESO
087-S00C6 = S-L 884
06 20 43 -67 31
06
V = 13.2; Size 2.0'
14" (4/3/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x): this LMC globular appeared fairly faint, moderately
large, round, ~45" diameter, fairly low but irregular surface brightness,
increases in size with averted, no resolution. A number of brighter stars in the field including HJ 3862, a
mag 9.5/11.5 pair at 8", which lies 5' SE. In addition, a mag 10 star is 6' NNE and two other mag 11
stars are within 4' N. Several
more mag 12 stars (some closer) are in the field. S-L 885 lies 3.7' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2231 = h3050 on 23 Dec 1834 and recorded "F, pL, R, gvlbM,
precedes a double star [h3862]." On a second sweep he called it "F,
L, R, 50", among 10 or 12 stars 10th and 11th mag." His position (measured on 3 sweeps) is
good.
******************************
NGC 2232 = Cr 93
= OCL-545 = Lund 220
06 28 02 -04 50
48
V = 3.9; Size 30'
17.5"
(12/28/94): at 100x appears as a scattered group of bright stars surrounding 10
Monocerotis (V = 5.1) with the remaining stars forming a wedge tapering to the
SW. Includes 7 brighter mag 8-10
stars and another two dozen fainter stars. Richest surrounding 10 Mon and five brighter stars form a
distinctive box around the bright star.
Too large and scattered for higher power.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2232 = H VIII-25 on 16 Oct 1784 (sweep 296) and recorded
"The 10 Monocerotis surrounded by many bright stars." His position matches the bright
star. The position in Lynga #5,
RNGC, NGC 2000.0 and Sky Catalogue 2000 is about 20' too far west! Brian Skiff suggests a centroid
position of 06 28 02 -04 50.8 based on the star GSC 4793-2505. See my RNGC Corrections #7.
By analyzing
William Herschel's early "reviews" of bright stars (before his
systematic sweeps), which resulted in the discovery of many double stars,
Wolfgang Steinicke found (email Oct '16) that Herschel first discovered the
cluster on 5 Dec 1779 using his 6.2" reflector. This is apparently his earliest non-stellar discovery!
******************************
NGC 2233 = ESO
087-011 = PGC 18882
06 21 40.1 -65
02 00
V = 13.8; Size 0.9'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.0; PA = 45d
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly faint, fairly small,
edge-on 4:1 SW-NE, 36"x9", fairly low surface brightness with little
or no concentration. Located 2.8'
SE of NGC 2230 in the core of the rich cluster AGC 3389 = ACO S585.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2233 = h3051 (along with NGC 2229, 2230 and 2235) on 30 Nov 1834
and logged "eF; S; the last of 3." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2234
06 29 22 +16 43
24
Size 25'
18"
(1/26/09): at 175x only a scattered group of ~75 stars in a non-descript 10'
region. Includes a number of mag
12 stars forming the outline of two rough loops or a butterfly shape. This poor grouping is immediately SE of
the listed position. The Milky Way
is patchy here and the stars are set over unresolved haze. This grouping appears a very weak field
enhancement at best and not a cluster.
William Herschel
described a larger grouping (nearly 30'), though the entire field is not really
distinguishable from the surrouding area.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2234 = H VIII-9 = h389 on 19 Feb 1784 (sweep 148) and reported
as "A cluster of stars very much scattered; takes up near 1/2 degree. It is not very rich; the stars are of
various magnitudes." JH
described "a p rich v loose cl, fills 2 or 3 fields, not bM, st
10...13m."
Karl Reinmuth
noted "no distinct Cl" on Heidelberg plates and the RNGC classifies
this number as nonexistent (Type 7).
There is a fairly even scattering of mag 10-13 stars in the vicinity on
on the POSS.
******************************
NGC 2235 = ESO
087-013 = PGC 18906
06 22 22.0 -64
56 03
V = 13.0; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 68d
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): moderately bright, elongated 3:2
SW-NE, 0.9'x0.6', broad concentration with a slightly elongated 25"
core. A mag 10.8 star is right at
the northeast edge of the halo.
This is the brightest of 7 galaxies, including NGCs 2229, 2230 and 2233,
viewed in the core of ACO S585 = AGC 3389 and the furthest northeast.
PGC 75662: at
260x; very faint, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 0.4'x0.2'. Picked up 1.1' NW of a mag 10.5 star and 3.8' SW of NGC
2230.
PGC 75671: very
faint edge-on streak 3:1 SSW-NNE, 0.4'x0.15'. A mag 15-16 star is very close following. Picked up just 2.3' N of NGC 2229 on a
line with NGC 2230 4.5' S.
PGC 75689: very
faint, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 0.4'x0.2'.
Picked up 3.4' E of NGC 2229 and 4' SW of NGC 2235.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2235 = h3052 (along with NGC 2229, 2230 and 2233) on 30 Nov 1834
and logged "vF; S; R; 30"." His position (single sweep) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2236 = Cr 94
= OCL-501 = Lund 221
06 29 40 +06 49
48
V = 8.5; Size 7'
13.1"
(1/18/85): two dozen faint stars in a 5' region over background haze. The brighter stars are in a rich 1' triangular
outline with the brightest mag 11 star in the cluster. A long curving arc of fainter stars
emanates from the group. Fairly
striking cluster.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2236 = H VII-5 = h390 on 23 Feb 1784 (sweep 156) and described
"a cluster of compressed stars of various magnitudes, pretty rich in small
stars; the preceding part contains chiefly large onces, not round." JH described an "Irreg fig cl like
a hollow triangle in a crowded part of the Milky Way; stars vS; 12...15m; one
star 10m. The surrounding loose
stars are all large."
******************************
NGC 2237 =
Rosette Nebula = Sh 2-275 = LBN 948
06 30 18 +05 03
Size 80'x60'
13.1"
(11/5/83 and 1/23/82): the complete annulus of the Rosette Nebula was clearly
visible surrounding the naked-eye cluster NGC 2244. Appears brightest and broadest in the NW region with a
bright knot in the NE quadrant (NGC 2246). The SE portion is split into two shells. The western section has sharp corner on
the inner edge. NGC 2237 refers to
a brighter section in the western section of the Rosette. The brighter embedded cluster, NGC
2244, is offset within the 20', darker central region, and the SE end of the
cluster (including the brightest member 12 Mon) spills over into the nebula.
8" (1/1/84):
complete annulus easy visible in field at 42x or in 8x50 finder with filter as
a large, soft ring surrounding the cluster.
Naked-eye
(1/8/00): using an OIII filter, the apparent diameter of the cluster (NGC 2244)
noticeably increases in size due to the surrounding nebulosity becoming
visible. The overall brightness,
though, is slightly decreased with the filter as the cluster is significantly
dimmed.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 2237 = Sw II-31 around 1865 while comet hunting with his
4.5-inch refractor, though the discovery wasn't published until 1884 (Sidereal
Messenger, 3, 57-58). Swift reported "Some ten years ago, while
searching for comets, I ran across an exceedingly large and fairly bright
nebula near 12 Mon which I of course supposed was familiar to every
astronomer." It was described
as "quite sharply defined and in a shape of a perfect ellipse, having at
each focus either a round and much brighter nebula, or it has two centres of
condensation, probably the latter."
This was the first observation of the main part of the Rosette Nebula,
though Swift mentioned he saw nebulosity on one side of the cluster only.
E.E. Barnard independently discovered the Rosette on 29 Jan 1883 with his
5-inch refractor while searching for comets (Sidereal Messenger 4, 313) and was
the first to see the entire annulus. He commented in his logbook "Found a
large nebulous object, [near] a scattering cluster of bright stars; it is
elongated southwest and northeast.
Larger than the field of view." His notification prompted Swift to claim an earlier
discovery.
Barnard referred
to the nebula as "Swift's Nebula", though it was often called
"Barnard's Ring" before the "Rosette Nebula" nickname was
introduced. The oldest confirmed usage was in JRASC from 1949 (vol 43, 122):
"Often referred to as the Rosette Nebula, it is known to astronomers as
NGC 2237."
******************************
NGC 2238 =
Rosette Nebula = LBN 948 = Ced 76a = Sh 2-275
06 30 40.4 +05
00 47
13.1":
small knot on the west side of the Rosette Nebula. See NGC 2237 for description.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2238 = m 99 on 28 Feb 1864 with Lassell's 48" reflector on
Malta. This is a small, nebulous
area around a star in the western half of the Rosette Nebula but there was no
mention of the entire nebula, which was first recognized by Lewis Swift and
E.E. Barnard.
******************************
NGC 2239 = NGC
2244 = Cr 99 = Mel 47 = OCL-515 = Ced 76b
06 31 55 +04 56
36
V = 4.8; Size 24'
See observing
notes for NGC 2244.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2239 = h392 in March 1830 and noted "the place of a *8m in
most compressed part of a large, poor, but brilliant cluster." His position is 1 min of RA west of mag
6.8 HD 46150, at the northwest corner of the cluster (NGC 2244) in the center
of the Rosette Nebula. Although he
noted the equivalence with H VII-2 = NGC 2244, he listed h392 separately in the
GC (1420) probably because of the 1 min difference in RA and Dreyer catalogued
the object as NGC 2239. Karl
Reinmuth put both numbers together and described (based on Heidelberg plates)
"NGC 2239 and 2244 B Cl, pL, P, sc, B st in eeL dif neb."
******************************
NGC 2240
06 33 11 +35 15
00
18"
(1/26/09): at 175x this is a fairly course, scattered group of three dozen mag
10-13 stars in a 10' region.
Located just following mag 6.8 HD 46050. Many of the stars are in pairs and in conjunction with the
nearby bright star probably caught William Herschel's attention. Also in the field is mag 7.0 HD 46072
about 12' SSW of the center of the star group.
Described by WH
(VIII 49) as "A cluster of coursely scattered large stars, not rich"
and by JH (h391) as "a v coarse straggling cl 10' diam; 30 or 40 stars
10...15m. A *10m taken, but one of
7m precedes to the north."
Listed as nonexistent in the RNGC.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2240 = H VIII-49 = h391 on 3 Jan 1786 (sweep 509) and reported
"A cluster of coursely scattered large stars, not rich." JH described "a v coarse
straggling cl 10' diam; 30 or 40 stars 10...15m. A *10m taken, but one of 7m precedes to the N." Karl Reinmuth gives a diameter of 10'
and description "Cl, pL, iR, pP, sc, st 10...; bet BD +35 1436 and BD +35
1444.", based on its photographic appearance. RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent as this object may
be an asterism.
******************************
NGC 2241 = ESO
057-SC079 = S-L 888
06 22 53 -68 55
30
V = 13.2; Size 1.3'
14" (4/3/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x): fairly faint or moderately bright LMC cluster, round,
30"-40" diameter, smooth surface brightness, no resolution. A mag 11.9 star is 2.4' SW and a mag 11
star is 2' S. The cluster forms the northern vertex of a rough right triangle
with the two bright field stars.
NGC 2249, a brighter cluster, lies 16' E.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2241 = h3054 on 31 Jan 1835 and recorded "F; pL; R;
30"." His position
(measured on 3 sweeps) matches this LMC cluster.
******************************
NGC 2242 = PK
170+15.1 = CGCG 204-005 = PN G170.3+15.8
06 34 07.4 +44
46 38
V = 15.2; Size 20"
17.5"
(1/31/87): faint, small, almost round.
Unusually weak filtration response as appears similar brightness or
slightly fainter using filters!
Estimate V = 14.5. This
object was recently discovered to be a planetary in 1985 (Shaw and Bidelman)
and is listed in the CGCG.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 2242 = Sw VI-27 on 24 Nov 1886 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory. This is the
last planetary nebula, by discovery date, to be included in the NGC. RNGC and CGCG (204-005) misclassify NGC
2242 as a galaxy although the RNGC new description reads "R, HISB, STEL,
PLN??", so it questioned if it was perhaps a PN instead.
In 1985,
spectroscopic investigations by Richard Shaw and William Bidelman revealed that
NGC 2242 is a previously uncatalogued planetary nebula (independently shown to
be a planetary by Machara in A&A 178, 221). It was included as a new planetary nebula in Kohoutek's 4th
update list (AN 315, 1994). See my
RNGC Corrections #2.
******************************
NGC 2243 = Cr 98
= Mel 46 = ESO 426-SC016
06 29 35 -31 16
54
V = 9.4; Size 5'
13.1"
(1/18/85): fairly small faint cluster located just 8' SW of mag 7.4 SAO
196879. Consists of unresolved
haze except for four stars on the west edge and a few stars on the east edge.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2243 = h3053 on 19 Oct 1835 and recorded "pB, R, vglbM, all
evidently resolved into stars, not very rich. Something between a cluster and a
globular cluster. [This ob makes the RA 24m 8.9s, but it is pretty clear that
this is a misreading of the chronometer.]" On a second sweep he logged "pB, R, gbM, 4' diameter,
mottled or resolved, amongst bright stars." His mean position (two sweeps) matches this cluster.
James Dunlop
possibly discovered the cluster earlier on 24 May 1826. His entry for D 616 reads "an
ill-defined faint nebulosity of some considerable extent, with several small
stars scattered in it."
Although this description fits, his position is 33' further
east-southeast and JH gave an uncertain equivalence.
******************************
NGC 2244 = NGC
2239 = Cr 99 = Mel 47 = OCL-515 = Ced 76b
06 31 55 +04 56
36
V = 4.8; Size 24'
17.5"
(2/11/96): unusually bright, large cluster of ~15'x5' elongated NW-SE in a
rectangular outline and situated in the heart of the Rosette Nebula! The brightest 8 mag 6/7 stars lie along
the sides and vertices of the rectangle with the brightest member, yellowish 12
Mon (V = 5.9), residing at the SE vertex.
There are ~40 stars within the cluster although the only concentration
is 15 mag 11/12 stars surrounding mag 6.8 SAO 114010 (W of center) and trailing
to the east towards the wide bright pair of mag 8 stars east of center (one of
these stars is a close double).
8": bright,
large cluster in the center of the Rosette Nebula. The six brightest stars form a rectangular outline with the
brightest star 12 Monocerotis (V = 5.9) at the SE corner. At the north and NW corners of the
rectangle are two bright wide pairs with mag 7/8 stars. Many faint stars are near the center
surrounding the wide pairs. Faint
naked-eye cluster in dark sky.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2244 = H VII-2 on 24 Jan 1784 (sweep 114) and described
"the 12th Monocerotis is a beautiful scattered cluster of stars. They are chiefly of two sorts; the
first very brilliant, and the 2nd sort arranged in beautiful winding lines; of
these there are about 30 or more.
There are besides many very small stars."
Wolfgang
Steinicke credits John Flamsteed with the discovery on 17 Feb 1690 as he
recorded the 6th magnitude star 12 Monocerotis on his Atlas Coelestis. But Stephen O'Meara notes that
Flamsteed didn't note any of the fainter cluster stars (or general fuzziness),
so doesn't deserve credit for the discovery.
******************************
NGC 2245 = LBN
904 = Ced 80 = PP 62 = P 13
06 32 41.2 +10
09 24
Size 5'x3'
17.5"
(1/19/91): bright, fairly large, about 3' diameter, elongated SW-NE. Fans out to the southwest from a fairly
bright mag 11 star at the northeast end.
Fades smoothly into background. Located 2' WSW of mag 8.0 SAO
95816. Reflection nebula NGC 2247
lies 12' NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2245 = H IV-3 = h393 on 16 Jan 1784 (sweep 81) and reported
"A nebula. It is fan shaped,
and appears like a star with a faint, electric brush at one side of it." JH called it "a *11 with a milky
neb surrounding it, but chiefly on the sp side. The star is not sharp - not stellar, and the neb fades
gradually away from the star; 70" or 80" diam; has a * 7m 30¡
nf."
The account by
LdR (or assistant George Stoney) on Feb 28 1850 is remarkable: "...this
neb is part of an enormous neby, which I traced following and north to a great
distance, some degrees. It narrows
at times to a band across the finding eyepiece of about 6' or 8'. I fancied the number of bright stars
was greater in it than in the neighborhood; I am certain the number of small
stars is much less..." A
sketch made was included in Lord Rosse's 1861 publication (plate XXVII, fig
11).
******************************
NGC 2246 =
Rosette Nebula = Sh 2-275
06 32 33.8 +05
07 42
13.1"
(1/23/82): this is a brighter patch on the inner northeast side of the Rosette
Nebula. A slightly darker gap in
the annulus is located at the west end of this portion.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 2246 = Sw III-36 on 27 Feb 1886 and described as "eeF; L;
iR; e diff. Probably an offshoot
of [NGC 2237] Two or three others
suspected." The position is
on a brighter patch of the Rosette Nebula on the inner portion of the annulus
on the northeast side. Wolfgang
Steinicke notes this is the last discovered emission nebula included in the NGC
(published in 1888).
******************************
NGC 2247 = LBN
901 = Ced 81
06 33 05.1 +10
19 17
Size 4'x3'
17.5"
(1/19/91): fairly faint, fairly small, oval shape. Surrounds a bright mag 8.5 star (Herbig Be star V700 Mon)
although extends further to the east side of the star. Reflection nebula NGC 2245 lies 12'
SSW.
13"
(1/18/85): fairly faint nebulosity surrounds mag 8 star, round, fans out to
south in direction of three faint stars.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 2247 = Sw 1-7 on 24 Nov 1883 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory and noted a "nebulous star; v diff; B* exactly in
center of L, eF nebulosity; follows 1425 [NGC 2245] 28 sec and is 10'
N." His position is 2' SE of
this reflection nebula.
Dreyer also
credited LdR with the co-discovery of NGC 2247. It's possible that Dreyer was referring to Johnstone
Stoney's comment on 28 Feb 1850, "...This nebula [NGC 2245] is part of an
enormous neby, which I traced f and n to a great dist. some degrees."
******************************
NGC 2248
06 34 35.7 +26
18 16
Size 45"
18"
(2/14/10): at 175x a small clump of 4 stars was resolved. The brightest two are a 16" pair
of mag 12/13 stars, while the fainter two are probably mag 14.5/15.5.
Edward Cooper
discovered NGC 2248 on 23 Dec 1853 while compiling the Markree ecliptic
Catalogue. Auwers included it as
#23 in his 1862 table of new nebulae and mentioned in the 6" Heliometer at
Konigsberg it appeared "extremely faint, just resolvable spot of 2-3' dia.
The brightest star 12m." At
Cooper's position is a small clump of stars (45" diameter), including a
mag 12/13 pair at 16" separation with several fainter stars in a chain to
the east. Harold Corwin calls this
an "asterism of nine stars".
RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 2249 = ESO
057-SC082 = S-L 893
06 25 50 -68 55
12
V = 12.2; Size 1.7'
14" (4/3/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x): fairly bright, intermediate age LMC cluster, relatively
large, 1.0' diameter, round, gradually increases to the center, no
resolution. An unequal mag 11/13
pair at ~10" separation lies 3.7' WNW and mag 8.9 HD 45987 is 9' NW. NGC 2241, a fainter and smaller
cluster, lies 16' W.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2249 = h3055 on 23 Dec 1834 and recorded "F; R;
vglbM." On a later sweep he
logged "pB; R; gbM; 50"; has a double star preceding." His position is accurate. This object is classified as a globular
cluster in SIMBAD
******************************
NGC 2250 =
OCL-540 = Lund 230 = Cr 100
06 33 49 -05 05
12
Size 7'
18"
(1/26/09): at 175x about two dozen stars mag 12-14 stars are resolved in an
8'x4' irregular group, elongated E-W.
The brightest star is mag 8.7 HD 46576 on the NE end. Includes several pairs, although none
are impressive. Set over a glowing
Milky Way background. Appears to
be just a weak field enhancement not a true cluster.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2250 = h394 on 20 Feb 1830 and noted as "place of a *8-9 m
in following part of a large pretty rich loose cluster; irreg oblong fig; stars
12...14m." His position
matches mag 8.7 HD 46576. The
Lynga and RNGC position is 1 tmin too far west.
******************************
NGC 2251 = Cr
101 = OCL-499 = Lund 232
06 34 39 +08 22
00
V = 7.3; Size 10'
18"
(3/4/08): at 175x, this is a fairly striking cluster that includes a fairly
rich 6' string oriented N-S. The
string contains ~20 stars including a mag 10.5/11.5 double at 5" (Barton
2120). The brightest star in near the geometric
center and is part of second group of ~20 stars with several in a 2' loop. The bright star is a mag 9.5/11.5 pair
at 9". Finally, on the north
side is a small string of a half-dozen stars oriented E-W.
17.5"
(3/12/94): about 40 stars mag 10.5-14 in an 11'x4' fairly rich string
NW-SE. Includes about 10 brighter
mag 11 stars. The brightest mag
9.5 star is part of a small, roundish subgroup on the west side and is a
pleasing double with components mag 9.5/12 at 10". This subgroup has three brighter stars
and 15 faint stars mostly west of the double. The main string is fairly uniform except for an empty 3' gap
SE of the mag 9.5 star. Located 5'
NW of the cluster is an isolated mag 10 star which appears to be a field star.
17.5"
(2/1/92): 35 stars mag 10-14 in 12'x6' string NNW-SSE, bright, moderately
large, fairly rich but not dense.
Consists of 3 main subgroups.
The western group is 2' diameter and includes a close double star 10/12
at 10". The NW group is 3'
diameter and includes two mag 11 stars with three mag 13 stars between. The SE group is largest and includes 15
stars in a 6' string very elongated N-S with a close double star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2251 = H VIII-3 = h395 on 26 Dec 1783 (very early sweep 67) and
noted "a small cluster of very close stars, not very
remarkable." His summary
description (2 observatins) reads "an extended cluster of large scattered
stars." His position falls
just west of center of this cluster.
JH called it "a large tract full of stars; v rich; place from
working list."
******************************
NGC 2252 = Cr
102 = OCL-514 = Lund 233
06 34 19.8 +05
19 22
V = 7.7; Size 18'
18"
(3/13/04): at 115x, this fairly rich field is located just 50' NE of the center
of the Rosette Nebula! Most
distinctive in the field is a very elongated N-S group of roughly 50 stars in a
12'-15' string just 2' wide. The
group has a distinctive hook on the north end as it curves sharply towards the
SW. A near perfect triangle of mag
9 stars at 30", 34" and 40" separation lies 23' E.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2252 = H VIII-50 = h396 on 27 Jan 1786 (sweep 512) and reported
"a cluster of stars arranged in a broad row, 25' long and 6 or 8' broad,
not very compressed but pretty rich." His position is on the east side of the cluster. JH called it "L, pretty rich;
stars small; place by working list."
******************************
NGC 2253
06 42 31 +66 24
24"
(3/22/14): this number might apply to a fairly rich string of stars about 30'
north of William Herschel's position.
The surrounding field was examined at 125x (49' field of view) and the
only object that caught my attention was a 4' string containing a dozen mag
13-14 stars oriented SW-NE. In
addition, a larger group of mag 14 stars is just south (though detached), with
the total size of both groups roughly 10'. This asterism is penned in by some brighter stars: mag 9.6
star (SAO 13933) is just north of the group, mag 7.7 HD 47522 is southeast and
mag 7.2 HD 47215 is roughly 10' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2253 = H VII-54 on 1 Nov 1788 (sweep 879) and recorded "A
vF patch of eS stars." There
is nothing at Harold Corwin's re-reduced position of 06 41 52 +65 50.3 (J2000)
-- similar to Auwers -- and Bigourdan failed to recover this object. Corwin suggests NGC 2253 might be
"a small group of about 10-15 stars" at 06 42 32 +66 24.3
(2000). This clump is roughly 30'
north of WH's position (possibly a digit error) and described above.
RNGC, CGCG and
SIMBAD misidentify CGCG 308-037 as NGC 2253. This galaxy is located at 06 43 14.7 +65 40 39 (2000). NED and HyperLeda equate UGC 3511 with
NGC 2253 (originally proposed by Sue French?), though NED notes the
identification is very uncertain.
UGC 3511 is located ~40' SSE of WH's position so is a very poor
positional match. See Corwin's
notes for more.
******************************
NGC 2254 = Cr
103 = OCL-500 = Lund 234
06 35 50 +07 40
24
V = 9.7; Size 4'
18"
(3/4/08): small, dense group of ~25 stars in 3' at 225x and 300x. About a dozen of the stars are arranged
in a semi-circular chain or "C" that is open on the east side. Several mag 14+ stars are near this
loop, segregated into small clumps.
17.5"
(2/8/91): at 220x, about two dozen stars over haze in a 3'-4' diameter. About 6 stars of mag 13 form a
"C" shaped asterism open on the east side. The brightest mag 13 star is on the NW side of this
arc. The rest of cluster members
are 14-15th magnitude.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2254 = H VII-22 = h397 on 28 Dec 1785 (sweep 496) and noted
"a small cluster of pretty compressed vS stars." His position is just west of center. JH
called this "a pretty rich, small cluster; irreg fig; st 11...15m."
******************************
NGC 2255 = ESO
365-031 = MCG -06-15-010 = PGC 19260
06 33 58.6 -34
48 45
V = 13.4; Size 1.5'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 152d
18"
(3/11/07): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, 1.0'x0.5', weakly
concentrated.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2255 = h3056 on 2 Feb 1835 and described as "eF; R; vlbM;
25-30"." His position
(measured on two sweeps) matches ESO 365-031 = PGC 19260. With a redshift of z
= .023 (roughly 340 million light years), this galaxy may be an outlying member
of Abell S591.
******************************
NGC 2256 = UGC
3519 = MCG +12-07-015 = CGCG 330-114 = PGC 19602
06 47 13.9 +74
14 11
V = 12.5; Size 2.3'x2.0'; Surf Br = 14.0
17.5"
(1/19/91): fairly faint, moderately large, oval 4:3 E-W, broad but only weak
concentration. Located 3.5' NNW of
a mag 10 star. NGC 2258 lies 15'
NNE.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 2256 = T IX-3 (along with NGC 2258) on 1 Aug 1883 with an 11"
refractor at the Arcetri Observatory.
His position and description matches UGC 3519 = PGC 19602.
******************************
NGC 2257 = ESO
087-SC024 = S-L 895
06 30 12.4 -64
19 40
V = 12.6; Size 2.2'
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): fairly faint, fairly large, round, 1.5'-2' diameter,
broad weak concentration, no resolution.
An elongated group of a half-dozen mag 10-11 stars oriented NW-SE passes
just north of the cluster. NGC
2257 is one of 15 bona-fide ancient GC's (over 10 billion years old) in the LMC
and is situated at the northeast periphery of the cloud.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2257 = h3057 on 30 Nov 1834 and recorded as "F; vL; R;
gvlbM; 3'." On his third
sweep he logged "pB; L; R; vgbM;
resolvable; diam in RA = 17s of time." His position is accurate. NGC 2257 was identified by Gascoigne and Lynga as the
"easternmost object to which membership of the Clouds may certainly be
assigned".
******************************
NGC 2258 = UGC
3523 = MCG +12-07-016 = CGCG 330-115 = PGC 19622
06 47 46.1 +74
28 54
V = 11.9; Size 2.3'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 150d
17.5"
(1/19/91): moderately bright, small, round, small bright core, stellar
nucleus. A mag 11 star is just
0.8' NE of center and a mag 12 star is 1.2' SSE. NGC 2256 lies 15' SSW and IC 451 is 20' E.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 2258 = T IX-4, along with NGC 2256, with the 11" refractor
at the Arcetri Observatory. Tempel
just gives a rough RA, but his position is about 6' south of UGC 3523 = PGC
19622 and his description "together with two nearby stars mag 10-11 forms
a triangle" clinches the identification. Bigourdan measured an accurate RA on 22 Dec 1891 (repeated
in the IC 2 Notes). MCG lists the
NGC designation as uncertain.
******************************
NGC 2259 = Cr
108 = Mel 48
06 38 33.3 +10
52 57
Size 5'
18"
(3/4/08): at 175x, appears as a 4' rich group of faint stars over haze. At 300x, about two dozen stars in total
are resolved, mostly in a 2' circular clump. About 1' N of this dense patch of stars is the brightest mag
11.5 star which has a 13th magnitude companion. This cluster is located 5' E of mag 8.8 HD 47271.
17.5"
(2/1/92): fairly faint, small, 3'-4' diameter, rich, irregularly round. Consists of about 15 faint stars mag
13.5-14.5 sparkling over a layer of background haze. A double star mag 12/13 at 7" separation is at the
north edge. Mag 8.7 SAO 95930 is
5' W and is surrounded by a less compressed group of 15-20 stars mag 12/13 in a
6' triangular shape. This mag 8.7
star has two faint companions on the south side and another close faint double
star is 3' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2259 = H VI-28 on 11 Jan 1787 (sweep 682) and called "a
cluster of extremely compressed and exceedintly S stars, considerably rich, irr
F, the following and most compressed part of it round." His position (Auwer's reduction) is on
the south side of the cluster.
******************************
NGC 2260
06 38 03 -01 28
24
17.5"
(2/1/03): roughly 50 stars are visible at 100x spread out over 15'. The stars are in two main subgroups,
oriented SW and NE. The SW group
includes mag 8.0 SAO 133489 with a rich arc of stars trailing to the
north. The NE group is highlighted
by mag 7.1 SAO 133505 with a nice 20" mag 11/12 double 1.5' SSE. Also an isolated mag 8.3 star is at the
southern vertex of an obtuse triangle with these two groups. Listed as nonexistent in the RNGC.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2260 = H VIII-48 = h398 on 1 Jan 1786 (sweep 506) and noted
"A Cl of very scattered stars of various sizes, of more than 1/2 degree of
extent." JH called it "very course, v poor, v straggling, the chief
*8 taken." His position
corresponds with mag 8.2 SAO 133505 at 06 38 05.8 -01 26 40. Karl Reinmuth gave
an approximate size of 15' with description "Cl, pL, P, st 8..." based
on its photographic appearance on Heidelberg plates. The group is not included in the Lynga cluster catalogue and
RNGC classifies it as nonexistent (Type 7).
******************************
NGC 2261 =
Hubble's Variable Nebula = LBN 920 = Ced 83 = R Mon = HH 39 = PP 64
06 39 10 +08 44
42
Size 2'x1'
18"
(3/4/08): Hubble's variable nebula is a striking fan-shaped object, with a mag
12 star at its south tip with the nebula extending to the north. The fan displays a great deal of
variation in brightness and structure at 300x. The brightest portion is on the northwest side of the fan,
though it dims a little near the tip on the west side. The eastern rim is bright and sharply
defined N-S like a thin finger. The nebulosity dims along northern end of the
fan and a small, wedge-shaped darker area extends into the fan from the north.
13.1"
(1/28/84): Hubble's Variable Nebula is bright, small, fan-shaped 2:1 N-S and
widest at the north boundary. The
nebulosity tapers down towards 12th magnitude R Monocerotis at the south tip
which appears to have a very small high surface brightness halo. The western edge (oriented NW-SE) is
slightly weaker and more curved than the eastern edge which is sharper and
straighter N-S. This is an
impressive nebula with high surface brightness and interesting structure.
8":
comet-like nebula extends from R Mon.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2261 = H IV-2 = h399 on 26 Oct 1783 (very early sweep 67) and
recorded "a curious nebula of a fan shape." His summary description (based on 4 observations) reads
"cB, fan-shaped, about 2' long from the centre." His placed it in class IV, which
includes planetary nebulae. JH
called it a "*12m with bright cometic branch 60" l whose axis is 60¡
np. The star is a little
ill-defined. The apex of the neb
comex exactly up to star, but does not pass it."
George Stoney
sketched the nebula using the 72" on 16 Jan 1850 (plate XXXVII, figure
10). He noted "two
comparitively dark spaces, one near the vertex and other near the base of the
cone." William Lassell
observed and sketched NGC 2261 in March 1853 with his 24-inch equatorial
reflector from Malta. He noted, "the nucleus not stellar, but like the
nucleus of the nebula in Andromeda [M31]." Father Angelo Secchi published
a detailed sketch and description in 1856 using the 9.6" refractor in
Rome.
In 1916 Hubble
discovered the nebula was variable, hence the popular nickname. This is an unusual bipolar nebula with
the second southern jet hidden from view.
According to the California Institute of Technology, Hubble's Variable
Nebula was the first object photographed through the 200-inch Hale telescope at
Palomar Observatory. Hubble sat in the prime focus cage of that instrument and
recorded an image of it on 26 Jan 1949.
******************************
NGC 2262 = Cr
109 = OCL-531 = Lund 242
06 39 38.7 +01
08 30
Size 4'
13.1"
(1/18/85): about 10 very faint stars in cluster over unresolved background
glow. Incorrect position given in
modern catalogues.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2262 = H VII-37 = h400 on 27 Dec 1786 (sweep 668) and described
"A Cl of v. com eS st, considerably rich, 3 or 4' dia., most condensed
around the middle." His
position matches this small cluster.
JH recorded "A great many sc st; and a strong suspicion of a more
comp part (thick haze)" and measured an accurate position.
The wrong
position (06 38.4 +01 11 (2000)) is given in modern sources such as Sky
Catalogue 2000, Lynga, NGC 2000.0, RNGC and SIMBAD (now corrected). Brent Archinal notes (e-mail from
3/11/98) the error originated with Per Collinder's list of clusters (1931) and
copied into the modern catalogues.
******************************
NGC 2263 = ESO
490-019 = MCG -04-16-014 = PGC 19355
06 38 28.9 -24
50 55
V = 12.1; Size 2.6'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 143d
17.5"
(1/20/90): fairly faint, fairly small, oval NW-SE, even surface
brightness. Situated between two
mag 13.5 stars 1' N and 1' S with a similar star 1.7' ENE. Located 4.2' N of mag 8.5 SAO 172076
and 7.2' NNW of mag 9.0 SAO 172078" (nearly collinear with the galaxy).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2263 = h3058 on 20 Jan 1835 and recorded "Not vF, R, or lE,
pslbM, E between two vS stars, and has two stars about 8th mag S.p. pointing to
it." His description and coordinates matches ESO 490-019 = PGC 19355,
though the two bright stars are south following.
******************************
NGC 2264 =
"Christmas Tree" cluster = Cr 112 = "Fox Fur" Nebula = Ced
84b = Sh 2-273 = LBN 911 = Cone Nebula
06 40 58 +09 53
42
V = 3.9; Size 60'x30'
17.5"
(12/28/00): besides the bright nebulosity extending southwest of mag 4.7 S
Monocerotis (15), most of the central region of the cluster was set against a
weakly glowing background (part of Sh 2-273). At the southern end of the cluster (tip of the
"Christmas Tree"), this low surface brightness glow was more evident
and clearly extended beyond the 7th magnitude star at the tip towards the
SE. The west edge of this weakly
glowing extension forms the eastern border of the dark Cone Nebula (LDN
1613). There is a lack of faint
stars within the region of the Cone Nebula but the inclusion itself was not
darker than the general background.
17.5"
(12/30/99): nebulosity was quite prominent to the SW of south Mon as well as a
weaker glow in the vicinity around ·954 at the south end of the cluster. At 100x (unfiltered) there appeared to
be a slightly darker vacuity to the south of this star in the position of the
Cone nebula but there is no sharp "edge" with the nearby nebulosity.
13"
(11/5/83): very bright, very large scattered group, elongated N-S, striking
Christmas tree shape. A bright
multiple star 15 Monocerotis = south Mon (4.7-7.5 at 2.8" and companions)
is at the base of the tree at the north end of the cluster and is surrounded by
several stars. Easy nebulosity is
visible which extends 10' SW of south Mon and includes a group of three
brighter stars. At the south end
of the cluster is the double star ·954 = 7.1/9.6 at 13". The Cone nebula (not seen) extends
south of ·954 and "points" towards ·954.
8": bright,
very large, scattered, Christmas tree outline, fairly rich, includes multiple
star south Mon.
Naked-eye
(1/8/00): vislble as a 4th magnitude nebulous glow including the mag 5 star (S
Mon), but appears much smaller naked-eye than the listed dimensions.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2264 = H V-27 = H VIII-5 = h401 on 18 Jan 1784 (sweep 81) and
recorded VIII-5 as "The 15th Mon is attended by above 30 considerable
stars, and is itself a double star of the 3rd class. The star extremely unequal and probably not visible in
smaller instruments. There is also another double star of the 3rd class not far
from it consisting of equal stars."
On 26 Dec 1785 (sweep 494) he logged V-27 as "I observed about 7'
or 8' sp 15 Mon, some of the pB stars to be contained within vF milky
nebulosity which loses itself imperceptibly; but there remains a doubt of the
reality." On the 28 Dec 1785
(sweep 496) he mentions "I examined the stars south preceding 15 Mon and
believe they contain Milky nebulosity.
It is very difficult to ascertain it on account of the glare of the
15th, but I have hardly any doubt.
Again on 11 Jan 1787 (sweep 682) he noted "I suspect the sp 2 stars
(of which one is Double [15 Mon] to be affected with vF milky nebulosity but
may be a deception." WH's
descriptions and position apply to the cluster and to the brightest part of the
nebulosity southwest of mag 4.7 S Monocerotis. JH also reported "a *5.6 enveloped in a nebulous
haze.", although this may be a result of scattered light.
The region around
15 Mon was examined a number of times at Birr Castle, searching for
nebulosity. There was several
negative results in the 1850's and Lord Rosse wrote "No neby. Found, and
only a few stars arranged in pairs; no cl. Has there been a change here? But a couple of later observations (including by Dreyer)
were successful. E.E. Barnard and
Roberts reported extensive nebulosity in the region based on photographs.
On 10 May 1895
Isaac Roberts showed a three-hour exposure of the NGC 2264 complex taken with
his 20-inch reflector on 13 Feb to a meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society.
It clearly showed the nebulosity southwest of S Mon (first photographed by
Barnard in 1894) but also revealed a Òconical dark space bounded by a rim of
nebulosityÓ — this is the famous ÔCone NebulaÕ.
******************************
NGC 2265
06 41 42 +11 54
18
17.5"
(2/1/03): this is a Milky Way cloud of ~50 faint stars mag 12-14. There is central "hole"
lacking any stars, and there are no rich subgroups. Does not look to be a reasonable cluster and candidate and
in fact, doesn't stand out in the field at 100x. There does seem to be some
unresolved background or Milky Way glow.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2265 = h402 on 23 Jan 1832 and described "A poor cluster 30
or 40 small stars 12-13m."
Karl Reinmuth called this "a rich region, >1 degree, no distinct
Cl.", based on its photographic appearance. There is a scattering of mag
10-13 stars near Herschel's position on the POSS, but nothing that looks like a
cluster. RNGC classifies this number as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 2266 = Cr
113 = Mel 50 = OCL-471
06 43 20 +26 58
12
Size 7'
13.1"
(12/22/84): three dozen stars mag 9-15 in a 4' diameter. Most members are very faint and the
cluster appears quite rich with averted over unresolved background haze. The brightest star, mag 8.6 SAO 78670,
is at the southwest edge of cluster and a string of five brighter stars mag
10-12 trail to the ENE. An
isolated mag 10 star is off the northwest corner.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2266 = H VI-21 = h403 on 7 Dec 1785 (sweep 486) and recorded
"a very rich and very compressed cluster of stars of about 4 1/2 or 5'
diameter, 5 or 6 of the largest stars are in a row." His position is on the southeast side
of the cluster. JH noted his
position is "the most condensed part of a p rich, p comp cl of stars
11...15m; irreg figure; diam of most compressed part = 3...4''
triangular."
******************************
NGC 2267 = ESO
426-029 = MCG -05-16-015 = PGC 19417
06 40 51.8 -32
28 57
V = 12.2; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 36d
17.5"
(1/19/91): fairly faint, very small, oval 3:2 NW-SE, bright core. Two nearby stars confuse the
observation: a mag 13 star just 36" W of center (at the NW edge) and a mag
14 star 0.9' SW of center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2267 = h3059 on 16 Feb 1836 and described as "pB, S, R,
20"; has 2 or 3 small stars close to it." DeLisle Stewart, using photographic plates from Peru,
described this object as "two nebulae close together."
******************************
NGC 2268 = UGC
3653 = MCG +14-04-022 = CGCG 362-036 = CGCG 363-020 = LGG 145-001 = PGC 20458
07 14 17.6 +84
22 57
V = 11.5; Size 3.2'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 63d
17.5"
(8/27/87): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated SW-NE, bright core, faint
stellar nucleus. A mag 14 star is
at the SW edge 1.1' from center.
17.5"
(2/22/87): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, faint halo
gradually increases to a large brighter core, small bright nucleus, faint stellar
nucleus.
Alphonse
Borrelly discovered NGC 2268 = T I-19 around 1871 with a 7.2-inch comet-seeker
at the Marseille Observatory. He noted "pretty faint, extended, elliptic,
no bright point" and his micrometric position (MNRAS, 32, 248) matches UGC
3653. Wilhem Tempel independently discovered the galaxy in 1877 . The RNGC RA is 8.0 tmin too far east.
******************************
NGC 2269 = Cr
114 = OCL-524 = Lund 252
06 43 16.8 +04
37 04
V = 10.0; Size 4'
17.5"
(1/1/92): two dozen stars mag 11.5-15 in a 4' diameter. The main portion is a rich, thin 3'
string oriented NW-SE with about 15 stars including a mag 11.5 and 12 star over
unresolved haze. The scattered
outliers to 4' radius increase the total to two dozen stars.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2269 = H VI-3 = h404 on 24 Jan 1784 (sweep 114) and described
"a cluster of very compressed; they are eF and I suppose cannot be visible
with my 7 ft reflector. It
contains a few L ones. It is of an
extended figure, and as it were, divided." His position is poor - 37 sec of RA too far east and 4' too
far south, but not unusual for his early sweeps. JH described a "close cl of v small st; poor; twilight;
preceded by a coarse cl of large ones." Both Herschels' positions are too far east and so the NGC
position is ~9' ESE of center.
******************************
NGC 2270
06 43 58 +03 27
12
17.5"
(2/1/03): this is a large, scattered field, ~10' diameter surrounding a
kite-shaped asterism of mag 8.5-10 stars.
There is no concentration but there are a couple of denser clumps of
faint stars on the east side. A
curving string of stars heads NE and ends at a group of stars surrounding mag
7.6 SAO 114355. Located 30' S of a
mag 5.9 star. Does not appear to
be a cluster but just a Milky Way field.
Listed as a nonexistent cluster in the RNGC.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2270 = H VII-36 = h405 on 26 Dec 1786 (sweep 667) and noted
"A Cl of very scattered stars, considerably rich, and of great
extent." JH logged a
"coarse scattered cluster; not very rich; place of *9m." His position is just 5 tsec east of mag
8.8 SAO 114331 at 06 43 51.7 +03 27 12. Based on its photographic appeared,
Reinmuth calls this a "rich region, no distinct Cl." RNGC classifies the number as
nonexistent. See Harold Corwin's
identification notes.
******************************
NGC 2271 = ESO
490-034 = MCG -04-16-017 = PGC 19476
06 42 52.9 -23
28 33
V = 12.2; Size 2.1'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 71d
17.5"
(1/20/90): fairly faint, small, oval E-W, weak concentration. There is a string of five stars mag
9-11 on line to north including mag 9.4 SAO 172213 5' NNE and mag 8.7 SAO 12200
9' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2271 = h3060 on 23 Jan 1835 and recorded as "pB, S, R, lbM,
20"." His position
(measured on 3 sweeps) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2272 = ESO
490-033 = MCG -05-16-017 = PGC 19466
06 42 41.3 -27
27 34
V = 11.7; Size 2.5'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 123d
13.1"
(12/22/84): fairly faint, small, round, small faint core. NGC 2280 lies 30' ESE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2272 = h3061 on 20 Jan 1835 and called "F, E, bM,
20"." His position
(measured on 3 sweeps) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2273 = UGC
3546 = MCG +10-10-015 = CGCG 285-006 = Mrk 620 = PGC 19688
06 50 08.6 +60
50 45
V = 11.7; Size 3.2'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 50d
17.5"
(1/20/90): fairly bright, moderately large, oval SW-NE, very bright core,
stellar nucleus. Located 5.2' SSW
of mag 8.5 SAO 13976 and 6.7' WSW of mag 8.3 SAO 13979. NGC 2273B lies 40' SW.
Swedish
astronomer Nils DunŽr discovered NGC 2273 on 15 Sep 1867 using the 9.6-inch
Merz refractor of the Lund Observatory.
In AN 78, 251 (1871) he described it as "fairly bright and at least
2' in diameter, with a strong concentration in the middle." and measured
an accurate position (using mag 8.6 HD 49039). This was his only NGC discovery. NGC 2273 was also observed by Herman Schultz on 3 and 8 Sep
1872 with the 9.6" refractor at Uppsala and listed as "DunŽr's
Nova" in his 1874 publication.
******************************
NGC 2274 = UGC
3541 = MCG +06-15-008 = CGCG 175-015 = WBL 121-003 = LGG 139-001 = PGC 19603
06 47 17.3 +33
34 02
V = 12.1; Size 1.7'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 169d
24"
(1/4/14): moderately bright to fairly bright, moderately large, slightly
elongated N-S, sharply concentrated with a round high surface brightness core
of 0.4' diameter that gradually increases to the center. Halo increases with averted to
0.9'x0.7'. Brighter of a close
pair with NGC 2275 1.9' N. The
pair resides in a rich star field with UGC 3537 7.4' NW. This low even surface brightness galaxy
appeared very faint, fairly small, round, 24", no concentratin.
18"
(3/4/08): moderately bright and large, slightly elongated N-S, 0.9'x0.8',
contains a sharply concentrated, bright 25" core and a much fainter
halo. Forms a close pair with NGC
2275 1.9' N.
18"
(10/21/06): moderately bright, fairly small, round, 0.8'-1' diameter, bright
core. This galaxy is slightly
brighter than its companion, NGC 2275, located 2' N. The NGC 2288-2294 group lies 45' E.
17.5"
(1/19/91): fairly faint, fairly small, round, small bright core. Forms the brighter of a pair with NGC
2275 2' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2274 = H II-614 = h406, along with NGC 2275, on 26 Oct 1786 (sweep
628) and described both as "Two, both F, S, R, bM. The southern one [NGC 2274] is the
largest." The pair was
observed a total of 14 times at Birr Castle! Harold Corwin notes the identifications of NGC 2274 and NGC
2275 are reversed in the MCG.
******************************
NGC 2275 = UGC
3542 = MCG +06-15-007 = CGCG 175-016 = WBL 121-002 = LGG 139-002 = PGC 19605
06 47 17.9 +33
35 57
V = 13.1; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 20d
24"
(1/4/14): fairly faint to moderately bright, elongated 5:3 N-S,
50"x30". Sharply
concentrated with a small, much brighter core that gradually increases to the
center. UGC 3537 lies 6.8' WNW.
18"
(3/4/08): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated N-S, 0.9'x0.6', contains a
small bright core ~15" in diameter and a much fainter halo. Slightly fainter of a close pair with
NGC 2274 1.9' S.
18"
(10/21/06): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, 0.8'x0.6', brighter
core. Located 2' N of slightly
brighter NGC 2274.
17.5"
(1/19/91): faint, small, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, even surface brightness. Forms the fainter of a pair with NGC
2274 2' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2275 = H II-615 = h407, along with NGC 2274, on 26 Oct 1786
(sweep 626) and described both as "Two, both F, S, R, bM. The southern one [NGC 2274] is the
largest." His single position is 9 tsec of RA too far west, but JH
measured a more accurate RA.
Harold Corwin notes the identifications of NGC 2274 and NGC 2275 are
reversed in the MCG.
******************************
NGC 2276 = Arp
25 = Arp 114 = UGC 3740 = MCG +14-04-028 = CGCG 362-042 = CGCG 363-027 = VII Zw
134 = LGG 145-008 = PGC 21039
07 27 14.4 +85
45 16
V = 11.4; Size 2.8'x2.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 20d
48"
(4/4/13): at 488x, NGC 2276 appeared fairly bright, fairly large, irregularly
round, 2' diameter. Contains a
very small, very bright nucleus, surrounded by a patchy halo with weak spiral
structure. The most prominent arm
winds along the western edge of the galaxy, curving from west to northwest and
creating a very asymmetric appearance.
Along this arm segment is a prominent knotty section with two or three
clumps, including [HK83] 69, a bright 6" knot. On the southwest side of the halo is [HK83] 63, a faint
6" knot on a line between the nucleus and the 8th-magnitude star (HD
51141) 2.3' SW. In the brighter central region surrounding the nucleus are
several brighter, small patches that define the inner arms. A slightly brighter region close
southwest of the nucleus includes the multiple designations [HK83]
17/42/46/51. Finally, [H83] 24/27
are weak enhancements on the southeast side of the nucleus. HII region #24 was the site of SN
2005dl.
24"
(9/15/12): moderately bright, fairly large, round, 2' diameter. Although spiral arms were not visible,
the galaxy has an odd appearance with brighter knots and regions resolved. A non-stellar knot, identified in NED
as NGC 2276:[HK83] 69 is visible at the NW edge. The central region contains a faint quasi-stellar nucleus,
along with one or two other stellar knots including NGC 2276:[HK83] 24, close
east of the nucleus. Another knot (nonstellar) is southwest of the nucleus
(perhaps NGC 2276:[HK83] 63). The
halo appears weaker on the east side and brighter on the west side. Located 2.3' ENE of a mag 8 star and it
helps to move the star just outside the field.
18"
(8/2/11): moderately bright, large, round, ~2.0' diameter, weak concentration,
slightly brighter core. The halo
has an irregular surface brightness giving a strong impression of spiral
structure with slightly brighter knots on the west side. Located 2.3' ENE of mag 8.1 HD 51141,
which hinders viewing and a mag 11.7 star is squeezed between the bright star
and the galaxy. Brighter NGC 2300
lies 6' SE. These are the 3rd and
4th closest NGC galaxies to the North Celestial Pole.
18"
(3/13/04): fairly faint, large, slightly elongated,~2.0'x1.6', low surface
brightness. The halo fades
gradually into the background, particularly on the eastern side, so it was
difficult to determine a definite edge.
Located 2.2' E of mag 8.4 SAO 1148 which detracts from viewing. Forms a trio with NGC 2300 6' SE and IC
455.
13.1"
(1/18/85): diffuse, slightly elongated.
Located 2.2' ENE of mag 8.4 SAO 1148 which interferes with viewing. Three mag 11 stars also in line with
the 8.4 star to the south including a mag 11.5 star just 1.4' SW. Forms a pair with NGC 2300 6.4' ESE.
8"
(1/1/84): faint, moderately large, low surface brightness, slightly
elongated. A mag 9 star is near.
August Winnecke
discovered NGC 2276 on 26 Jun 1876 with the 6.5" refractor at the
Strausberg Observatory. Wilhelm
Tempel independently discovered the galaxy the same year with the 11"
refractor at the Arcetri Observatory and included it in list I-20. Winnecke also thought he discovered NGC
2300 but Borrelly found that galaxy earlier (either 1871 or 1872) at Marseille
. NGC 2276 is the 3rd closest to
the pole in the NGC or IC.
******************************
NGC 2277
06 47 47 +33 27
18
24"
(1/4/14): a 7" pair of mag 13.4/14.1 stars were fairly easy to resolve at
375x even in soft seeing. Located
9' SE of NGC 2274 (2' pair with NGC 2275).
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 2277 on 20 Apr 1865, while reobserving the nearby
galaxies in the NGC 2290 group, along with NGC 2274/2275. At his position is a 30" pair of
stars with the northern component a 7" pair of mag 13.4/14.1 stars. Corwin includes 5 stars in this
asterism. Nearby NGC 2278 from d'Arrest is also a double star.
******************************
NGC 2278
06 48 16.4 +33
23 39
24"
(1/4/14): this 10" pair of fairly evenly matched mag 14.0/14.4 stars
(oriented N-S) was easily split at 375x.
This pair was easier to resolve than nearby NGC 2277 7' NW and NGC 2279
2' NE. Located 16' SE of NGC 2274
(2' pair with NGC 2275).
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 2278 on 1 Jan 1865. At his exact position is a 10" double star (mag
14/14.5). Nearby NGC 2277 from
d'Arrest also refers to some faint stars.
RNGC misidentifies NGC 2278 = NGC 2275.
******************************
NGC 2279
06 48 24.8 +33
24 55
24"
(1/4/14): this is an unequal pair of mag 14.1/15.7 stars at 14"
separation. The faint companion
was just visible in soft seeing at 375x.
Situated just 2' NE of NGC 2278, an easier 10" pair of mag
14.0/14.4 stars.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 2279 = Big. 24 on 8 Jan 1885 and noted 10"
diameter with a "stellar aspect". Bigourdan's position is less than 1' S of a triple star (two
were resolved in my scope) at 06 48 24.8 +33 24 55. It was found while he was measuring previously discovered
nebulae (and asterisms) in the area.
RNGC misidentifies NGC 2279 = NGC 2275.
******************************
NGC 2280 = UGCA
131 = ESO 427-002 = MCG -05-16-020 = LGG 138-001 = PGC 19531
06 44 48.9 -27
38 20
V = 10.3; Size 6.3'x3.1'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 163d
13.1"
(12/22/84): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, bright
core. Located 3.9' SE of a mag 10
star. Almost collinear with a
second mag 10 star 5.4' NW. NGC
2272 lies 30' WNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2280 = h3062 on 1 Feb 1837 and noted "pF; L; irreg R; or
lE; gbM; 2'." His position
(single sweep) matches ESO 427-002 = PGC 19531.
******************************
NGC 2281 = Cr
116 = Mel 51 = OCL-446
06 48 18 +41 04
42
V = 5.4; Size 15'
18"
(3/13/04): ~75 stars in a 30' region to the south of mag 7.3 HD 49009. A number of stars are arranged in a
looping chain. There is a neat
kite-shaped group of 6 stars (including two pairs at 10" and 15") in
the middle of the chain with a faint star in the center. Scattered stars extend to the south,
beyond the kite. The group is
fairly bright and distinctive and includes a number of mag 9-10 stars, although
there are no dense subgroups.
13.1": ~40
stars mag 7-13 in cluster, bright, loose.
Five double stars are visible including a mag 9.5-11.0 pair at 11"
and a mag 11.0-11.5 pair at 15".
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2281 = H VIII-71 on 4 Mar 1788 (sweep 813) and recorded "a
cluster of coarsely scattered pretty large stars, pretty rich, the place is
that of a double star of the third class." His RA is 1.0 minute too large. The position carried forward to the GC and NGC and modern
catalogues including the Lynga Open Clusters Catalog (5th edition) and the
RNGC.
By analyzing
William Herschel's early "reviews" of bright stars that resulted in
the discovery of many double stars, Wolfgang Steinicke recently found (email
Oct '16) that Herschel first discovered the cluster on 6 Nov 1782 using his
6.2" reflector.
******************************
NGC 2282 = IC
2172 = vdB 85 = OCL 535.1 = C0644+013 = Ced 87
06 46 51 +01 18
54
Size 3'x3'
13.1"
(1/18/85): very faint reflection nebula with a mag 10 star involved, fairly
small, round.
E.E. Barnard
discovered NGC 2282 on 3 Mar 1886 with the 6-inch refractor at Vanderbilt
University (announced in AN 2756 and Sidereal Messenger, vol. 5, p154).
He reported finding "a star of 9.5 or 10 magnitiude, with a faint
nebulosity surrounding it. I strongly suspect that is not a stellar point but
an extremely small nebula with faint nebulosity surrounding. At best with
the 6-inch it did not appear like any of the neighboring stars. A short
distance (4' or 5') preceding this and very slightly north is a faint double
star that I suspect is enveloped in nebulosity." His position
matches the central star HD 289120 of this reflection nebula.
Barnard found
this reflection nebula again on 30 Oct 1888 using the 12-inch refractor at Lick
Observatory. He noted a "9
1/2 mag star with faint nebulosity about it. 1' in diameter, a little heavier nf. Examined several other stars near, and
no nebulosity seen."
Apparently Barnard didn't connect this with his earlier observation and
notified Dreyer who catalogued it again as IC 2172, at nearly the identical
position. So, NGC 2282 = IC 2172.
This RN is
involved with a sparse open cluster OCL 535.1 = C0644+013, listed in Lynga 5 as
vdB 85, although Barnard made no reference to an associated cluster. Brian Skiff noticed the equivalence.
******************************
NGC 2283 = ESO
557-013 = MCG -03-18-002 = Ced 86 = PGC 19562
06 45 52.7 -18
12 37
V = 12.2; Size 3.6'x2.8'; Surf Br = 14.6; PA = 2d
13.1"
(11/5/83): very faint, small, diffuse, even surface brightness. Three faint stars are involved
including two mag 13 stars at the NE edge and the north edge. Located in a rich star field 90' S of
Sirius and just 9¡ from the galactic equator!
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2283 = H III-271 on 6 Feb 1785 (sweep 367) and reported "3
or 4 small stars with vF nebulosity between them forming an irregular
triangle. 240 power showed the
same very plainly." Auwers
made an error reducing WH's position, but JH corrected the error in the GC and
his position matches ESO 557-013 =
PGC 19562. Herbert Howe, observing
in 1898-1899 with the 20" refractor at the Chamberlin Observatory in
Denver, described "a small quadrilateral of stars of mag 11, 12, 11, and
13, the interior of which in nearly filled by an eF nebulosity."
Harold Corwin
comments that E.E. Barnard's IC 2171 may be a duplicate observation (see his
identification notes on that number).
Dave Riddle notes Sven Cederblad catalogued this galaxy as a reflection
nebula (Ced 86) and it was later included in the Dorschner and Gurtler
reflection nebula catalogue as DG 111.
******************************
NGC 2284
06 49 16.2 +33
09 59
24"
(1/22/15): this number applies to one of two possible triples. At 200x, I found a mag 13.8 star with a
mag 14.5 star 19" SW and a mag 15-15.5 star 19" N. The stars were widely split with no
hint of appearing nebulous. A
fourth mag 16-16.5 star listed in Corwin's table was not seen viewing through
thin clouds.
Just 2' SE of
these stars is a very nice equilateral triple! The three stars range from mag 12.3-13.5 with sides of
10", 12" and 13".
These were also easily resolved.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 2284, along with NGC 2285, on 20 Apr 1865 with the
11" refractor at Copenhagen Observatory. Near his position is is a pair of mag 13.8/14.5 stars stars
at 19" separation with a mag 15-15.5 star a similar distance from the
brighter star. Alister Ling found
"a triple star (using 255x) amidst a chain of singles and
doublets." This trio is 2.4'
SSE of d'Arrest's position, but more eye-catching visually. Harold Corwin lists both
candidates. The RNGC classifies
the number as nonexistent (Type 7).
******************************
NGC 2285
06 49 35.9 +33
21 53
24"
(1/22/15): at 200x; a 12" pair of mag 14.6 and 15.8 stars was
resolved. The fainter star was
difficult in hazy conditions. Just
1.6' southeast is a relatively bright double, consisting of mag 10.8/12 stars at
11" separation. d'Arrest
didn't mention this pair, which should have been easily resolved, though it is
certainly much more eye-catching.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 2285, along with NGC 2284, on 20 Apr 1865 with the
11" refractor at Copenhagen Observatory. About 1' northeast of his single position is a mag
14.6/15.8 pair of stars at 12" separation and he was uncertain if it was
nebulous or stellar. RNGC
classifies the number as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 2286 = Cr
117 = OCL-548 = Lund 257
06 47 40 -03 08
54
V = 7.5; Size 15'
17.5"
(12/20/95): at 100x, ~40 stars within an arbitrary 10' region, elongated
N-S. This is a fairly rich group
of mostly mag 12 and 13 stars bordered by brighter stars grouped in pairs and
trios. There is some concentration
with a richer 4' core. A wide pair
of mag 9 stars is off the SE side.
17.5"
(2/1/92): ~60 stars mag 11-14 in the central 10' diameter. Bright, large, fairly rich though not
dense. Richest in a lane running
NNW-SSE over haze although the brightest mag 10 stars are outliers to the W,
north and SE. There is also a
bright lane 15' length oriented N-S located to the east of the main group which
includes several wide double stars.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2286 = H VIII-31 = h408 on 6 Jan 1785 (sweep 352) and noted
"A larger cluster of scattered stars, not v rich." JH made two observations and noted a
"Loose L irreg scattered cl of about 100 st 9...15m." His first position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2287 = M41 =
ESO 557-SC14 = Cr 118
06 46 00 -20 45
18
V = 4.5; Size 38'
18"
(2/14/10): this naked-eye cluster was perfectly framed at 73x with the 31mm
Nagler (67' field). M41 extends
roughly 35' in diameter though many of the brighter mag 7 and 8 stars are in a
smaller central region. The
cluster includes roughly a dozen brighter stars, many forming a large central
oval ~15'-20' diameter and elongated E-W or SW-NE. Near the center is a richer grouping with a number of
fainter stars and two bright stars including orange (K3-class) mag 6.9 HD 49091
(brightest member).
A number of
loops and chains appear to spin out from the central grouping. One long chain extends NNW to the edge
of the cluster and a shorter nearby chain heads WNW and includes a pretty equal
mag pair before bending abruptly SW.
Two other chains extend from the center to the SW and ENE. About 20' SE of the center of the
cluster is mag 6.1 HD 49333, the brightest star in the field though not a
member.
8"
(10/4/80): ~60 stars mag 7-11.5, very bright, very large, very rich, includes
10 bright stars mag 7 and 8. Many
of the stars are arranged in curving rows and groups, includes several double
stars. Located about 20' NW of mag
6.0 12 Canis Majoris. Naked-eye
object in dark sky.
Naked-eye
(numerous times): fairly easy naked-eye glow in a dark sky.
Giovanni
Hodierna discovered M41 = NGC 2287 = h411 in 1654 (using a small refractor at
20x). It was independently
discovered by John Flamsteed on 16 Feb 1702: "Near this star (12 CMa),
there is a cluster." Le
Gentil also found it in 1749.
Wolfgang Steinicke credits Aristotle with the visual discoverer based on
comments by J.E. Gore in his 1902 review of the Messier objects. But the source material is not very
reliable. See http://seds.org/messier/more/m041_ari.html
for this possibility.
William Herschel
recorded M41 in 1784 as "A large cluster of very coarsely scattered large
[bright] stars." and JH called it "Coarse; fills field. The chief, 8m, is red; a poor
cluster." The position in the
NGC, RNGC and NGC 2000 is 1 tmin of RA too far east.
******************************
NGC 2288 = MCG
+06-15-011 = CGCG 175-017 = WBL 126-001 = PGC 19714
06 50 52.0 +33
27 45
V = 14.4; Size 0.4'x0.3'; Surf Br = 10.3
18"
(3/4/08): very faint, extremely small, round, no more than 10"
diameter. Located just 1' SSW of
NGC 2289 and faintest of 5 in the group.
18"
(10/21/06): faint, extremely small, elongated 5:3 E-W, 20"x12". In a close trio with NGC 2289 1' NNE
and NGC 2288 2' SE.
17.5"
(12/19/87): very faint, extremely small, elongated WNW-ESE. First of five in a group and forms a
close trio with NGC 2289 1.1' NNE and NGC 2290 1.8' SSE.
George Johnstone
Stoney discovered NGC 2288 on 22 Feb 1849 using Lord Rosse's 72", noting
"5 neb. in one field [with NGC 2289, 2290, 2291 and 2294]. It was labeled
Beta on an accurate sketch of the quintet. The positions of all 5 galaxies (computed by Dreyer and
repeated in the GC and NGC) are offset 4' too far south and ~9 seconds too far
west, though the relative positions are correct. The RNGC reverses the identifications of NGC 2288 and 2289.
******************************
NGC 2289 = UGC
3560 = MCG +06-15-010 = CGCG 175-018 = WBL 126-002 = PGC 19716
06 50 53.6 +33
28 43
V = 13.2; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 92d
18"
(3/4/08): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated E-W, ~25"x20". A mag 13.5 star is close off the north
side. One of the brightest two
galaxies in a compact galaxy group (all within 6') of 5 NGCs including NGC 2290
2.5' SSE and NGC 2288 1' S.
18"
(10/21/06): fairly faint, very small, round, 25" diameter. A mag 13.5 star is just off the north
side [38" from the center].
In a compact quintet with NGC 2288 1' S and NGC 2290 2.5' S.
17.5"
(12/19/87): faint, fairly small, diffuse, slightly elongated, almost even
surface brightness. A mag 13.5
star is just 0.7' N. Second of
five in the NGC 2289/NGC 2290 group with NGC 2288 1.1' SSW and NGC 2290 2.6' SSE.
13"
(12/22/84): faint, small, slightly elongated NW-SE. Forms a pair with NGC 2290 2.6' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2289 = H III-897 = h409, along with NGC 2290, on 4 Feb 1793
(sweep 1031) and recorded "Two, eF and vS. The place is taken between them. They are about 4' asunder and northern one which is the
largest precedes the other about 2 sec.
300x shows the same."
Assuming Herschel observed the brightest two galaxies with the
orientation NNW-SE, then H III-897 = NGC 2289 and H III-898 = NGC 2290 (Dreyer
was confused on the WH and JH identifications in the GC and NGC). His RA is 15 sec too large, but the NPD
is in between the pair. These two galaxies were also observed by JH (same
orientation and 3 or 4' apart). In the NGC, Dreyer incorrectly assigned III-898
to NGC 2289.
The RNGC
reverses the identifications of NGC 2288 and NGC 2289. MCG also misidentifies this galaxy as
NGC 2288. See my RNGC Corrections
#1 and Malcolm Thomson's article in the Webb Society Quarterly Journal in 1/84.
******************************
NGC 2290 = UGC
3562 = MCG +06-15-012 = CGCG 175-019 = LGG 139-003 = WBL 126-003 = PGC 19718
06 50 56.9 +33
26 15
V = 13.2; Size 1.3'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 50d
18"
(3/4/08): brightest and furthest south in a compact group of 5 NGC's, along
with NGC 2289. Appears moderately
bright and large, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, ~45"x22", the halo is weakly
concentrated with a sharply concentrated 10" core. NGC 2289 and NGC 2288 lie 2' N. The cluster is 0.6¡ SW of mag 3.6 Theta
Gem.
18"
(10/21/06): furthest south in a curving chain of 5 galaxies including NGC 2288,
NGC 2289, NGC 2291 and NGC 2294.
Appears fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated,
40"x30", increases to a very small bright core. The cluster is located 35' SW of
3.6-magnitude Theta Geminorum.
17.5"
(12/19/87): third of five and brightest in the NGC 2289/NGC 2290 group. Fairly faint, fairly small, oval SW-NE,
bright core. NGC 2289 lies 2.6'
NNW and NGC 2288 1.8' NNW.
13"
(12/22/84): faint, small, elongated SW-NE, similar to NGC 2289 2.6' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2290 = H III-898 = h410, along with NGC 2289, on 4 Feb 1793
(sweep 1031) and noted "Two, eF and vS. The place is taken between them. They are about 4' asunder and northern one which is the
largest precedes the other about 2 sec.
300x shows the same."
His RA is 15 sec too large, but the NPD is in between the pair. JH also observed the pair on sweep 51
(22 Jan 1827) and measured reasonably accurate positions.
George Stoney
independently found the entire quintet (NGC 2288, 2289, 2290, 2291, 2294) on 19
Apr 1849 and the group was accurately sketched. Dreyer credited LdR and d'Arrest (his single position is 10
sec of time too large) with the discovery in the GC supplement (GCS 5369) as he
was probably unsure of the identities of H III-897 and III-898. All positions in the GC and NGC are
offset roughly 4' too far south and 8 tsec too far west. In the NGC, Dreyer incorrectly assigned
III-897 to NGC 2290 or NGC 2291.
******************************
NGC 2291 = MCG
+06-15-013 = CGCG 175-020 = WBL 126-004 = PGC 19719
06 50 58.6 +33
31 30
V = 13.2; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8
18"
(3/4/08): faint, fairly small, round, 30" diameter, weak concentration to
a very small slightly brighter core.
Collinear with a mag 10 star 2.7' NNW and a mag 12 star 0.9' NNW.
18"
(10/21/06): faint, small, round, 30" diameter, low surface
brightness. Located 2.8' SSE of a
mag 10 star. In a chain of 5
galaxies with NGC 2294 2.6' E and NGC 2289 3' SSW.
17.5"
(12/19/87): very faint, small, slightly elongated, even surface
brightness. Fourth of five in a
group. On a line with NGC 2288
4.0' SSW and NGC 2289 3.0' SSW.
NGC 2294 lies 2.6' ENE.
George Johnstone
Stoney discovered NGC 2291 on 22 Feb 1849 using Lord Rosse's 72", noting
"5 neb. in one field [with NGC 2288, 2289, 2290 and 2294]. It was labeled
Delta on the field sketch. Dreyer
assumed this nebula was JH's h409 (described as "eF; the northern of two,
3 or 4' apart") and possibly WH's III-897, but the Herschel designations
more likely apply to NGC 2289. The positions of all 5 galaxies (computed by
Dreyer and repeated in the GC and NGC) are offset 4' too far south and 8-9 sec
of RA too far west.
******************************
NGC 2292 = VV
178b = ESO 490-048 = MCG -04-16-022 = LGG 138-005 = PGC 19617
06 47 40 -26 44
48
V = 10.8; Size 4.1'x3.6'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 1d
17.5"
(1/20/90): very faint, very small, round, low even surface brightness. Forms a close pair with NGC 2293 1' SE
and a trio with NGC 2295 just 4' W.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2292 = h3063 on 2 Feb 1835 and described "a double nebula
[with NGC 2293], the preceding eF; the following (whose place is here set down)
pB; both R gbM; in a field full of stars, among which is also a third
nebula." His
description clearly refers to the double system VV 178 = ESO 490-048/049, although
he reversed the orientation and position with NGC 2295! Herbert Howe was the first to note this
error in 1898 and corrected the orientation and positions based on observations
with the 20" refractor at the Chamberlin Observatory in Denver.
******************************
NGC 2293 = VV
178a = ESO 490-049 = MCG -04-16-023 = LGG 138-002 = PGC 19619
06 47 43 -26 45
12
V = 11.2; Size 4.2'x3.3'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 125d
17.5"
(1/20/90): fairly faint, small, round, very bright core, stellar nucleus. In a tight group with NGC 2292 1' WNW
(double system in a common halo) and NGC 2295 4' W.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2293 = h3063 on 2 Feb 1835 and described "a double nebula
[with NGC 2292], the preceding eF; the following (whose place is here set down)
pB; both R gbM; in a field full of stars, among which is also a third
nebula." His
description clearly refers to the double system VV 178 = ESO 490-048/049,
although he reversed the orientation and position with NGC 2295! JH listed a single entry for both
galaxies, although Dreyer gave separate designations for NGC2292 and 2293. Herbert Howe was the first to note this
error in 1898 and corrected the orientation and positions based on observations
with the 20" refractor at the Chamberlin Observatory in Denver.
******************************
NGC 2294 = MCG
+06-15-014 = CGCG 175-021 = WBL 126-005 = PGC 19729
06 51 11.3 +33
31 38
V = 13.8; Size 0.9'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 6d
18"
(3/4/08): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:3 ~N-S, 0.6'x0.35', weak
concentration. Furthest NE in a
group of 5 NGCs. A wide double of
mag 10.5-11 stars lies 2' SE.
18"
(10/21/06): fairly faint, small, elongated 2:1 ~N-S, 0.6'x0.3', very weak
concentration. NGC 2291 lies 2.6' W and NGC 2288, NGC 2289 and NGC
2290 are all nearby to the SW. A
40" pair of mag 10.5-11.5 stars lies 2' SE.
17.5"
(12/19/87): fairly faint, small, oval ~N-S. Follows four stars on a line. Last of five in the NGC 2289/NGC 2290 group with NGC 2291
2.6' W.
13"
(12/22/84): very faint, extremely small, almost round, no details.
George Johnstone
Stoney discovered NGC 2294 on 22 Feb 1849, noting "5 neb. in one field
[with NGC 2288, 2289, 2290 and 2291]. It was labeled Epsilon on the field
sketch. The positions of all 5
galaxies (computed by Dreyer and repeated in the GC and NGC) are offset 4' too
far south and 9 tsec too far west.
******************************
NGC 2295 = ESO
490-047 = MCG -04-16-021 = PGC 19607
06 47 23.5 -26
44 09
V = 12.7; Size 2.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 46d
17.5"
(1/20/90): faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE, even surface
brightness. Located between two
mag 13 stars 30" SSW of center and 20" NNE or center. A similar star is also 1.5' N. First of three with the NGC 2292/2293
duo 4' E.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2295 = h3064 on 2 Feb 1835 and described as "eF; S; R;
between stars. A double nebula
precedes." His
description clearly refers to ESO 490-047 = PGC 19607, although the
"double nebula" (NGC 2292/2293 = h3063) follows and his positions are
reversed! Herbert Howe was the
first to note this error in 1898 and correct the orientation and positions
based on observations with the 20" refractor at the Chamberlin Observatory
in Denver.
******************************
NGC 2296 = IC
452 = MCG -03-18-003 = PGC 19643
06 48 39.1 -16
54 06
Size
1.9'x1.4'; PA = 145d
17.5"
(1/19/91): moderately bright but very small, round, very small bright
core. Sirius is 50' WNW and
creates a reflection in the field!
This object is probably a galactic diffuse nebula located within an
absorption patch.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 2296 = Sw VI-28 on 11 Mar 1887 and recorded "vF; vS; R; in
finder field with Dog star."
His position is 0.7 min of RA too far east and 1' south. Bigourdan found this reflection nebula
again on 9 Mar 1890 while searching for NGC 2296, measured an accurate position
and Dreyer recatalogued Big. 147 as IC 452. Herbert Howe measured an accurate RA for NGC 2296 in 1898
(repeated in the IC 2 Notes) using the 20" refractor at the Chamberlin
Observatory. So, NGC 2296 = IC
452.
MCG -03-18-003
misclassified this object as a galaxy, though V-V commented "this is
almost a diffused nebulosity, but it is not in any catalogue", and it was
later catalogued as PGC 19643. According to Wolfgang Steinicke, this was the
last reflection nebula, by discovery date, to be included in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 2297 = ESO
087-040 = PGC 19524
06 44 24.6 -63
43 03
V = 12.7; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.2
18" (4/5/16
- Coonabarabran, 236x): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated N-S,
45"x30", contains a faint quasi-stellar nucleus. A mag 9.7 star (SAO 249635) is 4.7'
S. NGC 2305 and 2307 pair lies 43'
SE (over the border into Volans).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2297 = h3066 on 31 Jan 1835 and called "vF, R, vglbM,
30"." His position
(single sweep) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2298 = ESO
366-SC22 = Mel 53
06 48 59.2 -36
00 19
V = 9.2; Size 5'; Surf Br = 0.4
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): at 200x, this is a compact, fairly bright globular that
is well-concentrated with a bright 1.5' core and a fainter halo of ~3'
diameter. Roughly two dozen stars
are resolved (brightest cluster members are mag 13.4) including several across
the core and a number of stragglers, which are easier to resolve in the outer
halo.
17.5"
(1/31/87): moderately large globular with no sharp core. A dozen stars are resolved over the
mottled disc.
8"
(1/1/84): no resolution, fairly small, smooth.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 2298 = D 578 on 8
May 1826 and described "a pretty bright round nebula, 3' or 4' diameter,
moderately condensed to the centre. This is resolvable into stars." He made 6 observations and his
published position is 6' W of center of the globular.
JH observed the
globular (h3065) on four sweeps from the Cape of Good Hope, first recording it
on 2 Feb 1835 as "B, R, gpmbM, 3', all resolved into stars 14th mag. In
the centre is a star 13th mag."
******************************
NGC 2299 = NGC
2302 = OCL-554 = Lund 264
06 51 54 -07 05
00
See observing
notes for NGC 2302
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2299 = h412 on 19 Jan 1828 and described "A coarse cl, not
v rich, 30 or 40 st, probably only an outlying portion of VIII 39 [NGC
2302]". There is nothing at
his position (about 7' W of mag 6.6 HD 50138), though it is marked as
uncertain. Karl Reinmuth, in his 1926 photographic survey "Die
Herschel-Neblel", comments "many st, but nothing like a
cluster."
Harold Corwin
notes that JH's positional offset from NGC 2302 (discovered earlier by WH) is
"nearly the same as NGC 2338 (which see), found in the same sweep on 19
January 1828." So, he
concludes NGC 2299 = NGC 2302, despite that JH apparently thought he was
observing a different cluster.
******************************
NGC 2300 = Arp
114 = UGC 3798 = MCG +14-04-031 = CGCG 362-043 = CGCG 363-029 = LGG 145-003 =
PGC 21231
07 32 20.0 +85
42 32
V = 11.1; Size 2.8'x2.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 80d
18"
(8/2/11): bright, moderately large, slightly elongated, ~1.5'x1.3'
diameter. Sharply concentrated
with a very bright core that increases steadily to the center. The halo fades out and increases with
averted vision. Forms a striking
pair with NGC 2276 just 6' NW.
Brightest in a group of galaxies near +85¡ declination.
18"
(3/13/04): fairly bright, fairly small, irregularly round, 1.2' diameter. Well concentrated with a bright
25" core and a much fainter irregular halo. Forms a trio with NGC 2276 6'
W and IC 455 11' SSE.
13.1"
(1/18/85): fairly bright, bright core, small fainter halo. Forms a pair with NGC 2276 7' W. IC 455 is 11' SSE.
8"
(1/1/84): moderately bright, small, bright core, slightly elongated.
Alphonse
Borrelly discovered NGC 2300 in 1871 or 1872 with a 7.2-inch comet-seeker at
the Marseille Observatory. He
noted "Nebula pretty bright, moderately extended, round; nucleus of 12-13
magnitude." and his micrometric position (MNRAS, 32, 248) is
accurate. August Winnecke
independently found the galaxy on 26 Jun 1876 as well as Wilhelm Tempel (list
V-21) in 1877. This galaxy
is the 4th closest to the pole in the NGC or IC.
******************************
NGC 2301 = Cr
119 = Mel 54 = OCL-540
06 51 45 +00 27
36
V = 6.0; Size 12'
17.5"
(2/28/87): ~60-70 stars in cluster.
A bright blue/yellow double star (h740 = 8.6/9.3 at 21") is near
the center. Many of the stars are
arranged in two strings oriented SW-NE which pass through the center.
13.1"
(1/1/84): striking, ~60 stars in cluster, dozens more nearby. A very elongated string passes through
the center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2301 = H VI-27 = h413 on 27 Dec 1786 (sweep 668) and described
"a very beautiful cluster of much compressed small and large stars of many
sizes, above 20' diameter."
His position is accurate.
JH noted a "double star in the chief group of a prety rich coarse
cl, not very compressed. Broken
into 3 groups. The sp group is the
richest."
******************************
NGC 2302 = NGC
2299?? = OCL-554 = Lund 264
06 51 54 -07 05
00
V = 8.9; Size 3'
17.5"
(2/1/03): at 140x, this a fairly small group (~4' diameter) of roughly two
dozen stars embedded in a large, scattered field of stars. On the west side is a nice quadruple
including three mag 10 stars. On the
east side is a double and a triple star forming a "V" asterism. Located 7' SE of mag 6.6 SAO
133781. This bright star has
perhaps a dozen fainter stars within 3' but this subgroup does not look to be a
plausible candidate for NGC 2299 which is more likely a duplicate of NGC 2302.
17.5": 20
stars resolved at 140X, in fairly small group. Not rich but includes some close doubles. The three brightest mag 10 stars form a
shallow arc on the west side with fourth fainter star nearby. On the east side is a V-shaped group of
six stars with the vertex at the east side. The central portion includes a few scattered stars with a
line of three stars on the south side.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2302 = H VIII-39 = h414 on 4 Mar 1785 (sweep 377) and recorded
"a cluster of scattered large stars, of various sizes, not very rich; but
taking up above 20 minutes."
His position is ~20 seconds of RA too large, though his description
includes the surrounding field. JH
measured an accurate position (measured on 3 sweeps). NGC 2299 = NGC 2302 is a duplicate observation (see notes).
******************************
NGC 2303 = UGC
3603 = MCG +08-13-031 = CGCG 234-030 = PGC 19891
06 56 17.5 +45
29 34
V = 12.6; Size 1.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(2/8/91): fairly faint, very small, round, small bright core, stellar nucleus.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 2303 = Sw VI-29 on 24 Nov 1886 with a 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory. His position is 11 tsec west and 23" north of UGC 3603
= PGC 19891. Bigourdan measured an
accurate position on 9 Jan 1891 (repeated in the IC 2 notes). UGC does not label the galaxy as NGC
2302 and MCG gives an uncertain NGC identification.
******************************
NGC 2304 = Cr
120 = Mel 55 = OCL-484
06 55 12 +17 59
18
Size 5'
13.1"
(12/22/84): ~20 faint stars, unresolved haze, rich, elongated WSW-ENE in a thin
wedge.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2304 = H VI-2 = h415 on 30 Dec 1783 (early sweep 68) and
recorded "a cluster of extremely small stars, very much compressed, 5 or
6' diameter. The stars of the
cluster are of unequal sizes but chiefly of two sorts, vS and eS. I viewed them with a power of 500 and
found them very numerous and compressed.
The cluster is of an irregular oval or almost round form." Auwer's reduction is 40 sec of RA east
of the cluster. JH measured an
accurate position on sweep 313 and noted a "pretty rich cl; acutangular,
the acute angle precedes; the p side is bounded by a remarkably definite
line..."
******************************
NGC 2305 = ESO
087-044 = PGC 19641
06 48 37.8 -64
16 24
V = 11.7; Size 2.0'x1.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 140d
18" (4/5/16
- Coonabarabran, 236x): moderately to fairly bright, fairly small, slightly
elongated NW-SE, 50"x40", sharply concentrated with a very bright
small core. Bracketed by two close
stars; a mag 12.5 star is 35" S of center and a mag 11.6 star is less than
30" E of center. Forms a pair
with NGC 2307 4' SSE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2305 = h3067, along with NGC 2307 = h3068, on 30 Nov 1834 and
recorded, "F; vS; R; makes a small triangle with 2 stars." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2306
06 54 30 -07 12
18
Size 20'x10'
18"
(1/26/09): at 175x, ~75 stars are resolved in an 18'x10' Milky Way group or
cloud that streams WSW to ENE. The
richest portion is on the west side just south of mag 8.6 HD 50734 (not part of
the group). This subgroup includes
a fairly close double star and a very small clump that resolves into at least 4
tightly packed stars. Appears to
be an unimpressive Milky Way field, though the cloud is somewhat detached so is
distinguishable.
WH (VIII 51) noted
this object as "a cluster of very scattered stars" and JH, who observed it three times
(h416) described as an outlying portion of VIII 39 = NGC 2302 and "has no
title to be called a cluster."
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2306 = H VIII-51 = h416 on 23 Feb 1786 (sweep 528) and noted
"a very much scattered cluster." JH made 3 observation and described
an outlying portion of NGC 2302 = H VIII-39 that "has no title to be
called a cluster." Karl Reimuth also comments "many st, but nothing
like a cluster.", based on its photographic appearance. RNGC classifies the number nonexistent
(Type 7). See
Corwin'sidentification notes.
******************************
NGC 2307 = ESO
087-045 = PGC 19648
06 48 50.8 -64
20 07
V = 12.0; Size 1.7'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 142d
18" (4/5/16
- Coonabarabran, 236x): slightly larger and fainter of a pair with NGC 2305 4'
NNW. Appeared moderately bright
and large, roundish, contains a bright elongated core or "bar"
oriented NW-SE [~40" in length] with a diffuse halo ~1.3' diameter.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2307 = h3068 (along with NGC 2305 = h3067) on 30 Nov 1834 and
noted "vF; pL; lE; in the parallel." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2308 = UGC
3618 = MCG +08-13-037 = CGCG 234-037 = PGC 19949
06 58 37.6 +45
12 38
V = 13.2; Size 1.8'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 170d
17.5"
(2/8/91): fairly faint, fairly small, oval 2:1 N-S. Overpowered by 16 Lyncis (V = 4.9) located 9' SW in the
field.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2308 = St VI-5 on 13 Jan 1872 with the 31" silvered-glass
reflector at the Marseille Observatory.
His position matches UGC 3618 = PGC 19949.
******************************
NGC 2309 = Cr
122 = Mel 56 = OCL-557
06 56 04 -07 10
30
Size 3'
17.5"
(1/1/92): three dozen stars mag 11-15, fairly rich, compact, 4' diameter. Most stars are located within two
streams. The brighter stars in the
southern stream are oriented E-W.
A fainter star lane to north is oriented NW-SE. At the NW end it hooks NE to mag 9 SAO
133914 about 4' N of the cluster's center. Includes several close pairs with two pairs near the center
and a double star 11/14 at 7" separation at the west end.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2309 = H VI-18 = h417 on 4 Mar 1785 (sweep 377) and logged
"a cluster of considerably compressed small stars, pretty rich, 8 or 9'
diameter, irr figure. With a
smaller aperture it would probably appear nebulous." JH called it "a cluster, not v
rich; 4' diam' irreg fig' st 12...13m." He observed it on 3 sweeps.
******************************
NGC 2310 = ESO
309-007 = MCG -07-15-001 = PGC 19811
06 53 54.0 -40
51 45
V = 11.8; Size 4.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 47d
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): at 166x appears as a fairly faint, very thin edge-on
splinter oriented SW-NE, 1.0'x0.15'.
Contains a stellar nuclues.
Situated in a fairly rich Puppis starfield. This edge-on galaxy has a "box-peanut" central
bulge (similar to NGC 128), which is probably a thick bar viewed edge-on.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2310 = h3069 on 2 Jan 1835 and described "pB; vmE; pos
46.6¡; psbM; 90" l; 10" br; in a field very full of small stars. His position and description is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 2311 = Cr
123 = OCL-553 = Lund 276
06 57 48 -04 36
42
Size 7'
18"
(3/4/08): at 225x, ~40 stars are resolved in a fairly rich 5'x3' group,
elongated NW-SE. The cluster
includes a few pairs with a nice equal mag pair on the south side. A weak stream of stars trails off to
the east from the SE end of the cluster towards a mag 9.8/10.4/13 triple at
3" and 9" (ADS 5636).
17.5"
(1/1/92): three dozen stars mag 11-15 in 5'x2' region elongated ~N-S. Fairly rich though no dense spots. Most stars form a thin isosceles
triangle with the vertex star mag 13 at the north end, although the brightest
star is a wide double 2' ESE of the vertex. From the base of the triangle a stream heads SE and then
east from the cluster mixing with some brighter field stars. The cluster includes a few close faint
double stars.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2311 = H VIII-60 = h418 on 26 Nov 1786 (sweep 639) and described
"a cluster of pL scattered stars, not very rich. The place taken is the most compressed part, but not the
middle. May be a projecting point
of the milky way." His
position is is just northeast of center of this cluster.
******************************
NGC 2312
06 58 48 +10 17
42
17.5"
(2/1/03): stands out reasonably well in the field at 140x with ~16 stars,
highlighted by a mag 10 star at the south end. The group is ~4'x1.5' in size, elongated N-S and includes a
close, faint double on the NE end, which was noticed at 220x. Listed as nonexistent in the RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2312 = h419 on 30 Nov 1834 and recorded a "A poor
cluster. The largest *10
taken." His position corresponds
with a mag 10 star at 06 58 50.0 +10 15 38 (J2000) with a scattering of mag 12
stars to the north . Karl Reimuth called this group a "loose clustering of
pF st.", based on Heidelberg plates. The RNGC classifies the number as
nonexistent (Type 7).
******************************
NGC 2313 =
Parsamyan 17 = PP 18 = V565 Mon
06 58 02.8 -07
56 42
Size 1.6'
18"
(2/3/05): at 225x this reflection nebula appears as a very faint, very small,
low surface brightness glow surrounding a mag 14 illuminating star, ~15"-20"
diameter. Situated within a rich
Milky Way field which has a mottled appearance at low power. Located 20' NE of mag 6.3 HD 51424.
Incorrectly listed as nonexistent in the RNGC.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 2313 on 4 Jan 1862. His position (measured on 3 nights) matches this small
reflection nebula. He also
measured a mag 15 star that follows by 6 seconds of time and a mag 11 star that
follows by 14 seconds. Dreyer,
observing with the 72" on 15 Feb 1877, recorded "pF, pS, iR, fades
away nf, 2 F st f about 1'."
The RNGC misclassifies this object as nonexistent and it is not plotted
on the Uranometria 2000.0 Atlas.
******************************
NGC 2314 = UGC
3677 = MCG +13-06-003 = CGCG 348-032 = PGC 20305
07 10 32.6 +75
19 37
V = 12.2; Size 1.7'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 25d
17.5"
(8/27/87): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated, bright core,
stellar nucleus. IC 2174
("fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, weak
concentration") lies 5.8' WNW
17.5"
(2/27/87): moderately bright, fairly small, round, small bright core, stellar
nucleus. 25' to the west is a nice
double ·973 = 7.1/8.1 at 12".
Forms a pair with IC 2174 6' WNW.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 2314 = T IX-5 on 1 Aug 1883 with the 11" refractor at the Arcetri
Observatory. His description says
"follows close on the same parallel against the mag 7 star DM +75 ¡ 281,
the latter is a double star".
Although his rough RA is good (nearest min), the galaxy lies 6' N of the
double star.
******************************
NGC 2315 = UGC
3633 = MCG +08-13-045 = CGCG 234-041 = PGC 20045
07 02 33.0 +50
35 27
V = 13.6; Size 1.3'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 116d
17.5"
(1/20/90): faint, small, edge-on WNW-ESE, bright core. Located 4' S of mag 8.4 SAO 26113.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2315 = h420 on 16 Feb 1831 and simply noted "eF;
doubtful." His RA was roughly
10 tsec too large. Bigourdan
measured an accurate position on 15 Nov 1885 (repeated in the IC2 Notes).
******************************
NGC 2316 =
Parsamyan 18 = PP 68
06 59 40.8 -07
46 40
Size 4'x3'
13.1"
(2/25/84): moderately bright nebulosity, small, possibly surrounds two
stars. Located just 1' S is an
obtuse triangle of mag 12 stars.
Enhanced with a Deep Sky filter.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2316 = H II-304 = h421 on 4 Mar 1785 (sweep 377) and noted
"3 or 4 stars, containing vF nebulosity. 240 would not resolve it; but showed the same
nebulosity." Bindon Stoney
observed it on 20 Feb 1851 using Lord Rosse's 72" and called it a "S
close D neb, below 3 st, 2 stellar points (or nuclei)." The 3 stars are just south. The second nuclei received the
designations GC 1478 = NGC 2317. Heinrich d'Arrest measured an accurate
position (#76 in AN 1500).
******************************
NGC 2317
06 59 41.5 -07
46 29
13.1"
(2/25/84): part of NGC 2316. See
NGC 2316 for description.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 2317 on Feb 20 1851 using Lord Rosse's 72" and recorded NGC
2316 = H II-304 as a "S close
D neb, below 3 st, 2 stellar points (or nuclei)." The nebula was sketched on Nov 23 1851
and included in LdR's 1861 publication. The RA is is only roughly given in the
GC and the NGC (nearest min of RA).
The RNGC misclassifies this number as nonexistent although NGC 2317 is
part of NGC 2316.
******************************
NGC 2318
06 59 27 -13 41
54
17.5"
(2/1/03): this is just a weak enhancement of mag 11-13 stars in a Milky Way
field, perhaps only noticed by Herschel because of the mag 8.2 SAO 152208 on
the NW side (which he used as a position). Seems roughly 10' in size and circular, although there are
no real borders. Does not stand
out in the field, even at 64x with a 31 Nagler, although the background Milky
Way glow does seem a bit enhanced over the surrounding field. Listed as nonexistent in the RNGC.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2318 = H VII-14 = h422 = h3070 on 8 Feb 1785 (sweep 370) and
logged "a cluster of stars above 20' in dia, the stars much
scattered." JH observed the
group both at Slough, England and at the Cape of Good Hope. At the Cape he described "A large
region full of scattered stars forming a cluster of which the chief (=8 m)
taken. It seems, however to be
only a clustering part of the milky way which here comes on rather suddenly." His position corresponds with mag 8.6
SAO 152208 at 06 59 28.4 -13 41 49 (J2000). RNGC classifies this number as nonexistent (Type 7).
******************************
NGC 2319
07 00 32 +03 02
48
17.5"
(2/1/03): very nice 15' string of a couple dozen stars heading west of a mag
8.9 SAO 114784 on the east end, which is a close unequal double. The tail of stars is slightly concave
to the south and is marked by a mag 10.5 star at the west end. Although the star chain is quite
noticeable, it could well be an asterism as there are other similar strings of
stars in the same or adjacent fields.
Listed as nonexistent in the RNGC.
William Herschel
possibly discovered NGC 2319 on 18 Dec 1783 (early sweep 48) and noted "a
cluster of vS stars not very rich."
He states this cluster follows 18 Mon by 11 minutes, but only gave a
rough polar distance (75' range).
It was assigned the internal discovery #12, but not an H-designation.
JH rediscovered
NGC 2319 = h423 in March 1830 (unknown if he was searching for his father's
#12) and recorded a "Linear cluster of stars 11..13m forming a bent line
nearly 15' long, terminating on the following side by a *8 whose place is that
here taken." His position
corresponds with mag 8.8 SAO 114784 at 07 01 06.5 +03 03 11. The "bent line" of stars
preceding is oriented WNW-ESE and is fairly striking. JH equated h423 with his father's #12, but identified it as
VIII-1 (the previous class VIII object discovered by his father). In the GC, he referred to it as
VIII-1B. In the 1912 revision of
WH's catalogues, Dreyer gives the details of the sweep. Steinicke equates VIII-1B = h423,
though this identification is likely uncertain. The RNGC classifies this number
as nonexistent (probably an asterism).
******************************
NGC 2320 = UGC
3659 = MCG +08-13-051 = CGCG 234-047 = PGC 20136
07 05 42.0 +50
34 51
V = 11.9; Size 1.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 140d
17.5"
(1/20/90): fairly faint, small, spindle NW-SE, weak concentration. Located 1.7' WSW of mag 9.0 SAO
26147. Brightest of three with NGC
2322 5' SE and NGC 2321 11' NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2320 = H II-861 = h424, along with NGC 2322, on 28 Dec 1790
(sweep 990) and noted "pB, pL, irr figure, gbM." His position is 3 - 4' northwest of UGC
3659 (same offset as NGC 2322). JH
described this galaxy as "pB; R; pgbM; 15"; np a * 8m whose place is
that here taken." The star is
1.6' NE of the galaxy.
******************************
NGC 2321 = UGC
3663 = MCG +08-13-053 = CGCG 234-051 = PGC 20141
07 05 59.0 +50
45 22
V = 13.6; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 135d
17.5"
(1/20/90): very faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, low even surface
brightness. NGC 2320 lies 11' SSW.
George Johnstone
Stoney discovered NGC 2321 on 18 Dec 1849 using LdR's 72" and labeled Beta
in the sketch of the field (includes NGC 2320, 2322 and 2326). Although this was an early discovery,
it was not included in the 1861 publication so did not receive a GC
designation. Dreyer added it in the GC Supplement (GCS 6248). Bigourdan measured an accurate position
on 15 Nov 1885 (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 2322 = UGC
3662 = MCG +08-13-054 = CGCG 234-050 = PGC 20142
07 06 00.3 +50
30 37
V = 13.8; Size 1.1'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 136d
17.5"
(1/20/90): faint, small, elongated NW-SE, even surface brightness. Forms a pair with NGC 2320 5' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2322 = H III-874, along with NGC 2320 = H II-861, on 28 Dec 1790
(sweep 990) and noted "vF, vS, lE." His position (Auwer's reduction) is 2.5' too far northwest,
the same offset as NGC 2320.
Bigourdan measured an accurate position on 15 Nov 1885 (repeated in the
IC2 Notes).
******************************
NGC 2323 = M50 =
Cr 124
07 02 48 -08 22
36
V = 5.9; Size 16'
18"
(3/15/10): very bright, fairly scattered cluster, though contains a richer
subgroup. About 125-150 stars were
resolved at 175x in the central 10'-12'.
The cluster has roughly a triangular or wedge-shaped outline, highlighted
by an 8' string of stars oriented ~E-W on the north side (including mag 9.0 HD
52965) and a longer 10' string oriented NW-SE on the SW side that includes the
brightest cluster star - distinctly orange mag 7.8 HD 52938 near the SE end of
the string. Along this string are
also four easy pairs of stars.
There is a rich circular group of stars, ~5' diameter, a little north of
center. On the east side of the
cluster is an unequal double, h748 = 8.5/11 at 15". A faint, unequal pair of stars, BRT 392
= 11.5/11.6 at 4", is due west of the unequal pair by 3.5' at the edge of
the rich group of stars. A number
of stragglers extend out the cluster increasing the size significantly and a
scattered group with some brighter stars including mag 9.0 HD 52720 appears
detached to the NW.
13.1"
(3/24/84): ~75 stars including some brighter stars at the south and northeast
borders. There are a few dense
spots and many stragglers. An
orange/red mag 8 star is at the south edge and a nice 16" pair of mag 9/11
stars (h748) is 1' NW. There is an
elongated 4'x3' region that is devoid of stars just north of the colored mag 8
star. Located 42' E of mag 6.0 HD
52312.
Giovanni
Domenico Cassini possibly discovered M50 = NGC 2323 = h425 around 1711. Charles Messier independently
discovered the cluster on 5 Apr 1772.
WH described the cluster (unpublished) on 4 Mar 1785 (sweep 377) as
"a very brilliant cluster of large stars, considerably compressed and
rich, above 20' in diameter, the stars of various sizes, visible in the
finder."
******************************
NGC 2324 = Cr
125 = Mel 59 = OCL-542
07 04 08 +01 02 42
V = 8.4; Size 8'
17.5"
(3/20/93: 65 stars mag 10-14 in very irregular 8' diameter. Includes two mag 10 stars at the NE
corner and NW side. Includes
several mag 12 stars but rich in mag 13-14 stars. Somewhat uneven distribution of very faint stars due to a
couple of 2' diameter dark voids; one near the center. The cluster includes several very
close, faint double stars.
8": rich in
faint stars 12-13, includes two mag 9 stars.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2324 = H VII-38 = h427 on 27 Dec 1786 (sweep 668) and noted
"a beautiful cluster of small stars of several sizes, considerably
compressed and rich in the middle, 10 or 12' diameter." JH observed the cluster on 3 sweeps,
first logging it as a "rich L cl; fills field; st 14...16m; not comp
towards a centre."
******************************
NGC 2325 = ESO
427-028 = MCG -05-17-005 = PGC 20047
07 02 40.3 -28
41 50
V = 11.4; Size 3.3'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 6d
13.1"
(3/3/84): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated N-S. A mag 12 star is off the SE edge 1.6' from center. Located in a rich star field.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2325 = h3071 on 1 Feb 1837 and recorded "pB; pL; lE; gbM;
r; 2' long." His position
(single sweep) matches ESO 427-028 = PGC 20047.
******************************
NGC 2326 = UGC
3681 = MCG +08-13-062 = CGCG 234-060 = PGC 20218
07 08 11.0 +50
40 55
V = 13.1; Size 1.9'x1.8'; Surf Br = 14.3
17.5"
(1/20/90): faint, fairly small, irregularly round, bright core. Four mag 12-12.5 stars in a group lie
3' W. Forms a pair with NGC 2326A
5' SE. Poor position given in the
RNGC.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2326 = H II-734 = h426 on 9 Mar 1788 (sweep 815) and recorded
"F, pL, iF, mbM, S.f. a triangle of small stars." His position is 2' north of UGC 3681 =
PGC 20218 and the description applies.
JH called it "eF; R; pslbM; has a small group of stars immediately
preceding like the letter Y."
The RNGC has a
poor position 0.3 tmin of RA too far east and 3' north. NGC 2326A, located just 4.8' SE, is
correctly placed in RNGC. Listed in RNGC Corrections #5.
******************************
NGC 2327 = Ced
89b = PP 72
07 04 07.2 -11
18 51
18"
(2/23/06): moderately bright, 1' reflection nebula surrounding a mag 9.5 star
with a mag 12 companion at 7".
Viewed unfiltered at 225x.
17.5"
(3/8/02): small but high surface brightness reflection nebula surrounding an
unequal pair of mag 9.5/12.5 stars at 7" separation. At 280x, the nebulosity is round and
approximately 50" in size although it fades smoothly into the background
and may be a bit larger. This
small knot of nebulosity is at the western end of a striking arc of 6 stars
which trail off to the NE. The
next star in the arc, 1.5' E, also seems to be encased in a very small
halo. A similar mag 9.5 comparison
star (with no halo) lies 4' ESE and several other mag 9.5-10.5 stars are
scattered across the field. The
background sky in this vicinity is weakly luminous, as NGC 2327 is situated
midway along the western side of IC 2177, a huge IC strip of nebulosity
straddling Canis Major and Monoceros.
This object did not respond to OIII, UHC or H-beta filters so appears to
be predominantly a reflection nebula.
This bright
nebula was discovered by William Herschel (IV 25) in 1785 and reobserved by his
son, John. Although their
positions and descriptions match this object there is a great deal of confusion in the literature as to
its identification and position and some sources misidentify NGC 2327 with the
much larger Sh 2-292 = Gum 1 located 50' to the north (also associated with IC
2177).
13"
(12/22/84): fairly faint reflection nebula, fairly small, surrounds a mag 8
star (close unequal double).
Located along the faint, extremely large, curving strip of nebulosity =
IC 2177.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2327 = H IV-25 = h428 on 31 Jan 1785 (sweep 363) and described
"A pretty considerable star with vF and vS milky chevelure of an irregular
chevelure, other stars of the same size are perfectly free from that
appearance." JH reported
"a double star whose large star is in the center of a very faint nebula
which involves the small star also."
His position of 07 04 07.6 -11 19.0 pins down the identification as a
compact HII/Reflection nebula on the west side of the Seagull Nebula. In 1886,
Engelhardt also published an accurate micrometric position of 07 04 07.77 -11 18 56.6 (J2000). Herbert Howe noted the central star is
double with separation 7".
Despite JH's
accurate position and description, there has been a great deal of confusion in
the literature as to the identification and position.
******************************
NGC 2328 = ESO
309-016 = MCG -07-15-002 = PGC 20046
07 02 36.1 -42
04 06
V = 12.8; Size 1.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 115d
18"
(2/19/09): at 175x appeared very faint, small, round, 20" diameter
(probably viewed brighter core region only). Steadily visible with direct vision though viewed at a very
low elevation, so the surface brightness of the core is moderately high. Starhopped from mag 5.2 HD 53704
located 23' SE. Steadily visible
with direct vision though viewed at a very low elevation, so the surface
brightness of the core is moderately high. Located in a fairly rich star field.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2328 = h3072 on 1 Jan 1835 and recorded "F; vS; R; pslbM;
15"; like a blotted star; in field with many small stars." His position (measured on two sweeps)
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2329 = UGC
3695 = MCG +08-13-073 = CGCG 234-070 = PGC 20254
07 09 08.0 +48
36 55
V = 12.5; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 175d
18" (1/13/07):
moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 N-S, 0.8'x0.5', small bright
core. Brightest in the core of AGC
569 including UGC 3696, MCG +08-13-072 and +08-13-082.
18"
(11/18/06): moderately bright, moderately large, oval 4:3 N-S, 1.2'x0.9',
contains a large, brighter core.
This galaxy and UGC 3696, located 2.8' NE, are the brightest member of
AGC 569. I observed 7 members of
the cluster at 280x.
17.5"
(1/19/91): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, bright core. A mag 15 star is 0.7' W of center. Three mag 14 stars lie 1.7' W, 1.3' NE
and 2.0' NE. Forms a pair with UGC
3696 3' ENE. Brightest member of
AGC 569.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2329 = H II-735 = h429 on 9 Mar 1788 (sweep 815) and called
"F, stellar." His position is 3' east of UGC 3695, the brightest
galaxy in AGC 569. He observed the
field again on 28 Dec 1790 (sweep 990) and picked up two galaxies -- NGC 2329
and UGC 3696, oriented southwest-northeast (12 sec of time and 2' north). CH assumed the southwest object was new
and assigned it III-875. She
thought the northeast object was II-735, so it didn't receive a new
designation. JH only observed a
single galaxy and in the GC equated II-735 = III-875 and Dreyer assigned both
designations to NGC 2329. Since WH
clearly observed both galaxies on 28 Dec 1790, Wolfgang Steinicke concludes
III-875 should refer to UGC 3696, a galaxy that should have received a NGC
designation.
Although usually
classified as a Lenticular Galaxy, recent studies have concluded NGC 2329 is a
'cluster dominant' Elliptical Galaxy (cD). It is an x-ray source with a radio
jet streaming from its core, like many other cD's. In addition that is also a
'radio tail' extending from this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 2330 = IC
457? = MCG +08-13-078 = CGCG 234-074 = WBL 133-001 = PGC 20272
07 09 28.4 +50
09 08
V = 14.7; Size 0.4'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.2
17.5"
(1/20/90): extremely faint and small, round. A mag 15 star is 1' NE. Located 2' SW of NGC 2332. This galaxy is identified as IC 457 in the CGCG and UGC.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 2330 on 2 Jan 1851as the observing assistant on Lord Rosse's
72". He noted a small nebula,
labeled "b" on the published diagram, and placed it SSW of NGC 2332
(the direction of drift is reversed on the sketch). At this position is CGCG 234-074 = PGC 20272. This galaxy was also labeled Delta on
the final constructed sketch.
Although 9
nebulae were found at Birr Castle over 3 nights, the 1861 publication only
included the comment "several knots around" NGC 2332. JH added just one new entry in the GC
(1492), which Dreyer assigned to either NGC 2330 and NGC 2334 (with question
marks).
Since absolute
positions were not computed at Birr Castle, Dreyer relied on Bigourdan's
erroneous position (he measured a faint star) for NGC 2330. As a result NGC 2330 was misplaced 2.4'
north of NGC 2332 instead of south-southwest (as on the 1851 sketch). In 1893, Hermann Kobold measured an
accurate position and Dreyer catalogued it as IC 457. Assuming this is the nebula Dreyer had in mind as NGC 2330
(Malcolm Thomson disagrees), then NGC 2330 = IC 457 = CGCG 234-074. Ironically, Bigourdan measured accurate
positions for the other Rosse nebulae in 1885, but these were not published
until 1919, so Kobold (and LdR) were given credit for these in the IC.
The RNGC
reverses the identifications of NGC 2330 and NGC 2332, making NGC 2330 the
brighter northern member of the pair and incorrectly describes NGC 2332 as
"almstel" (same error in MCG).
UGC and CGCG label NGC 2330 as IC 457. See RNGC Corrections #5 and Corwin's notes for much more on
this complicated story!
******************************
NGC 2331 = Cr
126 = OCL-475 = Lund 295
07 07 00 +27 15
42
Size 18'
17.5"
(1/20/90): at 82x, very large scattered group of about 40 stars mag 10-14, 15'
diameter. There is a small circle
of 6 stars at the east end. The classification of this group as a true cluster
is doubtful.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2331 = H VIII-40 = h432 on 11 Mar 1785 (sweep 384) and recorded
"some clustering, large scattered stars; many of an equal size." JH noted this as "a small cluster
of 10 or a doze st 11...13m in an ellipse."
******************************
NGC 2332 =
(R)NGC 2330 = UGC 3699 = MCG +08-13-079 = CGCG 234-075 = WBL 133-002 = PGC 20276
07 09 34.2 +50
10 56
V = 12.8; Size 1.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 60d
17.5"
(1/20/90): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated SW-NE, bright core, stellar
nucleus. A mag 15 star is 1'
SW. Forms a pair with NGC 2330 =
IC 457 2' SW.
John Herschel discovered
NGC 2332 = h430 on 8 Mar 1831 and recorded "F; S; R psbM;
12"." His position
matches UGC 3699 = PGC 20276. JH
and Dreyer equated this number with H II-862, found on 28 Dec 1790 and noted as
"F, pL." In the 1912
republication of WH's catalogues, Dreyer added the note "Identification
difficult, as it is one of a group. In Sweep 990, 57 Aurigae is the only
comparison star and the neb. is 2 seconds preceding, 2' north of II.736. Auwers gives for 1860 7h 0m 8s, 39¡ 37'
(NPD). It is probably one of
Kobold's nebulae in the I.C."
Auwers' reduced position is 3' SW of NGC 2340 and Harold Corwin suggests
that both H II-862 and H II-736 apply to NGC 2340. Nearby NGC 2332 was discovered at Birr Castle in 1851.
The
identications of NGC 2330 and NGC 2332 are reversed in the RNGC and MCG.
******************************
NGC 2333 = UGC
3689 = MCG +06-16-020 = CGCG 176-018 = PGC 20223
07 08 21.3 +35
10 12
V = 13.3; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 35d
17.5"
(2/8/91): faint, very small, sharp stellar nucleus surrounded by faint oval
halo 3:2 ~N-S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2333 = H III-899 = h431 on 4 Feb 1793 (sweep 1031) and noted
"vF, S, nearly R, bM."
******************************
NGC 2334 = IC
465 = MCG +08-13-098 = CGCG 234-095 = WBL 133-012 = PGC 20357
07 11 33.6 +50
14 53
V = 13.6; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 70d
18"
(12/18/06): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, 0.5'x0.4',
gradually increases to a very small, brighter core. Furthest NE in a group of 7 galaxies in the field and 5.8'
NE of the brightest member, NGC 2340.
This galaxy is generally identified as IC 465 as the NGC identification
is questionable.
17.5"
(1/20/90): faint, small, round, bright core. Last of four galaxies in a 20' field and located 5.8' NE of
NGC 2340. Identification as NGC
2334 is uncertain.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 2334 on 2 Jan 1851 as the observing assistant on LdR's
72". He noted a small nebula
(unlabeled on a sketch of h433 = NGC 2340), which was noted as 6'
south-following NGC 2340.
Unfortunately the direction of drift was confused as CGCG 234-095 = PGC
20357 is 6' north-following NGC 2340.
This galaxy was also labeled Theta on the final constructed sketch.
Although 9
nebulae were found at Birr Castle on 3 nights, the 1861 publication only
included the comment "several knots around" NGC 2332. JH added just one new entry in the GC
(GC 1492), which Dreyer assigned to either NGC 2330 and NGC 2334 (with question
marks) and the additional Rosse nebulae were not included in the NGC.
Since absolute
positions weren't computed at Birr Castle, Dreyer relied on Bigourdan's
erroneous position for NGC 2334 (he measured a faint star 3' ENE of NGC
2332). In 1893, Hermann Kobold
measured an accurate position for Stoney's nebula and Dreyer recatalogued it as
IC 465. So, NGC 2334 = IC
465. Ironically, Bigourdan
measured accurate positions for the other Rosse nebulae in 1885, but these were
not published until 1919, so Kobold (and LdR) were given credit in the IC. Karl Reinmuth couldn't find NGC 2334
(at Bigourdan's position) and noted "in Dreyer's place not found, = IC
464?"
The question
remains if IC 465 is the galaxy Dreyer meant as NGC 2334. Dreyer credits both Rosse and Kobold in
the IC, so this seems probable, although Malcolm Thomson disagrees. MCG, CGCG, PGC, SIMBAD all label this
galaxy as IC 465 and not NGC 2334.
NED and HyperLeda give the equivalence. See Corwin's identification
notes for more on this complicated situation.
******************************
NGC 2335 = Cr
127 = Mel 60 = OCL-562
07 06 49 -10 01
42
V = 7.2; Size 12'
18"
(2/23/06): at 225x, ~75 stars are resolved in a 10'x5' region elongated
N-S. The cluster is broken up by a
circular void on the south side that extends to the west in a dark (dust) lane. Also an elongated rectangular-shaped
void of stars is on the north side of the cluster. The brightest cluster star is on the northeast side and is
part of a "keystone" asterism that mimics the shape of the main body
of Hercules. A mag 7 star lies 10'
ENE outside the borders of the cluster.
The Milky Way background is very patchy in this vicinity and appears
significantly affected by dust in the region and possible nebulosity. This
affect is best seen at 115x (20 Nagler).
Located just north of IC 2177 = Seagull Nebul, an extremely long N-S
string of nebulosity.
17.5"
(3/20/93): 50-60 stars mag 10.5-14 in a 10' diameter. Mag 6.9 SAO 134220 is 10' NE of the core. In the center is a 1' parallelogram
formed by four mag 10.5-12 stars with parallel sides oriented E-W and
NW-SE. There are no dense areas
(overall has a fairly scattered appearance) although the cluster includes
several subgroups. A wide mag 12
double is on the north side.
Located at the north tip of the huge emission nebula IC 2177.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2335 = H VIII-32 on 10 Jan 1785 (sweep 356) and reported "a
cluster of coarsely scattered stars of many sizes, pretty rich, more than 15'
diameter." His position is on
the west side of this open cluster.
******************************
NGC 2336 = UGC
3809 = MCG +13-06-006 = CGCG 348-034 = CGCG 349-004 = PGC 21033
07 27 03.8 +80
10 43
V = 10.4; Size 7.1'x3.9'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 178d
17.5"
(8/27/87): fairly bright, fairly large, bright core, faint halo elongated
N-S. A mag 15 star is superimposed
just east of the core. Located
3.6' SSE of a mag 10 star. IC 467
lies 20' SSE. A mag 14.7 supernova
discovered in 1987 by Dana Patchick was observed (1987L).
17.5"
(2/22/87): fairly bright, small bright core surrounded by a large, diffuse halo
elongated 2:1 N-S. Located 26' S
of a mag 7.3 star.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 2336 = T I-22 in 1876 with the 11" refractor at the Arcetri
Observatory and described a "beautiful II class nebula, R, lbM, 2'
diameter, forms a triangle with two mag 10-11 stars." Tempel's very rough position (only the
hour of RA is given!) is off by 2.5 tmin of RA (west) and 3' dec (north) and
the two stars in the description are just north.
******************************
NGC 2337 = UGC
3711 = MCG +07-15-010 = CGCG 205-023 = PGC 20298
07 10 13.6 +44
27 26
V = 12.5; Size 2.2'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 120d
17.5"
(1/19/91): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 WNW-ENE, even surface
brightness. Bracketed by a mag 14
star 1.1' SW and a mag 13.5 star 1.3' ENE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2337 = St VIIIb-19 on 17 Jan 1877 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory. His
position matches UGC 3711 = PGC 20298.
******************************
NGC 2338
07 07 47 -05 43
12
17.5"
(2/3/03): roughly 3 dozen stars in an elongated N-S group, ~8'x3'. Includes a few mag 11 stars, with the
rest of stars mag 12-14. Just
stands out at 100x as a weak field enhancement and detached enough in the field
that a definite border can be traced out.
Still this is probably just an unrelated group of stars and NGC 2338 is
listed as nonexistent in the RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2338 = h435 on 19 Jan 1828 and noted a "Very loose and
straggling cluster." There is
nothing noticeable at JH's (uncertain) position. In 1926, Karl Reinmuth noted (based on Heidelberg plates)
"many st, but nothing like a cluster." and RNGC classifies the number
as nonexistent (Type 7). Harold
Corwin suggests that NGC 2338 is a group of stars ~50 tsec of RA east and 5'
south of his position. If a
similar offset is applied to NGC 2299 (found by JH on the same sweep), it
matches NGC 2302, so this error is quite plausible.
******************************
NGC 2339 = UGC
3693 = MCG +03-19-002 = CGCG 085-040 = CGCG 086-005 = PGC 20222
07 08 20.5 +18
46 49
V = 11.8; Size 2.7'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 175d
13.1"
(1/18/85): fairly faint, nearly round, very weak concentration, low surface
brightness. A mag 13.5 star is
superimposed at the east edge 30" from center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2339 = H II-769 = h434 on 22 Feb 1789 (sweep 906) and recorded
it as "pB, pL, iR, easily resolvable, bM.". His position is 16 sec of RA east of UGC 3693. JH called it "pB, pL, R, glbM,
40". In a rich part of the
heavens." and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 2340 = UGC
3720 = MCG +08-13-096 = CGCG 234-091 = WBL 133-010 = PGC 20338
07 11 10.8 +50
10 28
V = 11.7; Size 1.8'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 80d
18"
(12/18/06): moderately bright, moderately large, oval 3:2 WSW-ENE, 1.5'x1.0',
large bright core increases gradually to the center. A mag 12 star lies 1.7' NW. Brightest in a group of 12 galaxies (WBL 133) incuding IC
464 2.5' SSW. Beyond IC 464 a
string of stars continues to the SSW.
17.5"
(1/20/90): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated E-W, bright core. Brightest of four in the field with IC
458, IC 464 and IC 465 = NGC 2334?
Two mag 12 stars lie 1.7' NW and 2.4' WNW of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2340 = H II-736 = h433 on 9 Mar 1788 (sweep 815) and called
"pF, vS, lbM, resolvable."
His position (CH's reduction) is just off the east edge of the
galaxy. Harold Corwin concludes
that H II-862 (found on sweep 990, 28 Dec 1890), although equated with NGC 2332
= h430, is actually a duplicate observation of this galaxy. JH described this object as "pB;
pL; R; gbM; 25"; two small stars preceding." and measured a more
accurate position.
******************************
NGC 2341 = UGC
3708 = MCG +03-19-003 = CGCG 086-006 = Holm 86b = PGC 20259
07 09 12.1 +20
36 10
V = 13.2; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.6
17.5"
(1/20/90): faint, very small, slightly elongated E-W. A mag 13.5 star is 0.7' N. Forms a pair with NGC 2342 2.5' NNE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2341 = m 100 (along with NGC 2342 = m 101) on 10 Nov 1864 with
Lassell's 48" on Malta. His
position matches UGC 3708 = PGC 20259.
******************************
NGC 2342 = UGC
3709 = MCG +03-19-004 = CGCG 086-007 = Holm 86a = PGC 20265
07 09 18.1 +20
38 11
V = 12.6; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 126d
17.5"
(1/20/90): moderately bright, moderately large, irregularly round, slightly
elongated SW-NE, slightly brighter along major axis but no core. Forms a pair with NGC 2341 2.5' WSW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2342 = m 101 (along with NGC 2341 = m 100) on 10 Nov 1864 with
Lassell's 48" on Malta. His
position matches UGC 3709 = PGC 20265.
******************************
NGC 2343 = Cr
128 = OCL-565
07 08 07 -10 37
00
V = 6.7; Size 7'
18"
(2/23/06): at 225x, three dozen stars are resolved in a fairly scattered, but
well-detached 5' group. The
brightest star at the southeast end is a wide double (·1028) with a mag 8.8
yellow primary and a mag 11 bluish secondary at 11". The stars are arranged in long winding
strings with a couple of offshoots.
There are no dense areas and the strings appear to wrap around regions
devoid of stars. Located off the
northeast end of IC 2177. Two
ill-defined groups, Cr 465 and Cr 466, lie ~20' to the west (see notes).
17.5"
(3/20/93): two dozen stars mag 8-13 in compact 5' diameter. The cluster has a distinctive boxy
shape but is not rich. Includes an
unequal double star ·1028 = 8.8/11.1 at 11" at the east side. Stars are arranged in small subgroups
with no central concentration, well detached in field. Located off the NE end of the huge,
strip of nebulosity IC 2177.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2343 = H VIII-33 on 10 Jan 1785 (sweep 356) and called it
"a cluster of scattered large stars, not so extensive as the last [NGC
2335], nor so rich." His
position is just off the southeast side of the cluster.
******************************
NGC 2344 = UGC
3734 = MCG +08-13-103 = CGCG 234-100 = PGC 20395
07 12 28.7 +47
10 00
V = 12.0; Size 1.7'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(1/19/91): fairly faint, fairly small, round, broad mild concentration, faint
stellar nucleus, edges fade smoothly into background.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 2344 = Sw VI-30 on 24 Nov 1886. His position is 16 sec of RA west and 81" north of UGC
3734 = PGC 20395 and his description "pB, pS, R" applies. Hermann Kobold measured an accurate
position at the Strassburg Observatory in 1893.
******************************
NGC 2345 = Cr
129 = Mel 61 = OCL-575
07 08 19 -13 11
36
V = 7.7; Size 12'
17.5"
(3/20/93): 50 stars mag 9-14 in 10'x8' region elongated SW-NE. Fairly rich in faint stars. Includes the pretty double h3930 = 9.7/10.6
at 15" on the north side.
Near the center is a small clump of about 8 stars including an unequal
triple star. Located midway
between mag 8 SAO 152444 6' NNE and a mag 9.5 star 6' S.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2345 = h3073 on 14 Feb 1836 and recorded "a pretty rich
cluster; irregular fig; 7' diam; gbM; stars 10..14 m; place that of a double
star, the chief *." His
position corresponds with HJ 3930 = 9.7/10.6 at 15".
******************************
NGC 2346 = PK
215+3.1 = PN G215.6+03.6
07 09 22.5 -00
48 23
V = 11.9; Size 60"x50"
17.5"
(2/2/02): easily picked up at 100x as a fairly small, round halo surrounding a
bright mag 11.5 star. Nice view at
280x and 380x. The halo is
irregularly round, ~50"x45" with a slightly uneven surface brightness
and it appears a bit thinner or pinched on the NW side. Modest contrast gain with a UHC filter
at 100x-280x, although this object does not require a filter.
13"
(1/11/86): bright mag 11.5 central star surrounded by fairly small, round
disc. Located between two mag 13
stars 0.8' E and 1.2' W. View
enhanced with Daystar 300 filter.
Central star is the variable V651 Mon (mag 11.3-13.5).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2346 = H IV-65 on 5 Mar 1790 (sweep 935) and recorded "a
pretty considerable star, 9 or 10m, visibly affected with vF nebulosity, of
very little extent all around. A power of 300 shewed the same, but gave a
little more extent to the nebulosity. The 22d Monocerotis was quite free from
nebulosity." CH's reduced
position is 1¡ too far south, but a note was added on the sweep there may be an
error of 1¡, due to a confusion on the polar distance.
Dreyer observed
the PN on 14 Feb 1877 with the 72" at Birr Castle and reported "*9
mag seems nebulous, especially on the n or np side. At last we agreed that it was nebulous all round. About 4' sp is a reddish *10 with a
white-bluish *11 1' south. The
nebulous star has a bluish tint."
******************************
NGC 2347 = IC
2179? = UGC 3759 = MCG +11-09-039 = CGCG 309-026 = PGC 20539
07 16 04.0 +64
42 41
V = 12.5; Size 1.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 175d
13.1"
(1/11/86): fairly faint, fairly small, bright core, slightly elongated N-S,
diffuse. Located 4' S of mag 7.3
SAO 14129. A mag 10 star lies 5.2'
NE. Forms a wide pair with IC 2179
= UGC 3750 13' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2347 = H III-746 on 1 Nov 1788 (sweep 879) and recorded,
"vF, S, R lbM." His
position, based on Auwers' reduction, is 3.3' N of UGC 3759. The GC/NGC position (from John
Herschel) is 5.7' NNE of UGC 3759. Finally, Harold Corwin reduced the offsets given in Dreyer's
1912 revision of Herschel's catalogues and that position is 18' NNE of UGC 3759
-- and 9' NE of UGC 3750, the galaxy generally identified as IC 2179.
Bigourdan later
observed this field in 1894 and 1900. His position for B. 267 = IC 2179 in
Comptes Rendus is 07 15 33 +64 57 (2000), which is an excellent match for UGC
3750. CGCG, UGC, MOL, DSFG, RC3,
PGC and U2000 all label this galaxy as IC 2179. But, Bigourdan's listing in his complete Observations, etc.
for B. 267 corresponds with UGC 3759, the galaxy identified as NGC 2347 in
modern catalogues and his listing for NGC 2347 matches UGC 3750 (Corwin notes
an error in his identification of the reference star). So, Bigourdan reverses
the modern identifications.
The question
still remains - which of these two galaxies is WH's III-746? See Corwin's identification notes for
more on this story (also analyzed by Malcolm Thomson).
******************************
NGC 2348 = ESO
088-SC1
07 03 03 -67 23 36
Size 11'
25"
(10/16/17 - OzSky): at 244x; bright, distinctive group of stars appears fully
resolved, ~10' diameter, ~35 stars mag 10-14. A bright mag 9.9 star (HD 54266) near the center is
surrounded by some starless areas.
Includes some wide pairs, including a ~36" pair of 12th mag stars
on the east side, but no dense regions. The group (or cluster) is fairly well
defined and detached in the wider field and the outline is roughly
circular. A 4' string of stars
~E-W appears detached off the southeast side.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2348 = h3074 on 31 Jan 1835 and recorded as a "Coarse loose
cluster of about 30 stars, many 11m, one 10m taken." His position corresponds with a mag 10
star in the center of an 8' circular cluster or group.
RNGC calls this
"an unverified southern cluster" and neither Lynga, ESO or WEBDA has a listing for this
object. Bica et al includes NGC
2348 in a 2001 paper on "Dissolving star cluster candidates"
******************************
NGC 2349
07 10 48 -08 36
17.5" (2/3/03):
group of ~30 stars, elongated SW-NE, ~8'x3'. Stands out reasonably well in the field an over background
haze but is probably just an asterism.
Most stars are 12-14th magnitude.
This group is ~11' following John Herschel's position, but the star density
is richer on this group. Listed as nonexistent in the RNGC.
Caroline
Herschel discovered NGC 2349 = H VII-27 = h436 on 4 Mar 1783. Three years later on 24 Feb 1786 (sweep
529), WH recorded "An irregular cluster of extremely small stars,
considerably compressed, 9 or 10' l, 4 or 5' b with an extending branch towards
sp." Close to his position
(Auwers' reduction) is the group of stars described in my observation. JH recorded "a poor straggling cl,
place of a D*", but his position is 1 min of RA too far west and
corresponds with a mag 10/11.5 at 30" separation that is not involved in
any clustering. Unfortunately JH
used his own position in the GC and it was repeated by Dreyer in the NGC.
Based on
Heidelberg plates, Karl Reinmuth noted "many st in a dense region, very
little clustering." RNGC
classifies the number nonexistent (Type 7). See Harold Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 2350 = UGC
3747 = MCG +02-19-001 = CGCG 057-005 = PGC 20416
07 13 12.2 +12
15 58
V = 12.3; Size 1.3'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 110d
17.5"
(1/19/91): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, bright core. Several mag 14 stars are near including
one 1' SE of core. A nice double
star (mag 10/10 at 20" separation) lies 10' NNE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2350 = St VI-6 on 18 Sep 1871 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory. His
position matches UGC 3747 = PGC 20416.
******************************
NGC 2351
07 13 29 -11 29
12
=Not found,
Gottlieb. Possibly a scattered group
around two stars, wrong dec in NGC, Corwin.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2351 = h437 on 9 Mar 1828 and noted as "A loose straggling
cluster, place of double star." There is nothing at his position and even
the double star doesn't seem to be there. Exactly 1 degree north is a mag
9.4/12 double star at 12" separation with two mag 9/10.9 stars 1' NW and
1' SW. But there is no obvious
clustering here on the POSS.
Alister Ling questions if this object is a duplicate of NGC 2353 (20'
further NE) which was not recorded separately by JH. But this cluster includes a prominent mag 6.0 star that
would probably be chosen as the position.
RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent. See Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 2352 = ESO
492-**5
07 13 05 -24 02
48
17.5"
(3/8/97): at 82x there is no obvious cluster at this position, although there
are about a dozen mag 12/13 stars in a 7' string ~N-S, roughly centered on a
mag 11.5 star at 07 13.1 -24 03.
At 220x, several fainter stars are visible increasing the total to ~20
stars and it stands out a little better.
The stars in the N-S string are arranged in "seagull wings"
concave to the west. Listed as
nonexistent in RNGC.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2352 = H VII-15 on 6 Mar 1785 (sweep 381) and called "A
small cluster of pretty compressed stars, not very rich." There is nothing at his position, but
40 sec of RA west is string of stars oriented N-S. Howe also "saw nothing noteworthy in the place given
for this cluster, except that the whole background contains myriads of minute
stars, on the limit of vision."
RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent (Type 7).
******************************
NGC 2353 = Cr
130 = Mel 62 = OCL-567
07 14 30 -10 16
00
V = 7.1; Size 20'
17.5" (3/20/93):
over 100 stars mag 6-13 in a 20' diameter, requires 100x (20mm Nagler) for best
view. Richest around mag 6 SAO
152598 on the south side where 50 stars are in a 8' rectangular outline. A bright double star ·1052 = 9.1/9.3 at
20" is located just 2' NE of the mag 6 star and two mag 9 stars are at the
NW and NE corners of this subgroup.
Surrounding this group is a dark ring devoid of stars and then beyond is
a fairly rich outer annulus including several mag 9-10 stars.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2353 = H VIII-34 on 10 Jan 1785 (sweep 356) and noted "an
extensive scattered cluster contains a very bright star."
******************************
NGC 2354 = Cr
131 = ESO 492-SC006
07 14 15 -25 41
36
V = 6.5; Size 20'
17.5"
(3/12/94): ~100 stars in a 20' diameter, circular outline, fairly uniform in
magnitudes. There are no prominent
subgroups or individual stars but the cluster is fairly detached in the field
at 100x. Unconcentrated with a
9'x3' void or dark lane in the center elongated N-S. A double star with components 11.5/12.5 at 14"
separation is just following the dark lane towards the south end.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2354 = H VII-16 = h438 on 6 Mar 1785 (sweep 381) and called it
"a large cluster of scattered stars, considerably rich, about 20' in
diameter or more." His
position matches this cluster. JH
recorded a "loose straggling cl; the preceding part is rather separated
from the following, and more comp.
Place that of 3 stars in the following part."
******************************
NGC 2355 = NGC
2356? = Cr 133 = Mel 63 = OCL-496
07 16 59 +13 45
00
Size 9'
18"
(3/15/10): fairly rich group with ~70 stars in an 8'-9' diameter group, with
the richest portion in the central 4'.
On the north side of the central region is a 13" pair of mag 11/12
stars with a mag 13 star 16" S forming an easy triple. The stars are pretty evenly distributed
and many are similar magnitudes, though a number appear to be arranged in
strings that extend out radially from the center. The brightest member is a mag 10 star on the SE side. The cluster shares the field with mag
8.3 HD 56329 located 7' NNE.
18"
(2/23/06): rich cluster at 257x with ~75 stars in an 8' irregular group. Very rich in a 2.5' central
"core" with the brightest mag 10 star just SE of this core. The outline is marked by rows of stars
giving a triangular outline. Mag 8
HD 56329 lies 7' NE of the cluster.
13.1"
(1/18/85): about 50 stars down to mag 14 in a 8'x5' group elongated N-S
including a mag 10 star at the SE edge.
Rich, fairly compact, a number of stars are arranged in lanes. Located about 7' SW of mag 8.0 SAO
95722.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2355 = H VI-6 = h439 on 8 Mar 1784 (sweep 161) and reported
"a cluster of stars of various magnitudes, pretty much compressed in the
middle, and the cluster is pretty rich.
Of an iR form; most of the stars are S and I suppose if it is at all
visible in my 7 ft reflector it must assume a nebulous appearance. To the north of it is a pretty
considerable star which my field will take in with the cl." There is nothing at his position, but 1
min 40 sec of east of his position is this cluster and it fits his
description. Karl Harding
independently found the cluster around 1823 and reported it as a new discovery
(7 of the 8 objects in his list were previously discovered). JH measured an accurate position and
questioned whether his h439 was identical to H VI-6. JH recorded "a p rich cl of very small stars; irreg; R;
5' diameter; not bM; st 11...16m."
******************************
NGC 2356 = NGC
2355? = Cr 133 = Mel 63 = OCL-496
07 16 59 +13 45
00
18"
(2/23/06): there is no cluster at William Herschel's position or nearby group
of stars that match his description "A pretty rich and compressed cluster
of stars" other than NGC 2355 10' S of his position. Corwin equates NGC 2356 = NGC 2355 (see
description for NGC 2355). Also
about 20' W of Herschel's position are 15 stars in a 3' arrowhead outline. This asterism is well detached in the
field and though not impressive is also a possible candidate. A nice equilateral triangle of mag
11.5-12.5 stars with sides of 1' form the eastern corner of the group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2356 = H VII-6 on 16 Mar 1784 (sweep 176) and described "A
pretty rich and compressed cluster of stars." There is nothing at his position (reduced using the offsets
given in Dreyer's 1912 "Scientific Papers of WH) but ~15' S is NGC 2355
and Harold Corwin concludes this number is probably a duplicate observation of
NGC 2355. His position for NGC
2355 is not good either -- it's 100 tsec of RA too far west!
Based on
photographic plates taken at the Heidelberg Obseratory, Reinmuth adds "no
Cl north of NGC 2355, in 7h 8m.0 +14d 13' (1860) a loose clustering of st 11...
in triangle." At Reinmuth's position (about 1 tmin preceding the NGC
position) is a triangular group which stands out pretty well. But NGC 2355 is the best fit for NGC
2356. RNGC classifies the number
as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 2357 = UGC
3782 = MCG +04-17-014 = CGCG 116-046 = FGC 619 = PGC 20592
07 17 40.9 +23
21 23
V = 13.3; Size 3.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 122d
17.5"
(1/19/91): faint, large, edge-on 6:1 NW-SE. Appears as a very low surface brightness ghostly streak with
no central condensation! A mag 13
star is off the NW end 1.3' from center.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2357 = St XIII-27 on 6 Feb 1885 with the 31.5"
silver-on-glass reflector at the Marseille Observatory. His position matches UGC 3782 = PGC
20592.
******************************
NGC 2358
07 16 56 -17 07
Size 20'x15'
18"
(3/13/10): gorgeous low power Milky Way field at 72x (63'), though nothing
stands out distinctly as cluster-like.
At the given position (07 16.9 -17 07 (2000), is a weak enhancement,
roughly 20' diameter, with a nice quardruple group of mag 10-11 stars on the
south side. This field enhancement
is only noticeable as the Milky Way is weaker or dusty to the north and south
of the group and the background glow brightens near the position of NGC 2358.
Listed as
nonexistent in the RNGC and William Herschel's description ""A course
scattered cluster of stars, not rich." is not specific enough to pin down
his intended "cluster".
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2358 = H VIII-45 on 31 Dec 1785 (sweep 503) and noted "A
course scattered cluster of stars, not rich., not compressed" JH did not record an observation of
this "cluster" and it was not observed at Birr Castle. There is a large (~20') Milky Way field
(described in my observation) including a number of mag 10 stars close to WH's
position. RNGC classifies the
number as nonexistent (Type 7).
******************************
NGC 2359 =
Thor's Helmet = LBN 1041 = Sh 2-298 = Ced 94b = Gum 4 = RCW 5
07 18 31 -13 13
30
Size 8'x6'
48"
(4/13/10): the 5' central region of Thor's Helmet was mesmerizing at 267x and
330x (unfiltered). A large, bright
knot is at the south end of the rim where the inner portion of the bright wing
that heads southwest connects with the central bubble. Along the northern edge of the rim are
three collinear mag 11 stars (2.2' length) oriented E-W. The rim of the bubble
is noticeably brighter in a thin arc beginning due north of center (between the
two western stars) and extending about 90¡ clockwise to the west (this portion
of Thor's Helmet was catalogued separately as NGC 2361). The rim is also brighter along a 45¡
thicker arc on the southeast side.
The rim has a lower surface brightness on the east and NE side and varies
in thickness and brightness around the entire bubble, enclosing a darker
central region.
Three brighter
stars (nearly collinear) and several fainter stars are superimposed within the
main bubble. A second, smaller,
incomplete bubble just north of center outlines an inner dark "hole",
which includes one of the brighter stars.
The 11.4-magnitude ionizing Wolf-Rayet star HD 56925 is at the southwest
edge of this inner bubble.
Additional thin wisps of nebulosity crisscross the central region.
17.5"
(12/28/00): "Thor's Helmet" is a remarkably bright, detailed
nebulosity at 100x using an OIII filter.
The central region is a 5' bubble (illuminated by a Wolf-Rayet star)
with a brighter rim along the west side giving a "C" appearance with
irregular knots, filamentary wisps of nebulosity and areas of thinner
nebulosity in the interior. A
number of fainter stars are superimposed in the central region along with some
brighter mag 11 stars on the north portion of the rim. Attached at the south end is a brighter
4' extension elongated towards the west with a mag 9 star at its SE side. This section then thins out into a long
10' streamer that precedes the main section and forms the southern
"horn" of the helmet. A
second long, thicker streamer is attached at the north end of the central mass
and extends out to the NW (this piece has been misidentified as IC 468). A
fainter strip of nebulosity also begins on the north end and extends 10' due
east while weak nebulosity is also east of the central helmet off the south
side. Illuminated by the
Wolf-Rayet star HD 56925 = WR 7.
13"
(1/28/84): unusual emission nebula, fairly bright, fairly large, about
7'x5'. A thinner section elongated
at a right angle (E-W) extends west of a mag 10 star on the south end. A few fainter stars are superimposed on
the north side. A very faint
section is attached at the NW end extending towards the NW.
13x80mm
(1/13/07): the circular central region of Thor's Helmet was easily visible at
13x in my 80mm finder using an OIII filter (24mm Panoptic), though the
"horns" of the helmet were not seen.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2359 = H V-21 = h3075 on 31 Jan 1785 (sweep 363) and recorded
"A broad elongated nebulosity, in the form of a parallelogram with a short
ray southwards from the south preceding corner. The nebulosity between the milky and resolvable, almost of
an equal brightness; but very faint.
The parallelogram about 8' long and 5 or 6' broad, but
ill-defined." He published a
sketch in his 1811 paper (Fig. 3) as an illustration "of detached
Nebulosity".
JH observed this
nebula from the Cape and recorded "a very singular nebula, much like the
profile of a bust, (head, neck and shoulders,) or a silhouette portrait, very
large, pretty well defined, light nearly uniform, about 12' diameter. In a
crowded field of milky way stars, many of which are projected on it." His RA is exactly 1 min too small (but
accurate in NPD) and this position was copied into the GC and later the
NGC. Howe noted this error when he
observed the nebula. His sketch
(Plate IV, figure 4) shows the silhouette shape well with the shoulders/bust region
the brighter "wing". See notes for NGC 2361.
I'm surprised
this nebula is mentioned in Garrett Serviss' 1901 "Pleasures of the
Telescope" written for at most 5-inch telescopes: "In [GC] 1511 we
have a faint nebula remarkable for the rows of minute stars in an near
it." And in the 1909 book "In Starland with a 3-inch
Telescope", William Olcott repeats "Note the nebula [GC] 1511 and the
curving row of faint stars near it."
Based on plate
taken with the 60-inch at Mt Wilson in 1917, Pease reported: Sir John Herschel
pictured it as resembling a bust, while Lassell drew it like balloon, with a
long neck twisted in the Sp direction.
The balloon or head is approximately 5' in diameter; the neck is to the
south, with nebulosity about 1' wide extending 8' west, concave on the north
and gradually narrowing and fading out.
From the top (N) of the head a symmetrical streamer concave to the south
extends in the western direction...A second streamer about 1' wide extends east
from the top of the head to a distance of 9'."
******************************
NGC 2360 = Cr
134 = Mel 64 = OCL-589
07 17 43 -15 38
30
V = 7.2; Size 13'
13.1"
(1/28/84): includes about 40 fainter stars in an elongated, arrowhead shape
with mag 9 SAO 152691 at the east edge (probably a foreground star). Appears rich with fairly uniform
magnitudes.
Caroline
Herschel discovered NGC 2360 = H VII-12 = h440 = h3076 on 26 Feb 1783. This was her first deep sky
discovery. On 4 Feb 1785 (sweep
366) William recorded "a large cluster of pretty compressed scattered
stars, near 1/2¡ in diam, considerably rich, most of the stars of the same
size." Another observation on
31 Dec 1785 (sweep 503) describes "A beautiful cluster of pretty
compressed stars, very large."
JH recorded it from the Cape of Good Hope as "Middle of a fine
large, rich cluster, not compressed to the middle. Stars 9..12th mag; fills
field."
******************************
NGC 2361 = Part
of NGC 2359 = Thor's Helmet = LBN 1041 = Sh 2-298
07 18 23.4 -13
12 40
48"
(4/15/10): Along the northern edge of the rim of Thor's Helmet are three
collinear mag 11 stars (2.2' length) oriented E-W. The rim of the bubble is
noticeably brighter in a thin arc beginning due north of center (between the
two western stars) and extending about 90¡ clockwise to the west. Bigourdan's NGC 2359 refers to this
brighter portion of the Wolf-Rayet nebula. See observing notes for NGC 2359 for a complete description of the nebula.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 2361 = Big. 27 on 25 Feb 1887. Harold Corwin identifies NGC 2361 with
a bright knot along the west side of the main bubble of NGC 2359. Wolfgang Steinicke also lists Wilhelm
Tempel as a co-discoverer (in 1887), though he is not credited in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 2362 = ESO
492-SC9 = Cr 136
07 18 42 -24 57
18
V = 4.1; Size 8'
13.1"
(1/30/06 - Costa Rica): gorgeous low power field surrounding Tau CMa using the
20 Nagler (75x). Tau was easily
resolved into a triple with two mag 10 and 11.2 companions at 8.5" and
14" to the east. At 170x,
75-80 stars are visible and the cluster appears fully resolved. A string of stars passes to the north
of Tau oriented NW to SE. Several
faint stars and a detached clump lie to the north of Tau beyond the
string. A mag 8.5 star marks the
south border of the cluster.
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): stunning open cluster at 105x surrounding Tau Canis
Majoris which is a very close triple star. Perhaps 75 stars are resolved in a well-detached 6' region.
17.5"
(3/2/02): at 100x, this is a gorgeous, uniformly rich cluster surrounding Tau
CMa, which is offset north of center. A WNW-ESE string of stars north of Tau
gives a flattened border and the rich southern portion tapers to the south
giving a triangular appearance. At
220x, ~60 stars are visible in a 6' diameter, many of 10.5-11. Just following the central star to the
ESE are two mag 11 companions.
Several other fainter stars are in the central core including one fairly
close preceding.
17.5"
(2/28/87): about 75 stars in 6' diameter surrounding Tau Canis Majoris (V =
4.4) in an unusually rich, impressive cluster! Tau is resolved into several components.
13.1": 50
stars in a triangular-shape surrounding Tau Canis Majoris, very rich,
impressive.
Giovanni
Hodierna probably discovered NGC 2362 = H VII-17 = h441 = h3077 around 1654
(marked on a map of Canis Major).
It was discovered again by WH on 6 Mar 1783 (sweep 381) and called
"a most beautiful cluster of pretty large stars with one of the 7th magnitude
in the center, which however I suppose does not belong to it." The cluster was observed by JH at both
Slough and the Cape of Good Hope, where he recorded "a fine cluster of
discrete stars, 60 or 70 in number. R, gbM, 8' diameter." It's
surprising this bright cluster wasn't found by one of Messier contemporaries.
******************************
NGC 2363 = UGC
3847 = MCG +12-07-039 = Mrk 71 =
PGC 21078 = PGC 93088 = NGC 2366:[HK83] 108
07 28 29.6 +69
11 34
Size
1.7'x1.1'; PA = 20d
48"
(4/15/10): NGC 2363 is either a small satellite galaxy of NGC 2366 or possibly
a detached star cloud or galaxy west of the southwest end of NGC 2366. At 330x, NGC 2363 appeared fairly
faint, moderately large, elongated 2:1 or 5:2 SW-NE, with a low but irregular
surface brightness. Located ~2.2'
SW of the center of NGC 2366 and 1.2' W of the bright knot. The bright HII knot/starburst region in
NGC 2366 is often misidentified as NGC 2363.
A 2010 study
suggests NGC 2363 was very close to the southern tip of NGC 2366 less than 10
Myr ago, and could have triggered the interaction which has led to the strong
episodes of star formation in the southern half of NGC 2366 as well as this
galaxy.
Ralph Copeland
discovered NGC 2363 on 9 Mar 1874 with the 72" while observing NGC 2366 =
H III-748. He noted a
"diffused nebulosity preceding, pos. 265.9¡, dist 71.4"." Copeland's offsets were measured with
respect to the unusually bright HII knot at the southwest end of the galaxy,
which has always been assumed to be NGC 2363. But Copeland's "diffused nebulosity preceding"
refers to UGC 3847, a separate galaxy ( or isolated star cloud) just west of
the southwest end of NGC 2366.
CGCG
misidentifies NGC 2363 as the "bright emission patch at the SW end of NGC
2366" and RNGC misclassifies NGC 2363 as nonexistent with the comment
"Patch in NGC 2366, Zwicky".
See Harold Corwin's identification notes for the complete story.
******************************
NGC 2364
07 20 47 -07 33
00
18"
(3/13/04): pretty neat group of 50-60 stars at 115x arranged in two rows of
stars converging towards the north.
The eastern group of stars hooks on the SE end, bending back towards the
north. Both groups have strings of
faint stars extending to the north beyond a mag 9.5 star located ~5' N of the
main groups. Listed as a
nonexistent cluster in the RNGC, although the group is fairly distinctive.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2364 = h442 on 8 Jan 1831 and noted "Two small pretty close
groups of pL stars in the milky way, rather a remarkable cl." There are two strings of stars at JH's
position, matching his description.
RNGC classifies this object as nonexistent (Type 7).
WH apparently
made the original discovery on 24 Feb 1786 (sweep 529) and noted
"Clustering stars, in three short parallel lines, the two last whereof are
joined to the sp; the placed taken is that of the middle lane." He didn't assign it an internal
discovery number, so this observation went uncatalogued.
******************************
NGC 2365 = UGC
3821 = MCG +04-18-008 = CGCG 117-020 = PGC 20838
07 22 22.5 +22
05 00
V = 12.4; Size 2.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 170d
24"
(2/14/15): at 260x; moderately bright and large, elongated 2:1 N-S, ~1.2'x0.6',
well concentrated with a bright oval core. A mag 14 star is at the southwest edge [48" from
center]. Located 32' ENE of mag
3.5 Delta Geminorum.
Forms a close
pair with CGCG 117-019 2.6' SSW.
The companion is faint, small, round, 18" diameter. Occasionally contains a faint stellar
nucleus. A wide 15" double
star is 1' SSE. UGC 3827
lies 13' NE and appears faint, small, oval 4:3, 20"x15" [core only
seen]. A mag 13.3 star is at the
south east edge of the galaxy.
17.5"
(1/19/91): fairly faint, fairly small, oval 3:2 NNW-SSE, bright core. A mag 14 star is just off the SW side
0.7' from center and a mag 12.5 star is 1.3' SW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2365 = m 102 on 10 Nov 1864 with Lassell's 48" and recorded
"vF, pS, R, psbM."
ƒdouard Stephan independently discovered this galaxy on 13 Jan 1874 and
reported it in list VI-7.
******************************
NGC 2366 = UGC
3851 = MCG +12-07-040 = CGCG 330-038 = Mrk 71 = PGC 21102
07 28 55.0 +69
12 57
V = 11.1; Size 8.1'x3.3'; Surf Br = 14.6; PA = 25d
48"
(4/15/10): The most striking feature of NGC 2366 is a prominent double knot
(giant HII/starburst complex) at the SW end (also known as Mrk 71 amd NGC
2366-I). At 330x, the knot
appeared very bright, elongated 3:2 E-W, ~18"x12", with two
overlapping components (super star clusters A and B). A fainter and smaller knot (NGC 2366-II) was easily visible
15" E, for a total of 3 HII knots.
NGC 2363, a low
surface brightness companion or detached OB association/HII region, lies 1.2' W
of the bright double knot. At 330x
it appeared fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 2:1 or 5:2 SW-NE, with a
low but irregular surface brightness.
18"
(3/19/04): at the SW end of the galaxy is a very bright knot (HII region),
roughly mag 12.5 and perhaps 15" in size which responds to a UHC filter at
160x! At 323x this knot is
irregular in shape (~20"x15", SW-NE) and brightness and at moments
resolves into two or three components.
The galaxy itself is fairly faint, large, and very elongated SSW-NNE,
3.5'x1.0', with a low surface brightness.
13.1"
(1/11/86): fairly faint, very large, elongated 5:2 SW-NE, low almost even
surface brightness. An unusually
bright HII region is at the SW end of the galaxy (2' from the center) and
appears as a "fuzzy" 12th magnitude star. Although very small, it appeared elongated SW-NE and similar
to a poorly resolved double star.
Definite contrast gain with OIII filter.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2366 = H III-748 on 3 Dec 1788 (sweep 889) and called it
"vF, vS, stellar. 300
confirmed it and showed a vF branch to the nf." His description and position matches the prominent HII
region at the southwest end of the galaxy. The "vf branch nf" refers to the actual
galaxy. So, NGC 2366 applies to
the HII region (also known as Mrk 71) as well as the galaxy. Modern sources misidentify the large
HII knot as NGC 2363. See
historical comments for NGC 2363.
Ralph Copeland
described it on 9 Mar 1874 with the 72" as a "diffused neby
preceding, pos 265.9¡, dist 71.4"
Neb * or neb knot post 318¡, dist 77.6". The object has a curved tail, pos 30.9¡, convex on the
following side, traced 9' or 10'.
The neb knot preceding is connected with the principal enbulosity. Line of stars spp, curved towards
preceding side, nebulous? At least
the enbula appears to extend so far on spp side. [See Pl I.]."
******************************
NGC 2367 = Cr
137 = ESO 559-SC005
07 20 05 -21 53
06
V = 7.9; Size 4'
17.5": 25
stars in a distinctive, fairly rich 6' group which is elongated N-S. The brightest star HD 57370 is a close
double (HLD 87 = 9.4/9.7 at 5").
A nice elongated group at the south end includes the bright double,
three other mag 11/12 stars and several fainter stars. A compact group of four stars is in the
field to the north. Located in a
rich low power field at 100x.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2367 = H VIII-27 on 20 Nov 1784 (sweep 326) and recorded "a
small cluster of scattered stars, not rich, nor very compressed." His position is ~3' south of the center
of this compact cluster.
******************************
NGC 2368 = Cr
138 = OCL-571 = Lund 320
07 20 59 -10 22
48
Size 5'
17.5"
(3/20/93): two dozen stars mag 12-14 in 4' diameter, unimpressive although
unusual form, no dense spots.
Divided into two distinct groupings; a dozen stars in the SW triangular
group with a double star 12/13 at 18" separation at the west end; also a
dozen stars in the NE group consists of two strings of stars oriented ~N-S
forming a thin triangle. The two
groups are separated by a dark lane oriented NW-SE. The classification of this
group as a true cluster is doubtful.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2368 = h443 on 9 Mar 1828 and described "the preceding star
(which is red) of a pretty rich small cluster; fig irreg triangular; stars 15m
- in Milky Way." His position
is on the southwest side of the group.
******************************
NGC 2369 = ESO
122-018 = AM 0716-621 = LGG 144-001 = PGC 20556
07 16 37.7 -62
20 37
V = 12.3; Size 3.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 177d
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 260x appeared bright, large,
very elongated 5:2 N-S, 2.4'x0.9', broad concentration with a slightly bulging
middle. A 16th magnitude star is
at the north end and a mag 15 star is just following the core. Nearly collinear with two mag 12/13
stars 2.5' and 3' NE. Brightest in
a group with NGC 2381 48' SE, NGC 2369A 38' SE (on a line with NGC 2381), NGC
2369B 32' NE, NGC 2417 1.6¡ east and IC 2200/2200A 1.3¡ east.
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): at 166x this Carina galaxy is fairly faint, fairly
large, elongated 5:2 N-S, 1.7'x0.6', broad weak concentration but overall has a
fairly low surface brightness (viewed at 16¡ elevation). In a group with NGC 2381 and NGC 2417.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2369 = h3078 on 26 Dec 1834 and recorded "pB, E or
irregular figure, glbM." His
position (2 sweeps) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2370 = UGC
3835 = MCG +04-18-015 = CGCG 117-036 = PGC 20955
07 25 01.7 +23
47 01
V = 13.6; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 43d
17.5"
(2/8/91): fairly faint, small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 0.8'x0.4', even surface
brightness. A mag 14 star is
attached at the NE end 0.4' from center.
The galaxy appears to extend from the star like a comet tail!
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2370 = m 103 on 10 Nov 1864 with Lassell's 48" and recorded
"eF, vS, E." His
position is 1' south of UGC 3835 = PGC 20955. RNGC refers to the mag 14 star attached at north end as a
"* or knot".
******************************
NGC 2371 =
Peanut Nebula = Double Bubble Nebula = PK 189+19.1 = PN G189.1+19.8
07 25 33.8 +29
29 18
V = 11.2; Size 74"x54"
48"
(4/1/11): I was stunned by the view of this bipolar nebula. There was so much
intricate detail in NGC 2371/72 it had little resemblance to previous views
through my 17.5" and 18" scopes. The most prominent feature was two, irregularly round, very
bright nodules on the southwest and northeast side of the boxy, elongated
central region. Each nodule was
distinctive and varied in surface brightness and shape with the southwest lobe
brighter. Filamentary streamers or
a "hairy tail" extended from the northeast node towards the northwest
and similar wisps extended mainly southeast from the southwest node, creating a
sense of rotation around the fairly bright central star. The interior and sides
were filled with much fainter nebulosity.
A very faint filament connected the main lobes on the northwest
edge. Detached from the main 1'
structure were two amazing outer wings, symmetrically hanging 1' NW and 1' SE
from the central star. These wings
or "polar caps" were easily visible without a filter at 488x and both
extended ~40"x10" in a SW-NE orientation, increasing the total
diameter of the planetary to 2'. A
mag 13.5 star lies 1.5' NW and a mag 16 star is 50" NE of center.
17.5"
(2/14/99): very unusual appearance at 380x with two bright knots oriented SW-NE
about 30" between centers and 0.9' in total length. The southwest knot is 15"-20"
in size, slightly elongated and the brighter of the two. The northeast condensation has a
slightly lower surface brightness and appears ~20" in diameter. The faint mag 14.9 central star is
symmetrically placed between the knots.
Weaker nebulosity connects the two knots giving a "dogbone"
appearance with a very faint rounder halo encasing the structure!
17.5"
(2/13/88): unusual planetary, bright, moderately large, elongated SW-NE. Two bright knots are at both ends (with
two NGC designations) although the SW end is brighter and concentrated.
13"
(2/25/84): two condensations in halo.
The WSW side is brighter and sharper.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2371 = H II-316 = h444, along with NGC 2372, on 12 Mar 1785
(sweep 385) and reported, "Two. F, of an equal size. Both small within a minute of each
other; each has a seeiming nucleus, and their apparent atmospheres run into
each other. 240 showed the same
position from sp to nf." He
published a sketch in his 1811 paper (Fig. 6) as an illustration of
"double Nebulae with joined Nebulosity."
John Herschel
called NGC 2371 "the south-preceding of a curious bright double neb or an
elongated bicentral neb; nuclei approaching to stars 45¡ nf or sp - distance of
centre 60". See fig 72." Lord Rosse sketched this bipolar PN
with his 72" and reported (19 Dec 1848) a "bright star between, tails
and curved filaments, perhaps an annulus round the two nebulae." William Lassell made an observation in
March 1853 with his 24-inch equatorial reflector from Malta. He noted the "preceding one
[nebula] is the brightest" and made a sketch (figure IX in his 1854 MRAS
paper).
******************************
NGC 2372 =
Peanut Nebula = Double Bubble Nebula = PK 189+19.1 = PN G189.1+19.8
07 25 35.8 +29
29 30
V = 11.2; Size 74"x54"
48"
(4/1/11): see description for NGC 2371.
17.5": see
description for NGC 2371.
13": this
is the fainter NE component of NGC 2371/NGC 2372. Slightly fainter and more diffuse than NGC 2371.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2372 = H II-317 = h445, along with NGC 2371, on 12 Mar 1785
(sweep 385). See NGC 2371 for his
description.
******************************
NGC 2373 = UGC
3848 = MCG +06-17-004 = CGCG 177-014 = PGC 21016
07 26 36.9 +33
49 25
V = 13.8; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 0d
18"
(1/13/07): faint, very small, round, 20". A mag 12.7 star is just off the NE side 24" from the
center. Located 6.8' W of NGC 2375
in the NGC 2389 cluster.
13.1"
(2/23/85): faint, elongated, small.
A mag 13 star is at the NE edge.
Forms a trio with NGC 2375 6.7' E and NGC 2379 10' E. First of seven in the NGC 2389 group.
George Johnstone
Stoney discovered NGC 2373 = St IX-8 on 20 Feb 1849 (along with NGC 2375) using
Lord Rosse's 72" and recorded "6 nebulae of which epsilon [NGC 2375]
is perhaps a double star."
This galaxy was labeled Zeta on the sketch in the 1861 publication and
accurately measured from NGC 2375, JH didn't assign it a GC designation. Dreyer first catalogued NGC 2373 as GCS
5380. ƒdouard Stephan independently
discovered the galaxy on 8 Feb 1878 and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 2374 = Cr
139 = OCL-585 = Lund 328
07 23 56 -13 15
48
V = 8.0; Size 19'
17.5"
(3/12/94): ~50-60 stars in 7'x4' region elongated SW-NE. Located in a rich star field so the
cluster does not have a distinct border.
A detached group with four brighter mag 10-11 stars is off the NE
end. The richest portion is 3'-4'
diameter at the SW end and consists of three dozen stars over some unresolved
haze. At the SW edge is a nice
curving U-shaped group of 9 stars mag 13 that is open to the SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2374 = H VIII-35 = h3080 on 31 Jan 1785 (sweep 363) and recorded
(summary from 3 sweeps) "a cluster of pretty large scattered stars, pretty
rich, about 20' long, crooked figure." JH observed it from the Cape of Good Hope and recorded
"the most compressed part of a scattered cluster or rather region, more
crowded with stars than the rest of the milky way, though hardly entitled to
rank as a cluster. The stars run in singular lines and curves on a dark
ground."
******************************
NGC 2375 = UGC
3854 = MCG +06-17-005 = CGCG 177-017 = PGC 21035
07 27 09.5 +33
49 54
V = 13.6; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 170d
18" (1/13/07):
faint, fairly small, elongated 5:3 ~N-S, 0.7'x0.4', broad concentration. Larger but lower surface brightness
than NGC 2379 3.6' ESE.
13.1"
(2/23/85): second of three in the NGC 2389 group. Faint, low surface brightness, appears larger than nearby
NGC 2379 3.7' E. NGC 2375 lies
6.7' W.
George Johnstone
Stoney discovered NGC 2375 on 20 Feb 1849 (along with NGC 2373) and recorded
"6 nebulae of which epsilon [NGC 2375] is perhaps a double
star." Although the sketch
was included in the Lord Rosse's 1861 publication, JH didn't assign it a GC
designation but Dreyer first catalogued it as GCS 5383. ƒdouard Stephan independently
discovered the galaxy on 8 Feb 1878 and measured an accurate position (list
IX-9).
******************************
NGC 2376 = MCG
+04-18-017 = CGCG 117-039 = PGC 21015
07 26 35.9 +23
04 23
V = 13.8; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.5
17.5"
(2/8/91): very faint, very small, round.
A mag 15.5 star is attached at the west end.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2376 = m 104 on 10 Nov 1864 with Lassell's 48" and recorded
"eF, vS." His position
matches CGCG 117-039 = PGC 21015.
******************************
NGC 2377 = UGCA
132 = PGC 20948
07 24 56.8 -09
39 37
V = 12.7; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 170d
18"
(3/4/08): unusual location for a galaxy in a rich Milky Way star field. At 220x appears fairly faint, fairly
small, elongated 4:3 SW-NE, low even surface brightness. A mag 13 star is embedded on the south
end and a mag 14.7 stars is on the NE side. Finally, an extremely faint mag 15.5 star is occasionally
visible close south of the fainter star.
17.5"
(2/1/92): faint, fairly small, elongated SSW-NNE, ~1.0'x0.5', low surface
brightness, no core. A mag 12 star
is attached at the south end and an extremely faint mag 15 star is involved at
the north end. Appears diffuse
with ill-defined edges and seems similar to a faint nebulosity in a rich Milky
Way field! Unusually low galactic
latitude for a galaxy. Incorrectly
listed as nonexistent in RNGC but plotted on U2000.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2377 = St VI-8 on 19 Jan 1874. His position and description matches UGCA 132. Classified as nonexistent (Type 7) in
RNGC. Correctly identified in RC2
as NGC 2377.
******************************
NGC 2378
07 27 24.1 +33
49 52
=**, Corwin.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2378 = St IX-10 on 8 Feb 1878. At Stephan's position is a close
pair of stars (mag 14.7/15.2 at 8" separation). The double is cleanly
resolved on the DSS. The RNGC incorrectly equates NGC 2378 = NGC 2379.
******************************
NGC 2379 = UGC
3857 = MCG +06-17-006 = CGCG 177-018 = PGC 21036
07 27 26.3 +33
48 40
V = 13.5; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9
18"
(1/13/07): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, 25" diameter, very
small bright core, stellar nucleus.
This compact galaxy has a fairly high surface brightenss. A mag 12.5 star lies 1' NW and a mag 11
star 3.6' NE. NGC 2375 lies 3.6'
WNW.
13.1"
(2/23/85): third of seven in the NGC 2389 group. Faint, extremely small, round. A mag 12.5 star is 1.0' WNW of center. NGC 2375 lies 3.7' W.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2379 = h446 on 6 Mar 1828 and simply called the "first of
four [with NGC 2385, 2388 and 2389]." He noted both the RA and NPD as
approximate, and his position is exactly 1 tmin of RA too far east (repeated in
the GC). Lord Rosse (or assistant George Stoney) labeled it Delta on the sketch
made 20 Feb 1849. Stephan
independently discovered NGC 2379 = St IX-11 on 8 Feb 1878 at the Marseille Observatory
and measured an accurate position (repeated in the NGC).
******************************
NGC 2380 = NGC
2382 = ESO 492-012 = MCG -05-18-005 = PGC 20916
07 23 54.6 -27
31 43
V = 11.2; Size 2.0'x1.9'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 99d
17.5"
(1/1/92): fairly faint, fairly small, round, bright core, compact but fairly
high surface brightness, appears out of place in very rich Milky Way
field. Located only 5.7¡ from the
galactic equator!
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2380 = h3079 on 5 Feb 1837 and called "pF, R, vgmbM,
40", in a rich field."
His position matches ESO 492-012 = PGC 20916. See NGC 2382.
******************************
NGC 2381 = ESO
088-010 = LGG 144-003 = PGC 20694
07 19 57.4 -63
04 01
V = 12.8; Size 1.6'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.5
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 260x appeared moderately
bright, fairly small, round, sharply concentrated with a very bright 25"
core that increases to a stellar nucleus.
The core is surrounded by a much fainter, fairly small halo, ~0.8' diameter. A mag 13 star lies 2' NE. ESO 088-008 = NGC 2369A lies 11'
NW. This ring galaxy is the
furthest south in a group including NGC 2369, NGC 2369A, NGC 2369B, IC
2200/2200A, NGC 2417.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2381 = h3084 on 26 Dec 1834 and noted as "vF, vS, R. In a
field full of stars." His position
is just off the southwest side of ESO 088-010 = PGC 20694.
******************************
NGC 2382 = NGC
2380 = ESO 492-012 = MCG -05-18-005 = PGC 20916
07 23 54.6 -27
31 43
See observing
notes for NGC 2380.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2382 = h3082 on 1 Feb and recorded "pF; R; bM; 30";
nearly on meridian of Eta Canis, or perhaps somewhat preceding." He gave approximate coordinates and his
position is 9' north and 18 seconds of time west of NGC 2380 (discovered 4 days
later). Herbert Howe couldn't find
NGC 2382 at JH's position, but gives a corrected position, which corresponds
with NGC 2380. ESO equates NGC
2380 = NGC 2382 and Harold Corwin concurs.
******************************
NGC 2383 = Cr
141 = ESO 559-SC008
07 24 43 -20 56
54
V = 8.4; Size 6'
17.5"
(3/7/92): about 30 stars mag 10-14 in 5' diameter and rich in mag 13-14 stars
near the center. Includes three
mag 10 stars; one at the west end, another just east of center and the last at
the east end. Just SW of the mag
10 star near the center is a rich glowing knot which is very pretty with
averted. The cluster is set over
unresolved background haze. NGC
2384 is in the field 8' SE.
8"
(3/28/81): small, rich cluster of mag 11-13 stars, three mag 10 stars are near,
NGC 2384 lies 8' SSE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2383 = h3081 on 15 Feb 1836 (along with NGC 2384 = h3083) and
recorded "cluster, irregularly round, pretty much compressed, 6'. Stars of
mixed magnitudes." His first
position (of two) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2384 = Cr
143 = ESO 559-SC009
07 25 12 -21 01
24
V = 7.4; Size 3'
17.5"
(3/7/92): about 20 stars mag 9-14 in an elongated E-W group about 5'
length. Includes the close bright
double star h3964 = 9.0/9.7 at 5" near the center. A mag 9 star is at the west end and
close east are two mag 11/12 stars and a group of six fainter stars. The rest of the cluster mainly consists
of a string of six brighter stars oriented SW-NE with h3964 at the SW end of this
string and a mag 10 star 30" SSE.
In the same field with richer NGC 2383 8' NW.
8": small
group, including 9.0/9.6 at 5".
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2384 = h3083 on 15 Feb 1836 and described as "a cluster
composed to two groups of bright stars separated in RA by a dark interval.
Chief star of preceding group taken." His position (measured on two sweeps) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2385 = MCG
+06-17-008 = CGCG 177-020 = WBL 142-001 = PGC 21080
07 28 28.2 +33
50 16
V = 13.9; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 50d
18" (1/13/07):
faintest of trio with NGC 2389 7.7' ENE and NGC 2388 5.4' ESE. At 280x appears faint, small, oval,
0.4'x0.3', low even surface brightness.
13.1"
(2/23/85): extremely faint, very small, possibly elongated. Located 5' W of NGC 2388. Fourth of seven in the NGC 2389 group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2385 = H III-900 = h447, along with NGC 2388, on 4 Feb 1793
(sweep 1031) and called "I suspected another a little south preceding [of
NGC 2389] and 300 confirmed it; and a third almost directly preceding [NGC
2385], and 300 confirms that also.
I saw all the three very plainly."
******************************
NGC 2386
07 28 38.1 +33
46 29
18"
(1/13/07): this is an 18" pair of mag 13/14 stars that was misidentified
by Rosse as a nebulous object in the field of NGC 2389. There is a fainter mag 15 star a bit
further west forming a triangle.
Lawrence
Parsons, the 4th Earl of Rosse, discovered NGC 2386 on 1 Jan 1876 while
observing the NGC 2374-2391 group.
His micrometric offsets from GC 1530 = NGC 2388 (342" in PA 103¡)
points to a close double (mag ~14.5/15.5 at 3") with a third mag 14.5 star
at 18". Dorothy Carlson, in
her 1940 lists of NGC/IC corrections, identifies NGC 2386 as a triple star, and
Harold Corwin concurs with this conclusion.
******************************
NGC 2387
07 29 26.1 +36
46 07
Size 8"
24"
(2/22/14): at 125x, this 7" double star generally appeared as an
unresolved quasi-stellar glow and it was easy to see how it could be mistaken
as a possible nebula. At 200x, it
was often cleanly resolved, but still the fainter companion is dim enough to
often appear not as a sharp star, but a very faint "appendage" to the
brighter component, mimicking a tiny nebula. Also, there are 3 mag 15-16 stars
closeby [within 25"] that perhaps contribute to noticing this pair. At 260x and above, the pair was nearly
always resolved cleanly.
CGCG 177-023,
the galaxy identified as NGC 2387 in the CGCG, RNGC and PGC, appeared very
faint, small, round, low even surface brightness, 15" diameter. An extremely faint companion 25"
SE was not seen.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2387 = H II-820 on 10 Mar 1790 (sweep 937) and recorded
"pB, S, stellar. The wind too
high to verify it." There is
nothing at his position, but Harold Corwin suggests Herschel most likely picked
up a faint double only 1.5' north of his position (based on Auwers'
reduction). This pair looked like
a tiny nebula in my scope at 200x.
Karl Reinmuth, in his 1926 photographic survey at Heidelberg, describes
NGC 2387 as a single mag 13.5 star with "a small group of 5 small stars
nnp 3'." Corwin's double is
part of these "5 small stars".
Dreyer took CGCG
177-023 as H II-820 on his 23 Feb 1876 observation with the 72": "Irr
R, probably lE pf, looks like a hazy star. Forms a rectangular triangle with a *16 sf and a *17 nff
about 2' distant. 3 st 14-15m
preceding in a curved line, the nearest one in Pos 279.5¡,
161.2"." This
galaxy is ~25 sec of RA west and 8' N of WH's position and his description and
class (II) does not fit this galaxy.
RNGC, CGCG and PGC also misidentify CGCG 177-023 as NGC 2387. So,
assuming WH's observation refers to the double star, CGCG 177-023 is left
without a NGC designation. Also,
see Harold Corwin's comments.
******************************
NGC 2388 = UGC
3870 = MCG +06-17-010 = CGCG 177-022 = WBL 142-002 = PGC 21099
07 28 53.5 +33
49 08
V = 13.8; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 65d
18"
(1/13/07): fairly faint, small, elongated 3:2 WSW-ENE, 0.6'x0.4', small
brighter core. A mag 13.5 star
lies 1' NE of center. Located 3.4'
SW of NGC 2389 with NGC 2385 5.4' WNW.
13.1"
(2/23/85): fifth of seven in the NGC 2389 group. Faint, small, slightly elongated SW-NE. NGC 2389 lies 3.4' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2388 = H III-901 = h448, along with NGC 2385, on 4 Feb 1793
(sweep 1031). See description
under NGC 2385. JH and Dreyer
assigned H III-900 to NGC 2388.
******************************
NGC 2389 = UGC
3872 = MCG +06-17-011 = CGCG 177-024 = WBL 142-003 = PGC 21109
07 29 04.7 +33
51 38
V = 12.9; Size 2.0'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 83d
18"
(1/13/07): brightest galaxy in a group.
At 280x appeared moderately bright, fairly small, oval 5:3 ~E-W,
~1.1'x0.7' though the outer halo fades into the background gradually so
difficult to trace with averted vision.
Broad, weak concentration with no well-defined core althought there is a
small brighter nucleus with direct vision. Trio with NGC 2388 3.4' SW and NGC 2385 7.7' WSW. Also, an unusual edge-on UGC 3879 13'
SE (similar redshift) appeared extremely faint, small (viewed only the core of
this thin edge-on), 15"-20" diameter. A couple of mag 14-14.5 stars lies 1' to 1.5' NE.
13.1"
(2/23/85): this galaxy is the brightest in the NGC 2389 group. Fairly faint, slightly elongated ~E-W,
bright core. Third of three in a
tight subgroup with NGC 2385 and NGC 2388.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2389 = H III-703 = h449 on 5 Feb 1788 (sweep 807) and noted as
"vF; vS; perhaps a patch of star." His position is just 1' north of UGC 3872 = PGC 21109. On 4 Feb 1793 (sweep 1031) he confirmed
it was a nebula and logged "vF, bM, R." He also discovered NGC 2385 and 2388 on this sweep. Dreyer misassigned H III-901 to NGC
2389.
******************************
NGC 2390
07 29 04.2 +33
50 10
18"
(1/13/07): this is a 14th magnitude star located 1.4' S of NGC 2389. Misidentified as a nebulous object by
Robert Ball, a Birr Castle assistant.
Sir Robert Ball,
an assistant on the Lord Rosse's 72" telescope, discovered NGC 2390 on 10
Dec 1866 (along with NGC 2391) and noted "Eta is faint and perhaps little
elongated." He placed this
object 82.1" in PA 181¡ (south) with respect to NGC 2389 and at this
position is a mag 14.7 star.
Bigourdan was unable to find Ball's object and Karl Reinmuth, in his
1926 photographic survey "Die Herschel-Nebel", states "eeS,
*15.5?". NGC 2391 also refers
to a faint star.
******************************
NGC 2391
07 29 07.5 +33
49 33
=*, Corwin. "Not found", Carlson
Sir Robert Ball,
an assistant on the Lord Rosse's 72" telescope, discovered NGC 2391 on 10
Dec 1866 (along with NGC 2390) and noted "Theta is eF and S and only seen
by glimpses." He placed this
object 147" in PA 163.5¡ with respect to NGC 2389 and at this position is
a mag 15.6 star. Karl Reinmuth, in
his 1926 photographic survey "Die Herschel-Nebel", describes a
"*14.7, nebulous?, 2.2' ssf of N2389." Nearby NGC 2390 is also a faint star.
******************************
NGC 2392 =
Eskimo Nebula = PK 197+17.1 = PN G197.8+17.3
07 29 10.8 +20
54 42
V = 9.2; Size 47"x43"
48"
(4/1/11): I just took a quick look at the Eskimo at 488x but the view of the
double green shells was stunning.
The inner, brilliant annulus is irregularly shaped, with an elongated
bulge on the north side. The ring
essentially splits into two sections at the north end (the inner
"ring" is fainter) with a darker interior forming a small pouch
within the ring. This feature
could be considered the "chin" at the bottom of the Eskimo's "face"
in the eyepiece view. The outer
shell is irregularly lit and brighter along the southern rim.
18"
(2/24/06): viewed at 807x in good seeing. This remarkable double-shelled
planetary has a darker ring around the bright, 9th magnitude central star. The
darker ring is surrounded by fairly narrow bright annulus, perhaps 20" in
diameter. The rim of the inner
annulus appears slightly brighter along the western half and brightest along
the northwest section. Moving
outwards, a narrow darker ring separates the inner shell from a large, lower
surface brightness outer halo that extends to nearly 1' in diameter (listed
diameter is only 47").
17.5"
(12/19/87): using 410x exhibits a prominent double shell structure with a very
bright inner shell about 20" diameter with a darker central hole
surrounding a very bright mag 9 central star. The Eskimo has a very high surface brightness with a bluish
color and easily takes this magnification. The inner shell is surrounded by a thin dark ring about 2/3
of the way out from center and a faint, barely detached outer halo. Located 1.6' S of mag 8.3 SAO 79428.
13"
(1/28/84): bright mag 9 central star surrounded by a double shell with a bright
inner disk and a dark ring separates the two shells.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2392 = H IV-45 = h450 on 17 Jan 1787 (sweep 694) and recorded
"a star with a pretty strong milky nebulosity equally dispersed all
around. The star about 9m. Having but just began I suspected the
glass to be covered with damp, or my eye not yet to be in order; however a star
10 or 11m just north of it was free from the same appearance. A very
curious phenomenon; like my northern Planetary in its growing state."
The next night he added "One of the most remarkable phenomena I ever
have seen." In the 1814 PT paper he used this object as an example
of an evident connection between an atmosphere and a star.
The annularity
of NGC 2392 was discovered by George Johnstone Stoney, Lord Rosse's
assistant. The sketch (figure 15,
plate XXXVIII in the 1850 PT paper) also shows a dark spot just to the right
(west?) of the central star.
William Lassell reported similar structure with his 24-inch in Jan 1853:
"The nebulous star has its envelope evidently fainter on the preceding
side. Its circular outline is
almost wanting there. About half-way between the centre and circumference there
is a narrow, concentric, dark ring, within which the nebula is brighter than
the exterior portion." His sketch was published in his 1854 MRAS paper
(figure 6) on observations from Malta.
Using an
18.2-inch silvered-glass reflector Henry Cooper Key reported, "the present
appearance of this object, as seen in my instrument, is that of a bright, but
somewhat nebulous star closely surrounded by a dark ring; this again by a
luminous ring; then an interval much less luminous, and, finally, at some
distance, an exterior luminous ring" (1867MNRAS..28....2A). Father
Secchi also sketched the double ring structure with the 9.5" refractor in
Rome around 1856 as well as Barnard with the 12-inch refractor at Lick
Observatory on 10 Apr 1890. He reported "a condensed point or 2 in
the preceding part [of the inner disc], then there seems to be a dark vacuity
about this disc and then a fainter nebulous ring. It is a remarkable
object."
The CGCG
misidentifies CGCG 086-035 = PGC 21128 as NGC 2392.
******************************
NGC 2393 = UGC
3884 = MCG +06-17-014 = CGCG 177-027 = PGC 21154
07 30 04.7 +34
01 39
V = 14.0; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 103d
18"
(1/13/07): very faint, fairly small, slightly elongated E-W, 0.6'x0.5', low
even surface brightness. Located
16' NE of NGC 2389 in a cluster.
13.1"
(2/23/85): extremely faint, similar in size to NGC 2388 but a lower surface
brightness. Located 16' NE of NGC
2389. Last of 7 in the cluster.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2393 = St XIII-28 on 7 Feb 1885. His position matches UGC 3884 =
PGC 21154.
******************************
NGC 2394
07 28 37 +07 05
12
18"
(3/13/04): at 115x, appears as a 15'x5' scattered group of roughly two dozen
stars, extended E-W. Includes a
about a dozen mag 10-11 stars. The
stars appear to be arranged in a zig-zag chain which is fairly
distinctive. Additional stars are
scattered to the north and south of this string. But NGC 2394 may be just a random grouping. Located just 10' NE of Eta CMi (V =
5.3) in the same field!
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2394 = H VIII-44 on 28 Dec 1785 (sweep 496) and noted "A
cluster of very coarse scattered large stars, they form a cross and extend over
a large space; not rich."
There were no observations made by JH or at Birr Castle. Based on Heidelberg plates, Karl
Reinmuth described NGC 2394 as "a very loose clustering of pB st, bet
BD+7d1729 and BD+7d1739."
There are about 15 fairly bright mag 10-11 stars in the vicinity. RNGC classifies this number as
nonexistent (Type 7).
******************************
NGC 2395 = Cr
144 = OCL-502 = Lund 338
07 27 13 +13 36
30
V = 8.0; Size 12'
13.1"
(12/22/84): scattered cluster of roughly 50 stars mag 10 and fainter in 15'
field, not rich. Visible faintly
in the 16x80mm finder. The Medusa Nebula
(Abell 21) lies 34' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2395 = H VIII-11 on 16 Mar 1784 (sweep 176) and noted "a
cluster of scattered stars."
There is nothing at the Caroline's reduced position (or the GC/NGC
position), but 30' southwest is this scattered group of stars. Auwers' reduced position is 1¡ too far
south, so he made a reduction error.
Still, this is an unusually large error, though the cluster was found
only 3 months after WH began his sweeps and his positions are sometimes off
quite a bit in his early sweeps.
Caroline Herschel also noted a confusion in the sweep record about the
offset star -- whether it was 50 or 51 Geminorum, so perhaps there is still an
error to be uncovered.
******************************
NGC 2396 = Cr
148 = OCL-579 = Lund 344
07 28 06 -11 44
Size 10'
18"
(3/2/08): at 94x, roughly three dozen stars are resolved, mostly mag 11-13.5
with a pale orange mag 8.5 star on the west side. At 175x, roughly 50 stars are resolved in a 10' region. A chain of stars extends a few
arcminutes NE from the mag 8.5 star and then abruptly loops due south for the
same distance. This chain then
curves around making a large oval loop forming the east side of the cluster. Located 10' S of a triple star (ADS
6104) consisting of a mag 8.5 primary with mag 8.5 and 9.5 companions at
20" and 23". The
brighter two stars have an orange/blue color contrast. Located in a rich star field so the borders
of the cluster are ill-defined.
25x80mm finder
(3/2/08): roundish, glowing region just following a mag 8 star.
17.5"
(2/8/91): about three dozen stars mostly mag 11-13 are resolved at 82x. Evenly distributed, not rich and does
not stand out well in a rich field.
The brightest star is mag 8.7 SAO 152910 situated at the west side. Located 10' S of ·1097 = 6.1/8.5 at
20"!
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2396 = H VIII-36 = h451 on 31 Jan 1785 (sweep 363) and called it
"a coarsely scattered forming cluster about 20 or 30' diam." His position is within this scattered
group. JH simply noted a "straggling
portion of the Milky Way." and his position is 16 tsec of RA further east.
******************************
NGC 2397 = ESO
058-030 = LGG 147-001 = PGC 20766
07 21 19.7 -69
00 05
V = 11.8; Size 2.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 123d
24" (4/4/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 260x appears very bright, large,
elongated nearly 5:2 NW-SE, ~2.4'x1.0', broadly concentrated to a brighter core
and then rising quickly to a small, brighter nucleus. A mag 14.5 star is just off the east end 1' from the
center. Forms a pair with NGC
2397A 7' S. Member of the NGC 2442
group (NGC 2442 lies 1.4¡ SE).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2397 = h3085 on 21 Feb 1835 and recorded "B, L, mE, gbM, 2'
long, 1' broad." On a second
sweep he called this nebula "F, pL, pmE, pslbM, 90", pos of extension
= 117¡." His position and
description matches ESO 58-30 = PGC 20766.
******************************
NGC 2398 = MCG
+04-18-023 = CGCG 117-048 = PGC 21165
07 30 16.3 +24
29 16
V = 14.1; Size 0.8'x0.65'; PA = 126d
24" (2/14/15):
faint to fairly faint, small, very slightly elongated, 20"x16",
nearly even surface brightness. A
mag 15 star is off the northwest edge [23" from center].
Forms a very
close pair with CGCG 117-046 off the west-northwest side [40" between
centers]. At 375x, the companion
appeared extremely faint and small, round, 8" diameter (core only),
visible ~1/3 of time with concentration.
IC 2191 lies 10' S and is fairly faint, small, slightly elongated
SSW-NNE, 20"x15", contains a very small brighter nucleus.
17.5"
(2/8/91): faint, small, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, broad concentration, stellar
nucleus.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2398 = St XIII-29 on 10 Feb 1885 with the 31-inch reflector at
Marseilles Observatory. His
position is accurate.
Stephane Javelle
resolved it into a double nebula on 7 Feb 1896 and made a footnote in his
listing for IC 2191 = J III-1000 that "NGC 2398 appears double".
Dreyer didn't assign CGCG 117-046 an IC designation as Javelle didn't note an
offset or position, though he commented in the IC 2 Notes section "seems
to be a double neb (Javelle III.)
******************************
NGC 2399
07 29 50.3 -00
12 45
=**,
Gottlieb. =***, Corwin.
George Bond
discovered NGC 2399 = HN 9, along with NGC 2400, on 26 Feb 1853 with the 15-inch
Merz refractor during the Harvard Zone Survey of stars near the celestial
equator. He noted "between
stars #230 and #231 there are two faint nebulae. Dec +00 05 11 [1853]." Near Bond's position in AN #1453
is a 10" +/- pair of mag 14/15 stars with a third component at
20". Heinrich d'Arrest
measured both NGC 2399 and 2340 on 30 Jan 1865, but his positions are 1 minute
of RA too large and he didn't resolve these multiple stars. Harold Corwin also concludes that NGC
2399 and 2400 are two different triple stars separated by just 1'.
******************************
NGC 2400
07 29 54.9 -00
12 52
=***, Corwin.
George Bond
discovered NGC 2400 = HN 10, along with NGC 2399, on 26 Feb 1853 at Harvard
College observatory. Near Bond's
position is a triple star with separations of ~10" and 14". Heinrich d'Arrest's positions for both
NGC 2399 and 2340, measured on 30 Jan 1865, is exactly 1 minute of RA too
large, though he apparently did not resolve the triple. See NGC 2399.
******************************
NGC 2401 = Cr
149 = OCL-588 = Lund 346
07 29 24 -13 58
00
Size 2'
18"
(3/2/08): at 225x appears as a rich, glowing 1.5' knot with roughly a dozen
very faint mag 14-14 stars peppered over the glow. Appears rich with averted but only partially resolved. A mag 7 star (HD 59543) is the field,
7' ESE. Situated in a rich Milky
Way star field at 175x with a patchy background.
13.1"
(1/11/86): About 7 very faint mag 13.5-15 stars resolved over haze,
unimpressive. Located in a very
rich field 7' W of mag 7.2 SAO 152963.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2401 = H VII-65 = h454 on 8 Mar 1793 (sweep 1034) and recorded
"a small cluster of vS stars, considerably rich and compressed." His position is just off the southeast side
of the cluster, but close enough to be unambiguous.
******************************
NGC 2402 = UGC
3891 = MCG +02-19-004 = CGCG 057-015 = PGC 21176
07 30 47.8 +09
38 59
V = 14.4; Size 0.8'x0.8'
24"
(2/16/15 and 2/14/15): at 322x; faint to fairly faint, small, slightly
elongated, ~25"x20", weak concentration with a very small brighter
nucleus. A mag 13.5-14 star is at
the east-northeast edge [21" from center]. This star is the last of four in a northwest to southeast
string with two mag 13 stars and a mag 11 star at the northwest end. Also, a fainter mag 14.5 star is
superimposed on the north edge - just 10" from center!
Forms a double
system with PGC 200236 at the northeast edge [30" from center]. At 450x, it was seen as a very faint
round knot (not 100%, but often visible with concentration), roughly 6"
diameter.
17.5"
(11/25/87): faint, very small, round.
A mag 14 star is at the east edge 22" from center. A chain of four stars begin with a mag
14 star 40" N and forms a line to the NW. Located 3' N of mag 8.8 SAO 115540. This is a double system in contact,
though the fainter companion (PGC 200236) at the NE edge was not noticed.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2402 = H III-19 = h453 on 11 Mar 1784 (sweep 163) and recorded
"2 vS and close stars suspected to be mixed with some nebulosity, but not
having a higher power at hand I could not put them to the trial. However I rather think it may be a
fallacy." His position is 5'
NE of UGC 3891 = PGC 21176. JH observed this galaxy on 3 sweeps,
reported it as "eF; among several stars 13...14m; one = 14m is in the
nebula." My position is on
the brighter southwest galaxy. See
Harold Corwin's comments.
******************************
NGC 2403 = UGC
3918 = MCG +11-10-007 = CGCG 309-040 = CGCG 310-003 = LGG 176-006 = PGC 21396
07 36 50.6 +65
36 09
V = 8.5; Size 21.9'x12.3'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 127d
48"
(4/15/10): this amazing multi-arm spiral stretched across the entire 15' at
330x, with the major axis running NW to SE. A striking prominent spiral arm is attached near the NW end
and sweeps counter-clockwise 180¡ along the northern side of the galaxy,
tapering as it extends to a point roughly 5' SE of the core. The arm is widest near the NW end,
where it begins sweeping east. A
second inner arm attaches near the SE end of the main body and tightly hugs the
southern side of the galaxy as sweeps to the NW side. A more ill-defined branch heads west from the SE end past a
mag 11 star situated 2' WSW of the core.
The field was too small to trace out the outer arms. Numerous HII splotches stained the
surface and I only had time to quickly sketch the most obvious knots.
The supergiant
HII complex NGC 2404 located 1.7' ENE of the core and 1.5' NNW of a
superimposed mag 10.5 star, appeared as a very bright, irregular, 20"
knot. Hodge lists NGC 2404 as A67
in his 1985 paper "Stellar Associations in the Galaxy NGC 2403". On the NW side of the galaxy is a
collinear string of 3 stars oriented NE to SW with an obvious collinear knot an
additional 50" SW (SPC-44 in Sivan, Petit and Comte's 1990 "Optical HII
Regions in NGC 2403"; VS 3 in VŽron and Sauvayre; and A14 in Hodge). Just north of the core are two HII
knots, separated by 45" and both 12" in size. The western knot is catalogued as
SPC-174 = VS 24 = A36 and the eastern knot as SPC-224 = VS 38 = A45 .
On the SE side
of the galaxy is a pair of HII knots separated by 40". The eastern knot is SP-346 = VS 51 =
A80 and is situated 1.6' SE of the mag 10.5 star and the western knot includes
SPC-318/321/322. At the SE end of
the spiral arm that contains NGC 2404 is another 10" knot, which includes
SPC-348/351/352 = VS 52 = A81. It
can be pinpointed 1.0' NE of the mag 10.5 star. On the SE end of the galaxy a fairly faint, irregular knot
(SPC-331/336/343 = VS 48/49 = A73) was noticed 1' W of a mag 14 star.
18"
(3/19/04): at 160x, this chaotic spiral displayed a tremendous wealth of detail
with two broad, diffuse spiral arms, dark lanes, mottling and a few obvious
giant HII regions. A number of
stars are superimposed including two mag 11 stars. I focused on observing the HII regions that were best viewed
at 323x.
The brightest is
the HII complex NGC 2404 (VS 44 = SP 298)
on the east side of the core 1.5' from center and 1.5' N of a mag 11
star to the SW of the core. This
knot is fairly bright at 323x, perhaps 15" diameter and irregularly round.
On the NW side
of the halo is a collinear string of two stars along with a fuzzy knot (VS 3 =
SP 44 = A14), oriented from SW to NE.
This HII knot forms the SW end of the string and is clearly nonstellar
at 323x, ~15" diameter. It
can also be pinpointed 2.4' NW of the mag 11 star west of the core (middle of
three in a E-W string).
At the NNW edge
of the core is a mag 13.5 "star" that does not focus sharply and
appears to be another HII knot (VS 24 = SPC-174 = A36). Close following is a fainter, but
definite nonstellar knot ~10" diameter (VS 38 = SPC-224 = A45).
Finally,
returning to star on the SW edge of the core, a fainter mag 14 star is close
south with a weak nebulous glow attached (SPC-221/222/225). This region is also catalogued as A41
in Hodge's 1985 "Stellar Associations in the Galaxy NGC 2403" from
PASP, 97, 1065 .
17.5"
(2/28/87): very bright, very large, bright core, elongated 5:2 NW-SE,
15'x6'. Impressive galaxy with
spiral structure clearly visible.
Two spiral arms are attached at opposite ends of the central region and
both wind almost 180¡. The tip of
the northern arm ends at the emission nebula NGC 2404. Several stars are superimposed
including two mag 11 stars.
17.5"
(2/22/87): two spiral arms are visible on attached at the opposite sides of the
galaxy and winding a half of revolution.
The northern arm ends at the HII knot NGC 2404. The galaxy has a mottled appearance.
13"
(1/11/86): spiral arm definite on the west side of the galaxy with a dark gap
between this arm and the main body (core). This feature is very faint but definite with averted.
13"
(12/22/84): spiral arm highly suspected attached at the west side winding along
the north side to a faint knot = NGC 2404.
13"
(1/28/84): very bright, large bright core. NGC 2404 is clearly visible as a faint, very small nebulous
knot along the east side of the galaxy.
Spiral structure (arms) is just suspected. On 3/24/84 the knot was difficult to view at 144x, but on
1/11/86 was fairly easy.
8"
(1/1/84): bright, large, bright core, faint star superimposed, mottled?
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2403 = H V-44 on 1 Nov 1788 (sweep 879) and recorded "cB;
R; vgbM; BN; 6 or 7' dia; resembling a star with a misty atmosphere." His
summary description, also based on a later observation, states "with a
faint branch extending a great way to the np side; not less than 1/2 degree;
and to the n or nf the nebulosity diffused over a space, I am pretty sure, not
less than a whole degree."
Obviously, his size estimate is well off, but his description of a
"faint branch extending a great way to the np side" applies to the
spiral side on the west side and the comment "to the n or nf the
nebulosity is diffused over a space" probably applies to the northern arm
that extends to the east (and contains NGC 2404).
Based on
photographs taken with the 60-inch reflector at Mt Wilson, Francis Pease (1917)
remarked "This fine right-handed spiral nebula resembles M33...Faint knots
and arms extend as far as 10' from the center. It does not contains the wealth of detail of M33, but has
the same sharp stellar images, the nebulous stars [HII regions], the bunching
of these knots and the dark streaks.."
******************************
NGC 2404 =
[VS65] 44 = [SPC90] 298 = [H85] A67
07 37 07.1 +65
36 39
Size 20"
48"
(4/15/10): The supergiant HII complex NGC 2404 (perhaps 2000 light-years
across) is located 1.7' ENE of the core and 1.5' NNW of a superimposed mag 10.5
star. It appeared as a very
bright, irregular, 20" knot. At the relatively low power of 330x, I
quickly logged 8 HII knots in the galaxy (see description of NGC 2403).
18"
(3/19/04): brightest of 3 or 4 HII regions visible in NGC 2403. Fairly bright at 160x, small,
round. Located just east of the
core, 1.5' from center, and 1.5' N of a prominent mag 11 star to the SW of the
core.
17.5"
(2/22/87): this is a prominent knot (superassociation) located at the end of
the northern spiral arm of NGC 2403.
Appears fairly faint, small, round, clearly nonstellar.
13":
extremely small emission "knot" at the east end of NGC 2403.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 2404 = Big. 28, a superassociation/HII region in NGC
2403, on 2 Feb 1886 with the 12.4-inch refractor of Paris Observatory. The NGC position, based on Bigoudan's
original published position in list I, is in error but Bigourdan later measured
and published an accurate position in his five volume (3000 pages) compilation
(Annales de l'Observatoire de Paris). RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent
(Type 7), although Type 35 (diffuse nebula in galaxy) would be more
appropriate.
******************************
NGC 2405 = MCG
+04-18-026 = CGCG 117-051 = VV 643 = PGC 21224
07 32 14.0 +25
54 23
V = 13.8; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 95d
17.5"
(2/8/91): very faint, small, very low even surface brightness. A mag 15.5 star is just off the north
edge.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2405 = m 105 on 7 Nov 1864 with Lassell's 48" and recorded
"vF, S, iR." His
position is 1' S of CGCG 117-51 = PGC 21224.
******************************
NGC 2406 = MCG
+03-19-021 = CGCG 086-041 = CGCG 087-002 = PGC 21218
07 31 47.7 +18
17 17
V = 13.9; Size 0.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(1/31/87): very faint, small, round, faint core, slightly smaller and fainter
than NGC 2407 3.4' NNE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2406 = St XIII-30 on 7 Feb 1885 (along with NGC 2407 = St
XIII-31) with the 31" silvered-glass reflector at the Marseille
Observatory. His position matches
CGCG 086-041.
******************************
NGC 2407 = UGC
3896 = MCG +03-20-001 = CGCG 086-042 = CGCG 087-003 = PGC 21220
07 31 56.7 +18
19 59
V = 13.4; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 75d
17.5"
(1/31/87): faint, small, slightly elongated, small bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 2406 3.4'
SSW. Located 7' W of mag 7.8 SAO
96995.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2407 = St XIII-31 on 7 Feb 1885 (along with NGC 2406 = St
XIII-30) with the 31" silvered-glass reflector at the Marseille
Observatory. His position matches
UGC 3896 = PGC 21220.
******************************
NGC 2408
07 40 32 +71 40
30
Size 20'
18"
(3/13/04): at 115x, ~50 stars mag 9.5 and fainter are scattered in a 20'
triangular group. The group is
unconcentrated and there are only a few stars within the interior of the
outline. Strings of stars extend
off the triangle so there no clear boundaries to the group and it appears to be
a chance asterism or an open cluster remnant. A mag 9 star is on the west side of the group.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2408 = h452 in Jan 1830 and noted "A very loose scattered
cluster of large stars, or a starry place." His position corresponds with a mag 9 star. Harold Corwin
identifies a scattered group of mag 10-12 stars (asterism) with a diameter of ~20'. Bica et al, classify this object as a
"possible open cluster remnant" (2001A&A...366..827B).
******************************
NGC 2409 =
Bochum 4 = Lund 1128
07 31 37 -17 11
24
V = 7.3; Size 2'
18"
(3/2/08): at 175x, this is a 2' group of 8 stars with no faint members, so it
appears to be an asterism. The two
brightest mag 8.5/9 stars are part of a boxy quadrilateral with the other 4
stars grouped into two wide pairs.
The three brightest stars are resolved in the 80mm finder at 25x. Sh 2-302, a very faint large HII region
is centered ~13' N.
17.5"
(2/9/02): small, bright, distinctive group of 8 stars mag 9-11.5 in a 2'
knot. Includes two mag 9 stars in
a small quadrilateral and two other pairs. Stands out well in the field, though seems too sparse to be
a real cluster (Bochum 4).
John Herschel discovered
NGC 2409 = h3086 on 12 Feb 1836 and noted "a small but brillliant group of
6 or 8 large stars, 8, 9, 10m, within a very small compass." His position matches this small, bright
group of stars. While observing
with the 72", Dreyer called this group "only 4 stars 9...11 mag and
some fainter ones. I suppose there
are millions of such clusters."
Herbert Howe noted it
"Consists of 10 scattered stars." This knot of stars is plotted on Norton's Star Atlas and
described in Webb but RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent (Type 7).
******************************
NGC 2410 = UGC
3917 = MCG +05-18-023 = CGCG 177-035 = CGCG 147-043 = PGC 21336
07 35 02.4 +32
49 18
V = 13.0; Size 2.5'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 31d
17.5"
(2/13/88): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated SW-NE, bright core. A pair of mag 14 stars are 1.0' SE and
1.5' SSE of center.
Truman Safford
discovered NGC 2410 = Sf 74 on 5 Feb 1867 with the 18.5" refractor at the
Dearborn Observatory and recorded "pS, pB, vmb M N = 12-13m." Safford's discovery, though, was not
published until 1887, too late to be credited in the NGC. Stephan independently found the galaxy
on 2 Feb 1877, recorded it in list VIIIb-20, and was credited with the
discovery in the GC Supplement (5388) and the NGC. It was later found again by Stephane Javelle on 11 Feb 1898
and described in list III-1005 as "F, E 250 deg, 1' long, gbM, r."
******************************
NGC 2411 = UGC
3914 = MCG +03-20-005 = CGCG 177-035 = PGC 21315
07 34 36.3 +18
16 53
V = 13.6; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 50d
24"
(2/14/15): at 375x; fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 SW-NE,
24"x18", well concentrated with a very small bright nucleus. A mag 14 star is just west of the
southwest end.
Forms a close
pair with PGC 1555546 just 1.0' NE.
The companion was extremely faint, 12" diameter, occasionally
popped in the same position, but could not hold for any interval
17.5"
(1/31/87): fairly faint, small, almost round, sharp concentration. PGC 1555546, a faint companion off the
NE side, was not seen.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2411 = St XIII-32 on 7 Feb 1885. His position matches UGC 3914 = PGC 21315.
******************************
NGC 2412
07 34 21.5 +08
32 44
=**, Gottlieb.
Not found, RNGC.
Gerhard Lohse
discovered NGC 2412 in 1886 with the 15.5-inch Cooke refractor at the private
Wigglesworth Observatory in Scarborough, England. At his position is a pair of mag 12.2/13.8 stars at 14"
separation that match Lohse's description of a nearby bright star. The mean position of these two stars is
used. Only 3 of his 16 objects in
the NGC are galaxies (two others were earlier discoveries), the rest being
stars or missing.
******************************
NGC 2413
07 33 18.5 -13
07 09
Size 10'
18"
(3/13/04): appears as two groups of stars symmetrically placed to the north and
south of mag 8.7 HD 60307. The
southern group is richer and contains nearly three dozen stars within 5'. The northern group contains more mag
10-11 stars but is not as rich with two dozen stars in 7'. This group is probably not a true
cluster. Listed as nonexistent in
the RNGC.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2413 = H VIII-52 on 19 Mar 1786 (sweep 540) and called it
"a cluster of vL coarsely scattered stars, not rich, nearly R." His position is 1.5' north of mag 8.8
HD 60307, on the south side of the group.
JH did not
reobserve this object but it was described at Birr Castle on 3 Jan 1873 as a
"very loose Cl, scarcely more compressed than the neighborhood." Brian Skiff notes two clumps in a 10'
diameter. RNGC classifies the
number as nonexistent (Type 7).
******************************
NGC 2414 = Cr
150 = OCL-598 = Lund 352
07 33 13 -15 27
12
V = 7.9; Size 4'
18"
(3/2/08): very pretty cluster with ~40 stars mag 12-14 resolved in a 4'x3'
group using the 13mm Ethos (175x).
A mag 8.2 star (HD 60308) is superimposed at the center and sprays of
stars to the NW, north and east appear to radiate outward from the bright star. A half a dozen brighter mag 10-10.5
stars form an 8' incomplete ring that partially encompasses the cluster (open
to the east).
13.1"
(1/11/86): about 20 faint stars surrounding mag 8.2 SAO 153056 with some
unresolved background haze. The
cluster members are arranged in two curving lanes with a mag 8.2 star at the center,
elongated ~E-W. Pretty view at
high power.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2414 = H VIII-37 = h455 on 4 Feb 1785 (sweep 366) and recorded
"A small cluster of scattered stars of various sizes, not very
rich." JH noted "a cl
with 1 st 9m; not rich." and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 2415 = UGC
3930 = MCG +06-17-021 = CGCG 177-038 = PGC 21399
07 36 56.6 +35
14 32
V = 12.4; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.0
17.5"
(2/13/88): moderately bright, fairly small, round, bright core. Located 2.0' SW of mag 9.1 SAO
60227. Bracketed by two mag 14
stars just 0.6' NW and 0.9' ESE of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2415 = H II-821 = h456 on 10 Mar 1790 (sweep 937) and called
"pB, cS, resolvable, preceding a considerable star." His position is 1.2' WNW of UGC 3930.
JH observed this galaxy on two sweeps, noting "a curious, almost planetary
neb 10" diam R; light nearly equable; between 2 small stars."
******************************
NGC 2416 = UGC
3925 = MCG +02-20-002 = CGCG 058-008 = PGC 21358
07 35 41.5 +11
36 43
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 110d
17.5"
(11/25/87): very faint, fairly small, round, diffuse, even surface brightness.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2416 = m 106 on 26 Jan 1865 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
noted as "eF, S." His
position is 9 sec of RA east and 1' south of UGC 3925. There are no other nearby candidates,
so this identification is certain
******************************
NGC 2417 = ESO
123-015 = AM 0729-620 = LGG 144-006 = PGC 21155
07 30 12.1 -62
15 10
V = 12.0; Size 2.8'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 81d
24" (4/4/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 260x appears bright, large, oval 4:3 or
3:2 WSW-ENE, ~3'x2', broadly concentrated with a large, brighter core. A very faint star is at the south edge
of the halo. The galaxy pair IC
2200A and IC 2200B lies 15' SW.
This galaxy is at the east end of a group of galaxies including NGC 2381,
NGC 2369, NGC 2369A, NGC 2369B and IC 2200/2200A.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2417 = h3087 on 8 Mar 1836 and recorded "vF, L, R, gbM,
resolvable. Is no doubt a very distant cluster of 6th class." His position
matches ESO 123-15 = PGC 21155.
******************************
NGC 2418 = Arp
165 = UGC 3931 = MCG +03-20-008 = CGCG 087-017 = PGC 21382
07 36 37.5 +17
53 02
V = 12.2; Size 1.8'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(1/31/87): moderately bright, fairly small, round, broadly concentrated halo,
bright stellar nucleus.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2418 = St VIIIb-21 on 23 Jan 1874. His position matches UGC 3931.
******************************
NGC 2419 =
Intergalactic Wanderer
07 38 08.5 +38
52 55
V = 10.3; Size 4.6'; Surf Br = 0.3
17.5"
(3/20/93): fairly faint, round, 2' diameter, gradually brighter core but no
well-defined nucleus, mottled appearance although no resolution into
stars. Framed by a quadrilateral
of four mag 13-14 stars and a few other faint stars. Collinear with mag 7.0 SAO 60232 4' W and mag 7.9 SAO 60229
8' W. The "Intergalactic
Tramp" is one of most distant globulars from earth and may be the core of
an accreted dwarf galaxy.
8": very
faint, small, round, no resolution.
Collinear with two mag 8 stars to the west and a mag 9 star in the field
W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2419 = H I-218 = h457 on 31 Dec 1788 (sweep 901) and wrote
"cB, R, vgmbM, about 3' diameter." JH observed this gc on two sweeps and remarked "not vB;
L; pmE in parallel; 2' l and 75" br." This is an interesting observation as the globular is
generally described as round. The
first time it was logged at Birr Castle on 9 Mar 1850, Lord Rosse remarked
"I think clearly resolved, several points, at least 3 seen plainly in edge
which I suspect to be filamentous; no nucl., more round than h[erschel]
describes it." The 13 Feb
1852 observation even notes "Lord Rosse thought it like a cluster at a
great distance."
NGC 2419 was
shown to be globular cluster in 1922 on a plate taken at Lowell
Observatory. Shapley estimated a
distance of 160,000 l.y. (current estimate ~275,000 l.y. in the outer halo) and
along with Sawyer, assigned it concentration class II. He may have been the first to use the
nickname "Intergalactic Tramp" in the 1944 paper "Revision of
the Distances of 30 high-latitude Globular Clusters."
******************************
NGC 2420 = Cr
154 = Mel 69 = OCL-488
07 38 24 +21 34
30
V = 8.3; Size 10'
18"
(3/15/10): this is a rich, pretty group at low power with roughly 80-100 stars
in a 10' region at 175x. Higher
power brings out the fainter members.
The brightest mag 9.4 star is at the west end of the cluster and forms a
large mag contrast pair with a 13th companion 12" south. On the north end of the cluster is an
equally spaced, collinear trio with separations of 14". The brighter stars in the cluster are
pretty evenly distributed. Many of
the fainter stars are in a 2'-3' patch that follows the mag 9.4 star and which
includes some unresolved haze. A
couple of brighter mag 8-9 stars are in the field to the south of the cluster
and also to the north.
17.5"
(1/23/93): excellent cluster of at least 50 stars mag 11-15 within a 6'
diameter. Good spread of
magnitudes, includes 15 stars mag 11-13 over a rich background of numerous mag
14-15 stars and unresolved haze.
The brightest mag 10 star is on the west side and has a mag 13 companion
12" S. Located between mag
9.1 SAO 79575 6' NNE and mag 8.9 SAO 79563 6' SSW. A faint galaxy pair, CGCG 117-059 and CGCG 117-060
(separation is just 40"), is in the field 10' WNW! Both of these are extremely faint and
small.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2420 = H VI-1 = h458 on 19 Nov 1783 (very early sweep and 4th
object discovered) and recorded "a beautiful cluster of many large and
compressed small stars, about 12' diameter." On 10 Feb 1787 (sweep 697) he noted "A brilliant rich
cluster of stars." JH called
it "a p rich cl; irreg fig; 50...100 stars; 11...18m; 5..7' diam. His position was accurate.
******************************
NGC 2421 = Cr
151 = Mel 67 = OCL-626
07 36 12 -20 36
42
V = 8.3; Size 10'
18"
(3/2/08): ~80 stars mag 10-15 stars are resolved at 175x within a 10'
region. Includes a large number of
mag 11-12 stars. The group is
well-detached in the field, particularly on the west, north and southeast
sides. One concentration of stars
is on the soiuthwest side. Just to
the northeast, a number of the cluster's stars form the outline of a large,
equilateral triangle. A rich clump
of stars is the center of this triangle including a mag 11/11.5 pair at
18". At 225x, ~100 stars are
visible, although the cluster spreads out too much to be pleasing at this
power.
25x80mm
(3/2/08): appears as a fairly large, richly glowing region with a few brighter
stars resolved.
17.5"
(3/7/92): about 60 mag 10-14 stars in a 10' field. Many stars are similar magnitudes and the cluster is pretty
evenly distributed. Brighter stars
at the borders give a triangular outline including mag 10.5 stars at the SW, SE
and NE edges. A wide brighter
double star (ARA 962 =10.9/11.5 at 18") oriented N-S lies NE of center and
two faint companions are also near.
8"
(1/1/84): almost three dozen faint stars, triangular-shape, rich field.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2421 = H VII-67 = h3089 on 30 Jan 1799 (sweep 1089) and
described "a cluster of compressed stars, considerably rich." JH recorded it from the Cape of Good
Hope as "a large fine rich cluster, not much compressed, but nearly
filling the field. Stars 11..13th mag, no conspicuous star, place that of a
coarse double stars 11th mag."
******************************
NGC 2422 = M47 =
NGC 2478 = Cr 152
07 36 35 -14 29
00
V = 4.4; Size 30'
18"
(3/2/08): this naked-eye cluster is stunning at 73x (31 Nagler), though at 30'
diameter is too spread out for higher powers. The stars are arranged in beautiful chains and groups. The brightest half-dozen stars are in a
10' subgroup in the center including a striking white double star (·1121 =
7.0/7.3 at 7") that is is surrounded by many stars in chains and
loops. The brightest star on the
west side is a wide, unequal double (5.7/9.7 at 20"). Perhaps 200 stars are scattered around
at low power.
13.1"
(11/5/83): very bright, very large, fairly rich, impressive. Includes double stars ·1121 = 7.9/7.9
at 7" in the center and ·1120 = 5.7/9.6 at 20" on the west side. Easy naked-eye object in a dark sky.
8": very
bright, large but scattered, includes ·1121 = 8/8 at 7" near core and
·1120 on west side, many colored stars.
Caroline
Herschel independently discovered M47 = NGC 2422 = H VIII-38 = h459 = h3088 on
26 Feb 1783. WH found the cluster
again on 4 Feb 1785 (sweep 366) and recorded "a very coarsely scattered
cluster of several vL and other different sized stars." His summary description (including a
second observation) reads "a cluster of pretty compressed large and small
stars, round, above 15' diameter."
From the Cape of Good Hope, JH called this "a very large, pretty
rich splendid cluster, which more than fills the field. Place of the chief star
a find double star."
Giovanni
Hodierna probably was the first to discover M47 before 1654 and simply recorded
"a Nebulosa between the two dogs". Charles Messier rediscovered it 117 years later on 19 Feb
1771, though he clearly made an error as there is nothing at his position. Messier's missing object was assigned
GC 1594 and NGC 2478. In 1959,
Canadian amateur T.F. Morris identified M47 as identical to NGC 2422. See notes for NGC 2478.
******************************
NGC 2423 = Cr
153 = Mel 70 = OCL-592
07 37 07 -13 52
18
V = 6.7; Size 19'
18"
(3/2/08): at 175x, ~100 stars are resolved in a 18' region with an excellent
double at the center (h3983 = 9.1/9.7 at 8"). The stars are pretty evenly
distributed with no rich subgroups though with several doubles and small
groupings.
13.1"
(1/28/84): about 50 stars in 15' field.
Fairly rich in faint stars.
A mag 9 double star is near the center. The primary, itself, is a very
close pair (RST 3532 = 9.6/10.2 at 0.5"). Located 37' N of M47.
25x80mm finder
(3/2/08): A chain of stars extends north from M47 to this obvious glow with a
few resolved stars superimposed.
15x50 IS
binoculars (1/15/07): visible about 40' N of M47 in binoculars as a faint glow
with the brighter mag 9 and 10 stars resolved.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2423 = H VII-28 = h3090 on 19 Mar 1786 (sweep 540) and noted
"a cluster of pS stars, pretty rich, 15' diameter." His position is accurate. JH observed the cluster from the Cape
of Good Hope and recorded "a very large, rich fine cluster of small stars
which nearly fills the field. Place that of a double star, class II."
******************************
NGC 2424 = UGC
3959 = MCG +07-16-009 = CGCG 206-015 = FGC 649 = PGC 21558
07 40 39.3 +39
13 58
V = 12.6; Size 3.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 81d
17.5"
(2/8/91): fairly faint, edge-on 5:1 WSW-ENE, very small bright core, faint
stellar nucleus, very thin extensions from core. Located 7' WNW of mag 7.8 SAO 60267. The distant globular cluster NGC 2419
lies 37' SW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2424 = St XIII-33 on 6 Feb 1885 and described "vF; pS; lbM;
mE WSW-ENE; length ~1'." His
position and description matches UGC 3959 = PGC 21558.
******************************
NGC 2425 =
OCL-599 = Lund 363
07 38 18 -14 52
42
Size 3'
18"
(3/2/08): at 175x, ~18 stars are resolved over haze in a small 4'x2' group
elongated WSW-ENE. At 225x,
perhaps two dozen stars are visible.
On the east end is a distinctive line of 5 stars oriented SW-NE, though
the richest clump of stars is at the west end of the cluster.
13.1"
(1/11/86): 15 stars mag 13.5-15.0 over haze in a 4'x2' region elongated
~E-W. Four collinear mag 13 stars
are on the east end. Lies SE of
M47.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2425 = H VIII-87 on 8 Mar 1793 (sweep 1034) and noted "a
small cluster of small stars, not very rich." His position is 2' too far south.
******************************
NGC 2426 = UGC
3977 = MCG +09-13-038 = CGCG 262-022 = PGC 21648
07 43 18.5 +52
19 06
V = 13.1; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(2/8/91): fairly faint, small, round, small bright core, stellar nucleus. Located 2.7' NNW of a mag 10 star. Forms a pair with NGC 2429 5' NE. Misplotted on the U2000 due to a typo
in declination (30' too far N) in the RNGC.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2426 = H II-822 = h460 on 17 Mar 1790 (sweep 945) and called it
"pF, R, resolvable, vgbM."
His position (based on Auwers reduction) is less than 1' SW of UGC 3977
= PGC 21648. The RNGC declination
is 30' too far north and because of this error, the galaxy was misplotted on
the first edition of the Uranometria 2000 atlas.
******************************
NGC 2427 = ESO
208-027 = PGC 21375
07 36 27.8 -47
38 08
V = 11.5; Size 5.2'x2.2'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 122d
24" (4/4/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this large, unusual galaxy is set in a very
rich Milky Way field and appears as a diffuse, very large, elongated glow with
a low surface brightness and a size of ~4.5'x2.0'. A star is superimposed and mimics an offset stellar nucleus,
but otherwise there is little concentration. Situated nearly at the midpoint of two mag 10 stars 5.5' SW
and 5.5' NE. The cometary globular
CG 4 and ESO 257-019 lies 45' NNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2427 = h3091 on 1 Mar 1835 and recorded "eF, L, pmE, vlbM,
involves two stars." His
position is 1.5' NE of the center of ESO 208-027 = PGC 21375.
******************************
NGC 2428
07 39 18 -16 32
Size 10'
18" (2/4/08):
at 175x, roughly 40 stars in 10' barely stand out as a group within a rich
Milky Way field. Most eye-catching
is a small trapezoidal group with a double star at the NW vertex and a wide
pair at the SE vertex. A string of
3 stars oriented SW-NE is within the trapezoid. Off the SE vertex an oval chain of stars extends south and
west before looping back towards the trapezoid. There are no dense regions and this appears to be an
asterism. An even weaker
concentration of stars about 10' NNE may be NGC 2430. Listed as nonexistent in the RNGC.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2428 = H VIII-47, along with NGC 2430, on 31 Dec 1785 (sweep
503), and noted "A very much scattered and vL cl or stars; or rather the
milky way very much crowded with stars not differing much in size and
colour." His position is 10'
south of H VIII-46 = NGC 2430 and corresponds with a fairly rich star field on
the DSS. RNGC classifies this
number as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 2429 = VV
284 = UGC 3983 = MCG +09-13-039 = CGCG 262-023 = PGC 21664
07 43 47.6 +52
21 27
V = 13.8; Size 1.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 145d
17.5"
(2/8/91): faint, small, very elongated 4:1 NW-SE, low even surface
brightness. A mag 13.5 star is
involved at the SE end 0.3' from center and a mag 11 star is 0.8' SE. Forms a pair with NGC 2426 5.0' SW.
Ralph Copeland
discovered NGC 2429 on 10 Mar 1874 with the 72" and recorded "pF, pS,
vmE 146.4¡, att to a *12 at sf end."
Copeland's description and micrometric offset from a mag 10 star matches
the double system UGC 3983. MCG
lists the two components separately: MCG +09-13-039 = NGC 2429A and MCG
+09-13-040 = NGC 2429B.
******************************
NGC 2430
07 39 30 -16 20
24
Size 8'
18"
(2/4/08): scattered, undistinguished group with three brighter stars
(separations of 3'-4') including mag 8.5 HD 61553 and two mag 10-10.5
stars. A small group of fainter
stars is the south of the mag 9 star and a larger group of faint stars is just north
of the triangle of brighter stars.
Even so, there is really nothing here to catch my eye and it clearly
appears to be a random Milky Way star field. Just 10' SSW is NGC 2428, another unimpressive Milky Way
concentration. Listed as
nonexistent in the RNGC.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2430 = H VIII-46, along with NGC 2428, on 31 Dec 1785 (sweep
503) and reported "a very large but coarsely scattered cluster of
stars." There is nothing that
stands out significantly visually at his position as noted in my observation,
so this identification is very uncertain.
See Corwin's identification notes for more.
******************************
NGC 2431 = NGC
2436? = UGC 3999 = MCG +09-13-042 = CGCG 262-024 = PGC 21711
07 45 13.4 +53
04 30
V = 13.4; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 35d
17.5" (3/20/93):
faint, small, round, small bright core, faint stellar nucleus. A mag 11.5 star is 1.7' SE and a
fainter mag 13 star is 2.2' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2431 = H III-829 on 17 Mar 1790 (sweep 945) and noted "eF,
vS, R, bM." Auwers' reduced
position is 2.8' north of UGC 3999 = PGC 21711. NGC 2436 is possibly a duplicate observation.
******************************
NGC 2432 = Cr
157 = Mel 73 = Lund 369
07 40 54 -19 05
12
Size 8'
18"
(3/2/08): at 175x, appears a very distinctive 5' N-S string with a total of ~60
stars resolved in a 5'x3' area.
The richest part is along the string with numerous mag 13-14.5 stars
packed tightly. The north side of
the string bifurcates into two prongs.
13.1"
(1/11/86): three dozen faint stars mag 12-15 in a very elongated string
oriented N-S with dimensions 5'x1.5'.
This is a rich, pretty group with several pairs.
13.1"
(1/18/85): ~35 faint stars in an elongated string along one side of bright
trapezoid of stars.
8"
(3/28/81): rich in faint stars or haze, small, elongated.
80mm (3/2/08):
faintly visible in the finder at 25x as a thin, elongated glow N-S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2432 = H VI-36 = h3092 on 4 Mar 1790 (sweep 934) and described a
"very compressed cluster of small, and some large stars; extended nearly
in the meridian; the most compressed part is about 8' long and 2' broad, with
many stars scattered around it to a considerable distance." In his 1814 PT paper, Herschel
speculated "the construction of this cluster may have arisen from the situation
of many stars in the same plane, drawn towards a centre by the clustering
power, for any plane seen obliquely will have the appearance of an extended
form." From the Cape of Good
Hope, JH called this "a rather irregular cluster of 8th class, pretty much
compressed. The most compressed part forms a ridge or body of stars elongated
in the meridian. Stars 12..15th mag with larger outliers."
******************************
NGC 2433
07 42 43.5 +09
15 33
Size 6"
24"
(1/28/17): at 375x; two of the components of this faint, close triple star were
resolved. The brightest (mag
~14.8) is at the north end, with a mag 15 component just 5" SE. At 450x, the third component (mag 15.6)
was occasionally resolved 5" south of the northern star. So, the three stars formed a tiny
equilateral triangle of sides 5"!
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2433 = h462 on 19 Jan 1828 and logged "eF, has a *15
90" dist 30 deg [north-preceding]." At JH's position (07 42 43.5 +09 15 33) is a close triple
star (separations ~5"-6") that Corwin identifies as NGC 2433. The star JH mentions north-preceding is
at 50" separation. RNGC and
PGC misidentify CGCG 058-029 = PGC 21634 as NGC 2433. HyperLeda has a "placeholder" LEDA 3325911 for NGC
2433 at the position of the triple and calls the object type unknown.
******************************
NGC 2434 = ESO
059-005 = LGG 147-002 = PGC 21325
07 34 51.3 -69
17 03
V = 11.3; Size 2.5'x2.3'; Surf Br = 13.1
24" (4/4/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this galaxy is located 16' NW of the remarkable
barred spiral, NGC 2442. At 260x
it appeared bright, moderately large, slightly elongated 5:4, ~1.0'x0.8' in
diameter. Sharply concentrated
with a very small, very bright core.
Mag 6.9 Delta Vol lies 15' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2434 = h3096 on 23 Dec 1834 and measured it on 5 sweeps. His original description reads
"pB, R, gpmbM, 35"." and his position matches ESO 059-005 = PGC
21325.
******************************
NGC 2435 = UGC
3996 = MCG +05-19-002 = CGCG 147-062 = CGCG 148-004 = PGC 21676
07 44 13.5 +31
39 03
V = 12.8; Size 2.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 36d
17.5"
(2/1/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE. The halo is evenly concentrated down to
a small bright core containing a stellar nucleus. A mag 13 star is 1.2' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2435 = H II-616 on 26 Oct 1786 (sweep 628) and noted "F, S,
lbM." His position is 2'
northwest of UGC 3996 = PGC 21676.
******************************
NGC 2436
07 45 48.3 +52
02 17
=**, Gottlieb. =
NGC 2431:, Corwin. =*, RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2436 = h461 on 16 Feb 1831 and recorded "vF, S, R, bM, diam
8"." About 3' west of
his position is a faint pair of mag 14.4/15.4 stars with a separation of
8" that could be his object.
The mean position of these two stars given here. But Harold Corwin notes that JH's
position is exactly 1.0 min of RA east and 1 degree south of NGC 2431 and the
description matches the bright core.
As the errors are just single digits, he feels NGC 2436 is more likely a
duplicate of NGC 2431, though I feel the faint pair of stars is also a
possibility.
******************************
NGC 2437 = M46 =
Cr 159
07 41 47 -14 48
36
V = 6.1; Size 27'
17.5"
(3/16/96): At 100x, M46 fills a large portion of the field and there are a few
hundred stars fairly evenly distributed in a 35' field. The cluster appears slightly elongated
E-W although there are no clear borders. There is no increase in concentration
towards the center and except for two brighter stars on the west side the
cluster is unusually uniform in brightness (mag 11-13) and distribution in the
main body. There is a noticeable
2' void, though, very close to the center of the cluster. Around the periphery the distribution
becomes quite scraggly and the cluster mixes with the general field
density. The beautiful annular
planetary NGC 2438 is situated in the north side of the cluster.
8": bright,
very rich, large, includes a couple of mag 9 stars but most stars are mag 10-13
and fairly uniform in magnitude and distribution except for a gap near the
center. Contains the striking pn
NGC 2438 at the NE edge. Faint
naked-eye object in a dark sky.
Charles Messier
discovered M46 = NGC 2437 = h463 on 19 Feb 1771. WH described the cluster (unpublished) on 19 Mar 1786 as
"a beautiful, very rich, compressed cluster of stars of various
magnitudes." JH reported
"the brightest part of a v fine rich cl; stars = 10m; which fills the
field. Within the cluster at its n
edge is a fine planetary nebula [NGC 2438]."
******************************
NGC 2438 = PK
231+4.2 = PN G231.8+04.1
07 41 50.6 -14
44 07
V = 11.5; Size 73"x68"
48"
(2/20/12): at 488x, much of the same detail described in the 4/15/10
observation was seen, though not as much detail in the ring. Besides the slightly off-center bright
star (the ionizing star is a mag 17.5-18 companion) and a mag 14.5 star
~15" SW, a 16th mag star is at the edge of the rim on the SW side. A mag 16 star on the SE side appears
just inside the bright ring.
Finally another 16th mag star is near the north edge of the annulus, but
clearly within the planetary, for a total of 5 interior stars. The outer rim brightens at this point
in a 90¡ arc to the east and is slightly flattened. The challenging Calabash Nebula (protoplanetary) lies 6.5'
ENE.
48"
(4/15/10): at 700x, NGC 2438 was a beautiful "cheerio" ring with a
sharply defined rim of 1.2' diameter and a fairly large, dark central hole of
25-30". The mag 12.8 star in
the center was prominent with a second mag 14.5 star ~15" SW of center. A third mag 16 star was just inside the
annulus on the SE side, ~20" from center. The rim had a very uneven surface brightness with an
impression of some radial streaks and one or two additional faint, embedded
stars. The rim was noticeably
brighter along the NE quadrant and to a slightly lesser extent along the
opposite SW portion of the rim, creating a bipolar appearance. A bright mag 11 star is just off the SE
side and the planetary floats in the beautifully rich star field of M46.
18"
(2/24/06): beautiful view of this 70" planetary within M46 at 323x. The annulus is quite prominent and
relatively thick with a weakly glowing interior. The rim is irregularly lit and a bit weaker on the NW side
and brighter along the eastern edge.
A mag 12.8 star is just NW of the center of the annulus (this is not the
central star, though) and a fainter interior star (mag 14?) on the SW side
(half-way to the rim) was also visible.
A mag 11 star is just off the SE edge. At 807x, the rim is noticeably brighter and thicker on the
eastern half compared to a weaker section along the NW side and an extremely
faint star intermittently pops out on the NNE side on inner edge of the annulus
(confirmed on 3/4/08 at Lake Sonoma).
17.5"
(3/2/02): at 280x this is a beautiful, 1' diameter PN with a darker central
hole at 280x situated on the NE side of the rich oc M46. A mag 13 star (not the central star) is
within the central hole slightly offset NW of center. The rim is fairly uniform but slightly brighter along the NE
side. The 20" central hole is
clearly darker although there is not a dramatic contrast. A brighter mag 11 star is just off the
SE edge (about 15"-20" SW of the mag 11 star, a faint mag 14-15 star
was also intermittently visible) and a string of faint stars oriented WNW-ESE
is just over 1' S. M 1-18 is
located 22' NNE of NGC 2438.
13.1"
(1/18/85): star near center very easy and second interior star definite.
13.1"
(1/28/84): annular planetary on the NE side of M46! Fairly bright, moderately large, round, 1.0' diameter. A mag 11 star is just off the SE edge
and a mag 13 star is just NW of the geometric center (this is not the central
star). A third extremely faint star
lies on the SW side.
13.1"
(11/5/83): clearly annular at 166x.
8"
(1/1/84): slightly darker center, fairly small, round.
80mm (1/15/07):
visible continuously in the finder using an OIII filter and a 13mm Nagler (25x)
as a very faint, very small disc on the NE side of M46.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2438 = H IV-39 = h464 = h3093 on 19 Mar 1786 (sweep 540) and
recorded "pB, R, resolvable, within the 46th of [Messier], almost of an
equal light throughout, about 2' diameter, no connection with the cluster,
which is everywhere free from nebulosity." On 8 Mar 1793 (sweep 1034) he noted "A round, pretty
well defined nebula; almost of a planetary nebula aspect." JH described it from the Cape of Good
Hope as "a very fine planetary nebula, oval, uniform in light, and of a
very flat appearance; rather faint; diam in RA = 4 seconds; has a star 15th mag
on it, and one 13th mag close to its border. This object is excentrically
situated in a superb cluster of stars 12..16th mag. (46 Messier)"
Lord Rosse
sketched NGC 2438 as annular on 12 Dec 1848 (published in his 1850 PT
paper). It was observed 21 times
at Birr Castle including using a visual spectroscope on 15 Feb 1876. William Lassell also noted the
annularity using his 24" equatorial reflector on 11 Jan 1853: "The
star is not in the centre, and the nebula seems to retreat from the star,
leaving it on a much darker ground than the external parts of the nebula. With slight attention another star is
seen; and two or three points or bright spots in the nebula occasionally catch
the eye." His sketch was
published in his 1854 MRAS paper (figure 5) on observations from Malta. Perhaps following Lassell's lead,
Secchi sketched in 1856 the "central star" slightly eccentric, along
with a second interior star using the 9.5" refractor in Rome.
Based on
Crossley photographs, Curtis (1918) reported "the nebula is a very
irregular, broad, patchy ring 68" in diameter. The star at SW lies in a gap in the ring."
This planetary
is not physically associated with M46 based on differing radial velocities and
the youthful age of cluster and is probably superimposed in foreground). Les Dalrymple states a distance of 4500
l.y. for the cluster and only 3000 l.y for the planetary in a S&T article
(Dec 2002).
******************************
NGC 2439 = Cr
158 = Mel 74
07 40 45 -31 41
36
V = 6.9; Size 10'
17.5"
(1/19/91): at 220x, 70 stars visible in a 10' diameter. Bright, fairly large, elongated
N-S. This is a rich, pleasing
cluster and includes mag 6.7 R Puppis on the northeast edge. About 1' SW and 2' SSE of R Puppis are
two easy but prominent double stars equally spaced with similar magnitudes but
with perpendicular orientations (N-S and E-W). The pair 1.7' SSE is PRO 41 (9.2/10.3 at 12"). These
wide double stars form a striking group and are part of an elliptical outline
of stars with a void in center.
Very unusual appearance!
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2439 = h3094 on 28 Jan 1835 and recorded "a cluster of
about 150 stars, B, pL, p rich, not much more compressed to the middle, 8'
diameter, has one star 8th mag (place taken), one red one 9th mag, the rest 12..14th
mag."
******************************
NGC 2440 = PK
234+2.1 = ESO 560-PN9 = PN G234.8+02.4
07 41 55.4 -18
12 31
V = 9.3; Size 74"x42"
48"
(2/20/12): the view of this explosive appearing planetary was remarkably
detailed at 488x and 814x. The
very high surface brightness central region is irregularly shaped with a very
ragged periphery, giving the impression that the central region is erupting or
bursting. Within the east side of
the central portion are two intense condensations or knots, oriented ~N-S, with
the southern knot brighter. A
third, smaller elongated knot is just west and sits close to the center. The main body is elongated nearly 2:1
SW-NE, roughly 1.1'x0.6', but with an irregular outline. The southwest end of the planetary dims
and protrudes out, creating a cup-shaped hollow with a very small brighter knot
at its southwest tip. A prominent
partial loop or outer wing is attached on the northwest edge of the central
section, like a spiral arm, and swings clockwise to the west and slightly
south. The eastern portion of the planetary consists of a large complete,
irregular loop (darker in the interior), giving the strong appearance of being
blown out from the central region.
17.5"
(2/14/99): this bi-polar planetary reveals fascinating detail at 380x! The compact high surface brightness
inner region is elongated NNW-SSE.
Two bright knots comprise both ends and the surface brightness is
irregular. The nebulosity is much
weaker SW of the main body with a cup-shaped dark "notch" protruding
into this central bar. The outer
halo is oriented SW-NE with a brighter wing similar to a spiral arm attached at
the west edge which swings back towards the south. The outer nebulosity is weaker and less well-defined on the
north and NE sides.
13" (2/23/85):
very bright and small with a very high surface brightness. This planetary has a double shell
structure with an elongated box-shape oriented NW-SE and a fainter shell
oriented SW-NE. One or two
condensations are visible in the central part. Located 3.0' W of mag 8.4 orange HD 62167.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2440 = H IV-64 = h3095 on 4 Mar 1790 (sweep 934) and described a
"beautiful planetary nebula of a considerable degree of brightness, but
not very well defined. About 12 or
15" in diameter."
William Lassell
observed NGC 2440 in Jan 1853 with his 24-inch equatorial reflector on
Malta. He commented, "no
description can do justice to this singular object. With 150 it just attracts the eye in sweeping, as a a
bluish-white spot, a few seconds in diameter. A most extraordinary object [at 650x], not beautiful, for it
has no symmetry – but wonderful." His sketch, showing 4 or 5 knots, was included in his 1854
MRAS paper (figure 7). Father
Angelo Secchi published a detailed sketch and description in 1856 using the
9.6" refractor in Rome. He
noted, "It seems to consist of two twin nebulae joined to a third
transverse elliptical nebulaÉbut it is very difficult to recognize the true
structure."
Ralph Copeland
made a detailed observation at Birr Castle on 20 Jan 1874: "vB, pL, very
blue. An eB nucleus which is E or
bi-central in pos 151.4¡ in vF outer nebulosity, vmE 33.1¡ and 2' or 3'
long. 35 stars in field (diam
11'), the nearest of which is *16m pos 200.8¡, dist 54.8"..."
Based on Crossley
photographs, Curtis (1918) reported NGC 2440 has "no central star; the
strong central masses are nebulous in the shortest exposures. A very irregular and patchy oval; main
portion 54"x20" in pa 37¡, with a faint extension at east, north of
the middle."
******************************
NGC 2441 = UGC
4036 = MCG +12-08-015 = CGCG 331-017 = PGC 22031
07 51 54.8 +73
00 55
V = 12.2; Size 2.0'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(2/22/87): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, diffuse. Only a very weak concentration.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 2441 = T VI-1 on 8 Aug 1882 with the 9.4-inch "Amici
II" refractor (this was his only discovery with the small refractor). He reported a "Weak Neb III class
but 1' dia. Found on the terrace with Amici II and seen again on 9 Aug with
Amici I; bright III class."
His position is off by a few arc minutes too far southeast, but this is
the only nearby candidate.
******************************
NGC 2442 =
Meat-hook Galaxy = N2443 = ESO 059-008 = LGG 147-003 = PGC 21373
07 36 23.9 -69
31 48
V = 10.4; Size 5.5'x4.9'; Surf Br = 13.9
24" (4/4/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): I was amazed how prominent the sweeping
spiral arms appeared at 260x giving a stunning "S" appearance. The main bar of the galaxy is fairly
bright and extended ~2:1 in a SW to NE orientation with a length of ~3'. The bar has just a weak, broad
concentration with no real core but it rises sharply at the center to a very
small, brighter nucleus. The main
arm is attached at the northeast end of the bar and extends a short distance in
that direction before dramatically bending sharply to the west (turning nearly
150¡) and extending ~3.5' in length towards a mag 12.9 star. At the NW end this well-defined arm
fades and broadens a little, terminating just SE of the 13th magnitude
star. At the SW end of the bar, a
thick arm emerges extending to the SW where it more gently curves around
towards the east while fanning out.
This arm is not as sharply defined as the inside (east) portion of the
curve blends with a diffuse glow extending from the bar. The total distance between the tips of
the arms spans nearly 5'. In the
same field 10' ENE lies ESO 59-11 and NGC 2534 is 16' NNW. The field also includes a number of mag
9 to 11 stars that frame the galaxy.
20" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 127x (20mm Nagler), the main body of
this unusual galaxy appeared as a fairly faint, large, thick "bar"
with just a weak concentration except for an extremely small bright core. On
the NE end of the bar, a faint "arm" emerged at a sharp angle towards
the NW. The contrast was improved
at 212x and the brighter arm was easier to view, extending at nearly a right
angle to the main body and curving towards the west on the north side. On the SW end, a broad, short, low
surface brightness extension was visible bending towards the SE. The main bar was elongated 2:1 SW-NE,
roughly 3'x1.5', but the thick outer arm significantly increased the size to
~4.5'x2'.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2442 = h3097 on 23 Dec 1834 and recorded "A double nebula;
very large; very faint; position of centres = 40¡; diameter 4' and 3' running
together, and having a star 13th magnitude at their junction." In his 2nd
(of 4 sweeps) he called it "faint, very large, much elongated, very
suddenly a little brighter to the middle, to a star 13th mag, like a very faint
atmosphere, about a nucleus 3.5' long, 1.5' broad; pos of its extension = 39.8
. I think it has some sort of hooked appendage." The "hooked appendage" (NGC 2443) is the prominent
arm on the north side (attached at the northeast end of the bar)!
******************************
NGC 2443 = NGC
2442 = "Meat-hook Galaxy" = ESO 059-008 = PGC 21373
07 36 23.9 -69
31 48
24" (4/4/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): This number refers to the prominent arm
attached at the NE end of the bar.
This arm extends a short distance in that direction before dramatically
bending sharply to the west (turning nearly 150¡) and extending ~3.5' in length
towards a mag 12.9 star. At the NW
end this well-defined arm fades and broadens a little, terminating just SE of
the mag 13 star. See NGC 2442 for full description of the galaxy.
20" f/5
(7/8/02 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): This is the NE portion or NE spiral
arm of NGC 2442. At 127x (20
Nagler), on the NE end of the bar, a faint "arm" emerged at a sharp
angle towards the NW. The contrast
was improved at 212x and the brighter arm was easier to view, extending at
nearly a right angle to the main body and curving towards the east on the north
side.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2443 = h3097 on 23 Dec 1834. In sweep 523, he described a "double nebula, vL, vF,
position of centres = 40 deg, diameters 4' and 3' running together and having a
star 13m at their junction."
JH assigned two GC designations for the double nebula (GC 1568 and 1569)
and they received two NGC designations, NGC 2442 and NGC 2443, although the
latter number refers to the massive spiral arm on the northeast side of NGC
2442.
******************************
NGC 2444 = Arp 143
NED1 = Arp 143:C1 = VV 117a = UGC 4016 = MCG +07-16-016 = CGCG 206-024 = PGC
21774
07 46 53.0 +39
01 55
V = 13.2; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0
48"
(4/5/13): NGC 2444 is the northwest component of a remarkable interacting
system with the multi-component ring galaxy NGC 2445. At 488x it appeared bright, small, slightly elongated,
30" diameter, sharply concentrated with a very high surface brightness
nucleus ~12"-15" diameter.
NGC 2445, directly southeast has 6 components, the nearest being VV
117b, just 0.6' SSE.
13.1"
(1/18/85): forms an interacting double ring system with NGC 2445. Both appear as two nearly stellar knots
oriented NNW (NGC 2444) and SSE (NGC 2445) with a separation of 1.0',
surrounded by faint halo which may merge.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2444 = St VIIIb-22 on 18 Jan 1877, along with NGC 2445. His position matches the northwest
component of UGC 4016.
******************************
NGC 2445 = Arp
143 NED2 = VV 117e = UGC 4017 = MCG +07-16-017 = CGCG 206-024 = PGC 21776
07 46 55.1 +39
00 54
V = 13.3; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 15d
48"
(4/5/13): this remarkable ring galaxy forms an interacting pair with NGC 2444,
just 1' N. At 488x, it was
resolved into six components -- the bright ring nucleus and five very small HII
regions which are roughly equally spaced around the nucleus (separations
between 25" and 42").
The four closest (VV 117b, 117e, 117f, 117g) form a very small square
with the nucleus at the center!
The nucleus appears moderately bright to fairly bright, small, round,
high surface brightness, 15" diameter. The five HII regions are within an irregular, triangular
glow, ~1.5' diameter.
VV 117b is at
the northern end of NGC 2445, just 27" N of the nucleus and 36" SSE
of NGC 2444. It appeared very faint,
very small, round, 8" diameter.
VV 117f is situated 25" W of the nucleus and appeared very faint to
faint, very small, round, 10" diameter. VV 117h is at the SW corner (42" SW of the nucleus) and
was the faintest of the 5 knots surrounding the nucleus. It appeared extremely faint and small,
round, just 5" diameter. VV
117e is at the east end (35" E of the nucleus) and appeared very faint to
faint, very small, irregularly round, ~12" diameter.
Finally, VV 117g
is at the southeast corner, 30" S of the nucleus, and appeared fairly
faint, very small, round, high surface brightness, 12" diameter. This
object was the brightest of 5 "knots" surrounding the nucleus,
although on the SDSS it appears to be an HII region attached to a foreground
star, which certainly contributed to its brightness. In the 2009 Madore "Atlas and Catalogue of Collisional
Ring Galaxies" VV 117g is identified as the second collider (C2).
13.1"
(1/18/85): this is the SE component of a double galaxy with NGC 2444. Both appear as two nearly stellar knots
oriented NNW (NGC 2444) and SSE (NGC 2445) with a separation of 1.0',
surrounded by faint halo which may merge.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2445 = St VIIIb-23 on 18 Jan 1877, along with NGC 2444. His position matches the southeast
component of UGC 4016.
******************************
NGC 2446 = UGC
4027 = MCG +09-13-058 = CGCG 262-030 = PGC 21860
07 48 39.2 +54
36 42
V = 12.9; Size 1.9'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 130d
17.5"
(2/8/91): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated NW-SE. Unusual appearance as cradled by
several stars including a mag 12 star at the west end, two mag 13 stars at the
east end and close NW and a mag 15 star is superimposed.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2446 = h465 on 10 Feb 1831 and recorded "four small stars
in a semicircle, within whose concavity there is a F nebulosity, which I am
pretty sure is real." His
position and description matches UGC 4027. R.J. Mitchell, observing with Lord Rosse's 72" on 11
Jan 1856 logged "pF, lE?, bM."
His sketch show the 3 nearby brighter stars.
******************************
NGC 2447 = M93 =
ESO 493-SC7 = Cr 160
07 44 29 -23 51
12
V = 6.2; Size 22'
18"
(3/2/08): very easy with any optical aid (at the threshold of naked-eye
visibility) with a few of the brighter stars resolved in 15x50 IS
binoculars. The cluster is fairly
well resolved at 25x in the 80mm finder.
The central region is superb in the 18" at 175x (13mm Ethos) with
~100 stars resolved in the 10' region and richest in the core. Appears fully resolved into mag 10-14
stars. A small, near parallelogram
of 4 stars (sides ~40"x20") stands out near the center with numerous
fainter stars nearby. The
brightest star on the SW side of the cluster is a nice, unequal double (ARA
2066 = 8.3/11.3 at 10").
13.1" (3/24/84):
about 60 stars, bright, large, pretty rich. Contains a tight quadrilateral near the center with three
faint companions.
8": bright,
very rich, triangular-shape, pretty compact, excellent field.
Charles Messier
discovered M93 = NGC 2447 = h3098 on 20 Mar 1781. Caroline Herschel independently discovered the cluster on 26
Feb 1783 and recorded "Nebula, about 1 1/4 deg north preceding the bright
star in the Ship [or more exactly] preceding the 1st Navis [Puppis] towards 23
Canis Majoris. My Brother examined it with [magnification] 460 and found not
less than 20 stars, with 227 above 40. with a compound eyepiece perhaps 100 and
150 very beautiful, nothing nebulous among them. Messier has it not." Owen Gingerich determined that the
reference to 1 (Rho) Navis, should read 7 (Zeta) Navis. Observing from the Cape of Good Hope,
JH noted "A fine cluster, scarcely scattered, pretty rich, not much more
comp[ressed]. M [toward the middle]. Nearly fills field. Stars 8....13 m."
******************************
NGC 2448 = ESO
493-**8
07 44 57 -24 40
30
18"
(3/13/04): at 115x, this is a fairly distinctive 15' elongated group with mag
5.6 HD 62747 near the geometric center.
The stars are arranged in a concave star chain extended E-W opening
towards the north with the mag 5.6 star just a couple of arc minutes north of
the center of the arc.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2448 = h466 on 7 Jan 1831 and reported "a *8m followed by a
poor cl of 18-20 st, 11...13m."
His position is less than 1' south of mag 5.6 HD 62747. This bright star is surrounded by a
several brighter stars, mostly on the following side (at the position given by
Harold Corwin). RNGC classifies
this asterism (not a true cluster) as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 2449 = UGC
4026 = MCG +05-19-007 = CGCG 148-020 = WBL 152-003 = PGC 21802
07 47 20.4 +26
55 49
V = 13.4; Size 1.3'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 137d
24"
(2/16/15): at 300x and 375x; fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small,
elongated 2:1 NW-SE. Contains low
surface brightness extensions (arms) extending ~40"x20" and a sharply
defined oval core 25"x12".
A mag 14.7 star is just off the west side [34" from center] and a
mag 15.5 is off the southwest side [35" from center].
NGC 2449 is the
brightest member of a small group (WBL 152) with NGC 2450 6' NNE, IC 476 1.5'
NW and IC 2205 7' SW. IC 476
appeared very faint, small, slightly elongated, ~15"x12"
diameter. It required averted
vision but could hold steadily.
17.5"
(2/20/88): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated NW-SE, bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 2450 6.0' NNE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2449 = St VI-9 on 18 Jan 1874. His position matches UGC 4026.
******************************
NGC 2450 = MCG
+05-19-008 = CGCG 148-022 = WBL
152-004 = PGC 21807
07 47 32.3 +27
01 09
V = 14.6; Size 0.9'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 156d
24"
(2/14/15): at 300x and 375x; faint to fairly faint, fairly small, very
elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, 0.6'x0.2'.
Brighter along a thin strip of the major axis. A mag 14.6 star is close off the northwest edge. Last of a 12' quartet (WBL 152) with IC
2205, NGC 2449 and IC 476.
17.5"
(2/20/88): very faint, very small, very elongated NNW-SSE. A mag 14.5 star is just off the NW edge
0.5' from center. Forms a pair
with NGC 2449 6.0' SSW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2450 = St IX-12 on 8 Feb 1878. His position matches CGCG 148-022 = PGC 21807.
******************************
NGC 2451 = Cr
161 = ESO 311-SC008
07 45 15 -37 58
06
V = 2.8; Size 45'
13.1"
(2/25/84): very bright scattered group of stars including yellow mag 3.6 c
Puppis and about 10 bright stars.
This naked-eye cluster appears very large but lacking in faint
stars. Recent research shows this
is a random grouping and not a cluster.
8"
(3/28/81): very bright, very large, very scattered, includes mag 4 c
Puppis. Resolved in 8x50 finder.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2451 = h3099 on 1 Feb 1835 and recorded "The chief star
(4th mag) of an orange colour, of a very large and very diffused cluster of
large stars, too loose to be a fit object for the ordinary magnifying
power." His position matches
mag 3.6 HD 63032. Giovanni
Hodierna possibly made the original discovery around 1654.
A study
published in May '94 Astronomy & Astrophysics concluded NGC 2451 is a
chance alignment of stars that does not share a common motion. The authors,
though, identified 24 stars in the vicinity of NGC 2451 which, on the basis of
common or similar proper motion, appear to form a "moving group".
They call it the "Puppis Moving Group", and emphasized that it is not
NGC 2451 (although several stars are common to both objects).
******************************
NGC 2452 = PK
243-1.1 = ESO 493-PN11 = PN G243.3-01.0
07 47 26.2 -27
20 08
V = 11.9; Size 31"x24"
18"
(3/2/08): very interesting bipolar appearance at 450x. Appears elongated N-S,
~30"x22", with brighter lobes and rims on the north and south
ends. The center appears slightly
darker and pinched in. The small
open cluster NGC 2453 lies 7' N.
This may be a very rare planetary physically related to an open cluster.
17.5"
(3/2/02): at 380x this is a moderately bright, fairly small but interesting
planetary. Appears elongated N-S,
~30"x20" with an irregular surface brightness and a slightly darker
center or a darker spot. The halo
appears brighter at the north and south ends giving a slightly bipolar
appearance with the impression of two lobes diminishing in brightness in the
center. A faint mag 14.5 star is
just off the north edge. Located 8' S of open cluster NGC 2453.
13"
(3/24/84): moderately bright, small, slightly elongated N-S, no interior star
visible. Located 6' S of open
cluster NGC 2453.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2452 = h3100 on 1 Feb 1837 and described as "An object
whose nature I cannot make out. It is certainly not a star, nor a close double
star; but it is not round, and I should call it an oblong planetary nebula, by
reason of its decidedly marked though somewhat dim outline, were there not some
suspicion of its being double, as if a very close and highly condensed double
nebula. It is very small and rather faint, 8" long, 5" broad, and
equals a star of 10th mag. In a field with at least 60 or 80 stars [NGC 2453],
all sharp and well defined but this.
Four nights later he recorded "Planetary nebula. In a field with, and
south of a cluster, and on a rich ground is the undefined object of Sweep 769.
It is no doubt a very faint, small, round planetary nebula..."
Based on
Crossley photographs at Lick, Curtis (1918) reported "there is probably a
faint central star, not brighter than mag 19. Extreme length about 22" in pa 85¡ the centers of the
bright lateral lobes are 11" apart.
In this exposure time the object has much the appearance of a reversed
letter Z."
******************************
NGC 2453 = Cr
162 = ESO 493-SC012
07 47 34 -27 11
42
V = 8.3; Size 5'
18"
(3/2/08): at 220x appears as a fairly rich group of two dozen stars in a 3'
clump, just SE of a mag 9.5 star (HD 63360). The densest section is a 1' knot on the SE side with a mag
11 star on its south edge. Shares
the same field with planetary NGC 2452, located 7' SSW.
17.5"
(3/2/02): at 220x, this is a small but dense open cluster with about two dozen
stars resolved in a 3' region with a mag 9.5 star (SAO 174539) at the NW
edge. A very rich 1' clump of mag 12-13
stars is on the SE side with a mag 11.5 star at the south tip of this
clump. Two mag 11 stars are 2' S
and 2' SE of the central group.
Planetary nebula NGC 2452 is in the field 8' SSW making for an
interesting pair.
13"
(3/24/84): about a dozen stars resolved in a compact 2.5' cluster including
three mag 9.5-10 stars. The
brightest mag 9.5 star is at the NW edge.
There is one dense, partially resolved clump. Planetary nebula NGC 2452 lies 6' SSW. Clouds may have interfered with the
observation.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2453 = h3101 on 5 Feb 1837 and recorded "a small but
condensed cluster, Class VII. Pretty rich. Dia 3'. [This is the cluster
referred to, as in the field with the Planetary Nebula (NGC 2452).]"
******************************
NGC 2454 = UGC
4053 = MCG +03-20-015 = CGCG 087-044 = PGC 21963
07 50 35.0 +16
22 07
V = 13.8; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 100d
17.5"
(2/8/91): faint, small, elongated 2:1 E-W, small bright core. A mag 14.5 star is 40" S.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2454 = St VI-10 on 19 Jan 1874. His position matches UGC 4053.
******************************
NGC 2455 = Cr
163 = Mel 77
07 48 59 -21 18
00
Size 8'
18"
(3/2/08): at 175x, this is a fairly rich group of ~45 stars, mostly mag
12.5-13.5, situated ~7' W of mag 8 HD 63719. Most distinctive is a 6' string of stars oriented NW-SE on
the west side of the cluster.
Shorter strings with a similar orientation are in the center and east
side. Appears fully resolved. Further west is a larger, brighter but
more scattered grouping in a triangular arrangement (no catalogue designation)
and the observation from 1/19/91 appears to describe this group.
17.5"
(1/19/91): about two dozen stars in a fairly large scattered group. Consists mostly of brighter mag 10-12
which are aligned in two perpendicular rows oriented E-W and N-S. Although the stars are fairly bright
the cluster does not stand out as located in very rich field.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2455 = h3102 on 15 Feb 1836 and recorded "Irregular cluster,
p Rich, not much compressed middle, 10', stars 12m nearly equal. General middle taken." His position corresponds with the group
at my position.
******************************
NGC 2456 = UGC
4073 = MCG +09-13-082 = CGCG 262-044 = PGC 22129
07 54 10.6 +55
29 43
V = 13.1; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 30d
17.5"
(1/19/91): faint, small, slightly elongated, broad mild concentration. A mag 14 star is 1.2' SSE. Forms a pair with NGC 2457 5' ENE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2456 = h467 on 10 Feb 1831 and recorded "vF; R; vgbM; and
losing itself imperceptibly."
His position is at the south edge of UGC 4073 = PGC 22129.
******************************
NGC 2457 = MCG
+09-13-086 = CGCG 262-046 = PGC 22161
07 54 45.7 +55
32 48
V = 14.7; Size 0.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 131d
17.5"
(1/19/91): extremely faint, very small, round, very low surface
brightness. Forms a pair with NGC
2456 5' WSW. Two extremely faint
companions 1.2' E and 3' NNE were not seen.
Ralph Copeland
discovered NGC 2457 on 10 Mar 1874 with the 72" at Birr Castle during an
observation of NGC 2456. He
described (with respect to NGC 2456) "F, pL, R, Pos 54.8¡, dist 339"
[or 32.9s f, 195.4" n]. About
3' n of the nova there seemed to be another vF neb. Telescope now at the limit of its range." Copeland's micrometric offset matches
CGCG 262-046 = PGC 22161 and 3' north there is a nebula -- MCG +09-13-089 = PGC
22172, which should have received an NGC designation.
MCG and PGC (as
well as Megastar, etc) misidentify MCG +09-13-087 = PGC 22171 as NGC 2457. This galaxy is just 1.2' following the
NGC 2457, though it was not seen by Copeland. See Corwin's identification comments.
******************************
NGC 2458 = MCG
+10-12-016 = PGC 22220
07 55 51.4 +56
42 38
V = 14.5; Size 0.15'x0.15'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 158d
24"
(1/25/14): faint, very small, round, 10" diameter, quasi-stellar
nucleus. A mag 13.5 star lies
35" SW. Located 4.8' ENE of a
mag 10.5 star and second in a string of 6 faint galaxies (several of which have
identification problems). This
galaxy is identified as NGC 2461 in many sources. PGC 22191 lies 2.8' NW.
17.5"
(1/19/91): not found.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 2458 = Big. 29 on 20 Feb 1851 and noted as one of a "Great
many knots, reckoned 10 nearly in a line p f." This was the only observation made at Birr Castle and no
positions were measured or even a rough sketch produced. JH added 8 additional entries in the
GC, as h469 (later NGC 2463) and H III-836 = h470 (later NGC 2469) were
previously discovered, but was unable to provide specific coordinates for these
8 objects. Harold Corwin notes
that Stoney likely observed only the 6 brightest galaxies in this region, so 4
of his objects are probably single stars or asterisms.
Dreyer followed
Bigourdan's observation on 9 Mar 1886 in assigning positions and descriptions
("vF,*12 close").
Bigourdan's position is 23 sec of RA west of MCG +10-12-016 = PGC 22220
and this galaxy has a mag 12-13 star just 35" SW, matching his
description. RNGC, PGC and LEDA
(as well as Megastar, etc) misidentify this galaxy as NGC 2461. NED does not assign a NGC designation
to PGC 22220. As this is one of
the brighter galaxies, it's reasonable to equate NGC 2458 with= PGC 22220.
******************************
NGC 2459
07 52 02.8 +09
33 27
17.5"
(2/22/03): this very small group of 5 faint mag 14-15 stars within 30" was
just resolved at 220x . At low
power it appeared like a nebulous spot.
Although this may be a multiple star, it's likely just a compact
asterism.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2459 = H III-479 = h468 on 26 Dec 1785 (sweep 494) and noted
"suspected. eF, vS, lE, but may be a deception." JH called it "a large group of
small stars which has a nebulous look, and perhaps there may be neb among
them. No other near." On a later sweep he wrote "a small
group of stars; with attention counted 5 with power 320; form a neb group
20" diameter. This asterism
was observed 6 times at Birr Castle and last noted by Dreyer as a "vs Cl
of 5 st, no neby seen." Karl
Reinmuth described the photographic appearance in "Die
Herschel-Nebel" as "a small group of 5 st 13.7...15.5" and
Harold Corwin also calls this a "group of five stars."
******************************
NGC 2460 = UGC
4097 = MCG +10-12-021 = CGCG 287-010 = PGC 22270
07 56 52.4 +60
20 58
V = 11.8; Size 2.5'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 40d
13.1"
(1/11/86): moderately bright, fairly small, bright core, diffuse halo, slightly
elongated SW-NE. Forms a (probably
interacting) pair with IC 2209 5' SW.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 2460 = T VI-3 on 11 Aug 1882 and recorded a "small nebula
II-III class, round, with star in the middle; repeatedly seen." His position is just 7 tsec E and 1.5'
N of U04097 = M+10-12-021 = Z287-010.
******************************
NGC 2461 = Holm
88a
07 56 26.4 +56
40 24
=*, Corwin.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 2461 = Big. 30 on 20 Feb 1851 using Lord Rosse's 72" and
refers to one of a "Great many knots, reckoned 10 nearly in a line p
f." This was the only
observation made at Birr Castle and no positions were measured or even a rough
sketch produced. NGC 2461 = GC
1582 is one of 8 entries that JH added to the GC without specific coordinates
besides the two earlier discovered galaxies: h469 (later NGC 2463) and H
III-836 = h470 (later NGC 2469).
So, Stoney's specific object is unknown.
In the NGC,
Dreyer followed Bigourdan's observation on 9 Mar 1886 in assigning a position
and description ("*13 slightly nebulous"). His relative position from NGC 2462 = Big. 31 points to a
single mag 15 star 1.2' southwest of NGC 2462.
******************************
NGC 2462 = MCG
+10-12-024 = CGCG 287-009 = Holm 88a = PGC 22259
07 56 32.1 +56
41 14
V = 14.5; Size 0.5'x0.3'; PA = 155d
24"
(1/25/14): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated NNW-SSE, 20"x15",
weak concentration to the center.
NGC 2463 lies 5.5' ESE.
Located 11' N of mag 6.7 HD 64347.
Third in a 25' E-W string of 6 galaxies (nearly equally spaced).
17.5"
(1/19/91): faint, very small, round, very weak concentration. Located 10' N of mag 6.5 SAO
64347. First of four on a line
with NGC 2463 5.6' E.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 2462 = Big. 31 on 20 Feb 1851 using Lord Rosse's 72" and
probably refers to one of a "Great many knots, reckoned 10 nearly in a
line p f." This was the only observation
made at Birr Castle and no positions were measured or even a rough sketch
produced. NGC 2462 = GC 1583 is
one of 8 entries that JH added to the GC (two were previously found by the
Herschels) without specific coordinates.
In the NGC,
Dreyer followed Bigourdan's observation on 9 Mar 1886 in assigning a position
and description ("vF, vS, vlbM"). Bigourdan's position is 21 sec of RA east and 1' S of MCG +10-12-024 = PGC
22259. His position falls closer
to NGC 2463 = h469, but since that galaxy was also seen by Bigourdan, PGC 22259
is the only good candidate. CGCG
(287-009) misidentifies PGC 22259 as NGC 2461. See NGC 2461.
******************************
NGC 2463 = MCG
+10-12-031 = CGCG 287-013 = PGC 22291
07 57 12.5 +56
40 36
V = 14.1; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.1
24"
(1/25/14): at 375x appeared fairly faint, small, round, small bright core
increases to a faint stellar nucleus.
Located 7' W of NGC 2469 in a group of faint galaxies (4th of 6 in a 25'
E-W string). A mag 10.3 star lies
3.2' S.
17.5"
(1/19/91): faint, very small, round, broad concentration. In a group with NGC 2462 5.6' W and NGC
2469 8' E.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2463 = h469 on 10 Feb 1831 and recorded "eF; R; the
preceding of two [with NGC 2469]."
His position is an exact match with CGCG 287-013 = PGC 22291. Several of the galaxies in this group
have uncertain identifications (see notes for NGC 2458).
******************************
NGC 2464
07 57 32 +56 41
24
=***, Corwin.
Not found, RNGC.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 2464 = Big. 32 on 20 Feb 1851 and refers to one of a "Great
many knots, reckoned 10 nearly in a line p f." This was the only observation made at Birr Castle and no
positions were measured or even a rough sketch produced. JH added 8 additional entries in the GC
as h469 (later NGC 2463) and H III-836 = h470 (later NGC 2469) were previously
discovered, but was unable to provide specific coordinates for these 8 objects.
In the NGC,
Dreyer followed Bigourdan's observation on 9 Mar 1886 in assigning a position
and description ("pS Cl, st eF, nebulous"). There is nothing at Bigourdan's published position and
Harold Corwin identifies NGC 2464 with a string of three mag 15 stars (within
50" separation) about 2.5' northeast of his position. RNGC classifies this number as
nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 2465
07 57 26.1 +56
49 18
=*, Corwin Not found, RNGC.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 2465 = Big. 33 on 20 Feb 1851 and refers to one of a "Great
many knots, reckoned 10 nearly in a line p f." This was the only observation made at Birr Castle and no
positions were measured or even a rough sketch produced. JH added 8 additional entries in the GC
as h469 (later NGC 2463) and H III-836 = h470 (later NGC 2469) were previously
discovered, but was unable to provide specific coordinates for these 8 objects.
Harold Corwin notes that Stoney likely only observed the 6 brightest galaxies
in this region, so 4 of his objects are probably single stars or asterisms.
In the NGC,
Dreyer followed Bigourdan's observation on 9 Mar 1886 in assigning a position
and description ("*, nebulous?"). There is nothing at Bigourdan's published position and
Harold Corwin identifies NGC 2464 with a mag 15 star situated ~5' NNW of the
NGC position (perhaps based on a later observation). RNGC classifies this number as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 2466 = ESO
059-018 = PGC 21714
07 45 16.2 -71
24 38
V = 13.0; Size 1.5'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.6
24" (4/4/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 260x appears moderately bright, fairly
small, irregularly round, 0.9'x0.8'.
Broad, weak concentration to a very small, brighter core. The outer halo appears to change
orientation or extent using averted vision (this is a face-on spiral). Located 1.2¡ NNE of mag 3.9 Zeta
Volantis.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2466 = h3104 on 20 Feb 1835 and reported "vF; R; lbM;
25"." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 2467 = ESO
493-SC25 = Sh 2-311 = Gum 9 = RCW 16 = Ced 103 = LBN 1065/1066/1067
07 52 29 -26 25
48
Size 8'x7'
13.1"
(1/30/06 - Costa Rica): bright, large nebulosity at 75x using an OIII filter,
~4-5' diameter, surrounding a mag 7.5 star. The main section is roughly mushroom shaped, extending
generally south of the bright star.
The southern border is locally brighter along a strip oriented NW to
SE. There is a sharp light cut-off
(apparently due to dust) passing to the north of the central star and oriented
E-W. Faint haze extends ~15' to
the east. To the north, fainter
nebulosity extends 12' E-W, and brightens towards the east end at an elongated
group of brighter stars (Haffner 18), oriented NW-SE. Removing the filter this is a gorgeous low power Milky Way
field with numerous faint stars peppered in the region of the nebula.
17.5" (3/2/02):
Using a 31 Nagler at 64x and an OIII filter, this is a prominent 7' nebulosity
surrounding a mag 8 star. A dark
lane appears to cut through the nebula from west to east starting NW of the
central star. Fainter nebulosity
extends beyond the dark lane but then fades out to the north. The south and southeast border of the
main mass has a bright, distinct edge and the southern border has a small
extension on the west edge which hooks towards the NW.
A finger of
nebulosity extends north from the main body and involves a scattered group of
brighter stars. This strip dims but nearly merges with a much larger, elongated
mass of fairly faint nebulosity extending NW to SE at a roughly right
angle. This section is ~15' in
size with an irregular border that is bounded on the NE side by a string of
brighter stars (Haffner 18). This
is a fascinating HII complex to explore in a rich star field!
17.5"
(1/23/88): at 82x with OIII filter appears as a large, bright, circular
nebulosity about 10' diameter. A
mag 7.8 star is involved north of center and several fainter stars are
involved. The nebulosity is
brightest along the south side in a strip oriented NW-SE. A group of brighter stars is NE
(Haffner 18). A separate larger
(~15') but fainter section is 10'-15' NE and appears elongated.
8"
(3/24/84): fairly bright, moderately large, roughly circular. A mag 8 star is north of center. This is a prominent nebulosity even
with this aperture.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2467 = H IV-22 = h472 on 9 Dec 1784 (sweep 333) and recorded
(two observations combined) "L, pB, almost R, easily resolvable, 6 to 10'
diameter, a faint red colour visible. A star 8 mag not far from the center, but
they evidently have no connection together. By second observation, 9 or 10' diameter." JH called this nebula "a *9m with
a W of stars and nebulosity, or ? is not a vF neb about the stars - (no red
colour seen)." See Harold Corwin's
identification notes for more.
******************************
NGC 2468 = UGC
4110 = MCG +09-13-095 = CGCG 287-016 = Holm 88b = PGC 22325
07 58 02.4 +56
21 35
V = 13.9; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 45d
17.5"
(1/19/91): fairly faint, very small, oval 2:1 SW-NE. A mag 12 star is off the NW edge 1.2' from center. Located 15' SE of mag 6.5 SAO
26579. The NGC 2461-2472 group
lies 20' N.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 2468 on 1 Jan 1865 and recorded "F, R, lbM.
Without doubt one of the LdR nebulae." See NGC 2458 for some background on the LdR observations on
20 Feb 1851. His single position
matches UGC 4110 = PGC 22325.
******************************
NGC 2469 = UGC
4111 = MCG +10-12-035 = CGCG 287-017 = PGC 22327
07 58 03.4 +56
40 50
V = 12.7; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 160d
24"
(1/25/14): at 375x appeared moderately bright to fairly bright, fairly small,
elongated 4:3 NNW-SSE, 36"x28", slightly brighter core, appears
mottled. Located 2.3' SSW of a mag
9.5 star. 5th of 6 galaxies in a
25' E-W string.
17.5"
(1/19/91): fairly faint, small, oval 3:2 NNW-SSE. A mag 14.5 star is off the NW end 0.8' from center. Third of three on a line with NGC 2472
6' E.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2469 = H III-836 = h470 on 18 Mar 1790 (sweep 949) and recorded
"vF, vS, may be a patch of stars." His position is 12 tsec west of UGC 4111 = PGC 22327. JH made two observations and his mean
position matches PGC 22327, so the NGC position is accurate. His observation from 9 Feb 1831 reads
"pF; R; 15"; np a *9m which is 2 diameters of neb dist from its
centre." The description is
good except the star is northeast.
MCG does label PGC 22327 as NGC 2469. See Corwin's notes for identification problems on other
members of this group.
******************************
NGC 2470 = UGC
4091 = MCG +01-20-009 = CGCG 030-029 = PGC 22137
07 54 20.6 +04
27 34
V = 12.7; Size 1.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 128d
17.5"
(12/19/87): moderately bright, fairly small, pretty edge-on NW-SE, bright
core. A mag 13 star is 0.8' N of
center.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 2470 = Sw V-68 on 24 Oct 1886 and recorded "eF; S; eE; betw
2 stars; 2 other stars preceding form trapezoid." His position is 6 tsec of RA west of
UGC 4091 and his comment "between two stars, 2 other stars preceding form
trapezoid" fits perfectly.
******************************
NGC 2471
07 58 33.0 +56
46 34
=**,
Corwin. =*, Carlson.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 2471 = Big. 34 on 20 Feb 1851 using Lord Rosse's 72",
noting one of a "Great many knots, reckoned 10 nearly in a line p
f." This was the only
observation made at Birr Castle and no positions were measured or even a rough
sketch produced. Harold Corwin
notes that Stoney likely only observed the 6 brightest galaxies in this region,
so 4 of his objects are probably single stars or asterisms.
In the NGC,
Dreyer followed Bigourdan's observation on 9 Mar 1886 in assigning a position
and description ("*13 slightly nebulous?"). There is nothing at Bigourdan's published position and
Harold Corwin identifies NGC 2464 with a faint double star (~16"
separation) about 2.5' NW of the NGC position. RNGC classifies this number as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 2472 = NGC
2473? = MCG +10-12-039 = CGCG 287-019 = PGC 22364
07 58 41.9 +56
42 04
V = 14.4; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1
24"
(1/31/14): at 375x appeared faint, small, round, 12"-15" diameter,
visible continuously but low surface brightness and no concentration. This is the last of 6 galaxies in a 25'
E-W string with NGC 2469 5.5' WSW.
17.5"
(1/19/91): extremely faint, very small, very low even surface brightness. Fourth of four on a line with NGC 2469
6' W.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 2472 on 20 Feb 1851 using Lord Rosse's 72" and refers to
one of a "Great many knots, reckoned 10 nearly in a line p f." This was the only observation made at
Birr Castle and no positions were measured or even a rough sketch produced but
there are 6 galaxies here in shallow arc oriented east-west.
In the NGC,
Dreyer followed Bigourdan's positions and descriptions for six of these 8
entries, but Bigourdan did not record an observation for NGC 2472 or 2473, so
these coordinates are given approximately in the NGC. So, any assignment is
somewhat arbitrary and this number could be considered lost.
The CGCG and
RNGC identify CGCG 287-019 as NGC 2472 = NGC 2473. NED and LEDA identify CGCG 287-019 as NGC 2472. MCG does not label this galaxy with a
NGC number. Although it is not
certain this is one of Stoney's "knots", this galaxy is comparable to
a couple of other very faint ones in the string. See Harold Corwin's notes for NGC 2469.
******************************
NGC 2473 =
(R)NGC 2458 = PGC 22191
07 55 34.8 +56
44 10
V = 15.1; Size 0.3'x0.2'; PA = 80d
24"
(1/25/14): extremely faint to very faint, very small, slightly elongated,
15"x12", low even surface brightness. Located at the west end of a 25' string of 6 galaxies (4
found at Birr Castle), several of which have identification problems).
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 2473 on 20 Feb 1851 using Lord Rosse's 72" and refers to
one of a "Great many knots, reckoned 10 nearly in a line p f." This was the only observation made at
Birr Castle and no positions were measured or even a rough sketch produced, but
there are 6 galaxies here in shallow arc oriented east-west.
In the NGC,
Dreyer followed Bigourdan's positions and descriptions for six of these 8
entries, but he did not record an observation for NGC 2472 or 2473 and the
coordinates are approximate in the NGC.
So, any assignment is somewhat arbitrary and this number could be
considered lost.
The RNGC, CGCG,
PGC (and software such as Megastar) identify CGCG 287-019 as NGC 2472 = NGC
2473. Assuming Stoney saw all 6 of
the brightest galaxies in this string, Harold Corwin suggests assigning PGC
22191 (which does not have a NGC number) to NGC 2473. This seems reasonable although the westernmost galaxy in the
string receives the highest NGC number.
PGC 22191 is identified as NGC 2458 in RNGC, PGC and NED and as NGC
2458: = NGC 2473 in LEDA. See
Harold Corwin's identification notes for NGC 2469.
******************************
NGC 2474 = UGC
4114 = MCG +09-13-096 = CGCG 262-052 = PGC 22321
07 57 58.9 +52
51 26
V = 13.3; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.0
17.5"
(1/19/91): faint, very small, round, very small bright core. Forms a double galaxy with NGC 2475
just 21" NE of center.
Located 2.6' SW of a mag 8.8 SAO 26594.
13.1"
(12/7/85): this is the SW member of a double galaxy with NGC 2475. Almost stellar, round, faint, NGC 2475
very close NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2474 = H III-830 = h471 on 17 Mar 1790 (sweep 945) and called it
"cF, pS, bM." His
observation probably refers to the brighter northeast component or both were
seen but unresolved. JH recorded
"pF; E; or has a vS star sp and a large [bright] star nf. Also query if not vS star in
centre." The comment "vS
star sp" refers to the fainter southwest component."
JH's position
(used in the NGC) matches the double system UGC 4114. But the number has been confused with the nearby planetary
JE 1 (Jones-Emberson 1). This
mix-up was resolved in Sky & Telescope, April 1981.
******************************
NGC 2475 = UGC
4114ne = MCG +09-13-097 = CGCG 262-052ne = PGC 22322
07 58 00.4 +52
51 42
V = 13.1; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.5
17.5"
(1/19/91): brighter of a double system with NGC 2474 just 21" SW between
centers. Moderately bright, small,
round, very small bright core.
Forms a striking pair with NGC 2474. Located 2.3' SW of mag 8.8 SAO 26594.
13.1"
(12/7/85): brightest of double galaxy, moderately bright, small, round. A mag 9 star is 3' NE.
R.J. Mitchell
resolved the double system NGC 2474/2475 on 9 Jan 1856 using Lord Rosse's
72". He recorded "may be
a double neb. I see no star
between (as suspected by [JH], but the two almost touch." JH appears to have resolved the fainter
southwest component, but thought it was a star: "vS star sp." Dreyer assigned the discovery of NGC
2475 to LdR, but NGC 2474 is clearly the fainter component seen by Mitchell.
******************************
NGC 2476 = UGC
4106 = MCG +07-17-003 = CGCG 207-008 = PGC 22260
07 56 45.2 +39
55 40
V = 12.6; Size 1.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 135d
17.5"
(2/24/90): fairly faint, fairly small, sharp concentration, stellar nucleus,
slightly elongated halo. The NGC
2493/NGC 2495 pair lies 40' ESE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2476 = St IX-13 on 23 Feb 1878. His position matches UGC 4106.
******************************
NGC 2477 = Cr
165 = Mel 78
07 52 10 -38 32
00
V = 5.8; Size 27'
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): remarkably rich carpet of mag 11-13 stars at 105x with
perhaps 250-300 stars resolved in a 25' field. The appearance is very similar to a highly resolved globular
without a sharply concentrated core.
There are no distinct boundaries as stars loop outside the main group
and many stars are arranged in long streamers. Located roughly 20' N of a mag 4.5 star (HD 64503 = b
Puppis).
13.1"
(12/22/84): superb cluster, over 200 stars resolved in a 25' diameter, very
rich in mag 11-14 stars. Appears
similar to NGC 7789 or a rich resolved globular cluster. Located just north of b Puppis (V =
4.5). This is one of the top open
clusters in the sky despite the very low elevation!
8"
(3/28/81): beautiful, large cluster, very rich in faint stars mag 11-13 over
unresolved haze. A mag 4 star is
at the south edge.
Nicolas-Louis de
Lacaille discovered NGC 2477 = Lac I-3 = D 535 = h3103 in 1751-1752 using a 1/2-inch telescope
at 8x during his expedition to the Cape of Good Hope. He recorded a "large nebula 15' to 20' diameter."
James Dunlop described this cluster as "a pretty large faint nebula,
easily resolvable into small stars, or rather a cluster of very small stars,
with a small faint nebula near the north preceding side, which is rather
difficult to resolve into exceedingly small stars. This is probably two
clusters or nebula in the same line; the small nebula is probably three times
the distance of the large nebula."
Dunlop's position for D 535 is ~12' NW of center of the cluster.
JH lists 3
observations in his Cape catalogue: on 1 Feb 1835 he recorded "Cluster 6th
class, bright, large, rich, not very highly condensed in the middle. Stars very
remarkably equal. All 12 or 13th mag. Very few 14th mag; none 11th mag. A fine
object." On a second sweep he
described it as "a very beautiful large cluster, very rich; stars nearly
equal, and 12th mag, gbm, not much compressed in the middle; more than fills
the field. (N.B. It is visible in the finder of the equatorial, and in the
telescope of that instrument appears as a fine cluster." Finally on his last sweep he described
it as a "Superb cluster, gbM, 20' diameter, much more than fills the whole
field. Stars 10 and 11th mag all nearly equal."
******************************
NGC 2478 = M47 =
NGC 2422
07 36 35 -14 29
00
See observing
notes for M47 = NGC 2422.
Charles Messier
discovered M47 = NGC 2478 on 19 Feb 1771 and recorded a "Cluster of stars
a short distance from the preceding [M46]; the stars are brighter; the middle
of the cluster was compared with the same star, 2 Navis. The cluster contains no nebulosity." There is nothing at his position, but it
was assigned GC 1594 and NGC 2478 as placeholders for the missing cluster. Giovanni Hodierna probably made the
first observation of M47 before 1654 and simply recorded "a Nebulosa
between the two dogs".
In the October
1960 issue of Sky & Tel, Owen Gingrich claims in "The Missing Messier
Objects" that Messier apparently switched the signs of his offsets from
his comparison star, 2 Navis (now 2 Puppis), and cites articles or notes by
Oswald Thomas in 1934 and T. F. Morris in 1959. Harold Corwin doesn't fully buy this explanation (see his
identification notes) as reversing the offset sign doesn't yield a very good
match positional match. In any
case, the cluster now taken as M47 was independently discovered by Caroline
Herschel on 26 Feb 1783 and observed by WH on 4 Feb 1785. WH catalogued it as H VIII-38 (later
NGC 2422), so it is assumed M47 = NGC 2478 = NGC 2422. See Corwin's notes for the full story.
******************************
NGC 2479 = Cr
167 = Tr 8 = ESO 561-SC001
07 55 07 -17 42
48
Size 7'
18"
(3/2/08): at 175x, over 80 stars mag 12-14 are resolved in a 9' region with the
cluster extended WSW-ENE. A
semi-circular loop of stars is near the center and is open on the east side. The cluster is ~10' NE of a fairly well
matched, bright wide pair (h4015 = 9.1/9.5 at 20").
25x80mm
(3/2/08): in the finder this cluster appears as a hazy 8' cloud with no
resolution
13.1"
(12/7/85): about 50 faint stars spread out in a 10' diameter over some
haze. Several stars near the
center are arranged in a semi-circle open on the east side. A string of stars trail off to the SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2479 = H VII-58 on 4 Mar 1790 (sweep 934) and reported "a
pretty compressed and rich cluster of small stars, iR, about 7 or 8'
diameter." His position is on
the southwest side oft his cluster.
******************************
NGC 2480 = UGC
4116 = MCG +04-19-009 = CGCG 118-026 = Holm 89b = PGC 22289
07 57 10.5 +23
46 46
V = 13.7; Size 1.3'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 160d
17.5"
(2/20/88): very faint, very small, very elongated ~N-S, even surface
brightness. Forms a pair with NGC
2481 1' SE.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 2480 on 1 Feb 1856 using Lord Rosse's 72". He described NGC 2481 as a "F ray
with pB nucleus. There is np this a companion neb vvF, elongated as in diagram.
star at Alpha, suspected another at Beta." The sketch clearly identifies NGC 2480 = UGC 4116,
although no coordinates or offsets were given by Mitchell. UGC misidentifies this galaxy as NGC
2481.
******************************
NGC 2481 = UGC
4118 = MCG +04-19-010 = CGCG 118-027 = Holm 89a = PGC 22292
07 57 13.7 +23
46 04
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 18d
17.5"
(2/20/88): moderately bright, fairly small, edge-on 4:1 SW-NE, bright core,
stellar nucleus. Forms a close
pair with NGC 2480 1' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2481 = H II-302 = h473 on 28 Feb 1785 (sweep 374) and called it
"pF, vS, bM, easily resolvable." On 20 Feb 1787 (sweep 697) he noted "F, pL, irr
elongated." UGC has a typo
and calls this galaxy NGC 2482.
******************************
NGC 2482 = Cr
166 = ESO 494-SC003
07 55 09 -24 15
00
V = 7.3; Size 12'
18"
(3/2/08): distinctive group of 80-100 stars at 175x in a 10'-12' field. A long, rich string of stars oriented
NW-SE passes through the middle of the cluster with arms or sprays of stars
extending outwards from this string.
The stars are fairly evenly distributed and similar in magnitude with
several close doubles. A mag 8
star (HD 64820) is off the west side of the cluster.
13.1"
(12/7/85): about 50 stars mag 10-14 in cluster. The bright stars from a "Y" asterism. Located 1.5¡ ENE of Xi Puppis.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2482 = H VII-10 = h474 = h3106 on 20 Nov 1784 (sweep 326) and
recorded "a cluster of scattered stars, the stars nearly of a size, more
than 15' diam, but not compressed."
On 6 Mar 1785 (sweep 381) he noted "a L cluster of scattered stars,
considerably rich and compressed; my field is too small to determine the extent
of it." JH, observing from the Cape of Good Hope, called it "a very
rich milky way cluster, or mass of stars, 10, 11 and 12th mag, diameter 20'.
The neighbourhood is rich, but much less so than this cluster." His position is a couple of arcmin
south of center.
******************************
NGC 2483 = ESO
430-SC002 = OCL-677
07 55 39 -27 53
12
V = 7.6; Size 10'
18"
(3/2/08): at 175x, ~60 stars are resolved, many in a long WNW to ESE chain
extending to the NW of the central core of the cluster. Near the SE end of the string is a trio
of stars and a wide, equal mag pair.
Extending from this pair are two additional strings to the SW and
towards the east.
17.5"
(3/7/92): scattered group of 30 stars mag 9-14 in 10' diameter. Contains mag 8.9 SAO 174829 and a mag
10 star at the east end with 2.5' separation NW-SE. Most of the member stars are arranged in two well-defined
intersecting lanes oriented SW-NE and NW-SE. There are no dense areas or prominent double stars.
25x80mm
(3/2/08): easily visible as a hazy cloud with several faint stars superimposed.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2483 = h3105 on 22 Jan 1835 and recorded "Cluster 8th
class. Large; loose and straggling.
A milky way cluster."
His position is about 1 min of RA west of this cluster.
******************************
NGC 2484 = UGC
4125 = MCG +06-18-004 = CGCG 178-011 = PGC 22350
07 58 28.1 +37
47 11
V = 13.1; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 145d
17.5"
(3/20/93): faint, small, round, broad concentration, faint stellar
nucleus. A mag 14 star is just
40" off the SW edge and 0.8' from the center.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2484 = St XIII-34 on 21 Jan 1885. His position matches UGC 4125.
******************************
NGC 2485 = UGC
4112 = MCG +01-21-001 = CGCG 031-003 = PGC 22266
07 56 48.7 +07
28 40
V = 12.2; Size 1.6'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(11/25/87): fairly faint, very small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus,
diffuse halo. A mag 13 star is
0.6' S of center.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2485 = m 107 on 25 Mar 1864 with Lassell's 48" and recorded
"neb *12." His position
matches UGC 4112 = PGC 22266.
******************************
NGC 2486 = UGC
4123 = MCG +04-19-011 = CGCG 118-029 = Holm 90b = PGC 22317
07 57 56.5 +25
09 39
V = 13.3; Size 1.7'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 100d
17.5"
(2/20/88): faint, fairly small, oval E-W, broad concentration, faint stellar
nucleus. Forms a pair with NGC
2487 5' ESE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2486 = m 108 on 25 Mar 1864 (along with NGC 2487) with Lassell's
48" and recorded "vF, S, psbM." His position is 2' north of UGC 4123 = PGC 22317 (same
offset as NGC 2487).
******************************
NGC 2487 = UGC
4126 = MCG +04-19-012 = CGCG 118-030 = Holm 90a = PGC 22343
07 58 20.4 +25
08 57
V = 12.5; Size 2.6'x2.1'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 115d
17.5"
(2/20/88): fairly faint, moderately large, 2' diameter oval, broad
concentration. A mag 10.5 is
20" off the south edge and 1.3' from center. Forms a pair with NGC 2486 5' WNW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2487 = m 109 on 25 Mar 1864 (along with NGC 2486) with Lassell's
48" and recorded "vF, S, gbM." His position is 2' north of UGC 4126 = PGC 22343 (same
offset as NGC 2487).
******************************
NGC 2488 = UGC
4161 = MCG +09-13-109 = CGCG 287-029 = PGC 22520
08 01 45.8 +56
33 13
V = 12.4; Size 1.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 100d
17.5"
(1/19/91): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, bright core. UGC 4164, situated 6' NNE, appeared
faint, small, slightly elongated, gradually increases to a bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2488 = H III-837 = h475 on 18 Mar 1790 (sweep 949) and called
"eF, vS." His position
(CH's reduction) is 1' SSW of UGC 4161 = PGC 22520. Auwers' reduction, though, shows a difference of 10' in dec;
the same as NGC 2469 = H III-836, NGC 2497 = III-838, NGC 2505 = III-839 and
NGC 2534 = III-840 on this sweep. JH measured an accurate position and noted
this galaxy as "vF; R; glbM; 15"."
******************************
NGC 2489 = Cr
169 = Mel 79 = Lund 408
07 56 16 -30 03
54
V = 7.9; Size 8'
13.1"
(1/18/85): about 50 stars in a 8' diameter. Rich in mag 11-14 stars. A richer group of stars is at the center surrounded by a
larger incomplete ring of stars.
Located 13' N of mag 6.3 PX Puppis (6.3-6.7).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2489 = H VII-23 = h479 = h3107 on 30 Dec 1785 (sweep 501) and
reported "a compressed cluster of pretty large stars, considerably
rich." This cluster was
probably first discovered by James Dunlop on 28 May 1826 and logged as "a
cluster of small stars, of an irregular round figure, with faint nebula, easily
resolvable. The 257 Argus is south following." His position for D 626 is 30' WNW of center, but despite the
poor position the description is reasonable.
JH observed the
cluster from the Cape of Good Hope on 22 Jan 1835 and recorded "A round, pretty
compressed cluster of stars 11..13th mag; 6th or 7th class; gradually brighter
in the middle, pretty rich, 7' diameter." On a second sweep he wrote "Cluster 7th class. Round,
5' diameter, stars 12th mag."
******************************
NGC 2490 = MCG
+05-19-027 = CGCG 148-080 = PGC 22382
07 59 17.9 +27
04 40
V = 14.3; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.4
17.5"
(2/20/88): very faint, very small, round, even surface brightness. A mag 13.5 star is just 0.7' E. Located 4.0' NW of brighter NGC 2492.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 2490 on 14 Feb 1857 with Lord Rosse's 72" and recorded
"I suspect Alpha to be h477 [NGC 2492], F, S, R, lbM. Beta is a vS, F patch, a star following
closely." The sketch and
description clearly established Beta as NGC 2490 = CGCG 148-080 = PGC
22382. On 14 Feb 1877, Dreyer
recorded "vF, vS, R, *13m 1' foll.
Pos 320.6¡, Dist 243.7" [from NGC 2492].
******************************
NGC 2491 = CGCG
031-007 = PGC 22353
07 58 27.4 +07
59 02
V = 15.1; Size 0.6'x0.3'; Surf Br = 11.7; PA = 78d
24"
(1/31/14): at 375x appeared faint, very small, round, 12" diameter, low
even surface brightness. Located
3.7' SW NGC 2496. A mag 11 star is
2.8' NW and a similar star is 2.4' NE.
24"
(1/25/14): at 375x appeared very faint to faint, small, elongated 4:3,
20"x15", low even surface brightness. Located 3.7' SW of much brighter NGC 2491. PGC 1335584, an extremely faint galaxy
(V = 16.5), was just glimpsed 1.4' SW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 2491 = Sw III-37 on 15 Nov 1885 (along with NGC 2496) with the
16" refractor at Warner Observatory and recorded "eeeF; pS; iR; B* nr
W; sp of 2 [with NGC 2496]; e diff.". His position is ~1.5' NW of CGCG 031-007, which the CGCG,
RNGC and PGC have adopted as NGC 2491.
There is a mag 11 star 2.8' NW, which could be the "B* nr W",
though a similar star is also 2.4' NE.
Harold Corwin
notes there are two brighter galaxies 10' N (CGCG 031-005 and CGCG 031-008)
which would have been in Swift's field though neither of these have bright
stars preceding (nor are they south-preceding NGC 2496). But CGCG 031-007 is quite faint to have
been noticed by Swift, so this identification is uncertain.
******************************
NGC 2492 = UGC
4138 = MCG +05-19-028 = CGCG 148-080 = PGC 22397
07 59 29.7 +27
01 35
V = 12.7; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 95d
17.5"
(2/20/88): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 2490 4.0' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2492 = h477 on 24 Dec 1827 and logged "vF; S; R;
bM." His position matches UGC
4138. Dorothy Carlson, in her 1949
list of NGC Corrections, misidentifies NGC 2492 as a star.
******************************
NGC 2493 = UGC
4150 = MCG +07-17-007 = CGCG 207-014 = Holm 91a = PGC 22447
08 00 23.7 +39
49 49
V = 12.0; Size 1.9'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(2/24/90): moderately bright, fairly small, round, halo gradually increases to
a small bright core. Located 9' SW
of mag 7.6 SAO 42123. Forms a
close pair with a dim galaxy NGC 2495 1.8' ENE. This galaxy forms the southern vertex of an isosceles
triangle with a mag 9.5 star 5' WNW and a mag 10 star 4.5' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2493 = H III-750 = h476 on 31 Dec 1788 (sweep 901) and noted
"vF, S, R, lbM."
His position matches UGC 4150 = PGC 22447. JH recorded "pB even though there is moon enough to see
the wires well. R; gb and then
sbM; 20"."
******************************
NGC 2494 = IC
487 = UGC 4141 = MCG +00-21-001 = CGCG 003-002 = PGC 22377
07 59 07.0 -00
38 17
V = 13.1; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 95d
17.5"
(1/23/88): moderately bright, oval ~E-W, fairly small, bright core. A nice triple star lies 4' ESE; the
closer components are mag 11/12 with separation 19".
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2494 = m 110 on 6 Feb 1864 and noted "F, S, lE." There is nothing at his position, but
exactly 1.0 min of RA east is UGC 4141.
Lewis Swift independently discovered this galaxy on 3 Feb 1888, assumed
it was new and reported it in his 7th discovery list as VII-10 (later IC
487). So, NGC 2494 = IC 487 with
priority to Marth. UGC, MCG and
CGCG label this galaxy IC 487 because of the positional match. See Harold Corwin's identification
notes.
******************************
NGC 2495 = MCG
+07-17-008 = CGCG 207-016 = Holm 91b = Mrk 383 = PGC 22457
08 00 33.2 +39
50 23
V = 15.2; Size 0.4'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.4
17.5"
(2/24/90): extremely faint and small, round. A mag 14.5 is off the east edge 24" from center. Forms a pair with much brighter NGC
2493 1.8' WSW.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 2495 on 14 Feb 1855, as the assistant on Lord Rosse's
72". While observing NGC
2493, he noted "a faint star precedes, a nebulous knot follows 2' or 3'
dist." At 2.0' ENE of the
center of NGC 2493 is CGCG 207-016 = PGC 22457, the galaxy assumed to be NGC
2495. On 5 Mar 1867, though, the
description reads "eF, R, bM [referring to NGC 2493, presumably], neb
north-following is eF, difficult, Pos 54¡, Dist 12". Either this observation refers to a
different object, or there was an error in recording the distance
(likely). The sketch is a good
match with the pair of galaxies except there is no star to the west and Harold
Corwin mentions problems with the descriptions (including the position angle).
He questions if the Lord Rosse assistants were observing a different field (on
at least 1 or 2 of the 4 observations).
******************************
NGC 2496 = UGC
4127 = MCG +01-21-002 = CGCG 031-009 = PGC 22359
07 58 37.4 +08
01 45
V = 13.0; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 2d
24"
(1/31/14): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated N-S, fairly high
surface brightness, gradually increases to the center but no distinct nucleus
or zones. A mag 14 star is
35" W of center. NGC 2491 lies 3.7' SW.
24"
(1/25/14): fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 4:3 ~N-S,
~25"x18", weak concentration.
A mag 13.5 star is 33" W of center and a mag 11 star is 2' S.
17.5"
(2/8/91): faint, small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, weak concentration. A mag 14 star is 30" W. Forms a pair with NGC 2491 4' SW (not
seen).
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 2496 = Sw III-38 on 15 Nov 1885 (along NGC 2491) using the
16" refractor at Warner Observatory and recorded "vF, pS, R, lbM, *
close foll, nf of 2". His
position matches UGC 4127 = PGC 22359, although the "* close foll"
probably refers is a mag 14 star 35" preceding the center.
******************************
NGC 2497 = UGC
4168 = MCG +10-12-061 = CGCG 287-032 = PGC 22547
08 02 11.0 +56
56 32
V = 13.2; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(1/19/91): faint, extremely small, round, stellar nucleus stands out with
direct vision. Located 6' E of mag
8.6 SAO 26621.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2497 = H III-838 on 18 Mar 1790 (sweep 949) and called "eF,
vS." According to CH's
offset, his position is just 12 sec of RA too small. MCG does not label this galaxy (MCG +10-12-061) as NGC 2497
and MCG +10-12-064 is misidentified as possibly NGC 2497.
******************************
NGC 2498 = UGC
4142 = MCG +04-19-015 = CGCG 118-034 = PGC 22403
07 59 38.8 +24
58 56
V = 13.4; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 113d
17.5"
(2/20/88): fairly faint, fairly small, small bright core, elongated NW-SE,
faint stellar nucleus. NGC 2486
lies 20' NW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2498 = St XIII-35 on 19 Jan 1885. His position matches UGC 4142 = PGC 22403.
******************************
NGC 2499 = MCG
+01-21-003 = CGCG 031-011 = PGC 22366
07 58 51.7 +07
29 36
V = 14.3; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 175d
17.5"
(3/7/92): very faint, very small, round.
Located 2' N of mag 8.9 SAO 26621. Two mag 10/11 stars are 1.8' S and 2.8' SW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2499 = m 111 on 25 Mar 1864 with Lassell's 48" and recorded
"eF, pS, iR." His position matches CGCG 031-011 = PGC 22366.
******************************
NGC 2500 = UGC
4165 = MCG +09-13-110 = CGCG 262-062 = PGC 22525
08 01 53.1 +50
44 15
V = 11.6; Size 2.9'x2.6'; Surf Br = 13.7
13.1"
(2/23/85): moderately bright, fairly large, almost round, mottled, weak
concentration. Situated midway
between a mag 12 star 1.9' NE and a mag 10.5 star 1.7' SW of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2500 = H III-709 = h478 on 9 Mar 1788 (sweep 815) and recorded
"vF, R, vgbM; about 2 1/2 minutes in diameter." A later observation says "I can
perceive some of the stars." This is a mottled face-on spiral, so this
created the impression of resolving some stars. JH observed this galaxy on a single sweep and his position
is 1' too far north.
On 1 Feb 1851,
Lord Rosse "saw stars in it and suspected at one time a curvilinear
arrangement. On later observations
spiral structure was suspected and sketches (by R.J. Mitchell and Samuel
Hunter) reasonably capture the spiral structure, although they were not
certain. In addition a couple of
HII knots on the preceding side were apparently noticed.
******************************
NGC 2501 = MCG
-02-21-002 = PGC 22354
07 58 30.0 -14
21 16
V = 13.7; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 120d
17.5"
(2/8/91): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated ~E-W, bright core,
stands out well in rich Milky Way field.
Situated only 8¡ from the galactic equator.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2501 = h3108 on 14 Feb 1836 and recorded "F,R, gbM,
30", in a field full of stars." On a later sweep he logged "pF,
lE, in parallel; glbM, 25"." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2502 = ESO
209-008 = PGC 22210
07 55 51.5 -52
18 25
V = 12.0; Size 2.0'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 126d
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): bright, moderately large,
elongated 3:2 NW-SE. Well
concentrated with a very bright 30" core that dominates the galaxy. The outer halo or arms are much fainter
and could be easily missed but extend to 1.2'x0.8'. Forms the NW vertex of a triangle with two mag 11 star 4.3'
E and a mag 11.5 star 3' SSE.
Located 41' NNW mag 3.5 Chi Carinae.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2502 = h3109 on 5 Jan 1837 and reported "pF; R; vgpmbM;
25"." His single
position matches ESO 209-008.
******************************
NGC 2503 = UGC
4158 = MCG +04-19-019 = CGCG 118-041 = PGC 22453
08 00 36.7 +22
24 00
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(3/12/94): very faint, small, round, 0.8' diameter, low surface brightness,
very weak concentration. A mag
14.5 star is at the NW edge and a mag 11 star lies 2.0' SE of center. Located on the Cancer/Gemini border.
17.5"
(2/20/88): very faint, very small, round, diffuse, weak concentration. A mag 15 star is just off the NW edge
and a mag 11 star is 2.0' SE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2503 = m 112 on 17 Feb 1865 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
recorded "eF, S, glbM."
His position is 8 sec of RA east of UGC 4158.
******************************
NGC 2504 = UGC
4152 = MCG +01-21-004 = CGCG 031-015 = PGC 22414
07 59 52.3 +05
36 30
V = 13.9; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 11.9
17.5"
(11/25/87): faint, very small, slightly elongated ~E-W, fairly low even surface
brightness.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2504 = m 113 on 25 Mar 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
recorded "vF, S, R." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2505 = UGC
4193 = MCG +09-13-115 = CGCG 262-066 = PGC 22644
08 04 06.8 +53
32 57
V = 13.2; Size 1.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 0d
17.5"
(1/19/91): faint, fairly small, oval 2:1 N-S, very small brighter nucleus. Located 10' SW of mag 7.1 SAO 26650 at
the edge of the 220x field.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2505 = H III-839 on 18 Mar 1790 (sweep 949) and called it
"eF, vS." His position
(CH's reduction) is just 1.8' south-southwest of UGC 4193 (typical error). Auwers' reduction, though, shows a
difference of 10' in dec for several objects in the sweep.
******************************
NGC 2506 = Cr
170 = Mel 80 = OCL-593
08 00 02 -10 46
12
V = 7.6; Size 7'
18"
(3/15/10): at 175x, this is a beautifully rich 8' group of stars, roughly
circular, with 80-100 stars mag 11-14 over unresolved background haze. The brightest two stars are at the west
side and form a wide, 27" double.
The richest portion roughly forms a "U" outline, open to the
south, as if a chunk of the cluster was missing. The north side of the "U" consists of a string of
stars oriented WNW-ESE (north of the two brightest stars) with a pair at the
WNW end. At the ESE end of this
string a few brighter stars form a right angle heading SSW and forming another
side of the "U". A faint
string of stars extends out of the cluster to the SE and another string extends
out the WNW.
17.5"
(3/12/94): 75 stars in 10' diameter at 220x. The brightest members are a wide pair of mag 11/12 stars at
the west end with a separation of 27" oriented SW-NE and a mag 11.5 star
at the east end. Rich in mag 13-14
stars with a roughly circular outline except for a "bite" on the
south side. The richest subgroup
is following the two brighter stars at the west end and is 3' diameter forming
a "C" shaped asterism opening to the south over haze and is quite
striking.
13"
(2/23/85): at 220x, ~35 stars visible, many in a winding row. A number of brighter mag 11 stars
surround the group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2506 = H VI-37 = h480 on 23 Feb 1791 (sweep 995) and recorded
"a very compressed and very rich cluster of stars. The stars are of 2
sizes, some considerably large and the rest next to invisible. The compressed
part 5' or 6' in diameter."
His position (Auwers' reduction) is 7' NNE of center of this
cluster. It was independently
found by Karl Ludwig Harding around 1823 and reported it as a new
discovery. JH's description reads
"the first *11m in the p part of a rich resolved p comp cl irreg fig; *s
11...20m, so as to be nebulous.
The most comp part = 4' or 5' diam. His Slough Catalogue position is accurate, but he subtracted
10' in NPD in the GC, assuming he made an error, as his position did not match
WH or Harding. See GC and NGC
notes.
Lord Rosse, or
his observing assistant George Stoney, commented on 27 Jan 1849 "More
approach towards spiral appearance than I have seen in any other cluster. Very curious black spaces with power
700x."
******************************
NGC 2507 = UGC
4172 = MCG +03-21-010 = CGCG 088-020 = Holm 92a = LGG 153-003 = PGC 22510
08 01 37.2 +15
42 35
V = 12.2; Size 2.5'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.7
24"
(2/14/15): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated 0.6'x0.5'. Moderately concentrated to a small
brighter nucleus. A very low
surface brightness halo increases the size to 0.8'x0.7'. A mag 12 star is off the southwest side
[1.3' from center]. A mag 15.5
star is at the southwest edge at 300-375x and a slightly fainter star is
embedded on the north edge [just 18" from center!]. An HII region (or galaxy?) at the NE
edge was not resolved.
NGC 2514 lies
18' NE (see notes) and CGCG 088-016 lies 15' W. At 322x, the CGCG appeared fairly faint, fairly small,
elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 27"x18", weak even concentration to a faint
stellar nucleus, no distinct zones.
A mag 10 star lies 1.8' NW.
17.5"
(2/8/91): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, gradually brighter
halo, stellar nucleus within slightly brighter core. A mag 11.5 star is 1.3' SW. NGC 2514 lies 18' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2507 = H II-554 = h481 on 18 Mar 1786 (sweep 538) and logged
"pB, pL, easily resolvable, gbM." JH reported "F; R; 15". Pos of a *12m = 225.5¡, dist = 60"."
A couple of
faint stars as well as a faint galaxy are superimposed on NGC 2507. On 22 Feb 1867, Robert Ball reported
three "knots" were "well seen" at Birr Castle , though one
of these "knots" is apparently the nucleus. "The middle knot [nucleus], alpha, is much the largest. Alpha to knot sp, Pos = 223.0¡ [this is
a star], alpha to knot np 338.0¡ [this is also a star]."
******************************
NGC 2508 = UGC
4174 = MCG +02-21-004 = CGCG 059-018 = PGC 22528
08 01 57.2 +08
33 07
V = 12.7; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 130d
17.5"
(2/13/88): fairly faint, fairly small, oval slightly elongated NW-SE, small
bright core. Collinear with two
mag 13.5 stars 0.8' WSW and 1.3' WSW of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2508 = H III-7 = h484 on 23 Jan 1784 (sweep 100) and recorded
"a nebulous star, but doubtful of the nebulosity. Yet with 240 the same doubtful appearance
continues." There is nothing
near his position, but 1 min 42 sec of RA west and 3' south is UGC 4174. This was still an early sweep in which
his positions were unreliable. On
28 Dec 1785 (sweep 496) he mentions "I looked for the supposed nebulous
star of the 100th sweep, but the evening being remarkably clear and my
telescope in fine order I only saw near the place several very close double
stars, one of which probably has been the suspected one. Otherwise a small telescopic comet may
have been thereabout." JH
observed this galaxy on two sweeps although on sweep 120 no position was
measured and on sweep 123 the position was marked very uncertain. The accurate NGC position is from
Heinrich d'Arrest.
******************************
NGC 2509 = ESO 561-SC7
= Cr 171 = Mel 81 = Lund 417
08 00 48 -19 03
00
Size 8'
18"
(3/2/08): beautiful cluster of 80-100 stars at 175x, highlighted by a dense
2-2.5' clump of fainter stars resolved over some remaining haze. Double or multiple stars are at the NE
and NW corners of this central knot.
At 220x the SE corner of the clump is very rich in faint stars with
averted! The brightest star is at
the SW side with a string of mag 10-11 stars extending outside of the cluster
to the SE from of this star. The
cluster is situated ~6' NW of mag 8.8 HD 66034.
17.5"
(3/12/94): 50 stars resolved in a 6'x5' region outlined by a perfect
parallelogram. The majority of the
stars, though, lie in a prominent dense clump along the NW side of the
parallelogram and includes a nice double star. The NE vertex of the parallelogram is a double star with
components mag 13/13.5 at 12".
The parallelogram has no concentration and the interior southern portion
has only a couple of faint stars.
Mag 8.6 SAO 153720 lies roughly 6' SE and a bright wide double star
consisting of a mag 10.5/12 pair at 26" is 4' NNE of the parallelogram.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2509 = H VIII-1 on 3 Dec 1783 (very early sweep, internal
discovery #7) and recorded "a cl of coarsely scattered stars. The place is that of the most comp
part, which is not M[iddle]"
On 4 Mar 1790 (sweep 934) and logged "a considerably compressed and
very rich cl of small star, irr F." and on 15 Mar 1801 (sweep 1095) he
noted "a beautiful cl of stars, arranced in a circular order."
******************************
NGC 2510 = UGC
4178 = MCG +02-21-007 = CGCG 059-023 = WBL-169-005 = PGC 22541
08 02 10.6 +09
29 09
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 115d
24"
(3/22/14): faint to fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE,
~40"x25", fairly low even surface brightness. First of 5 with NGC 2511 5.6' SSE, NGC
2513 5.6' SE, CGCG 59-27 6.7' ENE and
PGC
1364011 7.5' S.
17.5"
(2/13/88): faint, fairly small, irregularly round, even surface
brightness. Similar size to NGC
2513 5.6' SE but lower surface brightness. In a group of five with NGC 2511 5.6' SSE.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 2510 (along with NGC 2511) on 31 Jan 1851 with Lord Rosse's
72" in the NGC 2513 group.
The group was sketched on 26 Feb 1851 with NGC 2510 is labeled as Gamma
and precise offsets were measured from NGC 2513.
******************************
NGC 2511 = MCG
+02-21-008 = CGCG 059-024 = Mrk 1207 = WBL 169-006 = PGC 22549
08 02 15.0 +09
23 40
V = 14.1; Size 0.9'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 125d
24"
(3/22/14): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 40"x20",
weak concentation. Located 2.7' SW
of NGC 2513.
17.5"
(2/13/88): faint, small, slightly elongated, almost even surface
brightness. In a group with NGC
2513 3' NE and NGC 2510 5.6' SSW.
Located on the Canis Minor-Cancer border.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 2511 (along with NGC 2510) on 31 Jan 1851 with Lord Rosse's
72" in the NGC 2513 group.
The group was sketched on 26 Feb 1851 with NGC 2511 labelled Beta and precise offsets were measured
from NGC 2513. Heinrich d'Arrest
independently discovered the galaxy in 1862 (#77 in AN 1500) and John Herschel
mistakenly credited d'Arrest with the discovery in the GC. Dreyer included both observers in the
NGC.
******************************
NGC 2512 = UGC
4191 = MCG +04-19-021 = CGCG 118-052 = Mrk 384 = PGC 22596
08 03 07.8 +23
23 30
V = 13.1; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 113d
17.5"
(2/20/88): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated WNW-ESE, weak
concentration, faint stellar nucleus.
Not identified as NGC 2512 in the UGC or CGCG.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2512 = H III-605 = h482 on 10 Feb 1787 (sweep 697) and noted
"F, S, iF." His position
(Auwers' reduction) is 1.4' too far north. JH measured an accurate position. CGCG and UGC fail to label their catalogue entries as NGC
2512.
******************************
NGC 2513 = UGC
4184 = MCG +02-21-009 = CGCG 059-025 = WBL-169-007 = PGC 22555
08 02 24.7 +09
24 49
V = 11.6; Size 2.5'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 170d
24"
(3/22/14): bright, fairly large, sharply concentrated with a very bright
20" core. The halo extends
~1.25'x0.9' N-S and has a fairly low surface brightness. Brightest in a group with NGC 2511 2.7'
SW, NGC 2510 5.6' NW, PGC 1364011 4.7' SW, CGCG 59-27 6' NE.
17.5"
(2/13/88): moderately bright, fairly small, irregularly round, well
concentrated to a very bright core, small faint halo. Brightest in a group including NGC 2510 5.6' NW, NGC 2511 3'
SW, CGCG 59-19 and CGCG 59-26.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2513 = H III-512 = h483 on 3 Mar 1786 (sweep 534) and recorded
"vF, S, R, mbM, 240 showed it very well." His position is accurate. JH called the nebula "pB; R; psbM." The two fainter companions (NGC 2510
and 2511) were discovered at Birr Castle.
******************************
NGC 2514 = UGC
4189 = MCG +03-21-011 = CGCG 088-022 = PGC 22581
08 02 49.7 +15
48 30
V = 13.4; Size 1.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.8
24"
(2/16/15): fairly faint, moderately large, round, 0.9' diameter, no core but
irregular surface brightness (strong impression of a face-on spiral).
17.5"
(2/8/91): faint, fairly small, round, low almost even surface brightness. NGC 2507 lies 18' WSW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2514 = St XIII-36 on 19 Jan 1885 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory. His
position matches UGC 4189 = PGC 22581.
******************************
NGC 2515
08 03 21.3 +20
11 17
Size 9"
=**, Reinmuth.
George Bond
discovered NGC 2515 = HN 5 on 11 Sep 1852 with the 15-inch Merz refractor at
the Harvard College Observatory.
At his position is a 9" pair of mag 13 stars oreinted ~E-W. Most of Bond's discoveries in the early
1850's at HCO turned out to be close pairs or even single stars. NGC 2515 is correctly classified as a
double star in the RNGC (from Carlson's list), but the position is wildly off
at 09 47.3 +13 02 (2000).
******************************
NGC 2516 =
"Southern Beehive" Cluster = ESO 124-SC6 = Cr 172 = Mel 82 = Lund 411
07 58 00 -60 45
V = 3.8; Size 30'
13.1"
(1/30/06 - Costa Rica): very bright naked-eye cluster located 3¡ SW of Epsilon
Car (southern star in the False Cross).
Appears partially resolved in the 9x50 finder and an excellent view
using the 15x50 IS binoculars. The
cluster fills over half of the 20mm Nagler field, ~30'-35' diameter with over
100 stars resolved. The outline is
quite irregular though well-detached at low power. A mag 5.2 M-type giant orange star (V460 = HD 66342) lies at
the NE edge of the cluster. The
central region is more concentrated and uniform and includes a number of tinted
yellow or orange stars. A nice
triple star (h4027 = 7.1/7.8/9.3 at 9" and 20") is on the west edge
of the cluster and an excellent double (h4031 = 7.2/8.0 at 5") lies on the
east side of the cluster. A long
curving string starts in the center and heads NE to the mag 5.2 orange
star. This string includes a
9" evenly matched pair of mag 9 stars (Innes 1104) that was resolved at
low power. Mag 5.7 K-type orange
subgiant HD 65662 is off the NW side of the cluster.
13.1"
(2/17/04 - Costa Rica): this bright naked-eye cluster is located SW of the
"False Cross" (3 degrees SW of 2nd-magnitude Epsilon Carinae) and is
the only open cluster in western Carina.
It was well resolved in the 9x50 finder. At 105x, the main group is 25'-30' with outliers increasing
the size and roughly 100 stars are resolved including a number of mag 6-8
stars. Many of the stars are
arranged in loops and strings and overall the cluster is quite irregular in
magnitudes and star distributions.
There is a close, fairly bright double on the SE side (7.2/8.0 at
5.5") and a neat 13' chain of stars near the west side running N-S.
10x30 Canon IS
(7/10/02 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is a prominent naked-eye
cluster below the "False Cross" (formed by Epsilon and Iota Car as
well as Delta and Kappa Vel), on a line with the longer axis (Epsilon Car and
Kappa Vel) of the cross. In
binoculars, it appeared well-resolved, ~50' diameter including outliers with 5
bright stars (mag 6.5-7.5) with a couple of dozen stars resolved overall. Appears fairly rich towards the center
with a number of mag 8-10 stars.
Nicolas-Louis de
Lacaille discovered NGC 2516 = Lac II-3 = h3111 in 1751-1752 using a 1/2-inch
telescope at 8x during his expedition to the Cape of Good Hope. He noted a "Group of 10 to 12
stars, very compressed." NGC
2516 was not published in Dunlop's main catalogue but his handwritted notes
read "Very fine cluster about 35' diameter, many of the stars of the 6th
and 7th magnitude, mixed magnitudes.
Figure irregular branched."
JH observed the
cluster a number of times with his 18-inch f/13 speculum telescope at the CGH.
His first record reads: "An orange-coloured star 8th magnitude, in middle
of a large and magnificent cluster of perhaps 200 to 250 stars 8..16th mag.
Many of the larger magnitudes, and really a superb object. Very visible to the
naked eye, etc."
******************************
NGC 2517 = MCG
-02-21-003 = PGC 22578
08 02 47.0 -12
19 04
V = 11.8; Size 1.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 70d
17.5"
(2/8/91): fairly faint, small, round, strong concentration with small bright
core. Located in a rich star field
between a mag 13 double star 1.1' S at 20" oriented E-W and a mag 11.5
star 1.0' NW. Mag 8.5 SAO 153747
lies 4.2' SW. Located 10¡ from the
galactic equator.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2517 = h3110 on 16 Mar 1836 and noted "F; vS; R; between 3
stars 13 and 14 m." His
position is 5 sec of RA east and 1' north of MCG -02-21-003 = PGC 22578 and the
description of nearby stars matches.
This galaxy is located only 10 degrees from the galactic equator.
******************************
NGC 2518 = UGC
4221 = MCG +09-14-006 = CGCG 263-009 = PGC 22800
08 07 20.1 +51
07 53
V = 13.0; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 35d
17.5"
(1/19/91): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, bright core, faint stellar
nucleus.
Gerhard Lohse
discovered NGC 2518, along with NGC 2519, in 1886 with the 15.5-inch Cook
refractor at the private Wigglesworth Observatory in Scarborough, England. The approximate NGC position matches
UGC 4221. This is one of only 3
galaxies discovered by Lohse, out of 16 new entries in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 2519
08 07 58.9 +51
07 42
=*?,
Corwin. Not found, Sulentic
Gerhard Lohse
discovered NGC 2519, along with NGC 2518, in 1886 at the private Wiggleworth
Observatory in Scarborough, England and described "Two nebulae, F, L, R,
gbM, delta RA = 42 seconds".
There is only a single galaxy at his position (UGC 4221) identified as
NGC 2518. Corwin notes that 39 tsec
following this galaxy is a 14th magnitude star (with three much fainter stars
within an arcmin northwest) which might be the NGC 2519. There is an obvious error in the
position given in RNGC (both RA and Dec) although NGC 2518 is correctly
described as "Not found".
******************************
NGC 2520 = NGC
2527 = ESO 430-SC15
08 04 58 -28 08
48
See observing
notes for NGC 2527. Incorrect
position in the RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2520 = h3112 on 5 Feb 1837 and recorded a "Cluster 7th class,
distinguished among milky way clusters, pretty rich, bright. The star taken is
the chief of a condensed hook in the following part." In the Cape Observations, JH identifies
h3112 as equivalent to H VIII-30 = h488 but his position for h3112 is 3.0 min
of RA too far west. Although his
description matches H VIII-30 = h488, JH still listed separate entries in the
GC for h3112 and h488, which later
received the designations NGC 2520 and NGC 2527. So, NGC 2520 = NGC 2527, with NGC 2527 the earlier observation.
******************************
NGC 2521 = UGC
4235 = MCG +10-12-077 = CGCG 287-042 = VV 632 = VII Zw 212 = PGC 22866
08 08 49.3 +57
46 10
V = 12.8; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 45d
17.5"
(1/19/91): fairly faint, very small, round, bright core, faint stellar
nucleus. Located 3.6' SSE of a mag
9 star (Z Lyncis). This is the
brightest of four in a group including UGC 4241 4.5' E. The three brighter galaxies and Z
Lyncis form a perfect parallelogram.
UGC 4241 appeared fairly large, small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, weak
concentration.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2521 = h485 on 9 Feb 1831 and described "pF; R; psbM; sf a
*9 dist 3'." His position and
description matches UGC 4235, which is the brightest in a group.
******************************
NGC 2522 = UGC
4218 = MCG +03-21-014 = CGCG 088-031 = PGC 22749
08 06 13.4 +17
42 24
V = 13.8; Size 1.0'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 32d
17.5"
(11/2/91): fairly faint, small, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE, well concentrated
with a small high surface brightness core which dominates view, very thin
fainter extensions. NGC 2530 lies
25' ENE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2522 = m 114 on 26 Jan 1865 and recorded "vF, vS, E,
psbM." His position matches
UGC 4218. Brightest in a group.
******************************
NGC 2523 = Arp 9
= UGC 4271 = MCG +12-08-031 = CGCG 331-032 = PGC 23128
08 15 00.2 +73
34 44
V = 11.9; Size 3.0'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 57d
48"
(4/21/17): bright, very large barred spiral! At 488x view was superb, with a strong bar running WNW-ESE,
highlighted by an intensely brighter nucleus. Inner spiral arms are attached at the ends of the bar and
form a circular inner ring with dark regions on opposite sides (southwest and
northeast) of the bar. With
averted vision a fainter outer halo extended mostly SW and NE, though I
couldn't trace arm structure in the halo.
A mag 11.7 star is 1.7' SW of center. Brightest in a group with NGC 2523B 9' W, UGC 4279 7' NE and
NGC 2523C 19' SE.
NGC 2523B:
moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 5:2 E-W, 40"x15", very
faint outer extensions. A mag 14
star is at the southwest edge of the core. A mag 12.4 star is 1.2' SW.
UGC 4279:
extremely to very faint, thin ghostly streak 0.4'x0.1'. This is the brighter central bar and
the extremely low surface brightness arms or halo was not seen. Situated 7' NE of NGC 2523 and 2.5' S
of mag 8.2 SAO 6469. I needed to
keep the bright star out of the field to glimpse this galaxy.
NGC 2523C:
fairly bright, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 E-W, ~60"x20", well
concentrated with an elongated bright core and small brighter nucleus. Located 20' SE of NGC 2523 and 10' WSW
of mag 8.4 HD 68744. LEDA 213458
lies 2.8' NW. The companion
(missing from Megastar) appeared fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated,
brighter core, 18" diameter.
17.5"
(2/8/91): moderately bright, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, fairly small. A center contains a bright central bar
with a small bright core. A mag
11.5 is off the SW edge 1.5' from the center. Forms a pair with NGC 2523B = UGC 4271 9' W and NGC 2523C =
UGC 4290 lies 20' SE.
Edward Swift,
Lewis' 14 year-old son, discovered
NGC 2523 = Sw II-32 on 7 Sep 1885 with the 16" refractor at the
Warner Observatory. The
Swifts' position and description ("pB, pL, lE, lbM, * nr") is a good
match with UGC 4271 = Arp 9. This
is the brightest galaxy (of 23) that Edward discovered.
******************************
NGC 2524 = UGC
4234 = MCG +07-17-016 = CGCG 207-034 = PGC 22838
08 08 09.6 +39
09 26
V = 12.6; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 125d
17.5"
(2/24/90): fairly faint, fairly small, bright core, almost stellar nucleus,
oval NW-SE. Forms a pair with NGC
2528 = UGC 4227 10' WNW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2524 = St VIIIb-24, along with NGC 2528, on 22 Jan 1877 with the
31" reflector at the Marseille Observatory. His position is accurate and matches UGC 4234. Through a mix-up he placed NGC 2528 to
the southeast of NGC 2524 instead of northwest. This error was caught and corrected by Esmiol in his 1916
re-reduction of Stephan's positions.
See notes for NGC 2528.
******************************
NGC 2525 = MCG
-02-21-004 = UGCA 135 = PGC 22721
08 05 38.0 -11
25 41
V = 11.6; Size 2.9'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 75d
13.1"
(1/11/86): fairly faint, large, slightly elongated E-W, diffuse, weak
concentration. Located 3.8' NNE of
mag 8.9 SAO 153813 and 6.2' S of mag 8.7 SAO 153816 on the Monoceros border.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2525 = H III-877 = h486 on 23 Feb 1791 (sweep 995) and recorded
"vF, iR, resolvable, about 2' in diameter, almost of equal light
throughout." JH called this
galaxy "F; L; R; vgbM; 90"; among stars of the Milky Way." and
measured an accurate position.
The galaxy was
sketched as a spiral by R.J. Mitchell on 30 Jan 1856, using Lord Rosse's
72". He described "vF,
L, oval. Several F stars on edge,
suspect others in the neb., also dark spaces. Nucl or * in centre?
Spiral as in diagram. A
year later he saw additional details: "light very unequal, suspect nucleus
and a star close foll nucleus, also star in p edge? Again I though I saw a darkness across np centre [gap in
spiral arms] and knots in np edge, but it is very uncertain."
******************************
NGC 2526 = UGC
4231 = MCG +01-21-012 = CGCG 031-047 = PGC 22778
08 06 58.6 +08
00 14
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 140d
17.5"
(2/13/88): fairly faint, fairly small, oval WNW-ESE, broad concentration. There is a pretty pair of double stars
in the field including a mag 11/12 pair at 10" located 3.5' ENE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2526 = m 115 on 25 Mar 1864 and recorded "vF, S, mE."
His position matches UGC 4231.
******************************
NGC 2527 = NGC
2520 = ESO 430-SC15 = Cr 174
08 04 58 -28 08
48
V = 6.5; Size 22'
17.5"
(3/7/92): 75-100 stars mag 10-14 in very large 30' loose group. This cluster is fairly bright with two
fairly rich subgroups. The central
10' core includes about two dozen stars with a mag 10 star at the NW corner
which has three fainter companions within 35". A rich string of faint stars oriented SSW-NNE of length 4'
has two mag 10-11 stars at the endpoints.
Outliers extend east and west and include a rich elongated group at the
NE edge of the cluster.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2527 = H VIII-30 = h488 on 9 Dec 1784 (sweep 333) and noted
"a very large cluster of many coarsely scattered large stars." From
Slough, JH called the cluster "p rich; v coarsely scattered; fills field;
st 10...15m. RA by working list
[marked as uncertain]. JH also
observed this cluster at the Cape and gave a similar description (even noting
the equivalence with h488), but his RA was 3 min too far west. JH assigned separate GC designations
and Dreyer two NGC numbers, so NGC 2527 = NGC 2520.
******************************
NGC 2528 = UGC
4227 = MCG +07-17-015 = CGCG 207-032 = PGC 22805
08 07 24.9 +39
11 39
V = 12.7; Size 1.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(2/24/90): faint, fairly small, round, almost even surface brightness. Forms a pair with NGC 2524 10' ESE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2528 = St VIIIb-25 on 22 Jan 1877, along with NGC 2528. Through a mix-up in measuring the
offset, Stephan's position for NGC 2528 is southeast of NGC 2524, instead of
northwest. Corwin sorted out the
situation (see his notes for NGC 2528), although it was first corrected by
Esmiol in his 1916 re-reduction of Stephan's positions. Esmiol's new position (calling the
object "Anon"), establishes NGC 2528 = UGC 4227. UGC 4227 is not labeled with the NGC
designation in CGCG (207-032), UGC (4227) or MCG (+07-17-015) but it is correctly
identified in RNGC, PGC and RC3.
******************************
NGC 2529
08 07 48 +17 49
=Not found,
Corwin. Incorrect identification
in the RNGC.
Bigourdan
discovered NGC 2529 = Big. 35 on 29 Jan 1887, along with NGC 2531. These were noted while examining the
NGC 2530 field and placed 1' SW and 1' SE of NGC 2530 = H III-752. There is nothing at either of these
offsets. RNGC misidentifies NGC
2530 as NGC 2529 and UGC and CGCG misidentify NGC 2530 as NGC 2529 = NGC
2531. See RNGC Corrections #5.
******************************
NGC 2530 =
(R)N2529 = UGC 4237 = MCG +03-21-020 = CGCG 088-038 = PGC 22827
08 07 55.6 +17
49 06
V = 13.6; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 170d
17.5"
(11/2/91): very faint, small, elongated 3:2 N-S. Unusual appearance as a mag 13 star is attached at the north
end 0.8' from center and the galaxy appears to fan out to the south. The edges are difficult to define. NGC 2522 lies 25' WSW. Incorrectly identified as NGC 2529 in
the RNGC, UGC, CGCG.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2530 = H III-752 = h487 on 22 Feb 1789 (sweep 906) and noted
"eF, lE, south of a vS star." His position and description is
accurate, matching UGC 4237. R.J.
Mitchell, observing with Lord Rosse's 72" on 25 Jan 1857, recorded
"light mottled, bright star to north, another faint star close to nf edge,
suspect other stars involved."
RNGC
misclassifies NGC 2530 as nonexistent (Type 7), though the correct data for NGC
2530 is listed under the entry for NGC 2529. NGC 2530 is misidentified as NGC 2529 = NGC 2531 in UGC and
NGC 2529 in the MCG (+03-21-020). See my RNGC Corrections #5 and Harold
Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 2531
08 08 01 +17 49
=Not found,
Corwin and RNGC. Incorrect
position in the RNGC.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 2531 = Big 36 on 29 Jan 1887, along with NGC
2529. These two supposedly
nebulous objects were noted while examining NGC 2530. NGC 2531 was placed 1' SE, but there is nothing at this
offset. See my comments on NGC
2529 and 2530 as well as Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 2532 = UGC
4256 = MCG +06-18-013 = CGCG 178-032 = PGC 22922
08 10 15.4 +33
57 26
V = 12.4; Size 2.2'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 10d
17.5"
(3/28/92): fairly faint, moderately large, 1.5', slightly elongated NW-SE,
gradually brightens towards the center, faint stellar nucleus, slightly mottled
appearance. A mag 12 star 1.6' NNE
is within a collinear string of six mag 11/12 stars oriented WNW-ESE running
through the 20' field and a mag 11.5 star is 2.6' SSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2532 = H II-726 = h489 on 5 Feb 1788 (sweep 807) and remarked
"pF, pL, iR, lbM, resolvable, south of 2 stars that are nearly in the
parallel." His position
(Auwers' reduction) is just off the southeast side of the halo. This galaxy was observed 13 times at
Birr Castle and an arm was suspected several times on the south side. Also a companion close north was
sketched (not in GC or NGC), but this is probably a very faint star.
******************************
NGC 2533 = ESO
430-SC019 = Cr 175
08 07 04 -29 53
06
V = 7.6; Size 4'
17.5"
(2/8/91): about 20 stars surrounding mag 8.8 SAO 175203. Also includes a mag 10.5 star but the
remainder are 13th and 14th magnitude.
Fairly small, 4' diameter, does not stand out well in rich field.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2533 = h3113 on 22 Jan 1835 and recorded "place (RA
doubtful) of a *9 m; cheif of cl p rich; irreg R; glbM; 5'; stars 13m. Belong to milky way, but is a much more
compressed part of it."
******************************
NGC 2534 = UGC
4268 = MCG +09-14-014 = CGCG 263-014 = Mrk 85 = PGC 23024
08 12 54.1 +55
40 19
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(1/19/91): fairly faint, small, round, broadly concentrated halo, faint stellar
nucleus. A mag 15 star is 1'
N. Located 2' N of mag 8.0 SAO
26726.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2534 = H III-840 = h490 on 18 Mar 1790 (sweep 949) and noted
"cF, cS." His position,
based on CH's reduction is just 1.6' too far northwest (typical error), though
Auwers' reduced position is 9' S of UGC 4268 (an offset shared by several
objects discovered on this sweep including NGC 2469, 2488, 2497 and 2505). JH
called it "pB; L; R; psbM; diam 60" and very gradually fading away;
has a *8m pos = 164.3¡. His
position and description is accurate.
R.J. Mitchell,
observing on 7 Mar 1885 with Lord Rosse's 72" described "Has
r[esolved] look, * plain at north end.
Alpha [from sketch] is a knot or star. Neb is bM and probably spiral. Certainly a dark space from south-preceding to
north." Spiral structure is
not evident on the DSS.
******************************
NGC 2535 = Arp
82 NED1 = VV 9a = Holm 94a = UGC 4264 = MCG +04-20-004 = CGCG 119-008 = PGC
22957
08 11 13.5 +25
12 23
V = 12.8; Size 2.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 0d
48"
(4/2/11): this is the prominent member of a striking interacting pair (Arp 82)
with NGC 2536 1.8' SSE. At 375x
appeared bright, fairly large, elongated 5:3 SW-NE, ~1.6'x0.9' (including
arms). Contains a relatively
large, bright core spanning ~40"x30" and punctuated by a very bright,
stellar nucleus. Attached at the
west side of the core is a graceful spiral arm that curves clockwise towards
the south-southeast in the direction of NGC 2536. The arm fades towards the south-southeast end and increased
in length with averted vision though it did not reach the smaller
companion. A second arm is
attached on the east side and shoots north, though it's only 2/3 the length of
the interacting arm. A string
(1.4' length) of three mag 12-13 stars is off the west side of the galaxy.
17.5"
(2/20/88): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE, weak
concentration. Forms a close pair
with NGC 2536 1.8' SSE (Arp 82).
Located just following a line of three mag 12 stars 1.6' WSW, 1.2' W and
0.9' NW of center.
13"
(1/18/85): faint, small, round, diffuse, even surface brightness. Located 22' SSE of a mag 6 star.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2535 = St VIIIb-26 on 22 Jan 1877, along with NGC 2536. His position matches UGC 4264.
******************************
NGC 2536 = Arp
82 NED2 = VV 9b = Holm 94b = MCG +04-20-005 = CGCG 119-009 = PGC 22958
08 11 16.0 +25
10 46
V = 14.2; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 112d
48"
(4/2/11): fainter and smaller member of an interacting pair (Arp 82) with NGC
2535. At 375x appeared fairly
bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, ~30"x20", high surface
brightness, moderate concentration with a very small, very bright core. Located 1.8' SSE of NGC 2535. A spiral arm hooks from the west side
of NGC 2535, appearing to be tidally stretched SE in the direction of NGC 2536,
though not reaching the companion.
17.5"
(2/20/88): faint, very small, oval ~SW-NE, small bright core. Forms a close pair with brighter NGC
2535 1.8' NW.
13"
(1/18/85): very faint, very small, diffuse. Located 2' SE of NGC 2535.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2536 = St VIIIb-27 on 22 Jan 1877, along with NGC 2535. His position matches MCG +04-20-005
(southeast component of an interacting pair w/NGC 2535).
******************************
NGC 2537 =
Bear-Paw Galaxy = Arp 6 = VV 138 = UGC 4274 = MCG +08-15-050 = CGCG 236-035 =
Mrk 86 = PGC 23040
08 13 14.5 +45
59 31
V = 11.7; Size 1.7'x1.5'; Surf Br = 12.6
48"
(4/15/10): At 624x, the view of the highly irregular "Bear-paw"
galaxy (Arp 6) was fascinating.
The galaxy is fairly large, roundish, 1.5' diameter and is broken up
into bright knots and arcs that border a large curving dust lane that winds
through the glow and traces out a dark "U" inside the galaxy. The main bright regions form the three
"toes" of the Bear-paw.
On the NW side, the first "toe" consists of the brightest
knot, ~0.3' diameter, with a second smaller and fainter knot close south. The combined glow from this
"toe" is ~30". In
the center is a brighter core, ~0.3' diameter, which is nearly isolated by the
obscuring dust, but the glow extends to the south end of the galaxy where it
brightens slightly at the rim, forming the middle toe. The third toe is on the following side
of the galaxy (~0.3' diameter) and is less prominent, though slightly brighter
due east of center. The curving
"U"-shaped dust channel enters the galaxy both west and east of the
middle toe in two parallel lanes and curves around the core, forming a
noticeable arc on the north side of the core.
17.5"
(3/23/85): moderately bright, fairly small, round. The "Bear-paw" galaxy has an unusual appearance
with a dark lane or vacuity in the center. A small slightly brighter knot is visible along the NW
edge. A mag 11 star is 2' SE. Located 6.5' E of mag 8.4 SAO
42225. IC 2233, a faint edge-on,
lies 18' SE. Forms a pair with NGC
2537A = MCG +08-15-051 4.5' E (not seen with this scope).
13"
(2/25/84): fairly faint, small, round, no structure.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2537 = H IV-55 = h491 on 6 Feb 1788 (sweep 809) and recorded
"pB; R; pL; preceding a star about 1'." On 10 Mar 1788 (sweep 817) he logged "pB, R, almost of
an even light througout, approaching to a planetary [he placed it in the
category of planetary nebulae] but very ill defined, and a little fainter on
the edges, about 3/4 or 1' dia." John Herschel observed the galaxy on 19
Mar 1828 and remarked, "It is a globular cluster. Being a remarkable fine night, I see
the stars." NGC 2537 was
observed 20 times at Birr Castle and even noted as "probably spiral"
in Jan 1852, although photographs show no significant spirality. Other observations refer to its
resolvability and the GC and NGC description call it a globular cluster! When it was photographed at Lick
Observatory with the Crossley reflector, Curtis noted (1918), "This is not
a cluster, as described in the NGC, but a bright, irregular spiral." Francis Peases desribed it as a
"horseshoe" based on a photograph with the 60" at Mt. Wilson,
and mentions a "faint spot" nearby to the east, which is the
companion galaxy NGC 2537A.
Wolfgang
Steinicke reports that the nickname is from Ron Buta, based on an observation
through a 36" telescope at McDonald 36" (Webb Society Galaxy
Handbook, 1981): "Small and of relatively high surface brightness; shaped
like a bear-paw, the structure consisting of a single spiral arm winding from W
to E around the N side; this ring-tail includes 3 knots, one of about 15 mag; a
bar-like feature shows in the interior region of the arm and extends to the S
edge of the galaxy; there is a faint glow between the arm and the bar
feature".
******************************
NGC 2538 = UGC
4266 = MCG +01-21-019 = CGCG 031-067 = PGC 22962
08 11 23.0 +03
37 59
V = 12.6; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 25d
17.5"
(2/13/88): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, bright core. Located between a mag 14 star 0.9' NW
and a mag 12 star 1.7' SE. A faint
double star mag 14/15 is just 1.2' E.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2538 = St VIIIb-28 on 2 Feb 1877. His position matches UGC 4266.
******************************
NGC 2539 = Cr
176 = Mel 83 = OCL-611
08 10 37 -12 49
12
V = 6.5; Size 22'
18"
(3/2/08): this cluster is situated 10' NW of 4.7-magnitude 19 Pup. Roughly 125 stars are spread out over a
20' region. At the NW end is a
roughly equal mag pair, an 11" pair is on the east side and a brighter mag
10/11 pair at 20" is on the NE side.
13.1"
(2/25/84): about 85 stars in a 20' diameter. Fairly rich with uniform magnitudes. A brighter mag 10/11 pair at 21"
is on the north side. Located
about 10' NW of 19 Puppis (V = 4.7).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2539 = H VII-11 = h3114 on 31 Jan 1785 (sweep 363) and called it
"a cluster of stars, coarsely scattered, but considerably rich, above 20'
diam." JH, observing from the
Cape of Good Hope, recorded "a large, extended, rich cluster. Fills field;
stars 12th mag approx. A bright star (6th mag) S.f."
******************************
NGC 2540 = UGC
4275 = MCG +05-20-004 = CGCG 149-004 = PGC 23017
08 12 46.5 +26
21 41
V = 13.5; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 125d
17.5"
(3/20/93): faint, moderately large, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, fairly low surface
brightness halo, weak concentration.
Situated within a triangle of mag 14 stars the closest being 1.3' W. Located 8' NNE of mag 8.5 SAO 80013.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2540 = St XIII-37 on 10 Feb 1885 with the 31"
silvered-glass reflector at the Marseille Observatory. His position matches UGC 4275.
******************************
NGC 2541 = UGC
4284 = MCG +08-15-054 = CGCG 236-037 = PGC 23110
08 14 40.2 +49
03 43
V = 11.8; Size 6.3'x3.2'; Surf Br = 14.9; PA = 165d
13.1"
(2/23/85): faint, fairly large, very diffuse halo, elongated NNW-SSE, weak
concentration to an elongated core.
A mag 10 star lies 4.5' NNE.
In a group with NGC 2500 and NGC 2522.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2541 = H III-710 = h492 on 9 Mar 1788 (sweep 815) and called it
"vF, iF, 2.5' long, 1.75' broad." His position is 20 sec of RA west of center. JH recorded "not vF; L; lE; vgbM;
90"." His position is
just north of the core of UGC 4284.
This galaxy was observed three times at Birr Castle. An interesting
sketch appears to show an elongated HII region or a portion of a spiral arm on
the southwest side, separated from the main body.
******************************
NGC 2542 = 19
Puppis = SAO 153942 = ADS 6647
08 11 16.3 -12
55 37
V = 4.7
=* 4.7 = 19
Pup. No nebulosity, Corwin and
Carlson.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2542 = h3115 on 11 Dec 1836 and noted "a fine nebulous star
6 mag [19 Pup], in the following part of the cluster VII II [NGC 2539] and
almost connected to it. The nebula
is faint, but I feel confident that it is not the nebulous haze. [Notandum
-Nothing more difficult than to prove a nebulous star of the 6th mag and
above." In this case, the
star is free of nebulosity. This
is the 3rd brightest star with an entry in the NGC (after NGC 771 and 4530).
There are
several similar cases of bright stars which JH assumed had a nebulous halo (see
notes on NGC 4530). Harold Corwin
mentions that JH may have been misled by the faint companion of 19 Puppis,
though I think it's more likely he was misled by scattered light/dew. Interestingly, there were three
observations made with the 72" and all described the star as being
nebulous! In addition, Howe
reported "I examined it one night, and saw a faint halo about 2' in
diameter encircling it. It looked
like a telescopic flare."
******************************
NGC 2543 = IC
2232 = UGC 4273 = MCG +06-18-014 = CGCG 178-035 = PGC 23028
08 12 57.9 +36
15 13
V = 11.9; Size 2.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 45d
17.5"
(3/28/92): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 2.0'x1.5', very
small brighter core. Two mag 11.5
stars are 2.4' NW and 3.9' NW on a line with NGC 2543.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2543 = H II-719 = h493 on 3 Feb 1788 (sweep 803) and recorded
"F, pL, iR, bM." His
position is 10 sec of RA west and 5' south of UGC 4273. A second observation
from 10 Mar 1790 (sweep 937) reads "In a line with a N.p. star, pB, cL,
iR, vgbM." The second
observation is even further off in dec.
JH noted
"vF; R; a course double * precedes points to it. Deta RA = 1 m 2 sec." There is nothing at his position but two minutes of RA west
is UGC 4273 and two stars at 1.6' separation are northwest. The RA given in the GC and NGC is ~1.0
tmin too far east but Rudolph Spitaler's micrometric position, measured on 24
Dec 1891 and published in the IC 1 notes section, is accurate. Stephane Javelle independently found
the galaxy on 12 Feb 1896, assumed it was new and reported it in list 3-1028
(later IC 2232) with an accurate position. Dreyer missed the equivalence NGC 2543 = IC 2232. See Harold Corwin's identification
notes.
******************************
NGC 2544 = UGC
4327 = MCG +12-08-034 = CGCG 331-036 = Mrk 87 = PGC 23453
08 21 40.3 +73
59 16
V = 12.9; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 70d
17.5"
(12/23/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 WSW-ENE, brighter
core. Located 5.5' SW of a mag 9.5
star. Forms a close pair with MCG
+12-08-035 1.3' ENE. NGC 2550 lies
12' ENE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 2544 = Sw II-33 on 7 Sep 1885 (along with NGC 2550) with the
16" refractor at the Warner Observatory. His description reads "eeF;
pS; R; sev B stars nearly surround it." His position is 16 sec of RA west and 1.4' south of UGC 4327
and there are several mag 11-12 stars nearby (mostly west).
******************************
NGC 2545 = UGC
4287 = MCG +04-20-007 = CGCG 119-016 = PGC 23086
08 14 14.2 +21
21 20
V = 12.4; Size 2.0'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 170d
13.1"
(1/11/86): moderately bright, fairly small, almost round, gradually increases
to a small brighter core. A mag
14.5 star at the NNW edge 1.0' from center is similar to the substellar
nucleus. Located 3.9' ESE of a mag
9.5 star at the west edge of the Cancer I galaxy cluster.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2545 = H II-627 = h494 on 11 Jan 1787 (sweep 683) and noted
"eF, pS, E." The same
sweep he observed Uranus and discovered the moons Titania and Oberon. On 13 Feb 1787 (sweep 698) he recorded
"F, S, irr F, lE sp to nf."
There is nothing at his position but 30 sec of RA preceding and 4' north
is UGC 4287. In the 1912
publication of WH's catalogues, Dreyer adds the note "RA by Sweep 683 29
seconds too great, PD 3.5' too great. But in the interval between the star and
the neb, H. had discovered two satellites of Uranus, whereby the telescope may
have been slightly disturbed."
JH logged this galaxy as "F; S; R; has a *8m; 4' dist p." and
measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 2546 = ESO
369-SC7 = Cr 178
08 12 16 -37 35
42
V = 6.3; Size 41'
13.1"
(1/30/06 - Costa Rica): this very large, bright scattered cluster was just
visible to the naked eye close south of a brighter, hazy naked-eye patch of
unresolved stars. The field is
beautifully rich, at least 45' diameter though there was no distinct
border. The star field looks
impressive beyond the edges of the 66' field of the 20 Nagler. On the northwest side is a rich,
elongated strip of ~20 stars that is quite eye-catching. Includes a few pairs and a neat triple
with a fairly close unequal mag pair at the SSW end of the elongated strip.
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): this cluster is a very bright, scattered field of stars
that completely fills the nearly 40' field at 105x. Partially resolved in the 9x50 finder. At the NW edge is a rich elongated
strip of two dozen stars including a couple of close, unequal pairs and tight
fainter triple. John Herschel's
description applies to this denser group of stars. A mag 6.4 star (h4051 = HD
68450) with two mag 13.5 companions is off the NW side of the larger group but
does not appear to be part of the cluster and a similar star lies to the SE (HD
68862).
13.1"
(1/18/85): ~75 stars, bright, very large, scattered, overfills 30' field.
8"
(3/28/81): ~25 stars, rich, elongated.
At the edge of a large, scattered field of stars.
Nicolas-Louis de
Lacaille discovered NGC 2546 = Lac II-4 = D 563 = h3116 in 1751-1752 using a
1/2-inch refractor at 8x during his expedition to the Cape of Good Hope. He recorded II-4 as follows: "One
sees with the naked eye two neighboring confused groups of stars; but with the
telescope they are faint, distinct stars, very numerous & very close
together."
James Dunlop
observed the cluster on 8 May 1826 and recorded "a large cluster of stars
of mixt magnitude, rather extended figure, not rich in very small
stars." He made two
observations and his position is 17' N of center (typical error). JH made 3 observations from the CGH,
first recording on 1 Feb 1835 "a cluster 8th class of about 20 bright
stars in an oblong, 8' long, 3' broad."
******************************
NGC 2547 = ESO
209-SC18 = Cr 177 = Mel 84 = Lund 432
08 10 11 -49 13
30
V = 4.7; Size 20'
13.1"
(1/30/06 - Costa Rica): this naked-eye cluster to the south of Gamma Velorum
(bright binocular double) is roughly 30'x20' in size. There is a very distinctive, gently curving arc of stars
bowed out to the east that defines the eastern side of the central region and
the brightest mag 6.5 star (HD 68478) is along this arc. Three nice pairs are to the west and NW
of the mag 6.5 star (one of these pairs has a third fainter companion forming a
triple). The main portion of the
cluster is enclosed in two outer strings of stars that form a large
"V" with the vertex to the east of the mag 6.5 star and the pair of
strings increase the diameter to 30'.
While scanning for NGC 2547 I ran across a bright, distinctive red star
to the west (probably M3-class HD 67821).
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): this is a very bright naked-eye cluster that includes a
number of mag 7-8 stars. It
appears at least 20'-25' in diameter, though the outer boundaries are pretty
arbitrary. Very unusual
arrangement as a number of the brighter stars form a curving arc which is bowed
out towards the east and which defines the eastern border of the cluster! The brightest mag 6.5 star is within
this arc on the south side of the cluster. The cluster is encased in faint reflection nebulosity, though
this was not visible.
Nicolas-Louis de
Lacaille discovered NGC 2547 = Lac III-2 = D 410 = h3117 in 1751-1752 using a
1/2-inch telescope at 8x during his expedition to the Cape of Good Hope. He described III-2 as "five faint
stars like the letter T in nebulosity." Dunlop observed the cluster twice recording "A
curiously arranged group of pretty bright small stars of mixt magnitudes. This
answers to the place of 310 Argus (Bode) and is described by Lacaille as nebula
with five small stars forming the letter T in it. There is no nebulosity in
this place. The diameter of the cluster may be about 12'. Figure 16 is a very
good representation of the group."
John Herschel
first logged the cluster on 28 Dec 1834 and recorded "chief star 7th mag
about, of a vL, loose, brilliant cluster of very scattered stars, 1 of 7th mag,
2 of 8th mag, rest 9...16th mag.
Fills more than field; 100...150 stars." JH inadvertently equated this cluster with D 411 instead of
D 410 and this error was copied into the NGC.
******************************
NGC 2548 = M48 =
Cr 179
08 13 43 -05 45
00
V = 5.8; Size 54'
18"
(3/15/10): large, sprawling cluster that nearly fills the 67' field of the 31mm
Nagler. The most distinctive
portion, though, is a 20'x15' group near the center which contains roughly 75
stars, many arranged in strings.
Most prominent is a fairly dense SW-NE string of brighter stars that
cuts through the cluster with a nice double star in the center (h 2435 =
9.6/9.7 at 7"). A short chain of a few stars branches off to the south of
h2435. Another stream of stars branches off this string to the SSW. A third elongated group of stars extends SW-NE on the south
side, roughly parallel to main string, and is separated by a mostly starless
lane. The cluster includes a number
of mag 8-9 stars, with the brightest mag 8.2. At 73x, the main cluster is wedged between two very long
streams of stars, roughly oriented NW to SE off both the north and south sides
of the main group. These two
strings of stars extend the total diameter to over 50'. On the NW side of the central group, a
number of stars are scattered between these two streams including a few very
wide pairs, but the SE end the two streams are well separated with a very few
stars in between.
13.1"
(2/16/85): about 125 stars in a large 40' field with no distinct borders. A rich chain of stars oriented SSW-NNE
passes through the center.
Includes a number of brighter mag 10 stars and many double stars. Partially resolved in 16x80 finder.
Charles Messier
discovered M48 = NGC 2548 = H VI-22 = h496 on 19 Feb 1771 and described a
"Cluster of very faint stars, without nebulosity; this cluster is a short
distance from the three stars that form the beginning of the Unicorn's
tail." This cluster, though,
was lost for a couple of centuries due to an error in his listed position. Owen Gingerich, in a Oct 1960 article
"The Missing Messier Objects" in Sky & Tel, notes that Dr. Morris
has pointed out the NGC 2548 has the same RA as Messier's position for M48
though is off by 5¡ in declination.
Messier did not publish the offset star and there is no convenient
nearby offset star that might have been source of the problem (misidentified or
wrong offset directions) , but this is the only bright cluster in the region
that fits his description.
Caroline
Herschel independently discovered M48 on 8 Mar 1783 and WH also found it on 1
Feb 1786. He recorded VI-22 as
"a beautiful cluster of stars, considerably rich, and pretty much
compressed, 10 or 12' dia. The
stars are nearly of a size, white and pretty large." He later noted "C.H. [Caroline
Herschel] discovered it in 1783."
******************************
NGC 2549 = UGC
4313 = MCG +10-12-124 = CGCG 287-069 = PGC 23313
08 18 58.2 +57
48 11
V = 11.2; Size 3.9'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 177d
13.1"
(1/18/85): fairly bright, fairly small, edge-on 4:1 N-S, 2.0'x0.5', very bright
core, stellar or almost stellar nucleus.
Located 10' WNW of mag 5.9 30 Lyncis.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2549 = h495 on 9 Feb 1831 and recorded "pB; S; mE; pos in
merid; psmbM; 15" l, 6" br.
A *7m follows." His
position and description matches UGC 4313.
******************************
NGC 2550 = UGC
4359 = MCG +12-08-037 = CGCG 331-039 = PGC 23604
08 24 34.4 +74
00 44
V = 12.8; Size 1.0'x0.4'; Surf Br = 11.6; PA = 103d
17.5"
(12/23/92): fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 ~E-W, even
surface brightness. A mag 14.5
star is at the west tip 0.8' from center.
A nice unequal double star SAO 6528 = 8.6/13 lies 2.5' E. Nearby is NGC 2544 12' W and NGC 2550A
= UGC 4397 23' SE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 2550 = Sw II-34 on 7 Sep 1885 (along with NGC 2544) and recorded
"eeF; pS; cE; bet an eF *, and an unequal double star." His position and description matches
UGC 4359.
******************************
NGC 2551 = UGC
4362 = MCG +12-08-038 = CGCG 331-040 = LGG 160-005 = PGC 23608
08 24 50.2 +73
24 44
V = 12.1; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 55d
17.5"
(2/9/02): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 5:3 SW-NE,
1.3'x0.7'. A mag 12 star (with a
mag 14.5-15 companion 30" N) lies 2' NE. The halo suddenly rises to a very small, bright core and
stellar nucleus.
13.1"
(1/11/86): faint, diffuse, slightly elongated, brighter star off NE side. Observation made through thin clouds.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 2551 = T VI-2 on 9 Aug 1882 (while searching for Comet Pons
(1812)) with the 11" refractor at Arcetri Observatory in Venice. He measured an approximate position and
noted "Class III nebula, stellar center; on 11 August observed them
again. Lewis Swift independently
discovered the galaxy on 7 Sep 1885, and recorded it in list II-35. Swift's position is 17 tsec west of UGC
4362. MCG misidentifies MCG
+12-08-039 (one degree north) as NGC 2551.
******************************
NGC 2552 = UGC
4325 = MCG +08-15-062 = CGCG 236-042 = PGC 23340
08 19 20.2 +50
00 26
V = 12.1; Size 3.5'x2.3'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 45d
13.1"
(2/23/85): faint, moderately large, elongated. A mag 11 star is off the NE side 3.1' from the center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2552 = H III-711 on 9 Mar 1788 (sweep 815) and logged "eF,
E from sp to nf, about 3.5' long, 2.5' broad." His position (Auwers' reduction) is 2.4' NW of UGC 4325 =
PGC 23340.
******************************
NGC 2553 = MCG
+04-20-014 = CGCG 119-031 = PGC 23240
08 17 35.0 +20
54 11
V = 13.8; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(1/1/92): faint, small, round, gradually increases to small bright core,
occasional faint stellar nucleus.
A mag 12 star is 2' ENE.
NGC 2556 lies 21' E. Member
of Cancer 1 galaxy cluster.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2553 = m 116 on 17 Feb 1865 with Lassell's 48" and recorded
"vF, S, glbM." His
position is 2' north of CGCG 119-031 = PGC 23240 (same offset as NGC 2556).
******************************
NGC 2554 = UGC
4312 = MCG +04-20-015 = CGCG 119-033 = PGC 23256
08 17 53.6 +23
28 20
V = 12.0; Size 3.2'x2.3'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 142d
24"
(2/16/15): at 322x; moderately to fairly bright, moderately large, oval 4:3
NNW-SSE, 1.2'x0.9'. Sharply
concentrated with a very bright core that increases to a very small, intense
nucleus. A mag 13.5-14 star is
barely off the southeast end, 1.2' from center and a comparable star is off the
north side, 1.4' from center.
CGCG 119-032
forms the west vertex of an equilateral triangle framing the galaxy with the
two nearby stars, and lies just off the west edge [1.4' from center]. At 450x it appeared extremely faint (V
= 15.5), round, just 6" diameter.
Once identified at high power it was also seen at 322x.
17.5"
(3/28/92): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated 4:3 N-S,
strongly concentrated with an abrupt well-defined very bright core, sharp
stellar nucleus, faint halo with ill-defined edge. Two mag 14 stars are 1.2' SSE and 1.4' NNE of center. Located at the north edge of the Cancer
I galaxy cluster. CGCG 119-032 is
just 1.5' W but was not noticed.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2554 = H II-303 = h497 on 28 Feb 1785 (sweep 374) and recorded
"F, S, mbM, r." On 11
Jan 1787 (sweep 683) he noted "eF, vS, near some vF stars; may be a patch
of a few extr small stars."
On 10 Feb 1787 (sweep 697), he logged "pF, S, mbM, irr
R." JH called the galaxy "pB,
R, bM" but his position was 1.0 min of RA too far east and this error was
repeated in the GC and finally the NGC.
Dreyer corrected the RA in the IC 2 notes.
Five
observations of the galaxy were made with LdR's 72". Bindon Stoney recorded on 9 Mar 1852:
"R, bMNucl, 2 st 14m nf and sf, a vS * preceding about the same
dist." Interestingly, the
"vS * preceding" is CGCG 119-032, a faint compact galaxy. At V =
15.6, this is one of the fainter galaxies discovered with the 72" (though
of course it was seen as virtually stellar) and took some effort in my
24", knowing the exact position.
******************************
NGC 2555 = UGC
4319 = MCG +00-21-012 = CGCG 003-028 = Holm 95a = PGC 23259
08 17 56.3 +00
44 45
V = 12.2; Size 1.9'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 115d
17.5"
(2/13/88): moderately bright, moderately large, oval NW-SE. Several stars are near including a mag
12 star at the SE edge 1.1' from the center, a mag 13 star 1.7' NNE and a mag
14.5 star is at the NW edge 0.9' from center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2555 = H III-256 = h498 on 20 Dec 1784 (sweep 346) and remarked
"vF, vS, diffused about the middlemost of 3 small stars in a row; but
seems not connected to them; they being too large and like the rest of the
scattered stars. Verified with 240
power." JH described the
galaxy as "vF; between a *12m sf and one 16m, north. The former dist about 1 diam, the
latter about 1/2 diam from edge.
His position is accurate.
Two stars at the NW edge were recorded in 1857 by R.J. Mitchell, the
observing assistant on Lord Rosse's 72".
******************************
NGC 2556 = CGCG
119-045 = LGG 158-006 = PGC 23325
08 19 00.9 +20
56 13
V = 14.4; Size 0.6'x0.3'; PA = 138d
18"
(2/26/11): very faint, very small, round, very small brighter core, sharp
stellar nucleus. A wide pair of
mag 13.14 stars are within 2' SSW and a mag 10.5 star is 3.5' SE. Located 24' WSW of NGC 2563, the
brightest galaxy in the core of the Cancer I cluster.
17.5"
(1/1/92): very faint, very small, round.
A pair of mag 13/14 stars are 1.3' S and 1.7' S. NGC 2560 lies 12' WNW and NGC 2553 21'
W. Located near the center of the
Cancer I galaxy cluster.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2556 = m 117 on 17 Feb 1865 and noted "vF, vS." His
position is 2' north of CGCG 119-045, the same offset error he made with NGC
2553.
******************************
NGC 2557 = UGC
4330 = MCG +04-20-021 = CGCG 119-048 = PGC 23329
08 19 10.8 +21
26 09
V = 13.2; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 55d
18"
(2/26/11): fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, round, 30"
diameter, gradually increases to a small brighter core. Forms the eastern vertex of a small
isosceles triangle with two mag 13.5 stars 2.5' NW and 2.7' SW. Also forms a larger isosceles triangle
with mag 7.8 HD 69698 situated 5' NW and a mag 11 star 5' SSW.
IC 2293 lies 5.6' SE. This
fainter galaxy appeared faint, small, round, 20" diameter, low even
surface brightness.
17.5"
(2/8/91): fairly faint, small, round, gradually brighter core. Located 5' SE of mag 8.2 SAO 80087 in
the Cancer I galaxy cluster.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2557 = St VIIIb-29 on 2 Feb 1877 with the 31" silvered-glass
reflector at the Marseille Observatory.
Esmiol's re-reduced position is an exact match with UGC 4330.
******************************
NGC 2558 = UGC
4331 = MCG +04-20-022 = CGCG 119-050 = PGC 23337
08 19 12.8 +20
30 38
V = 13.0; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 160d
18"
(2/26/11): fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 4:3 or
3:2 NNW-SSE, 32"x24", sharply concentrated with a 15" bright
core. Located south of the central
region of the Cancer I cluster.
17.5" (1/1/92):
faint, small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, gradually brighter halo, small bright
core. Member of Cancer I galaxy
cluster.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2558 = H III-606 = h499 on 13 Feb 1787 (sweep 698) and recorded
"vF, S." JH called the
galaxy "pF; R; psbM; and then a feeble atmos 25"."
******************************
NGC 2559 = ESO
494-041 = MCG -04-20-003 = UGCA 136 = VV 475 = AM 0815-271 = PGC 23222
08 17 06.3 -27
27 33
V = 10.9; Size 3.7'x1.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 6d
17.5"
(2/8/91): moderately bright, moderately large, oval 3:2 N-S. Unusual appearance as nestled between
four stars in a rich Milky Way field!
Slight concentration but no core.
The brightest of four nearby stars is mag 9.5 SAO 175514 at the east
side, 40" from the center.
Located just 4.5 degrees from the galactic equator!
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2559 = h3118 on 5 Feb 1837 and recorded "pL, F, glbM, in a
field of about 60 stars; one of which = 9th mag, and some others also of less
magnitudes are involved." His
position is just off the east side of ESO 494-041 = PGC 23222.
******************************
NGC 2560 = UGC
4337 = MCG +04-20-027 = CGCG 119-058 = PGC 23367
08 19 51.9 +20
59 06
V = 13.3; Size 1.4'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 93d
18"
(2/26/11): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 or 3:1 E-W, 0.8'x0.3',
sharply concentrated with a small bright core and fainter extensions. Located 1.5' E of a mag 10.4 star and
11' SW of NGC 2563, the brightest galaxy in the core of the Cancer I cluster.
17.5"
(2/8/91): faint, small, very elongated 3:1 E-W, small bright core. Located 4.5' NE of mag 7.9 SAO
116633. A mag 10.5 star is 1.5'
W. Located near the core of the
Cancer I galaxy cluster with NGC 2556 12' WSW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 2560 on 17 Mar 1862 with the 11" refractor at
Copenhagen Observatory (recorded as #78 in AN 1500). His position (based on 4 measurements) matches UGC 4337 and
he accurately placed the nearby mag 10.5 star as 7 seconds of time preceding.
******************************
NGC 2561 = UGC
4336 = MCG +01-22-001 = CGCG 031-081 = CGCG 032-001 = PGC 23351
08 19 36.9 +04
39 26
V = 13.1; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 138d
17.5"
(3/7/92): faint, very small, round, faint stellar nucleus. Located 7' SW of mag 8.6 SAO 116633.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 2561 = Sw VI-31 on 23 Mar 1887 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory and recorded "vF, S, R, right angles with 2
stars." His position is 8 sec
of RA west of UGC 4336 and the two stars lie southwest and southeast.
******************************
NGC 2562 = UGC
4345 = MCG +04-20-031 = CGCG 119-063 = PGC 23395
08 20 23.7 +21
07 53
V = 12.9; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 3d
18"
(2/26/11): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 4:3 N-S,
30"x24", contains a small bright core that gradually increases to the
center. Forms a nice pair with
brighter NGC 2563 4.7' SE. NGC
2560 lies 11' SW and UGC 4332 is a similar distance west.
17.5"
(2/8/91): fairly faint, small, oval 3:2 N-S, halo brightens to a small bright
core. Forms a pair with NGC 2563
4.7' SE. Member of Cancer I galaxy
cluster.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2562 = H III-607 = h500, along with NGC 2563, on 13 Feb 1787
(sweep 698) and noted "F, S, bM." His position is less than 2' WNW of NGC 2562 (similar
offset as nearby NGC 2558 = H III-606).
JH's position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2563 = UGC
4347 = MCG +04-20-033 = CGCG 119-065 = LGG 158-005 = PGC 23404
08 20 35.7 +21
04 04
V = 12.2; Size 2.1'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 80d
18"
(2/26/11): moderately to fairly bright, moderately large, round, 1.0' diameter,
pretty sharply concentrated with a bright, 20" core. With direct vision, the core increases
to a brighter stellar nucleus.
Slightly brighter and larger than NGC 2562 4.7' NW. Located 20' NNE of mag 5.8 HD
69994. This is the brightest
galaxy in the core region of the loose Cancer I cluster.
17.5"
(2/8/91): fairly faint, fairly small, almost round, halo brightens evenly to a
small bright core. Appears similar
to NGC 2562 4.7' NW but slightly larger.
Member of the Cancer I galaxy cluster.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2563 = H II-634 = h501, along with NGC 2562, on 13 Feb 1787
(sweep 698) and noted "vF, vS."
His RA is 6 sec too large.
******************************
NGC 2564 = ESO
562-001 = PGC 23290
08 18 30.0 -21
48 58
V = 13.4; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 60d
17.5"
(3/25/95): faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, weak concentration,
faint stellar nucleus. A very
faint larger halo is visible at moments. A wide pair of mag 12/13 stars at 35" separation lies 2'
NNW and two mag 14/15 stars are 1' NNW.
Located in a rich star field.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2564 = h3119 on 28 Jan 1837 and recorded "vF; vS; R; gbM;
at least 60 stars in field."
His position is 7 sec of RA west of ESO 562-001. This galaxy is situated 8 degrees from
the galactic equator.
******************************
NGC 2565 = UGC
4334 = MCG +04-20-0264 = CGCG 119-057 = Mrk 386 = LGG 156-003 = PGC 23362
08 19 48.4 +22
01 51
V = 12.6; Size 1.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 167d
24"
(4/28/14): at low power appears as close "double" consisting of a mag
~14 star and the fuzzy nucleus (similar or slightly brighter) of the
galaxy! At 260x the bright core is
elongated 2:1 N-S, 20"x10" and surrounded by a very low surface
brightness halo, extending ~1.0'x0.6' NNW-SSE. The superimposed star is at the SSE edge of the core. At 375x, the galaxy is seen to be very
sharply concentrated with a very bright core and low surface brightness
halo. Forms a physical pair with
CGCG 119-056 1.8' NW. The
companion appeared faint, small, slightly elongated, 15"x12",
contains a faint quasi-stellar nucleus.
17.5"
(1/1/92): fairly faint, very small, small bright core, very faint halo
elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE. Unusual
appearance as the core of the galaxy forms a very close double with a similar
star at the SE end. The outer halo
appears to touch or encompass the star.
Located 6.5' NW of mag 8.9 SAO 80108. This galaxy is an outlying member of the Cancer I cluster
and is located ~1¡ north of center of the cluster.
Gerhard Lohse
discovered NGC 2565 around 1886 with the 15.5-inch Cooke refractor at the
private Wigglesworth Observatory in Scarborough, England. His position is 0.9 min of RA east and
1.5' N of UGC 4334 but his description "biN" applies to nucleus and a
superimposed star.
******************************
NGC 2566 = ESO
495-003 = MCG -04-20-008 = UGCA 138 = PGC 23303
08 18 45.5 -25
29 59
V = 11.0; Size 3.4'x2.3'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 50d
17.5"
(3/25/95): faint, fairly large, elongated 3:2 ~ENE-WSW, 2.5'x1.8', diffuse,
edges fade into background.
Unconcentrated except for a nearly stellar bright core. Unusual appearance (similar to a Milky
Way nebula) as it is located in a dense field among a rich group of faint stars
including a mag 13 star just following the nucleus. A 10' semicircle of stars heads to the north and west. Forms a pair with IC 2311 7.6' N. The IC galaxy appeared fairly faint,
fairly small, round, 1.2' diameter.
Even concentration to a small bright core and stellar nucleus. NGC 2566 is the brightest member of the
Klemola 10 quartet.
17.5"
(3/7/92): faint, fairly large, elongated 3:2 E-W, ~2.0'x1.5', very low even
surface brightness. There is no
core and the outer halo is not well defined. Several stars are superimposed including a mag 13.5 star
22" ESE of center. Situated
in a rich Milky Way field.
Brightest in a group including IC 2311 7.6' N. Located just 6¡ from the galactic equator.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2566 = H III-288 on 6 Mar 1785 (sweep 381) and recorded
"vF, considerably large, easily resolvable or rather some of the stars
visible besides those of the milky way scattered over it." His position is off the north side of
the galaxy. Herbert Howe described
the galaxy as a "vS neb or neb *11 w/*12 close". Visually, nearby IC 2311 has a higher
surface brightness and is more identifiable as a galaxy!
******************************
NGC 2567 = ESO
431-SC3 = Cr 180 = Mel 86 = Lund 445
08 18 29 -30 38
42
V = 7.4; Size 10'
13.1"
(3/24/84): about two dozen stars mostly mag 11-13 in 10' diameter elongated
N-S. Includes a long string
oriented N-S on the east side. On
the SW wide is a "U" shaped group of brighter stars open to the
north. Mag 9.0 SAO 199057 lies 6'
SW. First in a group of four open
clusters with NGC 2571 54' N, NGC 2580 44' NE and NGC 2587 93' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2567 = H VII-64 = h503 = h3120 on 4 Mar 1793 (sweep 1033) and
recorded "a large cluster of stars of a middling size, irregularly
extended and considerably rich.
The stars are chiefly in rows." In his 1814 publication, Herschel speculated that each row
of stars may have a different preponderating attraction, but every row will
attract all the other rows..."
JH described the cluster as "a fine, p rich cl; stars 11m pretty
uniform 5..6' diam. The chief
stars make a zigzag line, the outliers extending 20'."
******************************
NGC 2568 = ESO
370-SC5 = OCL-727 = Pismis 1 = Lund 443
08 18 18 -37 06
18
V = 10.7; Size 5'
13.1"
(1/18/85): small, faint group of about 6 stars over haze, unimpressive.
E.E. Barnard
discovered NGC 2568 in 1881 with his 5-inch refractor in Nashville. In Sidereal Messenger, Vol 3, p60, he
described a "very faint nebulosity of moderate extension; pretty even in
light. A small star involved."
So, with the 5-inch scope he didn't resolve the cluster. His discovery list in AN 2588 (1884)
mentions Oliver Wendell, using the 15-inch refractor at Harvard College
Observatory, described it as being "rather diffuse and faint, but
gradually a little brighter in the middle." I'm surprised the large refractor didn't provide some
resolution.
Cederblad
catalogued the cluster Ced 105, although there does not appear to be nebulosity
involved. The Lynga open cluster
catalogue and Sky Catalogue 2000.0 identify the cluster as Pismis 1 although
Barnard's accurate position makes the NGC identification certain. ESO does label the cluster NGC 2568.
******************************
NGC 2569 = MCG
+04-20-035 = CGCG 119-067 = LGG 158-013 = PGC 23442
08 21 21.1 +20
52 03
V = 14.3; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 119d
18"
(2/26/11): faint, very small, round, 15" diameter, very small bright core
in a fainter halo. A thin,
distinctive triangle of mag 13 stars (separations roughly 12", 30",
30") is 1.5' following. Forms
a pair with NGC 2570 2.6' N.
Located 16' NE of mag 5.8 HD 69994.
17.5"
(2/8/91): very faint, very small, round, small bright core in low surface
brightness halo. A group of three
mag 13 stars lie between 1.5'-2.0' E.
Forms a pair with NGC 2570 2.6' N.
Member of the Cancer I galaxy cluster.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 2569 on 19 Feb 1862 with the 11" refractor at
Copenhagen Observatory (recorded as #79 in AN 1500). His position and description ("a miniature 'Triangulum'
is not much more than 1' distant") matches CGCG 119-067 = PGC 23442. Nearby NGC 2570 was discovered at Birr
Castle.
******************************
NGC 2570 = UGC
4354 = MCG +04-20-036 = CGCG 119-068 = PGC 23443
08 21 22.6 +20
54 37
V = 14.5; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 70d
18"
(2/26/11): very faint, small, slightly elongated ~E-W, 0.4'x0.3', very low even
surface brightness, no noticeable core or zones. Appears larger than NGC 2569, located 2.6' S, but more difficult
due to a lower surface brightness.
Located 14.5' SE of NGC 2563 (brightest galaxy in the region) and 17' NE
of mag 5.8 HD 69994.
17.5"
(2/8/91): very faint, small, very low surface brightness. Slightly larger than NGC 2569 2.6' S
but has a lower surface brightness.
Member of Cancer I galaxy cluster.
Ralph Copeland
discovered NGC 2570 on 20 Feb 1873 in his observation of GC 1650 = NGC 2569
(discovered by d'Arrest) with the 72". He recorded, with respect to NGC 2569, "eeF, L, R, pos
3.9¡, dist 174.1". His
micrometric offsets matches UGC 4354.
This member of Cancer I has a redshift of z = .022.
******************************
NGC 2571 = ESO
431-SC005 = Cr 181
08 18 56 -29 45
00
V = 7.0; Size 13'
13.1" (3/24/84): 18 stars mag 8.8-12 in 10' diameter. Includes a wide bright pair (mag 8.8
SAO 175580 and 8.9 SAO 175577) at 1' separation oriented NW-SE near the
center. This cluster is larger and
contains brighter stars than NGC 2587 one degree ENE. Also NGC 2580 lies 47' SE and NGC 2567 54' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2571 = H VI-39 = h502 on 3 Mar 1793 (sweep 1032) and noted
"a cluster of large stars, considerably rich, iR, above 15'
diameter." JH called it
"a v loose straggling but p rich cl which fills the field, st 9m and
under; vl comp middle. Some large
st preced it."
NGC 2571 was
discovered by WH (VI 39). Finder chart and photometry in PASP, 90, 1978.
******************************
NGC 2572 = UGC
4355 = MCG +03-22-004 = CGCG 089-007 = PGC 23441
08 21 24.6 +19
08 52
V = 13.8; Size 1.3'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 133d
17.5"
(3/20/93): very faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, low even surface
brightness. A mag 14 star is just
off the SSW end 0.5' from the center.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2572 = St VIIIb-30 on 2 Feb 1877. His position matches UGC 4355.
******************************
NGC 2573 =
Polarissima Australis = ESO 001-001 = PGC 6249
01 41 37.3 -89
20 04
V = 13.5; Size 2.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 70d
30"
(10/15/15 - OzSky): at 303x "Polarissima Australis" appeared
moderately bright and large, very elongated at least 3:1, ~1.5'x0.5'. Contains a small bright core and a
sharp stellar nucleus (possibly a star?).
Mag 10.3 HD 23641 is 7.4' WNW.
NGC 2573 is the
brightest of three galaxies close to the south celestial pole with NGC 2573A
and 2573B 32' WNW. NGC 2573A is
the fainter of a colliding pair at 1.3' separation with NGC 2573B. At 303x it appeared very faint to
faint, moderately large, very elongated 7:2 ~N-S, ~0.7'x0.2', low surface
brightness. NGC 2573B is fairly
faint, very elongated 3:1 [PA 125¡], 0.6'x0.2', fairly low surface
brightness. The major axis is
extended in the direction of NGC 2573A.
A mag 13 star is 1.2' N.
Images reveal an apparent bridge between the galaxies and plumes, tidal tails and knots
(particularly with NGC 2573A). The
outer tidal plumes were not seen based on my size estimate.
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): NGC 2573 is known as "Polarissima
Australis" and is located only 40' from the south celestial pole. At 260x it appeared fairly faint,
moderately large, very elongated 7:2, ~1.6'x0.45'. Contains a very small, bright nucleus with much fainter
extensions. A mag 10.6/11.2 pair at 7" separation was picked up 13'
NNE. This galaxy was brighter than
I expected based on descriptions I've read.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2573 = h3176 on 29 Mar 1837 and recorded "Neb Polarissima
Australis. Faint, round, gradually a little brighter in the middle, 25"
across. Situated nearly halfway between a star of 10th magnitude south of it,
and a small triangle of stars 11th, 13th and 13th mag. north." This is the
closest galaxy to the south celestial pole. Robert Innes reported he was unsuccessful in searching for
it with the 9-inch Grubb refractor from Johannesburg. The RNGC positions are in
error for NGC 2573, 2573A and 2573B.
******************************
NGC 2574 = MCG
-01-22-003 = PGC 23418
08 20 48.1 -08
55 08
V = 12.9; Size 2.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 150d
17.5"
(2/1/92): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, low even surface
brightness, no core. A trio of
stars are at the south edge; a mag 11 star 1.4' SSE, a mag 13.5 star 1.3' S and
a mag 13 star 1.2' SSW. Located 5'
SW of mag 7.7 SAO 135801.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 2574 = LM II-401 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory. His
position is 7 sec of RA west and 2.8' south of MCG -01-22-003 and his
description "mag 15.8, 1.0' dia, rr; *7.5 at 5' in PA 50¡" matches
this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 2575 = UGC
4368 = MCG +04-20-040 = CGCG 119-075 = PGC 23501
08 22 44.9 +24
17 49
V = 12.7; Size 2.3'x1.9'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 145d
17.5"
(1/1/92): faint, fairly small, round, no core though uneven surface
brightness. A mag 15 star is at
the west end and an extremely faint mag 16 star is involved at the east
end. This is an outlying member of
Cancer I galaxy cluster.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2575 = St IX-14 on 23 Feb 1878. His position and description "eeF, iR, 1' dia, envelops
sev vF*" matches UGC 4368.
******************************
NGC 2576 = UGC
4371 = MCG +04-20-041 = CGCG 119-076 = PGC 23512
08 22 57.7 +25
44 20
V = 14.3; Size 1.7'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 41d
17.5"
(1/1/92): very faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE, weak concentration
with thin extensions. Located 3.2'
E of mag 8.2 SAO 80137 3.2' W. A
mag 10.5 star is just 1.7' SSE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2576 on 29 Mar 1865 with Lassell's 48" and recorded
"eF, eS, stellar." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2577 = UGC
4367 = MCG +04-20-042 = CGCG 119-074 = PGC 23498
08 22 43.4 +22
33 11
V = 12.4; Size 1.8'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 105d
17.5"
(1/1/92): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 ~E-W, ~0.8'x0.4',
dominated by a prominent core, faint stellar nucleus. Forms a pair with UGC 4375 9' NE. I recorded UGC 4375 as "fairly faint, moderately large,
elongated 3:2 N-S, brighter core, faint halo. The appearance is unusual as a mag 12 star is embedded in
the east side. Also three mag
14-15 stars are nearby with one at the south edge."
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2577 = H II-259 on 16 Nov 1784 (sweep 318) and logged "F,
S, iF, resolvable." His
position (Auwers' reduction) is 3.7' NW of UGC 4367 (similar offset as NGC
2599, the next nebula discovered in the sweep). Sir Robert Ball, the assistant on the 72" on 29 Dec
1866 recorded "a very remarkable object. I suspect details would be seen on a better night. At first I thought is was a nebulous
star, but on closer examination considered it a B, vS neb with a nucl (perhaps
stellar); branches were suspected p and f."
******************************
NGC 2578 = MCG
-02-22-002 = PGC 23440
08 21 24.3 -13
19 04
V = 12.6; Size 2.0'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 80d
24"
(2/16/15): at 322x; moderately bright and large, oval E-W, 1.0'x0.7', fairly
strong concentration with a well-defined bright core and much fainter
halo. A mag 15 star is
superimposed on the northeast side [24" from center]. Situated in a rich star field with a
mag 10.5 star 2.5' SE.
Forms a pair
with MCG -02-22-003 = PGC 23449, which lies just 50" E of the mag 10.5
star and 3.0' SE of NGC 2578. It
was seen initially at 322x and at 450x appeared faint to fairly faint, small,
slightly elongated ~E-W, ~20"x15".
17.5" (4/6/91):
faint, small, oval 3:2 WSW-ENE, broad concentration, faint stellar nucleus at
moments, in a fairly rich star field.
Located 2.5' NNW of a mag 11 star.
Forms a pair with MCG -02-22-003 3' SE (not seen) which is close
following the mag 11 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2578 = H III-902 = h3121 on 8 Mar 1793 (sweep 1034) and logged
"vF, lE, bM, resolvable."
JH, observing from the Cape of Good Hope, recorded "vF, R, gbM, in
a field full of Milky Way stars."
Both Herschels' positions are accurate. JH missed the companion described in my observation.
******************************
NGC 2579 = ESO
370-*N8 = ESO 370-PN?9 = Gum 11 = RCW 20 = PP 78 = NS 238
08 20 54.8 -36
13 00
Size 2'
17.5"
(2/1/92): small, bright compact nebula involving a mag 10.5 star. Visible without filter as a small
bright knot forming a close double with the mag 10.5 star just west. Using an OIII filter at 140x the size
increases to 2' diameter and encompasses the mag 10.5 star. With this combination the nebula is quite
prominent as the surface brightness is quite high! Located within a large scattered group of about 20 stars.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2579 = h3122 on 1 Feb 1835 and recorded "A double star
(h4083) involved in pB nebulosity, which seems to belong to both stars; but of
the two the smaller is more nebulous; diameter 50"; in a pretty rich patch
of the milky way." The next
night he logged "a double star, or a star and a nebula, very close and
involving the star ... the field contains about 70 stars, of which 8 are about
9th mag. I cannot be quite positive that the neb extends beyond the large star,
or that the small one is not a mere condensation of it. However, I remain
pretty well satisfied of its investing both." His mean position (4 sweeps) corresponds with this compact
HII region. The Lynga catalogue
includes NGC 2579 as an open cluster at 08 20.3 -36 15 (1950), placing the
object 20' too far SE! At the Lynga
position is a scattered group of stars.
This error is repeated in amateur sky-plotting software such as
MegaStar. ESO 370-PN?009 is a
faint, detached piece off the southeast side with a separate ionizing star.
******************************
NGC 2580 = ESO
431-SC006 = Cr 183
08 21 29 -30 17
48
Size 8'
13.1"
(3/24/84): 15-20 stars mag 10-13 within a rectangle of stars. A brighter double star is close
north. Located 44' NE of NGC 2567
and 47' SE of NGC 2571 in a group of 4 open clusters along with NGC 2587 53'
NNE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2580 = h3123 on 5 Feb 1837 and described a "cluster 7th
class; R; p rich; insulated; 10' diam; stars 12m, nearly uniform." His position is ~1.0' SE of center of
this cluster.
******************************
NGC 2581 = UGC
4388 = MCG +03-22-010 = CGCG 089-019 = PGC 23599
08 24 30.9 +18
35 49
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 10d
17.5"
(1/1/92): faint, small, round, fairly low even surface brightness. A mag 13 star is 2.0' N and a mag 14
star is 1.5' NE of center.
Outlying member of Cancer I galaxy cluster. Incorrectly identified in the UGC, CGCG and MCG as IC 2351.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2581 = St XIII-38 on 7 Mar 1885 and measured an accurate
position. This is one of the last
few galaxies discovered by Stephen.
Max Wolf's IC 2351, found on Heidelberg plates, refers to a mag 16 star
at the southwest edge (30" SSW of center), and UGC, CGCG and MCG mislabel
the galaxy as IC 2351 instead of NGC 2581.
******************************
NGC 2582 = IC
2359 = UGC 4391 = MCG +04-20-050 = CGCG 089-022 = CGCG 119-091 = PGC 23630
08 25 12.0 +20
20 05
V = 13.0; Size 1.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(1/1/92): faint, fairly small, round, weak concentration, very symmetrical
appearance. A bright double star
O·191 = 7.2/9.2 at 38" lies at the edge of the 220x field 11' SW. Outlying member of Cancer I galaxy
cluster.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2582 = H III-753 = h504 on 22 Feb 1789 (sweep 907) and logged it
as "vF, S, R, vlbM."
There is nothing at his position (Auwers' reduction), but 10' southeast
is UGC 4391. JH observed this
galaxy on 3 occasions, recording on sweep 333, "vF; R; gbM; is 90"
following a *11 m, and many small st near." His position on this sweep is at the south edge of the
galaxy.
Max Wolf
catalogued this galaxy from a Heidelberg plate and noted the entry was
identical to NGC 2582, but Dreyer mistakenly recatalogued it as IC 2359. So, NGC 2582 = IC 2359. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 2583 = MCG
-01-22-008 = PGC 23516
08 23 07.9 -05
00 09
V = 13.4; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9
24"
(2/16/15): fairly faint, small, round, 30" diameter, well concentration
with a very small bright nucleus.
Forms east vertex of a thin, isosceles triangle with two mag 14 stars
1.5' W [20" separation]. MCG
-01-22-007 and -006 lies ~4' NNW.
17.5"
(1/12/02): faint, small, round, 40" diameter, bright core, crisp-edge to
halo. A 20" pair of mag
14.5/15 star is just 1.5' W. First
of three on a SW-NE line with NGC 2584 2.7' NE and NGC 2585 6.9' NE.
17.5"
(4/6/91): very faint, very small, round, strong concentration with very small
bright core, stellar nucleus. A
faint mag 14/14 double star with separation 20" oriented N-S lies 1.5'
W. First of three on a line with
NGC 2584 2.5' NE and NGC 2585 7' NE.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 2583 = LM II-402 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 13.5, 0.4' dia, R, sbMN,
1st of 4 [with NGC 2584, 2585, 2586]." There is nothing at his position, but 1.0 min of RA west is
MCG -01-22-008 = PGC 23516. Kobold
measured an accurate position at Strassburg in 1895. MCG doesn't label this galaxy NGC 2583.
******************************
NGC 2584 = MCG
-01-22-009 = PGC 23523
08 23 15.4 -04
58 13
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 0d
24"
(2/16/15): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 N-S, 0.6'x0.3', very weak
concentration. Second in a string
with NGC 2583 2.7' SW and NGC 2585 4.3' NE. Also MCG -01-22-007 and -006 are nearly in a line 2.9' and
4.1' NW.
17.5"
(1/12/02): very faint, small, slightly elongated N-S, low surface
brightness. Second of three with
NGC 2583 2.7' SW and NGC 2585 4.3' NE.
17.5"
(4/6/91): extremely faint, small, slightly elongated N-S, very low surface
brightness. Collinear with NGC
2583 2.5' SW and NGC 2585 5' NE.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 2584 = LM II-403 in 1886 and recorded "mag 14.0, 0.5' dia,
R, 2nd of 4 [with NGC 2583, 2585, 2586]." There is nothing at his position, but 1.0 min of RA west is
MCG -01-22-009 = PGC 23523. Kobold
measured an accurate position at Strassburg in 1895. MCG doesn't label this galaxy NGC 2584.
******************************
NGC 2585 = MCG
-01-22-010 = PGC 23537
08 23 26.2 -04
54 56
V = 13.7; Size 1.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 85d
24"
(2/16/15): fairly faint, fairly small, irregularly round, 0.7'x0.6', weak broad
concentration with no distinct zones but surface appears mottled. In a group with NGC 2585 4.3' SW and
NGC 2583 7.0' SW (on a line) as well as MCG -01-22-012 (identified as NGC 2586
in RNGC and PGC) 16' ENE.
In addition, a
close pair, MCG -01-22-006 and -007, lies 5.3' and 6.4' WSW and has a similar redshift. MCG -01-006 is faint to fairly faint,
small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NE, 20"x10". MCG -01-01-007 is extremely to very faint, very small,
slightly elongated NW-SE, 12"x9", low even surface brightness.
17.5"
(1/12/02): faint, fairly small, irregularly round, weak concentration, 0.9'
diameter. Third of three on a
SW-NE line with NGC 2584 and NGC 2583 to the SW. This is a challenging trio and I missed two nearby MCG
galaxies.
17.5"
(4/6/91): faint, small, round, very weak concentration. Third of three on a line with NGC 2584
5' SW and NGC 2583 7' SW. Viewed
core only (the arms are very low surface brightness on the DSS).
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 2585 = LM II-404 in 1886 and recorded "mag 14.0, 0.5' dia,
R, 3rd of 4 [with NGC 2583, 2584, 2586]." There is nothing at his position, but 1.0 min of RA west
(same offset as NGC 2583 and 2584) is MCG -01-22-010 = PGC 23537. Kobold measured an accurate position at
Strassburg in 1895. MCG
misidentifies MCG -01-22-012 as NGC 2585.
******************************
NGC 2586 = PGC
3325912
08 23 31.4 -04
57 07
Size
18"/16"/11"
24"
(2/16/15): at 322x; this faint triple star (components all ~mag 16V) appears as
a very faint, very small glow, 0.3' diameter with a mag 16 star often
resolving. It is easy to see how
this object could be assumed to be a nebula (galaxy). At 450x, 2 or all 3 stars sparkle, but could hold them
simultaneously.
The RNGC and PGC
identifies MCG -01-22-012 as NGC 2585.
At 322x, this galaxy appeared faint to fairly faint, fairly small, slightly
elongated N-S, 21"x15", low surface even surface brightness. Note: my description applies to the
central region and I missed the very low surface brightness spiral arms.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 2586 = LM II-405, along with NGCs 2583, 2584 and 2585, in 1886
with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. He noted "mag 16.2, 0.8' dia, R,
4th of 4; neb?".
Near his
published position is MCG -01-22-012, but Harold Corwin identifies NGC 2586
with a triple star at 08 23 31.4 -04 57 07 (2000). This triple is 1.0 min of RA west of Muller's position,
agreeing with his offsets for NGC 2583, 2584 and 2585. RNGC and PGC are probably incorrect in
identifying MCG -01-22-012 as NGC 2586, though this still seems a plausible
identification as it is certainly bright enough to be picked up Muller.
******************************
NGC 2587 = Cr
184 = ESO 431-SC007
08 23 24 -29 30
30
Size 9'
13.1"
(3/24/84): 15 faint stars over haze in a 5' diameter extended N-S with mag 9
SAO 17537 at the SE edge. A mag
11.5 star is at the north edge but most members are mag 12-13.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2587 = h3124 on 22 Jan 1835 and described "a milky way
cluster 7th class; irreg fig; pretty much compressed in middle. Stars 10...13m; one 9 m."
******************************
NGC 2588 = ESO
370-SC010 = Cr 186 = OCL-715
08 23 10 -32 58
30
Size 2'
17.5"
(3/25/95): small faint cluster consisting of 15 stars in a 2' diameter with a
few additional out to 3' diameter.
The stars are pretty uniform (mag 13/14) and most are arranged in a
perfect "U" asterism open towards the south. Only a few stars are inside this
"U".
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2588 = h3125 on 16 Feb 1836 and recorded "a small F cluster
of st 15m; 3' diam; R; gbM; not very rich. His position and description matches this faint cluster.
******************************
NGC 2589
08 24 30 -08 46
=Not found,
Corwin and Dreyer.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 2589 = Sw VI-32 on 13 Feb 1887 and logged "pF, pS, lE in
meridian." There is nothing
near his position except faint stars and Howe was not able to visually recover
this object on 3 nights with the 20" refractor at the Chamberlin
Observatory around 1900. Harold
Corwin was also unsuccessful searching for viable candidates - noting NGC 2574
as a possibility - so this number is lost.
******************************
NGC 2590 = IC
507 = UGC 4392 = MCG +00-22-010 = CGCG 004-020 = PGC 23616
08 25 01.9 -00
35 31
V = 13.1; Size 2.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 77d
17.5"
(2/13/88): fairly faint, fairly small, edge-on WSW-ENE, weak
concentration. A bright wide
double star lies 15' NE (7.3/10 at 43"). Located 4.3' N of mag 9.6 SAO 135887.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2590 = St IX-15 on 26 Feb 1878. His position matches UGC 4392. This galaxy was independently discovered by Lewis Swift on 3
Feb 1888 and catalogued as Sw VIII-47 (later IC 507). Swift's position is 10' north of UGC 4392 (after a
precession error by Dreyer is
corrected) so Dreyer assumed it was new.
Howe reported he was unable to find IC 507 on 3 nights because of the
poor position but likely NGC 2590 = IC 507. See Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 2591 = UGC
4472 = MCG +13-07-001 = CGCG 349-029 = CGCG 350-001 = PGC 24231
08 37 25.9 +78
01 34
V = 12.3; Size 3.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 32d
17.5"
(2/1/92): faint, narrow edge-on 6:1 SW-NE, 2.4'x0.4', brighter middle, very
thin faint extensions. A mag 14
star is just off the SW tip 1.4' from center.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 2591 on 12 Aug 1866 and noted "F, S, E,
45"-55" dia, lbM."
His position from 2 observations (#80 in his discovery list in AN 1500)
is an exact match with UGC 4472.
******************************
NGC 2592 = UGC
4411 = MCG +04-20-055 = CGCG 119-102 = PGC 23701
08 27 08.1 +25
58 13
V = 12.3; Size 1.7'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 45d
17.5"
(1/1/92): moderately bright, small, round, sharp concentration with an
unusually bright core for a small galaxy, stellar nucleus, small fainter
halo. A mag 15 star is 1.0' W. Forms a pair with NGC 2594 5' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2592 = H II-315 = h505 on 11 Mar 1785 (sweep 384) and recorded
"F, S, R, bM, cometic or having a seeming nucleus." JH logged "pB; R; vsbM to a *;
20"." and measured an accurate position. This galaxy was observed 14 times at Birr Castle and LdR (or
assistants) thought it was a tight, unresolved cluster on several occasions!
******************************
NGC 2593 = UGC
4408 = MCG +03-22-012 = CGCG 089-029 = PGC 23692
08 26 47.8 +17
22 29
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 172d
17.5"
(1/1/92): faint, small, elongated 2:1 N-S, 0.8'x0.4', weak concentration. Located in the same field with NGC 2596
11' SE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2593 on 26 Jan 1865 and noted "eF, vS." His position matches UGC 4408.
******************************
NGC 2594 = MCG
+04-20-056 = CGCG 119-106 = PGC 23704
08 27 17.3 +25
52 43
V = 13.8; Size 0.8'x0.7'
17.5"
(1/1/92): faint, very small, round, very small bright core, stellar
nucleus. A mag 11 star is just
0.6' S of center. Forms a pair
with NGC 2592 5' NNW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2594 on 29 Mar 1865 and simply noted "eF". His position matches CGCG 119-106.
******************************
NGC 2595 = UGC
4422 = MCG +04-20-062 = CGCG 119-109 = III Zw 59 = PGC 23725
08 27 42.0 +21
28 44
V = 12.3; Size 3.2'x2.4'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 45d
17.5"
(1/1/92): fairly faint, moderately large, irregularly round. Unusual appearance with a very compact
bright core displaced towards the NE end.
Also a mag 14 star is superimposed close northeast of the core. The halo appears more extensive to the
southwest. Located 2.2' NE of
double star h448 = 8.9/10.7 at 31".
Outlying member of Cancer I galaxy cluster.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2595 = H III-599 = h506 on 11 Jan 1787 (sweep 683) and noted
"eF, pL, resolvable." He
made this observation after he viewed Uranus and discovered the moons Titania
and Oberon! JH called the galaxy
"vF; irreg fig; has a coarse double star 30¡ s p, 2' dist [HJ
448]." Five observations were
made at Birr Castle as well as a sketch and the note from 14 Feb 1857
"Query: some vF neby reaches to np side" probably refers to the
northern spiral arm.
******************************
NGC 2596 = UGC
4419 = MCG +03-22-013 = CGCG 089-030 = PGC 23714
08 27 26.5 +17
17 02
V = 13.5; Size 1.5'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 65d
17.5"
(1/1/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 WSW-ENE, weak
concentration. A small group of
five stars lies about 2' E including a close unequal double star (11.5/13.5 at
9" in PA 90¡). NGC 2593 lies
11' SE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2596 = m 121 on 26 Jan 1865 with Lassell's 48" and noted
"vF, S, lE." His
position is 9 sec of RA east of UGC 4419.
******************************
NGC 2597 = NGC
2598:
08 29 57.4 +21
30 07
=1 or 2 *'s?,
Gottlieb. =2*, Corwin. "Not found", Carlson. =NGC 2598, UGC.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2597 = m 122 on 1 Jan 1864, along with NGC 2598 = m 123. He listed very similar coordinates for
the two objects (NGC 2597 is 5 sec of RA west = 1.2 arcmin). But there is only a single galaxy here,
which UGC labels NGC 2598 = NGC 2597.
It's possible that Marth thought this galaxy was double but it is
elongated north-south, not east-west as his position would indicate. More likely NGC 2597 refers to one or
two very faint stars about 1' northwest of UGC 4443. Also see Harold Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 2598 = UGC
4443 = MCG +04-20-065 = CGCG 119-116 = PGC 23855
08 30 02.6 +21
29 18
V = 13.6; Size 1.1'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 3d
17.5"
(1/1/92): faint, small, round, broad concentration. Located just west of the vertex of a "V" asterism
consisting of five mag 11-12 stars; the asterism appears to point towards this
galaxy with the vertex being a mag 12 star 1.7' E. Outlying member of Cancer I galaxy cluster.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2598 = m 123 on 1 Jan 1864, along with NGC 2597 = m 122. His position matches UGC 4443. NGC 2597, placed only 5 sec of RA
preceding, may refer to 1 or 2 very faint stars.
******************************
NGC 2599 = UGC
4458 = MCG +04-20-067 = CGCG 119-122 = Mrk 389 = PGC 23941
08 32 11.3 +22
33 37
V = 12.2; Size 1.9'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(3/28/92): fairly faint, small, round, small high surface brightness core,
stellar nucleus embedded, only a small halo visible.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2599 = H III-234 = h507 on 16 Nov 1784 (sweep 318) and noted
"vF, stellar." His
position (Caroline Herschel's reduction) is 8 sec of RA west and 3.5' N of UGC 4458
(similar offset as NGC 2577, the previous discovery in the sweep). JH measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 2600 = UGC
4475 = MCG +09-14-068 = CGCG 263-055 = PGC 24082
08 34 45.1 +52
42 57
V = 14.2; Size 1.2'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 78d
18"
(3/13/10): first in a group of 5 NGC galaxies. At 280x appeared very faint, small, elongated 2:1 E-W,
30"x15", low even surface brightness. Located 2' ENE of a 50" pair of mag 12 stars. First in a group with NGC 2602, NGC
2603, NGC 2605, NNGC 2606 and second brightest (next to NGC 2606, which is
located 8.6' NE).
17.5"
(3/25/95): faint, small, elongated 3:2 E-W, 25"x15". Brightens slightly to a near stellar
nucleus. Forms the vertex of a
thin isosceles triangle with two mag 12 stars 2' SW. Also forms an equilateral triangle with two mag 14 stars
closer to the north. Located 8.6'
WSW of NGC 2606. In a trio with
NGC 2602 7.5' NE.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 2600 = Big. 37 on 7 Mar 1886. His position is 6 sec of
RA west of UGC 4475 in a faint galaxy group. It's possible that this galaxy was discovered earlier by
Lord Rosse's assistant George Stoney on 9 Feb 1850 as he noted three galaxies
in the field, with one "bright". See NGC 2602 for identification problems in this group.
******************************
NGC 2601 = ESO
060-005 = PGC 23637
08 25 30.6 -68
07 03
V = 12.5; Size 1.6'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 120d
25"
(10/16/17 - OzSky): at 244x; moderately bright and large, oval 3:2 ~WNW-ESE,
~1.2'x0.8', small brighter core. A
mag 13 star is at the east edge, 44" from center. Situated in a very starry region
including a mag 11-11.5 stars 4' SE, 3' E and 2' NE, along with a mag 12 star
1.4' NW and other fainter stars.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2601 = h3126 on 4 Mar 1835 and noted "F; R; gbM;
30"." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 2602 = MCG
+09-14-069 = CGCG 263-056 = PGC 24099
08 35 04.2 +52
49 54
V = 14.7; Size 0.4'x0.2'; Surf Br = 11.8; PA = 27d
18"
(3/13/10): extremely faint, very small, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE,
20"x14", low even surface brightness. Located 2.5' WSW of a mag 10.7 star and 5.2' NW of NGC 2606
in a group of faint NGC galaxies.
17.5"
(3/12/94): extremely faint and small, 15" diameter, possibly
elongated. Located 2.6' WSW of a
mag 10.5 star. Forms a pair with
brighter NGC 2606 5.2' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2602 = h508 on 16 Feb 1831. His mean position from two observations is 08 35 01.4 +52 50
10 (2000), an excellent match with CGCG 263-056. His description from sweep 328 reads "eF; S; R;
north-preceding a star (about 5¡ n p).
The preceding neb of 2 [with NGC 2606]. A mag 10.8 star 2.5' ENE is probably the intended star, so
the description should read "south-preceding a star". MCG and PGC correctly identify
NGC 2602.
The field was
observed three times at Birr Castle.
On the first observation (9 Feb 1850), the three brightest galaxies --
NGC 2600, 2602 and 2606 -- were likely observed. On a second observation by R.J. Mitchell on 11 Mar 1858, 4
nebulae were described and sketched.
Harold Corwin suggests the following identifications: "4 neb.
found, alpha [NGC 2603] is F, S, bM; beta [NGC 2605] is vvF, gamma [NGC 2602]
F, S, lbM; delta [NGC 2606] is E and has a Nucl, a F * sf. alpha and gamma are
about 5 arcmin dist. from one another, and beta and delta about the same dist.
apart."
In compiling the
GC, it appears that JH assumed alpha was h508 = NGC 2602, the preceding nebula
in the sketch. So, he misplaced
the two LdR novae -- NGC 2603 and NGC 2605 -- following, instead of preceding
NGC 2602. In addition, on the
third observation (5 Mar 1867), Sir Robert Ball noted "2 neb seen nearly p
f, p one eeF, f one [NGC 2606]
eF. Measures extremely
difficult. Pos 92¡, Dist
118¡." The preceding nebula is
PGC 2423840, but it didn't receive a NGC designation. See Harold Corwin's identification notes under NGC 2600.
******************************
NGC 2603 = 2MASX
J08343121+5250247 = PGC 3133653
08 34 31.2 +52
50 25
V = 16.2; Size 0.3'x0.3'
24"
(3/13/10): at 320x appeared extremely faint and small, round, 6"
diameter. Required averted vision
to momentarily view, but reaquired several times to confirm. Located 5.0' W of NGC 2602 and 10' WNW
of NGC 2606. Faintest of 5
galaxies in a group with brightest member NGC 2606. At B = 16.9, this is one of the faintest, if not the faint
NGC galaxy.
18"
(3/13/10): not found at 275x.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 2603 on 11 Mar 1858 (along with NGC 2605) using Lord Rosse's
72". Although he made a
sketch of 4 galaxies (out of 6 total in the group), the identifications have
been confused (seen notes for NGC 2602).
NGC 2602 (discovered by JH) is labeled Gamma and NGC 2606 is labeled
Delta. Of the two remaining
galaxies, the logical assignment is NGC 2603 = Alpha = PGC 3133653 and NGC 2605
= Beta = PGC 2424112. Alpha was noted as "F, S, bM." JH assumed Alpha = NGC 2602 when
compiling the GC, so he placed NGC 2603, as well as NGC 2605, following NGC
2602 instead of preceding.
RNGC
misidentifies LEDA 2423840, the faintest galaxy in the group, as NGC 2603. LEDA 2423840 was noted on Sir Robert
Ball's observation on 5 March 1867 (preceding NGC 2606 by 118" in PA 90¡),
but it didn't receive a NGC designation as Dreyer was not sure which two
nebulae were described in this observation. The MCG entry for NGC 2603 (MCG +09-14-072) probably applies
to much brighter NGC 2606 as there are no other nearby MCG entries. At ~785 million light years (z =
0.057), this is certainly one of the most distant galaxies in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 2604 = UGC
4469 = MCG +05-20-022 = CGCG 149-048 = Holm 96a = PGC 23998
08 33 22.9 +29
32 17
V = 12.3; Size 2.1'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.8
24"
(4/28/14): fairly faint, fairly large, round, 1.6' diameter, broad weak
concentration but there was no core or zones. The halo gradually fades out. A pair of faint mag 15.5 stars at ~20" separation lies
1.3' NW (outside the halo). A
bright 30" pair of mag 10.3/10.8 stars lies 5' SSE. Forms a pair (probably interacting)
with CGCG 149-049 = NGC 2604B 3.6' SE.
The companion appeared extremely faint, very small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE,
20"x10" and required averted vision at 260x.
17.5"
(3/28/92): faint, moderately large, 2.0' diameter, low even surface brightness,
slightly elongated but irregular or ill-defined outline. A mag 14 star is 1' off the south edge
and 1.8' from center. A very faint
close mag 15/15.5 double is at or just off the WNW edge. Almost collinear with a double star 5'
SSE with components mag 10/10.5 at 32".
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2604 = H III-292 = h509 on 12 Mar 1785 (sweep 385) and recorded
"vF, pL, R, lbM, resolvable. 2 or 3 pB stars about it." His position is ~10 sec of RA too far
east and 2' too far south. JH
called it "eF; doubtful obs, as at first the neb was hardly seen. Verified, but too late for a good
RA. In field with a double star
which points rather s of it."
The 10 Dec 1866 observation by Robert Ball with LdR's 72" reads
"eF, vL, center not uniformly bright, but the luminous portion lE and
curved, convex preceding (this was little more than a suspicion); vF double
star close north."
******************************
NGC 2605 =
2MASXJ08345328+5248157 = PGC 2424112
08 34 53.4 +52
48 15
Size
0.3'x0.3'; PA = 25d
24"
(3/13/10): at 320x appeared very faint, very small, round, 12"
diameter. Located 2.4' SW of NGC
2602 and 4th brightest of 5 galaxies.
NGC 2606, the brightest member, lies 6.3' E.
18"
(3/13/10): not found at 275x.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 2605 on 11 Mar 1858 (along with NGC 2603) using Lord Rosse's
72". It is labeled on the
sketch as Beta (PGC 2424112) and simply noted as vvF. RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent and the galaxy is
not catalogued in either CGCG or MCG.
See identification notes for NGC 2602 and 2603.
******************************
NGC 2606 = MCG
+09-14-072 = CGCG 263-059 = PGC 24117
08 35 34.7 +52
47 20
V = 14.3; Size 0.7'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 39d
18"
(3/13/10): faint or fairly faint, small, elongated 4:3 SW-NE ,
35"x25". Located 4' SE
of a mag 10.8 star. NGC 2602, a
much fainter galaxy, lies 5.3' NW and NGC 2600 lies 9' SW. A very faint galaxy (2MASX
J08352151+5247337) which lies 2' W was not seen.
17.5"
(3/12/94): faint, small, elongated 2:1 E-W, very small brighter core with a low
surface brightness halo. Located
3.9' SE of a mag 10.5 star. A
small group of stars forming a square with a fifth star near the center lies
about 6' NNE. Forms a pair with
NGC 2602 5.2' NW. This galaxy is
identified as NGC 2603 in the MCG and DSFG to the Uranometria.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2606 = h510 on 16 Feb 1831 and recorded "vF; S; R;
12." The following and
brighter of 2." His mean
position (two sweeps) matches CGCG 263-059. This galaxy was labeled Delta on the field sketch made by
R.J. Mitchell with the 72" on 11 Mar 1858. MCG mislabels MCG +09-14-072 as NGC 2603, instead of NGC
2606 and PGC labels this galaxy as NGC 2603 = NGC 2606. PGC 2423840, located 2' west, was
observed by Sir Robert Ball at Birr Castle on 5 Mar 1867, but did not receive a
NGC designation.
******************************
NGC 2607 = UGC
4473 = MCG +05-20-025 = CGCG 149-051 = PGC 24038
08 33 56.6 +26
58 21
V = 13.6; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(3/20/93): very faint, very small, round, very small brighter core. A mag 14 star is close off the west
edge 1.1' from center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2607 = h511 on 24 Dec 1827 and simply wrote "eF; a doubt
remained; windy." His
position matches UGC 4473, despite the uncertainty in the observation and the
measured North Polar Distance.
******************************
NGC 2608 = Arp
12 = UGC 4484 = MCG +05-20-027 = CGCG 149-055 = PGC 24111
08 35 17.2 +28
28 23
V = 12.3; Size 2.3'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 60d
17.5"
(5/19/01): Supernova 2001 bg (discovered on May 8, 2001) visible as a mag 14
star at the southeast edge of the galaxy [22" E and 19" S of center].
13"
(1/18/85): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 2:1 WSW-ENE, small bright
core. Two mag 11 and 12.5 stars are 5' S with separation 1.3'. NGC 2619 lies 33' ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2608 = H II-318 = h512 on 12 Mar 1785 (sweep 385) and noted
"F, pL, lE, mbM, r." His
position is ~14 sec of RA west of UGC 4484. JH measured an accurate position
(mean of two sweeps).
The galaxy was
observed 8 times at Birr Castle and spiral structure was highly suspected
several times. On 14 Feb 1857, the
observing assistant noted "..twist [spiral arms] in the nebulosity p and f
the nucleus, most apparent preceding." and the 1 Feb 1856 observation
reads "E nearly p f, the p half is much the brighter and I think has curve
in it [in a sketch there appears a dark space p the Nucl].
******************************
NGC 2609 = ESO
124-SC17
08 29 30 -61 06
36
14" (4/5/16
- Coonabarabran, 142x): fairly faint and sparcely populated cluster of 12-15
stars in a 6' circle. Most of the
stars are arranged in a 5'x2' region elongated N-S. Contains a nice double HJ 4108 = 9.6/10.6 at 20" with a
wider and fainter pair (10.9/11.6 at 26") about 2' SE. A mag 9.0 star (HD 72287) lies ~6' W
and additional mag 10 stars lie with 10' to the NNW and SSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2609 = h3130 on 8 Mar 1836 and observed on 2 sweeps. His discovery description reads "A
double star, chief of a cluster 8th class of scattered stars, 6' diam; not very
rich or compression. His position
matches a bright double star (HD 72425) at the center of the group. RNGC classifies the group as
nonexistent (Type 7) although it shows up well on DSS (several mag 12
stars). See Harold Corwin's
identification notes.
******************************
NGC 2610 = PK
239+13.1 = PN G239.6+13.9
08 33 23.4 -16
08 57
V = 13.0; Size 50"x47"
17.5"
(3/25/00): at 280x using a UHC filter appears moderately bright,
~45"x40", elongated SSW-NNE.
A mag 12 star is embedded on the NE edge of the rim. The planetary appears to taper near the
star although this may be a contrast effect. The rim is sharp-edged and the surface brightness pretty
smooth. Located 3.5' SW of a mag 6.5 star.
13.1"
(1/18/85): moderately bright PN, fairly small, slightly elongated ~N-S, about
40" diameter. No annularity
or central star seen. A mag 13
star is at the NE edge. Located
3.5' SW of mag 6.6 SAO 154395.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2610 = H IV-35 = h513 = 3127 on 31 Dec 1785 (sweep 503) and
recorded "a small star with an electrical brush sp; F; S. About 1 1/2' after follows a star of
the 8th magnitude. It resembles
fig 7, Phil. Trans. Vol LXXIV.Tab.17. [Plate VII]". Herschel commented in his 1814 PT paper
that "a small star has a small, faint, fan-shaped nebulosity joining to it
on the north preceding side."
He used this example to (incorrectly) demonstrate the union or mutual
attraction between the objects.
His position (CH's reduction) is accurate. The 1 Feb 1851 observation by Lord Rosse reads "Dark
space foll star, bet neb and star stronlgly suspected like the "snow-drop
nebula" [NGC 2261]. Lord
Rosse suspected a star in it also."
Based on
Crossley photographs at Lick, Curtis (1918) reported "the ring is slightly
irregular, hazy and without structural detail; is 38"x31" in pa
75¡. Relatively vacant around the
central. The matter in the ring is
rather faint."
******************************
NGC 2611 = CGCG
119-127 = PGC 24121
08 35 29.2 +25
01 39
V = 14.3; Size 0.75'x0.25'; PA = 50d
17.5"
(3/25/95): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Located 0.9' NW of a mag 14 star. A nice wide pair of mag 10 stars
(35" separation) lies 10' WNW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2611 = m 124 on 29 Mar 1865 and noted "vF, S, pmE,
gbM." His position matches
CGCG 119-127.
******************************
NGC 2612 = MCG
-02-22-020 = PGC 24028
08 33 50.1 -13
10 29
V = 12.7; Size 2.7'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 115d
17.5"
(2/1/92): moderately bright, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 NW-SE, small
bright core, almost stellar nucleus.
A mag 13 star is 30" N of center and a mag 12 star is 1.2' S. Appears to have a sharper light cutoff
on the north side.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2612 = h3128 on 14 Feb 1836 and recorded "B, S, psbM, E, between
two stars." His position and description matches MCG -02-22-020 = PGC
24028. Engelhardt measured a
precise micrometric position.
Herbert Howe, observing with the 20" refractor at the Chamberlin
Observatory in Denver, noted "not bright but faint".
******************************
NGC 2613 = ESO
495-018 = MCG -04-21-003 = UGCA 141 = PGC 23997
08 33 22.6 -22
58 21
V = 10.3; Size 7.2'x1.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 113d
13.1"
(3/24/84): fairly bright, fairly large, very pretty edge-on 4:1 WNW-ESE, 4.0'x1.0',
broadly concentrated. Several
stars are nearby as the galaxy is located in a rich star field including a mag
12 star 1.5' N, a mag 13 star 2.0' S of center and another mag 12 star at the
west edge of the halo. This is the
brightest galaxy in Pyxis.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2613 = H II-266 = h3129 on 20 Nov 1784 (sweep 326) and logged
"F, E, bM, r, pS that is about 1.5' diameter." On 20 Nov 1784 (sweep 663) he noted
"cB, cL, irr F, E nearly in the parallel." JH made 3 observations from the Cape of Good Hope,
describing it on one sweep as "B, L, vmE in position 110.3¡, pslbM, 3'
long, 20" broad."
******************************
NGC 2614 = UGC
4523 = MCG +12-09-005 = CGCG 331-058 = CGCG 332-005 = PGC 24473
08 42 48.2 +72
58 35
V = 12.9; Size 2.5'x2.0'; Surf Br = 14.5; PA = 150d
17.5"
(2/1/92): very faint, fairly large, 2.5' diameter, round, very low surface
brightness, very weak concentration but no core. Better view at 140x than 220x due to low surface brightness. A mag 14.5 star is at the west
edge. First in a group of four
including NGC 2629 20' E.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 2614 on 1 Dec 1863 while recording NGC 2629. His single position matches UGC 4523.
******************************
NGC 2615 = UGC
4481 = MCG +00-22-019 = CGCG 004-059 = PGC 24071
08 34 33.2 -02
32 48
V = 12.5; Size 1.9'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 40d
17.5"
(4/6/91): fairly faint, fairly small, oval 3:2 SW-NE, small bright core, faint
halo. A mag 12.5 lies 1.8' SSW of
center.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2615 = St XIII-39 on 6 Feb 1885 and recorded "F; oval; 1'
diam; lbM; seems resolvable; faint star involved." His position and description matches
UGC 4481.
******************************
NGC 2616 = UGC
4489 = MCG +00-22-021 = CGCG 004-069 = WBL 188-004 = PGC 24129
08 35 34.0 -01
51 00
V = 12.5; Size 1.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 145d
24"
(2/5/13): at 375x appeared fairly faint, small, round, 25" diameter,
fairly high surface brightness. A
larger halo of extremely low surface brightness was not noticed. A mag 15 star
is superimposed just north of center and a mag 13.5 star is off the NE side,
50" from center.
Brightest of 8
in a group (WBL 188) with IC 515 3.1' SSW, IC 516 4.4' ESE and CGCG 004-072
6.5' SE. The four galaxies, with
NGC 2616 at the NE vertex, form a near parallelogram. In addition, CGCG 004-071 lies 6' NNE, IC 514 12' SSW, CGCG
004-065 14.5' SSW and IC 517 17' SE.
17.5"
(4/6/91): faint, very small, round.
A mag 13.5 star is 0.8' NE of center.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 2616 = Sw III-39 on 9 Mar 1886 and noted "vF; S; R; * nr
north-following; a more distant * in line with both." His position is 6 sec of RA east of UGC
4489 and the description applies.
******************************
NGC 2617 = MCG
-01-22-026 = PGC 24141
08 35 38.7 -04
05 16
V = 13.1; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(4/6/91): very faint, small, round, low even surface brightness. Unusual appearance as a mag 14 star is
involved on the north edge 22" from center and a second mag 14 star is
30" S of center. Forms a pair
with MCG -01-22-027 2.4' E.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2617 = St XIII-40 on 12 Feb 1885 with the 31" reflector at
the Marseilles Observatory. His
position is a perfect match with MCG -01-22-026. MCG and RC3 misidentify MCG -01-22-027, a fainter galaxy
just 2.4' east, as NGC 2617. The
RNGC position and magnitude also refers to MCG -01-22-027, though the RNGC new
description "companion 1' foll" refers to MCG -01-22-026. Roger Sinnott's NGC 2000.0 has the
wrong magnitude and size (based on the RNGC position and mag) and the first
edition of the Uranometria Deep Sky Field Guide also misidentifies MCG
-01-22-027 as NGC 2617 (corrected in the second edition). See Harold Corwin's
notes.
******************************
NGC 2618 = UGC
4492 = MCG +00-22-023 = CGCG 004-074 = PGC 24156
08 35 53.5 +00
42 26
V = 12.1; Size 2.4'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 140d
17.5"
(2/13/88): fairly faint, fairly small, irregularly round, weak
concentration. Located along the
south side of a trapezoid of mag 13-14 stars; closest is a mag 13 star 1' E.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2618 = H III-257 = h515 on 20 Dec 1784 (sweep 346) and noted
"eF, pL, iF, requires long attention; the night remarkably fine."
******************************
NGC 2619 = UGC
4503 = MCG +05-21-002 = CGCG 150-008 = PGC 24235
08 37 32.7 +28
42 18
V = 12.4; Size 2.3'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 35d
24"
(2/16/15): moderately bright and large, oval ~3:2 SW-NE. Sharply concentrated with a bright,
elongated oval core 0.5'x0.3', embedded in a low surface brightness halo
~1.2'x0.7'.
PGC 24340, the
brightest cD galaxy in AGC 690, lies 24' NE. At 225x it appeared very faint, very small, round, 10"
diameter, low even surface brightness.
Once identified, I could just hold it continuously with averted and
concentration. With a redshift of
z = .079, this galaxy has a light-travel time of 1.05 billion years!
13.1"
(1/18/85): faint version of NGC 2608, slightly elongated SW-NE, weak
concentration, fairly even surface brightness.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2619 = H II-319 = h514 on 12 Mar 1785 (sweep 385) and noted
"F, S, bM, r." JH made 3 observations and 26 were made at Birr Castle
with the 72"!
******************************
NGC 2620 = UGC
4501 = MCG +04-21-001 = CGCG 120-006 = PGC 24233
08 37 28.3 +24
56 48
V = 13.4; Size 2.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 93d
17.5"
(1/1/92): very faint, small, elongated 2:1 E-W, low even surface
brightness. A mag 15 star is
30" N of center. Forms a
close pair with NGC 2621 4.0' NE.
NGC 2622 lies 10' ESE.
William Lassell
discovered NGC 2620 = m 124 on 5 May 1863 with his 48" on Malta (about a
month before Marth started his systematic search). It was included in the 1867 Malta catalogue. Lassell's position matches UGC 4501.
******************************
NGC 2621 = MCG
+04-21-003 = CGCG 120-007 = PGC 24241
08 37 36.9 +24
59 59
V = 14.5; Size 0.9'x0.8'
17.5"
(1/1/92): extremely faint and small, round. A mag 13.5 star is 1.4' E and a faint mag 15 star is 1.7'
WNW. Forms a pair with NGC 2620
4.0' SW. Verified on the POSS.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2621 = m 126 on 29 Mar 1865 (along with nearby NGC 2622) with
Lassell's 48" and noted "vF, S, R." His position is 1' south of CGCG 120-007.
******************************
NGC 2622 = MCG
+04-21-008 = CGCG 120-013 = Mrk 1218 = PGC 24269
08 38 11.0 +24
53 43
V = 14.0; Size 0.8'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 45d
24"
(4/28/14): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 or 5:3 SW-NE,
30"x18", contains a very small brighter nucleus. Brightest in a small triplet and
interacting with CGCG 120-011 ("faint, small, slightly elongated,
14"x12", low even surface brightness") just 1.1' SW. PGC 1719307, just 1.4' WSW (V = 15.9)
appeared "very faint, very small, round, 10" diameter."
17.5"
(1/1/92): faint, fairly small, small bright core, very faint halo slightly
elongated SW-NE. Third of three
with NGC 2620 10' WNW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2622 = m 127 on 29 Mar 1865 (along with nearby NGC 2621) with
Lassell's 48" and noted "F, S, R." His position matches CGCG 120-013.
******************************
NGC 2623 = Arp
243 = VV 79 = UGC 4509 = MCG +04-21-009 = CGCG 120-015 = PGC 24288
08 38 24.1 +25
45 15
V = 13.4; Size 2.4'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 60d
13.1"
(1/11/86): faint, small, slightly elongated, weak concentration.
This system is a
late-stage galactic merger and contains two relatively prominent tidal tails
(not seen).
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2623 = St XIII-41 on 19 Jan 1885. His position matches UGC 4509 = Arp 243.
******************************
NGC 2624 = UGC
4506 = MCG +03-22-019 = CGCG 089-055 = PGC 24264
08 38 09.6 +19
43 32
V = 13.6; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.5
18"
(1/13/07): fairly faint, small, round, 25" diameter, weak
concentration. A mag 15.5 star is
close southwest. Brighter of a
pair with NGC 2625 just 3.2' ESE.
Located on the northwest side of the Beehive cluster.
17.5"
(12/19/87): faint, very small, round, bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 2625 3.3' ESE. Located 7.6' E of mag 8.3 SAO 97973 on
the NW edge of M44 = Beehive cluster.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2624 = m 128 on 30 Oct 1864 (along with nearby NGC 2625) with
Lassell's 48" and noted "eF." His position matches UGC 4506.
******************************
NGC 2625 = CGCG
089-057 = Mrk 625 = PGC 24285
08 38 23.1 +19
42 59
V = 15.0; Size 0.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.9
18"
(1/13/07): faint, very small, round, 15" diameter. Smaller and fainter of a pair with NGC
2624 3.2' WNW, though the difference in brightness appears less than the 1.4
magnitudes listed in catalogues.
At the west edge of the Beehive cluster. CGCG 89-56 lies 7.3' S.
17.5"
(12/19/87): faint, extremely small, round. Appears similar to NGC 2624 3.3' WNW but slightly smaller
and fainter. Located at the west
edge of M44 = Beehive cluster.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2625 = m 129 on 30 Oct 1864 (along with nearby NGC 2624) with
Lassell's 48" and noted "eF, vS." His position matches
CGCG 089-057.
******************************
NGC 2626 = ESO
313-N*004 = Ced 106h
08 35 31 -40 40
18
Size 5'
17.5"
(3/23/85): faint, small, diffuse circular reflection nebula surrounding a mag
10 central star. The surrouding,
low surface brightness emission nebulosity was not seen, observing at a very
low elevation.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2626 = h3131 on 2 Jan 1835 and recorded "A star 9th mag
involved in nebulosity, 3' diameter. In the milky way with multitudes of equal
stars all round the neighbourhood, none of which are so affected. Sky quite
pure, not the slightest nebulous haze. No doubt. The nebula loses itself
imperceptibly, the star being (though excentric) yet in the most condensed
part." His sketch was
published on Plate VI, figure 12.
******************************
NGC 2627 = ESO
431-SC20 = Cr 188 = Mel 87
08 37 15 -29 57
00
Size 11'
13.1"
(1/18/85): about 45 stars mag 11-14 in a 10' region elongated E-W. This is a rich and pretty cluster set
over an unresolved background haze.
Located 40' SW of a mag 5 star.
Visible in a 16x80 finder.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2627 = H VII-63 = h516 = h3132 on 3 Mar 1793 (sweep 1032) and
described "a large cluster of scattered small stars, irr F, considerably
rich." JH observed the
cluster at both Slough and at the Cape of Good Hope, where he recorded "a
fine, L, rich, pretty much compressed cluster; irregularly E, 10' l, 7' br;
stars 12 and 13th mag nearly equal."
Both Herschels' positions are near the central part of this cluster.
******************************
NGC 2628 = UGC
4519 = MCG +04-21-012 = CGCG 120-020 = PGC 24381
08 40 22.7 +23
32 22
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(1/1/92): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated N-S, 1.0' diameter,
weak concentration. A mag 13.5
star is 30" off the north edge and 1.2' N of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2628 = H III-235 on 16 Nov 1784 (sweep 318) and recorded
"eF, S, verified with 240 power." His position is ~15 sec of RA west
and 1' north of UGC 4519, but the
identification is certain as there are no other nearby candidates. There were no further observations by
JH or d'Arrest and it was not found with the 72" at Birr Castle on 28 Jan
1867 for some reason.
******************************
NGC 2629 = UGC
4569 = MCG +12-09-010 = CGCG 331-062 = CGCG 332-009 = PGC 24682
08 47 15.8 +72
59 08
V = 12.3; Size 1.8'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 105d
17.5"
(2/1/92): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated 4:3 WNW-ESE, small bright
core, faint stellar nucleus, fairly high surface brightness. A mag 12 star is 40" SSE. Brightest of three with NGC 2641 6.3'
SSE and (R)NGC 2630 = UGC 4547 7' WNW.
NGC 2614 lies 20' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2629 = H III-982, along with NGC 2641, on 30 Sep 1802 on his
last sweep 1112. He recorded
"Two [NGC 2629 & NGC 2641], the place is that of the last [NGC 2641]. That of which the place is taken [NGC
2641] is vF, S. The other [NGC
2629] precedes it RA = 42 seconds and is 6' more north. The preceding one
stellar. It is within 1' of a small star which follows it, and which is free
from the burs which affect the stellar."
This nebula was
not included in WH's third catalogue as it was discovered after his 500
discovery threshold was reached on 26 Sept 1802. It was added as one of the 8 "HON" objects
("William Herschel omitted nebulae") by JH in the Appendix to his
Cape Observations and then included in the GC as III 982. Caroline Herschel's
reduced position (for 1800) is 5' due south of UGC 4569, though the NGC
position from d'Arrest is accurate.
This galaxy is misidentified as NGC 2630-31 in MCG (+12-09-010). See identification notes for NGC 2630
and NGC 2631.
******************************
NGC 2630
08 47 06 +73 00
=Not found,
Corwin.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 2630 and 2631 in July 1883 with the 11" refractor at the
Arcetri Observatory near Florence.
In his discovery paper IX (AN #2660), Tempel refers to "two new
fine nebula very close to NGC 2629" (after the main table) and mentions
that "my two new nebulae are much brighter than those found by DÕArrest
[NGC 2614] and William Herschel [NGC 2629/2641]." Dreyer was only able to provide an
approximate position near NGC 2629 when compiling the NGC, but no pair of
bright nebulae exists near NGC 2629 that might be Tempel's objects. Nevertheless, a confusing array of
identifications have been made by various galaxy catalogues.
RNGC selects UGC
4547 as NGC 2630 and classifies NGC 2631 as nonexistent (Type 7). UGC 4547 is a thin edge-on situated 7'
WNW of NGC 2629 (see observation).
I feel this identification is unlikely due to its extreme faintness and
Malcolm Thomson concurs. UGC 4547
is not identified as NGC 2630 in the UGC or CGCG (331-061) and is misidentified
as NGC 2629 in the MCG and as NGC 2630 = NGC 2631 in the PGC errata paper. In addition, MCG misidentifies NGC 2629
= MCG +12-09-010 as NGC 2630 = NGC 2631.
I discussed the
identifications in several letters with Harold Corwin. He suggests that Tempel
may have confused NGC 2633 for NGC 2629 and that NGC 2630 and 2631 might be
identical to NGC 2634 and NGC 2634A, about 9' SSE of NGC 2633. But NGC 2634A is a very faint edge-on
and I doubt Tempel would refer to this galaxy as a "fine
nebula". So, this pair of
numbers is currently lost. See
Corwin's notes for further discussion.
******************************
NGC 2631
08 47 06 +73 00
=Not found,
Gottlieb.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 2630 and 2631 in Jul 1883 with the 11" refractor at the
Arcetri Observatory near Florence.
See the story of their identifications under NGC 2630.
******************************
NGC 2632 = M44 =
Beehive Cluster = Praesepe
08 40 22 +19 40
12
V = 3.1; Size 95'
16x80:extremely
large, 1.5¡ diameter, very bright, brightest stars are mag 6-6.5, includes many
double stars, well resolved. Too
large for decent view in 13" or 17.5". Bright naked-eye cluster.
The first
written mention of M44 = Beehive cluster = NGC 2632 = h517 is by Aratos of Soli
(~260 BC) in his work Phainomeina (called a "little mist") and it was
probably noted 100 years earlier by Eudoxis. It was later recorded by
Hipparchus around 130 BC as a "little cloud". Galileo made the first known telescopic
observation that clearly identified M44 as a star cluster. His observation of 1610 in Siderius
Nuncius ("Starry Messenger") reads "The nebula called Praesepe,
which is not one star only, but a mass of more than 40 small stars, I have
noticed 36 stars besides the Aselli."
The earliest
found reference to the nickname "Beehive" is from Admiral Smyth's
Bedford Catalogue of 1844: "The Praesepe, metaphorically rendered
Bee-hive, is an aggregation of small stars which has long borne the name of a
nebula, its components not being separately distinguishable by the naked
eye..."
******************************
NGC 2633 = Arp
80 = VV 519 = UGC 4574 = MCG +12-09-013 = CGCG 331-063 = CGCG 332-010 = CGCG
350-005 = PGC 24723
08 48 04.6 +74
05 55
V = 12.2; Size 2.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 175d
13.1"
(1/11/86): fairly faint, small bright core with faint extensions slightly
elongated N-S. Forms a pair with
NGC 2634 8.2' S.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 2633 = T VI-5 = T IX-6 on 11 Aug 1882, along with NGC 2634. His position (corrected in list IX)
matches UGC 4574 = Arp 80 = PGC 24723.
******************************
NGC 2634 = UGC
4581 = MCG +12-09-015 = CGCG 331-066 = CGCG 332-013 = PGC 24749
08 48 24.9 +73
58 01
V = 12.0; Size 1.7'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(3/20/93): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE, prominent
small bright core, bright stellar nucleus. Forms a close pair with NGC 2634A 2' SSE. The companion is faint, fairly small,
very elongated 3:1 WSW-ENE. NGC
2633 is in the field 8.2' N. NGC
2636 lies 18' S.
13"
(1/11/86): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, small bright core, slightly
fainter and smaller than NGC 2633 8' N.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 2634 = T VI-4 = T IX-7 on 11 Aug 1882, along with NGC 2633 = T
VI-5. His position (corrected in
list IX) is an excellent match with UGC 4581= PGC 24749. Harold Corwin suggests NGC 2630 (listed
as "not found") might be a duplicate observation.
******************************
NGC 2635 = ESO
371-SC1 = Cr 190 = Mel 89
08 38 26 -34 46
18
V = 11.2; Size 3'
13.1"
(2/25/84): small, very mottled cluster at 166x but only a few stars are
resolved on the west side. Located
38' NW of Beta Pyxis (V = 4.0).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2635 = h3133 on 2 Feb 1835 and recorded "a pretty
compressed cluster of st; irregular triangular fig; much more compressed than
milky way around it; stars 13 mag."
His position is north of the most richest section of the cluster.
******************************
NGC 2636 = UGC
4583 = CGCG 331-067 = CGCG 332-014 = PGC 24747
08 48 24.5 +73
40 16
V = 13.8; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(3/20/93): fairly faint, very small, round, small bright core, well-defined
halo. Located 5' W of a pair of
mag 10/11 with a separation 1.2'.
Also located 12' SW of mag 7.7 SAO 6661. The NGC 2634/NGC 2634A pair lies 17' N, NGC 2646 15' SE and
IC 2389 8' SSW.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 2636 = T IX-8 on 27 Jul 1883, along with NGC 2646, with the
11" refractor at the Arcetri Observatory near Florence. His description reads "small,
followed by two stars 11-12m close to the same parallel." Tempel's position is 1 degree north of
UGC 4583 = PGC 24747 and the two stars are ~5' following. This misprint was corrected by Dreyer
in the NGC notes section.
******************************
NGC 2637 = CGCG
089-065 = PGC 24409
08 41 13.5 +19
41 28
V = 15.4; Size 0.5'x0.4'; PA = 51d
18"
(1/13/07): extremely faint, small, round, 24" diameter, very low surface
brightness and only visible with averted vision. Located 7' E of mag 6.8 42 Cancri within the Beehive
cluster. Also mag 6.8 HD 73819 is
in the field to the south.
17.5"
(2/8/97): extremely faint and small, round. Appears as 10" nebulous star which required averted
vision to glimpse at moments.
Appears fainter than 15.4z.
Located 7' ESE of mag 6.7 SAO 98030 within M44. The identification of
NGC 2637 with CGCG 089-065 is not certain due to a poor position by Marth.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2637 = m 130 on 30 Oct 1864 (along with NGC 2643 = m 131) and
simply noted "eeF, vS."
There is nothing at his position except brighter stars, but 8' N and 6
sec of RA west is CGCG 089-065 = PGC 24409, which is identified as NGC 2637 in
RNGC, but not CGCG. Although
Marth's declination is poor, this is a similar declination offset as nearby NGC
2643, probably discovered at the same time, so this identification is
reasonably secure. See Corwin's
notes.
******************************
NGC 2638 = UGC
4534 = MCG +06-19-016 = CGCG 179-018 = PGC 24453
08 42 25.8 +37
13 15
V = 12.8; Size 1.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 72d
17.5"
(3/28/92): fairly faint, small, elongated 5:2 WSW-ENE, small bright core, faint
extensions. The major axis is
almost collinear with a mag 12 star 1.6' ENE of center.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2638 = St XIII-42 on 21 Jan 1885. His position matches UGC 4534.
******************************
NGC 2639 = UGC
4544 = MCG +08-16-024 = CGCG 237-014 = PGC 24506
08 43 38.0 +50
12 20
V = 11.6; Size 1.8'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 140d
17.5" (3/28/92):
fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 1.6'x0.9', halo gradually
increases to a small brighter core.
A mag 13 star is 2.5' SE.
There are several fairly bright stars in the field including two mag
10.5 stars 4.6' E and 5.2' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2639 = H I-204 = h518 on 9 Mar 1788 (sweep 815) and remarked
"cB, vS, lE, milky." His
position (Caroline Herschel's reduction) is 2' NW of UGC 4544. JH observed this galaxy on 4 sweeps and
it was logged 13 times with LdR's 72". A "F appendage" was suspected on the 12 Mar 1850
observation and a "F twist starting from sf end and turning p and np"
was suspected in 1863.
******************************
NGC 2640 = ESO
165-002 = PGC 24229
08 37 24.6 -55
07 26
V = 11.1; Size 2.2'x1.9'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 104d
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): bright, moderately large, round,
1.2' diameter, sharply concentrated with a very bright 40" core. A group of 5 faint stars is snuggled up
against the west side of the galaxy in two N-S parallel rows. Another very faint star is just off the
SE side. Located 4.8' NW mag 9.3
HD 73851 and 2.2' SW of a mag 10.5 star
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): this Carina galaxy has an unusual appearance. At 166x, it appeared fairly faint, fairly
small, elongated 4:3 ~E-W, 1.2'x0.9'.
A trio of mag 14 stars is superimposed on the west side of the halo (4
total). The galaxy appears to have
a brighter knot or star on the following end. Situated between a mag 10 star 2.2' NW of center and mag 9.3
HD 73851 4.8' SE. Starhopped over
from mag 1.9 Delta Velorum located 67' ENE. Also, the galaxy is 2.2¡ SSW of the naked-eye cluster IC
2391 (surrounding Omicron Velorum).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2640 = h3134 on 26 Feb 1835 and recorded "pF; S; R; has 3
or 4 vS stars near it, preceding.
Observation taken by Mr. Maclear." His position and description
matches ESO 165-002 = PGC 24229.
RNGC classified this galaxy as an "unverified southern object"
and it was not included in the first edition of Uranometria Deep Sky Field
Guide or the Uranometria 2000 Atlas.
******************************
NGC 2641 = UGC
4577 = MCG +12-09-012 = CGCG 331-065 = CGCG 332-012 = PGC 24722
08 47 57.5 +72
53 45
V = 13.6; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 5d
17.5" (2/1/92):
faint, small, round, broad mild concentration, almost stellar nucleus. Forms a pair with NGC 2629 6.3' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2641 = H III-983, along with NGC 2629, on 30 Sep 1802 (his last
sweep 1112). He recorded "Two
[NGC 2629 & NGC 2641], the place is that of the last [NGC 2641]. That of which the place is taken [NGC
2641] is vF, S. The other [NGC
2629] precedes it RA = 42 seconds and is 6' more north. The preceding one
stellar. It is within 1' of a small star which follows it, and which is free
from the burs which affect the stellar."
This nebula was
not included in WH's third catalogue as it was discovered after his 500
discovery limit was reached on 26 Sept 1802. It was added as one of the 8 "HON" objects
("William Herschel omitted nebulae") by JH in the Appendix to his
Cape Observations and then included in the GC as III 983. Caroline Herschel's
reduced position (for 1800) is 6' due south of UGC 4577, a similar offset as
NGC 264, so the identifications are certain. The NGC position (adopted by
Dreyer from d'Arrest) is 1.0 min of RA too far east. Dreyer notes in his 1912 correction list that WH was
correct.
******************************
NGC 2642 = MCG
-01-22-033 = PGC 24395
08 40 44.4 -04
07 18
V = 12.6; Size 2.0'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.9
24"
(2/16/15): fairly bright, fairly large, dominated by an elongated bar oriented
NW-SE with a mag 14 star superimposed at the southeast end of the bar. Two additional stars are superimposed
nearly in a string to the north [mag 15 star 24" N and a mag 14 star
42" N]. Surrounding the bar
is a low surface brightness glow encompassing these stars, perhaps 1.25'
diameter. The spiral arms were not
evident. Located just north of a bright, equilateral triangle of stars (mag
8.3/9.2/9.5) with sides ~4'.
13.1"
(1/11/86): fairly faint, moderately large, almost round, diffuse, even surface
brightness. Unusual appearance as
a two mag 13/14 stars are superimposed at the north and SE ends of the halo. Three bright stars form an equilateral
triangle just south; mag 8.9 SAO 136172 4.2' SE, mag 8.5 SAO 136168 6.0' S and
mag 9.1 SAO 136160 2.8' SSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2642 = h519 on 19 Feb 1830 and noted "A vF cl or r
neb". His position is 36 sec
of RA east of MCG -01-22-033 = PGC 24395.
The NGC position (from d'Arrest) is 5 sec of RA too far east and 1'
south. J.L.E. Dreyer, observing
with the 72" on 7 Mar 1877, recorded "Neby very distinct, though vF. I strongly suspect an eF branch foll
the 4 [involved] stars, involving some vF stars." The "eF branch" probably
refers to the southern spiral arm.
******************************
NGC 2643 = IC
2390: = CGCG 089-067 = PGC 24434
08 41 51.7 +19
42 08
V = 14.9; Size 0.7'x0.4'; PA = 21d
18"
(1/13/07): very faint, very small, round, 15" diameter. Forms the western vertex of a small
triangle with a mag 11.5 star 1' SE and a mag 14.5 star 1' NE. Located 10' S of a mag 7 star on the
east side of the Beehive cluster with several bright stars in the field
including a wide pair of mag 8.5/9.5 stars 4' SW.
17.5"
(2/8/97): very faint, very small, round, 15" diameter. Located 1.2' NW of a mag 11.5 star on
the eastern side of M44. Several
brighter stars in the 22' field at 220x.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2643 = m 131, along with NGC 2637, on 30 Oct 1864 and simply
noted "eF neb*". There
is nothing at his position, but 11' N and 18 sec of RA west is IC 2359 = CGCG
089-067 = PGC 24434. Although Marth's declination is quite poor, nearby NGC
2637 which was discovered on the same night appears to have a similar
declination error, so this identification seems reasonable.
This galaxy was
independently discovered by E.E. Barnard (discovery communicated directly to
Dreyer) and placed accurately. So,
NGC 2643 is likely a duplicate of IC 2390. Karl Reinmuth suggested the equivalence between NGC 2643 and
IC 2390 and it is mentioned in the RNGC.
CGCG labels this galaxy IC 2390 and does not use the NGC desingation.
******************************
NGC 2644 = UGC
4533 = MCG +01-22-016 = CGCG 032-052 = PGC 24425
08 41 31.9 +04
58 50
V = 12.3; Size 2.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 14d
17.5"
(2/13/88): fairly faint, fairly small, oval ~N-S, weak concentration. A pretty double star mag 13.5/14 at
17" separation lies 3.0' S of center.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2644 = St IX-16 on 6 Feb 1877 and recorded "eF, pL, irr
oval, several small points [involved]." His position matches UGC 4533. The same night he discovered NGC 2174, a large, bright
emission nebula in Orion.
******************************
NGC 2645 = ESO
259-SC14 = Pismis 6 = OCL-754 = Lund 467
08 39 03 -46 13
36
V = 7.0; Size 1.5'
14" (4/5/16
- Coonabarabran, 142x and 184x): bright compact group with a dozen stars packed
into a 2' region. Contains 4 very
bright stars forming a right angle, including a striking pair of mag 9 stars
(HJ 4122) at 11" separation.
A third mag 9 star is 1' W of the pair and another mag 9.5 star is 1'
SSE. The latter star is also a
double with a mag 10.5 companion at 16" separation. This knot of bright stars is situated 15'
ENE of mag 6.9 HD 73658.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2645 = h3136 on 29 Dec 1834 and described a "close group or
small cluster of 12 or 13 large and small stars; place of a double star, the
chief one." This cluster is
equivalent to Pismis 6 (identification from Brian Skiff) with the nearly
central pair HD 73919/CoD-45 4352 at 08 39 04 -46 13.6 (2000).
This position is identical to Herschel's, so he must have used the same
star.
RNGC classifies
NGC 2645 as nonexistent (Type 7) and Lynga labels the cluster Pismis 6 without
reference to NGC 2645.
******************************
NGC 2646 = IC
511 = UGC 4604 = MCG +12-09-019 = CGCG 331-069 = CGCG 332-019 = LGG 162-003 =
PGC 24838
08 50 22.0 +73
27 46
V = 12.1; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.5
17.5" (1/12/02):
fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 WSW-ENE, 0.8'x0.6'. Weak, even concentration to
center. Located 2.5' NNW of a wide
40" pair of mag 11/12.5 stars.
In a group with IC 2389 11' NW, IC 520 14' ENE and NGC 2636 15' NW.
13.1"
(1/11/86): fairly faint, small, round, faint star close south.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 2646 = T IX-9 on 27 Jul 1883, along with NGC 2636, with the
11" refractor at the Arcetri Observatory near Florence. His description reads "small, 2.5'
south-following are two stars 12-13m." There is nothilng at Tempel's position, but 1 degree south
is UGC 4604 = PGC 24838 and two mag 11-12 stars are ~2.5' SSE, matching his
description. The misprint in
declination was corrected by Dreyer in the NGC notes section. I'm surprised Tempel missed nearby IC
520, which is a brighter galaxy.
******************************
NGC 2647 = CGCG
089-068 = PGC 24463
08 42 43.1 +19
39 01
V = 14.3; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2
18"
(1/13/07): faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, very small brighter
core. Located at the eastern edge
of the Beehive Cluster and 1' NW of a mag 13 star. An elongated 6' string of stars heads to the south and
includes two mag 10 stars 4' S and 6.5' S.
17.5"
(2/8/97): faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, even surface
brightness. Located 0.9' NW of a
mag 13 star at the east edge of M44!
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2647 = m 132 on 30 Oct 1864 and simply noted a "neb
*". His position is 1' south
of CGCG 089-068, at the east edge of M44.
******************************
NGC 2648 = Arp
89 = UGC 4541 = MCG +02-22-005 = CGCG 060-035 = PGC 24464
08 42 39.9 +14
17 09
V = 11.8; Size 3.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 148d
48"
(2/21/12): very bright large spiral, elongated ~5:2 NNW-SSE, ~2.4'x0.9'. Contains a large, very bright core that
increases to a stellar nucleus.
Forms an interacting pair (Arp 89) with MCG +02-22-006 2.4' SE of
center. NGC 2648 has an asymmetric
appearance with the south-southeast arm stretched into a faint tidal tail. The brighter portion of the arm extends
south-southeast of the core (in the direction of the major axis), but a faint
thinner extension curves and sweeps east, fading out just before connecting
with MCG +02-22-006. A mag 11 star
is 1.9' E. The companion appeared
moderately bright, edge-on 5:1 WNW-ESE, 1.0'x0.2', sharply concentrated with a
very small, bright nucleus. The
system was classified by Arp under "spiral with a large high
surface-brightness companion on arms".
24"
(4/28/14): moderately to fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 5:2 NW-SE,
sharply concentrated with a very bright core, 1.5'x0.6'. A mag 11 star lies 1.9' E of
center. Forms a pair (Arp 89) with
edge-on MCG +02-22-006 2.4' SE.
The companion appeared very faint, small, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE,
~25"x10", low even surface brightness.
17.5"
(2/1/92): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 5:2 NW-SE, small very
bright core. Located 1.9' W of a
mag 10.5 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2648 = H III-49 = h521 = h3135 on 19 Mar 1784 (sweep 177) and
recorded "F, S, with a nucleus.
I had some doubts but 240 confirmed the reality." On 18 Mar 1786 (sweep 538) he logged
"F, lE from np to sf, cS. Almost like two joined together." JH made two observations at Slough and
from the Cape of Good Hope noted "pB; lE; psmbM; precedes a star
10m."
R.J. Mitchell,
observing with LdR's 72" on 23 Feb 1857, described NGC 2648 as "E np
sf, mbM." In addition he
noted and sketched a second nebula, "I think Alpha is a very faint ray
though likely to be taken at first for a star." The diagram clearly reveals that Alpha -- drawn as a small
nebula extending WNW-ESE -- is CGCG 060-036 = PGC 24469. The full description and sketch was not
included in LdR's 1861 monograph, so JH was unaware when he compiled the GC and
Dreyer skipped CGCG 060-036 when compiling the NGC.
******************************
NGC 2649 = UGC
4555 = MCG +06-19-018 = CGCG 179-022 = PGC 24531
08 44 08.3 +34
43 02
V = 12.3; Size 1.6'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(3/20/93): very faint, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter, almost even surface
brightness. A mag 14 star is at
the north edge 30" from center.
MCG +06-19-020 lies 24' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2649 = H II-727 = h522 on 5 Feb 1788 (sweep 807) and called
"pF, pL, iR, resolvable."
His position is 2' NW of UGC 4555 = PGC 24531. The 9 Mar 1852 observation with LdR's 72" reads
"Almost planetary, star in north edge, second star much smaller preceding
it."
******************************
NGC 2650 = UGC
4603 = MCG +12-09-020 = CGCG 332-018 = LGG 163-002 = PGC 24817
08 49 58.4 +70
17 58
V = 13.3; Size 1.6'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 82d
17.5"
(2/2/02): faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 ~E-W, 0.6'x0.4', even surface
brightness. A mag 14 star is at
the east end [23" from center] and a fainter mag 14.5 star is just off the
north edge [33" from center].
Located 7.6' W of mag 7.3 SAO 6667.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2650 = H II-908 on 30 Sep 1802 (his last sweep 1112) and
recorded "pB, pL, easily resolvable. I believe I see some of the stars.
Irregular figure." His
position (Caroline's reduction) and description matches UGC 4603. This galaxy was not included in WH's
third catalogue as it was discovered after his 500 discovery threshold was
reached on 26 Sep 1802. JH added
it in the appendix to his CGH catalogue as one of 8 "HON" (Herschel
omitted Nebulae) and he included it in the GC as H II-908 = GC 1690.
******************************
NGC 2651 = CGCG
061-001 = PGC 24521
08 43 55.2 +11
46 16
V = 15.2; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.7
18"
(3/11/07): extremely faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, very low even
surface brightness and requires averted vision. Located 48' SW of 5.9-magnitude 50 Cancri.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2651 = m 133 on 10 Mar 1864 and noted "eF, S, E." His position is 1' south of CGCG
61-001.
******************************
NGC 2652 = NGC
2974 = MCG +00-25-008 = CGCG 007-022 = UGCA 172 = PGC 27762
09 42 33.0 -03
41 59
V = 10.9; Size 3.5'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 42d
See observing
notes for NGC 2974.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 2652 = LM II-406 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 12.0, 0.7'x0.3', E 50¡, gbM,
stellar ncl, *9 at 0.8' in PA 240¡."
There is nothing near his published position. But Harold Corwin uncovered that Stone made a 1 hour
clerical error in RA. Once
corrected, the position is a reasonable math with NGC 2974 and his detailed
description is a perfect match. So, NGC 2652 = NGC 2974 with NGC 2974 the
primary designation (WH discovery).
******************************
NGC 2653
08 54 55.6 +78
23 37
Size 17"
=**,
Corwin. =group of stars (north of
NGC 2655), Carlson.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 2653 = T VI-7 on 18 Aug 1882 and reported a tiny nebula 12'
north of NGC 2655 = H I-288. At
this position is a 16" pair of mag 13/14 stars that fits Tempel's
description ("together with 2 brighter stars forms an obtuse
triangle").
******************************
NGC 2654 = UGC
4605 = MCG +10-13-017 = CGCG 288-006 = PGC 24784
08 49 11.9 +60
13 16
V = 11.8; Size 4.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 63d
13.1"
(1/11/86): fairly faint, edge-on 4:1 SW-NE, bright elongated core. A mag 11 star is 4.5' N.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 2654 = T VI-6 on 18 Aug 1882 and recorded "S, B, II-III
class; stellar ncl; a star 10m is 4'-5' north." His position is 0.9 min of RA west and 3' north of UGC 4605,
but their are no other nearby candidates and the description fits perfectly (a
mag 11 star is 4.4' NNE).
******************************
NGC 2655 = Arp
225 = UGC 4637 = MCG +13-07-010 = CGCG 349-033 = CGCG 350-007 = PGC 25069
08 55 38.5 +78
13 25
V = 10.1; Size 4.9'x4.1'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 85d
17.5"
(2/1/92): very bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 E-W, 3'x2', even
concentration to an unusually bright core and almost stellar nucleus. There appears to be a sharper light
cut-off along the north side.
Forms an equilateral triangle with mag 9.2 SAO 6687 10' NE and mag 7.4 SAO
6692 11' SE. Brightest in a group
(LGG 165) including NGC 2591, 2715 and 2748.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2655 = H I-288 = h520 on 26 Sep 1802 (sweep 1111, his second to
last sweep) and recorded "vB, cL, lE, suddenly mbM. I suspect it to be a cl of star." CH's reduced position is 5' north of
UGC 5152. JH logged this galaxy as
"vB; lE; in parallel; psmbM, to a nucl = a * 12m; 30". Has a L * p and another f, at a
considerable distance."
Horace Tuttle independently found the galaxy on 8 Apr 1850 with the
15-inch Merz refractor at the Harvard College Observatory and it was reported
as HC 12 in the AN #1453 discovery list.
The HCO position is accurate.
According to
Michael Hoskin's "Unfinished Business: William HerschelÕs Sweeps for
Nebulae", NGC 2655 = H I-288, NGC 2908 = H III-977 and NGC 3057 = H
III-978 were the last three entries in his third catalogue to officially bring
the total to 500 -- added after Herschel's third catalogue had been sent to the
Royal Society for publication in 1802. A month after submission, Caroline
discovered that only 497 objects were included and on 26 Sep 1802, Herschel
found 6 new nebulae. Three of these (including NGC 2655) were added by
Caroline to the catalogue, and three were saved for a possible additional
catalogue. A few nights later (30 Sep 1802) WH discovered 4 more nebulae
but these along with 3 from earlier years that were overlooked were added at
the last minute to the proofs to bring the actual total to 510, as WH was
finished with his sweeps.
******************************
NGC 2656 = MCG
+09-15-025 = CGCG 264-015 = VV 703 = PGC 24707
08 47 53.1 +53
52 34
V = 13.8; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(1/12/02): faint, small, round, 35" diameter, even surface
brightness. A mag 12 star lies
3.5' W. This is a double system
with a compact companion (not seen) at the west edge. Forms a pair with much fainter CGCG 264-014 3.4' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2656 = h523 on 10 Feb 1831 and simply noted "eF;
psbM." His position from this
single observation matches CGCG 264-015 = PGC 24707.
******************************
NGC 2657 = UGC 4573
= MCG +02-23-002 = CGCG 061-006 = PGC 24595
08 45 15.8 +09
38 43
V = 13.0; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(2/1/92): fairly faint, fairly small, round, weak concentration. Forms the vertex of a right triangle
with a mag 12 star 2' SSW and a mag 13 star 3' SE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2657 = St XIII-43 on 7 Mar 1885. His position matches UGC 4573. This is one of the last few galaxies discovered by Stephan,
along with NGC 2657 and NGC 3007 9 days later.
******************************
NGC 2658 = ESO
432-SC4 = Cr 195 = Mel 90
08 43 27 -32 39
24
Size 12'
13.1"
(2/25/84): 10 stars mag 11-14 resolved over haze in a 7' diameter. A knot or double star is at the north
edge. Three mag 11 stars are off
the south, southeast and east side but the remaining stars are mag 13-14. Alpha Pyxidis (V = 3.7) lies 35' SSE.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 2658 = D 609 = h4017 on 28 May 1826 and described a "small
round faint nebula. North of L. Pyxidis". His position is just 3.3' southwest of center (relatively
accurate for his positions), so the identication is fairly secure. JH recorded the cluster on 16 Feb
1836 and noted a "Cl class 8; not m comp; not v rich; v irreg fig; 5'
diam; st 12.13m." He added
the cluster in a supplementary list at the end of the Cape catalogue (h4016 to
h4021). Dreyer identified these
objects as "h o n" (John Herschel Omitted Object) in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 2659 = ESO
260-SC3 = Cr 194 = Mel 91
08 42 39 -44 57
30
V = 8.6; Size 12'
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): bright, compact group with 15-20 stars in a 4' group
including five mag 10-10.5 stars and a distinctive brighter pair. This cluster is in the same field as
the Vela Supernova Remnant, though I didn't search for filaments in this
region.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2659 = h3137 on 3 Feb 1835. His second more detailed description reads "Cluster VII
class; p rich, pL, 12' l, 8' br; fig irreg; rather branching stars 11..14th
mag, not compressed in middle."
Both descriptions give a much larger size than I noted in my
observation.
******************************
NGC 2660 = ESO
260-SC4 = Cr 193 = Mel 92
08 42 38 -47 12
02
V = 8.8; Size 4'
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): this distant cluster appeared relatively faint, small,
and was only partially resolved.
It appeared ~2' in diameter and comparable to a faint globular
cluster. A few faint stars were
resolved on the west side and an unresolved brighter knot of stars resides on
the south side. The cluster is
wedged between a yellow/orange mag 8.4 star 2.5' S and a mag 10 star to the
north. Located 16' ENE of mag 4.7
HD 74272.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2660 = h3138 on 29 Dec 1834 and recorded a "Cl VI cluster;
irreg R; gbM; 4'; resolved into distinct stars 14m." His position (measured on 2 sweeps) is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 2661 = UGC
4584 = MCG +02-23-004 = CGCG 061-008 = PGC 24632
08 45 59.5 +12
37 15
V = 12.8; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(3/29/89): fairly faint, small, round, weak concentration. A mag 11 star 1.0' W of center and
30" of the edge of the halo detracts from viewing.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2661 = H III-50 = Big 38 on 19 Mar 1784 (sweep 177) and logged
"eF, near a pB star, I had only a distant suspicion of its existence, but
240 confirmed it beyond a doubt and showed it of some considerable extent. It is circular and without a
nucleus." There is nothing at
his position, but 28 sec of RA west and 1' north is UGC 4584. The "pB star" is 1' west.
In the GC, JH
remarked "I find a memorandum to the effect that this neb is lost and was
probably a comet, but I cannot recover my authority for the statement. It is described by H. as "of the
last degree of faintness," and it is therefore no way surprising that it
should not have been again pereceived without some time and trouple bestowed,
and in clear weather."
Biguordan found this galaxy on 8 Mar 1886 and measured an accurate
position. In the remarks section
of his second Comptes Rendus list, Bigourdan noted B. 38 was identical to GC 1696 [NGC 2661], which has an
error of 28 seconds in RA. Dreyer
repeated in the 1912 revision of WH's catalogues that the "RA is 28s too
great (Ann. Harv. Coll., xiii, and Bigourdan.)"
******************************
NGC 2662 = MCG
-02-23-002 = PGC 24612
08 45 32.0 -15
07 17
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(3/12/94): fairly faint, very small, elongated 4:3 WSW-ENE, sharp concentration
with a very small high surface brightness core surrounded by a very faint
halo. A mag 14 star is 43"
WNW of center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2662 = h3139 on 16 Mar 1836 and remarked "vF; vS; R; bM;
near a * 15m." His position
is exactly 10' S of M-02-23-002 = NPM1G -14.0271. Herbert Howe recovered the galaxy after 3 failed attempts at
JH's position and finally measured an accurate position in 1898 using the
20" refractor at the Chamberlin Observatory in Denver.
******************************
NGC 2663 = ESO
371-014 = MCG -06-20-001 = PGC 24590
08 45 08.1 -33
47 41
V = 10.9; Size 3.5'x2.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 110d
17.5"
(3/12/94): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, 2.2'x1.5',
contains a prominent core which is evenly concentrated down to a non-stellar
nucleus. Located in rich star
field. Several stars are within 5'
including a mag 14 star 1.2' N of center and a mag 11.5 star 3.8' NW of
center. Located 5.7' NE of a mag
10.5 star.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 2663 = Sw III-40 on 8 Feb 1886 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory in New York.
His position is 2.6' south of ESO 371-014. This is probably the
brightest galaxy (V = 10.9) discovered by Swift and the most southerly!
******************************
NGC 2664
08 47 07 +12 36
24
Size 5'
17.5"
(2/8/97): poor scattered asterism of 10 stars in a 5' region dominated by four
mag 10-11 stars in a "kite" asterism with pairs of sides 2' and
3'. Only noticeable at low power
and does not resemble a cluster, although the fainter stars are nicely spaced
around the bright stars. A fainter
group with 4-5 mag 13 stars lies 5' NW.
Listed as a nonexistent cluster in RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2664 = h524 on 20 Mar 1830 and recorded "A neat cl of stars
9 and 10m regularly arranged about a central one (N.B. This is nearly the place
of III 50, but no neb was noticed.)"
At JH's position are four mag 10/11 stars with several mag 13/14 stars
nearby (his position nearly coincides with a mag 10 star at 08 47 13.8 +12 36
14).
Karl Reinmuth,
in his 1926 photographic survey based on Heidelberg plates, adds "pS Cl of
a few st 10...15." Harold Corwin
notes that Villanova (2004, A&A, 428, 67) concludes this is a random
enhancement of field stars and not a cluster. The position given here corresponds with the center of this
asterism.
******************************
NGC 2665 = ESO
563-019 = MCG -03-23-004 = UGCA 144 = PGC 24634
08 46 00.9 -19
18 11
V = 12.2; Size 2.0'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 144d
17.5"
(2/1/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, small bright core
contains a faint stellar nucleus.
A very faint star is superimposed.
Two mag 11 stars lie 3.5' N and 3.7' ESE.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 2665 = LM II-407 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory and noted "mag 11.0, 0.6' dia, R,
gbMN." His position matched
ESO 563-019 = PGC 24634.
******************************
NGC 2666
08 49 49 +44 42
12
Size 11'
18"
(2/14/10): The HD 751354 group consists of nearly two dozen stars scattered
around a mag 8 star. Three
collinear stars (length 3') oriented SW to NE are 2' E of HD 75135. Another group of ~10 stars is scattered
over a 5' region to the NW of the bright star. This group was visually uninspiring and appears to be an
asterism.
18"
(2/23/06): the only possible candidate near John Herschel's original position
is a mag 11.7 star and a group of five mag 13.5-14.5 stars close south. Four of the stars are strung along a 5'
gently curving arc. To the
northeast is a much brighter 10' string of a half dozen stars that extends
towards the northeast. Neither of
these asterisms, though, are probably eye-catching enough to be mentioned as a
"course cluster".
Note: Based on more recent
historical investigation, this identification is incorrect.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2666 = h525 on 19 Mar 1828 and simply noted "The chief * of
a coarse cluster." There is
no indication of the size of his cluster, but there is no object matching his
description nearby. Karl Reinmuth
remarked "nothing like a cluster" in his NGC photographic survey
based on Heidelberg plates.
In Jun 2016
Harold Corwin checked JH's sweep record again and found "JH accidentally
copied the reduced NPD of the preceding object in the sweep (a double star)
into the column for the reduced NPD of this cluster. The difference in the NPD index between the two objects is
2d 21' 18", leading to a corrected position for JH's "chief *"
of 08 38 14.8, 44 40 27 (NPD, 1830) or 08 49 49, +44 42.3 (J2000), very close
to the position of the SAO star.
The identity of JH's object with the sparce group is no longer in any
doubt."
******************************
NGC 2667 = IC
2410 = MCG +03-23-007 = CGCG 090-016 = Holm 98a = WBL 196-003 = PGC 24741
08 48 27.3 +19
01 09
V = 13.9; Size 0.8'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 80d
24"
(2/16/15): at 322x; fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 E-W,
35"x14", low even surface brightness. Forms a pair with IC 2411 1.6' NNE. This close companion (similar redshift)
appeared very faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 25"x12", very
low surface brightness. In a group with NGC 2762/2763 13' ENE and IC 2399 11'
SW.
17.5"
(1/28/89): very faint, small, elongated E-W.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 2667 on 18 Feb 1862 while observing and measuring NGC
2672. His single position is not
very accurate, but 7 seconds of time east is CGCG 090-016, the brighter of pair
of galaxies. Max Wolf found NGC
2667, as well as the companion 1.6' NNE on Heidelberg plates and catalogued
both galaxies (IC 2410 and 2411) without reference to NGC 2667. So, NGC 2667 = IC 2410 and NGC 2667B =
IC 2411. CGCG (090-016) and MCG (+03-23-007) both label this galaxy as IC 2410,
without reference to NGC 2667.
Interestingly,
Ralph Copeland, observing NGC 2667 with the 72" on 26 Dec 1873 noted
"cF, pS, lE p f, was thought to have an eF companion about 2'
nf." The companion is clearly
IC 2411. Dreyer later reobserved
the field in 1876 and apparently was not convinced: "eF; I think it is
only a *16 m +/- nf." Due to Dreyer's uncertainty, IC 2411 missed
receiving a NGC designation.
******************************
NGC 2668 = UGC
4616 = MCG +06-20-007 = CGCG 180-013 = PGC 24791
08 49 22.5 +36
42 37
V = 13.8; Size 1.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 155d
17.5"
(3/20/93): very faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 ~N-S, low even surface
brightness.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2668 = St IX-17 on 7 Feb 1877. His position (Esmiol's reduction) matches UGC 4616.
******************************
NGC 2669 = ESO
165-SC5 = Cr 202 = Harvard 3 = vdB-Ha 52
08 46 22 -52 56
54
V = 6.1; Size 12'
14" (4/3/16
- Coonabarabran, 142x and 184x): fairly rich group of ~60 stars in a 6' or 7'
region, elongated N-S. Includes a mix of brighter mag 9.5-11 stars, along with
a number of faint mag 14-15 stars.
A mag 9.5 star and five mag 11-12 in a 1.5' N-S string, is on the
northeast side. The cluster is
bounded by a striking number of very bright stars including mag 7.6 HD 75105
off the southwest side, mag 8.2 HD 75227 and mag 7.7 HD 75202 off the north
side, and mag 8.6 HD 75167 off the south side (20" pair with a mag 11
star). The group spans at least
12' to 14' if you include these bright stars. Located ~55' E of IC 2391 (surrounding mag 3.6 Omicron
Velorum).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2669 = h3140 on 11 Apr 1834 and recorded "Cluster VIII
class. A L, poor, loose cl of
stars, 10...13m." The
position was noted as very uncertain, with the RA to the nearest (+/-) minute.
There is nothing resembling even a poor cluster near his position. Dreyer credited Persian astronomer
Al-Sžfi with the discovery of NGC 2669, but Al-Sžfi mentioned IC 2391 instead.
According to
Archinal and Hynes in "Star Clusters", in 1930 Robert Trumpler found
the most likely candidate for Herschel's missing cluster. He noted "NGC 2669 - Declination
of NGC corrected by +1¡.", which corresponds with ESO 165-SC5. This cluster fits JH's description
though Archinal comments that several of the stars are brighter than mag
10...13. He also mentions that
Harvard 3 (from Shapley's 1930 Monograph on star clusters) refers to a part of
NGC 2669.
******************************
NGC 2670 = ESO
210-SC5 = Cr 200 = Mel 93 = Lund 484
08 45 30 -48 47
30
V = 7.8; Size 7'
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): at 166x, this fairly bright open cluster has an unusual
appearance. Roughly two dozen
stars mag 10-12 are arranged in a "wishbone" arrangement with a
distinctive string of stars running SW-NE with the brightest mag 9 star on the
SW end, with another string running E-W and a third side running N-S. The group is ~6' in diameter.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2670 = h3142 on 18 Feb 1836 and recorded "a cluster 8th
class, not rich, nor much compressed; 8' in diameter, irr round, stars 13
mag." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 2671 = ESO
313-SC14 = Cr 201
08 46 12 -41 52
36
Size 4'
17.5"
(12/19/87): faint, small cluster.
Between 15-20 stars mag 11-13 are resolved over haze. This cluster is far south for viewing
from Northern California.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 2671 = D 489 = h3141 on 1 May 1826 and recorded "a very
faint nebula, about 6' diameter, with small stars scattered in it - in the milky
way." Dunlop made 2
observations and his position is just 2' SSE of center. JH made a single observation on 2 Mar
1835 and logged "a pretty rich, irregularly round cluster, not mbM, stars
12..13th mag, place that of the general middle." JH noted D 489 and D 490 as possible equivalences, though D
490 appears to describe Tr 10 = Cr 203: "very large cluster of pretty
bright stars, coarsely scattered, about 1¡ diameter, following a star 5th
magnitude, 396 Argus (Bode)."
******************************
NGC 2672 = Arp
167 NED1 = UGC 4619 = MCG +03-23-010 = CGCG 090-019w = Holm 99a = PGC 24790
08 49 21.9 +19
04 29
V = 11.7; Size 3.0'x2.8'; Surf Br = 14.0
24"
(2/16/15): bright, fairly large, sharply concentrated with a very bright
core. The large halo (~1.6' dia)
has a low surface brightness and appears to encompass NGC 2673 (just 35"
between center). A mag 14 star
lies 1.2' SE and a mag 13.7 star is 1.6' NE. A mag 15 star is embedded on the west edge of the halo
[34" from center]. At 450x,
the core gradually brightens to a quasi-stellar nucleus.
17.5"
(1/28/89): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated, sharp
concentration. Forms a contact
pair with NGC 2673 at the east edge 40" separation between centers. A mag 13.5 star is 1.5' NNE and a fainter
mag 14 star is 1.1' SE.
13.1"
(1/18/85): moderately bright, slightly elongated ~E-W, bright core.
13.1"
(1/28/84): fairly faint, small, round.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2672 = H II-48 = H II-80 = h526 on 14 Mar 1784 (sweep 169) and
recorded "a nebula r[esolvable], pL, lbM then towards the extremes and
contains one star following the brightness and very near to it." His position is off by nearly 15' (the
reference star was a large distance away) and the nearby star he mentions is
the close companion NGC 2673.
Dreyer noted in his 1912 publication of WH's catalogues, that
"there was some doubt about the contraction of the rope in Sw. 169, hence
in the error in the P.D. of II.48." One week later he recorded II-80 on sweep 181 as
"pB, pL, E, r. I can see 2 or 3 stars in it." In this sweep his position was accurate
to within 2', so the identification is certain. Another observation of II-80 was on 13 Feb 1787 (sweep 698):
"pB, E from a few degrees sp to nf.
The greatest brightness lays to the preceding side, it resembles a small
one with another much smaller close to it nf [NGC 2673] with resolvable
nebulosity around it." In
this sweep he mentioned he looked for II-48, but couldn't find it.
Coincidentally,
JH discovered a very faint galaxy (h527 = NGC 2677 = CGCG 090-021) on 17 Mar
1831 near Caroline Herschel's reduced position for H II-48 that he assumed was
his father's II-48. On 19 Dec
1848, George Stoney discovered NGC 2673, a close companion to NGC 2672 -- noted
as a star by both Herschels -- with LdR's 72", but he thought it was
h527. In the GC, JH still listed H
II-48 under the entry for NGC 2677 (GC 1707). Finally, in the GC Supplement,
Dreyer suggested II-48 = II-80 and they were equated in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 2673 = Arp
167 NED2 = UGC 4620 = MCG +03-23-011 = CGCG 090-019e = Holm 99b = PGC 24792
08 49 24.1 +19
04 27
V = 13.2; Size 1.2'x1.2'
24"
(2/16/15): at 322x; fairly faint, small, round, ~18" diameter. Easily
visible glow just 35" E of the center of NGC 2672 and embedded in its low
surface brightness halo. At 450x,
the tiny nucleus occasionally brightens to a stellar point. A mag 14 star is just 50" SE. The pair is generally considered an
interacting pair, resulting in a faint plume (not seen) extending to the
southeast of NGC 2673.
17.5"
(1/28/89): very faint, extremely small, round. NGC 2673 appears as a small "knot" attached at the
east end of NGC 2672 40" between centers. A mag 14 star is 1.0' SE and a mag 13.5 star lies 1.0' NNE.
13" (1/18/85):
very faint, appears as an extremely small "knot" 20" diameter in
the halo of NGC 2672 just 0.6' E of the core. Two stars are near NNE and SE.
George Johnstone
Stoney discovered NGC 2673, the eastern component of the double system with NGC
2672, on 19 Dec 1849 and noted a "close double nebula, small star
preceding." On 9 Feb 1855, R.J. Mitchell gave a more detailed description
but incorrectly assumed NGC 2673 was h527 = NGC 2677: "very close, almost
touching; h526 [NGC 2672] is mbM, h527 is smaller and lbM." Dreyer later added the note "the
latter is not h527, but the close companion to [NGC 2673], viz [GC]
1705." Interestingly, it's
possible that both Herschels noted NGC 2673 in their observations, but thought
it was a very faint star.
******************************
NGC 2674 = PGC
24785
08 49 13.2 -14 17 39
V = 14.9; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 65d
24"
(1/25/14): very faint, small, slightly elongated, 15"x12", weak
concentration. A number of mag
12-13 stars are in the field including a mag 12.5 star 1.3' NW.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 2674 = LM I-152 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 16.0, 0.4' dia, neb?" There is nothing at or near his rough
position (nearest min of RA) and Herbert Howe was unable to find it on two
nights at Stone's position using the 20" refractor at the Chamberlin
Observatory around 1900.
Harold Corwin
suggests that NGC 2674 probably refers to PGC 24785, a faint galaxy located 1.2
min of RA due east of Stone's position.
As the Leander McCormick positions in the first list are often off in
RA, this identification is fairly certain. RNGC classifes NGC 2674 as nonexistent and NGC 2674 was not
included in the first edition of the "Deep Sky Field Guide" to the
Uranometria 2000.0 Atlas.
******************************
NGC 2675 = UGC
4629 = MCG +09-15-037 = CGCG 264-021 = PGC 24909
08 52 05.0 +53
37 02
V = 13.3; Size 1.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 80d
17.5"
(4/6/02): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 ~E-W, 1.0'x0.7', just a
weak broad concentration with no well-defined core. A small trio of mag 14 stars precedes by 2'-3'.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 2675 on 2 Dec 1861 with the 11" refractor at the
Copenhagen Observatory. This
object is #81 in AN 1500, but was added to a short appendix of omitted
observations in his Siderum Nebulosorum. His position is poor -- 7 sec of RA
east and 7' south of UGC 4629. But
a mag 14 star is 13 sec of RA preceding, matching his comment "mag 15 star
precedes 12.4 seconds [of time]." MCG gives the NGC designation as uncertain.
******************************
NGC 2676 = UGC
4627 = MCG +08-16-032 = CGCG 237-022 = PGC 24881
08 51 35.6 +47
33 27
V = 13.1; Size 1.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(2/9/02): faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, faint stellar
nucleus. A mag 13 star lies 1.5'
NE. A distinctive rectangle of
stars is ~4' NE including mag 8.2 SAO 42578 and mag 9.9 SAO 42574.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 2676 = Sw VI-33 on 24 Nov 1886 and described "eeF; pS; R;
trapezoid of 4 pB stars near nf."
His position is 7 tsec E and 1' N of UGC 4627 and his description of the
nearby 4 stars matches perfectly.
******************************
NGC 2677 = MCG
+03-23-012 = CGCG 090-021 = PGC 24821
08 50 01.3 +19
00 35
V = 14.3; Size 0.6'x0.3'; PA = 175d
17.5"
(1/28/89): extremely faint and small, round, low even surface brightness. In a group with NGC 2667, NGC 2672, NGC
2673.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2677 = h527 on 17 Mar 1831 and noted "The faintest object
imaginable, and discerned with the utmost difficulty. Sky perfectly clear." His position is an excellent match with CGCG 090-021 = PGC
24821 although the RA is marked uncertain. He listed his father's H II-48 as a synonym although Dreyer
notes in his 1912 "Scientific Papers of William Herschel" that H
II-48 = H II-80 = NGC 2672 and H II-48 is not NGC 2677.
******************************
NGC 2678
08 50 03 +11 20
18
Size 10'
18"
(3/5/05): this asterism contains two groupings of stars to the south of M67
which is partly in the field of the 31 Nagler at the north side. The northern subgroup contains two mag
8.8 and 9.3 stars separated by 3' with a fainter double star between. About 9' SW is a nice group of 5 stars
surrounding mag 8.4 HD 75373.
Several mag 10-11 stars are to the SW including a NW-SE string.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2678 = H VIII-10 = h528 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 172), noting a
"a cluster of very coarse scattered stars, not rich." JH made four
observations and reported on one sweep "A poor cluster of 4 or 5 large and
a few scattered small stars."
Both of the Herschel's positions point to 4 or 5 mag 9/10 stars with a
few fainter stars -- an unimpressive asterism. RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 2679 = UGC
4632a = MCG +05-21-014a = CGCG 150-041a = PGC 24884
08 51 32.8 +30
51 52
V = 13.3; Size 1.8'x1.8'; Surf Br = 14.4
17.5"
(3/25/95): fairly faint, very small, round, compact appearance. Has a fairly high surface brightness
with a very small bright core. A
nice mag 12/13 double star at 12" separation lies 7' W. Forms a double system with NGC 2680
attached at the east side within a common halo, just 0.2' between centers.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2679 = H III-294 on 13 Mar 1785 (sweep 386) and recorded
"vF, vS, R, bM, large stellar neb." His position is 1.6' south of UGC 4632 = PGC 24884. JH observed this galaxy on 27 Jan 1827
and logged "pB, R, vgmbM, 15"." He measured an accurate position. Lord Rosse and his assistants described this a very close
double nebula, with the following nucleus catalogued by Dreyer as NGC
2680. The SDSS reveals there are
only two stars on the following side of NGC 2679. See notes on NGC 2680.
******************************
NGC 2680 = UGC
4632b = MCG +05-21-014b = CGCG 150-041b = PGC 24884
08 51 33.6 +30
51 57
V =
15.1/16.2; Size 5"
17.5"
(3/25/95): appears as a very faint quasi-stellar object attached on the
following side of NGC 2679 within a common halo. This object (a 5" pair of mag 15.1/16.2 stars) is smaller
and fainter than NGC 2679 and appears nearly stellar with just 0.2' separation
between the pair and the center of NGC 2679.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 2680 on 26 Feb 1851 using Lord Rosse's 72" and recorded an
"exceeding close double nebula [with NGC 2679]." A total of 9 observations were made at
Birr Castle, generally describing a very close double nebula within a common
envelope or a nebula with a double nucleus. For example, Sir Robert Ball's description on 12 Jan 1867
reads "Double nebula in Pos 85.5¡, preceding on cB, R, mbM, following one
F, R, perhaps with a * in the middle."
UGC (4632) calls
this a double system (NGC 2679 + 2680) with a "companion superimposed at
0.2' following center, 0.20'x0.15'."
The DSS reveals two, very close stellar objects (northern component
brighter) at the east edge of NGC 2679.
These are individually catalogued in NED as NGC 2680 NED01
("Southern of two compacts (or stars?) superposed on NGC 2679") and
NGC 2680 NED02 ("Northern of two compacts (or stars?) superposed on NGC
2679"). NED also has a single
entry for NGC 2680 = KPG 176B (from the Karachentsev Isolated Pairs of Galaxies
catalogue) at their mean position.
LEDA has a single entry for NGC 2679 = NGC 2680, but no individual
entry(s) for NGC 2680. On the SDSS
DR8, two stellar objects just east of the nucleus of NGC 2679 are
superimposed. The northern
"star" is classified as a galaxy and the southern component as a
star.
After a query
from Ivan Maly, I sent an email to Brian Skiff on 3/10/14 asking about the
classification of these two objects and he quickly responded, "These are
both stars. I just examined
numerous available images using the Goddard SkyView utility (GALEX, DSS, SDSS
DR7 and DR8, 2MASS; no UKIDSS coverage unfortunately). Simply doing a blink-comparison
of the POSS-I and -II blue plates (POSS-I red has less-good resolution), it is
obvious that the northern star of the pair has modest proper motion, while the
southern one is essentially fixed.
(I used 'SAOimage ds9' for this.)
Large-scale cut-outs of the Sloan images show no indication that they
are other than stars, and the relative motion shows they are unrelated to each
other. Using the SDSS DR7
catalogue, I get V magnitudes 15.1 and 16.2, and separation of 4".66 in pa
192.2 deg for the two stars (epoch 2003.967). At the epoch of POSS-I the
position-angle is close to 180 deg, so presumably in Lord Rosse's time the
fainter star would have been to the southeast."
******************************
NGC 2681 = UGC
4645 = MCG +09-15-041 = CGCG 264-026 = PGC 24961
08 53 32.8 +51
18 50
V = 10.3; Size 3.6'x3.3'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(4/6/91): bright, fairly small, slightly elongated E-W, about 2' diameter. Contains a small unusually bright core
and stellar nucleus. A pair of mag
12 stars are 2.1' W with separation 30" oriented NW-SE. NGC 2693 lies 32' E.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2681 = H I-242 = h530 on 17 Mar 1790 (sweep 945) and recorded
"vB, large bright resolvable nucleus with vF chevelure." JH gave a similar description: "B;
L; vsmbM to a * 10-11m, but sharply defined. It is a nebulous star with a vF extensive
nebulosity." Eleven
observations were made at Birr Castle, though no additional details were
clearly recorded.
******************************
NGC 2682 = M67 =
Cr 204
08 51 24 +11 49
V = 6.9; Size 30'
17.5": at
140x about 200 stars mag 10-14 in a 15' diameter. Includes several rich subgroups including one on the south
edge near three brighter mag 10 stars.
The brightest star mag 7.8 SAO 98178 is just off the NE edge.
13"
(12/22/84): about 100 stars mag 10-15 in 15' diameter, very rich and impressive
cluster.
13"
(3/24/84): beautiful at 88x with over 75 stars resolved at this magnification.
Johann Gottfried
Koehler (discoverer of M50 and M60) discovered M67 = NGC 2682 = h531 before
1779 and recorded "A rather conspicuous nebula in elongated figure, near
Alpha of Cancer." It was
independently discovered by Messier on 6 Apr 1780 and reported as "Cluster
of small stars with nebulosity, below the southern claw of Cancer. The position
determined from the star Alpha [Cancri]." WH first observed the cluster on 26 Mar 1783 using his
6-inch and simply noted a "cluster of stars." With his 18-inch in 1784 he described
"a most beautiful cluster of stars; not less than 200 in view."
This is an old
open cluster with age 3-4 billion years (Sue French states 2.6 billion years in
March 2009 S&T while Astronomy mentions 3.2 billion in the Apr 2012 issue.
The position given in Lynga #5, Sky Catalogue 2000, NGC 2000 and Deep Sky Field
Guide (first version) is about 1.0 min of RA too far west.
******************************
NGC 2683 = UGC
4641 = MCG +06-20-011 = CGCG 180-017 = PGC 24930
08 52 41.4 +33
25 14
V = 9.8; Size 9.3'x2.2'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 44d
18"
(3/13/10): gorgeous view at 280x!
This detailed, edge-on spiral extends 9'x1.5' SW-NE. The central region is well concentrated
with a very bright, elongated core, roughly 3'x1.5' and noticeably mottled or
dusty with brighter knots or spots near the core. The southwest extension is more prominent and is easily
traced to the outer tip. This
extensions grow broadly to the core.
In contrast, the northeast extension fades rapidly after the core, so
there is a sharper concentration to the core on the northeast side of the
core. The northeast arm has a low
surface brightness as it extends past a mag 13 star (close double) off the
north flank. The galaxy has an
unusual warped appearance with the southwest and northeast portions not aligned
due to asymmetric extensions from the core.
13.1"
(1/18/85): very bright, very large, nearly edge-on 4:1 SW-NE, 8.0'x2.0', halo
is broadly concentrated. Mottled
or dusty near the core but no distinct nucleus.
16x80 (1/18/85):
visible in finder as a faint, edge-on steak
13.1"
(2/25/84): bright and impressive, brigter core, thin fainter extensions
oriented SW-NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2683 = H I-200 = h532 on 5 Feb 1788 (sweep 807) and
reported "very brilliant, mE
from sp to nf but nearer the meridian, about 7 or 8' l and 2 1/2 or 3' br. The
brightness also much elongated and going off pretty suddently; a beautiful
object." JH made three
observations.
A total of 16
observations were made at Birr Castle and several times it was described as
slightly concave and sharper on the preceding side. On 2 Jan 1868, "vF streaks and lanes on each side
parallel to ray [were suspected]."
******************************
NGC 2684 = UGC
4662 = MCG +08-16-035 = CGCG 237-024 = PGC 25024
08 54 54.1 +49
09 38
V = 12.9; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 40d
18"
(4/26/08): at 220x, NGC 2684 appeared fairly faint, fairly small, oval 4:3
SW-NE. This is the brightest in a
compact group (similar to a HCG) with four additional nearby NGC galaxies: NGC
2686 (double galaxy) 1.4' SE, NGC 2687 1.9' E, NGC 2688 3.7' SE (confirmed,
though extremely faint), and NGC 2689 5.8' SE (marignal observation).
17.5"
(3/8/97): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 SW-NE, 1.0'x0.7', just a
broad weak concentration. Two mag
12-13 stars lie 2' N and 1.5' ESE.
Brightest of three in a close group. The faintest members NGC 2688 and NGC 2689 were not visible.
17.5"
(3/16/96): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated WSW-ENE, 1.0'x0.8',
weak concetration. A mag 13 star
is 1.5' ESE and a mag 12.5 star lies 1.9' N. Brightest in a group of extremely faint galaxies including
NGC 2687 and NGC 2686 close following.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2684 = H III-712 = h533 on 9 Mar 1788 (sweep 815) and reported
"eF, cS, resolvable, preceding some faint stars." His position is just 1' too far
northwest. JH made two observations and recorded on 8 Mar 1831, "vF; pL;
R; 30"; a *12 m s f and on 13 m, n p." The two stars are 1.4' ESE and 1.9' N. Three extremely faint companions to NGC
2684 were discovered by LdR.
******************************
NGC 2685 = Arp
336 = Helix galaxy = UGC 4666 = MCG +10-13-039 = CGCG 288-012 = PGC 25065
08 55 34.6 +58
44 03
V = 11.3; Size 4.5'x2.3'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 38d
48"
(4/6/13): this famous polar-ring galaxy (nearest and brightest) was viewed at
488x. It appeared very bright,
large, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE, 1.5'x0.5', slightly bulging center (spindle
shape), high surface brightness and brighter along the central axis. Well concentrated with an intense core
and surrounded by a much larger, low surface brightness halo that increases the
size to 2.5'x1.2'. The polar-ring
was seen on the northwest side as a faint, low surface brightness outer loop
attached to the spindle and bulging out ~20". Periodically the outer edge of the loop popped as a distinct
arc and appeared as a semi-ring. A
mag 11 star lies 2.4' N.
13.1"
(1/18/85): moderately bright, fairly small edge-on 4:1 SW-NE. Contains an elongated bright core. A mag 11 star is 2.4' N of center. The well-known polar ring was not seen.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 2685 = T VI-8 on 18 Aug 1882 with the 11" refractor at the
Arcetri Observatory. His position is ~30 sec of RA too far east and 3' too far
north, but the identification is certain.
******************************
NGC 2686 = MCG
+08-16-036/-037 = VV 765 = PGC 25026
08 54 59.8 +49
08 33
V = 14.8; Size 0.8'x0.45'; Surf Br = 12.6
18"
(4/26/08): this member of the compact NGC 2684 group appeared very faint, very
small, either elongated or double oriented E-W. I had a strong impression this was a very close pair, as
sometimes a single round galaxy was visible and at other times it was elongated
E-W or the fainter companion momentarily popped into view. The DSS reveals a double galaxy
(eastern component is fainter) just 16" between centers. Located 1.4' SE of NGC 2684 and 0.9' SW
of a mag 12.5 star. NGC 2687 is
just 1.4' NE
17.5"
(3/8/97): extremely faint, very small, round, 15" diameter. Located 1' SW of a mag 12.5 star and
1.5' SE of NGC 2684. Second
brightest of three in NGC 2684 group.
17.5"
(3/16/96): picked up while viewing NGC 2684. Extremely faint, very small,
appears elongated 2:1 E-W. Located
1.3' SE of NGC 2684 and requires concentration to view. The mag 13 star
mentioned in the observation of NGC 2684 is 0.9' NE. This is an (unresolved) double system with the components
oriented E-W. The fainter eastern member is designated NGC 2686B. Member of a group of faint galaxies along
with NGC 2687.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 2686 on 11 Mar 1858 using Lord Rosse's 72" (along with NGC
2687, 2688 and 2689), while observing the field of NGC 2684. He described it as "double or is a
neb with hazy * close f" and labeled it on the sketch as Beta. MCG +08-16-036/037 is a double galaxy
and the orientation on the sketch (E-W) is correct, so this identification is
certain. RNGC and MCG have
separate listings for NGC 2686A and B.
******************************
NGC 2687 = NGC
2687B = MCG +08-16-038+039 = VV 765 = PGC 25030+31
08 55 06.0 +49
09 22
V = 14.8; Size 0.6'x0.3'; Surf Br = 11.9; PA = 28d
18"
(4/26/08): this member of the NGC 2684 compact group appeared very faint, very
small, slightly elongated, low surface brightness, 15"x12". Located 1.9' E of NGC 2684 and just
35" E of a mag 12.5 star. NGC
2686 lies 1.4' SW.
17.5"
(3/8/97): faintest of close trio with NGC 2684 and NGC 2686. Appears extremely faint, very small,
slightly elongated E-W with concentration. Requires averted vision to clearly view. Located just 30" following a mag
12.5 star and 2' E of NGC 2684.
Looked for NGC 2688 and NGC 2689 unsuccessfully.
17.5"
(3/16/96): picked up 1.9' E of NGC 2684 and 30" E of a mag 13 star.
Extremely faint, very small, requires averted vision but repeatedly
glimpsed. This unresolved double
system appeared elongated WNW-ESE in the orientation of the members.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 2687 on 11 Mar 1858 using Lord Rosse's 72" (along with NGC
2686, 2688 and 2689), while observing the field of NGC 2684. There was no description given (or
approximate offsets from NGC 2684), so JH gave a single position in the GC for
NGC 2686, 2687 and 2688. The
sketch, though, shows NGC 2687 east or slightly ESE of NGC 2684, with a star
just preceding NGC 2687. The SDSS
reveals this a very close pair of galaxies (MCG +08-16-038 and -039) with the
following component much brighter.
******************************
NGC 2688 = MCG
+08-16-040 = PGC 25048
08 55 11.7 +49
07 21
V = 15.8; Size 0.3'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.7
18"
(4/26/08): this very difficult member of the NGC 2684 group appeared extremely
faint and small, ~5" diameter (quasi-stellar). Only popped into view with averted vision and concentration
but sketched in the correct position on a line between a mag 10.7 star 2.8' SSE
and NGC 2687.
17.5"
(3/8/97): not found
R.J. Mitchell discovered
NGC 2688 on 11 Mar 1858 using Lord Rosse's 72" (along with NGC 2686, 2687
and 2689), while observing the field of NGC 2684. He simply noted "vvF" but the sketch can be
matched up well with MCG +08-16-040 = PGC 25048. See Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 2689 = PGC
2333935
08 55 25.4 +49
06 55
V = 16.3; Size 0.35'x0.25'
18"
(4/26/08): this is the faintest of 6 galaxies viewed in the compact NGC 2684
group. It was a marginal
observation (barely glimpsed several times) with averted vision 2.7' NE of a
mag 10.7 star. It was necessary to
keep this distracting star out of the field. Slightly easier NGC 2688 lies 2.3' WNW
17.5"
(3/8/97): not found.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 2689 on 11 Mar 1858 at Birr Castle. It was indicated on the
sketch of the NGC 2684 field published in the 1880 Monograph, along with NGC
2686, NGC 2687 and NGC 2688. Dreyer reobserved the field in 1878, but he
noted the "sky is very bad" and the novae were not seen.
JH only included
three of the four novae in the GC (1715/1716/1717), so one was left out but
Dreyer assigned NGC 2689 to the 4th nebula in the NGC. Based on the sketch, NGC
2689 can be matched with LEDA 2333935. This is the faintest known galaxy
(V = 16.3-16.4) discovered at Birr Castle, according to Wolfgang Steinicke.
RNGC and PGC
misidentify PGC 25042 (at 08 55 15.5 +49 09 04) as NGC 2689. NED and
HyperLEDA equate NGC 2689 with PGC 2333935. The identifications of NGC 2688 and
NGC 2689 are discussed by Malcolm Thomson in his Catalogue Corrections.
******************************
NGC 2690 = UGC
4647 = MCG +00-23-008 = CGCG 005-020 = PGC 24926
08 52 38.0 -02
36 12
V = 13.1; Size 1.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 19d
17.5"
(2/13/88): fairly faint, small, very elongated ~N-S, weak concentration.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 2690 = Sw III-41 on 10 Mar 1886 with the 16" refractor at
the Warner Observatory. His
position is 20 sec of RA west of UGC 4647. Herbert Howe corrected the sloppy RA around the turn of the
20th century with the 20" refractor at the Chamberlin Observatory and
Kobold also measured an accurate position at Strassburg in 1897.
******************************
NGC 2691 = UGC
4664 = MCG +07-18-064 = CGCG 209-006 = Mrk 391 = PGC 25020
08 54 46.3 +39
32 19
V = 13.1; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 165d
17.5"
(2/9/02): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated ~3:2 N-S, 0.7'x0.4', weak
concentration to a very small brighter core. Bracketed by a mag 13 star 0.9' N and a mag 12 star 2.5' SW. NGC 2704 lies 25' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2691 = H II-658 on 20 Mar 1787 (sweep 721) and noted "pF,
vS, mbM." His position
(Caroline Herschel's reduction) is about 2' NW of UGC 4664 and the only nearby
candidate. MCG does not label the
entry +07-18-064 as NGC 2691.
******************************
NGC 2692 = UGC
4675 = MCG +09-15-057 = CGCG 264-036 = PGC 25142
08 56 58.0 +52
03 57
V = 13.3; Size 1.3'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 165d
17.5"
(2/8/86): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated ~N-S. A mag 13 star is 2.1' NW of
center. Forms a pair with UGC 4671
3.4' NW. NGC 2693 lies 43' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2692 = H III-831 = h534 on 17 Mar 1790 (sweep 945) and simply
noted as "vF, vS." His
position is less than 2' southeast of UGC 4675. JH called the galaxy "vF; S; R; psbM" and measured
a more accurate position.
******************************
NGC 2693 = UGC
4674 = MCG +09-15-055 = CGCG 264-035 = PGC 25144
08 56 59.3 +51
20 51
V = 11.9; Size 2.6'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 160d
17.5"
(2/8/86): fairly bright, fairly small, bright core encased in much fainter
halo, slightly elongated ~N-S.
Forms a close pair with NGC 2694 1' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2693 = H II-823 = h535 on 17 Mar 1790 (sweep 945) and recorded
"pB, S, R, mbM." His position is within the northwest side of the
halo. JH called the galaxy "pB; mE nearly in meridian [north-south];
psbM." This double system was
resolved with the 72" at Birr Castle. The CGCG declination is 30' too far
south.
******************************
NGC 2694 = MCG
+09-15-056 = CGCG 264-034 = PGC 25143
08 56 59.3 +51
19 55
V = 14.5; Size 0.3'x0.3'
17.5"
(2/8/86): faint, very small, almost round. Forms a close double system with brighter and larger NGC
2693 1' N.
George Johnstone
Stoney discovered NGC 2694 (double system with NGC 2693) on 9 Mar 1850 with
LdR's 72". Multiple
observations were made in the next couple of years (13 total) but JH didn't
include this nebula in the GC as no details were given in the 1861 monograph.
So, Dreyer added it in the GC supplement (GC 5435).
The CGCG
declination is 30' too far south (same error with NGC 2693). RC3 gives the dimensions as 1.2x1.2,
but this much too large.
******************************
NGC 2695 = MCG
+00-23-010 = CGCG 005-025 = PGC 25003
08 54 27.0 -03
04 01
V = 11.9; Size 1.7'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 175d
17.5"
(2/13/88): moderately bright, small, round, bright core. Situated between a mag 13 star 0.8' W
of center and a mag 14 star at the east edge 0.4' from center. Brightest in a group along with NGC
2708 30' SE. NGC 2697 lies 9.4'
NE, NGC 2698 19' SE and NGC 2699 21' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2695 = H II-280 = h536 on 6 Jan 1785 (sweep 353) and logged
"F, vS, lE, just following an obscure star, verified with 240
power." JH gave a more
complete description: "pB; S; E nearly in parallel between 2 st of 12 and
15m, each half the length of the neb from the adjacent extremity."
******************************
NGC 2696 = MCG
-01-23-004 = PGC 24851
08 50 42.0 -05
00 35
Size 1.2'x1.1'
17.5"
(2/1/03): faint, fairly small, round, 0.7' diameter, weak even concentration to
center. Located 6' SSW of mag 8.7
SAO 136330. Due to a very poor
position by Stone, this galaxy is not generally identified as NGC 2696 (4 tmin
error in RA) is not plotted on U2000 (version 2) atlas. Listed at mag 16pg in the MCG, but does
not appear that faint.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 2696 = LM I-153 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory and recorded as "mag 15.8, 0.2' dia, stellar nucleus." There is nothing near his rough
position (nearest min of RA).
Harold Corwin suggests this may be MCG -01-23-004, in which case Stone's
RA would be 4 minutes too large (as often the case with L M observations, the
dec is fairly accurate but the RA is very poor). So, this is an uncertain but very plausible
identification. RNGC classifies
the number as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 2697 = MCG
+00-23-011 = CGCG 005-027 = PGC 25029
08 54 59.2 -02
59 14
V = 12.3; Size 1.8'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 120d
17.5"
(2/13/88): fairly faint, small, irregularly round, weak concentration. Located 9.4' NE of brighter NGC 2695 in
the same field.
Lord Rosse and
Bindon Stoney discovered NGC 2697 on 24 Jan 1851 with the 72", while
observing NGC 2695. They noted
"another neb, S, oval, about 10' following and 4' north." d'Arrest measured an accurate position
on 22 Feb 1865.
******************************
NGC 2698 = MCG
+00-23-012 = CGCG 005-030 = PGC 25067
08 55 36.4 -03
11 02
V = 12.6; Size 1.4'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 96d
17.5"
(2/13/88): moderately bright, small, oval ~E-W, bright core, stellar
nucleus. Located 4.0' SE of mag
7.1 SAO 136405. Forms a pair with
NGC 2699 4.7' NE. Brightest in a
group with NGC 2695.
John Herschel discovered
NGC 2698 = h538 on 11 Mar 1826 and recorded "vF; R; resolvable; 30";
stars suspected in it. A *9 m
precedes. This may possibly be II
281[NGC 2708] with an error of 10' in PD, but I have no reason for believing my
obs erroneous." His position
and description matches CGCG 005-030 = PGC 25067.
******************************
NGC 2699 = MCG
+00-23-014 = CGCG 005-033 = PGC 25075
08 55 48.7 -03
07 39
V = 12.6; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.6
17.5"
(2/13/88): fairly faint, very small, round, bright core. A mag 14.5-15.0 star is 0.9' NE of
center (NGC 2700). Forms a pair
with NGC 2698 4.7' SW in the NGC 2695/NGC 2698 group.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 2699 on 27 Jan 1852, in one of the 11 observations of the NGC
2695/2708 field. He noted
"about 20' sf [of NGC 2695] are 2 B, S neb, about 5' asunder." At the position of these two nebulae is
NGC 2698 (discovered earlier by JH) and NGC 2699. Heinrich d'Arrest found NGC 2699 on 4 Jan 1862 and his
position (measured on 3 nights) matches CGCG 005-033 = PGC 25075. He noted he had no doubt it was one of
LdR's "6 knots", but was credited with the discovery in the GC and
NGC.
******************************
NGC 2700
08 55 50.6 -03
06 59
17.5"
(2/13/88): this is a mag 14.5-15.0 star situated just 0.9' NE of the center of
NGC 2699 (see observation).
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 2700 around 1876 (communicated directly to Dreyer), along with
NGC 2702/2703/2705/2707. All of
these numbers probably apply to faint stars he found while observing the NGC
2695-2698 Group! The North Polar
Distance in the NGC is two degrees too far south since NGC 2700 was placed just
1' N of NGC 2699. There is only a
mag 14.5-15 star at his position, recorded in my observation of NGC 2699.
******************************
NGC 2701 = UGC
4695 = MCG +09-15-063 = CGCG 264-043 = PGC 25237
08 59 05.4 +53
46 13
V = 12.3; Size 2.2'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 23d
13.1"
(2/23/85): fairly faint, almost even surface brightness. A mag 12 star on the northwest edge
interferes with viewing the halo.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2701 = H IV-66 = h537 on 18 Mar 1790 (sweep 949) and recorded
"a small star with a fan-shaped nebula. The star is on the preceding side
of the diverging chevelure, and seems to be connected with it." His position (Auwers' reduction) is 4'
S of UGC 4695. JH called it
"A *11-12m with a pB fan-shaped neb appendage in which there seems to one
vF*. A curious object. See fig 65." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2702
08 55 54.6 -03
03 55
=*?,
Corwin. Misidentified in the RNGC
with 2MASX J08553714-0303149.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 2702 around 1876, along with NGC 2700/2703/2705/2707. All of these numbers probably apply to
faint stars he found while observing the NGC 2695-2698 Group! He placed this object 4' NE of NGC 2699
and a mag ~15.5 star is at this position.
Interestingly, Dreyer, observing with the 72" on 4 Mar 1877,
described this nova as "an eF, vS, neb nf GC 1727 [NGC 2699] in PA 18.0¡
and dist. 238.8". But this
offset points exactly to the mag 15.5 star.
RNGC and PGC (as
well as other sources based on these catalogues such as Megastar) misidentify
PGC 25072 as NGC 2702. This galaxy
is 4.4' N of NGC 2699 but 11 tsec preceding. If Tempel confused the E-W orientations of the two galaxies,
then PGC 25072 is a possible candidate though it may be too faint to have been
seen in the 11-inch Amici I refractor.
******************************
NGC 2703
08 55 47.1 -03
18 25
=**,
Corwin. NF, Carlson.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 2703 around 1876 in the N2695/2698 group and described (in the
NGC) as "eF,lE,doubtful".
There is no nebula near his position, but 2' SW is a double star. Dreyer looked for Tempel's
"nova" on 4 Mar 1877 at Birr Castle and reported "looked
carefully for a nova Tempel [NGC 2703] between [[NGC 2698] and [NGC 2708], saw
none, only about midways vF double star, which I first mistook for a
nebula." Ironicallly, this
probably was Tempel's "nova"!
Karl Reinmuth, in his 1926 photographic survey "Die Herschel-Nebel"
also found a "? Neb *14, *14.5 sp vnr." Harold Corwin also identifies this double star as NGC 2703.
******************************
NGC 2704 = IC
2424 = UGC 4678 = MCG +07-19-005 = CGCG 209-009 = Holm 103a = PGC 25134
08 56 47.7 +39
22 56
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3
24"
(2/16/15): fairly faint, moderately large, round, 0.9' diameter, broad weak
concentration.
UGC 4689 lies
12' NE, UGC 4699 (overlapping double system) is 24' ENE and UGC 4704 is 28'
SE. UGC 4689 is very faint, small,
slightly elongated SSW-NNE, 24"x18" (central region). UGC 4699 is fairly faint, fairly small,
roundish, weak concentration. A
very distinctive group of four brighter stars ("T" or "Y"
shape) is 3' to 5' preceding.
Finally, UGC 4704 (viewed at 200x) is extremely faint, thin edge-on
roughly 10:1 WNW-ESE, 1.2'x0.2', can only glimpse due to very low even surface
brightness. A mag 11 star is just
south of the east end [2.2' from center].
17.5"
(3/20/93): faint, fairly small, round, broad mild concentration. UGC 4699 lies 24' ENE and NGC 2691 is
25' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2704 = H III-625 on 18 Mar 1787 (sweep 716) and noted "vF,
vS. The same with 300
power." There is nothing at
his position, but 1.0 min of RA west and 2' north is UGC 4678. Bigourdan was unsuccessful in finding
NGC 2704 at Herschel's position but reported Big. 271 (later IC 2424) as new at
the correct position. Dreyer noted
that NGC 2704 is probably equal to IC 2424 (even suggested by Bigourdan) and
Herschel's position was in error by 1 tmin. So, NGC 2704 = IC 2424. See Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 2705
08 56 00.0 -03
00 54
=*?,
Corwin. NF, Carlson.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 2705 around 1876, along with NGC 2700/2702/2703/2707 with the
11" refractor at the Arcetri observatory. All of these numbers probably apply to faint stars he found
while observing the NGC 2695-2698 Group!
There are no nebulae near his positions, but 1' south is a mag 16
star. Interestingly, Dreyer,
observing with the 72" on 7 Mar 1877, described this nova as "eF, eS,
is nf GC 1727 [NGC 2699] in PA 22.3¡ and dist. 440.4", it forms a
quadrilateral with 3 st 14m f and nf.
Other eF neb susp here."
Dreyer's offset and description points exactly to this faint star.
******************************
NGC 2706 = UGC
4680 = MCG +00-23-017 = CGCG 005-036 = PGC 25102
08 56 12.3 -02
33 48
V = 13.0; Size 1.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 167d
17.5"
(2/13/88): fairly faint, fairly small, edge-on 4:1 NNW-SSE, 1.0'x0.25'. A mag 12 star is close following the
SSE tip 1.3' from center.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 2706 = Sw III-42 on 27 Feb 1886 and wrote, "vF; pS; vE; *
nr following." His position
and description matches UGC 4680.
******************************
NGC 2707
08 56 05.5 -03
04 00
V = 13.1
=*?,
Corwin. NF, Carlson.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 2707 around 1876, along with NGC 2700/2702/2703/2705 with the
11" refractor at the Arcetri observatory. All of these numbers probably apply to faint stars he found
while observing the NGC 2695-2698 Group! A mag 15 star (GSC 4869-855) is close to the NGC
position at 08 56 05.5 -03 04 00 (J2000), though this identification is
uncertain.
******************************
NGC 2708 = NGC
2727 = MCG +00-23-015 = CGCG 005-034 = PGC 25097
08 56 07.9 -03
21 37
V = 12.0; Size 2.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 20d
17.5"
(2/13/88): moderately bright, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE,
bright core. A mag 13.5 star is
0.9' NE of center. Forms a pair
with NGC 2709 7.1' NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2708 = H II-281 on 6 Jan 1785 (sweep 353) and noted "vF,
vS, irr F." His position is
less than 2' south of CGCG 005-034 = PGC 25097. No observations were made by JH but his RA for h546 = NGC
2727 is exactly 5 min greater and Corwin suggests h546 may apply to NGC 2708.
******************************
NGC 2709 = MCG
+00-23-016 = CGCG 005-035 = PGC 25103
08 56 12.8 -03
14 36
V = 13.7; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 90d
17.5"
(2/13/88): very faint, very small, round, even surface brightness. Forms a pair with NGC 2708 7.1' SSW.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 2709 on 27 Jan 1852 with LdR's 72" and the sketch shows it
11' SE of NGC 2699 (the actual separation is 9'). On 7 Mar 1877, Dreyer made a more detailed micrometric
observation, noting "vF, pL, lE sp nf, north of [NGC 2708]. Pos 9.5¡, Dist 434.4"."
******************************
NGC 2710 = UGC
4705 = MCG +09-15-066 = CGCG 264-046 = PGC 25258
08 59 48.4 +55
42 23
V = 12.9; Size 2.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 125d
17.5"
(3/20/93): very faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE. A mag 14 star is at the NE edge 1.0'
from center. A bright wide pair
mag 10.5/11 at 37" separation lies 4' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2710 = H III-841 on 18 Mar 1790 (sweep 949) and called it
"vF, S." His position
(CH's reduction) is 1' south of UGC 4705.
******************************
NGC 2711 = UGC
4688 = MCG +03-23-020 = CGCG 090-042 = PGC 25164
08 57 23.6 +17
17 17
V = 13.6; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 170d
17.5"
(1/28/89): very faint, very small, round.
Located between a mag 12 star 1.5' SSW and a mag 11.5 star 1.1' NNE of
center.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2711 = m 134 on 28 Mar 1864 and noted "vF, S, R." His position matches UGC 4688.
******************************
NGC 2712 = UGC
4708 = MCG +08-17-003 = CGCG 238-001 = PGC 25248
08 59 30.5 +44
54 50
V = 12.1; Size 2.9'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 178d
13.1"
(2/23/85): moderately bright, elongated 3:2 N-S, weak concentration, faint
stellar nucleus.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2712 = h540 on 19 Mar 1828 and remarked "pB; L; E; vgbM; 2'
l; 1.5' br' with attention a central point is seen = a * 18m." His
position matches UGC 4708. Romney
Robinson observed it with Lord Rosse's 72" on 5 Mar 1848 and described a
"fine globular cluster, well resolved, no trace of * in centre." Robinson was adamant that all nebulae
could be resolved so this bias certainly affected the observation.
******************************
NGC 2713 = UGC
4691 = MCG +01-23-006 = CGCG 033-028 = PGC 25161
08 57 20.4 +02
55 14
V = 11.8; Size 3.6'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 107d
13.1"
(1/18/85): moderately bright, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, fairly small, large
brighter core. Forms a pair with
NGC 2716 11' NNE. Located 4.5' ENE
of mag 9 SAO 117289.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2713 = m 135, along with NGC 2716, on 3 Mar 1864 and logged
"pB, iR, mbM." Heinrich
d'Arrest independently discovered the pair on 15 Mar 1866. He noted a mag 10 star (SAO 117289)
preceded by 18 sec of time and 46" south and measured an accurate position
(2 nights).
******************************
NGC 2714 = ESO
125-007 = PGC 24959
08 53 29.8 -59
13 02
V = 12.9; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly bright, moderately large,
round, 1' diameter, moderate even concentration to the center, symmetric
appearance. Set in a rich Carina
star field 27' W of mag 4.9 HD 77002 (wide 4.9/6.8 pair at 40").
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2714 = h3143 on 4 Feb 1835 and recorded "eF; S; R; pslbM;
difficult, but certain." His
position matches ESO 125-007 = PGC 24959.
RNGC classifies the number as an "Unverified southern object" (Type
0). Because of this, NGC 2714 is
not in the Deep Sky Field Guide nor plotted on the first edition of Uranometria
2000 Atlas.
******************************
NGC 2715 = UGC
4759 = MCG +13-07-015 = CGCG 350-012 = PGC 25676
09 08 06.4 +78
05 07
V = 11.2; Size 4.9'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 22d
17.5"
(2/1/92): moderately bright, fairly large, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 4'x2', broad
weak concentration, fairly low but irregular surface brightness. The major axis is collinear with a mag
11 star 4.0' SSW of center.
Alphonse
Borrelly discovered NGC 2715 around 1871 with a 7.2-inch comet-seeker at
Marseille Observatory. He noted "pretty bright, 3' in extent, elliptic; no
nucleus." and his micrometric position (MNRAS, 32, 248) matches UGC 4759.
******************************
NGC 2716 = UGC
4692 = MCG +01-23-007 = CGCG 033-029 = Holm 104a = PGC 25172
08 57 35.9 +03
05 25
V = 11.8; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.0; PA = 30d
13.1"
(1/18/85): fairly faint, small, round, brighter core. A mag 12 star lies 1.4' ESE of center. Forms a pair with NGC 2713 11' SSW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2716 = m 136, along with NGC 2713 on 3 Mar 1864 and recorded
"F, S, R, mbM." Heinrich
d'Arrest independently found the pair on 15 Mar 1866 and both measured accurate
positions.
******************************
NGC 2717 = ESO
496-021 = MCG -04-21-015 = PGC 25146
08 57 01.1 -24
40 26
V = 12.3; Size 2.1'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 10d
17.5"
(3/25/95): moderately bright, fairly small, 50" diameter, oval SSW-NNE,
high surface brightness. Contains
a prominent 30" bright core and a stellar nucleus. Difficult to judge extent of outer halo
as gradually fades into background.
A mag 11 star lies 2.1' ENE of center. Located 13' NW of mag 7.1 SAO 176747.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2717 = h3144 on 20 Mar 1835 and noted "F, S, R, gpmbM,
20"." His mean position (two observations) matches ESO 496-021 = PGC
25146
******************************
NGC 2718 = UGC
4707 = MCG +01-23-015 = Mrk 703 = PGC 25225
08 58 50.4 +06
17 35
V = 11.8; Size 2.1'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(3/29/89): fairly faint, moderately large, oval NW-SE, bright core, stellar
nucleus. Surrounded by three mag
14.5 stars 1.6' ENE, 1.4' N and 1.9' W of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2718 = H II-557 = h542 on 24 Mar 1786 (sweep 543) and recorded
"F, mE, unequally bright, 3' long, 1' broad." JH gave a very rough NPD and noted
"F; pL; R." In the
GC, included h542 and his father's H II-557 as separate entries with the
comment "The descriptions are irreconcileable, and they must be two
distinct nebulae..." But,
Dreyer "looked carefully for other neb near it, found none." on 18
Mar 1876 with the 72" and combined the two GC entries into NGC 2718.
******************************
NGC 2719 = Arp
202 NED1 = UGC 4718 = MCG +06-20-017 = CGCG 180-025a = Holm 105a = PGC 25281
09 00 15.7 +35
43 39
V = 13.1; Size 1.3'x0.3'; Surf Br = 11.9; PA = 133d
17.5"
(3/20/93): faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 NW-SE. Forms a double system with NGC 2719A,
which appears as a small knot at the south end, just 26" between centers. NGC 2724 lies 10' ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2719 = H III-540 = h541 on 28 Mar 1786 (sweep 549) and recorde
"vF, S, lE, seems to contain 2 vF stars." His position is 11 sec of RA too far west, but the
description is accurate. On a
second sweep he apparently added "E 20 degrees np-sf." and this implies
the south-following star is certainly NGC 2719A.
******************************
NGC 2720 = UGC
4710 = MCG +02-23-016 = CGCG 061-034 = PGC 25238
08 59 08.0 +11
08 57
V = 12.8; Size 1.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(3/29/89): faint, very small, slightly elongated ~NW-SE, very small bright
core.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2720 = m 137 on 10 Mar 1864 and noted "F, S, R,
bM." His position matches UGC
4710. Wilhelm Tempel also measured
the position in list I-23 and noted it was certainly equivalent to Marth's
nebula.
******************************
NGC 2721 = MCG
-01-23-015 = PGC 25231
08 58 56.5 -04
54 07
V = 11.7; Size 2.6'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 160d
17.5"
(2/13/88): moderately bright, fairly small, irregularly round, large brighter
core. Located 15' E of mag 6.6 SAO
136450. The RNGC declination is
18' too far north.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2721 = H II-529 = h543 on 1 Feb 1786 (sweep 520) and simply
noted "F, S". His
position is 10 sec of RA west of MCG -01-23-015 = PGC 25231. JH also recorded
it on two sweeps and corrected the RA.
The RNGC
declination is off by 18' too far north.
This mistake was noticed while using the Uranometria 2000 Atlas to star
hop to this galaxy and later was verified on the DSS. Coincidentally, the MCG declination is also 9' too far N
(all the M-01-23-XXX galaxies must be shifted 9' south). I included this error in RNGC
Corrections #3 (on the NGC/IC Project site).
******************************
NGC 2722 = NGC
2733 = MCG -01-23-014 = PGC 25221
08 58 46.1 -03
42 37
V = 12.6; Size 1.9'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 90d
17.5"
(3/12/94): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 WSW-ENE, 1.2'x0.8',
brighter along major axis, fairly weak even concentration down to a brighter
core, no well-defined nucleus. A
mag 12 star lies 2.0' WNW. The NGC
position is 10' too far east.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2722 = H III-264 on 6 Jan 1785 (sweep 353) and noted as
"eF, stellar, 240 verified it. I should have overlooked it, but in gaging
the field perceived it." His
position (Caroline Herschel's reduction) is 36 sec of RA east of MCG
-01-23-014. An accurate position was measured on 1 Feb 1786 (sweep 520). The RNGC position is 0.7 min of RA too
far east. MCG does not label this
galaxy NGC 2722.
See NGC 2733 =
h547, which may be a duplicate entry.
******************************
NGC 2723 = UGC
4723 = MCG +01-23-017 = CGCG 033-039 = PGC 25280
09 00 14.3 +03
10 40
V = 13.2; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(3/12/94): fairly faint, small, round, 20" diameter, very small bright
core, stellar nucleus. A mag 13
star just 0.6' ENE of center is brighter than the core. Also an extremely faint 15th mag star
is just off the NW edge 20" from center.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2723 = m 138 on 3 Mar 1864 with Lassell's 48" and noted
"F, S, R." His position
is 1.6' NE of UGC 4723.
******************************
NGC 2724 = UGC
4726 = MCG +06-20-019 = CGCG 180-027 = PGC 25331
09 01 01.8 +35
45 45
V = 13.6; Size 1.8'x1.6'; Surf Br = 14.6; PA = 2d
17.5"
(3/20/93): very faint, moderately large, round, low even surface
brightness. Located 2.8' NE of a
mag 10 star which detracts from viewing.
At the edge of the 220x field is mag 7.7 SAO 61205 10' NE. In a trio with NGC 2719 and NGC 2719A
10' WSW. This galaxy is not
identified as NGC 2724 in the UGC, CGCG or MCG.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2724 = h544 on 7 Feb 1832 and noted "eF; S; R." There is nothing at his position, but
0.9 min of RA west and 1' north is UGC 4726. JH gave the RA as uncertain, so this identification is
reasonable. Because of this
discrepancy, UGC, CGCG and MCG do not label their respective entries as NGC
2724, but RNGC and RC3 both label UGC 4726 as NGC 2724. Harold Corwin mentions NGC 2719
(further west) as another possibility, but this is further out in RA and is
quite elongated.
******************************
NGC 2725 = UGC
4732 = MCG +02-23-018 = CGCG 061-038 = PGC 25332
09 01 03.2 +11
05 51
V = 13.4; Size 0.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.3
17.5"
(3/29/89): faint, small, round, weak concentration. A mag 11 star is 2.5' N of center. Forms a pair with NGC 2728 10' E.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2725 = m 139 on 10 Mar 1864 (along with NGC 2728) and noted
"F, pL". Marth's
position is at the south edge of UGC 4732.
******************************
NGC 2726 = UGC
4750 = MCG +10-13-054 = CGCG 288-018 = PGC 25498
09 04 56.8 +59
55 58
V = 12.5; Size 1.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 87d
17.5"
(4/5/97): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:1 E-W, 1.2'x0.4', bright
bulging core. A mag 15 star is
just south of the core [23" SSW of center].
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2726 = H II-834 = h545 on 19 Mar 1790 (sweep 952) and recorded
"pF, pS, iF, easily resolvable." His position is 3' NE of UGC 4750. JH called this galaxy "eF; R; quite certain" and
measured an accurate position. MCG
misidentifies MCG +10-13-055 as NGC 2726.
******************************
NGC 2727 = NGC
2708 = MCG +00-23-015 = CGCG 005-034 = PGC 25097
08 56 07.9 -03
21 37
See observing
notes for NGC 2708.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2727 = h546 on 12 Mar 1826 and recorded "vF; L; R;
bM." There is nothing at his
position and Bigourdan was unable to find h546. Harold Corwin comments that is JH made a 5 min error in RA
too far east, then NGC 2727 would be a duplicate observation of NGC 2708. His description for h546 is
"round", while NGC 2708 is very elongated, so this identification is
very uncertain, but NGC 2733 = h547 discovered next in the same sweep also has
a large error in RA, making the identification more likely. RNGC classifies NGC 2727 as nonexistent
(Type 7).
******************************
NGC 2728 = UGC
4738 = MCG +02-23-020 = CGCG 061-042 = PGC 25360
09 01 40.9 +11
04 58
V = 13.6; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 60d
17.5"
(3/29/89): very faint, fairly small, round, very small bright core, low surface
brightness. Located along the
south side of a very thin triangle formed by three mag 11-12 stars including a
mag 12 star 2' W and pair of mag 11 stars 2' NE. Located 10' E of NGC 2725.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2728 = m 140 on 10 Mar 1864 (along with NGC 2725) and noted
"vF, L, R, bM".
His position matches UGC 4738 = PGC 25360.
******************************
NGC 2729 = UGC
4737 = MCG +01-23-018 = CGCG 033-046 = Holm 196a = PGC 25352
09 01 28.6 +03
43 14
V = 13.4; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 0d
17.5"
(3/12/94): faint, very small, round, initially appeared elongated E-W due to a
mag 15 star attached at the east end which is not cleanly resolved (16"
ESE of center). Faint halo
30" diameter is weakly concentrated, very small brighter core. A pleasing bright double star mag
9.9/11 at 24" lies 3' S.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2729 = m 141 on 3 Mar 1864 and noted "vF, vS, R". His position is 6 sec of RA west
of UGC 4737, but there's no question of the identity. The mag 15 star at the east edge was described as nebulous
by Karl Reinmuth in his photographic survey based on Heidelberg plates.
******************************
NGC 2730 = UGC
4743 = MCG +03-23-028 = CGCG 090-057 = PGC 25384
09 02 15.8 +16
50 18
V = 13.0; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 80d
17.5"
(1/28/89): faint, moderately large, almost round, low surface brightness. A mag 14.5 star is just off the south
edge 0.7' from center. Two mag
12.5 stars lie 2.0' SSE and 2.5' S.
Forms a wide pair with NGC 2734 12' E.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2730 = m 142 on 28 Mar 1864 and noted "vF, L, R." His position is 1.8' due north of UGC
4743 of U04743 = PGC 25384.
******************************
NGC 2731 = UGC
4741 = MCG +02-23-021 = CGCG 033-048 = CGCG 061-045 = PGC 25376
09 02 08.4 +08
18 05
V = 13.5; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 70d
17.5"
(3/29/89): faint, very small, oval WSW-ENE, 0.6'x0.4'. Has an unusual appearance as a mag 13
star is nearly attached at the ENE edge 0.4' from center.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2731 = m 143 on 3 Mar 1864 and noted "F, vS, R." His position is 1.3' NW of UGC 4741 =
PGC 25376.
******************************
NGC 2732 = UGC
4818 = MCG +13-07-016 = CGCG 350-013 = PGC 25999
09 13 24.8 +79
11 14
V = 11.9; Size 2.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 67d
17.5"
(4/6/91): fairly bright, small, elongated 5:2 SW-NE, 1.6'x0.7, small bright
core, stellar nucleus. A mag 12
star is at the NE tip 0.8' from center.
Forms a pair with UGC 4832 4.1' E.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2732 = h539 on 2 Sep 1828 and recorded "pB; S; E from nf to
sp. Has a star nf." There is nothing at his position
(marked as uncertain), but ~3 min of RA east is UGC 4818 and his description is
a perfect fit with this gaalxy. Heinrich d'Arrest measured an accurate position, which was
given in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 2733 = NGC
2722 = MCG -01-23-014 = PGC 25221
08 58 46.1 -03
42 37
See observing
notes for NGC 2722.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2733 = h547 on 12 Mar 1826 and noted "eF; R. RA between 52m 31s and 54m
41s." There is nothing at his
position, but he gave a wide range for the RA, and Harold Corwin notes that 2.8
min of RA west is NGC 2722. So,
this identification is reasonable.
NGC 2727, the previous object JH found in the sweep, may also have a
large error in RA too far east.
RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent. See Harold Corwin's identification notes for more.
******************************
NGC 2734 = PGC
25413
09 03 01.6 +16
51 48
Size 0.5'x0.4'
17.5"
(1/28/89): extremely faint and small, round, just non-stellar. Three mag 14/15 stars are on a line
about 2' NW. Located 12' E of NGC
2730.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2734 = m 144 on 28 Mar 1864 and noted "eF, vS,
R." His position is 2' north
of PGC 25413, a faint galaxy not catalogued in the CGCG, MCG, UGC or RC3.
******************************
NGC 2735 = Arp
287 NED1 = VV 40a = UGC 4744 = MCG +04-22-002 = CGCG 121-003 = Holm 108a = PGC
25399
09 02 38.7 +25
56 05
V = 13.3; Size 1.2'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 94d
24"
(3/22/14): moderately bright and large, very elongated 3:1 E-W, 0.9'x0.3',
contains a bright elongated core.
Forms a close pair (VV 40 = Arp 287) with NGC 2735A = PGC 25402 just
45" ENE of center, but detached. At 375x, the companion appeared very
faint and small, round, only 10"-12" diameter. Situated 4.9' NNE of mag 7.3 HD 77313,
along with three mag 9-10 stars even closer.
17.5"
(4/6/91): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 E-W. There are four bright stars to the
south. Three of these stars
oriented WSW-ENE form a shallow arc; mag 10 star 1.6' S, mag 9.1 SAO 80591 3.2'
SW, mag 9.0 SAO 80590 4.6' SW.
Also mag 7.2 SAO 80592 lies 5' SSW (2' S of SAO 80591).
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2735 = St IX-18 on 26 Feb 1878 using the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory and recorded as "small star enveloped in a vF,
vS neby, lE E-W." His
position is exactly 1.0 tmin of RA east of UGC 4744 although his offset star is
correctly placed. The error was
caught and corrected by Esmiol in his re-reduction of Stephan's position.
******************************
NGC 2736 =
Herschel's Ray = Pencil Nebula = ESO 260-N14 = RCW 37
09 00 17 -45 56
54
Size
30'x7'; PA = 20d
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): Herschel's Ray was a striking,
bright filament at 130x and a UHC or OIII filter, extending SSW-NNE for at
least 20' in length. Herschel's
Ray is brightest along a 5' stretch at the NNE end as it passes to the west of
mag 8.3 HD 774433 and continues NNE ending to the west of a mag 9.5 star. Several very faint stars appear to very
close to the northern half of the ray, particularly along the eastern edge,
though a mag 11.2 star is also at the western edge. The ray weakens or thins to a narrow splinter just the east
of this mag 11.2 star. At the NNE
tip the filament subtly bends very slightly towards the north and at the SSW
end the filament more obviously curves or hooks slightly towards the south as
it fades.
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): Herschel's Ray was easily picked up at 105x using a UHC
filter. It extended well over 1/2
of the 38' field, at least 20'x2', oriented SSW-NNE. This prominent Vela Supernova filament is brightest towards
the NNE end near a mag 8.3 star which is just following the NNE edge. It appears like a thin splinter of
light through the field with a weak filamentary structure and variations in
brightness, similar to one of the fainter filaments in the Veil nebula. Several stars are very close to the
edge including a mag 11 star near the middle. I was impressed the appearance was very comparable to the
view I had through the 18-inch in Australia.
18" (7/7/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is an isolated bright eastern filament
in the Vela Supernova remnant which is centered over 4¡ to the west. At 128x and UHC filter (38 arcmin
field), it appears as a fairly faint, thin, nebulous streak extending SSW-NNE
over half the field, ~20'x1'! The
surface brightness is roughly uniform, though the northern portion is brighter near
a mag 8.3 star off the NE end. The
nebulosity continues past this star and ends with a mag 9.5 star due east of
the NNE tip. On the SSW end the
nebulosity gradually dims out. A
few mag 11 stars border the filament, one just off the west edge near the
center and a couple further south.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2736 = h3145 on 1 Mar 1835 and recorded "eeF, L, vvmE; an
extraordinary long narrow ray of excessively feeble light; position 19
deg±. At least 20' long, extending
much beyond the limits of the field...". It was sketched in Plate V, figure 12. His position and sketch agrees
perfectly with ESO 260-N14, the brightest piece of the huge Vela SNR, centered
~ 5 degrees WNW.
Joseph Turner
also sketched NGC 2736 in Jan. 1876 using the Great Melbourne Telescope (see
http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/lithograph_m_4_34.php). In Jan 1885, Barachi commented,
"Extremely faint, a long streak across the field, straight, very narrow,
with a peculiar group of stars in the n.f. quadrant, forming almost a
semicircle, of which the north portion of the streak is the diameter. Streak
spreads out at its s.p. end, and becomes a large irregular-shaped whitishness,
without distinct contour, which the eye cannot see except by moving the telescope
up and down, and only when the back ground is perfectly black and free from
haze; even then it requires a little time before it can be seen."
RNGC and NGC
2000.0 misclassify this filament
as a galaxy and I mentioned this error in RNGC Corrections #5. The first reported connection of NGC
2736 with the Vela SNR was in 2000:
http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJL/v543n2/005648/005648.html,
two years after the discovery of the SNR itself in 1998. Estimated age of the supernova is
9-11,000 years.
******************************
NGC 2737 = UGC
4751 = MCG +04-22-005 = CGCG 121-009 = PGC 25453
09 03 59.7 +21
54 23
V = 14.1; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 61d
17.5"
(1/28/89): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated WSW-ENE, small bright
core. Forms a close pair with NGC
2738 3.7' N.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 2737, along with NGC 2738, on 23 Feb 1863. His micrometric position (measured on 3
nights) matches UGC 4751 = PGC 25453.
Engelhardt also measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 2738 = UGC
4752 = VV 481 = MCG +04-22-006 = CGCG 121-010 = PGC 25454
09 04 00.5 +21
58 04
V = 13.0; Size 1.4'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 55d
17.5"
(1/28/89): fairly faint, small, elongated SW-NE, small bright core. Forms a close pair with NGC 2737 3.7'
S.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 2738, along with NGC 2737, on 23 Feb 1863. His micrometric position (measured on 3
nights) matches UGC 4752 = PGC 25454 and he noted a mag 14 star that precedes
by 8 seconds of RA and 30" north.
******************************
NGC 2739 = MCG
+09-15-085 = CGCG 264-059 = PGC 25530
09 06 02.8 +51
44 41
V = 14.8; Size 0.8'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 95d
17.5"
(4/5/97): very faint, small, round, 20" diameter. Forms a close double system with NGC
2740 40" SE. This galaxy is
the smaller of the pair but is slightly more noticeable due to a small brighter
core and stellar nucleus with direct vision. A mag 12 star lies 51" NNE of center.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 2739 on 18 Feb 1855 while observing h549 = NGC 2740 with Lord
Rosse's 72". He noted a
"Double nebula, vF, south one the larger, both S, R." A sketch clearly shows both galaxies as
well as two nearby stars (JH logged "four small stars with a strong
suspicion of nebula among them").
******************************
NGC 2740 = MCG
+09-15-086 = CGCG 264-060 = PGC 25531
09 06 05.0 +51
44 07
V = 14.0; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(4/5/97): very faint, small, round, 30" diameter. A mag 14 star is 35" SE of
center. Forms a double system with
NGC 2739 40" NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2740 = h549 on 17 Feb 1831 and recorded "four small stars
with a strong suspician of nebula among them." This observation probably refers to both NGC 2739 and NGC
2740 (one or two of Herschel's "stars" are probably the nuclei or
cores of these galaxies), but LdR is credited with the discovery of one of the
galaxies (NGC 2740) in the GC and NGC. His position is 1.3' north of CGCG
264-060 = PGC 25531, and falls very close to a nearby star.
******************************
NGC 2741 = Mrk
1221 = PGC 25425
09 03 16.5 +18
15 40
Size
0.5'x0.2'; PA = 80d
17.5"
(4/6/02): very faint, small, slightly elongated 0.5'x0.3', ver weak
concentration. Located 3' N of a
mag 10 star. A mag 13 star follows
by 1'. This galaxy is the
westernmost in the NGC 2744 group and lies 30' W of NGC 2744. The NGC identification is uncertain as
Marth's catalogued position is 1.0 tmin further east (nothing exists
there). Listed as nonexistent in
the RNGC.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2741 = m145 on 28 Mar 1864 and simply noted "vF". There is nothing at his position and
Bigourdan, Carlson and RNGC all concluded this object doesn't exist. But Harold Corwin notes that 1.0 min of
RA west of Marth's position (and matching in declination) is PGC 25425. The NGC description "p[receding]
of two [with NGC 2745]" was added by Dreyer based on the positions, but is
not accurate.
******************************
NGC 2742 = NGC
2816? = UGC 4779 = MCG +10-13-057 = CGCG 288-019 = PGC 25640
09 07 33.2 +60
28 46
V = 11.4; Size 3.0'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 87d
13.1"
(12/22/84): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated ~E-W, even moderate
surface brightness. Located 4.6'
SE of mag 7.7 SAO 14765. A thin
isosceles triangle of stars including a mag 13 pair at 24" separation lies
3' SE. NGC 2768 lies 40' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2742 = H I-249 = h550 on 19 Mar 1790 (sweep 952) and described
"a considerably bright extended nebula about 4' long and 2' broad; it is
easily resolvable, and I suppose with a higher power and longer attention the
stars would become visible. It is
brighter about the middle."
His position is 2.3' northeast of the center of UGC 4779 = PGC
25640. JH made a single
observation (no structure noted) and described with the 72" on 12 Mar 1852
as "an amorphous mass of neby of uneven character, elongated
p-f." MCG misidenties MCG
+10-13-058 as NGC 2742.
NGC 2816 may be
a duplicate observation. See that
number.
******************************
NGC 2743 = UGC
4760 = MCG +04-22-009 = CGCG 121-013 = PGC 25496
09 04 54.3 +25
00 14
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 105d
17.5"
(3/12/94): fairly faint, moderately large, slightly elongated WNW-ESE,
1.0'x0.8', low surface brightness halo, sharp concentration with prominent
15" core and stellar nucleus.
Forms the east vertex of an isosceles triangle with a mag 10.5 star 4.1'
NW, a mag 12 star 4.1' WSW and mag 9.0 SAO 80621 9' E.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2743 = H III-608 on 22 Feb 1787 (sweep 703) and noted "eF,
S, R, vlbM." His position
(Auwers' reduction) is within 1' of UGC 4760.
******************************
NGC 2744 = UGC
4757 = MCG +03-23-031 = CGCG 090-065 = VV 612 = LGG 166-001 = PGC 25480
09 04 39.1 +18
27 53
V = 13.5; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 120d
17.5"
(4/6/02): fairly faint, fairly small.
Elongated 4:3 ~WNW-ESE, although the appearance is asymmetric with an
irregular outline and faint extensions visible with averted vision only. Weak concentration to an ill-defined
core. A mag 13.5-14 star is at the
east edge, 53" from center.
Located 13' NW of NGC 2749 in a group. Difficult NGC 2745 lies 12' due south.
The DSS image
reveals a distorted, (possibly) interacting system with a very faint tidal
plume to the north.
13"
(12/22/84): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated NW-SE, diffuse, low even
surface brightness. A mag 14 star
is just 0.9' E of center. NGC 2749
lies 14' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2744 = H III-60 = h551 on 21 Mar 1784 (sweep 181) and noted
"vF, S, r. I saw it better
with 240 than 157, very near it is a small star." His position is 8 sec of RA east and 1'
north of UGC 4757.
JH made two
observations and noted "vF; R; is south of a coarse double
star." R.J. Mitchell,
observing with LdR's 72" on 9 Feb 1855, recorded "Neb is vlbM,
perhaps lE np sf. It is closely
followed by a small star; a few minutes north are 4 stars."
******************************
NGC 2745 = CGCG
090-064 = PGC 25478
09 04 39.3 +18
15 26
V = 14.6; Size 0.4'x0.2'; PA = 0d
17.5"
(4/6/02): extremely faint and small, round, 15" diameter. A similar (in brightness) mag 15 star
lies ~30" S and initially drew my attention. Located 4.3' ESE of mag 9.2 SAO 98335 and 10' WSW of NGC
2749 in a group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2745 = m 146 on 28 Mar 1864 and noted "eF, vS,
stellar." His position
matches CGCG 090-064 = PGC 25478.
Dreyer added the description "f of 2 [with NGC 2741]", but
this was based on the erroneous position of NGC 2741.
******************************
NGC 2746 = UGC
4770 = MCG +06-20-023 = CGCG 180-032 = PGC 25533
09 05 59.5 +35
22 38
V = 13.1; Size 1.6'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.9
17.5"
(4/5/97): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter, very weak even
concentration to a slightly brighter core. A mag 12 star is close north [52" from center].
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2746 = H III-825 = h552 on 10 Mar 1790 (sweep 938) and recorded
"vF, S, R, bM, south of a small star." His position (Caroline Herschel's reduction) matches UGC
4770.
******************************
NGC 2747 = CGCG
090-070 = PGC 25507
09 05 18.3 +18
26 32
V = 14.5; Size 0.4'x0.2'; PA = 170d
17.5"
(4/6/02): very faint, small, round, 0.4' diameter. Low, even surface brightness and even with concentration
could not hold steadily. Collinear
with a trio of mag 11 stars which trail to the east. Just beyond the south-eastern star in the chain lies NGC
2752 8.5' SE. Located 8' N of NGC
2749 in a small group of a half-dozen galaxies.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2747 = m 147 on 29 Mar 1865 and recorded "vF, vS,
stellar." His position
matches CGCG 090-070 = PGC 25507.
******************************
NGC 2748 = UGC
4825 = MCG +13-07-019 = CGCG 350-014 = PGC 26018
09 13 42.9 +76
28 33
V = 11.7; Size 3.0'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 38d
17.5"
(4/6/91): moderately bright, fairly small, very elongated 3.0'x1.0' SW-NE,
broad concentration but no nucleus.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2748 = h548 on 2 Sep 1828 and recorded "pB; pL; E; vglbM;
90" l; 40" br." The
position is marked as approximate, but is less than 2' northwest of the center
of UGC 4825.
******************************
NGC 2749 = UGC
4763 = MCG +03-23-036 = CGCG 090-069 = LGG 166-005 = PGC 25508
09 05 21.4 +18
18 49
V = 11.8; Size 1.7'x1.4'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 69d
17.5"
(4/6/02): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 4:3 WSW-ENE, 0.9'x0.7',
small bright core. Brightest in a
group with NGC 2741 30' W, NGC 2744 13' NW, NGC 2745 10' WSW, NGC 2751 4' SE
and NGC 2752 5.3' ENE.
13"
(12/22/84): fairly faint, small, almost round, bright core, small faint
nucleus. Brightest in a group with
NGC 2751 4' SE and NGC 2752 5' NE.
Also NGC 2744 lies 14' NW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 2749 on 5 Mar 1862 with the 11" refractor at
Copenhagen observatory. His
position (measured on 6 nights!) matches UGC 4763 = PGC 25508, though he missed
nearby NGC 2751 and 2752.
******************************
NGC 2750 = VV
541 = UGC 4769 = MCG +04-22-012 = CGCG 121-017 = KPG 186B = PGC 25525
09 05 48.0 +25
26 13
V = 11.9; Size 2.2'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.3
24"
(3/22/14): fairly faint to moderately bright, moderately large, strong
concentration with a very small bright core and quasi-stellar nucleus, fairly
large slightly elongated halo 1.2'x1.0'.
A very faint, elongated brightening was visible at the west edge. This object is catalogued as KPG 186A =
PGC 93099, but on the SDSS it appears more likely to be a bright, knotty, star
forming region.
17.5"
(4/6/02): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter. Moderately concentrated to a small
bright core and a stellar nucleus.
Forms the NE vertex of a right triangle with mag 9.7 SAO 80618 4' WSW
and a mag 11.5 star 3.5' SSW. A
superimposed companion on the west side was not seen.
17.5"
(4/6/91): fairly faint, fairly small, round, even concentration to a small
bright core, halo gradually fades into background. Located 3.9' NE of mag 9.3 SAO 80618.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2750 = H III-291 on 11 Mar 1785 (sweep 384) and remarked
"vF, pL, R, bM." Auwer's reduction placed this object 1¡ too far
north, but this error was caught by JH, when he compiled the GC. Heinrich d'Arrest independently
discovered the nebula and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 2751 = MCG
+03-23-037 = CGCG 090-071 = PGC 25517
09 05 32.4 +18
15 44
V = 14.2; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 141d
17.5"
(4/6/02): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter (viewed core
only). Located 40" S of a mag
13 star and 4' SE of NGC 2749 in a group of a half-dozen galaxies. Brighter NGC 2752 lies 5' NE.
13"
(12/22/84): extremely faint, small, almost round. In a group with brightest member NGC 2749 4.0' NW, also NGC
2752 lies 5.7' NNE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2751 = m 148, along with NGC 2752, on 28 Mar 1864 and noted
"eF, eS, stellar." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2752 = UGC
4772 = MCG +03-23-038 = CGCG 090-072 = PGC 25523
09 05 43.0 +18
20 23
V = 13.7; Size 1.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 58d
17.5"
(4/6/02): faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 SW-NE, 0.8'x0.3', low surface
brightness with no noticeable central brightening. A mag 11 star is 1.0' NW and a close double star (brighter
component is 10.5 mag) with a wider third component is 1.9' NE. Located 5.3' ENE of NGC 2749 at the
eastern end of a group of 6 galaxies.
13"
(12/22/84): extremely faint, small.
Three stars are close NE including a fairly bright mag 10/13 double at
20" separation located 2' NE and a mag 10.5 star lies 1.0' NW. Located at the east edge of a galaxy
group and 5.3' ENE of NGC 2749.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2752 = m 149, along with NGC 2751, on 28 Mar 1864 and remarked
"pF, pL, vmE, gbM." His
position matches UGC 4772 = PGC 25523.
******************************
NGC 2753 = MCG
+04-22-015 = CGCG 121-020 = PGC 25603
09 07 08.3 +25
20 32
V = 14.4; Size 0.5'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 15d
17.5"
(4/6/02): faint, small, slightly elongated SSW-NNE, 0.5'x0.4', weak
concentration. A mag 13.5 star is
1.0' NW. NGC 2750 lies 19' WNW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 2753 on 21 Feb 1863 with the 11-inch Merz-refractor at
the Copenhagen observatory. There
is nothing at his position (#87 in AN 1500), though he noted a mag 13-14 star
was 40" northwest. Exactly 1
min of time east of his position is CGCG 121-020 = PGC 25603, matching his
description. He mentioned that he
couldn't find this nebula again on nights #173 and 229, so the first position
was clearly a recording or copying error.
******************************
NGC 2754 = ESO
564-016 = PGC 25504
09 05 11.2 -19
05 05
V = 14.2; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 130d
17.5"
(2/8/97): very faint, small, elongated 4:3 WSW-ENE, low even surface
brightness. Faintest of three in
field and located 5.3' SW of NGC 2758 and 9' NW of IC 2437.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 2754 = LM II-408 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory and noted as "mag 15.0, 0.4' dia, R; 1st of 3 [with
NGC 2757 and 2758." His
position is 8 sec of RA west of ESO 564-016 = PGC 25504.
******************************
NGC 2755 = UGC
4789 = MCG +07-19-034 = CGCG 209-030 = PGC 25670
09 07 58.3 +41
42 32
V = 13.2; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 130d
17.5"
(4/5/97): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 1.2'x0.8'. Even surface brightness with no
discernable core. Collinear with a
nice well-matched double 12' ENE [mag 11-12 stars at 21" separation].
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2755 = H III-626 on 18 Mar 1787 (sweep 716) and recorded
"vF, S, iF, lbM, resolvable."
CH's reduced position is within 1' of UGC 4789.
******************************
NGC 2756 = UGC
4796 = MCG +09-15-098 = CGCG 264-067 = PGC 25757
09 09 01.1 +53
50 58
V = 12.4; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 0d
17.5"
(2/9/02): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated nearly 2:1 N-S, 1.0'x0.6'. Contains a brighter, roundish
core. There is an extremely faint
clump of stars (triple on the DSS) about 1' SW which was near the limit of
visibility and appeared nebulous.
CGCG 264-008 lies 2.8' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2756 = H II-828 = h553 on 18 Mar 1790 (sweep 949) and noted
"pB, S, vgmbM." His
position (Auwers' reduction) is 1.5' south of UGC 4796, within his usual
positional accuracy. JH called
this galaxy "pB; pL; lE; vglbM." His position matches UGC 4796.
******************************
NGC 2757
09 05 25.7 -19
02 52
17.5"
(2/8/97): this is a faint, close triple star (components mag 15) located 1.3' W
of NGC 2758. In my observation of
NGC 2758, this triple appeared nebulous and I sketched it as a probably
nonstellar companion (slightly elongated with a nearly stellar core)! Howe identifies a wider pair close NW
as NGC 2757.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 2757 = LM II-409 in 1886 with the 26" and recorded
"mag 15.0, 2nd of 3 [with NGC 2754 and 2758]; *?". His position is just 0.1 min of RA west
of NGC 2758. There is no galaxy
near this off and Herbert Howe, observing with the 20" refractor at
Chamberlin Observatory in Denver, found only an extremely faint double star,
dist 12". Harold Corwin
proposes a closer triple star (Muller would have easily resolved the coarser
double) at 09 05 25.7 -19 02 52. I
also thought this triple was a nonstellar object in my observation of NGC
2758! See Corwin's identifications
notes for more.
******************************
NGC 2758 = ESO
564-020 = MCG -03-23-019 = PGC 25515
09 05 31.2 -19
02 33
V = 13.2; Size 1.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 19d
17.5"
(2/8/97): very faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 0.8'x0.4', weak
concentration (viewed core only).
A very close trio of mag 15 stars is 1.3' W. This triple is probably NGC 2757, and I mistakenly took it
for a small nebulous object also. Situated between two mag 13 stars 2' N and 3'
S. Second brightest of three in field with NGC 2754 5.3' SW. On 3/25/95, I
picked up brighter IC 2437 10' N but missed the pair of NGC galaxies.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 2758 = LM II-410 in 1886 and recorded "mag 15.2, 0.5'x0.4',
E 180¡ [N-S], 3d of 3 [with NGC 2754 and 2757]. His position is just 9 sec of RA east of ESO 564-020.
******************************
NGC 2759 = UGC
4795 = MCG +06-20-033 = CGCG 180-042 = PGC 25718
09 08 37.3 +37
37 17
V = 13.0; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 50d
17.5"
(4/5/97): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter, moderately high
surface brightness, broad concentration.
IC 527 lies 13' E.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2759 = H III-647 = h554 on 20 Mar 1787 (sweep 721) and noted
"vF, vS, verified 300 power."
His position (CH's reduction) is less than 2' northeast of UGC 4795. JH called this galaxy "pF; R; S;
but not nearly so F as [NGC 2746], which precedes it in the sweep." His position is 13 sec of RA too far
west.
******************************
NGC 2760
09 15 42 +76 23
=Not found,
Gottlieb. =Not found, RNGC.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 2760 = Sw VI-34 on 26 Mar 1887. There is nothing at his position and Bigourdan came up empty
. His description mentions "nearly between an 8 and 9 mag star".
About 10' NW of his position is a wide pair of mag 13.6/15.5 stars at 35"
separation which are at the midpoint of two mag 9/10 stars matching Swift's
description - but the pair seems too wide to be confused as nebulous.
Harold Corwin
suggests CGCG 350-021 as a possible candidate, although the flanking stars are
mag 11. Also, this galaxy is 8.5
min of RA further east and 9' north of Swift's position. More recently (2014) he suggests CGCG
350-016, which is about a half-degree south of Swift's position and 1 min 30
sec west. Because of the large
uncertainties, I'm listing this number as not found. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 2761 = MCG
+03-23-041 = CGCG 091-001 = CGCG 090-077 = PGC 25638
09 07 30.9 +18
26 04
V = 13.9; Size 0.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.2
17.5"
(3/12/94): faint, small, round, 0.5' diameter, weak even concentration but no
distinct nucleus. Forms the vertex
of an obtuse angle with two mag 13 stars 2.3' WNW and 1.9' S. Located at the east end of a group
including NGC 2744, NGC 2745, NGC 2747, NGC 2749, NGC 2751 and NGC 2752 viewed
previously with the 13".
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2761 = m 150 on 29 Mar 1865 and simply noted as "vF,
S". Marth's position matches
CGCG 090-077 = PGC 25638.
******************************
NGC 2762 = MCG
+08-17-045 = CGCG 264-072 = PGC 25828
09 09 54.5 +50
25 06
V = 15.1; Size 0.5'x0.35'; PA = 0d
18"
(2/14/10): at 280x this difficult galaxy appeared extremely faint, very small,
possibly elongated though too faint to determine an orientation, 20"
diameter. Required averted and
concentration to just briefly glimpse (repeated a few times) this object 2.9'
WNW of NGC 2767. First of four in
a group with NGC 2767, NGC 2769 and NGC 2771.
17.5"
(4/5/97): not found but I appeared to be observing partially in a tree and 5
hrs past the meridian! Located
2.9' NW of NGC 2767.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 2762 on 26 Feb 1851 with LdR's 72" and noted as 3' NW of
Gamma [NGC 2767] on the sketch.
The sketch is accurate enough to clearly identify NGC 2767, 2769, 2771
(all discovered by JH), as well as NGC 2762 = MCG +08-17-045. The first edition of the Deep Sky Field
Guide lists V = 16.9 and the second edition lists V = 14.0 (should refer to NGC
2767). The SDSS derived mag is V =
15.1.
******************************
NGC 2763 = MCG
-02-23-010 = PGC 25570
09 06 49.1 -15
30 00
V = 12.0; Size 2.3'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 120d
17.5"
(3/28/87): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated, weak
concentration, diffuse outer halo.
A mag 12.5 star is close off the north edge 1.2' from the center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2763 = H III-275 = h560 on 8 Feb 1785 (sweep 371) and reported
"vF, vS, bM, about 1/2' south of a small star." His position is 3' north of MCG
-02-23-010 = PGC 25570. JH called
this galaxy "eF; pL; has a small star just north, and four more
preceding." His position and
description is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2764 = UGC
4794 = MCG +04-22-017 = CGCG 121-024 = PGC 25690
09 08 17.5 +21
26 37
V = 12.9; Size 1.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 15d
17.5"
(1/28/89): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 ~N-S, weak concentration. Located between a mag 11.5 star 2.2' N
and a mag 10.5 star 2.3' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2764 = H III-236 = h557 on 16 Nov 1784 (sweep 318) and logged
"eF, lE, between 2 pretty bright stars, verified with 240
power." His position is just
off the southwest edge of UGC 4794.
A faint double star 1' SE was noted by LdR on the single observation of
23 Feb 1857.
******************************
NGC 2765 = UGC
4791 = MCG +01-24-001 = CGCG 033-061 = PGC 25646
09 07 36.6 +03
23 34
V = 12.1; Size 2.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 107d
17.5"
(2/1/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE, gradually brighter
core but no sharp nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2765 = H II-520 = h558 on 27 Jan 1786 (sweep 512) and recorded
"vF, mE, easily resolvable.
May be a patch of stars; the weather being too hazy to observe it
well." His position (Auwers'
reduction) is 1.7' north of UGC 4791.
JH described this galaxy as "vF; pL gbM, but not to a nucleus"
and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 2766 = UGC
4801 = MCG +05-22-009 = CGCG 151-014 = PGC 25735
09 08 47.6 +29
51 53
V = 13.6; Size 1.3'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 132d
17.5"
(4/6/02): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 NW-SE, 1.0'x0.4', slightly
brighter roundish core. A wide
pair of mag 13 stars follows (closer one is 1.6' E of center). Located 16' NE of mag 5.4 Tau Cancri.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2766 = St XIII-44 on 22 Mar 1884. His position matches UGC 4801
= PGC 25735.
******************************
NGC 2767 = UGC
4813 = MCG +08-17-048 = CGCG 264-075 = PGC 25852
09 10 11.9 +50
24 05
V = 13.8; Size 0.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 11.6; PA = 0d
18"
(2/14/10): this galaxy forms the west vertex of a near equilateral triangle
with NGC 2769 3.8' NE and NGC 2771 4.6' ESE. At 280x it appeared moderately bright, fairly small, round,
0.6' diameter, well concentrated with a very small bright core. NGC 2762 lies 2.9' WNW.
17.5"
(4/5/97): first and smallest of trio with NGC 2769 and NGC 2771. Faint, very small, round, 15"
diameter, even surface brightness.
NGC 2762 3' NW not seen.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2767 = h556 on 8 Mar 1831 and recorded "eF; sbM to a * 15m;
the first of 3 [with NGC 2769 and NGC 2771]." His position is 6 sec of RA east of UGC 4813, a similar
offset as his positions for other two.
******************************
NGC 2768 = UGC
4821 = MCG +10-13-065 = CGCG 288-026 = PGC 25915
09 11 37.6 +60
02 15
V = 9.9; Size 8.1'x4.3'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 95d
17.5"
(3/28/92): very bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 E-W, faint halo extends
to 3.0'x1.5' with averted. The
halo increases to a very bright core with a high surface brightness and a
stellar nucleus. Several bright
stars are in the field including two mag 10 stars 3.5' WNW and 4.7' N of
center.
8": fairly
bright, elongated, bright core.
Located 15' SE of a wide mag 8/9 pair.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2768 = H I-250 = h555 on 19 Mar 1790 (sweep 952) and logged
"vB, cL, lE, large bright nucleus in the middle." His position (Caroline Herschel's
reduction) is on the eastern side of the halo of UGC 4821.
******************************
NGC 2769 = UGC
4816 = MCG +08-17-050 = CGCG 264-076 = PGC 25870
09 10 32.2 +50
26 01
V = 13.0; Size 1.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 146d
18"
(2/14/10): at 280x, the northern member of a small group with NGC 2771, NGC
2767 and NGC 2762 appeared moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 5:2
NW-SE, 1.3'x0.5'. Gradually
increases to a bright core and small, brighter nucleus though there are no well
defined zones.
17.5"
(4/5/97): brightest of small trio with NGC 2771 3.4' SSE and NGC 2767 3.8'
SW. Fairly faint, fairly small,
elongated 5:2 NW-SE, 1.2'x0.5', brighter core.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2769 = h559 on 7 Mar 1831 (along with NGC 2771) and noted
"not vF; lE; S; pslbM; 15"." The next night he added nearby NGC 2767. His mean position
from two sweeps is 8 sec of RA east of UGC 4816.
******************************
NGC 2770 = UGC
4806 = MCG +06-20-038 = CGCG 180-047 = Holm 111a = PGC 25806
09 09 33.6 +33
07 26
V = 12.2; Size 3.8'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 148d
17.5"
(4/6/02): fairly faint but surprisingly large, nearly edge-on 7:2 NW-SE,
3.0'x0.9', weak broad concentration.
Fairly low but uneven surface brightness with an impression of
mottling. A mag 12 star is 2' N
and a mag 13 star 1.7' NE of center.
NGC 2770 hosted
three Type 1b supernovae in a 10-year period: SN 1999eh, SN 2007uy and SN 2008D
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2770 = H II-490 = h562 on 7 Dec 1785 (sweep 487) and logged
"pF, pmE, resolvable, 3' long, 1.5' broad. South of 2 equals stars nearly
in the meridian, and about 2' from each other." His position matches UGC 4801.
Bindon Stoney,
observing on 20 Jan 1852 with LdR's 72", noted "F, L ray, 2 stars
nearly parallel to it on n f side; suspect a bright streak down the
middle." This galaxy has
hosted 3 Type Ib supernovae over a 10 year period: SN 1999eh, SN 2007uy and SN
2008D.
******************************
NGC 2771 = UGC
4817 = MCG +08-17-051 = CGCG 264-077 = PGC 25875
09 10 39.8 +50
22 47
V = 12.7; Size 2.2'x1.9'; Surf Br = 14.1
18"
(2/14/10): moderately bright, elonated 2:1 SW-NE, 1.2'x0.6' (this is the
brighter bar and I missed the lower surface brightness halo). Contains a well defined, small bright
nucleus. This galaxy is slightly
fainter than NGC 2769 3.4' NNW with a roughly perpendiclar orientation.
17.5"
(4/5/97): the largest member of a small trio with NGC 2767 4.6' WNW and NGC
2769 3.4' NNW appears faint, round, 1.5' diameter with a fairly low surface
brightness. Broad concentration
with a very faint stellar nucleus with direct vision. Located 13' SW of mag 6.6 SAO 27165.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2771 = h561 on 7 Mar 1831 (along with NGC 2769) and logged
"vF; S; lE; 10"."
The next night he also recorded NGC 2767. His mean position (2 sweeps) is 8 sec of RA east and 1'
south of UGC 4817, but the identification is certain.
******************************
NGC 2772 = ESO
497-014 = MCG -04-22-002 = PGC 25654
09 07 41.9 -23
37 15
V = 13.4; Size 1.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 163d
17.5"
(2/8/97): fairly faint, moderately bright, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, broad
concentration with a bulging core and much fainter extensions. A mag 11.5 star lies 2.1' NNE.
John Herschel discovered
NGC 2772 = h3146 on 23 Jan 1835 and reported "eF, lE, lbM, rather a
doubtful object." His
position is 1.8' south of ESO 487-014.
******************************
NGC 2773 = UGC
4815 = MCG +01-24-004 = CGCG 034-005 = PGC 25825
09 09 44.2 +07
10 25
V = 14.0; Size 0.7'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 83d
17.5"
(3/29/89): very faint, very small, elongated E-W. Located just 1.2' W of a shallow arc of three stars mag
12.5/14/14 with 30" separation between the pairs. NGC 2775 lies 13' SE.
Albert Marth discovered
NGC 2773 = m 151 and noted "vF, S, lE." His position matches UGC 4815 = PGC 25825.
******************************
NGC 2774 = MCG
+03-24-004 = CGCG 091-015 = PGC 25879
09 10 40.0 +18
41 47
V = 13.8; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5" (3/12/94):
faint, fairly small, appears elongated E-W but probably due to mag 15 star just
off the west edge 24" from center, very weak concentration. Collinear with a mag 14 star 2.1' S and
a mag 13.5 star 3.8' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2774 = H III-61 = h565 on 21 Mar 1784 (sweep 181) and recorded
"suspected a nebula with 157; 240 shewed 5 small stars with a little
seeming nebulosity, of which however I still have some doubts; most probably a
higher power would have shown them free from it." There is nothing at his position but JH
found the nebula (CGCG 091-015 = PGC 25879) one degree north of his father's
position. Ralph Copeland,
confirmed the northern position with the 72" on 20 Feb 1873 and called it
"eF, R, glbM *15m in Pos 266.8¡, Dist 25.5". Finally, Stephan independently found
the galaxy on 7 Feb 1877 and recorded it in list IX-19. The NGC position from Stephan and
d'Arrest is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2775 = UGC
4820 = MCG +01-24-005 = CGCG 034-006 = LGG 169-002 = PGC 25861
09 10 20.2 +07
02 16
V = 10.1; Size 4.3'x3.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 155d
17.5"
(3/29/89): bright, very large, elongated 4:3 NNW-SSE, small very bright core,
stellar nucleus, large faint halo.
Near the edge of the field is NGC 2777 11' NNE (physical companion) and
NGC 2773 13' NW (background galaxy).
13"
(2/23/85): bright, fairly large, elongated NNW-SSE, bright core, stellar
nucleus.
8": fairly
bright, bright core, elongated.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2775 = H I-2 = h564 on 19 Dec 1783 (internal discovery #16 in
sweep 57). His summary description
from 5 sweeps reads "cB, cL, R, vgbM, with nucleus." JH recorded "vB; R; psbM; 2' diam;
the hazy border perhaps extends further; resolvable??" Samuel Hunter, observing on LdR's
72" on 28 Mar 1861 also thought he could resolve this galaxy, reporting
"R, vgbM like a glob. Cl, I see stars plainly at times."
******************************
NGC 2776 = UGC
4838 = MCG +08-17-056 = CGCG 238-020 = PGC 25946
09 12 14.5 +44
57 19
V = 11.6; Size 3.0'x2.7'; Surf Br = 13.8
17.5"
(3/16/96): moderately bright, moderately large, 1.5' diameter, round. Fairly even concentration with a large
1' core increasing to a 20" nucleus.
A mag 11 star is 4' SSE.
Located 9' NE of mag 7.6 SAO 42735.
8": faint,
moderately large, 1.5' diameter, slightly elongated ~N-S, weak
concentration. Located 8' NE of
mag 7.5 SAO 42735.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2776 = h563 on 19 Mar 1828 and described "pB; vL; R; vgbM;
resolvable; 3' diam." His
position is accurate.
R.J. Mitchell,
observing with LdR's 72" on 16 Feb 1858, noted "pL, mottled and
suspect spiral.".
******************************
NGC 2777 = UGC
4823 = MCG +01-24-006 = CGCG 034-008 = LGG 169-003 = PGC 25876
09 10 41.8 +07
12 23
V = 13.3; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.4
17.5"
(3/29/89): faint, small, slightly elongated, small bright core, faint stellar
nucleus suspected. A mag 12 star
is 2.0' NNE. NGC 2775, a physical
companion, lies 11.4' SSW.
13"
(2/23/85): faint, small, slightly elongated NNW-SSE, bright core, 11' NNE of
NGC 2775.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2777 = m 152 on 6 Mar 1864 and noted "F, S". His position matches UGC 4823.
******************************
NGC 2778 = UGC
4840 = MCG +06-20-043 = CGCG 180-054 = Holm 112a = PGC 25955
09 12 24.3 +35 01
39
V = 12.4; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 40d
17.5"
(3/28/92): fairly faint, small, irregularly round, very small bright core,
stellar nucleus with direct vision.
Forms a close pair with NGC 2779 1.7' NNE with NGC 2780 in the field
7.3' SSE. An evenly matched pair
of mag 10 stars (at 38" in PA ~90¡) is located 5' NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2778 = H II-564 = h566 on 28 Mar 1786 (sweep 549) and noted
"pB, S, R, mbM." His
position is 6 sec of RA west of UGC 4840, within his usual margin of error. JH
made 4 observations with size estimates of 20"-30". Brightest in a group (NGC 2779
discovered with the 72").
******************************
NGC 2779 = MCG
+06-20-044 = CGCG 180-055 = Holm 112b = PGC 25958
09 12 28.2 +35
03 12
V = 14.6; Size 0.7'x0.7'
17.5"
(3/28/92): extremely faint, very small, round, can almost hold steadily with
averted. Forms a close pair with
NGC 2778 1.7' SSW. Faintest of
three including NGC 2780. A wide evenly matched mag 10 pair at 38"
separation is just 3.5' NE.
George Johnstone
Stoney discovered NGC 2779 on 13 Mar 1850 with LdR's 72" and noted "a
third neb [with NGC 2778 and NGC 2780], eF, found." The sketch clearly shows the three
galaxies correctly positioned and a micrometric offset from NGC 2778 was measured
in 1867.
******************************
NGC 2780 = UGC
4843 = MCG +06-20-047 = CGCG 180-057 = PGC 25967
09 12 44.3 +34
55 32
V = 13.3; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 150d
17.5"
(3/28/92): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated 4:3 ~E-W, even surface
brightness. A mag 12/13.5 double
star at 15" separation in PA 90¡ is 1.8' WNW. Appears slightly larger than NGC 2778 7.3' NNW but has an
lower surface brightness. This
galaxy is the second brightest of three with NGC 2778 and NGC 2779.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2780 = H III-826 = h567 on 10 Mar 1790 (sweep 938) and called
"vF, S, resolvable." His position (Caroline Herschel's reduction) is
2' south of UGC 4843. The previous nebula observed in the sweep was brighter
NGC 2778, which had been discovered 28 Mar 1786.
******************************
NGC 2781 = MCG
-02-24-002 = PGC 25907
09 11 27.4 -14
49 01
V = 11.6; Size 3.0'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 75d
17.5"
(2/8/97): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 E-W, 2.5'x1.4', sharp
concentration with a prominent 40"x20" core. A mag 13 star lies 2'
N. Located 8' NNE of mag 8.7 SAO
154982.
8": very
faint, small, 1.0' diameter, weak concentration. Located within a group of stars.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2781 = H I-66 = h569 = h3147 on 8 Feb 1785 (sweep 371) and
recorded "B, vS, iF, mbM."
JH called it "pB; E in parallel; psbM; 60" length." and
measured an accurate position.
From the Cape of Good Hope, he recorded "B, E, psmbM, 40" l,
30" br."
******************************
NGC 2782 = Arp
215 = UGC 4862 = MCG +07-19-036 = CGCG 209-031 = PGC 26034
09 14 05.2 +40
06 48
V = 11.6; Size 3.5'x2.6'; Surf Br = 13.9
18"
(2/14/10): at 280x, appears fairly bright and sharply concentrated with a very
bright round core, 40" diameter.
The core is surrounded by a fairly large 2'-2.5' diameter halo. A faint star is situated 1.6' ENE of
the core and an extremely low surface brightness hazy patch is just
following. This patch is likely a
detached outer section of a spiral arm or plume, caused by a earlier merger
event.
17.5":
moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated, sharp concentration,
stellar nucleus, slightly elongated fainter halo. A pair of mag 13 stars are 3' S and mag 9 SAO 42762 is 8.5'
NNE.
8": faint,
bright core, two mag 13 stars to the S, mag 9 star 5' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2782 = H I-167 = h568 on 18 Mar 1787 (sweep 716) and recorded
"cB, R, BN, about 1.5' dia."
His position is 1.5' south of UGC 4862 = Arp 215. With the 72", Ralph Copeland described
the galaxy as "B, pL, R, irregular, pgsmbMN."
Arp 215 is the
result of a very unequal mass merger between two galaxies and contains
extremely faint tidal tails.
******************************
NGC 2783 = HCG
37A = UGC 4859 = MCG +05-22-019 = CGCG 151-027 = Holm 113a = PGC 26013
09 13 39.5 +29
59 34
V = 12.6; Size 2.1'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 168d
24"
(2/9/13): dominant member of the HCG 37 quintet (3 members observed). At 375x appeared fairly bright,
moderately large, elongated 5:3 N-S, well concentrated with a bright 25"
core and large low surface brightness halo, extending 1.0'x0.6'. HCG 37C (faint, very small, round 12" diameter) is just off the NW
edge (0.6' from center) and IC 2449 = HCG 37B is 1.5' NW. Situated 1.4' NE of a mag 9.8 star
(1.1' pair with a mag 11 star further south).
17.5"
(2/8/97): brightest of three galaxies visible in HCG 37. Fairly faint, fairly small, elongated
3:2 NNW-SSE, bright core. Two mag
9.5-10 stars lie 1.4' SW and 2.2' SSW. IC 2449 = UGC 4856 = HCG 37B is 1.5' WNW
and just off the NW side is a marginal member HCG 37C, 36" from center.
17.5"
(3/28/92): this is the brightest galaxy in the HCG 37 group. Moderately bright, fairly small,
elongated 2:1 N-S, bright core.
Two bright stars are close south; a mag 9.5 star is 1.5' SW and a mag 10
star 2.3' SSW. The multiple system NGC 2783B = UGC 4856 lies 1.5' WNW (not
seen). Located 22' NW of NGC 2789.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2783 = H III-295 on 13 Mar 1785 (sweep 386) and reported
"vF, vS, R, just N.f. 2 pB stars." CH's reduced position is 3' north-northeast of UGC 4859 =
PGC 26013 and the description of the nearby stars matches. Bigourdan measured an accurate position
(first reporting it as Big.
274). Member of the NGC 2789 group
and brightest in HCG 37.
******************************
NGC 2784 = ESO
497-023 = MCG -04-22-005 = UGCA 152 = PGC 25950
09 12 19.2 -24
10 18
V = 10.2; Size 5.5'x2.2'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 73d
17.5"
(2/28/87): very bright, moderately large, very bright core with much fainter
extensions, elongated 2:1 WSW-ENE, possibly a sharper edge along the north
side. A mag 10.5 star is 3.7' E of
center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2784 = H I-59 = h571 = h3148 on 20 Nov 1784 (sweep 326) and
noted "S, cBM but vF at the side, a very little E; the chevelure of the
milky kind." JH recorded the galaxy as "pB; R; gbM;
25"." From the Cape of
Good Hope he logged "B, L, mE, pgmbM, 4' l, 90" br, position = 63.7¡."
******************************
NGC 2785 = UGC
4876 = MCG +07-19-042 = CGCG 209-035 = PGC 26100
09 15 15.2 +40
55 04
V = 14.2; Size 1.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 120d
17.5"
(4/6/02): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE,
1.3'x0.5'. Exhibits a weak, broad
concentration and fades at the tips.
A mag 14.5 star is close NNE [0.8' from center].
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2785 = St XIII-45 on 16 Mar 1884 and described "quite
small, irregularly oval; elongated ESE-WNW; two very distinct points of
condensation." His position matches UGC 4876.
******************************
NGC 2786 = UGC
4861 = MCG +02-24-002 = CGCG 062-008 = PGC 26008
09 13 35.6 +12
26 27
V = 13.3; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 77d
17.5"
(1/12/02): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated nearly 2:1 WSW-ENE, 0.7'x0.4',
very small brighter core. There
are a group of mag 11/12 stars at the NW edge of the 220x field.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2786 = m 153 on 5 Apr 1864 and noted "vF, vS,
mbM". There is nothing near
his position. Karl Reinmuth, in
his 1926 photographic survey "Die Herschel Nebel" states "in
Dreyer's place not found" but he proposes NGC 2786 = UGC 4861, which is
located 18' north and 20 sec of RA west of Marth's position. There are no other nearby candidates,
but with the large positional discrepancy, this identification is
uncertain. Dorothy Carlson simply
states "not found" based on Reinmuth's comment and RNGC classifies
the number as nonexistent (Type 7).
UGC 4861 is not identified as NGC 2786 in the major galaxy catalogues
and is plotted as UGC 4861 on U2000.0 version 2.
******************************
NGC 2787 = UGC
4914 = MCG +12-09-039 = CGCG 332-041 = PGC 26341
09 19 18.5 +69
12 11
V = 10.8; Size 3.2'x2.0'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 117d
17.5"
(4/6/91): bright, fairly small, slightly elongated 4:3 NW-SE, 2.0'x1.5', even
concentration to a small very bright core. A mag 14 star is at the SE edge of the halo 0.9' from the
center.
8": fairly
faint, small, bright core. A mag 7
star is 25' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2787 = H I-216 = h570 on 3 Dec 1788 (sweep 890) and recorded
"p or cB, pL, iF."
On 8 Nov 1801 (sweep 1100)
he noted "vB, R, mbB, seems to be resolvable. Towards the sf, within the
nebulosity, is a vS star."
His position is ~10' southeast of UGC 4914. JH reported "F; E in parallel; psbM; 30"."
and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 2788 = ESO
061-002 = PGC 25761
09 09 03.5 -67
55 57
V = 12.3; Size 1.8'x0.4'; Surf Br = 11.8; PA = 114d
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): excellent fairly bright edge-on,
fairly large, elongated 4:1 WNW-ESE, 1.4'x0.35', very weak cocnentration. A faint star is just off the south
side, 19" from the center. I
had the impression there was a sharper light cut-off on the south side, but was
not convinced.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2788 = h3150 on 29 Jan 1835 and recorded "vF; vS; mE in pos
105¡." His position is 30 sec west of ESO 061-002 but the description
matches perfectly.
******************************
NGC 2789 = NGC
3167 = UGC 4875 = MCG +05-22-026 = CGCG 151-035 = PGC 26089
09 14 59.7 +29
43 48
V = 13.1; Size 1.9'x1.9'
17.5"
(3/28/92): fairly faint, small, round, weak concentration, fairly faint stellar
nucleus. Slightly fainter than NGC
2783 22' NW, although the listed magnitude is brighter.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2789 = St XIII-45 on 13 Mar 1883. His position matches UGC 4875. Brightest in a group.
NGC 3167, found
by d'Arrest, is probably a duplicate observation. See that number.
******************************
NGC 2790 = MCG
+03-24-016 = CGCG 091-034 = Mrk 1228 = PGC 26092
09 15 02.8 +19
41 49
V = 14.4; Size 0.4'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.2
17.5"
(3/12/94): very faint, very small, round, only 15"-20" diameter,
weakly concentrated to a very small brighter core. Located 1.3' SE of a mag 10.5 star which forms a wide
unequal double with a 14th magnitude companion 24" N.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2790 on 17 Feb 1865 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and noted
"vF, S, R, lbM." His position matches CGCG 091-034 = PGC 26092.
******************************
NGC 2791 = CGCG
091-033 = PGC 26088
09 15 02.0 +17
35 32
V = 14.7; Size 0.8'x0.3'; PA = 160d
17.5"
(1/28/89): extremely faint and small, round. Forms a close "double" with a mag 15 star just
21" E of center. First in a
group with the NGC 2794/NGC 2795 pair 14' E.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2791 on 21 Dec 1863 and noted "F, R". His position matches CGCG 091-033 = PGC
26088.
******************************
NGC 2792 = PK
265+4.1 = ESO 314-PN6 = PN G265.7+04.1
09 12 26.6 -42
25 41
V = 11.8; Size 18"
24" (4/4/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 350x this high surface brightness
planetary appeared very bright, small, round, 15"-20" in
diameter. It appeared annular with
a brighter rim, although the the inner edge of the annulus was not well defined. A wide pair of mag 11 stars lies 4' SE.
13.1"
(4/10/86): moderately bright planetary, small, round, no central star. A pair of mag 11 stars at 36"
separation is located 4' SE. Very
far southern object for observation from Northern California.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2792 = h3149 on 2 Mar 1835
and recorded "pF, exactly round, equal to a star 9th mag, but of a
dull light. At first I was inclined to think it double, but with 320 it
exhibited a uniform round disc; nor did a friend to whom I showed it see any
division. Stars to-night perfectly well defined. In a field with leading stars,
or which a diagram was made." On a later sweep he noted "Viewed past
meridian. It occurs in a field with about 40 stars. Diameter 4" or 5"
at the utmost; 10" is too large certainly. Very like that of sweep 771
[NGC 2452]. But now the night is
good and it bears magnifying. With 320 power the disc is dilated into a dim
hazy round nebula; yet there is a peculiarity in its appearance which
completely separates it from all nebulae of the same size. A very remarkable
object."
******************************
NGC 2793 = UGC
4894 = MCG +06-21-002 = CGCG 181-006 = PGC 26189
09 16 47.2 +34
25 47
V = 13.1; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3
48"
(4/4/11): 375x and 488x provided a fascinating view of NGC 2793, a collisional
ring galaxy. It appeared as a
fairly faint, moderately large roundish glow, ~0.8' diameter, with a well
defined edge. The rim was slightly
brighter along the north side, giving a partial annular or ring-like appearance
[the SDSS image resolves this brighter rim into a series of small HII knots or
star-forming regions. The likely
companion galaxy or intruder is visible along the east side of the rim as a
fairly bright small glow of high surface brightness, elongated 2:1 N-S,
~15"x8", mottled appearance.
The actual nucleus of the ring galaxy is perhaps situated at the north
end of the disrupting galaxy. A 15"
pair of mag 10 stars (h2491) lies 5' N.
NGC 2793 is located 8' WNW of mag 9.7 PPM 74387.
LEDA 82356 =
2MASX J09164092+3426511, a background galaxy, is located just 1.7' NW. It
appeared faint, small, round,
~15" diameter, low even surface brightness.
13.1"
(1/28/84): very faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter, low even surface
brightness. Located 53' W of Alpha
Lyncis (V = 3.1).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2793 = h572 on 6 Mar 1828 and reported "vF; R; has a double
star 5' north; 1 sec preceding."
His position and description matches the ring galaxy UGC 4893.
******************************
NGC 2794 = UGC
4885 = MCG +03-24-018 = CGCG 091-037 = PGC 26140
09 16 01.8 +17
35 23
V = 13.2; Size 1.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(1/28/89): fairly faint, small, round, weak concentration. Forms a close pair with NGC 2795 2.4'
NNE. NGC 2791 lies 14' W.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 2794, along with NGC 2797 and an independent discovery
of nearby NGC 2795, on 15 Mar 1866.
His position matches UGC 4885 = PGC 26140.
******************************
NGC 2795 = UGC
4887 = MCG +03-24-020 = CGCG 091-039 = PGC 26143
09 16 03.9 +17
37 42
V = 12.8; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 170d
17.5"
(1/28/89): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 2794 2.4' SSW and
NGC 2797 lies 6' NNE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2795 = m 156 on 21 Dec 1863 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
noted "F, R". d'Arrest
independently found it again on 15 Mar 1866, along with nearby NGC 2794 and
2797.
******************************
NGC 2796 = UGC
4893 = MCG +05-22-029 = CGCG 151-042 = Holm 115a = PGC 26178
09 16 41.8 +30
54 57
V = 13.8; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 80d
17.5"
(4/6/02): fairly faint, slightly elongated, 0.8'x0.6', slightly brighter core,
occasional stellar nucleus. A
close pair of mag 15 "stars" are 1' WSW of center - one of these is
actually the compact galaxy PGC 3088981.
A similar galaxy just off the east side of the galaxy was not noted or
assumed to be another faint star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2796 = H III-296 = h573 on 13 Mar 1785 (sweep 386) and noted
"vF, S, R, lbM." His
position is 1' south of UGC 4893. JH commented this nebula was "the
faintest conceivable."
******************************
NGC 2797 = UGC
4891 = MCG +03-24-023 = CGCG 091-042 = PGC 26160
09 16 21.7 +17
43 38
V = 14.3; Size 0.5'x0.4'
17.5"
(1/28/89): faint, very small, round, even surface brightness. Forms the east vertex of an isosceles
triangle with a pair of mag 12 stars 3' WSW and 3' WNW. Forms a pair with NGC 2795 6' SSW in a
group.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 2797, along with NGC 2794 and an independent discovery
of NGC 2795, on 15 Mar 1866. His
single position is 5 seconds of time west of UGC 4891. The noted the nebula formed a quadrilateral
with 3 mag 16 stars (the stars are several mags brighter).
******************************
NGC 2798 = Arp
283 NED1 = VV 50a = KTG 22B = UGC 4905 = MCG +07-19-055 = CGCG 209-045 = Holm
117a = PGC 26232
09 17 22.8 +42
00 00
V = 12.3; Size 2.6'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 160d
48"
(4/6/13): very bright, large, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, 2.0'x1.0'. Sharply
concentrated with a very bright, large core increasing to a small, intense
nucleus. A very large spiral arm
extends to the NNW from the core and curves back sharply at the end
counterclockwise to the SSE, fading rapidly to a very low surface brightness
and dimmng out before reaching the core.
The SSE extension has an extremely low surface brightness and no arm
structure was visible. Forms an
interacting pair with NGC 2799 1.5' ESE.
24"
(3/9/13): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 5:2 NW-SE, 1.7'x0.7', fairly
sharply concentrated with a very bright core that increases to a small, intense
nucleus. The extension (spiral
arm) to the northwest is brighter.
Forms a striking double system (Arp 283) with NGC 2799 1.5' ESE. UGC 4904 lies 5' S and appears as a
fairly faint glow, slightly elongated NW-SE, 25"x20", weak
concentration. The trio forms KTG
22.
17.5"
(4/6/91): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, very small bright core,
stellar nucleus. A mag 14 star is
1.6' NNE of center. Forms a double
system (interacting) with NGC 2799 1.5' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2798 = H II-708 on 14 Jan 1788 (sweep 797) and noted "pB,
S, stellar." His position is
3.5' too far southeast. Nearby NGC
2799 was first seen at Birr Castle.
******************************
NGC 2799 = Arp
283 NED2 = VV 50b = UGC 4909 = MCG +07-19-056 = CGCG 209-046 = Holm 117b = PGC
26238
09 17 31.0 +41
59 38
V = 13.8; Size 1.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 125d
48"
(4/6/13): fairly bright, very thin edge-on, 6:1 NW-SE, 1.4'x0.25'. The disc is slightly warped, bending
south slightly near the tips of both extensions. The galaxy is also asymmetric, with the NW end stretched out
towards the core of NGC 2798. With
careful viewing, an extremely faint tidal tail appears pulled out in the
direction of the companion and it fades out just east of the core.
24"
(3/9/13): moderately bright and large, very elongated 4:1 NW-SE, 1.0'x0.25',
brighter along a very thin streak of the major axis. Forms a 1.5' interacting pair (Arp 283) with brighter and
larger NGC 2798.
17.5"
(4/6/91): faint, small, elongated 3:1 NW-SE, low even surface brightness. Forms a very close (interacting) pair
with NGC 2798 1.5' WNW.
Ralph Copeland
discovered NGC 2799 on 9 Mar 1874 using LdR's 72", while observing NGC
2798. He recorded "F, cL, vmE
125.9¡, pos 102.7¡, dist 97.9" from [NGC 2798] or 8.7s f, 21.5"
s. The offsets and description are
a perfect match with UGC 4909. The
NGC position is offset to the southeast as Dreyer used WH's poor position for
NGC 2798.
******************************
NGC 2800 = UGC
4920 = MCG +09-15-117 = CGCG 264-094 = PGC 26302
09 18 35.2 +52
30 52
V = 12.8; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 15d
17.5"
(3/8/97): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, 40"x30". Contains a very small, slightly
brighter core. Unusual appearance as a mag 12 star is attached on the NW flank
15" from the center. Located
3.7' NW of mag 9 SAO 27206.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2800 = H III-832 = h574 on 17 Mar 1790 (sweep 945) and noted
"vF, S, lE." His
position is just 1' NW of UGC 4920.
JH described "a star with vF neb attached, in which is involved
another star 10" dist." The other "star" is probably the
nucleus of NGC 2800 with the superimposed star at the northwest side just
15" separation.
******************************
NGC 2801 = UGC
4899 = MCG +03-24-025 = PGC 26183
09 16 44.1 +19
56 00
V = 14.0; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 14.0
18"
(3/4/08): very faint, fairly small, round, 25" diameter, very low surface
brightness glow with little or no concentration. Located 4' SW of a mag 9.9 star in the NGC 2804/2809 group
18"
(2/9/08): extremely faint, small, round, 25" diameter, low surface
brightness and required averted.
Located 4.4' SW of a mag 10 star in the NGC 2804 group.
18"
(3/11/07): extremely faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 WSW-ENE, 0.6'x0.45',
low even surface brightness, requires averted to glimpse. Member of the NGC 2809 group and
located 4.5' SW of *10 and 9.7' SW of NGC 2809.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2801 = m 157 on 17 Feb 1865 and noted "eF, pL". His position is 1' south of UGC 4899 =
PGC 26183.
******************************
NGC 2802 = UGC
4897 = MCG +03-24-026 = CGCG 091-044nw = PGC 26177
09 16 41.4 +18
57 48
V = 14.5; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 14.1
17.5"
(1/28/89): very faint, very small, round, weak concentration. Almost in contact with NGC 2803
30" ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2802 = H III-62 = h575 on 21 Mar 1784 (sweep 181) and recorded
"Two [with NGC 2803]; vF, pS, R, r, both rather bright middle. 240 shewed them of a considerable
diameter; both are nearly in the same meridian." His position is ~30 sec of RA west of this pair. Henrich d'Arrest measured an accurate
position that was used in the NGC position.
******************************
NGC 2803 = UGC
4898 = MCG +03-24-027 = CGCG 091-044se = PGC 26181
09 16 43.9 +18
57 16
V = 14.3; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.7
17.5"
(1/28/89): very faint, small, round, weak concentration. Slightly larger than NGC 2802 which
forms a double system just 30" WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2803 = H III-63 = h575 on 21 Mar 1784 (sweep 181) and recorded
"Two [with NGC 2802]; vF, pS, R, r, both rather bright middle. 240 shewed them of a considerable
diameter; both are nearly in the same meridian."
******************************
NGC 2804 = UGC
4901 = MCG +03-24-028 = CGCG 091-047 = IC 2455: = PGC 26196
09 16 50.0 +20
11 55
V = 12.9; Size 2.2'x2.0'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 60d
18"
(3/4/08): moderately bright and large, elongated 4:3 WSW-ENE, 1.2'x0.9', weak
concentration with a very small brighter core. This galaxy and NGC 2809 are the brightest in a group of 6
NGC galaxies and several fainter members (AWM 1).
18"
(2/9/08): fairly faint to moderately bright, moderately large, oval 4:3 WSW-ENE,
bright core, very faint ill-defined halo, 1.2'x0.9'. Brightest in a poor group along with NGC 2804 located 8.7'
SE. The additional NGC members are
NGC 2790, 2801, 2807, 2809, 2812 and 2813.
17.5"
(3/12/94): moderately bright, fairly small, round, halo is weakly concentrated,
very small bright core, stellar nucleus.
Located between two mag 13 stars 1.6' N and 2.4' S. Brightest in a group with NGC 2809 8.6'
SSE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2804 = h577 on 24 Feb 1827 and recorded "vF; S; R; the np
of two [with NGC 2809]. His
position matches UGC 4901.
Stephane Javelle
catalogued 3-1087 (later IC 2455) exactly 5' south of NGC 2804 on 9 Apr 1896
with the 30" refractor at the Nice Observatory. There is nothing at his position and Harold Corwin suggests
that Javelle made a recording error and NGC 2804 = IC 2455, despite Javelle
mentioning he also saw NGC 2804.
******************************
NGC 2805 = UGC
4936 = MCG +11-12-003 = CGCG 312-002 = Holm 124b = LGG 173-1 = PGC 26410
09 20 20.4 +64
06 10
V = 11.0; Size 6.3'x4.8'; Surf Br = 14.6; PA = 125d
24"
(2/22/14): moderately bright, very large, contains a 30" brighter core and
a huge halo extending up to 4'x3' NW-SE.
The halo has a fairly low surface brightness but is slightly mottled,
hinting of HII regions [SDSS shows a string of HII knots along the outer
southern arm]. A mag 12.5 star is
just off the NW edge of the halo and a mag 14 star is on the NE side. Largest in a group (LGG 173) including
the trio NGC 2814, IC 2458 and NGC 2820, roughly 10' NE.
17.5"
(4/6/91): faint, large, irregularly round, very low surface brightness, weak
concentration but no nucleus.
Located at the west end of a string of 7 mag 13-14 stars. Several brighter stars are in the field
including mag 9 SAO 14844 6.5' NNW and a mag 10 star 4.4' SE. Largest of four in a group including
NGC 2814 11' NE, NGC 2820 and IC 2458 13' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2805 = H III-878 on 2 Apr 1791 (sweep 1000) and recorded
"vF, cL, R, vF, mbM. I
suppose it to be near 5' in diam but is so faint on the outside that it is
difficult to determine its extent."
His position and description matches UGC 4936 = PGC 26410.
******************************
NGC 2806
09 16 56.7 +20
04 14
18"
(3/4/08): this number refers to a single mag 14.5 star 2.4' W of NGC 2809.
18"
(2/9/08): this mag 14.5 star was mistakenly thought to be possibly nebulous by
Dreyer. At 225x it appeared
clearly as a faint star. Located
2.4' W of NGC 2809 and a similar distance NNW of NGC 2807. NGC 2806 is incorrectly identified as
MCG +03-24-030 in RNGC, MCG and PGC.
Dreyer
discovered NGC 2806 using Lord Rosse's 72" on 22 March 1876 and recorded
"A vF * or cS, eF neb p [NGC 2809] (sky bad), forming an equilateral
triangle with [2807] and [2809] (susp as neb by d'A, = [NGC 2806])." At his position is a mag 14.5 star at
09 16 56.7 +20 04 14 (2000). This star forms an equilateral triangle
with NGC 2807 and NGC 2809 and lies due west of NGC 2809. Since his descriptions and offsets for
other objects in the field are exact, there is no mistaking the identity of NGC
2806 as a single star. Dreyer
noted that d'Arrest also suspected this star to be nebulous on 17 Feb 1862.
RNGC, MCG, Deep
Sky Field Guide and Uranometria 2000 Atlas misidentify MCG +03-24-030 as NGC
2806. MCG +03-24-030 is situated
just preceding the south edge of NGC 2806. It was visible in my 18-inch although it was not recorded by
Dreyer (he noted the sky was bad).
Discussed in my RNGC Corrections #7 and Harold Corwin's identification
notes.
******************************
NGC 2807 = MCG
+03-24-031 = CGCG 091-051ne = PGC 26213
09 17 00.6 +20
02 10
V = 14.3; Size 0.8'x0.55'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 165d
18"
(3/4/08): faint, small, slightly elongated NNW-SSE, 24"x20", weak
concentration. Located 2.4' SW of
NGC 2809 in a group. Forms a close
pair with NGC 2807A = MCG +03-24-030 just 50" WSW. The companion appeared very faint, very
small, round, 15".
18"
(2/9/08): faint, small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, 25"x18", weak
concentration. Second faintest of
a close trio with brighter NGC 2809 2.4' NNE and fainter NGC 2807A 50"
SW. Member of the NGC 2804 group.
17.5"
(3/12/94): very faint, very small, slightly elongated NNW-SSE, weakly
concentrated. Located 2.5' SSW of
NGC 2809 in a group with a mag 10 star 3.3' S. At moments, an extremely faint companion possibly elongated
E-W is barely visible just west of the south edge (separation 49"). This fainter component of the double
system NGC 2807 is incorrectly identified as NGC 2806 in the RNGC, MCG, U2000.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 2807 on 17 Feb 1863 while observing NGC 2809. He noted h578 [NGC 2809] follows by 7
seconds in time and 115" north.
His position (measured on 4 nights) and description matches MCG
+03-24-031 = PGC 26213. Several
sources such as RNGC, MCG, Uranometria 2000.0 and Deep Sky Field Guide
misidentify MCG +03-24-030 (just 50" WSW) as NGC 2807. d'Arrest did not mention this
galaxy. UGC and CGCG have the
correct identification (noted as a double system). Megastar mislabels NGC 2807 as NGC 2806.
******************************
NGC 2808 = ESO
091-SC001 = Mel 95
09 12 02.6 -64
51 46
V = 6.1; Size 13.8'; Surf Br = 0.7
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x, this was a stunning
showpiece globular in the 24"!
The central region displays an unusually strong concentration with a
super-intense 2' core that was unresolved. A very bright, small halo surrounds the core that is mottled
but mostly unresolved. The outer
halo resolved into perhaps 150-200 stars mag 14.5 and fainter. The halo gradually thins out in
resolved stars out to 10' diameter. The core was smaller but still unresolved
at 350x. The overall appearance of
the three brightness levels mentioned above is unusually symmetrical.
18" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 171x, this bright globular (ranked 10th
brightest at V = 6.1) is fairly large, ~10' diameter and very compressed with a
blazing 2' core. The halo is
noticeably elongated, nearly 3:2.
A dense swarm of mag 14 and fainter stars are resolved in the halo and
around the edges of the core but the inner central core was unresolved. At 228x, there appeared to be some very
faint stars lanes streaming into the halo, which were barely unresolved but
looked like small tentacles. A mag
10/10.6 double at 16" is outside the cluster ~10' ESE. This is by far the brightest
concentration class I globular and the only one easily resolved.
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): this very bright globular is large and elongated,
~8'x6' SW-NE increasing to 2' bright core and a blazing 40" nucleus. At 144x, this cluster is mottled but
with no obvious resolution. At
166x a large number of extremely faint stars (mag 14-15) pop in and out of view
over the entire disc, though the resolved stars could not be held steadily. Located 1.8¡ NNE of mag 4.0 Alpha
Volantis.
Naked-eye
(7/8/02 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): faintly visible naked-eye.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 2808 = D265 = h3152on 7 May 1826 and recorded "a very
bright round nebula, about 3' or 4' diameter, very gradually bright to the
centre. This has a fine globular
appearance." His position is
20' too far northwest, but the identity is certain.
JH recorded 4
detailed observations from the Cape of Good Hope: On the first sweep (8 Mar
1834) he logged it as a "globular cluster, extremely compressed pretty
gradually very much brighter to the middle; up to a perfect blaze; diam. in RA
= 26.8 seconds; stars of 16th magnitude." His final observation (9 Feb 1837) notes "a truly
beautiful and delicate globular cluster; diameter in RA = 45 seconds, that of
the most compressed part 15 seconds; gradually very bright in the middle; all
finely resolved into perfectly equal stars like the finest dust, which are seen
with the left eye without effort, but the right requires to be somewhat
strained to discern them. Runs up to a blaze in the centre."
******************************
NGC 2809 = UGC
4910 = MCG +03-24-033 = CGCG 091-054 = PGC 26220
09 17 06.9 +20
04 11
V = 13.0; Size 1.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.3
18" (3/4/08):
moderately bright and large, slightly elongated ~N-S, 0.9'x0.7', gradually
increases to a small bright core and faint stellar nucleus. Brightest in a group (AWM 1) containing
NGC 2801, NGC 2804, NGC 2807, NGC 2812, NGC 2813 and a few fainter galaxies. The nearest two are NGC 2807 2.4' SW
and CGCG 91-055 5' N.
18"
(2/9/08): fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated
~N-S, 0.8'x0.65', weak even concentration to a small brighter core and faint
stellar nucleus. NGC 2807 lies 2.4'
SW and NGC 2807A is 3.2' SW.
Located 4.5' W of a 26" pair of mag 11 stars and 3' SSE of a mag
10.5 star. Brightest in a poor
cluster along with NGC 2804.
17.5"
(3/12/94): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 1' diameter, even moderate
concentration down to very small bright core, faint stellar nucleus at
moments. Located 2.9' SSE of a mag
10 star. A wide double star lies
4.5' W (mag 11/12 at 26").
Brightest in a group with NGC 2807 2.5' SSW and NGC 2804 8.6' NNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2809 = h578 on 24 Feb 1827, along with NGC 2804, and noted
"vF; S; R; the s f of two, distant 8'." His position was marked as uncertain, but is is a good match
with UGC 4910. He missed nearby
NGC 2807, which was discovered by d'Arrest.
******************************
NGC 2810 = UGC
4954 = MCG +12-09-042 = CGCG 332-045 = PGC 26514
09 22 04.5 +71
50 38
V = 12.2; Size 1.7'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(4/6/91): fairly faint, small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2810 = H III-749 on 3 Dec 1788 (sweep 890) and noted as
"cF, vS." His
position is 2.7' S of UGC 4954, but the identification is certain.
******************************
NGC 2811 = MCG
-03-24-003 = UGCA 155 = PGC 26151
09 16 11.1 -16
18 46
V = 11.3; Size 2.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.0; PA = 20d
18"
(3/30/05): the first object I took a look at was SN 2005am in NGC 2811
discovered on February 22, 2005.
The SN peaked near mag 13.5, but now appears significantly fainter. Coincidentally, the SN makes a very
close pair with a brighter mag 14.5 star (less than 10"). Generally only this star was visible,
but occasionally I could see a fainter companion close NE.
13.1"
(12/22/84): moderately bright, edge-on streak 4:1 SSW-NNE, brighter core,
stellar nucleus. A faint mag 14.5
star is embedded in the NE tip 0.6' from center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2811 = H II-505 = h580 = h3151 on 31 Dec 1785 (sweep 503) and
recorded "pB, S, lE from sp to nf, suddenly mbM." JH called it (from Slough) "pB; E
to n f; psbM; 60"."
Observing at the Cape, JH wrote "pB; mE; psvmbM; 40"
l." In the LdR observations,
the star at the northeast edge was mentioned twice.
******************************
NGC 2812 = CGCG
091-060 = PGC 26242
09 17 40.8 +19
55 08
V = 14.9; Size 0.55'x0.15'; Surf Br = 11.5; PA = 154d
18"
(3/4/08): extremely faint, very small, slightly elongated, 0.3'x0.2'. This difficult galaxy is located just
1.3' NW of NGC 2813 in the NGC 2804/2809 group.
18"
(2/9/08): very faint, small, very elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, 0.5'x0.15'. Located 2' NNE of mag 9 SAO 80743 and
1.3' NW of brighter NGC 2813 in a galaxy group.
18"
(3/11/07): extremely faint, very small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 0.4x0.2. Forms a close pair with brighter NGC
2813 and situated just 1.3' NW. A
mag 9 star lies 2' SSW and greatly detracts from viewing.
17.5"
(3/12/94): not seen.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2812 = m 158 on 17 Feb 1865, along with NGC 2813, and simply
noted "eF". His position
is 1' north of CGCG 091-060.
******************************
NGC 2813 = UGC
4916 = MCG +03-24-037 = CGCG 091-061 = PGC 26252
09 17 45.4 +19
54 24
V = 14.0; Size 1.3'x1.1'; PA = 145d
18"
(3/4/08): faint, fairly small, round, 25" diameter, weak concentration,
very small brighter core, faint stellar nucleus with direct vision. Located 2' NE mag 9.2 star that
detracts from viewing. Close pair
with fainter NGC 2812.
18"
(2/9/08): faint, small, round, 0.4' diameter, very weak concentration to a
small brighter core. Located 2' NE
of mag 9 SAO 80743 and brighter of a close pair with NGC 2812 1.3' NW. Member of the NGC 2809 Group.
18"
(3/11/07): faint, fairly small, round, small bright core, 0.6' diameter. Forms a pair with NGC 2812 just 1.3' NW
(see observing notes). Located 2'
NE of mag 9.2 that detracts from the observations.
17.5"
(3/12/94): very faint, round, very low surface brightness halo difficult to
view. At first glance, only the
core was noticed with a tiny quasi-stellar nucleus. Overpowered by mag 9.0 SAO 80743 2.0' SW. Forms a pair with NGC 2812 at 1.3' NW
(not seen). Located 13' SE of NGC
2809 in a group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2813 = m 159 on 17 Feb 1865, along with NGC 2812, and simply
noted "F". His position
is 1.5' north of CGCG 091-060.
******************************
NGC 2814 = UGC
4952 = MCG +11-12-004 = CGCG 312-003 = KTG 23A = Holm 124c = LGG 173-2 = PGC
26469
09 21 11.5 +64
15 06
V = 13.7; Size 1.2'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 179d
24"
(2/22/14): fairly faint to moderately bright, moderately large, thin edge-on
3:1 or 4:1 N-S, 1.0'x0.25', bright core bulges slightly, tapers at the tips
(spindle-shaped). A mag 11.4 star
is 1.1' SSW of center, just off the southern tip. Forms a striking pair with edge-on NGC 2820 4' E, along with
IC 2458. NGC 2805 lies 10' SW.
17.5"
(4/6/91): faint, small, very elongated 3:1 N-S, almost even surface
brightness. A mag 11 star is
20" off the south tip and 1.1' SSW of center. This galaxy is smaller but has a higher surface brightness
than NGC 2820 4' E. Located 11' NE
of NGC 2805 in a group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2814 = H II-868 = h576 on 3 Apr 1791 (sweep 1004) and recorded
both as "Two nebulae. The first [NGC 2814] F, S, iF, the second [NGC 2820]
F, pL, E. The place is that of the second [NGC 2820], the other precedes it
about 30 seconds and is nearly in the same parallel." Dreyer commented in the notes section
"Not seen by d'Arrest, and [John Herschel] only observed the following one
(II.869)." Dreyer assigned
h576 to NGC 2820 but John Herschel's position corresponds with NGC 2814, and
h579 = NGC 2816 is identical to H II-869 = NGC 2820 (see notes on NGC 2816).
******************************
NGC 2815 = ESO
497-032 = MCG -04-22-006 = UGCA 156 = PGC 26157
09 16 19.6 -23
38 00
V = 11.9; Size 3.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 10d
17.5"
(2/28/87): fairly faint, fairly large, broadly concentrated halo, faint
extensions SSW-NNE, fairly low surface brightness.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2815 = H III-242 = h3153 on 20 Nov 1784 (sweep 326) and recorded
"vF, lE, S, that is about 1' diameter." From the Cape of Good Hope, JH called it "F, R, or vlE,
glbM, 25"." and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 2816 = NGC
2820 = UGC 4961 = MCG +11-12-006 = CGCG 312-005 = KTG 23C = FGC 877 = Holm 124A
= LGG 173-3 = PGC 26498
09 21 45.6 +64
15 29
V = 12.8; Size 4.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 59d
See observing
notes for NGC 2820.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2816 = h579 on 30 Mar 1832 and noted, "F, pmE". There is nothing at his position and
Bigourdan was unable to find a suitable candidate. Karl Reinmuth reported "not found at Dreyer's
place" based on Heidelberg plates and this is repeated by Dorothy Carlson
in her 1940 paper on NGC corrections.
Harold Corwin
originally suggested this number might be a duplicate observation of NGC 2742
with a 13 min error in RA (identical declination). But Wolfgang Steinicke found (based on my questioning of
h576) that JH made a large error (of 3 3/4 degrees) in reducing his declination
for h579, and once corrected, h579 = NGC 2816 is a duplicate observation of NGC
2820 (discovered earlier by WH).
In addition, h576 refers to nearby NGC 2814 = UGC 4952 (also discovered
by WH). See Corwin's note for the
full story.
******************************
NGC 2817 = MCG
-01-24-006 = PGC 26223
09 17 10.5 -04
45 09
V = 12.6; Size 2.0'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.8
17.5"
(3/25/95): faint, moderately large, 1.4' diameter. Low surface brightness with a very weak concentration.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 2817 = Sw VI-35 on 26 Mar 1887. His position is 10 tsec of RA east and 1' north of MCG
-01-24-006 = PGC 26223.
******************************
NGC 2818 = PK
261+8.1 = ESO 372-PN13 = Hb 2 = PN G261.9+08.5 = AM 0914-362
09 16 01.5 -36
37 37
V = 11.5; Size 85"x47"
17.5"
(3/25/00): NGC 2818 refers to both an open cluster and a superimposed planetary
nebula (identified as NGC 2818A in the RNGC). The moderately bright PN is nestled on the west side of a
faint but fairly rich open cluster.
At 220x it appeared moderately bright, irregularly shaped, ~1.0'x0.8'
and elongated roughly N-S.
Excellent view at 280x with a UHC filter and unfiltered at 380x. The rim is irregularly brighter and
gave a weak annular appearance; brightest at the south and southwest rim. The center is slightly darker but there
was no well-defined central hole. The outline is not crisp and seemed to change
orientation somewhat with averted vision.
13.1"
(4/10/86): the cluster appears as a faint group of 25-30 stars mag 12 to 15,
over unresolved haze, though good seeing might resolve more. Includes a fairly faint planetary (NGC
2818A) on the west side. At 166x
using a Daystar 300 filter, the planetary appeared moderately bright and large,
elongated ~N-S. Also responds well
to an OIII filter at 79x.
13.1 (1/28/84):
the cluster is a faint group of two dozen stars mag 12 and fainter. The planetary on the west side of the
cluster is a pretty sight using a UHC filiter at 79x. It appeared fairly faint, moderately large, 1.0'x0.8',
elongated N-S or SSW-NNE.
The planetary
had been assumed to be the only one to be physically associated with an open
cluster, although recent research firmly places the planetary in the
foreground.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 2818 = D 564 = h3154 on May 28 1826 and recorded a "pretty
large faint nebula [star cluster] of a round figure, 6' or 8' diameter; the
nebulosity is faintly diffused to a considerable extent. There is a small
nebula [PN] in the north preceding edge, which is probably a condensation of
the faint diffused nebulous matter; The large nebula is resolvable into stars
with small nebula remaining."
His position is 15' southwest of the planetary.
JH recorded on 7
Aug 1837 (sweep 787): "A very curious object which reminds me strongly of
M46 and IV. 39 [NGC 2438]. It is a
rich cluster of the VI class, stars 12..14m; about 8' dia, gpmbM; all but a
sort of vacuity, in which is situated a pB, R, neb; 40" diam; of a
character approaching to planetary, having its edges shading off very rapidly,
and being but very little brighter in the middle." His sketch is on plate V, figure 8 on
the CGH Observations. A second observation on 22 Jan 1838 (sweep 809) describes
the planetary first and the NGC summary refers to the planetary (in a large
cluster). So the number NGC 2818
could apply to the planetary or the cluster. RNGC refers to the cluster as NGC 2818 and the planetary as
NGC 2818A.
******************************
NGC 2819 = UGC
4924 = MCG +03-24-040 = CGCG 091-062 = PGC 26274
09 18 09.3 +16
11 53
V = 12.8; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(3/29/89): very faint, very small, round, small bright core, fairly faint
stellar nucleus.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2819 = m160 on 21 Dec 1863 and noted "pB, vS, R." Johann Palisa independently found this
galaxy on 2 Apr 1886 with the 27-inch Grubb refractor at the Vienna University
Observatory. Palisa's micrometric position in AN 2783 is accurate. Both Marth and Palisa are credited in
the NGC.
******************************
NGC 2820 = NGC
2816 = UGC 4961 = MCG +11-12-006 = CGCG 312-005 = KTG 23C = FGC 877 = Holm 124a
= LGG 173-003 = PGC 26498
09 21 45.6 +64
15 29
V = 12.8; Size 4.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 59d
24"
(2/22/14): fairly bright, very large, very thin edge-on 7:1 WSW-ENE,
~2.8'x0.4', very weak concentration, mottled appearance though the surface
brightness is not high. NGC 2820A dangles just south of the
west-southwest edge. It appeared
faint, small, oval 3:2 SSW-NNE, 18"x12", occasional stellar
nucleus. NGC 2814, a smaller
edge-on, lies 3.7' W.
17.5"
(4/6/91): fairly faint, very thin edge-on 6:1 SW-NE with tapered ends, fairly
low surface brightness, no noticeable core. Forms a contact pair with NGC
2820A 20" off the southwest tip. The companion is very faint, very
small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, very small brighter core. NGC 2820 is in a
group with NGC 2814 4' W and NGC 2805 13' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2820 = H II-869 on 3 Apr 1791 (sweep 1004) and recorded both as
"Two nebulae. The first [NGC 2814] F, S, iF, the second [NGC 2820] F, pL,
E. The place is that of the second, the other precedes it about 30 seconds and
is nearly in the same parallel."
Dreyer equated John Herschel's observation of h576 with H II-869 = NGC
2820, but his sweep data (checked by Wolfgang Steinicke) reveals h 576 = H
II-868 = NGC 2814. In addition,
h579 = NGC 2816 is identical to NGC 2820, with JH making a 3 3/4 error in
reducing the position for h579. IC
2458, found by Guillaume Bigourdan on 14 Mar 1899, refers to the northeastern
end of this galaxy and not the close companion NGC 2820A off the southwest end
that is generally identified as IC 2458.
******************************
NGC 2821 = ESO
497-034 = MCG -04-22-007 = PGC 26192
09 16 48 -26 49
00
V = 13.0; Size 2.0'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 100d
17.5"
(3/25/95): faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 E-W, broad weak
concentration. A mag 13 star is
attached just NW of the center. A
faint very close double star lies 1.8' W and a brighter mag 12 star is 2.0' N.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2821 = h3155 on 26 Mar 1835 and recorded "eF, attached to a
star 11th mag; somewhat doubtful."
His position and description matches ESO 497-034. Herbert Howe noted the mag 11 star is
northwest of the galaxy. MCG does
label their catalogue entry (MCG -04-22-007) as NGC 2821.
******************************
NGC 2822 = ESO
061-004 = PGC 26026
09 13 50 -69 38
42
V = 10.7; Size 3.3'x2.2'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 90d
24" (4/4/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this galaxy is located just 5.4' NE of mag
1.7 Beta Carinae (Miaplacidus)!
The view is significantly hampered by the overwhelming glare of the
bright star in the 24". At
260x it appeared moderately bright and large, elongated 5:3 WSW-ENE,
~1.0'x0.6', with a fairly high surface brightness. Planetary Nebula IC 2448 lies 39' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2822 = h3156 on 29 Jan 1835 and called "pF, vS, R,
glbM." His RA is marked as
approximate and is 1.5 min too far west.
He may have reversed the offset from nearby Beta as the galaxy is east.
******************************
NGC 2823 = UGC
4935 = MCG +06-21-008 = CGCG 181-016 = PGC 26340
09 19 17.4 +34
00 29
V = 14.4; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 30d
24"
(3/9/13): faint to fairly faint, small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE,
24"x12", weak concentration.
Elongated in the direction of a mag 10.4 star 1.2' SSW. Member of AGC 779.
George Johnstone
Stoney discovered NGC 2823 on 13 Mar 1850, though a sketch of the cluster was
constructed the following year.
NGC 2823 was unlabeled but placed at the north end of the cluster with a
star close west, so the identification is certain. The NGC declination is 5'
too far north (NGC 2827 and 2828 are also placed 3' too far north).
******************************
NGC 2824 = UGC
4933 = MCG +04-22-031= CGCG 121-057 = Mrk 394 = PGC 26330
09 19 02.3 +26
16 11
V = 13.3; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 160d
17.5"
(3/28/92): faint, small, round, very small bright core. Overpowered by mag 6.5 SAO 80757 just
3' ESE! The galaxy is located at
the west vertex of a rhombus formed by three stars including the mag 6.5 star,
a mag 11 star 2.7' S and a mag 12 star 2.9' NE with sides about 3' length. Described by d'Arrest as a cluster in
the NGC.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 2824 on 30 Apr 1864 with the 11" refractor at
Copenhagen. His position matches
UGC 4933, although he notes "vF, vS, cluster" and there are no
superimposed stars and he made no mention of the nearby bright star.
******************************
NGC 2825 = MCG
+06-21-010 = CGCG 181-017 = PGC 26345
09 19 22.4 +33
44 34
V = 14.4; Size 1.0'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 88d
17.5"
(3/12/94): very faint, small, weak concentration. Located in the core of AGC 779 and preceding the triple
system; NGC 2830 lies 3.9' E, NGC 2831 4.8' E and NGC 2832 4.9' ENE.
17.5"
(1/31/87): very faint, small, slightly brighter core, slightly elongated. Located 5' WSW of NGC 2832
13"
(1/28/84): very faint, very small.
Located 5' W of NGC 2832 in AGC 779.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2825 = h581 on 3 Apr 1831 and noted "vF: it is the s p of
two. The other is I. 113 [NGC
2832]." His mean position
(measured on sweep 337) matches CGCG 181-017 = PGC 26345. This is the only galaxy JH discovered
in Abell 779. It is labeled Delta
in Stoney's sketch made at Birr Castle on 26 Mar 1851
******************************
NGC 2826 = UGC
4939 = MCG +06-21-011 = CGCG 181-018 = PGC 26346
09 19 24.2 +33
37 26
V = 13.7; Size 1.5'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 143d
17.5"
(1/31/87): second brightest in the core of AGC 779 rich cluster. Fairly faint, fairly small, slightly
elongated NW-SE, brighter core. Located
8.9' SW of NGC 2832.
13"
(1/28/84): faint, fairly small, very diffuse. Located 9' SW of NGC 2832 in AGC 779.
George Johnstone
Stoney discovered NGC 2826 on 13 Mar 1850 with LdR's 72". On a diagram of 12 nebulae in the
cluster constructed the following year, NGC 2826 is shown 9' southwest of Alpha
= NGC 2832. Heinrich d'Arrest
independently discovered the galaxy (#89 in AN 1500) and measured an accurate
position (given in the NGC), though he noted it was probably one of LdR's. JH listed separate entries in the GC
(1807 and 1809) for LdR and d'Arrest, but Dreyer combined them in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 2827 = IC
2460 = MCG +06-21-009 = CGCG 181-015 = PGC 26342
09 19 19.0 +33
52 51
V = 14.6; Size 0.8'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(3/12/94): extremely faint, small, elongated 3:2 N-S, low surface brightness,
no central concentration. A mag 14
star is 1.3' NNW. Forms a pair
with NGC 2828 3.3' ENE. Located at
the north side of the core of AGC 779.
George Johnstone
Stoney discovered NGC 2827 on 13 Mar 1850 with LdR's 72". It was included on a sketch from 8 Jan
1851 showing 12 nebulae, on a line with NGC 2828 and 2833. The NGC position is 8 tsec east and 3'
north of CGCG 181-015 = PGC 26342.
Stephane Javelle found the galaxy again on 28 Feb 1900 and placed J.
3-1091 (later IC 2460) 1.6' too far south due to an error in his reference
star. MCG labels MCG +06-21-009 as
IC 2460, without reference to NGC 2827.
******************************
NGC 2828 = CGCG
181-021 = PGC 26365
09 19 34.8 +33
53 17
V = 14.7; Size 0.4'x0.2'; PA = 45d
17.5"
(3/12/94): extremely faint, requires averted vision, very small, round. A mag 14.5 star is 1.4' N. Forms a pair with NGC 2827 3.3' WSW. Located at the north edge of AGC 779.
George Johnstone
Stoney discovered NGC 2828 on 13 Mar 1850 with LdR's 72". It was included on the sketch of 8 Jan
1851 on a line between NGC 2827 and NGC 2833. The NGC position is 3' too far north (same offset as
nearby NGC 2827) of CGCG 181-021 = PGC 26365.
******************************
NGC 2829 = 2MASX
J09195225+3338584 = PGC 2036350
09 19 52.3 +33
38 58
V = 15.3; Size 0.5'x0.5'
24"
(1/31/14): at 375x appeared very faint to faint (could hold steadily with
averted), extremely small, round, 8" diameter. PGC 3529523, a larger galaxy, lies 3.5' ENE and appeared
faint, small, elongated 5:3 WSW-ENE, 20"x12. The identification of this number is uncertain and it may
apply to a star 2.9' W. PGC 26356,
situated 4.6' W is often taken as NGC 2832, but is fainter and a poor match
with the discovery sketch.
George Johnstone
Stoney discovered NGC 2828 on 13 Mar 1850 with LdR's 72" and one of the
"15 knots in all". It
was included on the sketch of 8 Jan 1851, which showed only a dozen nebulae,
east of line connecting NGC 2832 and NGC 2826. The nearest galaxy to the NGC position is PGC 26356, an
extremely faint, double galaxy (brighter western component) situated 2' NE of
NGC 2826. Karl Reinmuth described
this galaxy (based on Heidelberg plates) as "identification doubtful, vF,
vS, R, vgvlbM, triangle with 2 st nf and f, NGC 2826 sp 2.1'." RNGC and PGC also identify this galaxy
as NGC 2829 (as well as secondary sources based on the PGC). But, PGC 26356 is directly on a line
with NGC 2832 and 2826, contradicting Stoney's sketch.
Harold Corwin
notes this number more likely applies to PGC 2036350, a brighter galaxy 4.6'
due E of PGC 26356. PGC 2036350 is
not identified as NGC 2829 in any other source besides Steinicke's Historical
NGC. Another possibility is a
single mag 14-14.5 star at 09 19 38.4 +33 39 12 (2000), which also fits the
sketch. Finally, PGC 3529523, a
larger galaxy and slightly more obvious galaxy, lies 3.5' ENE of PGC 2036350,
although this one is not a good match with Stoney's sketch either. So, the identification of NGC 2829 is
uncertain - it may apply to PGC 2036350 (described here) or a faint star 2.9'
west of this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 2830 = Arp
315 "Group" = UGC 4941 = MCG +06-21-014 = CGCG 181-023 = Holm 123b =
PGC 26371
09 19 41.4 +33
44 17
V = 14.3; Size 1.3'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 112d
17.5"
(1/31/87): very faint, low surface brightness, edge-on WNW-ESE. First of three in a triple system with
NGC 2831 0.9' ENE and NGC 2832 1.4' NE of center in the core of AGC 779. Also nearby is NGC 2825 3.9' W.
George Johnstone
Stoney discovered NGC 2830 on 13 Mar 1850 with LdR's 72" as one of
"15 knots in all". A
sketch made in March 1851 shows NGC 2831 labeled Gamma and measured at 1.2'
southwest (PA = 237¡) of NGC 2832.
JH incorrectly equated this galaxy with H I-113 = h582 in the GC, and
Dreyer repeated the error in the NGC.
But the Herschel numbers apply to brighter NGC 2832. The NGC RA is 6 seconds too large.
MCG reverses the
identifications of NGC 2830 and NGC 2831.
According to the "New Description", RNGC has also reversed
these identifications. This error
was included in my RNGC Corrections #1 and was discussed in detail by Malcolm
Thomson in the Webb Society Quarterly Journal for Jan 1978.
******************************
NGC 2831 = Arp
315 NED1 = UGC 4942sw = Holm 123c = MCG +06-21-013 = CGCG 181-024sw = PGC 26376
09 19 45.5 +33
44 42
V = 13.6; Size 0.5'x0.5'
17.5"
(1/31/87): very faint, extremely small.
Appears as a round knot at the southwest edge of halo of NGC 2832 just
0.4' from center in the core of AGC 779.
Forms a trio with NGC 2830 0.9' WSW.
George Johnstone
Stoney discovered NGC 2831 on 13 Mar 1850 with LdR's 72" as one of
"15 knots in all". A
sketch made in March 1851 shows NGC 2831 labeled Beta and measured as 25"
southwest (PA = 226¡) of NGC 2832.
The NGC dec is 1' too large.
The
identifications of NGC 2830 and NGC 2831 are reversed in MCG and RNGC. This was caused by a mixup in the
descriptions in the NGC. See notes
for NGC 2830.
******************************
NGC 2832 = Arp
315 NED2 = UGC 4942ne = Holm 123a = MCG +06-21-015 = CGCG 181-024ne = PGC 26377
09 19 46.8 +33
44 59
V = 11.9; Size 2.3'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 160d
17.5"
(1/31/87): moderately bright, fairly small, round bright core, slightly
elongated halo. This is the
brightest galaxy in AGC 779 and forms a double system with NGC 2831 at the SW
edge of halo 22" between centers.
Also nearby is NGC 2830 1.3' SW.
A double star h2493 = 10.1/11.7 is 2.5' SSE and a wide mag 11/12.5 pair
is 3.0' ESE.
13"
(1/28/84): fairly faint, fairly small, round. This object is the central galaxy in AGC 779.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2832 = H I-113 = h582 on 7 Dec 1785 (sweep 487) and recorded
"cB, much brighter following the middle, pL. North of 3 stars in a row at very unequal distances,
iF." His position (Caroline
Herschel's reduction) is accurate.
JH called the galaxy "B; R; bM." Due to a confusion with the sketch of the cluster made in
1851 at Birr Castle, Dreyer assigned H I-113 to nearby NGC 2830, a much fainter
galaxy. See Corwin's notes for
full story.
******************************
NGC 2833 = CGCG
181-027 = PGC 26389
09 19 57.9 +33
55 38
V = 14.6; Size 0.7'x0.3'; PA = 165d
17.5"
(1/31/87): very faint, small, elongated N-S. A mag 13.5 star is 1.1' E. Located at the north edge of AGC 779 10.9' NNE of NGC 2832.
George Johnstone
Stoney discovered NGC 2831 on 13 Mar 1850 with LdR's 72" as one of the
"15 knots in all". A
sketch made the following year only showed a dozen nebulae and NGC 2833 is
placed 12' north of NGC 2832 (actual separation is 11'). The NGC position is 6 sec of RA west
and 1.5' north of CGCG 181-027.
******************************
NGC 2834 = MCG
+06-21-021 = CGCG 181-029 = PGC 26400
09 20 02.5 +33
42 37
V = 14.5; Size 0.3'x0.3'
17.5"
(1/31/87): extremely faint and small, round. Located 4.1' SE of NGC 2832 in the core of AGC 779. A double
star h2493 = 10.1/11.7 is 2.3' W and a mag 11 star is 1.4' N. NGC 2839 lies 8' ESE.
George Johnstone
Stoney discovered NGC 2834 on 13 Mar 1850 with LdR's 72" as one of
"15 knots in all". A
sketch made in March 1851 shows NGC 2834 labeled Epsilon and measured as 4.2'
southeast (PA = 125¡) of NGC 2832.
The NGC position is 4 sec of RA too large.
******************************
NGC 2835 = ESO
564-035 = MCG -04-22-008 = UGCA 157 = PGC 26259
09 17 52.8 -22
21 17
V = 10.5; Size 6.6'x4.4'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 8d
17.5"
(2/28/87): very large, low surface brightness, slightly elongated, weak
concentration. Bracketed by two
mag 10 stars 2.8' W and 3.4' SE of center.
E.E. Barnard
discovered NGC 2835 in early 1885 with the 6-inch refractor at Nashville. After the discovery was announced in
The Observatory, Wilhelm Tempel claimed an earlier discovery on 13 Apr 1884 in
a note to his "New Nebulae" in AN 2660. Barnard is credited with the discovery in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 2836 = ESO
061-003 = PGC 26017
09 13 45.0 -69
20 00
V = 11.8; Size 2.6'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 118d
24" (4/4/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly faint, moderately large,
~1.0'x0.7'. Located 23' N of mag
1.7 Beta Carinae (Miaplacidus) and 18' N of NGC 2822 in a rich Milky Way star
field. Unusual appearance with
many nearby stars including at least one superimposed mag 16 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2836 = h3157 on 29 Jan 1835 and recorded "F, R, glbM,
40". Nearly on meridian with Beta Argus [Carinae]." His position is 2' southwest of ESO 061-003.
******************************
NGC 2837 = Holm
122a/b
09 18 23.3 -16
28 53
Size 14"
=**,
Corwin. NF, Carlson.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2837 = h585 on 16 Dec 1827 and recorded "eF, R, bM,
precedes a star [by] 8.5 sec".
Exactly at this offset from a mag 12 star is a pair of mag 14.7/14.8
stars at 14" separation with a mean position of 09 18 23.3 -16 28 53
(2000). Harold Corwin also
identifies this double star as NGC 2837.
******************************
NGC 2838 = MCG
+07-19-061 = CGCG 209-055 = PGC 26434
09 20 43.0 +39
18 56
V = 13.6; Size 0.6'x0.6'
17.5"
(3/12/94): fairly faint, very small, round, 30" diameter, even
concentration down to small bright core and occasional stellar nucleus. Forms the southern vertex of an acute
triangle with two mag 14 stars 50" N and 63" NNE. Also located almost at midpoint of a
mag 10.5 star 3.2' NE and a mag 11.5 star 2.8' SW. UGC 4950 is at the edge of the 220x field 11' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2838 = H III-627 = h583 on 18 Mar 1787 (sweep 716) and logged
"vF, vS, stellar, 300 power."
CH's reduced position is 2' SSW of CGCG 209-055 = PGC 26434.
******************************
NGC 2839 = MCG
+06-21-023 = CGCG 181-031 = PGC 26425
09 20 36.3 +33
39 02
V = 14.2; Size 0.5'x0.5'
17.5"
(1/31/87): faint, small, round, diffuse.
Located in the core of AGC 779 12' SE of NGC 2832. NGC 2834 lies 8' WNW.
George Johnstone
Stoney discovered NGC 2839 on 13 Mar 1850 with LdR's 72" as one of
"15 knots in all". A
sketch made in March 1851 shows NGC 2839 labeled Zeta and measured as 8'
8" southeast (PA = 120¡) of NGC 2834. The NGC position is 1' too far south.
******************************
NGC 2840 = UGC
4960 = MCG +06-21-025 = CGCG 181-032 = PGC 26445
09 20 52.7 +35
22 06
V = 13.8; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(3/12/94): faint, small, appears elongated in direction of a mag 11 star 1.0'
NW although the catalogued dimensions are nearly circular, almost even surface
brightness. Located 1¡ north of
Alpha Lyncis.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2840 = H III-827 = h586 on 10 Mar 1790 (sweep 938) and noted
"eF, vS, south-following a vS star." His position (CH's reduction) is 3' south of UGC 4960 and
the description of the nearby star clinches the identification. JH recorded "vF; not vS; R;
100"-120"; s f a * 10 mag." His position was very accurate.
******************************
NGC 2841 = UGC
4966 = MCG +09-16-005 = CGCG 265-006 = PGC 26512
09 22 02.3 +50
58 35
V = 9.2; Size 8.1'x3.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 147d
13.1"
(1/18/85): bright, large, very small very bright nucleus, elongated 2:1 NW-SE,
6'x3'. There is a sharp light
cut-off on the east side due to dust.
A mag 10 star is at the NW edge 2.8' from center and mag 8.6 SAO 27227
lies 4.8' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2841 = H I-205 = h584 on 9 Mar 1788 (sweep 815) and recorded
"a very brilliant nebula, 5' or 6' long and 3 or 4' broad; it has a small
bright nucleus with a faint chevelure about it, and two opposite very extensive
branches." He published a
sketch in his 1811 paper (Fig. 23) as an illlustration of "extended
nebulae that show the progress of condensation [core and nucleus]." JH
described it as "vB; vmE; vsmbM; pos 150.8¡; comes up to a nucleus, a star
10-11m; has 2 st not involved 11 & 12 m, and a 3rd 10 m perp to axis of
neb."
******************************
NGC 2842 = ESO
091-004 = PGC 26114
09 15 36.3 -63
04 09
V = 12.5; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 120d
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly bright, moderately large,
elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 1.2'x0.8', sharply concentrated with a small, very bright
core. A mag 12 star is at the west
edge of the halo and a mag 14 star is at the SE edge. Located 3.7' SSW of a mag 9.7 star. NGC 2887 lies 1.1¡ SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2842 = h3158 on 8 Mar 1836 and reported "F, vS, between two
stars, in a field full of milky way stars. No doubt of the nature of the
object." His position and
description matches ESO 091-004.
******************************
NGC 2843 = PGC
26414
09 20 28.7 +18
55 34
V = 15.5; Size 0.4'x0.2'; Surf Br = 57; PA = 57d
18"
(3/17/07): this marginal galaxy was just glimpsed for moments at 323x as an
extremely small, hazy spot perhaps 8" diameter situated close south of a
mag 12.5 star. Located 2.6' NNW of
a mag 10.3 star and 10' SSW of mag 7.2 HD 80495.
18"
(3/11/07): not found at 220x.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2843 = H III-64 on 21 Mar 1784 (sweep 181) and recorded a
"suspected neb, but 240 shewed some small stars with suspected nebulosity,
probably a deception from want of light and power." CH's reduced position is just 6 sec of
RA east of PGC 26414, so despite his uncertainty (RA given to only the nearest
minute) the identification seems secure. This galaxy was missed by Bigourdan and it is too
faint to be included in the CGCG and MCG.
Assuming it was seen by WH, this is certainly one of the two or three
faintest galaxies he discovered.
******************************
NGC 2844 = UGC
4971 = MCG +07-19-064 = CGCG 209-057 = PGC 26501
09 21 48.0 +40
09 05
V = 13.0; Size 1.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 13d
13.1"
(1/18/85): faint, very small, slightly elongated ~N-S, small brighter
core. Located 9' SSW of mag 7.0
SAO 42822 and 8' WSW of mag 7.7 SAO 42826. The NGC 2852 and NGC 2853 pair lies 16' E.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2844 = H III-628 on 18 Mar 1787 (sweep 716) and called "cF,
cS." His position is within
1' of UGC 4971 = PGC 26501.
******************************
NGC 2845 = ESO
314-010 = MCG -06-21-002 = PGC 26306
09 18 36.7 -38
00 36
V = 11.7; Size 2.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 67d
18"
(12/30/08): faint, small, slightly elongated WSW-ENE, 0.4'x0.25', even surface
brightness. The galaxy is nestled
right against a mag 13 star that is attached on the east side, 20" from
the center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2845 = h3159 on 1 Feb 1835 and recorded "vF, S, R, attached
to a star 12th mag, south following." His position and description matches ESO 314-010 = PGC
26306.
******************************
NGC 2846
09 19 40.4 -14
40 35
=**,
Corwin. NF, RNGC.
Lawrence
Parsons, the 4th Earl of Rosse, discovered NGC 2846 on 4 Apr 1874 and described
as a "*11 in a vS, pB, R neby."
Several micrometric offsets were also made to nearby stars. At his position is a pair of mag 14
stars at ~10" separation -- in fact, one of the measured stars is the
fainter companion. Dreyer
reobserved the star(s) on 25 Mar 1878 and noted "I think it only a vS
cluster. I do not see any star as
bright as 11m in it." So,
this is either a single or double star at this position. Listed as nonexistent in RNGC.
******************************
NGC 2847 = Holm 128c
09 20 08.6 -16
31 06
Size 0.3'
48"
(2/20/12): at 375x, a mag 16.5 star is superimposed on the northwest side (0.6'
from center) of spiral NGC 2848 and attached to this star is an extremely faint
HII knot. The combination of the mag 16.5 star + knot was likely recorded by
Lord Rosse's assistant R.J. Mitchell as a "faint knot
north-preceding" and it received the designation NGC 2847. The RNGC misclassified the number as
nonexistent.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 2847 one 15 Mar 1855 with LdR's 72", and noted a "F
knot np [NGC 2848]". Harold Corwin identifies NGC 2847 as a star and HII
region 0.6' NW of the nucleus of NGC 2848. This is the most southerly deep sky object discovered at
Birr Castle.
******************************
NGC 2848 = MCG
-03-24-007 = UGCA 160 = Holm 128a = PGC 26404
09 20 09.8 -16
31 34
V = 11.8; Size 2.7'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 30d
48"
(2/20/12): bright, large, oval 3:2 SW-NE, contains a relatively large, bright
core that increases to the center.
A spiral arm is attached on the west side of the core and it sweeps
around the galaxy clockwise, heading south and then sharply bending east before
dimming out on the southeast side of the halo. But an apparently detached section of the arm reappears on
the east side heading north towards two mag 14/15 star at the NE edge. A mag 16.5 star is superimposed on the
NW side (0.6' from center) and attached to this star is an extremely faint HII
knot. The combination of star + knot was likely recorded by Mitchell using
Rosse's 72" as a "faint knot north-preceding" and it received
the designation NGC 2847. A mag 12
star lies 2.7' NE and NGC 2851 is 5' NE.
17.5"
(3/28/87): fairly bright, moderately large, bright core, faint halo 3:2
SW-NE. A mag 12 star lies 2.8' NE
of center. Forms a pair with NGC
2851 5.5' ENE.
13.1"
(12/22/84): fairly faint, moderately large, very diffuse, slightly elongated
SW-NE, very weak concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2848 = H III-488 = h587 on 31 Dec 1785 (sweep 503) and logged
"vF, cL, gvlbM, near 3' long and above 2' broad, preceding a pB
star." His position (CH's
reduction) is 16 tsec too far west and 1' north. JH called it "vF; L; E nf to sp; lbM. It is 9.5 sec preceding a * 11m and
south of the star."
******************************
NGC 2849 = ESO
314-SC13 = OCL-756 = Cr 207
09 19 23 -40 31
12
Size 2'
24"
(2/22/14): at 200x appeared as a mottled 2' glow with only a few stars
resolved. At 260x, roughly 20
stars pop in and out of view, some in small knots, in only a 2.5' region. Several resolved stars are along an E-W
string on the north side. A number
of bright stars are in the field including mag 9.3 HD 80623 3' SE and a similar
star 3' NE. A striking 25"
linear triple of mag 10.5-11 stars lies 3' W.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2849 = h3160 on 22 Jan 1838 (his last sweep at the Cape of Good
Hope) and noted a "globular cluster, eF, R, vglbM; resolved into vS, but
not very numerous stars; 2.5' diameter. It is rather a cluster of the 6th class
than a globular cluster." His position is just off the southwest
side of the small cluster. NGC 2849 and NGC 3120 were the last two
southern objects that JH discovered.
******************************
NGC 2850 = PGC
26452
09 20 57.0 -04
56 24
V = 14.2; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 30d
17.5"
(2/1/03): faint, small, slightly elongated, 20" diameter, nearly even
surface brightness with a well-defined halo.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2850 = St XII-36 on 22 Mar 1882. His position matches PGC 26452.
******************************
NGC 2851 = MCG
-03-24-008 = PGC 26422
09 20 30.2 -16
29 43
V = 13.6; Size 1.4'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 5d
17.5"
(3/28/87): fairly faint, small, elongated SSW-NNE. Forms a pair with NGC 2848 5.5' WSW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 2851 =Sw III-43 on 27 Feb 1886 and recorded "eF; pS; vE;
1829 [NGC 2848], R. nova [NGC 2846] and 1828 [NGC 2847] in field west. Did not see 1819 [NGC 2837] east of
1829." His position is
1' south of MCG -03-24-008 = PGC 26422.
******************************
NGC 2852 = UGC 4986
= MCG +07-19-065 = CGCG 209-059 = PGC 26571
09 23 14.6 +40
09 49
V = 13.2; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.6
13.1"
(1/18/85): extremely small, appears as a barely non-stellar "knot"
forming a close pair with NGC 2853 2.5' NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2852 = H III-629 = h588, along with NGC 2853, on 18 Mar 1787
(sweep 716), and described both as "Two, both vF, vS, 300 shewed them both
very well, nearly in the same meridian, and about 3' distance." His position is between the two
galaxies, but close to NGC 2852.
JH recorded "vF; S; R: has a * 10m 2' dist preceding. The first of 2."
******************************
NGC 2853 = UGC
4987 = MCG +07-19-066 = CGCG 209-060 = PGC 26580
09 23 17.3 +40
12 00
V = 13.3; Size 1.7'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 25d
13.1"
(1/18/85: faint, elongated ~N-S, fairly small. Forms a close pair with NGC 2852 2' SSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2853 = H III-630 = h590, along with NGC 2852, on 18 Mar 1787
(sweep 716) and described both as "Two, both vF, vS, 300 shewed them both
very well, nearly in the same meridian, and about 3' distance." His position is between the two
galaxies, but closer to NGC 2852.
JH recorded "eF; pL; vgbM; the following of 2."
******************************
NGC 2854 = Arp
285 NED1 = UGC 4995 = MCG +08-17-092 = CGCG 238-046 = WBL 221-001 = PGC 26631
09 24 03.1 +49
12 15
V = 13.0; Size 1.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 50d
17.5"
(3/12/94): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, weak broad
concentration. Located 2.1' SSE of
a mag 10 star. Forms a pair with
NGC 2856 3.5' NE and NGC 2857 is also in the field 10.8' ENE. Forms an unusual pair with NGC 2856 as
the major axes of these similar galaxies are exactly perpendicular.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2854 = H III-714 = h589 on 9 Mar 1788 (sweep 815), along with
NGC 2856, and recorded "cF, cS, lE." His position is 1.4' NE of UGC 4995 = PGC 26631. JH noted "pF; R; pslbM; 20". The sp of 2, making an isosceles
triangle with a * 9m."
******************************
NGC 2855 = MCG
-02-24-015 = UGCA 161 = PGC 26483
09 21 27.5 -11
54 37
V = 11.6; Size 2.5'x2.2'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 130d
13.1"
(4/10/86): moderately large, diffuse halo rising to a sharp, bright core with a
brighter nucleus.
13.1"
(12/22/84): fairly bright, fairly small, slightly elongated NW-SE, small bright
core. Located 4' S of mag 8.8 SAO
155121.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2855 = H I-132 = h592 on 19 Mar 1786 (sweep 541) and logged
"F, S, vgbM, R, 1.5' dia."
On 23 Feb 1791 (sweep 995), he noted "pB, R, mbM like a nucleus,
about 1' dia." JH recorded
"pB; R; 45"; pgmbM; almost to nucleus."
******************************
NGC 2856 = Arp
285 NED2 = UGC 4997 = MCG +08-17-093 = CGCG 238-047 = WBL 221-002 = PGC 26648
09 24 16.0 +49
14 57
V = 13.1; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 134d
17.5"
(3/12/94): forms an interesting similar pair of elongated systems with NGC 2854
3.5' SW. Fairly faint, moderately
large, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 1.2'x0.6', broadly concentrated. Located 3.5' E of a mag 10 star. NGC 2857 lies 7.3' NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2856 = H III-713 = h591 on 9 Mar 1788 (sweep 815), along with
NGC 2854, and recorded "cF, cS, lE." His position is 2' NNE of UGC 4997 = PGC 26648. JH noted (first of two sweeps)
"Not vF; R; psbM; 20"; the nf of 2, making an isosceles triangle with
a * 9m."
******************************
NGC 2857 = Arp 1
= UGC 5000 = MCG +08-17-095 = CGCG 238-049 = PGC 26666
09 24 37.8 +49
21 25
V = 12.3; Size 2.2'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(3/12/94): very faint, round, very diffuse, 2.0' diameter. This face-on spiral appears as a low
surface brightness glow with no concentration. The appearance is unusual, though, as four stars cradle the
galaxy on the west side including a mag 13 star 1.6' NW, a mag 12 star 1.8' W
and two mag 14 stars close SW. In
the same field with NGC 2856 7.3' SSW and NGC 2854 10.8' SSW (Arp 285). CGCG 238-051 lies 3.9' ENE, but was not
recorded.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 2857 on 9 Jan 1856 with LdR's 72" and recorded "Both
oval [NGC 2854 and 2856], their larger axes at right angles to one another, p
one [NGC 2854] susp patchy."
About 7' nf the n one is another, pL, slightly oval, follows 4 small
stars, mottled, * susp in centre.
Is there about 5' f this latter another vS knot with 2 st p and n?"
The last object noted is CGCG 238-051, which Dreyer failed to assign an NGC
designation. Although Mitchell's offset from NGC 2856 is accurate, the NGC
position is off a bit.
******************************
NGC 2858 = UGC
4989 = MCG +01-24-017 = CGCG 034-040 = PGC 26556
09 22 55.0 +03
09 25
V = 12.6; Size 1.7'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 117d
17.5"
(3/25/95): faint, small, slightly elongated NW-SE, 0.5' diameter. Sharp concentration with a fairly
bright stellar nucleus surrounded by a small faint halo.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2858 = m 161 on 3 Mar 1864 and noted "vF, S,
mbM." His position matches
UGC 4989 = PGC 26556.
******************************
NGC 2859 = UGC
5001 = MCG +06-21-030 = CGCG 181-040 = PGC 26649
09 24 18.6 +34
30 48
V = 10.9; Size 4.3'x3.8'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 85d
13.1"
(1/28/84): moderately bright, moderately large, strong concentration to a
bright core, elongated 4:3 ~N-S, fainter halo. Located 40' ENE of Alpha Lyncis (V = 3.1).
8"
(12/6/80): faint, fairly small, round, bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2859 = H I-137 = h593 on 28 Mar 1786 (sweep 549) and logged
"vB, R, vsmbM, chevelure extending to about 3' diameter". JH made 3 observations, recording on
sweep 336 "vB; R; vsmbM to a star; follows a * 7m and is 3' S of
it." A total of 11
observations were made by LdR and assistants and a couple of superimposed stars
were noted in the outer halo [on the north side]. On 28 Mar 1861, Sir Robert Ball wrote, "Dull Nucl, I
susp a dark ring around it [there is!].
A vF neb nf. I strongly
suspect st in h593 [=NGC 2859]."
The "vF neb nf" is probably UGC 5004.
Originally
classified as a SBa by Hubble. de
Vaucouleurs (1975) lists it as one of the 5 brightest galaxies in the NGC 2964
group, which includes NGC 2859, 2964, 3003, 3032 and 3067.
******************************
NGC 2860 = UGC
5007 = MCG +07-20-003 = CGCG 210-005 = CGCG 209-065 = PGC 26685
09 24 53.2 +41
03 36
V = 13.7; Size 1.4'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 108d
17.5"
(4/5/97): fairly faint, small, elongated 4:3 ~E-W, 0.8'x0.6'. Exhibits just a weak concentration and
brightens gently to center but no noticeable core. Located 5.9' SSW of mag 8.5 SAO 428431.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2860 = St XIII-47 on 17 Mar 1884. His position matches UGC 5007 = PGC 26685.
******************************
NGC 2861 = UGC
4999 = MCG +00-24-010 = CGCG 006-038 = KTG 24A = PGC 26607
09 23 36.5 +02
08 12
V = 13.0; Size 1.5'x1.4'
24"
(2/22/14): moderately bright, moderately large, small bright core, irregular
surface brightness, ~1' diameter.
Seems to have a brighter knot of region just SSE of the core. [On the
DSS, this is the brightest portion of the southern spiral arm]. Increases in size as well as
orientation with averted vision, as my eye catches faint portions of the
halo. Strong impression of viewing
a face-on spiral. A mag 13.6 star
is 1' E of center. Brightest in a
trio (KTG 24) with CGCG 6-40 3.2' SE and CGCG 6-41 7' ESE.
17.5"
(3/7/92): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, halo brightens
gradually. A mag 13.5 star is at
the east edge 1.1' from center and several other faint stars are near. Forms the east vertex of a right
triangle with a wide mag 10/12 double star at 28" separation located 4' W
and a wide mag 10/11 double star at 43" separation which lies 6' NW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2861 = m 162 on 28 Mar 1864 using Lassell's 48" on Malta
and noted "pB, R." His
position is 1' north of UGC 4999 = PGC 26607. d'Arrest independently discovered this galaxy on 8 Feb
1866. His single position, copied
into the NGC, is 3' too far south (accurate in RA), though he mentioned a mag
14 star follows by 43" separation, so the identification is certain. The NGC description ("pF, S, irR,
*14 following") is also from d'Arrest. Kobold measured an accurate postion at Strassburg in 1895.
******************************
NGC 2862 = UGC
5010 = MCG +05-22-045 = CGCG 151-076 = PGC 26690
09 24 55.0 +26
46 30
V = 12.8; Size 2.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 114d
17.5"
(4/13/91): fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 5:1 WNW-ESE,
2.0'x0.4', brighter core, faint stellar nucleus. Located 6' NNE of mag 8.4 SAO 80808 which has two 12th
magnitude companions at 21" and 29".
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 2862 on 21 Feb 1863 with the 11" refractor at
Copenhagen. His position (measured
on 2 nights) matches UGC 5010 = PGC 26690.
******************************
NGC 2863 = NGC
2869 = MCG -02-24-018 = PGC 26609
09 23 36.5 -10
26 00
V = 12.7; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.4
17.5"
(3/7/92): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 N-S (appears roundish on the
POSS). A mag 12 star is at the NW
tip and a very faint mag 15 star is just beyond the south edge. Contains an offset very small brighter
core or a bright knot is on the north side just south of the mag 12 star. Forms a close pair with difficult NGC
2868 2.3' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2863 = H III-520 = h594 on 25 Mar 1786 (sweep 544) and logged
"vF, S, E." JH called it
"F; extended between 2 stars 12 and 16 m."
Frank Muller
independently found this galaxy (and discovered nearby NGC 2868) in 1886 at
Leander-McCormick Observatory, and recorded LM 412 as "mag 14.5,
1.2'x0.6', E 170¡, gbM, bet 2 st 12 and 14." His rough position (nearest min of RA) is about 1 min too
far east. Dreyer assumed this was
new object and catalogued it again as NGC 2869. Howe examined the field in 1899-00 and reported the new
numbers are identical. So, NGC
2863 = NGC 2869, with NGC 2863 the primary designation. Because of Muller's poor position, NGC
2868 precedes NGC 2863 in the sky.
******************************
NGC 2864 = MCG
+01-24-020 = CGCG 034-044 = PGC 26644
09 24 15.4 +05
56 28
V = 14.6; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 12d
17.5"
(2/1/03): very faint, small, slightly elongated 0.6'x0.5'. Low, even surface brightness and
requires averted vision for a positive identification. Situated near the Hydra-Leo-Cancer
border.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2864 = m 163 on 6 Mar 1864 and recorded "vF, pL,
lE." His position matches
CGCG 034-044 = PGC 26644.
******************************
NGC 2865 = ESO
498-001 = MCG -04-22-011 = PGC 26601
09 23 30.2 -23
09 40
V = 11.7; Size 2.5'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 146d
17.5"
(2/28/87): moderately bright, small, very bright core, stellar nucleus,
slightly elongated halo.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2865 = h3161 on 23 Jan 1835 and logged "pB; S; R; vlbM;
15"." His position (2 sweeps) matches JH's position (h3161) matches ESO 498-001 = PGC 26601.
******************************
NGC 2866 = ESO
212-SC3 = Pismis 13 = OCL 774 = Lund 504
09 22 06 -51 06
12
V = 10.2; Size 1.5'
14" (4/3/16
- Coonabarabran, 142x and 184x):
the central region (Pismis 13) contains a dozen stars mag 12-15 over a
glowing 1.5' circular patch.
Includes a close double at the east side. The brightest mag 12 star (also a double) is at the north
end of the cluster. The
surrounding field is rich and includes several mag 10 stars. Specifically, a bright scattered 10'
field centered 10' SSW stands out at low power.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2866 = h3162 on 31 Mar 1835 and noted a "Cluster class
VIII. Place of a small compact
knot of st". His position is
an exact match with the small group of stars ESO 212-SC3 = Pismis 13, though
because he placed it in class VIII he meant to include the scattered stars
(bright) in the larger field.
Pismis noted 40 stars in a 2' region.
The RNGC
description incorrectly states "NOCL" and Lynga 5 and Sky Catalogue
2000 identify the cluster as Pismis 13 only. ESO gives the correct identification with a question mark.
******************************
NGC 2867 = PK
278-5.1 = ESO 126-PN8 = PN G278.1-05.9
09 21 25.4 -58
18 41
V = 9.7; Size 18"x16"
24"
(4/10/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): beautiful, very high surface
brightness blue planetary at 200x, set in a rich star field. Stunning view at 520x. The thick, oval rim is clearly brighter
with a relatively small darker hole in the center! I didn't notice this structure in the 18" several years
back from Australia.
18" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 171x (unfiltered) this striking
planetary is bright (V = 9.7), small, very high surface brightness oval with a
pale blue color. With a UHC
filter, it appeared ~15"x10" and appeared like a cosmic easter egg
set in a beautiful star field! Located
1.1¡ NE of mag 2.3 Iota Carinae (southeast star of the "False
Cross").
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2867 = h3163 on 1 Apr 1834 and called it "The finest
planetary nebula I ever remember to have seen for sharpness of termination;
3" diameter; exactly R; no more haziness about them than would be about a
star of the same magnitude to-night (which is a favourable one) Light, a pale
white = * of 9th +/- mag. Position of companion star = 58.6¡ (mean) ; * = 15th
mag. A very remarkable object. Showed to [assistant] Stone, who distinctly
perceived the total difference of appearance between it and a star 9th mag very
near it. A second companion * suspected (at about half the distance of the 1st
by diagram, and at an estimated position of 330¡) among multitude of large and
small stars." The next night
he observed it again with Mr. Maclear, out of the meridian, to check if it
might be a planet. But he noted it
had "not moved perceptibly, and is therefore not a planet."
******************************
NGC 2868 = PGC
26598
09 23 27.2 -10
25 46
V = 14.3; Size 0.8'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 65d
17.5"
(2/1/03): extremely faint, very small, elongated 3:2 WSW-ENE, 0.4'x0.25, low
even surface brightness. Located
just 2.3' W of much brighter NGC 2863!
Frank Muller discovered
NGC 2868 = LM II-411 = Big. 39 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory. He
recorded "mag 15.3, 0.4' dia, R, 10s preceding [NGC 2869 = NGC
2863]." According to Harold
Corwin, Guillaume Bigourdan independently discovered NGC 2868 on 15 Jan 1887,
but was not credited in the NGC.
Herbert Howe measured an accurate RA with the 20" refractor at the
Chamberlin Observatory in 1899-00 and the correction was repeated by Dreyer in
the IC 2. RNGC misclassifies this
number as nonexistent (Type 7).
******************************
NGC 2869 = NGC
2863 = MCG -02-24-018 = PGC 26609
09 23 36.5 -10
26 00
See observing
notes for NGC 2863.
Frank Muller
found NGC 2869 = LM II-412 in 1886 and recorded ""mag 14.5,
1.2'x0.6', E 170¡, gbM, bet 2 st 12 and 14." His rough position (nearest min of RA) is about 1 min too
far east, but the note on the nearby stars clinches the identification. Dreyer assumed this was new object and
catalogued it again as NGC 2869.
The equivalence was first noted by Howe in his list of NGC observations
and corrections in 1900. So, NGC
2863 = NGC 2869, with NGC 2863 the primary designation.
******************************
NGC 2870 = UGC
5034 = MCG +10-14-013 = CGCG 289-008 = PGC 26856
09 27 53.5 +57
22 33
V = 13.0; Size 2.5'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 123d
17.5"
(4/4/92): fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 4:1 WNW-ESE,
2.0'x0.5', brighter core. Located
4.5' NE of a mag 10 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2870 = H III-846 = h595 on 19 Mar 1790 (sweep 952) and logged
"cF, S, mE, very narrow."
His position matches UGC 5034 = PGC 26856. JH described this galaxy as "vF; pL; lE; vglbM;
35" l, 30" br."
******************************
NGC 2871 = Holm
130c
09 25 39.5 +11
26 40
V = 15.9
48"
(2/21/12): mag 15.9 star situated 1.1' NW of NGC 2872.
Lawrence
Parsons, the 4th Earl of Rosse, discovered NGC 2871 on 7 Mar 1874 with the
72" and labeled Epsilon on the field sketch. The micrometric offset of 65.3" in PA 315.7¡ from NGC
2872 = Delta points directly to a mag 16 star 1' NW of NGC 2872. Spitaler reported "not seen"
with the 27" refractor at Vienna (mentioned in the IC 1 notes).
******************************
NGC 2872 = Arp
307 NED1 = UGC 5018 = MCG +02-24-008 = CGCG 062-033 = Holm 130a = PGC 26733
09 25 42.5 +11
25 55
V = 11.9; Size 2.1'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 22d
48"
(2/21/12): very bright, moderately large, irregularly round, 1.2'x1.0', sharply
concentrated with an intensely bright 20" core. A mag 15.8 star = NGC 2871 is 1.1' NW. Forms a striking trio with NGC 2874 and
2873.
17.5"
(2/20/88): moderately bright, small, round, sharp concentration with a very
bright core. Brightest of three
with NGC 2874 1.3' ESE and NGC 2873 2.0' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2872 = H II-57 = H II-546 = h597 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 172) and
recorded "Two neb. [with NGC 2874 = H II-58] about 3/4' or a little more
from each other; Of the resolvable kind. The position of the first [NGC 2872]
is about 15¡ or 20¡ np the second; they are pS and rather brighter towards the
middle, but not much. The neby of the f one is rather more diluted than than of
the p one, and it also somewhat larger." His position is exactly 1.0 min of RA too far west and 11'
too far north. WH recorded the
pair again two years later (II-546 and II-547) on sweep 534, this time at the
correct position, but assumed they were new. JH included separate H-designations in the GC, but Dreyer
realized the equivalence and combined them in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 2873 = Arp 307
"Companion" = MCG +02-24-009 = Holm 130d = PGC 26742
09 25 48.5 +11
27 15
V = 15.8; Size 0.7'x0.2'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 125d
48"
(2/21/12): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 5:2 or 3:1 NW-SE,
0.6'x0.2', very small slightly brighter nucleus. Faintest member of a striking trio with NGC 2874 and NGC
2872 (Arp 307) to the south and SW, respectively.
17.5"
(2/20/88): extremely faint, very small, round. Faintest in a tight trio situated 2.0' NE of NGC 2872 and
1.8' N of NGC 2874.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 2873 on 22 Feb 1857 with LdR's 72", while observing NGC
2872 and 2874. He sketched a trio
and noted "Is Beta a vF neb?"
A month later, NGC 2873 = Beta was confirmed. In the 1874 observation, Copeland measured an exact
micrometric offset from NGC 2872.
This galaxy is not included in CGCG, UGC or RC3 but appears to be
mentioned as an anonymous galaxy in the UGC notes.
******************************
NGC 2874 = Arp
307 NED2 = UGC 5021 = MCG +02-24-010 = CGCG 062-034 = Holm 130b = PGC 26740
09 25 47.3 +11
25 28
V = 12.5; Size 2.4'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 43d
48"
(2/21/12): at 375x, the largest member of this striking trio appeared very
bright, large, very elongated 7:2 SW-NE, 1.8'x0.5', sharply concentrated with
an intense core. The northeast
extension is slightly brighter, particularly along the eastern side (knotty
spiral arm = NGC 2875). NGC 2872
is 1.3' WNW and NGC 2873 is 1.7' NNE.
17.5"
(2/20/88): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, halo gradually
increases to a bright core. A mag
15 star is 1.3' S of center. In a
close trio with NGC 2872 1.3' WNW and NGC 2873 1.8' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2874 = H II-58 = H II-547 = h598 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep
172). See NGC 2872 for the story
on the duplicate entries.
******************************
NGC 2875 =
northeastern arm of NGC 2874
09 25 48.8 +11
25 54
48"
(2/21/12): at 375x, the northeast extension (arm) of NGC 2874 is slightly
brighter, particularly along the eastern side.
Lawrence
Parsons, the 4th Earl of Rosse, discovered NGC 2875 on 7 Mar 1874 and labeled
it as Gamma on the same sketch with NGC 2871, 2872, and 2873. His offset from NGC 2874 (42" in
PA 37¡) falls on a slightly brighter section of the northeastern spiral arm of
NGC 2874. RNGC equates the number
with NGC 2874, though a more appropriate classification would be part of NGC
2874.
******************************
NGC 2876 = MCG
-01-24-016 = PGC 26710
09 25 13.8 -06
43 00
V = 13.7; Size 1.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.5; PA = 95d
17.5"
(3/7/92): faint, very small, slightly elongated, small bright core. Pair with IC 2471 7' S.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2876 = St X-20 on 5 Mar 1880 with the 31" reflector at
Marseille and recorded "F, S, halo contains sev vF *." His position matches MCG -01-24-016 =
PGC 26710. Dreyer incorrectly
references list IX in the NGC.
Ormond Stone independently discovered NGC 2876 in 1886 at the
Leander-McCormick Observatory and his position in list II-413 is fairly
accurate.
******************************
NGC 2877 = MCG
+00-24-015 = CGCG 006-043 = PGC 26738
09 25 47.0 +02
13 45
V = 14.3; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.5
17.5"
(3/8/97): faint, small, round, 25" diameter, very weak concentration. Located 6' following a group of four
mag 13 stars in a small "kite" asterism. Forms a pair with NGC 2878 8.5' S.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2877 = m 164 on 28 Mar 1864 (along with NGC 2878 = m 165) and
recorded "vF, S, vlE."
His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2878 = UGC
5022 = MCG +00-24-014 = CGCG 006-042 = PGC 26739
09 25 47.4 +02
05 22
V = 14.2; Size 0.8'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 174d
17.5"
(3/8/97): very faint, small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, unconcentrated. Slightly lower surface brightness than
NGC 2877 located 8.5' N.
Albert Marth discovered
NGC 2878 = m 165 on 28 Mar 1864 (along with NGC 2877 = m 164) and recorded
"vF, S, vlE." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2879
09 25 22.2 -11
39 03
=***,
Corwin. "Not found",
Carlson.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 2879 on 27 Feb 1865. He noted "neb with some vF *" and measured a mag
14-15 star as preceding by 11 seconds of time. At his position is a triple star with the mag 14 star at
this exact offset. The two
brighter components are mag 14.4/14.5 at 10" separation.
******************************
NGC 2880 = UGC
5051 = MCG +10-14-015 = CGCG 312-011 = PGC 26939
09 29 34.5 +62
29 27
V = 11.5; Size 2.0'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 140d
17.5"
(4/6/91): moderately bright, round, 1' diameter, strong concentration, very
small bright core. A mag 11.5 star
is 1.9' ENE. Nearby to the north
is a string of mag 13-14 stars including a mag 13 star 2.1' N. Forms a pair with CGCG 312-012 3.2'
N. The companion is very faint,
extremely small, round. Two mag 14
stars are 1.7' NE and 1.2' E.
8": faint,
small, bright core. Located 40' SW
of a mag 4 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2880 = H I-260 = h596 on 2 Apr 1791 (sweep 1000) and logged
"vB, vL, mbM; iR." His
position matches UGC 5051 = PGC 26939.
On sweep 404, JH recorded "pF; R; S; vgbM; 40", a *12 m
follows."
******************************
NGC 2881 = Arp
275 = VV 293 = MCG -02-24-021 = PGC 26747
09 25 54.4 -11
59 40
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(4/4/92): very faint, small, round, very low even surface brightness. A mag 14.5 star is at the northeast
edge 0.7' from center. An easy mag
10/11 double star at 26" separation lies 4.5' ESE. This is a double system (not resolved).
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 2881 = Sw III-44 on 9 Feb 1886 and recorded "eF; pS;
preceding a coarse double star 17 sec; in field with 1854 [NGC
2889]." His position is just
5 sec of RA west of Arp 275 = PGC 26747.
In his extensive MN notes, Herbert Howe stated the two stars mentioned
by Swift are south-following, 9.5 & 10.5 mag.
******************************
NGC 2882 = UGC
5030 = MCG +01-24-021 = CGCG 034-046 = PGC 26781
09 26 36.2 +07
57 15
V = 12.6; Size 1.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 80d
17.5"
(4/13/91): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 E-W, almost even surface
brightness. A mag 13.5 star is
2.0' SE. Located 16' N of mag 8.4
SAO 117694.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2882 = m 166 on 6 Mar 1864 and noted "F, pL, E." His position and description matches
UGC 5030.
******************************
NGC 2883 = ESO
372-024 = MCG -06-21-005 + 006 = VV 768 = PGC 26713
09 25 17.5 -34
06 12
V = 13.1; Size 2.8'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 176d
18"
(3/11/07): faint, moderately large, elongated at least 2:1 ~N-S,
1.1'x0.5'. Unusual appearance as
the galaxy has an irregular, mottled appearance and perhaps three faint stars
are superimposed (with several others nearby).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2883 = h3164 on 7 Apr 1837 and recorded "a vF, S, cluster,
class VI; vglbM; resolved so as to see the stars which are 15th mag; almost to
be called a vF, large nebula."
His position matches ESO 372-024 = PGC 26713. MCG misidentifies MCG -06-21-006 as NGC 2883 instead of MCG -06-21-005.
******************************
NGC 2884 = MCG
-02-24-022 = PGC 26773
09 26 24.4 -11
33 20
V = 12.4; Size 1.9'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 175d
13.1"
(4/10/86): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated N-S, possible faint stellar
nucleus. A mag 13.5 star is 1.3' W
of center. NGC 2889 lies 13' ESE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 2884 on 27 Feb 1865. His position (measured on 5 nights) matches MCG -02-24-022 =
PGC 26773 and he noted the mag 13.5 star (called mag 15 or 16) that precedes by
5 seconds of time in the parallel.
His AN #1537 list has a 1 min typo in RA.
******************************
NGC 2885 = IC
538 = UGC 5037 = MCG +04-22-058 = CGCG 121-098 = PGC 26943
09 27 18.5 +23
01 12
V = 14.0; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 80d
17.5"
(4/13/91): faint, very small, round, stellar nucleus. A mag 15 star is 40" E of center and a mag 14 star is
2' NW. Located 8' NW of mag 8.5
SAO 80841. Brightest in a trio
with CGCG 121-099 1.8' ENE and IC 2474 1.8' NW. Incorrect identification in RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2885 = h599 on 24 Feb 1827 and recorded "eF; vS; E in parallel;
RA very uncertain." There is
nothing at his position (1.7' NNW of a mag 8 star not mentioned in his
description), but 25 sec of RA west is UGC 5037, which fits the description
(roughly elongated east-west).
Bigourdan independently discovered the galaxy on 21 Mar 1890, measured
an accurate position for Big. 154 (later IC 538) and noted "does not seem
to be NGC 2885." Dreyer noted
the possible equivalence with NGC 2885 in the IC description.
Sir Robert Ball,
an observing assistant on LdR's 72", recorded on 10 Jan 1867, "3
objects seen close together, of which one is probably a nebula, the other
possibly also, and third a star?
All these are eF, and would perhaps not be seen unless on so good a night
as this is." From the
description, Ball picked up NGC 2885 and probably nearby IC 2474 and CGCG
121-99.
RNGC
misidentifies CGCG 122-006 as NGC 2885.
CGCG and UGC misidentify IC 2474 as NGC 2885. Finally, MCG labels NGC 2885 as IC 538. Malcolm Thomson analyzed the
identifications in a Webb Society Quarterly Journal article, July 1990.
******************************
NGC 2886 = ESO
565-?005
09 26 38.7 -21
44 16
=***,
Corwin. Not found, RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2886 = h3165 on 1 Feb 1837 and simply noted "eeF;
50"." There is nothing
at his position, but four faint stars about 1.5' ENE of his position are likely
Herschel's object (the separation is ~25"). Corwin also identifies this multiple star as NGC 2886.
******************************
NGC 2887 = ESO
091-009 = PGC 26592
09 23 24.2 -63
48 45
V = 11.7; Size 2.1'x1.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 78d
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): bright, slightly elongated
WSW-ENE, 1.2'x1.0', sharply concentrated with a very bright 25" core. Forms the SE vertex of an isosceles
triangle with two mag 12/12.5 stars 1.3' WNW and 1.4' NNW. A couple of arc minutes SE is a short
string of very faint stars. NGC
2842 lies 1.1¡ NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2887 = h3168 on 8 Mar 1834 and logged "F; S; R; gbM; near a
bright star." This is the
first deep sky object he discovered at the Cape. His position from 3 sweeps matches ESO 091-009.
******************************
NGC 2888 = ESO
434-002 = MCG -05-23-001 = PGC 26768
09 26 19.5 -28
02 08
V = 12.6; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 158d
17.5"
(2/28/87): faint, small, slightly elongated NNW-SSE, brighter core.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2888 = h3166 on 30 Mar 1835 and logged "pF R; smbM; very
dilute at edges; 30"."
His position (on 2 sweeps) matches ESO 434-002 = PGC 26768.
******************************
NGC 2889 = MCG
-02-24-026 = PGC 26806
09 27 12.5 -11
38 37
V = 11.7; Size 2.2'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 65d
13.1"
(4/10/86): fairly small, slightly elongated ~N-S, diffuse halo, irregular
bright core. A mag 11.5 star is
off the south edge 1.4' from the center.
NGC 2884 lies 13' WNW and NGC 2881 is 28' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2889 = H II-555 = h600 on 19 Mar 1786 (sweep 541) and recorded
"vF; pL; R; bM." JH
called it "pB; pL; R; vglbM; 80"." Both measured fairly accurate positions. On 30 Jan 1856, R.J. Mitchell using
LdR's 72", noted a very faint star at the east edge and "darkness all
round the nucleus."
******************************
NGC 2890 = MCG
-02-24-024 = PGC 26778
09 26 29.8 -14
31 44
V = 14.3; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 55d
17.5"
(3/7/92): faint, very small, round, 15" diameter. Overpowered by mag 7.8 SAO 155191 which
lies 3.9' NE!
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 2890 = LM I-154 on 11 Jan 1886 and recorded
"mag 15.0, 0.3' dia, R, bMN, envelope 15.5." His rough position
(nearest min of RA) is 45 sec of RA east of MCG -02-24-024 = PGC 26778. Howe published an accurate position in
his 1900 MN observations and Dreyer repeated it in the IC 2 notes.
******************************
NGC 2891 = ESO
498-008 = MCG -04-23-003 = PGC 26794
09 26 56.6 -24
46 59
V = 12.6; Size 1.5'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(3/7/92): fairly faint, small, round, sharp concentration with very small
prominent core, stellar nucleus.
Located in rich Milky Way field close to the Antlia and Hydra border.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2891 = h3167 on 23 Jan 1835 and recorded "F; S; R; bM;
15"." His position is 1' south of ESO 498-008 = PGC 26794.
******************************
NGC 2892 = UGC
5073 = MCG +11-12-015 = CGCG 312-015 = PGC 27111
09 32 53.0 +67
37 02
V = 13.1; Size 1.4'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(4/4/92): fairly faint, fairly small, round, gradually brighter halo, faint
stellar nucleus. A wide bright
double star ·1349 = 7.5/8.7 at 24" is 11' WSW at the edge of the 220x
field. Brightest in a group with
UGC 5061 7.5' W.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 2892 = Sw I-8 on 11 May 1885 and recorded "pF, pS, R,
lbM." His position is 0.2 min
of RA east of UGC 5073 = PGC 27111.
******************************
NGC 2893 = UGC
5060 = MCG +05-23-005 = CGCG 152-018 = Mrk 401 = PGC 26979
09 30 17.0 +29
32 24
V = 13.2; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(4/13/91): fairly faint, very small, round, very small bright core, stellar
nucleus. Located 3.2' SW of a mag
9 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2893 = H III-297 = h602 on 13 Mar 1785 (sweep 386) and logged
"Suspected eF, eS. 240x
showed the same appearance but left a doubt." There is nothing at his position, but 8.5' north is UGC 5060
= PGC 26979. On sweep 115, JH
recorded "S; R; sbM; 20", has a * 8m 55¡ n f dist 3'." and
measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 2894 = UGC
5056 = MCG +01-24-024 = CGCG 034-051 = Holm 133a = PGC 26932
09 29 30.4 +07
43 06
V = 12.4; Size 1.9'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 27d
17.5"
(4/13/91): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, prominent core
with faint extensions. Unusual
appearance as a mag 13.5 star is at the east end and a mag 14.5 star (Holmberg
133b) at the west end. Located
3.0' NNE of mag 8.6 SAO 117726.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2894 = H III-8 = h603 on 23 Jan 1784 (sweep 101) and recorded
"Nebula. I see 3 stars in it,
& I believe it may all be resolved; yet my 240 power does not clear it
quite of nebulosity. [Higher]
power gives me 3 very obscure nebulous stars, but leaves it undetermined
whether there are more stars in it or whether these are only nebulous for want
of light." JH simply noted
"2 or 3 st and nebulosity" and measured a pretty accurate position.
******************************
NGC 2895 = MCG
+10-14-018 = CGCG 289-009 = PGC 27092
09 32 25.1 +57
28 58
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(4/4/92): faint, small, elongated 4:3 WSW-ENE, broad concentration in halo to
brighter core. Collinear with a
wide double star 6' SSW (10.5/12.5 at 50" oriented SSW-NNE).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2895 = h601 on 9 Feb 1831 and logged "vF; R; vgbM;
15"; has a coarse double star 7' south." His position and description matches CGCG 289-009 = PGC
27092.
******************************
NGC 2896 = MCG
+04-23-007 = CGCG 122-009 = PGC 26985
09 30 16.9 +23
39 47
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(4/13/91): very faint, extremely small, round, small bright core. A mag 15 star is attached at the west
end.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 2896 on 1 May 1864 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen and recorded "F, S, R, *17m very near, *13 follows by 24.3
seconds of time and 30" north."
His position and description matches CGCG 122-009 = PGC 26985, with the star
(closer to 15th mag) on the west edge.
******************************
NGC 2897 = PGC
26949
09 29 45.7 +02
12 25
V = 15.1; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 170d
17.5"
(3/7/92): very faint, very small, round, 15" diameter, low surface
brightness. Located just 1.8' WNW
of mag 8.0 SAO 117736 which detracts from viewing. Forms a pair with NGC 2898 8' S. Not listed in the CGCG, UGC, MCG or RC3 although 15th
magnitude.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2897 = m 167 on 6 Feb 1864 (along with NGC 2898) and simply
noted "eF, S." His
position matches PGC 26949. It's
odd that Marth did not mention the mag 9 star just 2' E as it interfered with
my viewing, although his notes are very sparse.
******************************
NGC 2898 = MCG
+00-24-018 = CGCG 006-048 = PGC 26950
09 29 46.3 +02
03 51
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 125d
17.5"
(3/7/92): faint, very small, round, faint substellar nucleus. Forms a pair with NGC 2897 8' N.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2898 = m 168 on 6 Feb 1864 and noted "vF, vS,
lE." His position is 6 sec of
RA east of CGCG 006-048 = PGC 26950.
******************************
NGC 2899 = PK
277-3.1 = ESO 166-PN13 = PN G277.1-03.8 = Gum 27 = RCW 43
09 27 03.0 -56
06 22
V = 12.2; Size 120"x68"
24"
(4/10/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): fascinating bipolar planetary at
260x using a UHC filter. A very
bright knot is situated on the SW end with fainter extensions along the rim to
the SE. A matching knot with a
lower surface brightness is on the north side. This knot is also elongated, making another short arc. Overall, NGC 2899 is noticeably
elongated with dimensions of ~1.6'x1.0', oriented NW-SE. At 520x both knots or arcs gradually
increase in brightness to their centers and occasionally show very faint stellar
nuclei. The overall surface is
noticeably mottled at this power, though darker in the center. The open cluster, IC 2488, lies 50' S.
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): at 105x this interesting Vela planetary appeared fairly
faint, moderately large, slightly elongated ~E-W, 1.3'x1.0'. Good contrast gain with a UHC filter.
The surface brightness appears very irregular or mottled with a brighter knot
on the SW end that is nearly detached and an irregular darker center. Also a less-defined knot appears to be
situated on the north end. Four
mag 7.5-9 stars are in the field to the west and north and the PN is situated
9' E of mag 7.3 SAO 236965. The
faint planetary Wray 17-31 = VBRC 2 lies 38' ESE
18" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 171x, this moderately bright planetary
is fairly large, ~1.5'x1.0', with an irregular shape and surface
brightness. Adding a UHC filter
improved the contrast and the PN is clearly elongated with an annular or
bi-polar appearance with a darker, irregular center. There are two brighter knots or arcs on on the SW and NE
sides of the central section (minor axis?) with the SW knot more obvious. Situated in a fairly rich star field
with four mag 7-9 stars including a mag 7.3 star 9' W.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2899 = h3169 on 27 Feb 1835 and recorded "F; pL; R; glbM;
80". At least 80 stars in
field." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 2900 = UGC
5065 = MCG +01-24-026 = CGCG 034-055 = PGC 26974
09 30 15.1 +04
08 39
V = 13.0; Size 1.7'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.8
17.5"
(3/25/95): very faint, moderately large, 1.5' diameter, very low surface
brightness, very weak concentration, ill-defined halo. A mag 14.5 star is 1.0' SW of center.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 2900 = Sw III-45 on 10 Mar 1886 and logged "eeF, pL, R, in
vacancy." His position is 5
sec of RA east and 1' south of UGC 5065.
******************************
NGC 2901
09 32 24 +31 07
=Not found,
RNGC.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 2901 = LM I-155 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory "while looking for Winnecke's comet
[7P/Pons-Winnecke]." No
additional notes are given and the position is marked as very rough
(approximate even to the nearest min of RA).
This number is
not listed in any modern catalogue (even the RNGC didn't pick a
candidate). Brian Skiff identifies
this object as a double star with brightest component GSC 2494-0616 at 09 32 19
+31 07.1 (2000). Harold Corwin
suggest this number may refer to one of the galaxies (UGC 5070/5074/5087) just
over a degree south of Stone's position.
Without more information, this number is lost.
******************************
NGC 2902 = MCG
-02-24-030 = PGC 27004
09 30 52.8 -14
44 07
V = 12.2; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 35d
13.1"
(4/10/86): fairly faint, very small, 30" diameter, stellar nucleus. A faint star is off the NW edge.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2902 = H III-276 on 8 Feb 1785 (sweep 371) and logged "vF;
vS; stellar; with 240 the same."
CH's reduction is less than 2' northwest of MCG -02-24-030 = PGC
27004. MCG equates NGC 2902 with
Bigourdan's IC 543 but Corwin notes that Bigourdan observed both objects so he
was not confusing them.
******************************
NGC 2903 = UGC
5079 = MCG +04-23-009 = CGCG 122-014 = PGC 27077
09 32 10.0 +21
30 02
V = 9.0; Size 12.6'x6.0'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 17d
48"
(4/18/15): this superb spiral was observed at 375x. Several luminous patches are along the central bar, which
trends SSW-NNE, including a patch (NGC 2905) at the northeast end near the
beginning of the western spiral arm.
Another patch is at the south end of the core with a third near the
southern end of the bar where the outer eastern arm emanates. The outer western arm extends south for
a length of ~4', just beyond the southern edge of the main body. The outer eastern arm emerges from the
south end of the galaxy, curls east and shoots north. Although the surface
brightness becomes quite low, the arm extends well beyond the main body for a
total length of ~7'! At the
northern end is a low surface brightness larger patch about 5.5' NE of
center. The tips of the spiral
arms are over 9' apart.
24"
(2/22/14): excellent view at 200x and 375x. This beautiful barred spiral is sharply concentrated with an
extremely bright, mottled core. A
prominent central bar runs along the major axis, extending ~2'x0.4'
SSW-NNE. The central bar is the
brightest portion of an more oval, brighter central region, ~2.0'x1.0'. Just beyond the northeast end of the
central bar is a bright, irregular "knot" (NGC 2905) where the
northern spiral arm attaches. This
arm bends sharply to the west (clockwise), but only curves for ~1' and quickly
fades, as if it was angled towards us.
A prominent arm (more cleanly separated from the central region) is
attached at the south-southwest end of the bar where there is another brighter,
irregular "knot". The
southern arm bends east and then north, paralleling the orientation of the bar
and extending as far north as the core, perhaps just beyond a mag 13.7 star 2'
ESE of center. A darker dust lane separates this arm from the central region.
18"
(2/14/10): beautiful view of this barred spiral at 175x. The galaxy extends 2:1 SSW-NNE, roughly
8'x4', with a slightly brighter bar running through the major axis. The center is sharply concentrated with
a very bright clumpy core. At the
SSW end of the main body a faint arm emerges and sweeps around to the
east. Near the NNE end of the central
bar is a brighter knot (NGC 2905) and beyond the knot is a fainter and less
defined arm that curves around a short distance to the west.
17.5"
(1/31/87): this is one of the brightest non-Messier galaxies. Very bright and large, elongated 5:2
SSW-NNE, 10'x4'. A very faint knot
is involved on the NNE side 1.2' from center = NGC 2905. An extremely faint knot is also
symmetrically placed opposite the core on the SW end 1.2' from center. The galaxy has a dusty, mottled
appearance with knots and arcs easily visible with averted vision.
17.5"
(3/23/85): a second knotty region is definitely visible on the SW edge. Lord Rosse mentions these two knots as
"thickened regions".
13.1"
(12/22/84): very bright, elongated bright core. Contains a very faint knot at the north end = NGC 2905.
8": bright,
large, elongated, bright mottled core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2903 = H I-56 = h604.I on 16 Nov 1784 (sweep 318) and recorded
"cB, cL, a small bright spot in the middle; at first sight appears very
much elongated, but by careful attention it appears to consist of two; the nf
of which less bright than the sp, though nearly of the same size and shape with
the former, it has also a brightish spot in the middle but not nearly so
brilliant as the other; dist of the center about a minute." JH recorded on sweep 244, "I. 56
is vB; E; gbM; r[esolvable]. Long
attentions shows a vF, L, R, neb attached n f." NGC 2905 = h604.II is the "neb attached n f" and
refers to the northeast spiral arm (or a brighter region in the spiral
arm).
LdR first
observed this galaxy on 24 Mar 1846 and noted "a tendency to an annular or
spiral arrangement discovered."
On 9 Mar 1848 Romney Robinson, director of Armagh Observatory and a
regular observer at Rosse's Birr Castle, commented "Night excellent, a
spiral seen in an oblique direction, resolved well, particularly towards the vB
centre." LdR was a bit more
conservative in his assessment of spiral structure and didn't include this
galaxy in his table of 16 spirals in the 1850 Philosophical Transactions paper. A published sketch from 5 Mar 1848
shows multiple spiral arms with a knot embedded (NGC 2905), though a note was
added later by Dreyer that "the engraving does not agree with the numerous
sketches taken later..."
******************************
NGC 2904 = ESO
434-006 = MCG -05-23-003 = PGC 26981
09 30 17.0 -30
23 05
V = 12.4; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 90d
17.5"
(2/1/03): fairly faint, fairly small, 3:2 oval E-W, 0.8'x0.5'. Contains a brighter core with a very
thin outer envelope. Located 4' W
of mag 8.8 SAO 200441 and 15' S of mag 7.7 SAO 177562. There are several ESO galaxies within
20' which I didn't search for.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2904 = h3170 on 11 Apr 1834 and logged "F; S; vlE; psbM;
15". Very dilute at the
edges." His position matches
ESO 434-006.
******************************
NGC 2905 = NGC
2903
09 32 11.9 +21
31 10
48"
(4/18/15): NGC 2905 is the brightest of several luminous patches along the
central bar. This irregular knot
is located very near the north-northeast end of the central bar at the point
where two spiral arms (extending west) emerge from the arm.
24"
(2/22/14): just beyond the northeast end of the central bar is a fairly bright,
irregular "knot" (NGC 2905) where the northern spiral arm attaches to
the bar. This arm bends sharply to
the west (clockwise), but only curves for ~1' and quickly fades.
17.5"
(5/10/86): very large knot or arc at the NNE edge of a spiral arm in NGC
2903. Easily visible with averted
vision.
13.1"
(12/22/84): very faint knot or arc at NE edge of arm of NGC 2903.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2905 = H I-57 = h604.II on 16 Nov 1784 (sweep 318) and recorded
(together with NGC 2903) "cB, cL, a small bright spot in the middle; at
first sight appears very much elongated, but by careful attention it appears to
consist of two; the nf of which less bright than the sp, though nearly of the
same size and shape with the former, it has also a brightish spot in the middle
but not nearly so brilliant as the other; dist of the center about a
minute."
JH recorded on
sweep 244, "I. 56 is vB; E; gbM; r[esolvable]. Long attentions shows a vF, L, R, neb attached n
f." NGC 2905 is the "neb
attached n f" and refers to the northeast spiral arm (with a brighter
starcloud or HII region). George
Stoney's sketch at Birr Castle on 5 Mar 1848 shows multiple spiral arms, along
with an embedded knot on the northeast side. RNGC classifies this number as nonexistent (Type 7),
although Type 35 = nebulous region in a galaxy, would probably be more
appropriate.
******************************
NGC 2906 = UGC
5081 = MCG +02-25-001 = CGCG 063-001 = PGC 27074
09 32 06.3 +08
26 30
V = 12.7; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 75d
17.5"
(4/13/91): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 WSW-ENE, broadly
concentrated halo, brighter along the major axis. A mag 12 star is 2.9' SW and a mag 11 star 3.6' SSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2906 = H II-495 = h606 on 28 Dec 1785 (sweep 497) and logged
"F, pL, E, iF."
His position is 1' northwest of UGC 5081 = PGC 27074 and the
identification is certain. JH made two observations and recorded "F; not
vS; R; glbM."
******************************
NGC 2907 = MCG
-03-25-002 = PGC 27048
09 31 36.6 -16
44 07
V = 11.6; Size 1.8'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 115d
13.1"
(4/10/86): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 ~E-W, 1.4'x0.7, bright
core, stellar nucleus. A small
group of four mag 11-13 stars lies roughly 4' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2907 = H II-506 = h607 on 31 Dec 1785 (sweep 503) and logged
"pB, S, lE, mb towards the sf side." JH recorded "F; bM; lE s f; 30" and measured an
accurate position.
******************************
NGC 2908 = UGC
5152 = MCG +13-07-034 = CGCG 350-029 = PGC 27831
09 43 31.6 +79
42 05
V = 14.1; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(4/6/02): faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter, low but uneven surface
brightness. A mag 10 star is 6'
ENE. Located 35' NNW of a mag 6.1
star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2908 = H III-977 on 26 Sep 1802 (sweep 1111, his second to last
sweep) and logged "eF, vS, iF.
I also saw it with 300x."
Caroline Herschel's reduced position is 3' north of UGC 5152. This was one of 6 galaxies found by
Herschel that evening after Caroline discovered that the third list of nebulae
submitted to the Royal Society included only 497 nebulae, instead of the
intended 500. A few nights later
(30 Sep 1802) he made his last sweep for new nebulae and the last three nebulae
were found. Not observed by JH or
LdR.
******************************
NGC 2909
09 36 59.9 +65
56 26
=**?,
Gottlieb. Not found, Thomson.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2909 = h605 on 12 Mar 1828 and logged "eF; S; psbM;
12"." There is nothing near his position and this object was not
recorded on any other sweeps to verify the position. RNGC and CGCG misidentify CGCG 312-021 as NGC 2909 although
JH's position is more than 40' west of this galaxy. A 13" pair of mag 14-15 star is close to JH's position,
and the only plausible candidate, though perhaps he made some large error in
recording the position.
******************************
NGC 2910 = ESO
166-SC017 = Cr 209
09 30 29 -52 54
48
V = 7.2; Size 5'
18" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): ~50 stars are resolved in an oval or
"racetrack" outline oriented NW-SE, perhaps 6'x4', with outliers
making the group rounder. Includes
a half-dozen stars brighter than mag 11.
The SE end of the oval has a rich subgroup over unresolved haze. No concentration, in fact the center of
the "racetrack" is nearly devoid of stars!
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2910 = h3171 on 10 Apr 1834 and recorded "Cluster of loose
stars; p rich; stars 11...15m; has rather a vacancy in the middle; fills about
2/3 of field." On a later
sweep (763) he measured an accurate position on a bright star at the southeast
side of the cluster.
******************************
NGC 2911 = Arp
232 = UGC 5092 = MCG +02-25-003 = CGCG 063-007 = PGC 27159
09 33 46.1 +10
09 09
V = 11.5; Size 4.1'x3.2'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 140d
17.5"
(2/20/88): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated, bright core,
faint stellar nucleus. Brightest
in a group with NGC 2914 4.8' SE and UGC 5093 8.1' SSE. Forms a close pair with PGC 27167 1.3'
ENE (misidentified as NGC 2912 in RNGC, PGC and Megastar). In Lowrey's 48", PGC 27167
appeared faint, small, round, low even surface brightness, 15"-18"
diameter. A mag 16.1 star is
26" E.
13.1"
(4/29/84): fairly bright, fairly small, round, distinctive small bright
nucleus.
8"
(4/24/82) : faint, small, diffuse.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2911 = H II-40 = h608 on 11 Mar 178 (sweep 163) and recorded
"A nebula between two pretty considerable stars. Brightest in the middle, but not cometic. Faint and perhaps 30" dia, almost
R and the extremities of it lose themselves gradually." He swept the field again on 3 Mar 1786
and discovered nearby NGC 2914.
******************************
NGC 2912
09 33 56.9 +10
11 33
V = 16.1
17.5"
(2/20/88): mag 14.3 star situated 3.6' NE of NGC 2911. Misidentified as a "nova" by
Schultz.
Herman Schultz
discovered NGC 2912 on 3 Apr 1870 with the 9.6-inch refractor at Uppsala
Observatory and recorded "eF; follows h608 [NGC 2911] some seconds about
2' N; but not observable".
I'm not sure of the meaning of his last comment but 1.3' ENE of NGC 2911
is PGC 27167, an extremely faint and small, low surface brightness galaxy,
which the RNGC identifies as NGC 2912.
But this galaxy
is too faint to be included in the CGCG and MCG and is extremely unlikely to
have been seen by Schultz with a 9.6" scope. I missed detecting this galaxy in my 17.5" and it was
not found by Bigourdan, though of course it was not difficult in Lowrey's
48". Instead, Corwin suggests
NGC 2912 more likely refers to a mag 14.3 star 3.6' NE of NGC 2911.
******************************
NGC 2913 = UGC
5095 = MCG +02-25-005 = CGCG 063-009 = PGC 27184
09 34 02.7 +09
28 45
V = 13.1; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 140d
17.5"
(2/20/88): extremely faint, fairly small, even surface brightness.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2913 on 10 Mar 1864 with Lassell's 48" and recorded
"vF, pL, iR." His position
matches UGC 5095 = PGC 27184.
******************************
NGC 2914 = Arp
137 = UGC 5096 = MCG +02-25-006= CGCG 063-010 = PGC 27185
09 34 02.8 +10
06 31
V = 13.2; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 15d
17.5"
(2/20/88): faint, very small, slightly elongated. A mag 15 star is off the east edge 36" from the
center. A mag 11 star lies 1.6'
NW. Forms a trio with NGC 2911 4.8' NW and UGC 5093 4.8' S.
13.1"
(4/29/84): faint, very small, faint stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2914 = H III-513 = h609 on 3 Mar 1786 (sweep 534) and recorded
"eF; vS; stellar; 240 verified it." His position is 1.4' NW of UGC 5096 = PGC 27185. He has a similar offset error for
nearby NGC 2911, the previous object is the sweep. Dreyer recorded from Birr Castle "F, S, R, bM, vF star
3/4' following."
******************************
NGC 2915 = ESO
037-003 = PGC 26761
09 26 13.0 -76
37 37
V = 12.7; Size 1.9'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 129d
24"
(4/10/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 260x appears moderately bright
and large, elongated 5:3 NW-SE, ~1.0'x0.6'. Appears slightly brighter at the NW end. An easy pair of mag 12-13 stars
(25" separation) lies 4.5' NW.
Located 8.4' NE of a mag 8 star.
NGC 2915 is
classified as an unusual Blue Compact Dwarf. A significant percentage of its mass is within an extended
neutral hydrogen halo that extends to nearly 20'x12' and within a massive halo
of dark matter.
A very faint
globular, E3, lies 43' SSW. At
200x, three faint stars were resolved over a 1' low surface brightness hazy
glow with no concentration. In
addition two brighter field stars are situated at the outside edge of the
glow. At 260x, a fourth superimposed
star was glimpsed, though these are possibly line of sight stars and perhaps
the cluster, itself, was unresolved.
Although situated 43' SSW of NGC 2915 the precise position was pinned
down moving 13' W of a mag 7.7 star using a 16" pair of mag 12/14 stars
(situated at the midpoint of this line) as a reference.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2915 = h3174 on 31 Mar 1837 and logged "pF; pL; R; gbM;
45"." His position
matches ESO 037-003 = PGC 26761.
******************************
NGC 2916 = UGC
5103 = MCG +04-23-011 = CGCG 122-021 = PGC 27244
09 34 57.7 +21
42 19
V = 12.1; Size 2.5'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 20d
17.5"
(1/31/87): fairly bright, moderately large, bright core, elongated
SSW-NNE. A mag 12.5 star is 1.7'
SSW of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2916 = H II-260 = h610 on 16 Nov 1784 (sweep 318) and recorded
"F, pS, lE." His
position (Caroline Herschel's reduction) is just off the south side of UGC
5103. George Stoney, using LdR's
72" on 9 Mar 1850, logged "D Nucl or D * in it, light unequal,
another * susp. preceding the brighter of the D one." His description matches a (single) star
superimposed just north of the nucleus.
******************************
NGC 2917 = UGC
5098 = MCG +00-25-002 = CGCG 007-003 = PGC 27207
09 34 26.9 -02
30 16
V = 13.6; Size 1.3'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 169d
17.5"
(2/13/88): faint, small, elongated NNW-SSE, brighter core. A mag 10 star (SAO 136961) is 2' SE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2917 = m 170 on 6 Feb 1864 and logged "pF, S,
mbM." His position matches
UGC 5098 = PGC 27207.
******************************
NGC 2918 = UGC
5112 = MCG +05-23-019 = CGCG 152-032 = PGC 27282
09 35 44.1 +31
42 20
V = 12.6; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 65d
17.5"
(3/12/94): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 SW-NE, 1.0'x0.8', bright
core has a slight even concentration down to an occasional faint stellar
nucleus. Located at midpoint of
two mag 13.5 stars 2.5' S and 2.5' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2918 = H III-298 = h611 on 13 Mar 1785 (sweep 386) and logged
"vF, vS, iR, lbM." JH
recorded "F; R; vsbM almost to a *." and measured an accurate
position.
******************************
NGC 2919 = UGC
5102 = MCG +02-25-007 = CGCG 152-032 = PGC 27232
09 34 47.5 +10
17 01
V = 12.9; Size 1.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 159d
17.5"
(2/20/88): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated NNW-SSE, halo gradually
brightens. Flanked by two mag 13.5
stars 2.0' E and 2.0' N of center.
Two mag 9.5 stars are about 5' SE.
NGC 2911 lies 18' WSW.
13.1"
(4/29/84): faint, very elongated NNW-SSE.
Located 17' ENE of NGC 2911.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 2919 = T I-24 on 1 Feb 1877 and a micrometric position, matching
UGC 5102 = PGC 27232, was given in list V-4. The NGC position is 21 sec of RA too far east.
******************************
NGC 2920 = ESO
565-015 = PGC 27197
09 34 12.1 -20
51 33
V = 13.0; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 129d
17.5"
(3/8/97): faint, small, slightly elongated, 30"x25" (NW-SE?). A mag 15 star is just off the following
end about 20" from the center.
Forms a pair with NGC 2921 5.8' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2920 = h3172 on 1 Feb 1837 and logged "eF; S; R: the
preceding of two [with NGC 2921]."
His position is ~1' E of ESO 565-015.
******************************
NGC 2921 = ESO
565-017 = MCG -03-25-006 = PGC 27214
09 34 31.3 -20
55 13
V = 12.0; Size 2.8'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 83d
17.5"
(3/8/97): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 2:1 ~E-W, 1.4'x0.8', broad
concentration to a 15" core.
A mag 14 star is just off the NW side [53" from the center]. Forms a pair with NGC 2920 5.8'
NW. Located 33' NW of NGC 2935.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2921 = H III-597 = h3173 on 24 Dec 1786 (sweep 663) and logged
"vF, S, R, vglbM. His
position is within 1' of ESO 565-017 = PGC 27214. JH made two observations and on sweep 770 discovered NGC
2920.
******************************
NGC 2922 = UGC
5118 = MCG +06-21-057 = CGCG 181-066 = PGC 27361
09 36 52.4 +37
41 41
V = 14.1; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 103d
17.5"
(3/12/94): faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE, 1.0'x0.4', appears
brighter on the western half. A
string of mag 11.5-13.5 stars runs E-W through the 20' field including a mag
13.5 star 39" SW of center.
The western end of this unusual string begins at a mag 11.5 star which
is 2.7' W of NGC 2922 and ends at an 11th magnitude star which is 18' E of NGC
2922. IC 2493 lies 21' SSW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2922 = St XIII-48 on 18 Mar 1884. His position matches UGC 5118 = PGC 27361.
******************************
NGC 2923 = CGCG
092-008 = PGC 27306
09 36 03.8 +16
45 37
V = 14.2; Size 0.3'x0.3'
17.5"
(4/6/02): extremely faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Required averted to glimpse
intermittently once exact position identified. Surprisingly faint and small for a mag 15.2z galaxy. Located at the western edge of a faint
group of galaxies (brightest member NGC 2943).
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2923 = m 171 on 1 Apr 1864 and simply noted "vF". His position is 2' north of Marth's
position is 2' N of CGCG 092-008 = PGC 27306.
******************************
NGC 2924 = MCG
-03-25-008 = VV 808 = PGC 27253
09 35 10.8 -16
23 54
V = 12.0; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 150d
13.1"
(4/10/86): fairly faint, very small, round, faint stellar nucleus. A faint mag 14 star (similar in
brightness to the nucleus) is off the SE edge, 1.0' from center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2924 = h3175 on 12 Feb 1836 and logged "pB; R;
20"." His position
matches MCG -03-25-008 = PGC 27253.
******************************
NGC 2925 = ESO
166-SC022 = Cr 210
09 33 11 -53 23
48
V = 8.3; Size 12'
14" (4/3/16
- Coonabarabran, 142x and 184x): scattered cluster with 60+ stars mag 8.5 and
fainter in a 10' region. The
brightest stars roughly define the outline, including mag 8.5 HD 82812 at the
west end. On the south side is HJ
4221, a 9.4/9.9 pair at 15" and three mag 9-10 stars are on the east
side. Mag 7.7 HD 82737 lies 13'
SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2925 = h3177 on 5 Jan 1837 and recorded "a pretty rich
cluster, 8th class; a double star (one of the chief) taken." His position is at the southeast edge
of the cluster and the double is HJ 4221.
******************************
NGC 2926 = UGC
5125 = MCG +06-21-060 = CGCG 181-071 = PGC 27400
09 37 31.0 +32
50 30
V = 13.4; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 120d
17.5"
(3/12/94): faint, fairly small, round, 45" diameter, unconcentrated. A mag 14.7 star is 1.5' SW. Located 4.3' S of mag 9.2 SAO 61602.
Johann Palisa
discovered NGC 2926 on 27 Mar 1886 with the 12-inch refractor at the Vienna
University Observatory. His
micrometric position in AN 2782 matches UGC 5125. The same night he discovered NGC 2944 and Oppenheim found
NGC 2981.
******************************
NGC 2927 = UGC
5122 = MCG +04-23-016 = CGCG 122-032 = PGC 27385
09 37 15.2 +23
35 26
V = 12.9; Size 1.9'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 155d
17.5"
(4/15/93): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 1.2'x0.8', even
concentration in halo down to a very small brighter core, halo fades into
background. Located 14' WNW of mag
8.0 SAO 80939.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 2927, along with NGC 2929, 2930 and 2931, on 21 Feb
1863 and roughly recorded "F, pL, R, 25"-35"." His position (measured on 4 nights)
matches UGC 5122.
******************************
NGC 2928 = MCG
+03-25-005 = CGCG 092-011 = PGC 27380
09 37 10.1 +16
58 38
V = 14.2; Size 1.1'x0.6'; PA = 40d
24"
(2/22/14): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 0.6'x0.4', weak
concentration. Located 3.7' NW of
a mag 10.4 star. On a line with
NGC 2933 11' ENE and NGC 2943 (brightest in the group) 20' ENE.
17.5"
(2/1/03): very faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 0.9'x0.5', low surface
brightness, weak concentration.
Located 3.7' NW of a mag 10.4 star. First in the NGC 2943 group which extends about 40' to the
east.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2928 = m 172 on 1 Apr 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
reported "vF, S, R, bM."
His position is 1' NW of
CGCG 092-011 = PGC 27380. This is
the 2nd of 7 galaxies discovered that night in the NGC 2943 group.
******************************
NGC 2929 = UGC 5126
= MCG +04-23-017 = CGCG 122-034 = Holm 134b = PGC 27398
09 37 29.9 +23
09 39
V = 13.7; Size 1.2'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 144d
17.5"
(4/15/93): first and largest of a close trio in a line. Faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1
NW-SE, 1.0'x0.3'. A mag 13 star is
1.7' NW. Located 10' NE of mag 7.1
SAO 80931 at the edge of the field.
NGC 2930 lies 2.8' NNE and similar brightness to NGC 2931 5' NNE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 2929, along with NGC 2930 and 2931, on 21 Feb
1863. His position, measured on 3
nights, matches UGC 5126 = PGC 27398.
******************************
NGC 2930 = MCG
+04-23-018 = CGCG 122-035 = Holm 134a = PGC 27404
09 37 32.7 +23
12 12
V = 14.1; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 135d
17.5"
(4/15/93): second and faintest of three.
Very faint, small, elongated 4:3 NW-SE. A mag 13 star is 1.7' SW. In a tight trio with NGC 2929 2.8' SSW and NGC 2931 2.5'
NNE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 2930, along with NGC 2929 and 2931, on 21 Feb
1863. His position, measured on 3
nights, matches CGCG 122-035 = PGC 27404.
******************************
NGC 2931 = MCG
+04-23-019 = CGCG 122-036 = Holm 134c = PGC 27415
09 37 37.7 +23
14 26
V = 13.9; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 70d
17.5"
(4/15/93): third of three with NGC 2930 2.5' SSW and NGC 2929 5' SSW. Faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2
WSW-ENE, weak concentration. A mag
12 star is 2.6' E.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 2931, along with NGC 2929 and 2930 on 21 Feb 1863. His position, measured on 3 nights,
matches CGCG 122-036 = PGC 27415.
He noted a mag 14-15 star (mag 12 in my observation) follows by 11
seconds of time.
******************************
NGC 2932 = ESO
261-**10 = [KPS2012] MWSC 1694
09 35 54 -46 55
Size 60'
18"
(10/17/17 - OzSky): at 91x; it took a few minutes to identify the field with
certainty as the general region is fairly uniformly rich and no detached Milky
Way patches stood out. Using a printed finder chart, I identiied a few distinct
astermism within this Milky Way staar field. John Herschel referred to a very large field, 1 to 1.5
degrees, but my eye caught a brighter, more condensed region centered about 09
35 15 -46 52 that was noticeably elongated SW-NE and extended ~15'x6'. At the southwest end was mag 8.6 HD
83152 and at the northeast was mag 9.4 HD 83265. This group is identified in SIMBAD as [KPS2012] MWSC 1694.
To the east of
this grouping is a much smaller 6' string oriented WSW-ENE (centered about 09
36.4 -46 58) with a mag 9.9 star
at the WSW tip. Close east is mag 8.6 HD 83444 and a curling
stream of stars is to its south.
Finally, just to the southwest of this field is mag 7.7 HD 82729 as well
as a distintive 2' group of 4 stars including mag 9.2 HD 82851.
This
observation, made at 2:30 AM with the object at an elevation of ~20¡, completed
the entire NGC!
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2932 = h3179 on 3 Mar 1837 and recorded "This is about the
middle of an enormous cluster of 1 deg or 1.5 deg, very rich in stars of all
magnitudes, from 8m downwards, which merits registry as a sort of telescope
Praesape. It may be regarded as a
detached portion of the milky way."
RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent (Type 7).
******************************
NGC 2933 = UGC
5132 = MCG +03-25-008 = CGCG 092-015 = VV 808 = WBL 229-001 = PGC 27436
09 37 55.0 +17
00 52
V = 14.5; Size 0.9'x0.3'; PA = 30d
24"
(2/22/14): at 375x appeared faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE,
24"x8", even surface brightness. Situated 1.6' NNE of a mag 10 star and 9' W of NGC 2943, the
brightest member of the group (WBL 229).
NGC 2934 (faintest member) lies 2.4' N.
17.5"
(3/29/89): extremely faint, small, round, very diffuse. A mag 11 star is 1.5' SSW. Located 11' N of mag 7.9 SAO 98681. Forms a pair with NGC 2943 9' E.
Albert Marth discovered
NGC 2933 = m 173 on 1 Apr 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and reported
"F, vS, lE, sp of 2 [with NGC 2943]." His position is 1'
N of UGC 5132 = PGC 27436.
This is the 3rd of 7 galaxies discovered that night in the NGC 2943
group. A very faint edge-on is at
the NE tip and RNGC, UGC, MCG and PGC identify the system as NGC 2933/2934, but
NGC 2934 is more likely a separate galaxy 2.4' N. See that listing.
******************************
NGC 2934 = PGC
1523531
09 37 55.2 +17
03 16
V = 15.8; Size 0.4'x0.3'
24"
(2/22/14): at 375x appeared extremely to very faint, extremely small, round,
just 6" diameter. It took
some effort to initially identify and is comparable to a mag 15.9 star just
0.8' E. Situated 2.4' N of NGC
2933. This is the faintest of 7
NGC galaxies in the NGC 2943 group (WBL 229).
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2934 = m 174 on 2 Apr 1865 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
only noted "eF". Dreyer
added "nf of 2 [with m173 = NGC 2933], but NGC 2933 was discovered a year
earlier. His position is 3 tsec of
RA east and 2' N of NGC 2933. An
extremely faint edge-on is at the NE tip of NGC 2933 and UGC misidentifies this
galaxy as NGC 2934. Assuming Marth
went back to verify the group in 1865 and picked a nebula near NGC 2933, the
most likely candidate is PGC 1523531, situated 2.4' due north of NGC 2933. Karl Reinmuth misidentifies NGC 2934
with a faint star 0.8' east: "neb*14, vS, R; eeeF neb or * p 0.8' [this
refers to NGC 2934], *12.5 nnf 1.2', 2 cF S neb np 7.2' and nnp
3.8'." This was the last
nebula that Marth discovered on Malta and one of the faintest!
******************************
NGC 2935 = ESO
565-023 = MCG -03-25-011 = UGCA 169 = PGC 27351
09 36 44.8 -21
07 41
V = 11.4; Size 3.6'x2.8'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 165d
17.5"
(2/28/87): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated NW-SE, high surface
brightness. A couple of mag 14
stars are superimposed and a mag 12.5 star is just off the SE end 2.1' from
center. Appears brighter at the SW
end. NGC 2921 lies 33' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2935 = H II-556 = h3178 on 20 Mar 1786 (sweep 542) and logged
"pB; cL; iR; vgbM." On
24 Dec 1786 (sweep 663) he noted "pB; vS; R; mbM." JH made two observations, recording on
sweep 561: "pB; vS; gmbM; lE; 25" l, 20" br."
******************************
NGC 2936 = Arp
142 NED2 = VV 316a = Holm 135a = UGC 5130 = MCG +01-25-006 = CGCG 035-015n =
PGC 27422
09 37 44.2 +02
45 39
V = 13.1; Size 1.6'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 35d
48"
(2/20/12): bright disrupted galaxy with a highly irregular surface brightness
and a curving shape with a faint tail. At 375x and 488x, the central region is
extended E-W, roughly 30"x20", with a very small bright nucleus. A low surface brightness "tail"
is attached on the west side of the bright central region. The relatively broad
tail sweeps south-southwest for ~45", gradually dimming out due west of
the center of NGC 2937. The tail
significantly increases the overall dimensions of the galaxy to at least 1.2'x0.6'.
Forms a close
pair with NGC 2937 to the south with the cores of the galaxies separated by
less than 1'. A mag 13 star is 1'
NW and just beyond is LEDA 1237172, a very low surface brightness streak
extending ~18"x5" NW-SE.
Arp describes LEDA 1237172 as a "shred" or "jet" of
NGC 2936.
17.5"
(3/25/95): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 E-W, 0.8'x0.6'. A mag 13/14 double star at 18"
separation is 1' NNW and two mag 13.5/14 stars at 36" separation are 2'
NNE. Forms a very close pair with
NGC 2937 0.8' S.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2936 = m 175 on 3 Mar 1864, along with NGC 2927, and simply
noted "vF, iR." His
position is 1' S of UGC 5130. The dimensions of NGC 2936 and 2937 appear
reversed in the RC3 and MCG.
******************************
NGC 2937 = Arp
142 NED3 = Arp 142:C1 = VV 316b = Holm 135b = UGC 5131 = MCG +01-25-007 = CGCG
035-015s = PGC 27423
09 37 45.0 +02
44 50
V = 13.7; Size 0.8'x0.4'; PA = 15d
48"
(2/20/12): bright, fairly small, oval 3:2 SSW-NNE, 0.5'x0.25', high surface
brightness, very small intense nucleus.
Forms a close pair with highly disrupted NGC 2936 with the cores of the
galaxies separated by less than 1'.
17.5"
(3/25/95): faint, very small, round.
Appears as a fairly high surface brightness "knot" located
just off the south edge of NGC 2936.
No outer halo visible.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2937 = m 176 on 3 Mar 1864, along with NGC 2926, and noted
"F, S, like a neb*." His
position matches UGC 5131. The dimensions of NGC 2936 and 2937 appear reversed
in the RC3 and MCG.
******************************
NGC 2938 = UGC
5115 = MCG +13-07-032 = CGCG 350-027 = PGC 27473
09 38 24.0 +76
19 10
V = 13.5; Size 1.7'x1.0'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 105d
17.5"
(1/28/89): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, even surface brightness.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2938 = H III-963 on 2 Apr 1801 (sweep 1096) and logged "eF,
S, iF." This is one of 15 far
northern galaxies with large systematic errors. The corrected position using Greenwich plates (MN, 71, 509,
1911), matches UGC 5115 and Dreyer repeated this position in the notes to his
1912 edition of WH's catalogues.
By examining the
original sweep records, Wolfgang Steinicke found that the irregular errors were
a result of the northern sweep not being aligned with the meridian (off in
azimuth by 7¡). The reduced positions
found by Caroline Herschel, were made of course, assuming a meridian
sweep. Once corrected the
identifications of these 15 galaxies is revealed.
JH observed what
he assumed was his father's III-963, and recorded h612 as "eF; has a
coarse double star 3' following."
His position and description is very close to a mag 15 star. He used his father's description and
added "D * f 3'." in the GC description. The MN article equates h612 with a faint star preceding the
double star. So, NGC 2938 = UGC 5115
is only equated with III-963, and not h612.
******************************
NGC 2939 = UGC
5134 = MCG +02-25-011 = CGCG 063-022 = PGC 27451
09 38 08.1 +09
31 23
V = 12.5; Size 2.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 154d
17.5"
(2/20/88): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 2940 5.6' N. IC 548 lies 5.4' SSE (not seen).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2939 = H III-4 = h614 on 18 Jan 1784 (sweep 82) and recorded
(full text) "A nebula. About
2/3 degree prec. & about 10' foll of 14 Leonis, a very faint nebula or cl
of suspected stars. A triangle is
situated just north of it, but the nebula is so faint that is best to be seen
when the stars are drawn out of the field. These 3 or 4 stars are visible in the finder in the shape of
a small nebula." His position
(from sweep 534 on 3 Mar 1786) is 3' northwest of UGC 5134 = PGC 27451.
******************************
NGC 2940 = MCG
+02-25-012 = CGCG 063-023 = PGC 27448
09 38 05.2 +09
37 00
V = 13.5; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(2/20/88): faint, small, irregularly round, small bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 2939 5' S.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 2940 = T 1-25 in
1877 with the 11" refractor at Arcetri and placed 5' N of NGC 2939 (the
actual separation is 5.6'). He
mentioned that d'Arrest missed this object.
******************************
NGC 2941 = MCG
+03-25-009 = CGCG 092-017 = Holm 136b = WBL 229-002 = PGC 27470
09 38 24.2 +17
02 40
V = 14.4; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 167d
24" (2/22/14):
fairly faint, small, elongated ~2:1 N-S, 20"x12", a mag 15 star is 1'
NW. NGC 2943 (brightest in the
group WBL 229) is 2.2' ESE.
17.5"
(3/29/89): very faint, very small, slightly elongated. A mag 14 star is 1.2' NW. Located 2.2' WNW of NGC 2943 in a
group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2941 = m 177 on 1 Apr 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
reported "eF, vS, lE."
Dreyer added "p of 2 [with NGC 2943]" in the NGC description. His position is close north of CGCG
092-017 = PGC 27470. This is the
3rd of 6 members of the NGC 2943 group he discovered that night.
******************************
NGC 2942 = UGC
5140 = MCG +06-21-065 = CGCG 181-076 = PGC 27527
09 39 08.0 +34
00 23
V = 12.6; Size 2.2'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 165d
17.5"
(3/12/94): faint, round, moderately large, 2.0' diameter, very weakly
concentrated, halo reaches 2/3 of the way to a mag 14 star just 1.4' W of
center. A mag 11.5 star is 3.0'
ESE and a mag 12 star lies 4.6' WNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2942 = h613 on 6 Mar 1828 and logged "vF; vL; lE parallel
to meridian; vgbM; has a * 10m following." His position and description matches UGC 5140.
******************************
NGC 2943 = UGC
5136 = MCG +03-25-011 = CGCG 092-019 = Holm 136a = WBL 229-003 = PGC 27482
09 38 32.9 +17
01 52
V = 12.5; Size 2.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 130d
24"
(2/22/14): at 375x appeared moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2
NW-SE, ~40"x27", very weak concentration in then halo the increases
suddenly to a small bright core. A
mag 15 star is 0.9' SE of center and a mag 15.5 star is 0.7' SW of center.
Brightest in a group (WBL 229) with NGC 2941 2.2' WNW.
17.5"
(3/29/89): brightest in a group with NGC 2941 2.2' WNW and a faint companion
(MCG +03-25-012) 2.7' NE. Faint,
small, oval NW-SE, weak concentration.
A mag 15 star is 1' SSE.
The group extends one degree E-W and includes NGC 2923, NGC 2928, NGC
2933, NGC 2934 (not seen), NGC 2941, NGC 2943, NGC 2946 and NGC 2949.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2943 = m 178 on 1 Apr 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
reported "F, S ,iR, bM."
Dreyer added "f of 2 [with NGC 2941]" in the NGC
description. His position is
accurate. This is the 4th of 6
galaxies discovered in the cluster on this night (NGC 2944 was picked up a year
later).
******************************
NGC 2944 = Arp
63 = VV 82a = UGC 5144 = MCG +06-21-067 = CGCG 181-078 = PGC 27533
09 39 18.0 +32
18 38
V = 14.0; Size 1.1'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 95d
48"
(4/18/15): At 697x, this double (or possibly triple) system appeared moderately
bright, very elongated 3:1 E-W, ~36"x12", weak concentration. A small roundish knot (SDSS
J093916.79+321837.7 ) attached at the west end has a moderately high surface
brightness and a diameter of 8"-10". On the SDSS this "knot" appears to be the core of
a merged interacting companion! VV
82b is another interacting companion, just 27" SE of center. It appeared extremely faint, very
small, round, 10" diameter.
It was only visible with averted for short periods. PGC lists a photographic mag of 18.6.
The double
system Arp 129 = VV 83 = UGC 5146 is 3.5' NNE. At 697x; the eastern component appeared moderately to fairly
bright, small, round, high surface brightness, ~20" diameter. A mag 12 star, superimposed on the
western component VV 83a = MCG +06-21-071 is just 30" WSW. The western component of Arp 129
appeared fairly faint, fairly small, roundish, nearly even surface
brightness? Although easily visible,
the view is significantly impaired by the 12th magnitude star and the galaxy
was only visible on the east side of the star.
18"
(4/14/12): faint to fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:3 E-W,
~30"x18", slightly brighter core. Arp 63 is a merged double system with a third very faint
companion 30" SE, which was not seen.
The double system
Arp 129 lies just 3.8' NE. The
eastern component (MCG +06-21-072) appeared faint, very small, round, 15"
diameter. There is a relatively
bright star superimposed on the western component (MCG +06-21-072), making
confirmation difficult.
17.5"
(4/25/98): extremely faint, very small, elongated 2:1 ~E-W, slightly brighter
core but overall low surface brightness.
Collinear with two mag 13 stars 3.4' and 4.4' NE. This double system was not resolved
under noticeably hazy sky conditions and soft seeing. UGC 5146 = Arp 129, another double system, lies 3.7' NE.
Johann Palisa
discovered NGC 2944 on 27 Mar 1886 with the 12-inch refractor at the Vienna
University Observatory. His
micrometric position in AN 2782 matches UGC 5144. This is a disrupted double or triple system in contact. The listed dimensions (from UGC) are
for the combined system. The same
night Palisa also discovered NGC 2926 and Samuel Oppenheim discovered NGC
2981. See Harold Corwin's
identification notes.
NGC 2944 is in
the Arp category of Spiral Galaxies with small, high surface-brightness
companions on arms.
Vorontsov-Velyaminov also considered this a pair of galaxies, although
VV 82a appears to be double itself.
******************************
NGC 2945 = ESO
565-028 = MCG -04-23-010 = PGC 27418
09 37 41.1 -22
02 06
V = 12.2; Size 1.6'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 168d
17.5"
(3/8/97): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, broad concentration
with no nucleus. A mag 14 star
follows 1.1' E of center and a mag 15 star is off the west end 0.8' from
center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2945 = h3180 on 23 Jan 1835 and recorded "F, S; R; glbM; 2
or 3 small stars near." His
position and description (two observations) matches ESO 565-028 = PGC 27418.
******************************
NGC 2946 = UGC
5143 = MCG +03-25-013 = CGCG 092-020 = WBL 229-004 = PGC 27521
09 39 01.6 +17
01 31
V = 14.0; Size 1.2'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 13d
24"
(2/22/14): at 375x appeared fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE,
25"x10", weak concentration.
Located 6.9' due east of NGC 2943 (brightest in the group WBL 229-004).
17.5"
(3/29/89): extremely faint, very small, elongated N-S. Located 6.7' E of NGC 2943 in a
group. On a line with three mag 14
stars just SE oriented NNW-SSE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2946 = m 179 on 1 Apr 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
reported "vF, S, E." His
position matches UGC 5143 = PGC 27521.
This is the 5th of 6 galaxies discovered that night in the NGC 2943
group.
******************************
NGC 2947 = IC
547 = IC 2494 = MCG -02-25-004 = PGC 27309
09 36 05.8 -12
26 13
V = 12.4; Size 1.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 25d
17.5"
(3/25/95): fairly faint, round, 1.2' diameter, almost even surface brightness,
well-defined outer edge to halo.
Two mag 11 stars are off the SE edge 1.6' and 2.1' from the center. Incorrectly listed as nonexistent in
the RNGC.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 2947 = LM I-156 on 6 May 1886 and reported "mag
15.0, 1.1' dia, iR, gbM."
There is nothing at his rough position (nearest min of RA), but 2.2 tmin
west is MCG -02-25-004 = PGC 27309.
Since this galaxy matches in declination, and the LM positions are
generally 1-2 minutes of RA too large, this identification is very likely.
Stephane Javelle
independently discovered NGC 2947 on 20 Apr 1892 with the 30-inch refractor at
Nice and measured an accurate micrometric position. Dreyer assumed J. 1-165 was new and he recatalogued it as IC
547. Finally, NGC 2947 was
independently found by Lewis Swift on 20 Feb 1898, listed as XI-95, and
catalogued a third time as IC 2494.
Swift's position is 10 sec of RA too far west and 3' too far north, but
Howe measured an accurate position that was adopted in the IC. So, NGC 2947 = IC 547 = IC 2494. MCG labels the galaxy as IC 547, as the
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 2948 = UGC
5141 = MCG +01-25-007 = CGCG 035-020 = PGC 27518
09 38 59.2 +06
57 19
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 7d
17.5"
(4/15/93): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 1.2'x0.7', weak
concentration. A mag 14.5 star is
just off the east edge of the south extension 0.9' from center. Located between a mag 9.5 star 4.0' SW
and wide pair of mag 11/13 stars 3' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2948 = H III-519 = h615 on 24 Mar 1786 (sweep 543) and logged
"vF, pL, vgvlbM; between two groups of stars in a directions from np to
sf." His position matches UGC
5141.
******************************
NGC 2949 = CGCG
092-025 = PGC 27579
09 39 56.2 +16
47 15
V = 14.7; Size 0.8'x0.45'
17.5"
(3/29/89): extremely faint, very small, very low surface brightness, visible
with averted only. Located at the
east end of the NGC 2943 group.
This observation may refer to PGC 27573 (8' S of NGC 2949), which MCG
and PGC misidentify as NGC 2949.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2949 = m 180 on 1 Apr 1864 and recorded "vF, query:
double?" His position maches
the double system CGCG 092-025 = PGC 27579, so both components could have
received an NGC designation.
MCG and PGC (as well as secondary sources such as Megastar) misidentify
CGCG 092-024 = MCG +03-25-017 = PGC 27573 as NGC 2949. This galaxy is 8' N of NGC 2949. The identification is correct in CGCG
and RNGC.
******************************
NGC 2950 = UGC
5176 = MCG +10-14-032 = CGCG 289-016 = PGC 27765
09 42 35.1 +58
51 04
V = 10.9; Size 2.7'x1.8'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 145d
17.5"
(3/12/88): bright, very small, almost round, sharp concentration with a very
small and very bright core surrounded by a small faint halo. A mag 14.5 star is 0.8' WSW of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2950 = H IV-68 = h616 on 19 Mar 1790 (sweep 952) and recorded
"vB, S, exactly R, BMN, vF cheveulure very gradually joining to the
north. Possibly in a lower
situation the chevelure might be invisible, and this nebula put on the
appearance of a a very ill defined planetary, one of 6-8 or 10"
diam." CH's reduced position
is 2' south of UGC 5176. On sweep
404, JH logged "pB; R; smbM; almost to a star. Has a * 11m 20s p and 15" or 20" N."
******************************
NGC 2951 = MCG
+00-25-006 = CGCG 007-017 = PGC 27562
09 39 40.4 -00
14 07
V = 14.1; Size 0.6'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.1
17.5"
(2/13/88): very faint, very small, round.
Located 2' S of the line joining two mag 9.5 stars 3.1' NE (SAO 117834)
and 4.6' NW. This double system
was not resolved.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2951 = m 181 on 6 Feb 1864 and recorded "pF, S,
E." His position matches CGCG
007-017 = PGC 27562. This is a merged double system (the dimensions refer to
the combined system) oriented east-west.
******************************
NGC 2952 = PGC
27411
09 37 37.0 -10
11 00
V = 14.5; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 9d
18"
(4/14/12): very faint, very small, round, 15" diameter. Just visible continuously with averted
at 283x. Located 40' NW of mag 6.3
HD 83650.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 2952 = LM II-414 in 1886 with the 26-inch refractor at the
Leander McCormick observatory and recorded "mag 15.5, 0.6' dia, iR, sbM,
*9.5 f 30s." There is nothing
at his position but 2.0 tmin west and 3' south is PGC 27411. A mag 11 star
follows by 30 sec of RA so despite the poor position, this identification is
very likely. RNGC classified NGC
2952 as nonexistent (Type 7).
******************************
NGC 2953
09 40 27.7 +14
50 37
=*? Corwin, Not
found, RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2953 = h3182 on 18 Mar 1836 (along with NGC 2954 = h3181) and
noted as a "suspected nebula".
A note was added "These suspicions have been so constantly verified
on re-observations, that I have little hesitation in registering it as an
object in the catalogue."
Only a rough position was given, but the offset is 6' south of NGC 2954,
which was measured on the same sweep and whose position is pretty accurate.
There are nothing non-stellar near his position, but within 1' of this offset
is a mag 14.5 star (isolated, so there are no other good candidates) and Harold
Corwin suggests this is probably the "suspected nebula." RNGC classifies the number nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 2954 = UGC
5155 = MCG +03-25-019 = CGCG 092-026 = PGC 27600
09 40 24.1 +14
55 22
V = 12.4; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 160d
17.5"
(4/15/93): moderately bright, small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, bright core, fairly
high surface brightness. Located
on a line with two mag 12 stars 1.8' NNW and 2.5' NNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2954 = h3181 on 18 Mar 1836 and recorded "vF; R;
20". Another suspected [NGC
2953] 6' south, nearly on the same parallel. His position is at the north edge of UGC 5155. There is nothing near his position for
NGC 2953, and it likely refers to a faint star.
******************************
NGC 2955 = UGC
5166 = MCG +06-21-073 = CGCG 181-082 = PGC 27666
09 41 16.6 +35
52 56
V = 12.9; Size 1.7'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 162d
17.5"
(4/18/98): fairly faint, elongated 5:3 NNW-SSE, broad concentration to a
slightly brighter core. The core
contains a slightly brighter nucleus with direct vision. A mag 15 star is at the west edge
32" from the center. Located 2.2' N of a mag 12 star. There is a faint "star" 2' N
which seemed slightly nebulous in appearance, but the DSS reveals this to be a
close pair of mag 15 stars.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2955 = H III-541 = h620 on 28 Mar 1786 (sweep 549) and recorded
"cF; S; iF; resolvable." CH's reduced position is 2' north of UGC
5166. JH described h620 as
"F; pL' R' vglbM; 30"; has a *18 mag 30" p." The star is just where he placed
it, though close to 15th-magnitude.
******************************
NGC 2956 = ESO
565-034 = PGC 27531
09 39 17.0 -19
06 04
V = 14.4; Size 0.9'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 55d
18"
(2/23/06): extremely faint, very small, round, 15" diameter. Forms the western vertex of an
equilateral triangle with sides of length 3' with a mag 10 star to the ENE and a
mag 11 star to the SE. I couldn't
hold this galaxy steadily using averted vision. The DSS reveals faint extensions to the SW and NE that were
not visible.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 2956 = LM II-415 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 12.0, 0.4' dia, R, *9.5 at
3.8' in PA 130¡ [SE]." His
position is 3.8' south of ESO 565-034 = PGC 27531 and the description of the
nearby star matches.
******************************
NGC 2957 = MCG
+12-10-001+2 = CGCG 332-064 = CGCG 33-002 = Mrk 121 = PGC 28119
09 47 18.2 +72
59 02
V = 14.5; Size 1.0'x0.4'
17.5"
(4/4/92): faint, very small, round, broad concentration. A mag 14 star is 25" off the SW
edge and 40" from the center.
Forms a pair with NGC 2963 2.8' ESE. The RNGC incorrectly equates NGC 2957 with NGC 2963 so both
are plotted as one object on the U2000.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2957 = h617 on 4 Nov 1831 and simply recorded "eF; has a
*13m near." There is nothing
at his position, but exactly 1 min of RA east is CGCG 332-064 (double system)
and a mag 13 star is off the SW edge, matching the description. Also, his position of nearby NGC 2963
(discovered by his father) carries the same offset.
Looking over the
RNGC data, it is clear that the entry for NGC 2957 is simply a duplicate of NGC
2963. This error was included in
my RNGC Corrections #4.
******************************
NGC 2958 = UGC
5160 = MCG +02-25-015 = CGCG 063-033 = PGC 27620
09 40 41.7 +11
53 18
V = 13.2; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 10d
17.5"
(4/13/96): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated SSW-NNE. Broad and weak concentration with a
fairly low surface brightness. A
mag 12.5 star lies 4' WSW.
"Frosty Leo" nebula lies 13' NW. Observation made through thin clouds.
17.5" (3/25/95):
fairly faint, fairly small, 40" diameter, round, very weak
concentration. A mag 12 star lies
4.3' WSW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2958 = St IX-20 on 7 Mar 1877 with the 31" reflector at the
Marseille Observatory. His
position matches UGC 5160 = PGC 27620.
******************************
NGC 2959 = UGC
5202 = MCG +12-09-062 = CGCG 332-061 = PGC 27939
09 45 08.9 +68
35 41
V = 12.8; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(4/4/92): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter, halo brightens to a
small bright core. A mag 14 star
is 1.3' W of center. Forms a close
pair with NGC 2961 1.5' ENE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2959 = h618 on 28 Oct 1831 and logged "F; R; pL; vglbM;
40"; is south of a small group of stars." His position matches UGC 5202 = PGC 27939.
******************************
NGC 2960 = UGC
5159 = MCG +01-25-009 = CGCG 035-026 = Mrk 1419 = PGC 27619
09 40 36.4 +03
34 37
V = 12.4; Size 1.8'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 40d
17.5"
(4/15/93): fairly faint, fairly small, round, bright core, stellar
nucleus. Located 2.7' WNW of a mag
10.5 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2960 = h621 on 4 Mar 1826 and logged "vF; R;
gbM." His position is 6 sec
of RA east and 1.4' north of UGC 5159 = PGC 27619.
******************************
NGC 2961 =
(R)NGC 2959A = MCG +12-09-063 = CGCG 332-063 =PGC 27958
09 45 22.4 +68
36 30
V = 14.7; Size 1.1'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 136d
17.5"
(4/4/92): extremely faint, very small, round, brighter core, averted only. Forms a close pair with NGC 2959 1.5'
WSW.
Lawrence
Parsons, the 4th Earl of Rosse, discovered NGC 2961 on 26 Dec 1873 during the
observation of GC 1893 = NGC 2959.
He noted it as "cF, S, lE 152.6¡, gbM. Several stars near." His micrometric offset is 77.3" in PA 57.4¡ from NGC
2959. This is a good match with
CGCG 332-063 although CGCG does not label this entry as NGC 2961.
******************************
NGC 2962 = UGC
5167 = MCG +01-25-011 = CGCG 035-028 = PGC 27635
09 40 53.9 +05
09 57
V = 11.9; Size 2.6'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 3d
17.5"
(1/31/87): fairly faint, small, oval N-S, small bright core. Collinear with a mag 11.5/14 double
star at 24" separation just 1.5' NNE. A line of three mag 11/12 stars of 1.0' length lies 5' SSE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 2962 = m 182 on 10 Dec 1864 and noted "F, vS, vlE,
psbM." His position matches
UGC 05167. Hosted SN 1995D
discovered on 10 Feb 1995, 11 sec of RA east and 90" south of the nucleus.
******************************
NGC 2963 = UGC
5222 = MCG +12-10-003 = CGCG 332-065 = CGCG 333-003 = Mrk 122 = PGC 28155
09 47 50.4 +72
57 52
V = 13.5; Size 1.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 165d
17.5"
(4/4/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, broadly
concentrated halo, faint extensions.
A wide double star mag 11/13 is 1.8' S of center (30" separation in
PA 45¡). Forms a pair with NGC
2957 3' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2963 = H III-315 = h619 on 3 Apr 1785 (sweep 390) and noted
"eF, vS, 240x confirmed it."
CH's reduced position is 2.4' northwest of UGC 5222. He missed nearby NGC 2957, which was
found by JH.
******************************
NGC 2964 = UGC
5183 = MCG +05-23-027 = CGCG 152-056 = Mrk 404 = KTG 25A = PGC 27777
09 42 54.2 +31
50 50
V = 11.3; Size 2.9'x1.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 97d
24"
(2/22/14): at 260x appeared bright, fairly large, oval 5:3 E-W, 1.8'x1.1'. Sharply concentrated with a very
bright, very small nucleus.
Slightly brighter through the major axis like a bar. Outside the nucleus the surface
brightness is irregular, with a slight dip in brightness just north and south
of the nucleus [dust or dust lanes].
A brighter arm extends E-W along the south side of the halo and a weak
arm runs parallel along the north side.
Brightest in a linear trio (KTG 25) with NGC 2968 6' NE and NGC 2970 11'
NE.
13.1"
(2/23/85): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 4:3 E-W, brighter core. Brightest in a group with NGC 2968 5.8'
NE and NGC 2970 11' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2964 = H I-114 = h622, along with NGC 2968, on 7 Dec 1785 (sweep
487) and recorded "cB, cL, iF, mbM."
This galaxy was
observed 14 times at Birr Castle and interesting structure was noted. On 1 Feb 1856, R.J. Mitchell described
"h622 [NGC 2968] has nucleus and is mE, its light is very unequal, and I
suspect one dark lane running throughout its length south of nucleus; * in
preceding edge?" The dark
lane probably refers to a dip in brightness between the nucleus and the
southern spiral arm.
******************************
NGC 2965 = UGC
5191 = MCG +06-22-003 = CGCG 181-086 = CGCG 182-004 = PGC 27813
09 43 19.1 +36
14 52
V = 13.4; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 85d
17.5"
(4/18/98): fairly faint, elongated 4:3 ~E-W, 1.2'x0.8', gradually increases to
a brighter and nucleus with direct vision. Located 3.5' NNE of a mag 11.5 star. Brightest in a group including CGCG
181-084 5.5' WSW and NGC 2971 6.8' SE (see descriptions), although fainter
companions off the south side were not seen.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2965 = H III-751 = h623 on 31 Dec 1788 (sweep 902) and logged
"eF, S, doubtful, not having been out long enough." On a second sweep in Feb 1789 he
recorded "eF, vS, 300x confirmed it." JH has an unusual description, "vF, R, bM, filamentous
(i.e. as if filaments hung round it; an effect probably of diverging lines of
small stars, as in M13...)."
There are some faint companions on the south side which he may have
glimpsed. Both WH and JH missed
nearby NGC 2971, which was discovered by Stephan with the 31" at
Marseilles.
******************************
NGC 2966 = UGC
5181 = MCG +01-25-013 = CGCG 035-033 = Mrk 708 = PGC 27734
09 42 11.5 +04
40 23
V = 12.6; Size 2.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 72d
17.5"
1/31/87): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated WSW-ENE, unusual
appearance. A mag 13 star is
attached at the NW end 30" from center and a faint star is west of the
core.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2966 = St XIII-49 on 16 Mar 1884 and recorded "vF* in vF,
lE neby east-west, F* precedes 2 sec of RA" His position and description matches UGC 5181.
******************************
NGC 2967 = UGC
5180 = MCG +00-25-007 = CGCG 007-020 = PGC 27723
09 42 03.3 +00
20 11
V = 11.6; Size 3.0'x2.8'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 65d
17.5"
(1/31/87): fairly faint, moderately large, almost round, very gradual central
brightening.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2967 = H II-275 = h626 on 20 Dec 1784 (sweep 348) and recorded
"pF, S, R, bM, near 1' dia."
On a later sweep he logged "pB, cL, iR." His position (2nd sweep) is ~2.5' west
of UGC 5180. JH called it
"pB; L; R; vglbM; 75"; r; well observed (and correctly
reduced)." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 2968 = UGC
5190 = MCG +05-23-029 = CGCG 152-058 = KTG 25B = PGC 27800
09 43 12.0 +31
55 43
V = 11.7; Size 2.3'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 45d
24"
(2/22/14): at 260x appeared fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 5:3
SW-NE, 1.2'x0.7', sharply concentrated with a very bright, small elongated
core. There appears to be a
mottled or knotty section just northeast of the core.
13.1"
(2/23/85): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, weak
concentration. Second of three on
a line with NGC 2970 5.1' NE and NGC 2964 5.8' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2968 = H II-491 = h624, along with NGC 2964, on 7 Dec 1785
(sweep 487) and logged "pB, pL, iF, lbM." JH observed this galaxy on 4 sweeps and 14 observations were
made at Birr Castle.
******************************
NGC 2969 = MCG
-01-25-021 = Mrk 1235 = PGC 27714
09 41 54.5 -08
36 11
V = 13.1; Size 1.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.4
18" (3/11/07):
fairly faint, fairly small, round, 40" diameter, very weak concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2969 = H III-527 = h628 on 27 Mar 1786 (sweep 547) and logged
"cF, pL, iR, vgbM." His
position (CH's reduction) is 1.2' NW of MCG -01-25-021 = PGC 27714 and two
later measures were taken as well.
******************************
NGC 2970 = MCG
+05-23-030 = CGCG 152-059 = Mrk 405 = KTG 25C = PGC 27827
09 43 31.0 +31
58 37
V = 13.6; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.4
24"
(2/22/14): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, ~24"x20", sharp
concentration with a very small bright nucleus. Faintest in a nearly collinear triplet with NGC 2968 5' SW
and NGC 2964 11' SW.
13.1"
(2/23/85): very faint, very small, even surface brightness. Third and faintest of three on a line
with NGC 2968 5.1' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2970 = h627 on 6 Mar 1828 and reported "F; the foll and
most northern of 3 [with NGC 2964 and 2968]." His position is 2.4' NNW of CGCG 152-059 = PGC 27827 but the
NGC position is accurate. On 18
Mar 1857, R.J. Mitchell (observing with the 72") called it "F, R?,
bM, * in centre." Dreyer
added the comment in the NGC, "Not seen by d'Arrest, but often observed at
Birr Castle."
******************************
NGC 2971 = UGC
5197 = MCG +06-22-005 = CGCG 181-087 = CGCG 182-005 = PGC 27843
09 43 46.1 +36
10 46
V = 14.0; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 135d
17.5"
(4/18/98): very faint, small, irregularly round, 30" diameter, weakly
concentrated. A mag 11 star lies
7' W. Located 6.8' SE of NGC 2965
in a group.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2971 = St XIII-50 on 26 Mar 1884. His position matches UGC 5197. Dorothy Carlson mistakenly calls NGC 2971 nonexistent in her
1940 NGC correction paper.
******************************
NGC 2972 = NGC
2999 = ESO 212-SC11 = Cr 211
09 40 13 -50 19
18
V = 9.9; Size 4'
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x, three dozen stars are
resolved in a 4' group. Most of
the stars are arranged in two intersecting rows forming an "X" shape.
One part of the "X" is a 2' E-W string through the center of the
group. A few brighter stars are
south of this string and these form another string that intersects and
continues to the NW. Also a
15" pair is less than 2' N of the E-W string. Located about 2.5' W of a brighter mag 9.4 star.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 2972 = D 397 = h3183 on 9 May 1826 and recorded "a very
small faint round nebula, about 15 arcseconds diameter, with two or three
exceedingly small stars slightly involved in it, and another small star about
1' south of it." His position
is 6.6' too far ESE, within his usual errors. On the sweep of 18 Feb 1836, JH measured an accurate
position and described "a small pretty compressed cluster; irregular
figure; 4' in extent. Not rich stars, 13th mag." NGC 2999 is likely a duplicate observation.
******************************
NGC 2973
09 41 32.4 -30
05 22
=** or ***,
Corwin
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2973 = h4018 on 5 Feb 1837 and recorded "eF, pS, *8
f"." It was included in
a "supplementary nebulae" list at the end of the Cape catalogue
(h4016 to h4021) which Dreyer identified as "h o n" (John Herschel
Omitted Object) in the NGC. There
is no nebula at his position, but nearby is a double star at 09 41 32.4 -30 05
22 (J2000). In addition, an 8th
magnitude star is 4' due east, matching JH's description. There is also a wider triple star at 09
41 34.7 -30 02 54, which is another candidate.
RNGC and ESO
misidentify ESO 434-016 as NGC 2973, although this galaxy is 3.5 minutes of RA
preceding and 6' south of JH's position.
Furthermore there is not matching bright star. The Uranometria 2000.0 atlas (first edition) plots NGC 2973
at the position of ESO 434-016.
Listed in my RNGC Corrections #5.
******************************
NGC 2974 = NGC
2652 = MCG +00-25-008 = CGCG 007-022 = UGCA 172 = PGC 27762
09 42 33.0 -03
41 59
V = 10.9; Size 3.5'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 42d
13.1"
(4/29/84): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 1.4'x0.7',
diffuse, even surface brightness.
A mag 10 star is superimposed at the southwest end 0.7' from the center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2974 = H I-61 on 6 Jan 1785 (sweep 353) and logged "pB, vS,
just following a star of about 9m."
His position (5 sec of RA too large) and description matches CGCG
007-022 = PGC 27762. Dreyer
measured an accurate micrometric position using the 72" on 4 Mar 1877.
Ormond Stone
found the galaxy in 1886 at Leander McCormick Observatory (LM II-406) but made
a 1 hour mistake in RA and Dreyer recatalogued it as NGC 2652.
******************************
NGC 2975 = PGC
27664
09 41 16.1 -16
40 28
V = 14.6; Size 0.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.5
18"
(4/14/12): extremely faint and small, round, 10" diameter. Required averted vision and could only
hold for brief periods. There is a
mag 15.5 star 35" NE that also occasionally popped and it was a bit
confusing to disguish the two objects at 250x as they were about the same
magnitude. A couple of times the
galaxy and star both popped simultaneously.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 2975 = LM I-157 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory. His rough
position (nearest min of RA) is 1.0 tmin following and 1' north of PGC 27664, a
typical error, so this identification is very likely.
******************************
NGC 2976 = UGC
5221 = MCG +11-12-025 = CGCG 312-023 = PGC 28120
09 47 15.3 +67
55 00
V = 10.2; Size 5.9'x2.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 143d
17.5"
(2/8/91): bright, large, elongated 5:2 NW-SE, 4.5'x2.0', large brighter center
but no core, mottled with an irregular patchy surface brightness. A mag 13 star is at the west edge 1.0'
from the center and a mag 14 star is just off the NW edge 2.6' from
center.
8":
moderately bright, fairly large, elongated, even surface brightness.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2976 = H I-285 = h625 on 8 Nov 1801 (sweep 1100) and recorded
"vB, vL, E from np to sf, about 6' l and 2' br." JH made a single observation (sweep
411) and noted "B; vL; mE in pos = 332.4¡; vgvlbM, 3' l, 1' br; has
several S stars in in, and one 12m nearly at right angles to the axis of
extension." Several involved
stars or nearby stars were micrometrically measured at Birr Castle.
******************************
NGC 2977 = UGC
5175 = MCG +13-07-035 = CGCG 350-030 = PGC 27845
09 43 46.7 +74
51 35
V = 12.5; Size 1.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 145d
17.5"
(1/28/89): moderately bright, fairly small, oval NW-SE, large bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2977 = H I-282 on 2 Apr 1801 (sweep 1096) and logged "cB,
pL, iF." This is one of 15
far northern galaxies with large systematic errors. The corrected position using Greenwich plates (MN, 71, 509,
1911) matches UGC 5175 and Dreyer repeated this position in the notes to his
1912 edition of WH's catalogues.
MCG does not label MCG +13-07-035 as NGC 2977. See NGC 2938 for more on sweep 1096 or Harold Corwin's full
story in his notes for NGC 3752.
******************************
NGC 2978 = MCG
-01-25-029 = PGC 27808
09 43 16.8 -09
44 45
V = 12.7; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 85d
17.5"
(4/15/93): fairly faint, fairly small, round, even surface brightness. Situated among a group of 10 mag 13-14
stars and just west of a line connecting a mag 12.5 star 1.2' SSE and a mag 13
star 1.4' NE which have a separation of 2.1' N-S. Forms a pair with NGC 2980 8' N.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 2978 = Sw III-46 on 10 Mar 1886 to the south of NGC 2980. His position is 16 sec of RA west and
1' south of MCG -01-25-029 = PGC 27808.
Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1898 (repeated in the IC 2
notes). It seems odd that both WH
and JH missed this galaxy while observing NGC 2980.
******************************
NGC 2979 = NGC
3050 = MCG -02-25-012 = PGC 27795
09 43 08.6 -10
23 01
V = 12.8; Size 1.7'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 30d
17.5"
(4/15/93): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE,
1.5'x0.8', weak concentration.
Located 5.5' SSW of a mag 10.5 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2979 = H III-521 = h631 on 25 Mar 1786 (sweep 544) and recorded
"cF, pS, lE." His
position (CH's reductin) is just off the northwest edge of MCG -02-25-012 = PGC
27795.
Frank Muller
independently found this galaxy in 1886 and recorded in list II-418, "mag
14.0, 0.6' dia, vlE 200¡, gbMN."
Dreyer assumed this was a new object and catalogued it again as NGC
3050. His position is 9 min of RA too large, but the description (specifically
the position angle) matches. So,
NGC 2979 = NGC 3050.
******************************
NGC 2980 = MCG
-01-25-028 = PGC 27799
09 43 12.0 -09
36 47
V = 13.0; Size 1.6'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 160d
17.5"
(4/15/93): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, broad weak
concentration. Pair with NGC 2978
8' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2980 = H III-528 = h632 on 27 Mar 1786 (sweep 547) and logged
"vF; L; E nearly in the meridian." His position is 6 sec of RA east of MCG -01-25-028 = PGC
27799. JH made two observations,
though only one good position.
******************************
NGC 2981 = UGC
5208 = MCG +05-23-032 = CGCG 152-062 = PGC 27925
09 44 56.6 +31
05 52
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 95d
17.5"
(4/18/98): very faint, small, round, 30" diameter, weak
concentration. A mag 12 star lies
1.0' SE of center. Observation
through thin clouds.
Samuel Oppenheim
discovered NGC 2981 on 27 Mar 1886 with the 12" refractor at Wien
University Observatory. His
micrometric position is 1.3' north of UGC 5208 (probably an error in the offset
star). Dreyer credited Palisa in
the NGC, but Steinicke notes that Oppenheim is mentioned in the discovery note
by Weiss in 1887 (AN 2782). This
galaxy is Oppenheim's only NGC discovery.
The same night, though, Palisa discovered NGC 2926 and NGC 2944.
******************************
NGC 2982 = ESO
262-SC1 = OCL-770 = Ru 80? = Lund 516?
09 42 00 -44 00
30
Size 12'x6'
14" (4/4/16
- Coonabarabran, 142x and 184x): bright, distinctive group of stars, roughly
10' x 6' E-W. About three dozen
stars are resolved with many of the brighter mag 10.5-11.5 stars in a zig-zag
pattern extending west to east.
The brightest mag 10 star on the southeast end forms a wide 30"
pair with an 11th mag companion.
Another mag 12.5/13.5 pair at 15" is less than 2' NE. A 4' line of four mag 11-11.5 stars
oriented NW-SE passes through the center and the remaining brighter stars are
scattered within the outline.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 2982 = D 468 = h3184 on 24 Jun 1826 and recorded "a very
faint easily resolvable nebula, extended about 10' long, and 4' or 5' broad: no
central condensation." His
position is 8.5' west of the center of the cluster.
JH probably
found the cluster on 28 Feb 1837 and logged "a cluster of about 20* 11m,
and 2 of 10m, forming an oblong nearly in parallel; place of preceding
*10m". But no bright star is
near his position. He modified the
declination 30' further north when he recorded this object as GC 1910 (repeated
by Dreyer in NGC) but this position does not correspond with a cluster
either. But an additional 10'
north of the GC/NGC position is this group of brighter stars and his RA matches
the southwest member of a wide pair of mag 10 stars at the southeast side of
the group. JH did not list an
equivalence with D 468, so he may have felt it was a different object due to
the discrepancy in position.
Lynga does not
list NGC 2982. MCG misidentifies
MCG+05-28-059 as NGC 2982. RNGC
classifies the number nonexistent (Type 7).
******************************
NGC 2983 = ESO
566-003 = MCG -03-25-017 = UGCA 176A = PGC 27840
09 43 41.1 -20
28 38
V = 11.8; Size 2.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 95d
17.5"
(2/28/87): fairly faint, bright substellar nucleus, faint halo 3:2
WSW-ENE. A very faint anonymous
galaxy is 5.0' SSW. Located 7.1
SSE of mag 6.7 SAO 177893.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2983 = H III-289 = h3185 on 10 Mar 1785 (sweep 382) and logged
"vF; S; lbM. The (offset)
star being at such a distance the PD is marked uncertain." Still, his
position on this sweep was just 2' southeast of ESO 566-003. On 20 Mar 1786, he logged "F; vS;
large stellar." JH called this galaxy "pB; R; bM; r." and
measured a more accurate position.
******************************
NGC 2984 = IC
556 = UGC 5200 = MCG +02-25-025 = CGCG 063-053 = PGC 27838
09 43 40.4 +11
03 39
V = 13.4; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.6
17.5"
(4/1/00): faint, small, round, 25" diameter, weak concentration. The halo, which fades at the edges,
increases to ~0.6' with averted vision.
A mag 14.5 star is close SSW (33" from center) and a slightly
brighter star lies 0.9' NE.
NGC 2984 forms a
pair with IC 557 7' SE. The
companion appeared faint, very small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 30"x15",
weak concentration, very faint stellar nucleus at moments. The elongation was not always evident,
so often I was just viewing the slightly brighter core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2984 = H III-34 = h633 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 172) and recorded
"vS, the faintest imaginable.
I was a great while before I could verify its being a nebula; however
after having convinced myself with 240x, I saw it also very well with 157. The evening is uncommonly
beautiful." There is nothing
at his position (except stars), but 1 min 19 sec of RA west and 3.5' south is
UGC 5200. This is an unusually
poor position (observed on only this one sweep), This galaxy was observed twice
by JH, but he never measured the RA, so it shares the same offset and even his
PD was noted as very rough. Dreyer
carried over this poor position into the NGC.
Stephane Javelle
independently found the galaxy on 22 Apr 1892 and placed J. 1-168 (later IC
556) accurately. Karl Reinmuth
mentioned he couldn't find NGC 2984 in Dreyer's place using Heidelberg plates
and questioned if it was equal to IC 556, probably as there are no other
reasonable candidates in the vicinity.
UGC, CGCG and MCG label this galaxy as IC 556 and RNGC calls it NGC
2984. See Corwin's identification
notes.
******************************
NGC 2985 = UGC
5253 = MCG +12-10-006 = CGCG 332-067 = CGCG 333-004 = PGC 28316
09 50 22.1 +72
16 44
V = 10.4; Size 4.6'x3.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 0d
17.5"
(4/4/92): bright, moderately large, irregularly round, gradually increases to a
very bright well-defined core, stellar nucleus. The faint outer halo extends to 2.0' diameter reaching a mag
12.5 star at the east edge of the halo 1.0' from center. NGC 3027 lies 25' ESE.
8":
moderately bright, bright core, fairly large.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2985 = H I-78 = h629 on 3 Apr 1785 (sweep 390) and recorded
"vB, cL, mbM and the brightness confined to a pretty small
space." His position is 35
sec of RA too far east (equivalent to 2.7'). JH logged "vB; R; pgmbM; 50"; has a *13 m
following 1' distant, exactly in the parallel." His position is 50 sec of RA too far west (only 4' at this
declination).
******************************
NGC 2986 = ESO
566-005 = MCG -03-25-019 = UGCA 178 = PGC 27885
09 44 15.9 -21
16 41
V = 10.8; Size 3.2'x2.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 105d
17.5"
(2/28/87): bright, small, round, bright core, faint halo. A mag 14 star is 2.0' WSW. Forms a pair with ESO 566-004 2.3' WSW
(just preceding the mag 14 star).
The companion appeared very faint, small, diffuse.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2986 = H II-311 on 10 Mar 1785 (sweep 382) and logged "F,
pL, mbM. I partly suspect a very
small, faint one preceding it about a minute or two, but it may be only a few
close very small stars." The
comment about a "faint one preceding it about a minute or two"
appears to refer to ESO 566-004 (Steinicke concurs), which was also picked up
in my 17.5". WH observed NGC
2986 again during sweeps 542 ("cB; S; mbM; irr R") and 660, but did
not mention the companion, so it did not receive a H-designation of NGC
number. Engelhardt measured an
accurate micrometric position.
******************************
NGC 2987 = UGC
5220 = MCG +01-25-017 = CGCG 035-047 = PGC 27981
09 45 41.4 +04
56 30
V = 13.0; Size 1.5'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 160d
17.5"
(3/25/95): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, weak even concentration to
a small brighter core and a faint stellar nucleus. A mag 15 star is 1.4' SE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 2987 = St XIII-51 on 25 Mar 1884. His position matches UGC 5220.
******************************
NGC 2988 = MCG
+04-23-032 = CGCG 122-078w = PGC 28078
09 46 47.8 +22
00 42
V = 14.8; Size 0.9'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 35d
17.5" (4/15/93):
extremely faint, very small, round, cannot hold with averted but definitely
seen, possibly elongated ~N-S.
Located just off the west side of NGC 2991.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 2988 on 19 Feb 1855 with LdR's 72" and recorded "The
preceding one [NGC 2991] is double, its companion [NGC 2988] being close
preceding; lE sp nf?"
******************************
NGC 2989 = ESO
566-009 = MCG -03-25-020 = PGC 27962
09 45 25.3 -18
22 27
V = 13.0; Size 1.7'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 38d
13.1"
(4/10/86): faint, small, round, weak concentration. Collinear with a wide pair of mag 10/11 stars 3' SE with a
separation of 56".
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2989 = h3186 on 12 Feb 1836 and logged "F; R; gbM; precedes
a coarse D star." His
position is just off the southeast side of ESO 566-009 and the coarse double
star is ~3' southeast.
******************************
NGC 2990 = UGC
5229 = MCG +01-25-021 = CGCG 035-051 = PGC 28026
09 46 17.2 +05
42 31
V = 12.7; Size 1.3'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 85d
17.5"
(1/31/87): fairly faint, oval 3:2 ~E-W, 1.0'x0.7', weak concentration to a
brighter core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2990 = H II-624 on 29 Dec 1786 (sweep 672) and recorded "F,
lE, about 1.5' l, not far from the parallel." His position is 15 sec of RA too far west and 2.5' too far
south. Heinrich d'Arrest measured
an accurate position on 3 nights and noted the difference with WH's position.
******************************
NGC 2991 = UGC
5233 = MCG +04-23-033 = CGCG 122-078 = PGC 28079
09 46 50.1 +22
00 50
V = 12.6; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(4/15/93): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated 4:3 NW-SE, even
concentration to a small bright core.
A mag 12.5 star is 1.1' SSE.
Forms a contact pair with NGC 2988 (discovered by Rosse) just off the
west edge. NGC 2994 lies 7.5' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2991 = h634 on 24 Feb 1827 and recorded "F; vS; bM. The s p of two [with NGC
2994]." His position is less
than 30" north of the center of UGC 5233, though he missed NGC 2988 (found
in 1855 with the 72"), which is attached on the west side.
******************************
NGC 2992 = Arp
245 NED1 = MCG -02-25-014 = PGC 27982
09 45 41.9 -14
19 37
V = 12.2; Size 3.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 15d
48"
(2/19/12): this disrupted galaxy is sharply concentrated with a very bright
central region that is elongated ~5:2 SSW-NNE, ~1.0'x0.4'. The central region is well concentrated
with an intense core that brightens to a brilliant nucleus.
I initially
noted a faint arm extending 30" SSW of the central region but on a second
eyepiece look I noticed this arm is twice that length, though the surface
brightness is quite low in the outer portion. A long, brighter tidal arm stretches 2' NNE, placing the
central region off-center along the 3.5' major axis. This arm or tail has a low surface brightness though
brightens in a patch at the NNE end (2.2' NNE of center). A 2000 multi-wavelength study in
AJ,120, 1238 concludes this patch (identified as Arp 245N in NED) is a tidal
dwarf galaxy still in the process of formation. The western edge of the arm has
a subtle curvature. With averted
vision, extremely low surface brightness haze forms a bridge extending
southeast from the core of NGC 2992 towards NGC 2993 (3' between centers).
13.1"
(3/24/84): moderately bright, small, slightly elongated SSW-NNE, bright
core. Forms an interacting pair
with NGC 2993 2.9' SE.
13.1"
(3/3/84): fairly faint, small, roundish, small brighter core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2992 = H III-277 = h635 on 8 Feb 1785 (sweep 371) and recorded
"Two [along with NGC 2993], vF, stellar, the most north and preceding [NGC
2992] is the largest. 240x showed
the same. Distance 3 or 4'. The place is that of the
preceding." His position is
~45 sec of RA too large (perhaps only recorded to the nearest min). JH measured an accurate position and
noted NGC 2992 as "Not vF; R; bM; 30"." Bindon Stoney noted a mottled appearance
with LdR's 72" in 1852.
******************************
NGC 2993 = Arp
245 NED 2 = MCG -02-25-015 = PGC 27991
09 45 48.3 -14
22 07
V = 12.6; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 95d
48"
(2/19/12): this is the smaller member of an excellent interacting pair (Arp
245) with NGC 2992 3' NW. At 488x
it appeared very bright, moderately large, sharply concentrated with an intense
central core that brightens to a very small brilliant nucleus. A single spiral arm is attached on the
north side of the core and just begins to sweep east, but fades out after a
length of ~0.6'. There is no
counterpart on the south side, but extremely faint haze or a bridge can be seen
with averted to the northwest of the core, extending towards NGC 2992. FGC 938, an extremely faint superthin,
was glimpsed 3.9' SW.
13.1"
(3/3/84): moderately bright, very small, round, weak concentration. A mag 13.5 star is 2' SSE. Forms an interacting pair with NGC 2993
2.9' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2993 = H III-278 = h637, along with NGC 2992, on 8 Feb 1785
(sweep 371) and recorded both as "Two, vF, stellar, the most north and
preceding [NGC 2992] is the largest..." His position is poor in RA, but JH measured a very accurate
one.
******************************
NGC 2994 = UGC
5239 = MCG +04-23-035 = CGCG 122-082 = PGC 28122
09 47 16.1 +22
05 23
V = 13.1; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 125d
17.5"
(4/15/93): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, weak
concentration. Forms the western
vertex of an isosceles triangle with a mag 12.5 star 2.9' ENE and a mag 12 star
3.1' SE. In a trio with NGC 2991
and NGC 2988 7.5' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2994 = h636 on 24 Feb 1827 and recorded "F; vS; R; bM. The n f of two [with NGC 2991]; pos 40¡
n f." His position is 1'
southwest of UGC 5239.
******************************
NGC 2995 = ESO
167-?004
09 44 03 -54 36
18
=Not found, ESO.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2995 = h3189 on 5 Apr 1837 and noted a "Cluster VIII class;
at least 20* 11m and upwards, and many smaller." There is no clustering at his position and the ESO and RNGC
list the number as "not found" and "nonexistent",
respectively. Harold Corwin
suggests NGC 2995 may refer to a "clump of stars roughly 20-25 min across
centered about 10' north of JH's position." This scattered group (likely not a cluster) seems to fit
JH's description, though its been low on my priority to confirm from the
southern hemisphere.
******************************
NGC 2996 = ESO
566-012 = MCG -03-25-022 = PGC 28049
09 46 30.1 -21
34 17
V = 12.5; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 115d
17.5"
(4/1/00): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 40" diameter. Gradually increases to a brighter core
and occasional faint stellar nucleus.
View hampered somewhat by a mag 10.5 star just 1.1' NE of center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2996 = h3187 on 23 Mar 1835 and logged "vF; S; has a * 20 m
1' following. There is nothing at
his position but 33 sec of RA east is ESO 566-012. Herbert Howe corrected the RA in his Nov 1900 list of NGC
corrections (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
He also noted that JH's description of a mag 20 star 1' following is in
error, although a mag 10 star follows by 4 sec of RA and 0.3' north.
******************************
NGC 2997 = ESO
434-035 = MCG -05-23-012 = UGCA 181 = PGC 27978
09 45 38.6 -31
11 25
V = 9.4; Size 8.9'x6.8'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 110d
48"
(4/22/17): Gorgeous grand-design spiral at 375x! Appeared very bright and large, with the arms stretching
roughly 7' E-W. The galaxy is
sharply concentrated with a round, intensely bright nucleus ~30"
diameter. The spiral arms were
sharply etched by intra-arm dust and appeared similar to a photograph of the
galaxy. One thick arm is attached
to the core on the west or southwest side. It curls counterclockwise on the north side towards the east
(fairly flat curvature) and includes a slightly bright patch on the northeast
portion [1.6' from center]. This
arm continues and bends south, passing just inside a mag 14.5 star [2.5' E of
center], and then quickly fading out to the south of this star. The second prominent arm is attached to
the core on its northeast side. It
curls counterclockwise to the east on the south and contains a brighter knotty
section (numerous HII regions are embedded) nearly 1' in length that's just
inside a mag 12 star 2.2' SW of center.
This arm turns abruptly to the north as it curls around the west side
and ends on the northwest side of the halo.
24"
(4/10/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 215x, this beautiful,
asymmetric face-on spiral extended ~7'x4.5' and was sharply concentrated with a
very bright 40" core. The
spiral structure is unusual with a very long, relatively thick arm that curves
from west to east on the north side of the core. This arm then bends south on the east side and contains a
very faint 20" HII knot situated northeast of the core [1.6' from center]
and symmetrically placed opposite a mag 12 star in the outer halo on the
southwest side. This HII region is
identified in NED as NGC 2997:[MM 81] 306, from the 1981 paper "Morphology
and Kinematics of the Ionized Gas in NGC 2997" by Milliard and Marcelin in
A&A, 95, 59. A mag 14.5 star
is near the end of this arm and due east of the core. To the west of the end of this arm the light level
noticeably dips (this is a gap between the arms) as well as on the southeast
side of the halo, giving an asymmetric appearance.
A second fainter
outer arm running roughly SW to NE also wraps around the galaxy on the west and
north side but at further distance from the core. This outer arm nearly reaches a mag 12 star on the southwest
side (the one opposite the knot mentioned above) and then can be followed with
more difficulty to the east where it attaches on the south side of the core.
13.1"
(1/18/85): fairly bright, very large, elongated 3:2 ~E-W, 4.5'x3.0', sharply
concentrated with a bright core, no nucleus. A mag 13 star is at the SW edge of the halo 2.0' from
center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2997 = H V-50 = h3188 on 4 Mar 1793 (sweep 1033) and recorded
"vF, vS, lbM, lE about 8' long and 5 or 6' broad, a little from sp to nf
about 10 or 15¡." This galaxy
is the 5th most southerly object WH discovered.
James Dunlop
observed the galaxy on 7 May 1826 and recorded D 622 as "a faint
elliptical nebula, 2.5' long and 1.5' broad, with a small star involved in the
western margin. His position is
15' too far NE, but the star involved on the southwest side seems to confirm
the equivalence.
JH made two
detailed observations (h3188): on 28 Jan 1835 he logged "pB, vL, R, very
suddenly a little brighter in the middle, to a pretty distinct round nucleus
4" in diameter. Diameter of nebula = 15 sec of time. The nebulous
atmosphere extremely dilute. A very remarkable object." On a later sweep he recorded "F,
vL, first very gradually then very suddenly much brighter in the middle, to a
nucleus (exactly like Halley's comet) as now (Feb. 16, 1836) seen in the
equatorial; round; diam. in RA = 24 seconds. Has a 11th mag star S.p. just at
the edge."
******************************
NGC 2998 = UGC
5250 = MCG +07-20-051 = CGCG 210-036 = Holm 144a = PGC 28196
09 48 43.6 +44
04 52
V = 12.5; Size 2.9'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 53d
48"
(5/14/12): at 488x appeared bright, fairly large, elongated 2:1 SW-NE,
~2.4'x1.2', well concentrated with a large bright core that gradually increases
to the center. Weak spiral
structure is evident at the SW and NE ends. Brightest in a quartet with NGCs 3005, 3006 and 3008. In addition, MCG +07-20-052
(misidentified as NGC 3002) lies 4.6' ESE.
17.5"
(2/8/91): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, weak even
concentration. A mag 11 star is
3.0' SW and a mag 13 star 1.9' NNW of center. Brightest in a group including NGC 3006 7' SE, NGC 3008 9.2'
E and NGC 3005 6.4' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 2998 = H II-717 = h638 on 15 Jan 1788 (sweep 800) and logged
"F, pL, iF, lbM." JH
recorded "pB; irreg R; bM; resolvable." His position is 12 sec of RA too far east and 1' north of
UGC 5250. Brightest in a group of
faint galaxies which were later discovered with the 72".
******************************
NGC 2999 = NGC
2972 = ESO 212-SC15
09 40 13 -50 19
18
V = 9.9; Size 4'
See observing
notes for NGC 2972.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 2999 = h3192 on 13 Apr 1834 and described "a small irreg cl
of a long triangular diverging figure; contains perhaps 50 stars 12...15m. Observed for Æ397, and place only
rough. Possibly the same object
with sweep 680, No. 27, which see above (No. 3183 [= NGC 2972])." There is nothing near his position.
Brent Archinal suggests NGC 2972 = NGC 2999 (the description applies), although
JH's "rough" position is 5 tmin too large and Harold Corwin
concurs.
******************************
NGC 3000 = Holm
144e
09 48 51.3 +44
07 49
=**, Carlson.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 3000 on 25 Jan 1851 with LdR's 72" and labeled it Beta in
the sketch of the NGC 2998 group.
The offset given in the 1 Apr 1878 observation (203.1" in PA 23.6¡
from NGC 2998) points precisely to a 9" pair of very faint stars (mag
16-16.5). Karl Reinmuth, in his
1926 photographic survey "Die Herschel Nebel" described a "D neb
not cont, dist 0.1' 35¡; sp one eF, eS, R, bM; nf one perhaps *16." This refers to the double star
above. Dorothy Carlson calls this
a double star in her 1940 paper on NGC corrections.
******************************
NGC 3001 = ESO
434-038 = MCG -05-23-014 = UGCA 183 = PGC 28027
09 46 18.6 -30
26 12
V = 11.9; Size 2.9'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 6d
13.1"
(1/18/85): fairly faint, small, elongated WSW-ENE, weak concentration,
diffuse. An 11th magnitude star at
the NW edge interferes with viewing.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3001 = h3190 on 30 Mar 1835 and recorded "F; R; 30";
attached or contiguous to a * 12; pos = 320¡ +/- by estimation from
diagram." His position and
description is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3002
09 48 57.4 +44
03 26
V = 16.5
48"
(5/14/12): near the position of NGC 3002 is a faint trio of stars, mag
16.5/16.5/16.9 as well as MCG +07-20-052, an extremely faint interacting pair
of galaxies. One of the two
brighter stars is likely the object sketched by Bindon Stoney at Birr Castle in
1851. At 488x, the two brighter
stars were very comparable in magnitude.
The star identified by Corwin (southwest vertex of the triangle) was
possibly marginally brighter, though the other mag 16.5 star at the east vertex
of the triangle (09 49 01.4 +44 03 37) is a better match with Stoney's
sketch. MCG +07-20-052, the galaxy
misidentified in most catalogues as NGC 3002, is just visible as a very low
surface brightness patch ~1.5' SE of the trio of stars.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 3002 on 25 Jan 1851 with LdR's 72" and labeled it Epsilon
in the sketch of the NGC 2998 group.
The MCG, along with the RNGC, PGC, HyperLeda and other sources,
misidentify MCG +07-20-052 = PGC 28208 as NGC 3002. Although this galaxy (double) is close to the position on
the sketch, the surface brightness is probably too low to have been picked up
by Stoney. In fact, Dreyer
reported not seeing Epsilon in his 1 Apr 1878 observation.
More likely,
Harold Corwin suggests that NGC 3002 applies to one of two nearby mag 16.5
stars (the third is mag 17.0) with the more likely star at 09 48 57.3 +44 03 26
(2000).
******************************
NGC 3003 = UGC
5251 = MCG +06-22-013 = CGCG 182-021 = KTG 26A = PGC 28186
09 48 36.0 +33
25 17
V = 11.9; Size 5.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 79d
24"
(4/20/14): bright, large, very elongated 4:1 WSW-ENE, 4.0'x1.0', mottled
appearance, slightly bulging brighter core and nucleus, brighter and patchy
along the major axis with a couple of very small knots. Nearly detached at the west end is a
very low surface brightness patch that seems angled or extends beyond the major
axis. A mag 15.7 star is ~1' N of
center.
13.1"
(3/3/84): moderately bright, very elongated 7:2 WSW-ENE, 3.5'x1.0', almost even
surface brightness.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3003 = H V-26 = h639 on 7 Dec 1785 (sweep 487) and recorded
"cB, mE nearly in the parallel, 8' long, 3' broad." His position is accurate. JH described
"a singular curved wisp of nebula, It curls up and tapers off at the s p
side, and is clubbed at the n f extremity."
A total of 13
observations were made at Birr Castle.
On 8 Mar 1858, R.J. Mitchell commented "of unequal brightness
throughout its length, p part is F but contains a B patch with a star in it;
the foll part is comparatively much brighter and is mottled."
******************************
NGC 3004
09 49 02.4 +44
06 40
V = 16.7
=*, Corwin.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 3004 on 25 Jan 1851 with LdR's 72", though he just noted
"Alpha suspected". It
was placed on the diagram of the field about midway between NGC 2998 and NGC
3005 (without a label). Dreyer
missed it on his 1 April 1878 observation, though he later added "the
place for 1926 [NGC 3004] is evidently wrong, it must be about 9 40 15 +45 14
[based on the sketch]."
The closest
object to the position on the sketch is an extremely faint star with SDSS
mag(V) = 16.7. Reinmuth calls it
nonstellar (based on a Heidelberg plate):"vF, vS, R, bM, N3000 np 2.4',
N3005 nf 2.7'." Dorothy
Carlson identifies it as a double star (based on Mount Wilson photograph) and
this is repeated in RNGC, though it is clearly a single star on the SDSS.
******************************
NGC 3005 = MCG
+07-20-054 = Holm 144c = PGC 28232
09 49 14.9 +44
07 53
V = 15.0; Size 1.0'x0.2'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 150d
48" (5/14/12):
moderately bright and large, elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, ~0.6'x0.2', broad
concentration. Forms the north
vertex of a quartet with NGC 2998, 3006 and 3008. Located 3.7' SSE of mag 8.9 HD 84830, so I kept the bright
star outside the field. The
nearest galaxy is NGC 3008, situated 3.9' SE.
17.5"
(2/8/91): extremely faint and small, round. Located 3.7' SSE of mag 8.4 SAO 43053. This member of the NGC 2998 group lies
just north of a line connecting NGC 2998 6.4' SW and NGC 3008.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 3005 on 25 Jan 1851 with LdR's 72" (along with NGC 3006 and
3008) and labeled it Gamma in the diagram of the NGC 2998 group. Dreyer gave a more complete description
on 1 Apr 1878, "vF, pS, E nnp ssf." His offset from NGC 2998 (388.5" in PA 62.5¡) points
exactly to MCG +07-20-054 = PGC 28232, although the RA in the NGC is 10 sec too
large (error carried over from NGC 2998).
******************************
NGC 3006 = MCG
+07-20-055 = CGCG 210-037 = Holm 144d = PGC 28235
09 49 17.3 +44
01 33
V = 14.7; Size 0.7'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 82d
48"
(5/14/12): moderately bright, very elongated 7:2 E-W, ~40"x12", broad
concentration with a brighter core.
Forms the south vertex of a quartet with NGC 2998, 3005 and 3008. MCG +07-20-052, a very low surface
brightness interacting pair (misidentified as NGC 3002 in most catalogues),
lies 2.2' NW.
17.5"
(2/8/91): extremely faint, small, edge-on 4:1 E-W, very low surface
brightness. Located 6.9' SE of NGC
2298 and 6.3' S of NGC 3005. MCG
+07-20-052 (misidentified as NGC 3002) 3' NW was not seen.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 3006 on 25 Jan 1851 with LdR's 72" (along with NGC 3005 and
3008) and labeled it Delta in the diagram of the NGC 2998 group. Dreyer
recorded on 1 Apr 1878, "vF, S, stellar." His offset from NGC 2998 (417.9" in PA 117.2¡) points
exactly to CGCG 210-037 = PGC 28235, although the RA in the NGC is 12 sec too
large (error carried over from NGC 2998).
******************************
NGC 3007 = MCG
-01-25-038 = PGC 28150
09 47 45.5 -06
26 22
V = 13.7; Size 1.4'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 90d
17.5"
(3/29/97): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 E-W, 1.0'x0.5', just a weak broad
central brightening. A mag 13 star
lies 1.0' S.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3007 = St XIII-52 on 16 Mar 1885 with the 31" reflector at
Marseille. This was his last NGC
discovery (by date). Francis
Leavenworth independently discovered the galaxy on 23 Feb 1886, though his rough
position (nearest min of RA) in list I-158 is 11' too far east-southeast.
******************************
NGC 3008 = MCG
+07-20-059 = CGCG 210-039 = Holm 144b = PGC 28252
09 49 34.3 +44
06 10
V = 14.5; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 135d
48"
(5/14/12): fairly bright, fairly small, oval 4:3 NW-SE, 0.4'x0.3', sharply
concentrated with a very small bright core that increases to a bright stellar
nucleus. A mag 16.7 star is at the
east edge. Forms the east vertex
of a quartet with NGC 2998 (brightest), NGC 3005 and NGC 3006.
17.5"
(2/8/91): very faint, very small, slightly elongated. A mag 15 star is 45" off the west edge and 1.1' from
center. Located 9.2' E of NGC 2998
in a group.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 3008 on 25 Jan 1851 with LdR's 72" (along with NGC 3005 and
3006) and labeled it Eta in the sketch of the NGC 2998 group. Dreyer gave a more complete description
on 1 Apr 1878, "pF, S, E, *13-14 1' p[receding]." His offset from NGC 2998 (552" in
PA 88¡) is close to CGCG 210-039 = PGC 28252, although the RA in the NGC is 12
seconds too large (error carried over from NGC 2998).
******************************
NGC 3009 = UGC
5264 = MCG +07-20-062 = CGCG 239-033 = Holm 146b = PGC 28303
09 50 11.1 +44
17 41
V = 13.5; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.7
17.5"
(2/8/91): faint, small, round, even surface brightness. Forms a pair with NGC 3010 5' ENE.
Alternative
identification: NGC 3009 = NGC 3010sw = MCG +07-20-065
17.5"
(2/8/91): this is the southwest member of the NGC 3010 triple system and noted
as very faint, small, round. UGC
5273b = MCG +07-20-066 is just 40" NE.
John Herschel discovered
NGC 3009 = h640 on 17 Mar 1828, along with NGC 3010 = h641, and logged
"Not vF; R; bM; r. The first
of 2 [with NGC 3010]." His
position is 17 sec of RA west and 1.5' north of UGC 5264 = PGC 28303, a fairly
large error of 3.4'. Hermann
Kobold measured an accurate position for this galaxy in 1896 but the
identification is uncertain and it's possible that NGC 3009 applies to the
southwest component of the NGC 3010 triple (NGC 3010B). See Corwin's notes on NGC 3010 for the
full story.
******************************
NGC 3010 = UGC
5273 = MCG +07-20-065/066/067 = CGCG 239-035 = Holm 146 = PGC 28330/28335/28340
09 50 35.7 +44
19 23
Size
1.9'x0.6'; PA = 45d
17.5"
(2/8/91): triple system consisting of two very faint, small, round
"knots" (identified as UGC 5273a and 5273b in the UGC) with a
separation of 40" oriented SW-NE.
The third component (UGC 5273c) is 1' NE and appeared as a mag 15.5
"star". NGC 3009 lies 5'
WSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3010 = h641, along with NGC 3009 = h640, on 17 Mar 1828 and
logged "F; psbM; r; stars seen.
The second of 2 [with NGC 3009]." There is nothing at his position, but 35 sec of RA east and
1.4' south is UGC 5273. His RA for
NGC 3009 is also off (to the west), but by only 16 sec, which is strange. Another possibility is that h640 refers
to the southwest component of NGC 3010 (MCG +07-20-065 = PGC 28330). If that's the case, the relative
offsets would be more in line but still not accurate. Corwin notes that JH's descriptions are generic enough they
donÕt assist in choosing between these two alternatives. So, he favors
leaving the "traditional" identification as is.
The observations
at Birr Castle are interesting.
The 1861 publication only includes the note "Several knots near
[NGC 3009 and 3010]. The full
account is given in the 1880 monograph.
On 1 Mar 1854 R.J. Mitchell recorded, "one pB [NGC 3009], 6' f and
a little n are two others vF, about 3' apart pf; several others round
about". His separations are
poor but probably the second part refers to NGC 3010 and one of its
companions. Thirty-five years
later in 1878, Dreyer made another observation and wrote, "the f one [NGC
3010] is smaller and in a rectangular triangle of 3 stars." At least one of these "stars"
is likely a galaxy. Hermann Kobold
measured accurate positions of the two southern components of NGC 3010 with the
18-inch refractor at Strassburg.
******************************
NGC 3011 = UGC
5259 = MCG +05-23-038 = CGCG 152-069 = Mrk 409 = PGC 28259
09 49 41.2 +32
13 16
V = 13.3; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(4/15/99): faint, fairly small, round, weak concentration, 0.8' diameter. Located 2.5' WSW of a mag 10 star. A nice 10' string of 8 mag 10-12 stars
oriented N-S is just a few arcminutes preceding. Picked up at 100x and observation at 220x.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 3011 = Sw III-47 on 21 Apr 1886 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory and remarked "eeF; eS; stel; a row of 8 or 10 pB stars
nr preceding." His position
is 9 sec of RA west and 1' south of UGC 5259 and the row of stars is just as he
described (north-south).
******************************
NGC 3012 = UGC
5262 = MCG +06-22-017 = CGCG 182-023 = PGC 28270
09 49 52.1 +34
42 51
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(4/15/99): faint, small, round, weak concentration, 0.6' diameter. A mag 15 star is 1.5' W and a mag 12
star 3.5' SSE. Picked up at 100x
and views at 220x and 280x.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3012 on 30 Apr 1862 and described "vF, pL, R,
Cometary. A mag 11 star is 3 1/2'
south-southeast." His single
position and description matches UGC 5262.
******************************
NGC 3013 = MCG
+06-22-018 = CGCG 182-024 = PGC 28300
09 50 09.4 +33
34 09
V = 14.6; Size 0.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.5
24"
(4/20/14): faint, small, slightly elongated, 18"x15". Situated 2.7' SE of mag 7.9 HD
85030. A mag 15 star is 0.6'
NE. Located 10' WNW of NGC 3021.
17.5"
(4/6/02): extremely faint and small, round, 10" diameter. Located 3' SE of mag 7.9 SAO 61706
which detracts from viewing. Also
a mag 14.5-15 star is 38" NE of center and confuses the observation. Situated between fairly bright galaxies
NGC 3021 10' E and NGC 3003 21' WSW.
Lawrence
Parsons, the 4th earl of Rosse, discovered NGC 3013 on 18 Mar 1874 while
viewing the field of NGC 3021. He noted a nebula at 164.8" in PA 137.2¡
from a mag 8 star. His offsets
point directly to CGCG 182-024 = PGC 28300. Due to a misprint in the NGC the declination is 40' too far
north (the GC Supplement has the correct position) and the galaxy was discovered
again by Stephane Javelle on (J. 1127) on 12 May 1896. Dreyer realized the error and corrected
the misprint in the IC 2 notes.
MCG does label this galaxy as NGC 3013.
******************************
NGC 3014 = MCG
-01-25-043 = PGC 28222
09 49 07.7 -04
44 35
V = 14.0; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.1
17.5"
(3/29/97): very faint, fairly small, irregularly round, 0.8' diameter, low even
surface brightness. A mag 15 star
is very close WSW [38" from the center]. A pair of mag 14 stars [19" separation] lie 3' N.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3014 = h644 on 19 Feb 1830 and noted "eF; L; 60". The preceding of two [with h647 = NGC
3022]. There is nothing at his
position (the dec is marked as uncertain or approximate). But the NGC position is 30' further north
(no reason given in the notes) and 2' south of this corrected position is MCG
-01-25-043 = PGC 28222.
******************************
NGC 3015 = UGC
5261 = MCG +00-25-020 = CGCG 007-041 = PGC 28240
09 49 22.9 +01
08 43
V = 13.9; Size 0.5'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.0; PA = 95d
17.5"
(3/29/97): faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. No brighter stars in field.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3015 = m 183 on 23 Apr 1864. His position is just 1' north of UGC 5261 = PGC 28240.
******************************
NGC 3016 = UGC
5266 = MCG +02-25-040 = CGCG 063-077 = Holm 147c = KTG 27A = PGC 28269
09 49 50.6 +12
41 43
V = 13.0; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 70d
24"
(4/20/14): moderately to fairly bright, oval 4:3 WSW-ENE, 0.8'x0.6', contains a
relatively large, very bright core that increases to the center. NGC 3019 lies 5.0' NE and CGCG 063-075
is 3.2' SW. The latter galaxy
appeared very faint and small, round, 12", low even surface brightness.
17.5"
(3/23/85): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, weak
concentration. Second brightest of
five in the NGC 3020 group. NGC
3019 lies 5.4' NE and NGC 3020 is 8.2' NNE.
13.1"
(4/29/84): fairly faint, small, round, almost even surface brightness.
R.J. Mitchell,
LdR's assistant, discovered NGC 3016, along with NGC 3019, on 21 Mar 1854. There was no sketch made but the
description reads "4 neb. Two
p and f [NGC 3016 and 3019] about 4' apart; the 3rd is north about 3' [NGC
3024] forming the vertex of an obtuse triangle, the 4th is about 4' further north
and lenticular [NGC 3020]."
No positions were measured and only NGC 3019, NGC 3020 and NGC 3024
received GC numbers as JH incorrectly assumed that h642 referred to the 4th
galaxy (see NGC 3020 for the story).
Heinrich
d'Arrest independently discovered this galaxy on 31 Dec 1864 with the 11"
refractor at Copenhangen. His
position, measured on 4 nights, matches UGC 5266. Dryer included it in the GC Supplement and credited
d'Arrest. Finally, Dreyer realized
the equivalence and both LdR and d'Arrest are credited in the NGC
******************************
NGC 3017 = MCG
+00-25-019 = CGCG 007-040 = PGC 28220
09 49 03.0 -02
49 19
V = 13.1; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(3/25/95): faint, small, round, 30" diameter, very weak
concentration. Forms the east
vertex of a near equilateral triangle with two mag 12.5 and 14.5 stars 2.4' NW
and 2.7' SW, respectively.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 3017 = LM II-416 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory. His
position is 20 sec of RA east and 2' south of MCG +00-25-019 and his note of
"*11 at 3' in PA 300¡" clinches this identification.
******************************
NGC 3018 = UGC
5265 = MCG +00-25-021 = CGCG 007-042 = PGC 28258
09 49 41.5 +00
37 20
V = 13.3; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 27d
48"
(4/7/13): bright, fairly large, very elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE, 0.9'x0.3', small
bright core. A mag 9.7 star is
just 0.8' NW of center. Forms a
striking pair with NGC 3023 2.7' E.
48"
(4/2/11): bright, edge-on 4:1 SSW-NNE, fairly large, ~60"x15", very
small bright core. Located just
50" SE of mag 9.7 HD 85095 and 2.8' W of the fascinating galaxy NGC 3023
and Mrk 1236.
17.5"
(2/8/91): faint, small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE. Dominated by a mag 10 star 48" NW of center. Forms a close pair with NGC 3023 3' E.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3018 = St X-21 on 10 Mar 1880, along with NGC 3023 = St
X-22. His position is
accurate. Lewis Swift
independently discovered the galaxy exactly 6 years later, but his position in
list III-48 is 0.4 min too far west.
His comment "* near north, preceding of 2 [with NGC 3023]"
clinches the equivalence.
******************************
NGC 3019 = MCG
+02-25-044 = CGCG 063-081 = Holm 147d = PGC 28295
09 50 07.2 +12
44 46
V = 15.0; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 30d
24"
(4/20/14): at 280x appeared faint, small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 0.4'x0.2'. A mag 14.5 star is 0.8' NE.
17.5"
(3/23/85): very faint, small, almost round. A mag 14 star is off the NE edge 48" from the
center. Fourth brightest of five
in the NGC 3020. Located 3.0' S of
NGC 3020.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 3019 on 21 Mar 1854 with Lord Rosse's 72", along with NGC
3016. There is no published sketch
but the description reads "4 neb.
Two p and f [NGC 3016 and 3019] about 4' apart; the 3rd is north about
3' [NGC 3024] forming the vertex of an obtuse triangle, the 4th is about 4'
further north and lenticular [NGC 3020]." The described orientations are poor and no positions were
given, but they certainly refer to the four brightest galaxies. Only a rough position is given in the
GC and the NGC position is 3' south of CGCG 063-081 = PGC 28295.
******************************
NGC 3020 = UGC
5271 = MCG +02-25-045 = CGCG 063-082 = Holm 147a = KTG 27B = PGC 28296
09 50 06.6 +12
48 49
V = 11.9; Size 3.2'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 105d
24"
(4/20/14): at 280x appeared fairly bright, fairly large, oval 5:3 WNW-ESE,
1.7'x1.0', large elongated core appears to be a bar, mottled appearance. Spiral
structure was highly suspected in the halo. Largest and brightest in a quintet
with NGC 3019 4' S, NGC 3024 5.5' SE, NGC 3016 8' SSW and CGCG 063-075 11'
SW. NGC 3020 and 3024 are a
physical pair (z = .004), while the other three galaxies are in the backgroud
at z = .03.
17.5"
(3/23/85): brightest and largest in the NGC 3020 group, elongated WNW-ESE,
brighter core but no nucleus, diffuse halo. Nearby are NGC 3019 4.0' S, NGC 3024 5.4' SE.
13.1"
(4/29/84): fairly faint, moderately large, diffuse, elongated ~E-W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3020 = H III-51 = h646 = h642 on 19 Mar 1784 (sweep 177) and
recorded "Two [along with NGC 3024], both resolvable and eF. The preceding
is the largest and they are about 6 or 7' distant from each other. Position about 20¡ np-sf 6 or 7'
distant. I saw them better with 240 than 157. They require some attention before they are well seen."
His single position is ~1.0 min of RA too far east.
JH made three
observations under h646 and measured an accurate position, but in his 4th sweep
he made an error recording the RA 1.0 min too far west and claimed a
"nova" under h642.
Dreyer correctly equated all three Herschel designations in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 3021 = UGC
5280 = MCG +06-22-019 = CGCG 182-025 = KTG 26B = PGC 28357
09 50 57.1 +33
33 13
V = 12.1; Size 1.6'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 110d
24"
(4/20/14): bright, fairly small, oval 3:2 WNW-ESE, 0.9'x0.6', small bright
core, stellar nucleus, the halo has an irregular surface brightness. A mag 11 star is 1' SE and a mag 14
star is at the north edge. NGC
3013 lies 10' W.
13.1"
(3/3/84): fairly bright, elongated WNW-ESE. A mag 10 star is 1.1' SE of center. Located 30' NE of NGC 3003.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3021 = H I-115 = h645 on 7 Dec 1785 (sweep 487) and recorded
"cB, pL, lE, iF, mbM."
JH called this galaxy "pB; R; bM; has a * 10m 20¡ sf, dist
30"."
A sketch made
with LdR's 72" in 1863 shows a spiral arm of the east side, curling around
towards the west.
******************************
NGC 3022 = MCG
-01-25-046 = PGC 28257
09 49 39.2 -05
09 59
V = 12.2; Size 1.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(4/15/93): fairly faint, small, round, gradually increases to a small bright
core, stellar nucleus. Located
5.2' SW of a mag 10 star. Forms a
pair with MCG -01-25-044 3' WSW.
The companion appeared extremely faint, small, round, 30" diameter,
low surface brightness.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3022 = h647 on 19 Feb 1830 and recorded "F; R; vglbM; r.
The following of 2 [with NGC 3014]."
His position matches MCG -01-25-046 = PGC 28257.
******************************
NGC 3023 = UGC
5269 = MCG +00-25-022 = CGCG 007-043 = VV 620 = LGG 182-006 = PGC 28272
09 49 52.5 +00
37 07
V = 13.0; Size 2.9'x1.4'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 70d
48"
(4/7/13): at 375x appeared very bright, large, irregular, asymmetric with a
bright, slightly elongated central region, ~40"x30". Extending to the west of the core is
large, faint halo or loop, most evident on the north side of the loop, which is
brighter and more sharply defined as it sweeps to the west towards companion
NGC 3018. The loop extends the
diameter to ~1.7'. Mrk 1236, is a
very small, but very high surface brightness companion attached on the east
side of the core. LEDA 1170217 =
MAC 0950+0035 was picked up in the field, 4.4' ESE. It appeared faint (V = 16.6), small, slightly elongated,
15"x10", low even surface brightness.
48"
(4/2/11): at 375x this bright, interacting galaxy has a very unusual,
asymmetric appearance. The central
region is bright, oval 4:3 NNW-SSE, 40"x30", increases evenly to a
very small, very bright nucleus. A
larger, outer halo extends mainly to the west. The halo extends from the central region ~1' in a loop and
is brightest along the rim, particularly looping from the north side of the
core counterclockwise to the west [the DSS reveals this feature is a spiral
arm]. This arm gives the visual
impression of a partial ring extending the west of the core.
A bright
companion, Mrk 1236, is attached within the small halo on the east side of the
core, just 25" ESE of center.
This Wolf-Rayet galaxy appeared moderately bright, very small, elongated
2:1 E-W, ~16"x8", very high surface brightness. On the SDSS image this object is
resolved into several clumps or knots.
NGC 3018 lies 2.8' W of center.
Located 3.4' ESE of mag 9.7 HD 85095.
17.5"
(2/8/91): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated 4:3, broad
concentration in halo but no nucleus.
A faint star or knot is visible on the east end. Forms a pair with NGC 3018 3' W and
also 3.4' ESE of a mag 10 star.
This is a double system which was probably resolved in the observation
as a faint star or knot on the east end (Mrk 1236)!
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3023 = St X-22 on 10 Mar 1880, along with NGC 3018 = St X-21,
and measured an accurate position.
Lewis Swift independently discovered the galaxy exactly 6 years later
with the 16" refractor, but his position in list III-49 is 0.4 min too far
west (similar offset as Sw III-48 = NGC 3018).
******************************
NGC 3024 = UGC
5275 = MCG +02-25-046 = CGCG 063-084 = Holm 147b = KTG 27C = PGC 28324
09 50 27.4 +12
45 56
V = 13.1; Size 2.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 125d
24"
(4/20/14): moderately bright and large, thin edge-on 4:1 NW-SE, bright very
elongated core, 1.3'x0.3'. A mag
14 star is off the SE end (aligned with the major axis).
17.5"
(3/23/85): fairly faint, thin edge-on NW-SE, 1.4'x0.3', brighter core. A mag 13.5 star is off the SE edge 1.4'
from center. This galaxy is the
third brightest of five in the NGC 3020 group. NGC 3020 lies 5.7' NW and NGC 3019 is 5' ESE.
13.1"
(4/29/84): faint, fairly small, edge-on NW-SE. A mag 13.5 star is off the east edge.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3024 = H III-52 = h648 on 19 Mar 1784 (sweep 177) and recorded
"Two [along with NGC 3020], both resolvable and eF. The preceding [NGC
3020] is the largest and they are about 6 or 7' distant from each other. Position about 20¡ np-sf 6 or 7'
distant. I saw them better with 240 than 157. They require some attention before they are well
seen." His single position is
~1.0 min of RA too far east. JH
made a single observation, "vF; pL; E. PD estimated from III.51 [NGC 3020] which precedes." His "estimated dec" is 1.2'
too far south.
******************************
NGC 3025 = ESO
566-015 = MCG -04-23-018 = PGC 28249
09 49 29.1 -21
44 32
V = 12.9; Size 1.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 110d
17.5"
(4/1/00): fairly faint, roundish, 0.8' diameter, weak concentration, halo fades
into background. With averted
vision, the halo increases to over 1' in diameter. Located 2.6' NW of mag 9.3 SAO 178051. A distinctive grouping of four mag
13-14 stars lies ~4' NW. ESO
566-018 lies 14' ESE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3025 = h3192 on 21 Mar 1835 and recorded "eF, vS, R, north
of a * 9 m." His position and
description is an exact match with ESO 566-015.
******************************
NGC 3026 = UGC
5279 = MCG +05-23-043 = CGCG 152-074 = PGC 28351
09 50 55.4 +28
33 05
V = 13.0; Size 2.7'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 82d
17.5"
(2/8/91): fairly faint, fairly large, very elongated 3:1 E-W, even fairly low
surface brightness.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 3026 = Sw III-50 on 22 May 1886 and recorded "eeF; pS; lE;
e diff; in vacancy, found searching for Winnecke's comet
[7P/Pons-Winnecke]." His
position is 10 sec of RA east and 1' south of UGC 5279 = PGC 28351.
******************************
NGC 3027 = UGC
5316 = VV 358 = MCG +12-10-009 = CGCG 332-068 = CGCG 333-006 = PGC 28636
09 55 40.5 +72
12 13
V = 11.8; Size 4.3'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 130d
17.5"
(4/4/92): faint, fairly large, elongated NW-SE, 3'x2', weak concentration, low
surface brightness. Two mag 15
stars are superimposed at the NW end of the major axis and at the south
edge. NGC 2985 lies 25' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3027 = H V-23 = h643 on 3 Apr 1785 (sweep 390) and logged
"F, L, lE, resolvable, 6' or 7' l, 5' or 6' br." His position is just off the east
side of UGC 5316. JH recorded "eF;
vL; vglbM; 3' l; 2.5' br." and measured a very accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3028 = ESO
566-016 = PGC 28276
09 49 54.1 -19
11 05
V = 12.7; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 48d
17.5"
(3/16/96): fairly faint, small, round, 35" diameter, weak
concentration. A mag 12 star lies
3.2' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3028 = h3193 on 23 Mar 1835 and recorded "F; S; R; lbM;
15"." His position is an
exact match with ESO 566-016 = PGC 28276.
******************************
NGC 3029 = MCG
-01-25-047 = PGC 28206
09 48 54.0 -08
03 04
V = 14.0; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 46d
17.5"
(2/1/03): very faint, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE, 0.7'x0.5', very
low surface brightness. Located
4.5' E of a mag 11 star. Collinear
with two mag 13 star to the NE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 3029 = Sw III-51 on 8 Feb 1886 with the 16" refractor at
the Warner Observatory. His
description simply reads "pF; pS; R." His position is 1.5 tmin E and 6.5' N of MCG
-01-25-047, so this identification seems very uncertain. RNGC and RC3 identify this object as
MCG -01-25-047 (not MCG, though).
The MCG RA is +1 tmin too far E.
******************************
NGC 3030 = MCG
-02-25-021 = PGC 28302
09 50 10.5 -12
13 35
V = 13.8; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(4/15/93): faint, small, round, broad concentration. A mag 12 star is 1' NNW. Located 2.5' NNW of mag 8.5 SAO 155521.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3030 = LM II-417 in 1886 and recorded "mag
15.7, 0.2' dia, R, gbsbMN."
His position is only 10 sec of RA east and 1' south of MCG -02-25-021 =
PGC 28302. Herbert Howe's corrected
position made with the 20" refractor at the Chamberlin Observatory
(published in Monthly Notices 1899) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3031 = M81 =
UGC 5318 = MCG +12-10-010 = CGCG 333-007 = Bode's Nebula = PGC 28630
09 55 33.2 +69
03 55
V = 6.9; Size 26.9'x14.1'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 157d
48"
(4/15/10): dazzling view of M81 at 267x (21mm Ethos) and 330x (17mm
Nagler). The galaxy is elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE and
extends at least 20'x10'. The
brightness level increases gradually to the center from the large, very bright
oval core but is punctuated at the center by an extremely bright, quasi-stellar
nucleus. A bright spiral arm
attaches to the galaxy on the northwest end and bends abruptly to the south,
passing across a mag 12 star located 5' NW of center. As it heads southeast, the arm separates from the main glow
of the galaxy and can be traced as it passes just north of ·1387 (10.8/10.8 at
9"), ending to the northeast of the striking double star ·1386 = 9.3/9.3
at 2.1". The total length of
this arm is ~15'. The second main
arm is more prominent, attaching to the main body on the south end. This arm is much brighter in a narrow
arc as it curves around at its south end.
This arm is still relatively narrow with a very well defined edge as it
sweeps NNW and gradually separates from the main body. Holmberg IX was visible 10.5' E of the
center of M81.
17.5"
(3/23/85): very bright, very large, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, about 16'x8', large
oval bright middle, bright core, nearly stellar nucleus. Two mag 11.5 and 11.9 stars are
superimposed in the halo at the south edge of the core. An easily visible spiral arm is
attached near these two stars at the south end of the core. This arm curves due north along the
east side and is well separated from the main body. A second arm was suspected on 10/12/85 as a short extension
curving around the NNW end towards a mag 12 star at the WNW edge of the halo
and was described as "shorter and much less prominent, though definitely
seen" on 1/31/87. Mag 8.7 SAO
15020 (·1386 = 9.3/9.3 at 2") lies 10' SSW and the striking double star
·1387 = 10.7/10.7 at 9" is 8' SSW.
Forms a very striking pair at low power with M82 37' N. The bright supernova 1993j was located
3' SSW of the core and formed a right triangle with the two mag 11.5/11.9 stars
south of the core.
13"
(1/18/85): extremely faint arm attached at the southeast end near two stars and
curves to the east.
8": very
bright, bright core, large oval halo, elongated NW-SE, two faint stars
involved.
Johann Bode
discovered M81 = NGC 3031 = h649 on 31 Dec 1774, along with M82. Pierre MŽchain independently discovered
M81 in Aug 1779. On 30 Sep 1802,
WH recorded "vB, eL; it very nearly fills all the field, it loses itself
imperceptibly, mE np sf; I can trace it nearly 1/2¡ in extent beyond the
brightest part." JH logged
"eB; eL; E, pos = 156¡, gb and svmbM, with faint rays of light nearly to
extremities of field (15'). The
most condensed part is 4' l and 3' br." He mistakenly referred to M81 as M82 in the Slough
Catalogue.
******************************
NGC 3032 = UGC
5292 = MCG +05-23-046 = CGCG 152-077 = PGC 28424
09 52 08.2 +29
14 10
V = 12.5; Size 2.0'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 95d
17.5"
(2/8/91): moderately bright, very small, almost round, very small bright core,
bright stellar nucleus, surrounded by small very faint halo. Located midway between mag 8.6 SAO
81056 1.7' N and a mag 10 star 1.9' S.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3032 = h650 on 24 Dec 1827 and logged "a *12 with an eF
atmos about 10-12". It is
between a *8-9m n p and one = 10m, s f, neither of which are so affected. A
curious object." His position and description applies, although the two
stars are more nearly north and south.
******************************
NGC 3033 = Cr
212 = ESO 167-SC006
09 48 39 -56 24
42
V = 8.8; Size 5'
24"
(4/10/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x, this is a small 4' group
of ~30 stars situated just SW of mag 6.1 HD 85250. Many of the stars are arranged in a loop or oval on the SW
side of the star, so the combination with the bright star appears similar to a
diamond ring. The cluster members
are fairly uniform in brightness with a number of mag 11 stars. A wide double star 5' SE (9.5/11.5 at
26") is collinear with HD 85250.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3033 = h3194 on 27 Feb 1835 and logged "irregularly round
cluster, 8' diameter, of 50 or 60 stars, 11 and 12 mag. In the milky way, but
sufficiently rich and distinct to be registered as a cluster."
******************************
NGC 3034 = M82 =
Arp 337 = UGC 5322 = MCG +12-10-011 = CGCG 333-008 = UMa A = PGC 28655
09 55 52.7 +69
40 46
V = 8.4; Size 11.2'x4.3'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 65d
48"
(4/15/10): stunning view at 330x with numerous irregular dark rifts slicing up
the mottled, clumpy surface.
Several very small, bright knots or condensations (Super Star Clusters -
SSCs) are just west of a dark wedge that pierces the galaxy on the south side
and tapers as it cuts across the center at an oblique angle. The very bright section of the galaxy
to the northeast of the dark absorption wedge also displays mottled
structure. Another prominent dark
inclusion cuts into the galaxy from the north on the northeast side of the
galaxy. A very faint extension of
low surface brightness haze (the superwind outflow) bulges out from the main
portion of the galaxy on the south side.
This glow is west of the dark wedge and east of a mag 10.5 star located
5.8' SW of center. On images this large bulge appears to explode out from the
galaxy with filamentary structure.
Overall, there was too much visible structure to describe from a couple
of minutes at the eyepiece.
17.5"
(10/12/85): very bright, large, edge-on 4:1 WSW-ENE, 10' x 2.5', large bright
irregular core. Very mottled with
an unusually high surface brightness.
Unique appearance with several dark cuts oblique to the major axis
including a prominent wedge or cut nearly through the center. A mag 10 star is just south of the SW
end 5.8' from the center
13"
(11/5/83): two obvious dark lanes.
8": bright,
spindle, mottled. A dark wedge
cuts into the galaxy near the center from the south side.
10x50
binoculars: faintly visible though easier in 15x50's.
Johann Bode
discovered M82 = NGC 3034 = H IV-79 on 31 Dec 1774, along with M81. Pierre MŽchain independently discovered
M82 in Aug 1779.
M82 is not in
WH's published catalogues, though on 8 Nov 1801 (sweep 1100) he noted "eB,
mE sp-nf, about 10' long" and on 30 Sep 1802 (sweep 1112) he logged
"a vB, beautiful ray of light, brightest in the middle of all the length,
about 8' long and 2 or 3' broad."
JH added it as one of the 8 "HON" objects ("Herschel
omitted nebulae") in the Appendix to his Cape Observations (and in the GC
as IV-79), as WH assumed it was a new discovery on his last sweep on 30 Sep
1802!
The first
published comment about dark lanes was made by Ralph Copeland at Birr Castle on
21 May 1871. He noted "A most
extraordinary object, at least 10' in length, and crossed by several dark
bands."
******************************
NGC 3035 = MCG
-01-25-052 = PGC 28415
09 51 55.0 -06
49 23
V = 12.7; Size 1.6'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 25d
17.5"
(4/15/93): faint, fairly small, round, gradually brighter core, faint stellar
nucleus.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3035 = St X-23 on 5 Mar 1880. His position is an exact match with MCG -01-25-052.
******************************
NGC 3036 = ESO
126-SC027
09 49 20 -62 40
30
Size 10'
14" (4/2/16
- Coonabarabran, 123x and 160x): nice cluster consisting of two main groups
with offshoots. Overall fairly
rich with roughly 30 stars in the southern group and 15 in the northern. The larger southern group forms an
elongated looping chain and extends ~6'x1.5'. It includes a mag 9.9 star near the west end and a 11.5/12.5
pair at 15" on the southwest end.
Two mag 10 stars are at the east end. The distinct northern chain also includes a 14"
pair. This cluster is situated 12'
WNW of mag 5.6 HD 85656.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3036 = h3197 on 7 Mar and recorded "The chief star 10m of a
cluster class VIII of sc st 10' dia.
It is one the borders of the milky way." His position corresponds with a mag 10 star on the west side
of a scattered group that is well-defined on the DSS. JH's original Cape position was 20' too far north but he
corrected it on the errata page, so the GC and NGC position is accurate. RNGC
classifies the number as nonexistent (Type 7).
******************************
NGC 3037 = ESO
499-010 = MCG -04-24-002 = PGC 28381
09 51 24.2 -27
00 40
V = 13.1; Size 1.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(4/1/00): fairly faint, roundish, 1.0' diameter, very little
concentration. A 30" pair of
mag 14 stars close SE (~1.5') is collinear with the center of the galaxy. Located 5.4' SSW of mag 9.7 SAO 178100.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3037 = h3195 on 26 Mar 1835 and recorded "F; R; lbM;
30"." His position is an
exact match with ESO 499-010 = PGC 28381.
******************************
NGC 3038 = ESO
374-002 = MCG -05-24-001 = LGG 184-002 = PGC 28376
09 51 15.4 -32
45 09
V = 11.6; Size 2.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 130d
18"
(3/17/07): fairly bright, fairly large, oval 3:2 NW-SE, ~1.8'x1.2', large
bright core, very faint halo, brighter quasi-stellar nucleus. Three IC galaxies lie to the west with
IC 2513 the closest at 17' SW.
17.5"
(3/28/87): moderately bright, slightly elongated oval WSW-ENE, fairly small,
bright core.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 3038 = Sw III-52 on 27 Feb 1886 and noted "pB; pS;
R." His position is
just 40" north of ESO 374-002.
******************************
NGC 3039 = UGC
5297 = MCG +00-25-027 = CGCG 007-051 = PGC 28452
09 52 29.6 +02
09 15
V = 13.4; Size 1.3'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 12d
17.5"
(2/8/91): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, weak concentration,
faint stellar nucleus. A mag 11
star is 3.9' WSW and two mag 12.5 stars lie 3.0' W and 1.5' N.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3039 = m 184 on 22 Jan 1865 and logged "vF, S,
iR." His position matches UGC
5297.
******************************
NGC 3040 = UGC
5300 = MCG +03-25-037 = CGCG 092-067 = Holm 148a = PGC 28479
09 53 05.1 +19
25 56
V = 13.2; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 11.9; PA = 170d
17.5"
(4/9/99): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, 0.8'x0.4'. Fairly well concentrated with a bright,
round 20" core and faint extensions.
A mag 14 star lies 1.8' SSE.
Brightest in a triple system, including Ho 148b at the northeast edge
(companions not seen).
CGCG 92-065,
located 12' N, appeared extremely faint, very small, round, 15"
diameter. Contained a stellar
nucleus in moments of steady seeing.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3040 = St XIII-53 on 25 Mar 1884. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3041 = UGC
5303 = MCG +03-25-039 = CGCG 092-068 = PGC 28485
09 53 07.2 +16
40 40
V = 11.5; Size 3.7'x2.4'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 95d
17.5"
(3/29/89): fairly faint, large, diffuse, slightly elongated. A mag 13 is just off the SW end 1.5'
from the center and two mag 14.5 stars are at the NW edge 1.2' from center and
at the north edge 1' from the center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3041 = H II-98 = h3196 on 23 Mar 1784 (sweep 184) and recorded
"L, not vF, resolvable, R, not much bM. North following the most south of 2 bright stars and not far
from it; the nebulosity reaches up the bright star." Interestingly, JH called this galaxy a
globular cluster and noted "F; L; R; vglbm; 2.5' dia; resolved with left
eye." Dreyer noted it was not
a globular in 1876 observation at Birr Castle.
******************************
NGC 3042 = UGC
5307 = MCG +00-25-030 = CGCG 007-054 = PGC 28498
09 53 20.1 +00
41 51
V = 12.9; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 111d
17.5"
(2/8/91): fairly faint, very small, elongated 2:1 ~E-W, very small bright core,
very faint extensions from core. A
mag 13 star is 1.3' SW of core.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3042 = m 185 on 30 Apr 1864 and recorded "pB, S, vlE,
gbM." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 3043 = UGC
5327 = MCG +10-14-052 = CGCG 289-023 = PGC 28672
09 56 14.6 +59
18 25
V = 12.6; Size 1.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 84d
17.5"
(3/12/88): moderately bright, fairly small, very elongated 5:2 WSW-ENE,
1.2'x0.5', small bright core.
Located 8' S of mag 7.9 SAO 27433.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3043 = H II-835 = h651 on 19 Mar 1790 (sweep 952) and noted
"cF; S; E." His position
is within 1' of UGC 5327. JH
called it (sweep 323) "eF; pL; 35"; vgbM; has a *10 m 7' n."
******************************
NGC 3044 = UGC
5311 = MCG +00-25-031 = CGCG 007-056 = FGC 965 = PGC 28517
09 53 40.8 +01
34 46
V = 11.9; Size 4.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 113d
17.5"
(2/8/91): fairly bright, large, edge-on 6:1 WNW-ESE, dimensions 3.5'x0.5',
broadly concentration but does not contain a well-defined core.
13.1"
(4/10/86): very pretty, very thin edge-on streak at 166x-214x, moderately
large, brighter middle.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3044 = H III-254 = h652 on 13 Dec 1784 (sweep 342) and recorded
"eF, mE, 3 or 5' long and near 1' br from np to sf; but not far from the
parallel." One week later
(sweep 348) he logged "vF; about 5' long but extremely narrow, less than
1/4' broad; from np to sf."
He published a sketch in his 1811 paper (Fig. 7) as an example of
"very narrow long nebulae."
JH measured an accurate position and recorded "vF; mE, pos =
111.5¡; 80" l, 15" br.
Aurora in sky, even at this polar distance." The UGC, RC3 list the PA = 13¡, but it
should read 113¡.
******************************
NGC 3045 = ESO
566-G22 = MCG -03-25-028 = PGC 28492
09 53 17.7 -18
38 43
V = 12.9; Size 1.5'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 110d
13.1" (4/10/86):
faint, small, round, no details.
Located 17' W of NGC 3052.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3045 = h3198 on 23 Mar 1835 and recorded "vF; R; lbM;
30"." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 3046 = ESO
499-?015
09 53 22.0 -27 19
19
=*?, RNGC and
ESO.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3046 = h3199 on 24 Mar 1835 and noted "pF; R. RA precarious; a hurried
observation." His position is 30" south of a mag 14.6 star and RNGC
and ESO identify NGC 3046 as a star.
I would think it likely this was a duplicate observation of NGC 3051
except that both were recorded on the same sweep! Still, Harold Corwin suggests this may be a case (there are
two others) where he accidentally recorded the same object twice in the sweep.
******************************
NGC 3047 = UGC
5323se = MCG +00-25-033 = (CGCG 007-059) = PGC 28577
09 54 32.0 -01
17 27
V = 13.7; Size 0.5'x0.5'
17.5"
(3/25/95): very faint, very small, round, 15" diameter, faint stellar
nucleus. Located 1.3' SSE of mag
8.6 SAO 137215. Forms a double
system with a very faint stellar companion = NGC 3047A just 40" WNW of
center.
George Hough
discovered NGC 3047 on 24 Apr 1883 with the 18.5-inch Clark refractor at the
Dearborn Observatory and described as "small and round, very
faint." Both Hough and
Sherburne Burnham reobserved the galaxy on 5 May and Dreyer credited the
pair. The discovery position in AN
2524 is 8 tsec W (only given to the nearest tenth of a tmin) of UGC 5323.
******************************
NGC 3048 = CGCG
092-071 = PGC 28595
09 54 56.5 +16
27 23
V = 14.2; Size 0.6'x0.3'
17.5"
(3/29/89): extremely faint, very small, round. A mag 14 star is 1.3' SE. Forms a pair with NGC 3053 8.7' ESE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3048 = m186 on 27 Apr 1864 and simply noted "eF". His position matches CGCG 092-071. Two extremely faint galaxies are close
to the east (slightly larger redshifts).
******************************
NGC 3049 = UGC
5325 = MCG +02-25-055 = CGCG 063-103 = Mrk 710 = PGC 28590
09 54 49.6 +09
16 17
V = 12.1; Size 2.2'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 25d
17.5"
(4/15/93): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, weak
concentration. A mag 11 star is
3.4' NE of center and a mag 14 star lies 1.9' SW of center.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3049 = St XII-37 on 20 Mar 1882. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3050 = NGC
2979 = MCG -02-25-012
09 43 08.6 -10
23 01
See observing
notes for NGC 2979.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 3050 = LM II-418 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander
McCormick Observatory. His notes
inlcude "mag 14.0, 0.6' dia, vlE 200¡, gbMN." There is nothing near his rough
position (nearest min of time).
Harold Corwin
suggests, NGC 3050 is a duplicate of NGC 2979 (discovered by WH), which is
located is over 11 tmin of RA west of Muller's position! But the declination matches and the
description and position angle is a good fit, so if a 10 min recording error in
RA was made, this identification is likely.
******************************
NGC 3051 = NGC
3046: = ESO 499-016 = MCG -04-24-004 = PGC 28536
09 53 58.6 -27
17 11
V = 11.8; Size 2.1'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(3/25/00): fairly faint, moderately large, round, 1.2' diameter. Broadly concentrated halo containing a
very small bright core. Located 14'
ENE of mag 6.4 SAO 178130. NGC
3037 lies 38' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3051 = h3201 on 24 Mar 1835 and recorded ""pF, S, R,
gbM; 20 arcseconds." His
position matches ESO 499-016. NGC
3046 may be a duplicate observation.
See notes on that number.
******************************
NGC 3052 = ESO
566-026 = MCG -03-25-030 = PGC 28570
09 54 28.0 -18
38 21
V = 12.2; Size 2.0'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 102d
13.1"
(4/10/86): moderately bright, slightly elongated, diffuse, weak
concentration. Located 23' NNW of
mag 4.9 SAO 155588. NGC 3045 lies
17' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3052 = H III-272 = h3202 on 7 Feb 1785 (sweep 368) and noted
"vF, pS, irr. A lttle
brighter towards the middle."
CH's reduced position is 1.5' southeast of ESO 566-026 = PGC 28570. JH logged "pF; L; R; gbM; 50"
and measured an accurate position (in the NGC).
******************************
NGC 3053 = UGC
5329 = MCG +03-25-040 = CGCG 092-074 = CGCG 093-001 = PGC 28631
09 55 33.6 +16
25 58
V = 12.7; Size 1.8'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 140d
17.5"
(3/29/89): fairly faint, oval NW-SE, bright core. A mag 14.5 star is 0.9' NE. Forms a pair with NGC 3048 8.7' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3053 = H III-600 = h3200 on 14 Jan 1787 (sweep 690) and noted
"vF, S, iR." CH's
reduced position is 1.5' north of UGC 5329. JH called it "vF; lE; gbM; 25"."
******************************
NGC 3054 = ESO
499-018 = MCG -04-24-005 = UGCA 187 = PGC 28571
09 54 28.6 -25
42 13
V = 11.8; Size 3.8'x2.3'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 123d
17.5"
(2/28/87): moderately bright, moderately large, bright core, diffuse halo,
elongated WNW-ESE.
C.H.F. Peters
discovered NGC 3054 on 3 Apr 1859 with the 13.5-inch refractor at Hamilton
College Observatory. The NGC RA
(from Peters) is just 6 sec west of ESO 499-018.
Ormond Stone
found the galaxy again on 14 Jan 1886 at the Leander McCormick Observatory and
recorded it again in list I-160.
His rough position (nearest min of RA) is ~1.5 tmin too far east but his
description (PA = 120¡, 2.7'x0.8') matches this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 3055 = UGC
5328 = MCG +01-25-034 = CGCG 035-087 = PGC 28617
09 55 18.1 +04
16 11
V = 12.1; Size 2.1'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 63d
13.1"
(4/10/86): moderately bright, elongated 3:2 WSW-ENE, moderately large. There is a sharper light cut-off on the
east side due to dust. Located
5.7' SSE of a mag 10.5 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3055 = H VI-4 = h656 on 24 Jan 1784 (sweep 116) and noted
"a nebula or cluster of very close and small stars." His position is 38 sec of RA east of
UGC 5328 (not an uncommon error in his early sweeps). He included this galaxy in class VI (Very condensed and rich
clusters of stars). JH made 3 observations and noted "pB, gbM; r; lE;
60" l, 40" br; twilight.
No other cluster or neb near." The NGC position is accurate.
R.J. Mitchell,
observing with LdR's 72" on 15 Mar 1855, recorded the following detail:
"E sp nf, has a B nucl and a knot in sp end, or rather a twist towards
then." The following Jan he
remarked "I see it as last year with appendage or curved branch at sp
end."
******************************
NGC 3056 = ESO
435-007 = MCG -05-24-003 = PGC 28576
09 54 32.8 -28
17 53
V = 11.7; Size 1.8'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 16d
17.5"
(2/28/87): fairly faint, very small, bright core, very slightly elongated halo
N-S. A mag 12.5 star is off the NE
end.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3056 = h3203 on 30 Mar 1835 and recorded "pB; S; R; vsmbM;
has a * 10m almost contiguous; pos from neb = 203.8¡. His position and description matches ESO 435-007, though the
position angle of the bright star is off by 180¡.
******************************
NGC 3057 = UGC
5404 = MCG +14-05-010 = PGC 29296
10 05 39.5 +80
17 09
V = 13.0; Size 2.2'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 5d
17.5"
(1/28/89): faint, moderately large, elongated. Two mag 13-14 stars are off the south edge.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3057 = H III-978 on 26 Sep 1802 (sweep 1111, his second to last
sweep) and recorded "eF, pL vlbM.
Just north of 2 small stars are are hearly in parallel [E-W]." CH's reduced position is within 1' of
UGC 5404. This object is the 500th
discovery listed in Herschel's third catalogue although he left three
additional ones out which exceeded the 500 limit. NGC 3057 was not found by Bigourdan.
******************************
NGC 3058 = IC
573 = MCG -02-25-026 = VV 741 = PGC 28513
09 53 35.7 -12
28 55
V = 12.5; Size 1.3'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 35d
17.5"
(4/15/93): faint, fairly small, round, low even surface brightness. A mag 13 star is 1.0' W. A wide mag 12/13 pair at 45"
separation lies 2' SSW and a mag 12/13.5 pair at 30" separation E-W lies
3.5' W.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3058 = LM I-159 on 6 May 1886 and recorded "mag
15.5, size 1.2', double or binuclear, tri-nuclear?". There is nothing at
his rough position (nearest minute of RA) but about 2 min of RA west is the
double system MCG -02-25-026. This type of large error in RA is fairly common
with positions in the first Leander McCormick list and his description clinches
the identification.
Stephane Javelle
independently discovered this galaxy on 20 Apr 1892 and measured a fairly
accurate position for J. 1-171 (later IC 573). So NGC 3058 = IC 573 though MCG
only uses the IC designation for MCG -02-25-002. In his Dec. 1899 paper on NGC/IC observations, Howe
described NGC 3058 as a multiple galaxy "p.a. 210 deg, dist 20", nf
galaxy brighter" and measured an accurate position (repeated in the IC 2
notes).
******************************
NGC 3059 = ESO
037-007 = PGC 28298
09 50 08.5 -73
55 18
V = 11.0; Size 3.6'x3.2'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 71d
24"
(4/12/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x appears fairly bright,
fairly large, slightly elongated.
Appears to have a central bar or an elongated core (barred spiral). At moments I caught a glimpse of a
faint stellar nucleus. The halo is
large, ~2.5'x2.0' and seems mottled.
Surrounded by a number of stars in a rich star field and situated 5' ESE
of a mag 9 star. I accidentally
forgot to check this object off from the previous night so it was still on my
observing list, though I suspected it had been seen earlier.
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 260x appears fairly bright,
large, slightly elongated, ~3.0'x2.5', weak concentration except for a small
elongated core or bar (this is a face-on barred spiral). Overall the surface brightness is
fairly low, but fairly impressive due to its large size and central bar. The galaxy is surrounded by a number of
mag 13 stars. A mag 8.9 star (HD
85642) lies 5' WNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3059 = h3205 on 23 Mar 1835 and recorded "F; L; irreg R;
glbM; 3'; many vS stars near and in it." His position (corrected in a list of errata at the end of
the CGH) matches ESO 037-007.
******************************
NGC 3060 = UGC
5338 = MCG +03-26-002 = CGCG 093-003 = PGC 28680
09 56 19.2 +16
49 52
V = 13.0; Size 2.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 78d
17.5"
(4/13/91): fairly faint, very elongated 4:1 WSW-ENE, bright core, no
well-defined nucleus, faint extensions taper to points.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3060 = H III-601 = h3204 on 14 Jan 1787 (sweep 690) and recorded
"vF, cS, lE, easily resolvable." CH's reduced position is just off the north side of UGC
5338.
******************************
NGC 3061 = UGC
5319 = MCG +13-07-040 = CGCG 350-036 = PGC 28670
09 56 11.9 +75
51 59
V = 12.8; Size 1.7'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(1/28/89): faint, fairly large, slightly elongated, low surface
brightness. There are two faint
stars at the edges; a mag 14.5 star
1.8' NW of center and a faint 15 star 0.9' SSE of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3061 = H II-903 on 2 Apr 1801 (sweep 1096) and logged "F,
pL, r." This is one of 15 far
northern galaxies with large systematic errors. The corrected position using
Greenwich plates (MN, 71, 509, 1911), matches UGC 5319 and Dreyer repeated this
position in the notes to his 1912 edition of WH's catalogues. See NGC 2938 for more on sweep 1096 or
Harold Corwin's full story in his notes for NGC 3752..
JH observed what
he assumed was his father's II-903, and recorded h653 as "very
doubtful. Moonlight and
haze." There is nothing at or
near his poisition (noted in the MN paper). JH used his position, though, and basically his
father's description (changing "F" to "vF") in the GC and
Dreyer repeated this in the NGC.
So, NGC 3061 = H II-903 and not h653.
******************************
NGC 3062 = CGCG
008-002 = PGC 28699
09 56 35.7 +01
25 43
V = 14.7; Size 0.6'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 65d
17.5"
(4/15/99): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Weak concentration to a slightly
brighter core and occasional stellar nucleus. Not noticed at 100x but easy at 220x. Based on description, I probably viewed
the brighter core only and missed the fainter extensions. Located 45' ESE of NGC 3044.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3062 = m 187 with Lassell's 48" and noted "vF, vS, alm
stellar." His position
matches Marth's position matches PGC 28699.
******************************
NGC 3063
10 01 41.6 +72
07 05
=**, Carlson.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3063 = H II-909 on 30 Sep 1802 (his last sweep 1112) in the
field of II-333 = NGC 3065 and II-334 = NGC 3066, "The sp one eF, vS,
about 1' more south and 20 sec preceding." This probably refers to a pair of mag 14.9 stars at 11"
separation that was also found by d'Arrest (GCS 5512) when he observed the pair
of galaxies and d'Arrest's position was used in the NGC.
WH didn't
include this object in his third catalogue as he had already reached his 500
object threshold, but JH added it in an appendix to the Cape Catalogue (HON =
[William] Herschel omitted nebulae") and in the GC as II-909 = GC
1972. There was confusion, though,
which objects were the two nebulae previously discovered, and JH noted it was
the third of three, instead of the the first of three. This confusion carried into the NGC and
even Dreyer's 1912 notes on WH's third catalogue. See Corwin's notes for the full history.
******************************
NGC 3064 = MCG
-01-26-001 = PGC 28638
09 55 41.5 -06
21 50
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 35d
17.5"
(3/25/00): very faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, low even surface
brightness. A distinctive group of
mag 11-13 stars is roughly 5' NE.
The brighter mag 11 stars form a rectangle with a 13th magnitude star in
the center.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3064 = LM I-161 on 6 May 1886 and noted "mag
16.0, vS, E45¡." A second
listing I-162 (probably from a different date). The second entry mentions "same as 161?", so
Dreyer combined them into NGC 3058.
His rough position (nearest min of RA) is essentially correct - just 0.2
tmin east of MCG -01-26-001.
******************************
NGC 3065 = UGC
5375 = MCG +12-10-014 = CGCG 333-010 = VII Zw 303 = PGC 29046
10 01 55.3 +72
10 13
V = 12.5; Size 1.7'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(4/4/92): moderately bright, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter, bright core,
stellar nucleus, fairly high surface brightness. A mag 11 star is 1.4' NW. Forms a close striking pair with slightly fainter NGC 3066
3.1' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3065 = H II-333 = h654 on 3 Apr 1785 (sweep 390) and recorded
"Two [along with II-334 = NGC 3066], pF, S, bM. The most north [NGC 3065] a little larger and brighter than
the southern one; otherwise much alike; not far from being in the same
meridian." CH's reduced
position is ~30 sec of RA east of UGC 5375 and UGC 5379.
This pair was
also the very last object WH observed on his last sweep 1112 on 30 Sep 1802 and
he also noted a third object (II-909), which turns out to be a double
star. JH made a single
observation, noting "vF; S; R; 10"; near a * 11-12m." The NGC position (from d'Arrest)
matches UGC 5375.
******************************
NGC 3066 = UGC
5379 = MCG +12-10-015 = CGCG 333-011 = Mrk 133 = PGC 29059
10 02 11.0 +72
07 31
V = 12.9; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(4/4/92): moderately bright, fairly small, round, gradual moderate
concentration but no sharp core.
Only slightly fainter than NGC 3065 3' NNW but has a smoother surface
brightness.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3066 = H II-334 = h655 on 3 Apr 1785 (sweep 390) and recorded
"Two [along with II-333 = NGC 3065], pF, S, bM. The most north a little larger and brighter than the
southern one; otherwise much alike; not far from being in the same
merian." CH's reduced
position is 30 sec of RA east of UGC 5375 and UGC 5379.
This pair was
also the very last objects WH observed on his last sweep 1112 on 30 Sep 1802
and he also noted a third object (II-909), which turns out to be a double
star. JH made a single
observation, noting "F; R; 20"; vglbM." The NGC position (from
d'Arrest) matches UGC 5379.
******************************
NGC 3067 = UGC
5351 = MCG +06-22-046 = CGCG 182-051 = KTG 26C = PGC 28805
09 58 21.1 +32
22 12
V = 12.1; Size 2.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 105d
24"
(3/28/17): at 260x; fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE,
brighter elongated central section is mottled and appears to have a sharp light
cut-off (dust lane) on the northern flank, the eastern end of the galaxy has a
lower surface brightness, probably due to dust.
3C 232 = Ton
469, a distant quasar with a redshift of z = .531 (light-travel time of 5.3
billion years), lies 1.9' due north.
It was easily visible at 375x as a very faint mag 16 star. A brighter mag 15 star is 1.4' WSW of
the quasar. This QSR was central
to another Arp controversy as a ÒHI fingerÓ or bridge appears to connect the
quasar and NGC 3067.
24"
(4/20/14): fairly bright, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE, 1.3'x0.5', contains a large
bright core that is very mottled with several very small knots (HII regions and
dust on the SDSS). The southeast
side of the halo is weaker with an irregular surface brightness. A mag 9.8 star
is 3.9' ENE.
17.5"
(4/13/91): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE, brighter
core bulges but no nucleus, extensions taper towards ends. Located 3.8' WSW of a mag 9.5
star.
8": faint,
very elongated ~E-W. A mag 9 star
is 4' E.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3067 = H II-492 = h657 on 7 Dec 1785 (sweep 487) and noted
"pB, pL, lE nearly in the parallel." JH made 3 observations and described on sweep 128 "pB;
pL; E in parallel; gbM; 60" l, 40" br; has a * 10th mag n f."
A total of 15
observations were made at Birr Castle.
On 13 Mar 1850, LdR (or assistant George Stoney) noted the following
detail: "Longitudinal split visible occasionally, at least in following
2/3. A bright streak seemed to run
transversely across neb."
******************************
NGC 3068 = Arp
174 NED2 = UGC 5353b = MCG +05-24-006 NED2 = CGCG 153-006 = PGC 28815
09 58 40.1 +28
52 39
V = 14.3; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 14.1
24"
(3/28/17): at 260x; fairly faint, fairly small, contains a small bright core,
~15" diameter. The oval halo
has a very low surface brightness and appears to extend ~25"x18" E-W.
NGC 3068 is the
brighter of a close, interacting pair with NGC 3068 NED1 = PGC 87670 just
36" SE (between centers). The
companion was extremely to very faint, round, only 10" diameter at most. Although I couldn't hold this compact
galaxy continuously (V = 15.6), it was often visible. There was no sign of a connection between the pair or the
long, diffuse tidal tail to the southwest.
17.5"
(4/18/98): extremely faint, very small, round, 20" diameter (much smaller
than listed dimensions). A mag 12.5 star is 2.8' N. No details were visible (viewed through thin clouds) and the
fainter companion 35" SW was not seen.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3068 = H III-293 on 12 Mar 1785 (sweep 385) and
recorded"suspected, eF, eS, stellar. 240 left it doubtful, but showed the
same suspicious nebulous which other stars of equal size were free
from." His position is 6' N
of UGC 5353. Dreyer has a note in
the NGC that Auwers' reduction was incorrect due to a error in the identification
of the offset star in Philosophical Transactions.
******************************
NGC 3069 = IC
580 = MCG +02-26-005 = CGCG 064-010 = PGC 28788
09 57 56.7 +10
25 57
V = 14.1; Size 0.8'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.6
13.1"
(4/10/86): very faint, very small.
Located on a line with NGC 3070 5.0' SSE and 30" pair of mag
13/14.5 stars 2' NNW.
J.L.E. Dreyer
discovered NGC 3069 on 15 Mar 1877 as LdR's assistant. While observing NGC 3070 he noted
"5' nnp is an object which I have little doubt is a vF, vS, neb, perhaps
lE. Clouds." At his
separation and direction is CGCG 064-010 = PGC 28788.
Stephane Javelle
independently discovered this galaxy on 22 Mar 1892 and recorded J. 1-175 as
"pF, vS, iF". His
position is very close north of NGC 3069.
CGCG labels this galaxy IC 580, but it is clear NGC 3069 = IC 580. See Harold Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 3070 = UGC
5350 = MCG +02-26-006 = CGCG 064-011 = PGC 28796
09 58 06.9 +10
21 35
V = 12.3; Size 1.4'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.1
13.1" (4/10/86):
fairly faint, small, round, prominent core, stellar nucleus. Located 13' WSW of mag 7.7 SAO
98881. Forms a pair with NGC 3069
5.0' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3070 = H II-59 = h659 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 172) and recorded
"vS, cometic; There is a vB star in the fiedl with it and the nebula is
the 4th in a row from the bright star both included; the two stars between are
small." JH noted "pB;
pL; R; gbM; 40"." and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3071 = CGCG
153-008 = PGC 28825
09 58 53.1 +31
37 12
V = 14.3; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 176d
18"
(3/11/07): very faint, extremely small, round, 0.2' diameter (core region?),
very faint stellar nucleus with direct vision. Located 33' SW of 5.4-magnitude 20 Leonis Majoris. Forms a pair with very compact CGCG
153-009 6.8' NE.
Johann Palisa
discovered NGC 3071 on 10 Mar 1886 with the 12-inch refractor at Vienna
University Observatory. His micrometric position in AN 2782 matches CGCG
153-008 = PGC 28825.
******************************
NGC 3072 = ESO
566-033 = MCG -03-26-001 = PGC 28749
09 57 23.9 -19
21 18
V = 12.7; Size 1.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 71d
17.5"
(3/16/96): faint, very elongated WSW-ENE, 1.2'x0.4', very small brighter core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3072 = H III-273 = h3206 on 7 Feb 1785 (sweep 368) and noted
"eF, vS, irr." His
position is within 1' of ESO 566-033 = PGC 28749. JH made two observations at the Cape, logging on sweep 561
"vF; E; glbM; 60" l; 50" br."
******************************
NGC 3073 = UGC
5374 = MCG +09-17-007 = CGCG 265-054 = CGCG 266-006 = Mrk 131 = Holm 156b =PGC
28974
10 00 52.0 +55
37 07
V = 13.4; Size 1.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(3/12/88): faint, small, round.
Located 10' WSW of NGC 3079.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3073 = H III-853, along with NGC 3079, on 1 Apr 1790 (sweep 955)
and logged "vF, S, vglbM."
CH's reduced position is 8 tsec west of UGC 5374.
******************************
NGC 3074 = UGC
5366 = MCG +06-22-047 = CGCG 182-054 = PGC 28888
09 59 41.2 +35
23 34
V = 12.7; Size 2.3'x2.1'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 145d
17.5"
(4/18/98): faint, moderately large, round. Appears as a diffuse, low surface brightness glow, ~1.5'
diameter with only a weak concentration to a slightly brighter core. A mag 14.5 star lies 1.9' NE of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3074 = H III-542 = h660 on 28 Mar 1786 (sweep 549) and recorded
"cF, L, iF. Part of it 5'
long and 4' br." CH's reduced
position is 8 sec of RA preceding UGC 5366, although his size estimate is much
too large. JH's position (used in
NGC) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3075 = UGC
5360 = MCG +03-26-009 = CGCG 093-012 = PGC 28833
09 58 56.2 +14
25 07
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 135d
17.5"
(1/23/88): fairly faint, fairly small, oval NW-SE. A mag 14 star is involved at the NNW end 0.6' from center
and a mag 15 star is close off the east side 1.5' ESE of center. Located 2.9' NW of a mag 10 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3075 = h3207 on 18 Mar 1836 and recorded "vvF; forms an
appendage to a star 14 mag; a star 11 mag follows." His position is
accurate. This is one of 3 galaxies he discovered that night in Leo.
******************************
NGC 3076 = ESO
566-034 = MCG -03-26-002 = PGC 28766
09 57 37.6 -18
10 43
V = 13.1; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(3/16/96): faint, small, round, 35" diameter, even surface
brightness. Located 50" S of
a mag 13 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3076 = h3208 on 12 Feb 1836 and logged "eF, S, R,
15"." His RA is 33 tsec
too large.
******************************
NGC 3077 = UGC
5398 = MCG +12-10-017 = CGCG 333-01 = KTG 28C = PGC 29146
10 03 19.1 +68
44 02
V = 9.9; Size 5.4'x4.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 45d
24"
(4/20/14): at 260x appeared very bright, very large, oval 4:3 SW-NE, large
bright core, gradually increases to a small brighter inner core and
occasionally a faint stellar nucleus.
The outer halo seems brighter or more extensive on the north-following
side and gradually fades, so the periphery has a very low surface
brightness. Two similar unequal
doubles are in the field: ·1400 = 8.0/9.8 at 3.4" lies 3.8' NW and ·1398 =
8.1/11.4 at 3.6" lies
10".
17.5"
(3/23/85): fairly bright, fairly large outer halo elongated SW-NE, increases to
brighter core. Mag 7.9 SAO 15054
(·1400 = 8.0/9.8 at 3.4") lies off the NW side 3.8' from the center. Located 45' ESE of M81 (member of the
M81 group).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3077 = H I-286 = h658 on 8 Nov 1801 (sweep 1100) and remarked
"vB, cL, R, vgmbM. On the north-following side there is a faint ray
interrupting the roundness."
CH's reduced position is 8' too far south. Wilhelm Struve independently found the galaxy in 1825 or
1826 and included in his list of 9 "Nebulae dectae" in an appendix to
his main catalogue of double stars (· 3).
JH's position was accurate in dec, but 1 min of RA too far west. Ralph Copeland, observing with LdR's
72" on 26 Dec 1873, noted "vB, L, R, comet like with 2 streams of
neby towards the south."
******************************
NGC 3078 = ESO
499-027 = MCG -04-24-009 = PGC 28806
09 58 24.5 -26
55 36
V = 11.1; Size 2.5'x2.1'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 177d
17.5"
(2/28/87): moderately bright, fairly small, very bright core, slightly
elongated halo, stellar nucleus.
NGC 3084 is 15' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3078 = H II-268 = h3209 on 9 Dec 1784 (sweep 676) and recorded
"F, S, R, a bright point in the middle or cometic." JH loigged "B, R, gmbM,
30"."
******************************
NGC 3079 = UGC
5387 = MCG +09-17-010 = CGCG 266-008 = Holm 156a = PGC 29050
10 01 57.3 +55
40 54
V = 10.9; Size 7.9'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 165d
48"
(4/18/15): I made another short observation of this remarkable asymmetric
edge-on at 375x and 488x before observing the Twin Quasars, which lie 14'
NNW. The brightest portions of
this 6:1 edge-on NNW-SSE is warped and bowed out towards the east in the very
bright central section. An intense nucleus is within this central section,
though offset to the east of center.
The west side of the central section is irregular in surface brightness
due to dust. The northern
extention thins and has a slight bend on the north end, beyond a mag 14 star. On the south side is a bright streak,
but to the east of this streak and further south the galaxy is dusty and
sections of the galaxy appear to be highly obscured. Two mag 14 stars are off the west side of the galaxy and mag
9.6 HD 237858 is 3.5' SE of center.
48"
(4/6/13): I only took a quick look at this gorgeous showpiece edge-on at
375x. The entire length of the
galaxy appeared very mottled, clumpy and dusty, although there was no distinct
dust lane. The shape is irregular
and sharply rises to an intense, very elongated 4:1 core that bulges and
appears offset from the geometric center.
A mag 14 star is superimposed on the north side and SDSS
J100200.73+554247.0, an extremely faint galaxy (V = 18.6), was glimpsed 1.2' E.
18"
(3/13/10): fascinating view at 280x.
NGC 3079 appeared very bright, edge-on 5:1 NNW-SSE, 7'x1.4'. The galaxy extends a little bit beyond
a mag 13 star near the north tip of the galaxy and on the south end the galaxy
extends beyond a line drawn between mag 9.6 HD 237858 off the SE end and a mag
13.5 star to the west of the southern extension. Contains a bright elongated 4:1 core, which appears clumpy
and mottled with a noticeable irregular surface brightness. The NNW extension is tilted further
towards the west than the core, so appears misaligned. In addition, the south extension
appears warped or has a missing portion on the eastern side probably due to
dust, so the entire galaxy has a bent, very striking asymmetric appearance.
17.5"
(3/12/88): very bright, large, edge-on 6:1 NNW-SSE, bright core. Forms a trio with NGC 3073 10' WSW and
MCG +09-17-009 6' NW (noted as "very faint, very small, round.") To the south is a triangle of bright
stars; mag 9.0 SAO 27486 7' SE, mag 8.3 SAO 27476 6' SSW and mag 9.1 SAO 27482
3.3' SE of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3079 = H V-47, along with NGC 3073, on 1 Apr 1790 (sweep 955)
and recorded "cB or vB, mE from np to sf, about 8' l and 2' br,
vgmbM." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 3080 = UGC
5372 = MCG +02-26-015 = CGCG 064-025 = Mrk 1243 = PGC 28910
09 59 55.9 +13
02 37
V = 13.4; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(3/29/97): faint, small, round, 40" diameter, weak even concentration to a
slightly brighter core. A mag 13.5
star lies 2.1' WSW. IC 585,
located 4.4' SSW, appeared faint, small, round, bright core, 40" diameter. IC 585 is very similar in size and
magnitude to NGC 3080 and surprisingly, possibly easier visually due a brighter
core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3080 = H III-934 on 1 Apr 1794 while observing Uranus, the
"Georgian Planet". It is
not recorded in CH's "fair copy" of WH's sweeps and found while the
telescope was out of the meridian.
His offset from Uranus (I used sky-simulation software for the 1794
position of Uranus) is within 1.5' of UGC 5372. Bigourdan noted the NGC position was 12 seconds of RA too
large and measured an accurate position (repeated in the IC 2 Notes).
******************************
NGC 3081 = IC
2529 = ESO 499-031 = MCG -04-24-012 = PGC 28876
09 59 29.5 -22
49 35
V = 12.0; Size 2.1'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 158d
48"
(4/18/15): this beautiful resonant ring galaxy was viewed at 488x and
610x. It is very sharply
concentrated with a very bright, roundish core (slightly oval at 610x) core
that gradually increases to a stellar nucleus. The surface brightness drops significantly in the inner
halo, but then brightens at the edge to a well defined oval ring, extending 5:3
WSW-ENE, 1.3'x0.8'. The ring is
fairly narrow and brightens slightly at the ends of the major axis (southwest
and northeast ends). This is a
very distinctive object! The core
itself contains a barred spiral ring, but this feature was not seen.
17.5"
(3/28/87): moderately bright, fairly small, very bright compact core, possible
stellar nucleus. The fainter oval
halo is extended E-W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3081 = H III-596 on 21 Dec 1786 (sweep 660) and recorded
"vF, S, lbM. South of a
triangle of unequal small stars." CH's reduced position is 7 seconds of
time west of ESO 499-031.
Lewis Swift
independently discovered this galaxy on 11 Apr 1898 and recorded it in list
XI-103 (later IC 2529) as "eeF; eS; eF * in contact." His position is just 1' south of ESO
499-031, though Corwin notes that there is no star in contact. So, NGC 3081 = IC 2529.
******************************
NGC 3082 = ESO
435-018 = MCG -05-24-011 = PGC 28829
09 58 53.0 -30
21 27
V = 12.5; Size 1.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 26d
17.5"
(3/16/96): fairly faint, small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 0.8'x0.4'. A pleasing pair of mag 13 stars
(oriented N-S) is just off the NE end.
A thin, faint, edge-on galaxy (ESO 435-019), lies 7' NNE (see notes).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3082 = h3210 on 30 Mar 1835 and recorded "vF, S, R, close
to a double star. Requires verifying." His position and description matches ESO 435-018.
******************************
NGC 3083 = MCG
+00-26-002 = CGCG 008-011 = WBL 248-001 = PGC 28900
09 59 49.6 -02
52 40
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 50d
17.5"
(3/16/96): faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 SW-NE, 0.8'x0.3'. A group of ~10 stars mag 12-14 lies a
few arcmin NE. Located at NW end
of NGC 3090 group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3083 = m 188 on 22 Jan 1865 and noted "eF, S, E." His position matches CGCG 008-011 = PGC
28900. In a group of galaxies
discovered by Marth.
******************************
NGC 3084 = ESO
499-029 = MCG -04-24-010 = IC 2528? = PGC 28841
09 59 06.4 -27
07 44
V = 12.3; Size 1.7'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 2d
17.5"
(2/28/87): fairly faint, small, round, bright core. A mag 13 star is off the SE end 25" from center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3084 = h3211 on 26 Mar 1835 and recorded "vF, S, R,
attached to a star 13m sf." His position and description matches ESO
499-029. MCG doesn't label this
galaxy as NGC 3084.
Lewis Swift's
possibly found this galaxy on 28 Dec 1897 and recorded Sw. XI-102 as
"eeeF; eeS; R; double star south; 3078 in field; ee diff." His position is 30 sec of RA west and
3.5' south of NGC 3084 and his description doesn't help (a single star is
attached to the galaxy and a 5" faint unequal pair is 2.5' SE), so the
identification of IC 2528 with NGC 3084 is uncertain, though it is suggested by
Harold Corwin.
******************************
NGC 3085 = ESO
566-038 = MCG -03-26-003 = PGC 28875
09 59 29.2 -19
29 32
V = 13.0; Size 1.2'x0.4'; Surf Br = 11.9; PA = 119d
13.1"
(4/10/86): faint, very small, elongated WNW-ESE. NGC 3091 lies 12' SE.
Member of the NGC 3091 Group, of which HCG 42 is the core.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3085 = h3212 on 23 Mar 1835 and recorded "vF; vS; R. PD liable to some
uncertainty." His position is
1.5' south of ESO 566-038. Herbert
Howe observed the galaxy in 1899-00 with a 20" refractor and noted
"this is called "R" by h, but it seems to be much elongated at
90¡."
******************************
NGC 3086 = MCG
+00-26-003 = CGCG 008-012 = WBL 248-002 = PGC 28924
10 00 10.9 -02
58 34
V = 13.9; Size 1.1'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 145d
17.5"
(3/16/96): very faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, low even surface
brightness. Located 4.8' WSW of
NGC 3090 at the west side of the NGC 3090 group.
17.5"
(4/4/92): extremely faint, small, round, averted only. Located 5' WSW of NGC 3090 in a group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3086 = m 189 on 22 Jan 1865 and recorded "eF, S, iR."
His position matches CGCG 008-012 = PGC 28924. Not found by Bigourdan.
******************************
NGC 3087 = ESO
374-015 = MCG -06-22-005 = PGC 28845
09 59 08.7 -34
13 31
V = 11.6; Size 2.5'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 42d
17.5"
(3/28/87): moderately bright, very small, small bright core, fainter halo. Bracketed by two mag 12/13 stars.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3087 = h3213 on 2 Feb 1835 and recorded "pB; S; R; pmbM;
between 2 st 13m." His
position matches ESO 374-015.
******************************
NGC 3088 = NGC
3088A = UGC 5384 = MCG +04-24-010 = CGCG 123-013 = PGC 28997
10 01 08.4 +22
24 20
V = 13.7; Size 0.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.0
17.5"
(4/9/94): fairly faint, very small, high surface brightness, possibly elongated
~E-W, either a stellar nucleus or a very faint star superimposed. A string of four collinear stars mag
11.5-13.3 is SW; the closest is a mag 12 star 4.8' WSW and the farther two
forms a nice wide double (12.4/13.3 at 35"). There is an impression of faint haze off the SE end of
galaxy which creates a sense of elongation. On the POSS, this is a double system – the "faint
haze" off the SE end is actually an edge-on contact system MCG +04-24-010
= NGC 3088B.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3088 = H III-24 = h661 on 12 Mar 1784 (sweep 166) and recorded
"I suspect a vS nebula.
[Higher power] rather confirmed it, but still left a doubt." His
position is 8 sec of RA east of this double system. The observation at Birr Castle on 16 Feb 1860 by Samuel
Hunter mentioned "I think there are two wings, spp and sff." These probably refer to the two
components.
The
components have dimensions a)
0.9'x0.8' and b) 0.7'x0.2' and are listed separately as MCG +04-24-010 = NGC
3088a and MCG +04-24-011 = NGC 3088b.
******************************
NGC 3089 = ESO
435-024 = MCG -05-24-014 = PGC 28882
09 59 36.5 -28
19 53
V = 12.4; Size 1.8'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 139d
17.5"
(2/28/87): fairly faint, small, round, diffuse. Unusual appearance as four or five faint stars involved,
most near the east end. Located
2.2' W of mag 7.9 SAO 178285.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3089 = h3214 on 5 Feb 1837 and recorded "pF; R; 60"
has 2 or 3 vS stars involved, and a *8 m; 2' dist, foll[owing." His position is 1' N of ESO 435-024 and
his description is a perfect match.
******************************
NGC 3090 = MCG
+00-26-005 = CGCG 008-016 = WBL 248-003 = PGC 28945
10 00 30.2 -02
58 06
V = 12.6; Size 1.7'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 90d
17.5"
(3/16/96): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, 0.5'x0.4' NW-SE, small
bright core. Located 34" S of
a mag 11 star.
17.5"
(4/4/92): fairly faint, small, round, bright core. A mag 10.5 star is at the north edge 33" from center
which detracts from viewing.
Brightest in a group of six NGC galaxies (MKW 1) with NGC 3086 5' WSW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3090 = m 190 on 22 Jan 1865 and noted "vF, vS." His position matches CGCG 008-016 = PGC
28945. In a group of galaxies
discovered by Marth.
******************************
NGC 3091 = HCG
42A = ESO 566-041 = MCG -03-26-007 = PGC 28927
10 00 14.1 -19
38 11
V = 11.1; Size 3.0'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 149d
48"
(4/1/11): extremely bright, large, oval 4:3 NNW-SSE, ~2.2'x1.5', sharply
concentrated with a brilliant core that increases to the center. Brightest of four in HCG 42 with two
additional fainter galaxies noted in the group (PGC 852084 and PGC
852825). HCG 42C = MCG -03-26-006
is the closest member at 1.25' NW, barely off the edge of the halo.
24"
(2/9/13): very bright, fairly large, oval 4:3 NNW-SSE, sharply concentrated
with a very bright core and a very large fainter halo, extending ~2'x1.5'. HCG 42C is just off NW edge of the
halo.
17.5"
(3/28/87): bright, moderately large, very small bright core, slightly elongated
halo NW-SE. A 14th magnitude
"star" 1.3' NW is actually the compact galaxy MCG -03-26-006. Brightest in HCG 42 including NGC 3096
4.7' SE.
13.1"
(4/10/86): moderately bright, small, round, very bright core, substellar
nucleus, very faint star close NW.
Brightest in HCG 42.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3091 = H II-293 = h3215 on 7 Feb 1785 (sweep 368) and recorded
"pB, S, bM, iR." JH
called this galaxy "pB; pS; the preceding of two [with NGC 3096].
******************************
NGC 3092 = MCG
+00-26-008 = CGCG 008-019 = WBL 248-005 = PGC 28967
10 00 47.4 -03
00 45
V = 13.3; Size 1.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 30d
17.5"
(3/16/96): extremely faint, small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 0.8'x0.4', very low
surface brightness. A mag 13 star
lies 1.7' SE and a mag 12 star 2' N.
Located 5' SE of NGC 3090 in a group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3092 = m 191 on 22 Jan 1865 and noted "eF, S". His position is 2.5' south of CGCG
008-019 = PGC 28967. His offset is
a bit odd since nearby NGC 3093 was accurate in declination. Not found by Bigourdan.
******************************
NGC 3093 = MCG
+00-26-007 = CGCG 008-021 = WBL 248-006 = PGC 28977
10 00 53.5 -02
58 20
V = 14.2; Size 0.7'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 50d
17.5"
(3/16/96): faint, extremely small, round, 15" diameter with a hint of a
small halo. Located in the NGC
3090 group 5.8' due east of NGC 3090 among a small group of stars. A mag 10.5 star is 2.8' NW, a mag 13
star 2' SE and a mag 12 star 2.2' WSW.
NGC 3092 lies 2.9' SW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3093 = m 192 on 22 Jan 1865 and noted "eF, vS". His positin matches CGCG 008-021 = PGC
28977 in the NGC 3090 group.
******************************
NGC 3094 = UGC
5390 = MCG +03-26-015 = CGCG 093-023 = PGC 29009
10 01 26.0 +15
46 13
V = 12.3; Size 2.0'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 75d
17.5" (1/23/88):
moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE, brighter core. A mag 10 star is attached at the SE end
0.6' from center. Located 6.2' NNE
of mag 7.8 SAO 98897.
Johann Palisa
discovered NGC 3094 on 31 Dec 1885 with the 12-inch refractor at Vienna
University Observatory. His
micrometric position in AN 2732 matches UGC 5390.
******************************
NGC 3095 = ESO
435-026 = MCG -05-24-016 = UGCA 192 = PGC 28919
10 00 05.6 -31
33 08
V = 11.7; Size 3.5'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 126d
17.5"
(3/28/87): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE. A mag 12 star is off the preceding side
1.0' from the center. Appears
brighter on the west end or an extremely faint star is involved. NGC 3100 lies 11' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3095 = h3216 on 16 Feb 1836, along with NGC 3100 = h3218, and
recorded "F; L; E; vglbM; 3' l; 2' br." His position and description applies to ESO 435-026.
******************************
NGC 3096 = HCG
42B = ESO 566-042 = MCG -03-26-008 = PGC 28950
10 00 33.1 -19
39 43
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 170d
48"
(4/1/11): this member of HCG 42 appeared fairly bright, moderately large, oval
4:3, 0.9'x0.7', sharply concentrated with a bright core that increases to a
stellar nucleus. A mag 12 star
lies 1.5' NW and a mag 10.6 star is 1.8' NW. Forms a pair with fainter PGC 852084 1.3' SW (not included
by Hickson). The mag 12 star, NGC
3096, PGC 852084 and a mag 13.8 star are collinear and nearly equally spaced on
a 3.7' line oriented NE to SW.
24"
(2/9/13): fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1
WSW-ENE, 24"x12" (central bar), very small brighter nucleus. The larger, low surface brightness halo
was not seen. Located 1.5' SW of a
mag 11.5 star and 1.8' SE of a mag 10.6 star.
17.5"
(3/28/87): faint, weak concentration, visible with direct vision. Located 4.7' ESE of NGC 3091 in HCG 42.
13"
(4/10/86): extremely faint, small, round, requires averted. Located 5' ESE of NGC 3091.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3096 = h3217 on 23 Mar 1835 and recorded "eF; R; lbM;
follows II 293 [NGC 3091]. (Place
somewhat uncertain.)" His
position is 7 sec of RA east 1.5' north of ESO 566-042.
******************************
NGC 3097
10 04 18 +60 08
=Not found,
Corwin.
Edward P. Austin
discovered NGC 3097 = HN 39 in 1870 at the Harvard College Observatory with the
15" f/18 Merz refractor (Annals of Harvard Observatory, Vol 13, 177) Austin recorded both NGC 3102 = H
III-916 and NGC 3097 on the same date; "[NGC 3102] sf neb; p45 deg, s
2'. Place only
approximate." Although his
position is 2' northwest of NGC 3102, his position angle is 45 degrees
(northeast). In the notes section,
Pickering states "perhaps a nebulous star. It is halfway between GC 1998 and a star 11m." In any case there is nothing in either
position so this object is probably nonexistent or a star. See Corwin's identification notes.
RNGC
misidentifies NGC 3097 as a duplicate of NGC 3102.
******************************
NGC 3098 = UGC
5397 = MCG +04-24-012 = CGCG 123-014 = PGC 29067
10 02 16.7 +24
42 40
V = 12.0; Size 2.3'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 90d
13.1":
moderately bright, very elongated 3:1 E-W, brighter core.
8"
(4/24/82): faint, small, very elongated E-W.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3098 = h663 on 19 Feb 1827 and logged "pB; S; mE in
parallel; 30" l, 10" br; bM to nucleus." His position and description matches
UGC 5397.
******************************
NGC 3099 = MCG
+06-22-059/058 = CGCG 182-064 = Holm 160a = PGC 29088
10 02 36.5 +32 42
25
V = 14.8; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(4/9/94): very faint, small, round, easily held with direct vision, very weak
even concentration down to a slightly brighter nucleus. A mag 15 star is 2.7' N. Located 17' WNW of mag 7.6 SAO
61840. Forms a double system with
MCG +06-22-058 = Ho 160b 1.4' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3099 = H III-478 = h664 on 7 Dec 1785 (sweep 487) and noted
"eF, S, left doubtful."
His position is accurate. JH's position on sweep 337 matches CGCG
182-064 = PGC 29088. This is a
double system at 1.3' separation.
******************************
NGC 3100 = NGC
3103 = ESO 435-030 = MCG -05-24-018 = PGC 28960
10 00 40.8 -31
39 52
V = 11.1; Size 3.2'x1.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 154d
48"
(5/12/12): very bright, fairly large, oval 5:3 NNW-SSE, ~2.0'x1.2', sharply
concentrated with a very bright oval core that gradually increases to the
center. Three stars are close
following; two mag 10.5/12 stars 1.3' E and 1.5' SE, with a closer mag 14 star
0.9' SE of center. We took a look
at NGC 3100 because an uncatalogued companion (not found in NED or HyperLeda)
is just 0.9' SE. At 488x the
companion was easily visible and appeared fairly faint, small, very elongated
3:1 SW-NE, ~21"x7", situated just north of the mag 14 star.
17.5"
(3/28/87): moderately bright, small, round, bright core. Two mag 10/11.5 stars are 1.3' E and
1.5' SE (30" separation N-S).
NGC 3095 lies 11' NW and NGC 3108 23' E.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3100 = h3218, along with NGC 3095 = h3216, on 16 Feb 1836 and
recorded "pB, R, 30", gpmbM." His position is accurate.
Lewis Swift
probably found NGC 3103 on 27 Feb 1886 and recorded it in list III-53. His position is 50 sec of RA east and
1' south of NGC 3100. See notes on
NGC 3103.
******************************
NGC 3101 = MCG
+00-26-011 = CGCG 008-024 = WBL 248-007 = PGC 29025
10 01 35.4 -02
59 40
V = 14.4; Size 1.0'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 150d
18"
(3/11/07): very faint, small, elongated ~2:1 NNW-SSE, 0.5'x0.2', very weak
concentration. A small group of 4
NGC galaxies with brightest member NGC 3090 lies 10' to 20' W.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3101 = m 193 on 22 Jan 1865 and noted "eF". His position matches CGCG 008-024. A tight group of four NGC galaxies
found by Marth lies 15' west.
******************************
NGC 3102 = UGC
5418 = MCG +10-15-007 = CGCG 289-030 = CGCG 290-004 = PGC 29220
10 04 31.7 +60
06 29
V = 13.3; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.6
17.5"
(3/12/88): fairly faint, very small, round, bright core, faint stellar nucleus. A mag 11 star is 7.0' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3102 = H III-916 = h662 on 9 Apr 1793 (sweep 1039) and recorded
"eF, vS, stellar neb. Near a
small star. I wished to see it with
a higher power, but it was too far advanced." CH's reduced position is 2.4' southwest of UGC 5418. JH
reported it as "F; vS; R; bM; a coarse double star nf points to it; has a
*11m 30" distance, pos 142.2¡."
His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3103 = NGC
3100 = ESO 435-030 = MCG -05-24-018 = PGC 28960
10 00 40.8 -31
39 52
See observing
notes for NGC 3100
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 3103 = Sw III-53 on 27 Feb 1886 and recorded "eF; pL; R;
coarse D * nr p; [NGC 3108] in field.
There is nothing at his position, but 50 seconds of time preceding and
1' north is NGC 3100. The coarse
double star he mentions, though, follows the galaxy. Herbert Howe examined the field in 1899-00 and reported that
Swift "saw 3100, but did not take its place with sufficient
accuracy." So, NGC 3100 = NGC
3103, with NGC 3100 the primary designation.
******************************
NGC 3104 = Arp
264 = VV 119 = UGC 5414 = MCG +07-21-007 = CGCG 211-006 = PGC 29186
10 03 57.3 +40
45 25
V = 13.1; Size 3.3'x2.2'; Surf Br = 15.1; PA = 35d
17.5"
(4/18/98): faint, moderately large, ~1.5'-2' diameter although seems irregular
in shape. Appears as a low but
irregular surface brightness glow with a mag 13 star embedded at the south
edge. Unusual appearance and could
be mistaken for a reflection nebula around the star. With averted vision a fainter outer halo "grows"
at times to 2.5' diameter nearly to a mag 14 star off the NE edge.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3104 = H IV-48 = h665 on 18 Mar 1787 (sweep 716) and logged
"a vF star affected with vF nebulosity. E from sp to nf about 1' long. With 300 the same." CH's reduced position is 14 sec
east of Arp 264.
******************************
NGC 3105 = ESO
167-SC014 = Cr 214
10 00 40 -54 47
18
V = 9.7; Size 2'
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly bright compact cluster of
just 2.5' diameter with 15 stars resolved at 200x. Using 350x the total increases to ~20 stars in a 2.5'
region. A close unequal double is
close west of center. A 25"
pair of mag 11.5 stars lies 3' NE.
Located 3' NW of a mag 9.6 star.
Located 36' ESE of mag 3.5 Phi Velorum.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3105 = h3219 on 10 Apr 1834 and recorded "a small close
clustering knot of stars 13-16 mag; oval; a great train of stars 12..13 mag on
the S.p. side." HIs position
is an exact match with this small cluster. Trumpler (Lick Obs Bul, Vol 14, No.
420) gives the diameter as 2.5' and the class as 2 2 p.
******************************
NGC 3106 = UGC
5419 = MCG +05-24-009 = CGCG 153-013 = PGC 29196
10 04 05.2 +31
11 07
V = 12.4; Size 1.8'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(4/9/94): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 1.2' diameter, sharply
concentrated with faint halo and abrupt bright nucleus. A mag 13.7 star is 2.7' N of
center. Situated almost at the
midpoint of a mag 11.5 star 5.3' WNW and a mag 12 star 4.9' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3106 = H II-320 = h666 on 13 Mar 1785 (sweep 386) and logged
"F, pS, R, lbM." JH
noted "F; S; R; smbM; is equal to a * 12m." His position matches UGC 5419.
******************************
NGC 3107 = UGC
5425 = MCG +02-26-022 = CGCG 064-048 = PGC 29209
10 04 22.4 +13
37 17
V = 13.4; Size 0.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 140d
17.5"
(1/23/88): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated NW-SE. Located 1.8' NW of mag 8.1 SAO 98932.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3107 = H II-898 on 22 Mar 1794 (not in CH's fair copy of the
sweep records) while observing Uranus, which was used as a reference star. His description in his 3rd catalogue
reads "By coarse estimation. F. 3' north of a pL red star. This nebula was seen at 8h 49m,
sidereal time, the telescope being out of the meridian [observing
Uranus]."
Three
observations were made at Birr Castle.
The RA is very close in the GC to UGC 5425 (6 tsec too far west),
although the dec is ~7' too far south. In the 17 Mar 1876 observation at Birr
Castle, the position is discussed and it states the RA is 54 sec too large in
the GC (due to a misidentification of a red star close south of the
galaxy). So, Dreyer's position in
the NGC is 48 tsec too far east!
UGC, CGCG and
MCG do not label their entries as NGC 3107. See Corwin's notes for a complete discussion.
******************************
NGC 3108 = ESO
435-032 = MCG -05-24-019 = PGC 29076
10 02 29.1 -31
40 36
V = 11.8; Size 2.5'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 110d
17.5"
(4/9/94): fairly faint, small, elongated 4:3 ~E-W, weakly concentrated. Located 1.5' NE of a mag 10.5
star. Two mag 14 stars are 0.9' NE
and 1.1' NW. NGC 3100 lies 23' W.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3108 = h3220 on 28 Jan 1835 and noted "F; S; R; lbM;
15"." His position
(measured on two sweeps) matches ESO 435-032 = PGC 29076.
******************************
NGC 3109 = ESO
499-036 = MCG -04-24-013 = UGCA 194 = PGC 29128
10 03 07 -26 09
30
V = 9.9; Size 19.1'x3.7'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 93d
48"
(5/4/16): fairly bright, very large, very elongated 6:1 E-W, ~15'x2.5'. Contains a large brighter irregular
core region but no nucleus. A mag
12.5 star is superimposed near the center and a number of fainter stars are
superimposed. Overall the surface
brightness is fairly low but patchy with several very small knots.
Near the
southwest edge of the galaxy, 3.9' WSW of the mag 12.5 star, is a faint
12" knot, identified in SIMBAD as [BCP93] F3 H2 from the 1993 paper
"The dwarf galaxy NGC 3109. I - The data". A faint 10" knot, listed as [BCP93] F1 H3, is 1.1' NW
of the same star and another quasi-stellar knot (perhaps a faint star) is close
northwest of the star. Finally, on
the southeast flank of the galaxy is a faint larger patch, perhaps
15"-20", catalogued as [BCP93] F5 H1.
17.5"
(2/28/87): fairly faint, very large, very elongated 4:1 E-W, diffuse. Appears as a low surface brightness
streak with very weak concentration.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3109 = h3221 on 26 Mar 1835 and recorded "vF; vL; 12' l; 2'
br; lbM; pos of axis 82.3¡. See
pl. V. fig 9." His position
and description and sketch (Plate V, figure 9) matches this large edge-on.
Although Sidney
van den Bergh concluded in his 2000 book "The Galaxies of the Local
Group" that NGC 3109 was just outside the local group, recent papers
assume this galaxy (along with Sextans A, Sextans B and the Antlia dwarf) is at
a distance of 4.2 million light, on the outskirts of the Local Group.
******************************
NGC 3110 = NGC
3122 = NGC 3518 = MCG -01-26-014 = PGC 29192
10 04 02.0 -06
28 29
V = 12.7; Size 1.8'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 5d
17.5"
(3/25/95): fairly faint, fairly small, oval 3:2 NNW-SSE, broad weak
concentration. A mag 13.5 star is
40" NW of center and a mag 14 star lies 1.7' S. Forms a close (interacting) pair with MCG -01-26-013 1.8'
SW.
ƒdouard Stephan
independently discovered NGC 3110 = St XIII-54 on 17 Mar 1884. His position matches MCG -01-26-014 =
PGC 29192 (Esmiol's re-reduced position is within a few arc seconds).
This galaxy was
discovered by WH (II-305 = GC 2011 = NGC 3122) on 5 Mar 1785. The GC and NGC positions are incorrect,
though, as Herschel's position was reduced using the wrong offset star. When corrected, II-305 is an exact
match with NGC 3110. Based on
historical precedence, NGC 3122 should be the primary designation, though
modern catalogues use NGC 3110 as Stephan's position was accurate.
This galaxy was
found again by Ormond Stone (I-182) on 31 Dec 1885 and recorded in list I-182. But Stone made a 1 hour error in RA
(confirmed by Corwin on Stone's discovery sketch). Dreyer assumed this was a new object and catalogued it again
as NGC 3518. Once Stone's error is
corrected, NGC 3122 = NGC 3110 = NGC 3518. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 3111 = UGC
5441 = MCG +08-19-002 = CGCG 240-007 = PGC 29338
10 06 07.4 +47
15 45
V = 13.0; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.5
17.5"
(4/15/99): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter. Weak concentration to center, very
faint stellar nucleus at moments.
Forms eastern vertex of an equilateral triangle with two mag 11/11.5
stars 4.3' SW and 4.0' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3111 = h667 on 17 Mar 1828 and noted "pB; R; smbM;
20"." His mean position
from 3 sweeps matches UGC 5441.
******************************
NGC 3112 = ESO
567-011 = PGC 29189
10 03 59.0 -20
46 56
V = 15.1; Size 1.1'x0.2'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 47d
24"
(2/22/14): extremely faint and small, round, 10" diameter. Although only visible part of the time,
the observation was confirmed.
Confusing the observation is a mag 16 star 40" NW that was slightly
easier to view than the galaxy and it was difficult to view both objects
simultaneously.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 3112 = LM I-163 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory. His rough
position (nearest minute of RA) is only 2.7' east of ESO 567-011 = PGC 29189.
******************************
NGC 3113 = ESO
435-035 = MCG -05-24-021 = UGCA 158 = PGC 29216
10 04 26.2 -28
26 36
V = 12.7; Size 3.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 87d
17.5"
(4/15/99): this galaxy was surprisingly difficult due to clouds low in the
south obscuring the view. Appeared
extremely faint, small, round, required averted vision. Viewed only the core of this galaxy as
appeared no more than 40" in size [described as 3' diameter by John
Herschel]. Forms an obtuse angle
with mag 7.5 SAO 178366 4.5' NNW and mag 8 SAO 178361 7.5' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3113 = h3222 on 5 Feb 1837 and recorded "eF, L, 3'; makes
an obtuse angled triangle, with 2 stars 8 mag; one nearly on the parallel, the
other nearly north." His
position and description matches ESO 435-035.
******************************
NGC 3114 = Cr
215 = Mel 98
10 02 30 -60 07
48
V = 4.2; Size 35'
18" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this very bright naked-eye cluster measures
some 35'-40' in diameter and is framed beautifully in a 50' field with the 27mm
Panoptic. The cluster contains a
couple of long curving chains of brighter stars, one forming a huge
"U" shaped arc. There
are several pretty smaller groupings and star chains including a striking
equilateral triangle of nearly equal mag stars just north of center, consisting
of mag 9.2/9.4/10 stars at 20"/22"/27". Two mag 6-7 stars (brightest mag 6.2 HD
87436) are involved and in addition there are numerous 8-9th magnitude stars
scattered across the face of the cluster.
Appears similar to a bright star cloud in Sagittarius or Cygnus and the
cluster is just inferior to NGC 3532.
Located 5¡ west of Eta Carina on the opposite side of Eta from NGC
3532. This is a young cluster (160
million years old) projected onto the Carina complex and the cluster is heavily
contaminated by field stars at varying distances.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 3114 = D 297 = h3224 on 8 May 1826 with his 9-inch f/12
reflector from Parramatta near Sydney. He described "a beautiful cluster
of stars, arranged in curvilinear lines intersecting each other, about 40'
diameter, extended S.p., and N.f."
This is the brightest object Dunlop discovered and his position is
within the cluster, though ~10' NW of center. On JH's third sweep (of 3) he noted "an enormous
congeries or clustering region of stars 2 or 3 fields in diameter, constituting
a decided cluster. Stars 9..14th mag, the larger magnitudes predominating.
There must be many hundreds."
It's surprising that Lacaille didn't catalogue this bright cluster
during his trip to the Cape of Good Hope.
******************************
NGC 3115 = MCG
-01-26-018 = UGCA 199 = Spindle Galaxy = PGC 29265
10 05 14.1 -07
43 07
V = 8.9; Size 7.2'x2.5'; Surf Br = 11.9; PA = 43d
48"
(2/19/12): this showpiece galaxy was stunning at 287x and 375x, with a very
high surface brightness halo, ~5.5'x2', which is punctuated by a brilliant,
nearly stellar nucleus. The
nucleus is centered within an extremely bright, very flattened core extending
1'-1.5'. This dazzling streak dims
slightly outside the central region but stretches at least 2.5' along the major
axis with no breaks or significant drops in surface brightness. The view of this thin, super-luminous
central disc bisecting most of the outer, elongated halo was a unique sight.
UGCA 200, a
faint dwarf galaxy, lies 5.7' SE.
At 375x it appeared as a faint low surface brightness patch with averted
vision, slightly elongated NNW-SSE, with no central concentration. The galaxy is situated within a
triangle formed by a mag 11.2 star 1.7' SE, a mag 15.3 star 1.5' NW and a mag
13.8 star 2' ENE.
18"
(2/23/06): at 257x the Spindle galaxy is a gorgeous high surface brightness
edge-on, ~5'x1'. Contains a small,
very intense elongated core that increases to a dramatic quasi-stellar nucleus.
17.5"
(1/31/87): very bright, fairly large, edge-on spindle 3:1 SW-NE,
5.5'x1.8'. Unusually high surface
brightness, bright core, stellar nucleus.
A mag 12.5 star is 3.2' S of center and a mag 10.5 star is 8' E. MCG
-01-26-021 lies 17' SSE.
13"
(3/24/84): stunning edge-on, very bright, small very bright core.
8": very
bright, high surface brightness, very bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3115 = H I-163 = h668 = h3223 on 22 Feb 1787 (sweep 704) and
recorded "eB, cL, mE 45¡ sp to nf.
The bright part about 2' long with vF branches extending in all, to 4 or
5'." JH called it "vB;
L; mE; vsmbM; almost to a nucl; 3' l, 30" br. With 12-inches aperture, its nucleus is rather speckled;
with 6-inch it is barely discernible as a neb." In 1861, LdR questioned if "Is Nucl. resolvable and
oblong?"
******************************
NGC 3116 = MCG +05-24-012
= CGCG 153-017 = PGC 29383
10 06 45.1 +31
05 51
V = 14.4; Size 0.3'x0.3'; Surf Br = 11.6
18"
(1/20/07): faint, very small, round, 15" diameter, compact appearance with
a well-define halo, brightens slightly to a faint stellar nucleus. A triangle of mag 12 stars lies 5' SE
(one star is 14" double with a mag 13.5 companion). Located 10' SE of mag 8.2 HD 87512.
Johann Palisa
discovered NGC 3116 on 10 Mar 1886 with the 12-inch refractor at Vienna
University Observatory and reported it in AN 2782. His micrometric position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3117 = UGC
5445 = MCG +01-26-014 = CGCG 036-038 = PGC 29340
10 06 10.5 +02
54 46
V = 13.3; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(3/25/95): faint, small, round, 30" diameter, weak concentration to a very
small brighter core. A pretty mag
9.5/11 double star at 18" separation lies 8' NNW. Located 6' NW of mag 8.8 SAO 118106.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3117 = St IX-21 on 15 Mar 1877 and logged "eF, eS, R,
stellar nucleus." His
position matches UGC 5445.
******************************
NGC 3118 = UGC
5452 = MCG +06-22-074 = CGCG 182-075 = FGC 118A = PGC 29415
10 07 11.6 +33
01 39
V = 13.5; Size 2.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 41d
17.5"
(4/25/92): very faint, fairly small, edge-on 5:1 SW-NE, 1.5'x0.3', very low
almost even surface brightness.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3118 = St XIII-55 on 16 Mar 1884 and noted a "small group
of vF st in eF nebulosity."
His position matches UGC 5452, though the description is inaccurate.
******************************
NGC 3119 = CGCG
093-045 = PGC 29381
10 06 47.9 +14
18 51
V = 14.2; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 15.1
17.5"
(1/23/88): extremely faint, very small, round. Located 4' SSW of NGC 3121. Forms the SE vertex of an equilateral triangle with NGC 3121
3.7' NNE and a mag 13.5 star 3.8' NW.
The
identification of NGC 3119 is uncertain and it may be a duplicate observation
of brighter NGC 3121 instead.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3119 = m 194 on 14 Dec 1863 and simply noted "vF". His position is 2.3' north of CGCG
093-045 and is actually closer to NGC 3121 = UGC 5450, which was discovered by
William Lassell in 1848.
RNGC identifies
CGCG 093-045 as NGC 3319 but MCG identifies UGC 5450 as NGC 3319. Corwin feels NGC 3119 is more likely a
duplicate of NGC 3121 because of the better positional match. But CGCG 093-045 was visible in my
scope so it should have visible to Marth and he may have already known of the
earlier discovery of NGC 3121. So,
the identification of NGC 3119 is uncertain.
******************************
NGC 3120 = ESO
374-029 = MCG -06-22-017 = PGC 29278
10 05 22.9 -34
13 13
V = 12.8; Size 1.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 1d
17.5"
(4/1/00): fairly faint, moderately large, 1.0' diameter, slightly elongated,
weakly concentrated. A 20"
pair of mag 12.5/13.5 stars are off the NW side 2' from center. A brighter pair of stars is ~4' SW and
the galaxy is nearly collinear with both pairs. A mag 9.5 star (SAO 201047) lies 5.7' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3120 = h3225 on 22 Jan 1838 (his last sweep at the Cape of Good
Hope) and noted "F, R, gbM, 40"." His position is an exact
match with ESO 374-029. NGC 3120 and NGC 2849 were the last two southern
objects that JH discovered.
******************************
NGC 3121 = UGC
5450 = MCG +03-26-027 = CGCG 093-046 = PGC 29387
10 06 51.9 +14
22 26
V = 12.6; Size 1.7'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 20d
17.5"
(1/23/88): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated SSW-NNE. A mag 13.5 star is 3.6' W and a mag 10
star 5.5' NW. Forms a pair with
NGC 3119 4' SSW.
William Lassell
discovered NGC 3121 on 31 Mar 1848 with his 24" reflector at Starfield
Observatory near Liverpool, England.
He found this galaxy while observing Comet Mauvais 1847 IV ("almost
in the field at the same time as the Comet") and reported the discovery in
AN 27 [635], 171 (1848) . Using
the 6" Heliometer at Kšnigsberg, Auwers described it as "faint, 1.5'
diam, * 9-10m 4' north, 14-15 seconds preceding" and included it as #26 in
his 1862 list of new nebulae. MCG
labels this galaxy NGC 3119, though that number may also apply to this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 3122 = NGC
3110 = NGC 3518 = MCG -01-26-014 = PGC 29361
10 04 02.0 -06
28 29
V = 12.7; Size 1.8'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 5d
See observing
notes for NGC 3110.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3122 = H II-305 on 5 Mar 1785 (sweep 379) and logged "F, S,
lE, easily resolvable." He
failed to find it again on 22 Feb 1787 (sweep 704), but he had confused the
offset star on the first observation and the GC and NGC position are
incorrect. Dreyer corrected the
position in his 1912 revision of WH's catalogues and noted that NGC 3122 = NGC
3110 = MCG -01-26-014.
ƒdouard Stephan
independently found this galaxy on 16 Mar 1884 and placed it 1' too far north
in list XIII-54. Dreyer assumed it
was new and catalogued it as NGC 3110.
Finally, it was found again by by Ormond Stone at Leander McCormick
Observatory on 31 Dec 1885 (reported in list LM I-182) and later catalogued as
NGC 3518. Harold Corwin discovered
that Stone's position was off by 1 hr in RA. So, NGC 3122 = NGC 3110 = NGC 3518. RNGC and PGC misidentify PGC 29361 as
NGC 3122. Coincidentally, this
galaxy is close to WH's original position. See Corwin's notes for more.
******************************
NGC 3123
10 18 11.9 +00
02 25
=*,
Gottlieb. =Not found, Corwin and
Carlson.
Sidney Coolidge
discovered NGC 3123 = HN 15 on 31 Mar 1859 and simply noted as a "nebulous
object" by Bond (director of the Harvard Observatory) in AN #1453. There are no nonstellar objects in the
vicinity of the listed position, given roughly as 9 59 48 +/- 4s, +0 45' +/- 2'
for 1859. That's not unusual as
all 8 of Coolidge's other nebulous objects are single or multiple stars.
Bigourdan, Reinmuth or Carlson were unable to find his object and RNGC
classifies the number as nonexistent.
Harold Corwin lists a few possible candidates (stars) near Coolidge's
position.
But in March
2015 I took a look at the Zone Catalogue (volume 6 from HCO, page 4-5) and
found the number derived from star #47 (preceding #57 = NGC 3229), in which
Coolidge noted "has a perceptible disc?" Furthermore, #47 was
measured in Zone 117 but not Zone 118, so the position was not confirmed. The only problem is the dec for entry
#47 fits the range given by Bond but not the RA, though perhaps he made a
copying mistake. Assuming
Coolidge's single position is Zone 117 is accurate, then NGC 3123 refers to a
single star at 10 18 11.9 +00 02 25 (J2000).
******************************
NGC 3124 = ESO 567-017
= MCG -03-26-024 = UGCA 202 = PGC 29377
10 06 40.0 -19
13 21
V = 12.1; Size 3.0'x2.5'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 165d
17.5"
(4/9/94): fairly faint, fairly large, round, 2.5' diameter, diffuse, very weak
broad concentration. A mag 13.5
star is 2.4' N of center. A
pleasing double star, South 607 = 8.8/10.0 at 9.5" lies 5' S.
17.5"
(3/28/87): moderately bright, very large, diffuse, broad concentration, no
nucleus.
13"
(4/10/86): faint, large, very diffuse, weak concentration, no nucleus, lies 4'
N of double star S607 8.5/9.5 at 9".
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3124 = h3226 on 23 Mar 1835 and recorded "F, L, R, lbM, has
a fine double star exactly south."
His description and position clearly apply to ESO 567-017.
******************************
NGC 3125 = ESO
435-041 = MCG -05-24-022 = PGC 29366
10 06 33.1 -29
56 08
V = 13.0; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 114d
17.5"
(3/28/87): fairly faint, small, roundish, brighter core.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3125 = h3227 on 30 Mar 1835 and noted "F; R: gbM;
20"." His mean position
from two observations matches ESO 435-041.
******************************
NGC 3126 = UGC
5466 = MCG +05-24-019 = CGCG 155-023 = PGC 29484
10 08 20.8 +31
51 47
V = 12.8; Size 2.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 123d
17.5"
(4/9/94): fairly faint, moderately large, edge-on 5:1 WNW-ESE, 2.0'x0.4', faint
thin arms, fairly well-defined round core. A mag 11 star is 4.7' N of center. Located 15' N of mag 6.2 SAO 61882.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3126 on 30 Apr 1864 and recorded "F, S, not lE,
mag 15 nucleus. Confirmation still
needed." This was his only observation, but his position matches UGC
5466. Otto Struve independently
found the galaxy on 8 Apr 1869 at St Petersburg while searching for Comet
Winnecke (7P/Pons-Winnecke). He
recorded finding a "Bright elongated nebula with a stellar nucleus, a
miniature image of the Andromeda Galaxy. 4.5' north is a mag 10-11 star with
the nebula in PA of 168¡ [SSE]."
He immediately added a note that this nebula was discovered by d'Arrest
in 1864.
******************************
NGC 3127 = MCG
-03-26-022 = KTS 38C = PGC 29357
10 06 24.8 -16
07 34
V = 13.8; Size 1.2'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 55d
18"
(4/10/04): very faint, very small, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE, 24"x8",
weak concentration. The extensions
appear to fade at the tips. Situated near the midpoint of a mag 10 star 1.6' SE
and a mag 12.5 star 1.1' NW. Forms
a pair with brighter NGC 3128 5.6' W.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3127 = LM I-164 (along with NGC 3128) on 1 Jan 1886
and noted "mag 16.0, 1.6'x0.7', vE 45¡." His rough position (nearest min of RA) is ~1 tmin east of
MCG -03-26-022 and the description matches.
******************************
NGC 3128 = MCG
-03-26-020 = KTS 38A = PGC 29330
10 06 01.4 -16
07 19
V = 13.5; Size 1.6'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 174d
18"
(4/10/04): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 N-S, 0.8'x0.5'. The surface brightness appears
irregular with a broadly concentrated core. The extensions are more difficult and require averted vision
and seem patchy or knotty. Forms a
pair with NGC 3127 5.6' E.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3128 = LM I-165 (along with NGC 3127) on 1 Jan 1886
and noted "mag 16.0, 1.3'x0.7', vE 170¡." His rough position (nearest min of RA) is 1.3 tmin east of
MCG -03-26-020 and description matches.
******************************
NGC 3129
10 08 19.2 +18
25 51
=**, Corwin
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3129 = H III-35 = h669 on 21 Mar 1784 (sweep 181) and recorded
"vS, E, r. 240 showed it
better than 157." There is
nothing near his position other than stars. JH listed it as h669, although he only give a very rough
position (from his working list).
It was not found
again at Birr Carlson or by Reinmuth on Heidelberg plate in his photographic
survey. There is no listing for
NGC 3129 in any modern catalogue.
Harold Corwin identifies NGC 3129 as a double star (13" pair of mag
14 stars) at WH's position. See
Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 3130 = UGC
5468 = MCG +02-26-026 = CGCG 064-072 = PGC 29475
10 08 12.3 +09
58 37
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 30d
13.1"
(4/10/86): fairly faint, small, round, weak concentration. The visibility of this galaxy is
hindered by 31 Leonis (V = 4.6) just 4.7' WNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3130 = h670 on 19 Jan 1828 and recorded "eF; S; psbM;
follows 31 Leonis 16.5s, and is 1' 40" south of it." His position and description clearly
applies to UGC 5468.
******************************
NGC 3131 = UGC
5471 = MCG +03-26-033 = CGCG 093-060 = PGC 29499
10 08 36.5 +18
13 52
V = 13.0; Size 2.4'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 54d
17.5"
(3/29/97): fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 7:2 SW-NE, 2.0'x0.6',
broad concentration. The major
axis is bracketed by two mag 13.5 stars 1.7' SSE and 3.1' N.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3131 = h671 on 17 Mar 1831 and recorded "pB; pmE; gbM;
40" l and 20" br. His
position and description matches UGC 5471. R.J. Mitchell, the observing
assistant on LdR's 72" on 10 Jan 1856, suspected a knot in the preceding
end.
******************************
NGC 3132 =
Eight-Burst Nebula = Southern Ring = PK 272+12.1 = PN G272.1+12.3
10 07 01.8 -40
26 11
V = 9.7; Size 62"x43"
13.1"
(2/17/04 - Costa Rica): at 40¡ elevation in Costa Rica along the Gulf of Nicoya
, NGC 3132 was quite beautiful at 200x and 260x. The 10th magnitude "central star" (an unseen 16th
mag companion at 1.65" separation is the true ionizing star) is embedded
in the center of a very bright, elongated annulus with a darker center and
interesting outer ring elongated NW-SE.
The oval ring is relatively narrow with a brighter outer rim. Surrounding the ring is a faint, thin
outer shell. The ring is slightly
offset in orientation to the major axis of the planetary giving a complex
multi-ring appearance.
17.5"
(3/28/87): very bright, moderately large, oval. A dark ring surrounds the bright mag 10 central star. Viewed at only 10¡-11¡ elevation.
13"
(2/23/85): darker around the central star at high power.
8"
(3/28/81): mag 9 central star surrounded by a fairly bright, moderately large
disc, striking.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3132 = h3228 on 2 Mar 1835 and recorded "Planetary nebula,
very large, very bright, elliptic; has in it a 9th mag star somewhat excentric.
Its light is exactly equable, ie. not increasing towards the middle; yet I
cannot help imagining it to be closely dotted. It is just like a star out of
focus in certain states of the mirror and atmosphere. Three stars near, a = 9th
mag; b = 9th mag; c = 14th mag; A very extraordinary object." On a later observation he logged,
"Planetary nebula with a 10th mag star in centre; very bright; very well
defined, and perfectly equable all over in light, there being no condensation
up to the centre. The star is sharp, the nebula velvety, or like infinitely
fine dust; a star 14th mag at a distance rather more than a radius of neb from
edge (by diagram); has its position from centre = 333.8¡." Sketch on Plate VI, figure 9.
JH sketched NGC
3132 and other planetary nebulae from the Cape of Good Hope, commenting:
"[these] represent planetary nebulae, a class of special interest, and of
which, considering their general rarity, the southern heavens have afforded a
rather unexpectedly large harvest. Those only are here delineated which have
either accompanying stars, or which are distinguished by some peculiarity, as
... [NGC 3132] which has a star or a small disc near its centre". Father Angelo Secchi published a sketch
(fig. 16) and description in 1856 using the 9.6" refractor in Rome. He called it a "beautiful and
large ring nebula similar to that of the Hydra [NGC 3242]."
In
"Southern Gems", Stephen O'Meara states James Dunlop discovered NGC
3132 while making observations for the 1826 Brisbane Star Catalogue (published
in 1835). In a footnote to #3085 he noted "Dusky Yellow - a fine Planetary
disk." John Herschel
recognized Dunlop's observation in a letter to Thomas Maclear in 1835.
A star (HD
87892) is plotted at the position of NGC 3132 in the first edition of the
Uranometria 2000 because the BD catalogue (used as a source for the U2000)
listed the bright "central" star as an entry. In 1977 Kohoutek and Laustsen announced
(1978IAUS...76..207K) that the actual illuminating star is a hot, dim 16th
magnitude companion to the mag 10 star at only 1.65" separation. The pair
probably forms a true binary
The nickname
"Eight Burst Nebula" was coined by H. Shapley and J. S.
Paraskevopoulos in "Photographs of Thirty Southern Nebula and
Clusters" (1940PNAS...26...31S).
Concerning NGC 3132 they say: "A series of photographs of varying
exposures would be necessary to bring out the intricate detailsÉ. It could well
be named the "8-burst" planetary from the number of distinct arcs on
the boundary of the main disk or shell".
******************************
NGC 3133 = PGC
29417
10 07 12.8 -11
57 55
V = 14.5; Size 0.6'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 25d
18"
(4/10/04): extremely faint, small, 0.4'x0.3'. Visible less than 50% of the time with averted vision so
orientation difficult to determine but I was certain of the sighting. Located 5' NE of a mag 10.4 star.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3133 = LM II-419 in 1886. He noted "mag 16.2, 0.2' dia, R." There is nothing at his position but 1
min 18 sec of RA west is PGC 29417.
Also, 45 sec of RA east and 2' north is NGC 3138. But this is the next entry in the LM II
list and may have been found the same night.
******************************
NGC 3134 = MCG
+02-26-031 = CGCG 064-088 = Todd 21 = PGC 29722
10 12 29.2 +12
22 37
V = 13.7; Size 0.8'x0.2'; Surf Br = 11.7; PA = 51d
17.5"
(3/29/97): faint, very small, consists of a 15" core with a faint very
thin extension to the SW. The
corresponding arm to the NE was not seen, so the appearance is asymmetric. This galaxy is listed as nonexistent in
RNGC and not identified as NGC 3134 in MCG or CGCG. Identification from HC (Todd discovery).
David Todd
discovered NGC 3134 = Todd 21 on 6 Feb 1878 during his search for a
trans-Neptunian planet. Based on
Todd's sketch Corwin identified CGCG 064-088 as NGC 3134. This galaxy is about 3 min of RA east
of Todd's very rough RA. Todd
measured a "bright" star 28.3s following and there is a mag 12 star at
his exact separation clinching the identification. Because of his poor position, Bigourdan was unable to
recover this object. The RNGC
classifies this number as nonexistent.
Neither MCG or CGCG label their entries for this galaxy as NGC 3134.
******************************
NGC 3135 = UGC
5486 = MCG +08-19-007 = CGCG 240-015 = PGC 29646
10 10 54.4 +45
57 01
V = 13.4; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 90d
17.5"
(4/15/99): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 E-W, 0.8'x0.5', little or no
concentration. Bracketed by two
mag 12.5 stars 2.2' E and 2.1' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3135 = h672 on 19 Mar 1828 and noted "F; R: gbM;
25"." His position
matches UGC 5486. It was not found
at Birr Castle (single attempt), although JH mentions in the GC notes that he
checked the sweep and reductions and found all correct.
******************************
NGC 3136 = ESO
092-008 = PGC 29311
10 05 48.0 -67
22 41
V = 10.7; Size 3.1'x2.1'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 30d
24" (4/4/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 260x appeared bright, moderately large,
eloongated 3:2 SW-NE. Sharp
concentration with a small, intense core that brightens to the center. The fainter extensions from the core
appear irregular. IC 2554 and IC
2554B, a striking interacting pair of galaxies, lies 28' NE.
18" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 171x this Carina galaxy appeared
moderately bright and large, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 1.5'x0.75'. Sharply concentrated with a small,
bright, roundish core increasing to an occasional stellar nucleus. A mag 13 star is close north.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3136 = h3229 = h3231 on 30 Jan 1835 and noted "B; R; bM;
place only a very rude approximation." In an errata list and the end of the Cape Catalogue, JH
corrected the NPD by 2¡ so it nearly matches h3231, whose position was
accurately measured twice and matches
ESO 092-008.
******************************
NGC 3137 = ESO
435-047 = MCG -05-24-024 = AM 1006-284 = UGCA 203 = PGC 29530
10 09 07.5 -29
03 52
V = 11.5; Size 6.3'x2.2'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 1d
18"
(3/5/05): faint, large, elongated at least 5:2 N-S, 3.0'x1.2', fairly low
surface brightness. Broad, weak
concentration in poor seeing. A
mag 12 star is on the west side (0.3' from the geometric center). Located 7' SE of mag 9.4 SAO 178462.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3137 = h3230 on 5 Feb 1837 NGC 3137 and recorded "vF; lE;
25"." His position is 16
sec of RA west of ESO 435-047.
******************************
NGC 3138 = MCG
-02-26-032 = PGC 29532
10 09 16.7 -11
57 24
V = 14.8; Size 1.2'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 80d
18"
(4/14/12): at 225x appeared extremely faint, very small, slightly elongated,
15" diameter. Required
averted vision to just momentarily pop occasionally but held for a few seconds
a couple of times. I did not
notice an elongated shape, so probably just viewed the core though the object
was well past the meridian.
Located 6.4' SW of mag 7.4 HD 88135, 13' NW of i 6.2 HD 88182 and 30' NW
of mag 3.6 Lambda Hyd.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3138 = LM II-420 and noted "mag 16.0, 0.1', R,
1st of 2 [with NGC 3139]."
His rough position (nearest min of RA) is just 6 sec of RA east of MCG
-02-26-032. Not found by
Bigourdan.
******************************
NGC 3139 = MCG
-02-26-034 = PGC 29583
10 10 05.2 -11
46 42
V = 13.5; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 75d
18"
(4/10/04): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2, 0.8'x0.5'. Broad concentration to a small, round
15" core and an occasional faint, stellar nucleus with direct vision.
17.5"
(2/22/03): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated ~4:3 WSW-ENE, 0.7'x0.5',
broadly concentrated. Located 10'
NE of mag 7.4 SAO 155773.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3139 = LM II-421 and noted "mag 15.60, 0.1', R,
2nd of 2 [with NGC 3138]."
His rough position (nearest min of RA) is 0.7 min of RA west of MCG
-02-26-034. Not found by
Bigourdan.
******************************
NGC 3140 = MCG
-03-26-028 = PGC 29548
10 09 27.7 -16
37 41
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(2/22/03): slightly brighter and larger of a close pair with NGC 3140 2.4'
SW. Faint, small, slightly
elongated, 0.5'x0.4', stellar nucleus with direct vision. Although following NGC 3141,
Leavenworth listed this object first (identical coordinates) and his
description indicates it is the brighter of the pair, so the NGC numbers are
reversed in right ascension.
Located at the east edge of the rich cluster AGC 940.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3140 = LM I-166 (along with I-167 = NGC 3141) on 1
Jan 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander-McCormick Observatory. Although he gave a single rough
position for both objects, LM I-166 is mag 15.5 and 0.5', while LM I-167 is mag
16.0 and 0.3' dia. His position falls very close to the pair PGC 29548 and PGC
29544.
According to
Harold Corwin, Leavenworth's sketch clearly shows that NGC 3140 = PGC 29548 is
the brighter galaxy to the northeast and the fainter galaxy to the southwest is
NGC 3141 = PGC 29544. See Corwin's
identification summaries for more.
******************************
NGC 3141 = PGC
29544
10 09 19.8 -16
39 12
V = 15.4; Size 0.5'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 26d
17.5"
(2/22/03): smaller and slightly fainter of a pair of galaxies with NGC 3140
2.4' NE. Very faint, small,
slightly elongated 0.4'x0.3', faint stellar nucleus. Incorrectly equated with
NGC 3140 in the RNGC.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3140 = LM I-167 (along with I-166 = NGC 3140) on 1
Jan 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander-McCormick Observatory. Although he gave a single rough
position for both objects, LM I-166 is mag 15.5 and 0.5', while LM I-167 is mag
16.0 and 0.3' dia. His position falls very close to the pair PGC 29548 and PGC
29544 (separation 2.5' SW to NE).
Based on the
discovery sketch (examined by Harold Corwin), Dreyer incorrectly assumed that
the brighter galaxy to the northeast was NGC 3140 and added "first of
two" (listed first in the discovery paper) so the order of RA was reversed
in the NGC. The RNGC erroneously
states NGC 3141 = NGC 3140. See
Corwin's identification summaries for more.
******************************
NGC 3142 = MCG
-01-26-028 = PGC 29586
10 10 06.4 -08
28 48
V = 13.3; Size 1.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(4/9/94): faint, very small, round, brighter core. Overpowered by 17 Sextantis (V = 5.9) 4.3' N. A second bright star 18 Sextantis (V =
5.6) lies 12.8' ENE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3142 = h3232 on 5 May 1836 and recorded "F; vsbM to a *
16m; diam 1' or 1 1/2'; sp the star g Sextantis, which occasioned its being
taken by mistake for Halley's Comet, and the consequent loss of that
comet." His position matches
MCG -01-26-028 = PGC 29586.
******************************
NGC 3143 = MCG
-02-26-033 = PGC 29579
10 10 04.0 -12
34 53
V = 14.3; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 105d
18"
(4/10/04): very faint, very small, irregularly round, 25"x20", weak
concentration. Can just hold
steadily. Fors the vertex of an
obtuse isosceles triangle with two mag 11.5 stars 5.7' N and a similar distance
SE. Also situated 9' S of NGC 3145
and nearly midway between mag 5.3 SAO 155780 14' S and mag 3.6 Lambda Lydrae
15' NNE!
Ainslie Common
discovered NGC 3143 in 1880 with the 36-inch f/5.9 reflector at Ealing,
UK. He noted "S, F, just S of
GC 2023 [NGC 3145]. Herbert Howe's
corrected position in the IC 2 notes matches MCG -02-26-033, which is located
9' south of NGC 3145.
******************************
NGC 3144 = NGC
3174 = UGC 5519 = MCG +12-10-023 = CGCG 333-020 = CGCG 351-011 = PGC 29949
10 15 32.0 +74
13 14
V = 13.4; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 0d
17.5"
(1/28/89): faint, very small, oval N-S.
A mag 13 star is attached at the east end. Forms a pair with NGC 3155 11.6' NE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest independently discovered NGC 3144 on 25 Sep 1865 with the 11"
refractor at Copenhagen. His
position (measured on 2 nights) is fairly close to UGC 5519 and his description
"vF, S, R, *13 appended on the following side." clinches the
identification.
WH discovered
this galaxy on the problematic sweep of 15 northern galaxies on 2 Apr 1801
(sweep 1096), and recorded as III-964 (later NGC 3174). So, NGC 3144 = NGC 3174. See notes on NGC 3174 and NGC 2938 for
more on this sweep.
******************************
NGC 3145 = MCG
-02-26-036 = PGC 29591
10 10 10.0 -12
26 02
V = 11.7; Size 3.1'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 20d
13.1"
(3/24/84): fairly faint, fairly small, nearly round, weak concentration. Overpowered by the glare of Lambda
Hydrae (V = 3.6) 8' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3145 = H III-518 = h673 on 19 Mar 1786 (sweep 541) and noted
"vF, S, R, 7 or 8' sp Lambda Hydra." On 7 Mar 1791 (sweep 997) he called it "F, pL, iR,
vbmbM, in the field with Lambda Hyae." His position and description matches MCG -02-26-036 = PGC
29591.
******************************
NGC 3146 = ESO
567-023 = MCG -03-26-029 = PGC 29663
10 11 09.9 -20
52 14
V = 13.1; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 100d
18" (4/10/04):
moderately bright, fairy small, round, 0.8' diameter, increases to a 15"
bright core and a quasi-stellar nucleus.
The edge of the halo is well-defined. Located 3.9' S of mag 8.9 SAO 178507.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 3146 = LM I-168 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory. His rough
position (nearest min of RA) is coincidentally a near match with ESO 567-023 =
PGC 29663.
******************************
NGC 3147 = UGC
5532 = MCG +12-10-025 = CGCG 333-022 = LGG 193-001 = PGC 30019
10 16 53.5 +73
24 02
V = 10.6; Size 3.9'x3.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 155d
17.5"
(2/8/91): bright, fairly large, slightly elongated 4:3 NW-SE. Contains a very bright core with a
stellar nucleus. There is an
impression of a dust lane to the west of the core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3147 = H I-79 = h674 on 3 Apr 1785 (sweep 390) and noted
"cB, pL, R, mbM. The
brightness decreasing very gradually." JH called this galaxy "vB; L; R; at first vg, then vs,
vsbM" and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3148 = SAO
27566
10 13 43.8 +50
29 47
V = 6.6
=*6.6 = SAO
27566.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3148 = h675 on 17 Feb 1831 (single sweep) and noted "a star
7m has a photosphere 2 or 3' diam.
Sky perfectly clear; glass quite clear; windy. Another star of same magnitude viewed presently after has no
photosphere." Herschel's
description applies to mag 6.6 SAO 27566 at 10 13 43.8 +50 29 47, which he
thought was surrounded by faint haze but was probably scattered light or dew).
Malcolm Thomson and Harold Corwin agree with this conclusion.
RNGC and MCG
misidentify MCG +08-19-011 as NGC 3148.
******************************
NGC 3149 = ESO
019-001 = PGC 29171
10 03 44.5 -80
25 19
V = 12.5; Size 2.0'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.8
24" (4/4/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this galaxy is located just 30' NNW of the
bright planetary NGC 3195. At 260x
it appeared moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated, ~0.9'x0.8', slightly
brighter core, irregular surface brightness. John Herschel mentioned a 15th magnitude star was involved,
and there is a very faint star at the NE edge.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3149 = h3234 on 24 Feb 1835 (along with planetary nebula NGC
3195) and recorded "F; lE; vlbM; 25"; has a * 15m in it." Although position is an exact match
with ESO 019-001, the RNGC classifies this as an "Unverified Southern
Object". Because of this, it
is not plotted on the first edition of the Uranometria 2000.0 Atlas or included
in the first edition of the companion Deep Sky Field Guide.
******************************
NGC 3150 = MCG
+07-21-017 = CGCG 211-019 = Holm 170b = WBL 258-001 = PGC 29789
10 13 26.3 +38
39 27
V = 14.6; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.8
18"
(2/19/09): very faint, small, round, 24" diameter, low surface brightness,
very weak concentration. Located
2.3' NNW of NGC 3151 and 1.9' NW fo a mag 12 star. First of 7 (including NGC 3151/3159/3161/3163) in a small
stream of galaxies about 7' N of NGC 3158.
17.5"
(3/23/85): faint, small, slightly lower surface brightness than NGC 3151 2.3'
S. A mag 12 star is 2.0' WSW and a
mag 14 star is 1.8' NNW. Located
within the NGC 3158 group.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 3150 = Big. 40, along with NGCs 3151, 3159 and 3161,
on 1 Feb 1886 in the NGC 3158 group.
His position matches CGCG 211-019.
******************************
NGC 3151 = MCG
+07-21-018 = CGCG 211-020 = Holm 170a = WBL 258-003 = PGC 29796
10 13 29.1 +38
37 11
V = 13.8; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 170d
18"
(2/19/09): faint, small, slightly elongated, 20"x15", very small
brighter core. Located 2' SW of a
mag 12 star with four NGC galaxies close north including NGC 3150 2.3' N and
NGC 3159 5' NE. Forms a close pair
with 2MASX J10133377+3837055.
17.5"
(3/23/85): fairly faint, very small, weak concentration. A mag 12 star is 2.0' NE. Forms a pair with NGC 3150 2.3' N. An extremely faint galaxy is 55" E
of center (2MASXi J1013337+383705). Member of the NGC 3158 group.
13.1"
(2/25/84): very faint, very small.
Located just west of a star.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 3151 = Big 41, along with nearby NGCs 3150, 3159 and
3161, on 1 Feb 1886 in the NGC 3158 group. His position matches CGCG 211-020 = PGC 29796.
******************************
NGC 3152 = MCG
+07-21-018A = CGCG 211-021 = PGC 29805
10 13 34.1 +38
50 35
V = 14.2; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 80d
18"
(2/19/09): very faint, small, ~20"-22" diameter, weak
concentration. A mag 15 star lies
44" NE. Located 4' W of
brighter NGC 3160 and 5.7' NW of NGC 3158 in a small cluster.
17.5"
(3/23/85): faint, small, round. A
mag 15 star is off the NE edge 0.8' from center. NGC 3158 lies 5.5' SE and NGC 3160 4.1' E. Member of the NGC 3158 group.
13.1"
(2/25/84): extremely faint, very small, round. Located 4' W of NGC 3160 and 5.5' NW of NGC 3158.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 3152 (along with NGC 3160) on 27 Mar 1854 using LdR's
72". He noted "3 nebula,
preceding one [NGC 3152] vS, about 4' following is a small lenticular ray [NGC
3160], E sp-nf..." Observing
on 27 Feb 1876 Dreyer measured an accurate micrometric offset from NGC 3158 at
Birr Castle, which matches CGCG 211-021.
******************************
NGC 3153 = UGC
5505 = MCG +02-26-032 = CGCG 064-090 = PGC 29747
10 12 50.5 +12
39 59
V = 12.6; Size 2.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 170d
17.5"
(1/23/88): moderately bright, moderately large, oval ~N-S, broad concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3153 = H III-53 = h677 on 19 Mar 1784 (sweep 177) and noted
"vF, not S, r[esolvable]."
CH's reduction is 15 sec of RA west of UGC 5505. JH called it "eF; pL;
R." His position was 12 sec
of RA too far west.
David Todd
indenpendently discovered this object on 5 Feb 1878 during his search for a
trans-Neptunian planet and recorded it as object #20b in his published
results. It was found again by
C.H.F. Peters around 1880. He was
unsure if this was a new object as the RA in the GC was 12 sec off. The NGC position -- from Peters --
matches UGC 5505.
******************************
NGC 3154 = UGC
5507 = MCG +03-26-040 = CGCG 093-071 = PGC 29759
10 13 01.3 +17
02 03
V = 13.5; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 124d
17.5"
(1/23/88): faint, very small, elongated NW-SE. A mag 14 star is 1.1' N. Located 2.2' WNW of mag 8.7 SAO 99006.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3154 = St X-24 on 12 Mar 1880 and noted "F, S, R,
lbM." His position matches
UGC 5507.
******************************
NGC 3155 = NGC
3194 = UGC 5538 = MCG +12-10-026 = CGCG 351-012 = LGG 193-002 = PGC 30064
10 17 39.9 +74
20 51
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 35d
17.5"
(1/28/89): faint, small, slightly elongated, even surface brightness. Forms a pair with NGC 3144 11.6' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3155 = h676 on 2 Sep 1828 and recorded "vF; S; R. RA extremely precarious." His rough position is 4' northeast of
UGC 5538. The NGC position from
d'Arrest is accurate.
This galaxy was
discovered by WH on the problematic sweep of 15 northern galaxies on 2 Apr 1801
(sweep 1096) and recorded as III-965 = NGC 3194. So, NGC 3155 = NGC 3194. The galaxy is known as NGC 3155, despite the earlier
discovery by WH. See notes on NGC
2938 for more on this sweep.
******************************
NGC 3156 = UGC
5503 = MCG +01-26-019 = CGCG 036-057 = PGC 29730
10 12 41.2 +03 07
45
V = 12.3; Size 1.9'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 47d
17.5"
(3/23/85): moderately bright, small, small bright core. A triangle of bright stars follows; mag
9.0 SAO 118165 2.4' SE, mag 8.3 SAO 118168 5' ENE and mag 7.6 SAO 118169 9' SE.
13"
(4/16/83): faint, small, elongated.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3156 = H III-255 = h680 on 13 Dec 1784 (sweep 342) and noted
"vF, vS, preceding a triangle of bright stars." JH called the galaxy "pB; S; R:
psbM; 15"." and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3157 = IC
2555 = ESO 435-051 = MCG -05-24-026 = PGC 29691
10 11 42.4 -31
38 34
V = 13.2; Size 2.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 38d
18"
(4/10/04): very faint, thin edge-on 4:1 SW-NE, 0.8'x0.2', low even surface
brightness. Requires averted to
glimpse once position pinpointed.
A mag 14.5-15 star is just off the east side of the center. Located 4.5' N of a mag 9.0 HD 88480.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3157 = h3233 on 28 Jan 1835 and noted "vF; E; 30" has
a * 8m sp." His Cape position
is an exact match with ESO 435-051, but due to an error, the GC and NGC
position is 40' too far north.
DeLisle Stewart
later rediscovered this galaxy on plates taken at Harvard's Arequipa station,
recorded the correct position as D.S. 336 (later IC 2555). So NGC 3157 = IC 2555. RNGC classifies the number as
nonexistent, although ESO and SGC have the correct identification.
******************************
NGC 3158 = UGC
5511 = MCG +07-21-020 = CGCG 211-022 = PGC 29822
10 13 50.5 +38
45 53
V = 11.9; Size 2.0'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 0d
18"
(2/19/09): fairly bright, moderately large, irregularly round, well
concentrated with a very bright core and relatively large, fainter halo,
~0.8'x0.7'. Brightest of 12
galaxies viewed that are packed into a 14' circle!
17.5"
(3/23/85): fairly bright, irregular round or slightly elongated, small bright
core. Brightest in the NGC 3158
group with NGC 3159 6.7' SSE, NGC 3160 4.7' N and NGC 3152 5.5' NW.
13.1"
(2/25/84): fairly bright, round, weakly concentrated, largest and brightest in
a group.
8"
(3/28/81): faint, small, requires averted.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3158 = H II-639 = h678, along with NGC 3163, on 17 Mar 1787
(sweep 713) and noted "pB, cL, r." JH logged "B; R; psbM; 35"." Brightest in a small, but rich group
and a distance of roughly 300 million l.y.
******************************
NGC 3159 = MCG
+07-21-021 = CGCG 211-023 = Holm 172c = WBL 258-005 = PGC 29825
10 13 52.8 +38
39 16
V = 13.6; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.8
18" (2/19/09):
faint to fairly taint, small, irregulaly round, 25"x20", very small
bright core. First of three in a
2.8' E-W string with NGC 3161 and NGC 3163. MCG +07-21-019 lies 1.6' NW. Located 6.5' S of NGC 3158 in a small cluster.
17.5"
(3/23/85): fairly faint, small, irregularly round, small bright core. This member of the NGC 3158 group is
the first of three with NGC 3161 1.2' E and NGC 3163 2.7' E. NGC 3158 lies 6.7' NNW.
13.1"
(2/25/84): faint, small, round.
Third brightest in NGC 3158 group.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 3159 = Big 42 on 1 Feb 1886, along with NGC 3150, 3151
and 3161. His position matches
CGCG 211-023 = PGC 29825.
******************************
NGC 3160 = UGC
5513 = MCG +07-21-023 = CGCG 211-024 = PGC 29830
10 13 55.1 +38
50 34
V = 14.1; Size 1.3'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 140d
18"
(2/19/09): faint, edge-on 7:2 NW-SE, ~40"x12". Located 4.9' N of NGC 3158 in a rich
group and directly between a mag 12.5 star 1.5' SSW and a mag 11.5 star 2.2'
NNE. NGC 3152 lies 4' W.
17.5"
(3/23/85): faint, small, edge-on NW-SE.
Member of NGC 3158 group with NGC 3158 4.7' S.
13.1"
(2/25/84): extremely faint, small.
Located 5' N of NGC 3158.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 3160 (along with NGC 3152) on 27 Mar 1854 using LdR's
72". He noted "about 4'
following [NGC 3152] is a small lenticular ray, elongated sp nf." His offset and description matches UGC
5513.
******************************
NGC 3161 = MCG
+07-21-022 = CGCG 211-025 = Holm 172a = WBL 258-007 = PGC 29837
10 13 59.2 +38 39
26
V = 13.5; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 14.8; PA = 10d
18"
(2/19/09): very faint, very small, slightly elongated 20"x16", very
small or stellar core. Sandwiched
between NGC 3159 1.2' W and NGC 3163 1.6' E in the NGC 3158 cluster.
17.5"
(3/23/85): this member in the NGC 3158 group is small and the faintest of three
with close companions NGC 3159 1.2' W and NGC 3163 1.5' E. Even surface brightness and visible
with direct vision.
13.1"
(2/25/84): extremely faint, very small, round. Located between NGC 3159 and NGC 3163.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 3161 = Big 43 on 1 Feb 1886, along with NGC 3151, 3159
and 3161. His position matches
CGCG 211-025 = PGC 29837.
******************************
NGC 3162 = NGC
3575 = UGC 5510 = MCG +04-24-019 = CGCG 123-026 = PGC 29800
10 13 31.6 +22
44 15
V = 11.6; Size 3.0'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(3/23/85): moderately bright, fairly small, pretty diffuse, weak broad
concentration, faint stellar nucleus.
A mag 13.5 star is 1.1' SE, a mag 10.5 star 3.4' W and a mag 11.5 star
3.7' NE. Located 1¡ SE of Zeta
Leonis (V = 3.6).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3162 = H II-43 = h682 on 12 Mar 1784 (sweep 166) and recorded
"vF, pL, r. It seemed to
consist of two nebula joined together having two places rather brighter than
the ousides of the nebula; but with [higher power] the following of them
appeared very plainly to be a star.
The star seemed to have no connection with the nebula, for, though
within the nebulosity there was no kind of gradation of light from the star to
the nebula as there generally is from the brighter to the more faint part of
nebula." His position is 20
sec of RA west of UGC 5510.
On 20 Mar 1854,
R.J. Mitchell remarked "spiral left-handed, spirality very faintly seen,
night bad." In 1857 "suspected a knot in the northwest
end." NGC 3575 is a duplicate
observation made by d'Arrest in 1863.
See that number for more.
******************************
NGC 3163 = UGC
5517 = MCG +07-21-026 = CGCG 211-027 = Holm 172b = WBL 258-008 = PGC 29846
10 14 07.1 +38
39 09
V = 13.3; Size 1.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5
18"
(2/19/09): fairly faint, small, round, 25" diameter, very small bright
core. Third of three in a 2.8'
string with NGC 3163 1.5' W and NGC 3159 2.8' W. Also MCG +07-21-019 is close NW of the string. Located 7.4' SE of NGC 3158 in a rich
group.
17.5"
(3/23/85): fairly faint, small, round, bright core. Brightest and third of three with NGC 3161 1.5' W and NGC
3159 2.7' W.
13.1"
(2/25/84): faint, small, round.
Third of three in a string and the second brightest in a group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3163 = H II-640 = h681, along with NGC 3158, on 17 Mar 1787
(sweep 713) and logged "F, vS, r.
300x showed the same."
CH's reduction is within 30" of the core of this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 3164 = UGC
5527 = MCG +10-15-036 = CGCG 290-018 = PGC 29928
10 15 11.4 +56
40 19
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 0d
18"
(4/10/04): very faint, fairly small, elongated ~3:2 N-S, 0.7'x0.5'. Low surface brightness with very little
concentration. Located 11' SW of
mag 8.5 HD 88828.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3164 = H = h679 on
9 Feb 1831 (sweep 715) and noted "eF; R: vglbM; 15"." His single position matches UGC 5527.
******************************
NGC 3165 = UGC
5512 = MCG +01-26-023 = CGCG 063-063 = Holm 173c = PGC 29798
10 13 31.4 +03
22 32
V = 13.9; Size 1.6'x0.8'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 177d
17.5"
(3/23/85): very faint, elongated 2:1 N-S.
Forms the western vertex of a triangle with two mag 12.5 stars 1.9' SE
and 1.7' NE. First and faintest of
three located 4.6' SW of NGC 3166 and 12' SW of NGC 3169.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 3165 on 30 Jan 1856 with LdR's 72", while observing NGC
3166 and 3169 and noted "about 5' sp 684 [NGC 3166] is a vvF ray extending
N-S." The NGC RA is 15 sec
too small.
******************************
NGC 3166 = UGC
5516 = MCG +01-26-024 = CGCG 063-064 = Holm 173a =LGG 192-003 = PGC 29814
10 13 44.9 +03
25 31
V = 10.4; Size 4.8'x2.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 87d
17.5"
(3/23/85): bright, almost round, even concentration to a brighter core and
stellar nucleus (large, low surface brightness arms not seen). The core appears brighter than NGC 3169
7.8' ENE but the duo is pretty similar.
Second of three with NGC 3165 4.6' SW. Two mag 12.5 stars lie 2.6' NW and 2.8' SW of center.
13"
(4/16/83): fairly bright, bright core.
Forms a pair with NGC 3169.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3166 = H I-3 = h684, along with NGC 3169, on 19 Dec 1783 (early
sweep 58). His summary description
from 4 sweeps reads "cB, pL, cometic, mbM." JH also made 4 observations and measured an accurate
position.
ƒdouard
Stephan's observation on 18 Mar 1884, which was published in list XIII-56, is
within a few arcseconds of NGC 3166 though Dreyer and Esmiol (who later
re-reduced all of Stephan's positions) misidentify this entry as NGC 3165. Also Stephan's XIII-57 refers to NGC
3169, though he calls it NGC 3166 in the notes section to list XIII.
******************************
NGC 3167 = NGC
2789 = UGC 4875 = MCG +05-22-026 = CGCG 151-035 = PGC 26089
09 14 59.7 +29
43 48
See observing
notes for NGC 2789
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3167 on 1 May 1862 and recorded a "Small and faint
nebula. * 11 preceding 9.5 sec, a
little farther north. Whether it is just a nebula, or perhaps a confused group
of faint stars is still undetermined, for this evening the air is
turbulent." There is nothing
at or near his single position matching his description and RNGC classifies NGC
3167 as nonexistent.
Harold Corwin originally
listed this object as lost as there were no candidates nearby, but recently
(email from 16 Jun 2014) he found that if d'Arrest made a 1 hr transcription
error in his RA (too large), then his position matches NGC 2789 and the mag 11
star is just where he placed it to the northwest of the galaxy! Corwin notes that d'Arrest made a
similar 1 hr recording error on a few other discoveries (NGC 3575, 3760 and
5008), so this is not a unique situation.
******************************
NGC 3168 = UGC
5536 = MCG +10-15-052 = CGCG 290-023 = PGC 30001
10 16 23.0 +60
14 06
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(3/12/88): fairly faint, very small, round, small bright core. Located 5.6' NE of mag 6.8 SAO
15131. Brightest of a trio with
UGC 5542 4.8' NE (noted as "faint, very small, round, small bright
core") and CGCG 290-021 5' NNW (noted as "faint, very small,
round. Two mag 9.5/10 stars are
near").
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3168 = h683 on 25 Mar 1832 and recorded "F; psbM; like a
star rubbed out. A * 7-8m in field
np - dist 5'." His position
matches UGC 5536, although the bright star is south-southwest.
******************************
NGC 3169 = UGC
5525 = MCG +01-26-026 = CGCG 036-066 = Holm 173b = LGG 192-004 = PGC 29855
10 14 14.8 +03
28 00
V = 10.2; Size 4.4'x2.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 45d
17.5"
(3/23/85): bright, slightly elongated SW-NE, moderate concentration, pretty
faint stellar nucleus. A mag 11
star is just off the east side, 1.6' from the center. Third of three with NGC 3166 7.8' WSW and NGC 3165 12' SW.
13"
(4/16/83): bright, bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3169 = H I-4 = h684, along with NGC 3166, on 19 Dec 1783 (early
sweep 58). His summary description
from 4 sweeps reads "cB, pL, cometic, mbM." He published a sketch in his 1811 paper (Fig. 22) as an
illlustration of "nebulae that have a cometic appearance." JH also made 4 observations and
measured an accurate position.
ƒdouard Stephan published accurate positions NGC 3166 and 3169 from 18
Mar 1884 in list XIII-56 and -57, though he misidentified the galaxies as NGC
3165 and NGC 3166. R.J. Mitchell observed ths galaxy on 15 Mar 1855 with LdR's
72" and commented "sharp at sf edge [dust lane?] and fades of np,
spreading out in that direction."
The following January he also noted "perhaps vF neby beyond the
well defined sf edge?"
******************************
NGC 3170
10 16 14.5 +46
36 43
=**, Gottlieb
and Corwin. Not found, RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3170 = h686 on 19 Mar 1828 and noted "F; S; R." Just 1' north of his position (single
observation) is a 7" pair of mag 13.8/15.2 stars at 10 16 14.5 +46 36 44
(J2000). RNGC classifies the
number as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 3171 = ESO
567-031 = MCG -03-26-032 = PGC 29950
10 15 36.7 -20
38 51
V = 12.8; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 176d
17.5"
(3/22/96): faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 N-S, 1.1'x0.8'. Forms the west vertex of an equilateral
triangle with two mag 13.5-14 stars 2.3' NE and 2.5' E. Located 16' W of mag 6.6 SAO 178610.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 3171 = LM I-169 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander-McCormick Observatory. His
rough position (nearest min of RA) is 1.4 tmin west of ESO 567-03 = MCG
-03-26-032. MCG does not label
this galaxy as NGC 3171. The RNGC
declination is 9' too far south, so the galaxy was misplotted on the first
edition of the Uranometria 2000.
******************************
NGC 3172 =
Polarissima Borealis = MCG +15-01-011 = CGCG 370-002 = CGCG 370-018 = PGC 36847
11 47 14.0 +89
05 32
V = 14.1; Size 1.1'x0.95'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 39d
48"
(10/26/16): at 375x and 488x; fairly bright, moderately large, round. Sharply concentrated with a very bright
round core that increases to the center and a low surface brightness 45"
halo. A mag 12.5 star is 1.5'
separation (NW) and a mag 16-16.5 star is within 1' (50" S).
MCG +15-01-010,
at 1.6' separation (WSW), appeared fairly faint, fairly small, ~35"
diameter, slightly elongated, weak concentration. Visible continuously with direct vision though fairly low
surface brightness. A mag
16.7 star is 16" W at the edge of the halo. 2MASX J11503836+8907109, at 1.8' separation (NNE), appeared
extremely faint and small, ~6" diameter. A mag 15.7 is 25" away. At 610x, the galaxy popped as a thin, low surface brightness
edge-on, ~20"x6".
24"
(9/15/12): fairly faint, small, round, 25" diameter, well defined halo,
broad weak concentration with a very small brighter nucleus. A mag 13 star is
1.5' distant (NW) and a very faint mag 16.5 star is 50" S.
18"
(8/1/11): faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, brighter core. A mag 13 star lies 1.5' NW. MCG +15-01-010, an extremely faint
companion just 1.6' W, was marginally glimpsed though difficult to confirm.
17.5"
(7/16/93) : faint, very small, round, 0.5' diameter, very small brighter core,
faint stellar nucleus. A mag 13
star is 1.5' NW. This is the
closest NGC galaxy to the North Celestial Pole and is known as
"Polarissima Borealis".
17.5"
(11/14/87): very faint, small, round, brighter core, faint stellar nucleus, can
hold steadily with averted. A mag
12.5 star is 1.5' distant.
17.5"
(8/1/86): faint, brighter core, fairly small, round. A mag 13 star is within 2'.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3172 = h250 on 4 Oct 1831 and recorded "vF; R; gbM;
25"; has a * 11m 2' S. This
nebula is remarkable for its proximity to the pole. Owing to this the RA cannot be determined exactly, and the
PD is open to correction." In
the synonym column he called it "Polarissima" but later it was called
"Polarissima Borealis" to distinguish it from "Polarissima
Australis". Heinrich d'Arrest
observed it with the 11" refractor at Copenhagen on 12 Aug 1866. He noted the mag 12 star is 75"
distant to the north. This galaxy
is the closest galaxy to the north celestial pole in any catalogue!
******************************
NGC 3173 = ESO
500-016 = MCG -04-24-022 = PGC 29883
10 14 34.9 -27
41 34
V = 12.8; Size 2.1'x1.7'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 7d
18"
(4/10/04): fairly faint, moderately large, round. Sharply concentrated with a moderately bright 15" core
surrounded by a very faint, low surface brightness halo requiring averted
vision. The galaxy is very close
preceding mag 10 SAO 178570 (1.3' from center) and 2.4' NNW of mag 10 SAO
178568!
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3173 = h3235 on 24 Mar 1835 and noted "F; R: gbM;
40"." His position and
description matches ESO 500-016.
******************************
NGC 3174 = NGC
3144 = UGC 5519 = MCG +12-10-023 = CGCG 333-020 = CGCG 351-011 = PGC 29949
10 15 32.0 +74
13 14
V = 13.4; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 0d
See observing
notes for NGC 3144
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3174 = H III-964 on 2 Apr 1801 (sweep 1096) and noted "vF,
vS." This is one of 15 far
northern galaxies with large systematic errors. The corrected position using Greenwich plates (MN, 71, 509,
1911) matches UGC 5519 and Dreyer repeated this position in the notes to his
1912 edition of WH's catalogues.
See NGC 2938 for more on this sweep.
Heinrich
d'Arrest independently discovered this galaxy on 25 Sep 1865, measured a fairly
accurate position (within 1' of UGC 5519), and it was catalogued as NGC
3144. By discovery priority, this
galaxy should be identified as NGC 3174, though the common identification is
NGC 3144.
******************************
NGC 3175 = ESO
436-003 = MCG -05-24-028 = UGCA 207 = VV 796 = PGC 29892
10 14 42.2 -28
52 18
V = 11.2; Size 5.0'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 56d
17.5"
(3/28/87): bright, fairly large, bright core, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE,
2.5'x0.8'. Located 38' ESE of mag
6.3 HR 2003.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3175 = h3236 on 30 Mar 1835 and recorded "B; L; mE; gvlbM;
2' l; pos 50.3¡." His
position and description matches ESO 436-003.
******************************
NGC 3176 = ESO
567-?030
10 15 18 -19 01
=Not found,
Corwin and Carlson. Possibly = ESO
567-029, Corwin. Possibly = ESO
568-011, Gottlieb
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 3176 = LM I-170 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory and noted "mag 16.0, 0.8' dia, iR, neb?" There is nothing at his rough position
(nearest min of RA) and both Harold Corwin and Dorothy Carlson (in her 1940 NGC
correction list) conclude this object is lost. Corwin suggests ESO 567-02 as a possible candidate, but this
galaxy is 1 degree south of Stone's position. Another possible candidate which I found is ESO
568-011. This galaxy would require
a 10 tmin error in RA (too far E) but matches in Declination.
******************************
NGC 3177 = UGC
5544 = MCG +04-24-023 = CGCG 123-032 = PGC 30010
10 16 34.1 +21
07 23
V = 12.4; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 135d
17.5"
(3/23/85): fairly faint, small, increases to a brighter core, stellar nucleus,
small faint halo. Member of the
NGC 3190 group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3177 = H III-25 = h687 on 12 Mar 1784 (sweep 166) and noted
"vF, S." CH's reduced
position is 43 sec of RA preceding UGC 5544. JH made 3 observations and measured a fairly accurate
position.
******************************
NGC 3178 = MCG
-03-26-034 = PGC 29980
10 16 09.1 -15
47 28
V = 13.9; Size 1.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 70d
17.5"
(3/22/96): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 4:3 SW-NE, 1.2'x0.9', even
surface brightness. A mag 12-13
star lies 2.9' ESE. There are
several mag 10-11 stars in the 20' field and mag 9.3 SAO 155864 8.5' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3178 = h3237 on 16 Mar 1836 and noted "pB; pL; gpmbM; seen
through haze." His position
matches MCG -03-26-034.
******************************
NGC 3179 = UGC
5555 = MCG +07-21-036 = CGCG 211-037 = PGC 30078
10 17 57.2 +41
06 51
V = 13.1; Size 1.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 48d
17.5"
(4/9/94): fairly faint, very small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 0.6'x0.3', very small
bright core appears mottled.
Almost collinear with two mag 13.5 stars 1.0' SW and 1.9' SW. NGC 3184 lies 19' NNE.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 3179 on 25 Jan 1851 with LdR's 72" and recorded "25'
south and a little preceding [NGC 3184] I found a S, R neb, r, near 2 st almost
in a line with it." The
following March he more accurately placed it about 20' sp of NGC 3184. The observation was not included in
LdR's 1861 publication and did not receive a GC or GCS designation. Bigourdan's corrected position (given
in IC 2 notes) matches UGC 5555.
******************************
NGC 3180 = [H69]
44/45/47
10 18 10.8 +41
26 55
48"
(4/4/11): A small HII knot with a stellar core was visible 1.8' NW of the
nucleus of NGC 3184. This small
knot is within a larger, slightly brighter portion of the long, sweeping arm
(shown on the sketch at Birr Castle) that wraps around the core of NGC 3184 on
the south side before winding north on the west side and ending near NGC 3180.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 3180 on 25 Jan 1851 in his observation of NGC 3184 at Birr
Castle. He recorded "is
triple, neby perhaps extends round them all as far as the * north." The 1 Feb 1856 description states:
"The neby connecting the 3 principal knots is vvF but I have no doubt of
its existence." R.J. Mitchell
sketched the the spiral structure on 1 Feb 1856 (fig 13, Plate XXVII in the
1861 publication) and highlighted two brighter knots or sections of the western
spiral arm.
******************************
NGC 3181 = [H69]
41
10 18 11.5 +41
24 45
48"
(4/4/11): NGC 3181 is a bright, 15" knot in one of the spiral arms of NGC
3184. It resides 1.2' SW of the
nucleus in a long sweeping arm that wraps around around south side of the core
and then heads north on the west side of the galaxy. This is the brightest of a couple of knots resolved in the
arms.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 3181 on 25 Jan 1851 in his observation of NGC 3184 at Birr
Castle . R.J. Mitchell sketched
the the spiral structure on 1 Feb 1856 (fig 13, Plate XXVII in the 1861
publication) and highlighted two brighter knots or sections of the western
spiral arm. The elongated knot
embedded in the spiral arm on the southwest side is NGC 3181. This HII region is catalogued as [H69]
41 in Hodge's "HII Regions in 20 Nearby Galaxies".
******************************
NGC 3182 = UGC
5568 = MCG +10-15-062 = CGCG 290-027 = PGC 30176
10 19 33.0 +58
12 21
V = 12.1; Size 1.8'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 155d
17.5"
(4/29/00): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 NNW-SSE, 0.9'x0.7'. Bright core, occasional stellar
nucleus. Collinear with two mag 13
stars 2.4' NE and 3.5' NE. NGC
3225 lies 45' E.
17.5"
(4/9/94): moderately bright, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter, bright core,
fairly high surface brightness. A
mag 14 star is 1.5' SW followed by a mag 12 star 2.4' NE and a mag 13 star 4'
NE on a line.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3182 = H I-265 on 8 Apr 1793 (sweep 1038) and noted "cB, S,
vgmbM, iR." CH's reduction
matches UGC 5568. The NGC position
(copied correctly from the GC) is 19 seconds of RA too small.
******************************
NGC 3183 = NGC
3218 = UGC 5582 = MCG +12-10-028 = CGCG 351-018 = CGCG 333-023 = Holm 177a =
LGG 193-003 = PGC 30323
10 21 49.4 +74
10 37
V = 11.9; Size 2.3'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 170d
17.5"
(4/6/02): moderately bright, fairly large, elongated ~2:1 NNW-SSE, 2.0'x0.8',
broad concentration but no well defined core. Several stars are nearby including two mag 13.5 stars at the
north edge and a couple more stars within 1'. Very possibly one of these is a stellar companion 1.0' NNE
of center (2MASXi J1021541+741135).
The faint stars at the edges were a bit startling as it initially looked
similar to a partially resolved cluster.
Heinrich
d'Arrest independently discovered NGC 3183 on 28 Sep 1865 with the 11"
refractor at Copenhagen. His
position matches UGC 5582.
This galaxy was
first discovered by WH on 2 Apr 1801, the problematic northern sweep 1096 with
large systematic errors. His
revised position, using Greenwich plates (MN, 71, 509), reveals H I-283 = NGC
3218 = NGC 3183. The modern designation
is NGC 3183, despite the earlier discovery by WH.
******************************
NGC 3184 = NGC
3180 = UGC 5557 = MCG +07-21-037 = CGCG 211-038 = PGC 30087
10 18 17.0 +41
25 27
V = 9.8; Size 7.4'x6.9'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 135d
48"
(4/4/11): NGC 3184 is a beautiful face-on spiral with two main long arms and
branches, along with several HII knots (two with NGC designations) in the
arms. Contains a relatively small,
very bright core, ~1' diameter with a sharp stellar nucleus. A mag 15-16 star is visible about
40" NE of the center near the edge of the core. One arm is attached on the east side of the core and winds
counterclockwise around the south side of the core towards the west. The outer halo of the galaxy to the
south of this arm has a much lower surface brightness. NGC 3181 is a bright, 15" knot
(HII region/massive star cluster) embedded in this arm, 1.2' SW of the
nucleus. The arm then continues
spiraling outward as it heads north and contains NGC 3180, very small knot with
a stellar core at 1.8' NW of the nucleus.
This small knot is within a larger, slightly brighter portion of the
arm. A second prominent arm is
attached on the west side of the core and rotates counterclockwise around the
north side towards the east. The
surface brightness lowers on the east side and the arm splits into two
branches. A mag 11.7 star is
superimposed near the outer edge on the north side beyond the arm. Located 11' ESE of mag 6.6 HD 89053.
17.5"
(4/4/92): fairly bright, large, slightly elongated ~N-S, large 4' halo has a
fairly low surface brightness, very weak concentration, small brighter
elongated core. A mag 11.5 star is
at the north edge of the halo 1.8' from the center. There is an impression of spiral structure thought it was
not distinct. Located 40' W of Mu
Ursa Majoris (V = 3.1).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3184 = H I-168 = h688 = h689 on 18 Mar 1787 (sweep 716) and
recorded "cB, R, near 8' dia, vgbM.
A considerable star in the northern part of it but unconnected. JH gave
two entries for this galaxy, h688 = I-168 and h689, with the second entry a
poor position for this face-on spiral.
Bindon Stoney,
observing with LdR's 72" on 25 Jan 1851, logged "Is triple, neby
perhaps extends round them all as far as the star north. h689 not seen." The following month, he commented
"preceding part probably a portion of a ring." R.J. Mitchell sketched the the spiral
structure on 1 Feb 1856 (fig 13, Plate XXVII in the 1861 publication). The sketch shows two brighter,
elongated knots in the western arm and Dreyer catalogued these as NGC 3180 and
3181.
MCG mislabels
the galaxy as NGC 3180.
******************************
NGC 3185 = HCG
44C = UGC 5554 = MCG +04-24-024 = CGCG 123-034 = PGC 30059
10 17 38.5 +21
41 18
V = 12.2; Size 2.3'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 130d
48"
(4/18/15): at 610x; very bright, fairly large, oval halo 5:3 NW-SE,
~1.8'x1.1'. Strongly concentrated
with a very bright roundish core which increases to a slightly brighter stellar
nucleus. The halo has a brighter
arcs at the ends of the major axis (northwest and southeast ends) and is
slightly weaker inside, creating a weak ring. A very weak bar is highly suspected connecting the ends of
the major axis and the core (very subtle barred ring). A mag 14.5 star is just off the west
side [42" from center].
17.5"
(3/23/85): fairly faint, increases to a brighter core, diffuse halo elongated
NW-SE. A mag 14 star is just off
the west edge 0.7' from center and a similar star is 1.4' SW of center. Member of the NGC 3190 group = HCG 44.
13.1"
(3/24/84): fairly faint, gradually brighter core.
8"
(4/24/82): faint, fairly small, elongated.
George Johnstone
Stoney discovered NGC 3185, along with NGC 3187, in January of 1850 at Birr
Castle and labeled it Delta on the diagram of the group (shown in the 1861
publication).
Heinrich
d'Arrest independently found this galaxy on 1 Jan 1862 (measuring the position
on 5 nights) as well as Eduard Schšnfeld at the Mannhein Observatory on 15 Jan
1861. Schultz referred to it as
"Nova Schonfeld", unaware of the Birr Castle observation. JH credited
both LdR and d'Arrest in the GC.
******************************
NGC 3186 = MCG
+01-26-032 = CGCG 036-085 = Mrk 720 = PGC 30058
10 17 37.9 +06
58 16
V = 15.1; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 14.2
17.5"
(3/25/00): very faint, extremely small, round, ~15" diameter (probably
viewed core only), faint stellar nucleus.
Located 1.2' SE of a mag 12.5 star. This galaxy is identified as NGC 3186 in the RNGC and PGC
but the identification is uncertain due to a poor position from Albert Marth.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3186 = m 195 on 25 Mar 1865 and noted "pF, vS,
gbM." There is nothing at his
position, but a couple of candidates are nearby. The RNGC and PGC identify CGCG 036-085 as NGC 3186. This galaxy is located 20 tsec of RA
east and 5' south of Marth's position.
Harold Corwin suggests that NGC 3186 may be the northeastern component
of CGCG 036-074. This galaxy is
1.5 tmin preceding and 6' south of Marth's position.
In my
observation of the field, I picked up IC 602 = UGC 5561 (double system with IC
601) which is located exactly 1.0 tmin east of Marth's position and appears
brighter visually than CGCG 036-085.
Because this galaxy is only off in RA (by a single minute) it seems to
me a better choice than the RNGC/PGC candidate. Stephane Javelle independently discovered IC 602 on 10 Apr
1893 and accurately placed it in list 2-673 . UGC 5561 is identified as IC 602 in all modern
catalogues. See Corwin's notes for
more on the story.
******************************
NGC 3187 = HCG
44D = Arp 316 NED1 = VV 307b = UGC 5556 = MCG +04-24-025 = CGCG 123-036 = PGC
30068
10 17 47.8 +21
52 25
V = 13.4; Size 3.0'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.7
48"
(4/1/11): moderately bright, elongated 3:1 NW-SE, 1.8'x0.6', weak concentration
with no well defined core. At both
the NW and SE ends of the bar are faint spiral arms. The arm at the NW end bends sharply towards the south in the
direction of a mag 13.8 star 1.0' SW of center, though doesn't reach this
star. On the SW end of the bar a second
faint arm hooks at a right angle to the NE. Both arms extend ~45" and give the galaxy a distinctive
zig-zag shape. Located on a line
4.9' NW of the showpiece edge-on NGC 3190.
17.5"
(3/23/85): faint, small, edge-on NW-SE.
A mag 14 star is off the SW side 1.1' from center and a similar star is
1.3' SSE. Unusual as the major
axis is exactly collinear with the brighter edge-on NGC 3190 4.9' SE. Located 6.3' SSW of mag 7.8 SAO 81276
and 8.8' WSW of NGC 3193.
13.1"
(3/24/84) very faint, elongated NW-SE.
Located 5' NW NGC 3190. A
mag 8 star 6' NNE detracts.
8"
(4/24/82): not seen.
George Johnstone
Stoney and LdR discovered NGC 3187 in Jan 1850, while observing NGC 3190 and
3193, and labeled it Gamma on the sketch.
The description mentioned "[NGC 3190] and [NGC 3187] proibably
connected. In [NGC 3187], several
minute stars seen by Lord R."
A sketch made by R.J. Mitchell (in the 1861 publication) shows the
galaxy tapering at the southeast end and broader at the northwest end.
******************************
NGC 3188 = UGC
5569 = MCG +10-15-065 = CGCG 290-028 = Mrk 31 = PGC 30183
10 19 42.9 +57
25 24
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(4/9/94): surprisingly faint, small, round, diffuse, unconcentrated except for
extremely faint star superimposed at center or a very faint stellar nucleus,
appears to have an irregular surface brightness. Two faint stars just off edges; a mag 14.5 star 0.6' NW of
center and a mag 15 star 0.6' E of center also confuse the observation. Forms a close double with NGC 3188A
0.7' WSW (not seen).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3188 = H III-910 = h690 on 8 Apr 1793 (sweep 1038) and recorded
"vF, pL, r, iF, some of the stars visible." JH called it "eF; pL; 30"." His position is accurate
to within 1'.
Ralph Copeland,
LdR's observing assistant, logged on 5 Apr 1874 "vF, cL, R, gbM, * 15 m
near the middle and several small stars near (within 2 or 3' foll), but does
seem resolvable." One of
these "stars" may be a very companion (NGC 3188A) just off the
southwest side.
******************************
NGC 3189 = part
of NGC 3190
10 18 04.3 +21
49 54
48"
(4/1/11): this number refers to the thin strip of NGC 3190 that parallels the
prominent dust lane on the outer southwest edge of the galaxy. This strip has a well-defined southern
edge and dims at the southeast end of the galaxy.
George Johnstone
Stoney or LdR discovered NGC 3189 in January 1850 and recorded "F neby
probably extended to the right of [NGC 3190]." The sketch produced by R.J. Mitchell (fig 14, Plate XXVII in
the 1861 William Parsons' publication) shows NGC 3189 is the strip of NGC 3190
on the southwest side of the dust lane.
None of the subsequent observations at Birr Castle mention this feature,
although d'Arrest claimed an observation with the 11" refractor at
Copenhagen on 23 Mar 1865.
******************************
NGC 3190 = HCG
44A = Arp 316 NED2 = VV 307a = NGC 3189 = UGC 5559 = MCG +04-24-026 = CGCG
123-037 = Holm 175a = LGG 194-003 = PGC 30083
10 18 05.7 +21
49 57
V = 11.1; Size 4.4'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 125d
48"
(4/1/11): extremely bright, large, nearly edge-on 7:2 WNW-ESE, 3.7'x1.0', very
bright core with a dazzling stellar nucleus embedded. A sharp, contrasty dust
lane that is relatively wide runs along the full length of the galaxy, passing
just south of the core. A thin strip of the galaxy parallels the dust lane on
the outer southwest side of the galaxy. This strip has a well-defined southern
edge and dims at the southeast end of the galaxy. Dreyer catalogued the strip as NGC 3189 based on the 1850
sketch using Lord Rosse's 72-inch scope.
17.5"
(3/23/85): bright, edge-on NW-SE, stellar nucleus, fairly large. Brightest in HCG 44 with NGC 3187 4.9'
NW, NGC 3193 5.8' NE and NGC 3185 11' SW.
Two bright stars are in the field; mag 7.8 SAO 81276 8.3' NNW and mag
9.0 SAO 81279 6.5' NE.
13.1"
(3/24/84): bright, small bright nucleus, elongated NW-SE, brightest in a
group. Two mag 8 stars are in the
field.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3190 = H II-44 = h692, along with NGC 3193, on 12 Mar 1784
(sweep 166) and recorded "Two small nebulae; very like each other; both E
and both lbM; than towards the ends, but of the resolvable kind." His single position is closer to NGC
3187, but must refer to the brighter galaxies though NGC 3193 is not noticeably
elongated.
R.J. Mitchell
sketched the galaxy on 22 Mar 1857 (plate XXVII, fig 14 in LdR's 1861
publication) and clearly showed two strips of the galaxy separated by a dark
lane.
******************************
NGC 3191 = NGC
3192 = UGC 5565 = MCG +08-19-018 = CGCG 240-026 = PGC 30136
10 19 05.1 +46
27 15
V = 13.3; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 5d
17.5"
(4/9/94): fairly faint, small, round, 0.7' diameter, weak broad
concentration. Located 4.1' SSW of
a mag 10 star. Pair with MCG
+08-19-017 1.3' W.
John Herschel
found NGC 3191 = h691 on 19 Mar 1828 and recorded "F; S; R; bM;
15-20". If this be III. 704
[NGC 3192], there must exist a great error in PD on one or other side. His position matches UGC 5565.
WH discovered
this galaxy on 5 Feb 1788 and recorded it as III-704 (and later GC 2060 = NGC
3192). His position, though, was
7' too far north. All major
catalogues identify this galaxy as NGC 3191, instead of NGC 3192. References: Malcolm Thomson's article
in the Webb Society Quarterly Journal Apr 1980 and Betelgeuse Nov 1979.
******************************
NGC 3192 = NGC
3191 = UGC 5565 = MCG +08-19-018 = CGCG 240-026 = PGC 30128
10 19 05.1 +46
27 15
See observing
notes for NGC 3191.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3192 = H III-704 on 5 Feb 1788 (sweep 808) and recorded
"eF, vS, may be a patch of small stars." There is nothing at his position, but 8' due south is h691 =
NGC 3191. JH recorded this galaxy
as h691 (and later NGC 3191), noting "F; S; R; bM; 15-20". If this be
III. 704, there must exist a great error in PD on one side or the
other." Dreyer also commented
"perhaps = h.691" in the notes to his Scientific Papers of WH.
RNGC
misidentifies MCG +08-19-017 as NGC 3192.
This galaxy is located 1.3' W of NGC 3191. See my RNGC Corrections #1, WSQJ Apr 1980 and Betelgeuse Nov
1979 (by Malcolm Thomson).
******************************
NGC 3193 = HCG
44B = Arp 316 NED3 = UGC 5562 = MCG +04-24-027 = CGCG 123-038 = VV 307 = Holm
175b = WBL 262-003 = PGC 30099
10 18 25.0 +21
53 37
V = 10.9; Size 3.0'x2.7'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(3/23/85): bright, small, round, stellar nucleus, second brightest in the NGC
3190 group. Located just 1.3' S of
mag 9.0 SAO 81279. Third of three
with NGC 3190 5.8' SW and NGC 3187 8.8' WSW.
13.1"
(3/24/84): bright, small bright nucleus, small, round. A mag 9 star is just 1' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3193 = H II-45 = h693, along with NGC 3190, on 12 Mar 1784
(sweep 166). See notes on NGC
3190. JH made three observations
and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3194 = NGC
3155 = UGC 5538 = MCG +12-10-026 = CGCG 351-012 = PGC 30064
10 17 39.9 +74
20 51
See observing
notes for NGC 3155.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3194 = H III-965 on 2 Apr 1801 (sweep 1096) and noted "vF,
vS." This is one of 15 far
northern galaxies with large systematic errors. The corrected position using
Greenwich plates (MN, 71, 509, 1911) matches UGC 5538 and Dreyer repeated this
position in the notes to his 1912 edition of WH's catalogues. See NGC 2938 for more on this sweep.
JH independently
discovered this galaxy on 2 Sep 1828 and recorded h676 as "vF; S; R. RA extremely precarious." His
rough position is 4' northeast of UGC 5538. Dreyer also assumed this was a new discovery and catalogued
it as NGC 3155 (with an accurate position from d'Arrest). So, NGC 3194 = NGC 3155. The primary designation should be NGC
3194, but the common name is NGC 3155.
******************************
NGC 3195 = PK
296-20.1 = ESO 019-PN2 = PN G296.6-20.0
10 09 21.1 -80
51 31
V = 11.5; Size 43"x36"
24" (4/4/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 350x, appeared fairly bright, moderately
large, slightly elongated SSW-NNE, ~40"x35". The planetary is clearly annular at
this magnification with the rim brightest along the east and west sides, giving
a bipolar appearance. The southern
end of the rim dims, making the rim appear U-shaped, open to the south (though
also somewhat weaker on the north end).
The central hole is irregularly shaped with careful viewing. Two mag 12 stars to the west at
45" and 1.6' are collinear with the planetary and a brighter mag 11.5 lies
2' SE. The surrounding field is
lacking in bright stars but rich in faint stars. NGC 3149 lies 30' NNW.
18" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is an interesting planetary at 171x
with a UHC filter or at 228x. It
appears moderately bright and large, ~40"x35", slightly elongated
~N-S. This disc has a noticeably
irregular surface brightness with a slightly brighter knot on the following
side and a hint of annularity.
Good response to UHC and OIII filters. Located in southern Chamaeleon between Zeta and Delta
Chamaeleontis.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3195 = h3241 on 24 Feb 1835 and recorded "planetary nebula,
pB, not quite uniform in its light, having two brighter patches, lE towards a *
(a); slightly hazy; diameter = 15 or 18" (in RA 13 seconds of time). Pos
of star a = 265.7 , dist = 0.7 diam from edge, 11th mag.; of star c, pos =
210.7 , dist = 1 3/4 diam from edge." On a later sweep he described "Planetary nebula, R or
vlE; a very little hazy at the edges but still pretty well defined with 240
power. Viewed long and with much attention, being a very remarkable object. I
am positive of the existence of two brighter portions near the
edges." Sketched Plate VI,
figure 2.
******************************
NGC 3196 = CGCG
153-035 = CGCG 154-001 = PGC 30121
10 18 49.1 +27
40 08
V = 15.7; Size 0.4'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 115d
18"
(2/23/06): extremely faint and small, round, 10" diameter. Located 0.5' W of a mag 15-15.5 star
that confuses the observation.
This galaxy is unusually faint for a William Herschel discovery. Located 13' NE of striking double star
·1421 = 8.2/9.3 at 4.5".
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3196 = H III-348 = h694 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and remarked
"suspected, eF, pS, lE. I do
not much doubt it; but there is too much light to verify it." CH's reduction is 30 sec of time
following CGCG 153-035 = PGC 30121.
JH's position is just 30" south of this galaxy, though he noted
"so eF that I remained unsatisfied". Given that comment and the magnitude of this galaxy, it's
amazing that WH apparently picked it up during twilight. Sweep 396/397 on 11 Apr 1785 was WH's
most productive -- with 72 discoveries -- and this was the first object found
in the sweep.
******************************
NGC 3197 = UGC
5500 = MCG +13-08-009 = CGCG 350-045 = CGCG 351-010 = PGC 29870
10 14 27.7 +77
49 13
V = 13.5; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 155d
17.5"
(1/28/89): faint, small, round, even surface brightness. Located almost at midpoint of two mag
11 stars 3.7' NE and 3.5' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3197 = H III-966 on 2 Apr 1801 (sweep 1096) and logged "F,
S, stellar neb. It is very near and
preceding a small star. 300
confirmed it." This is one of
15 far northern galaxies with large systematic errors. The corrected position using Greenwich
plates (MN, 71, 509, 1911) matches UGC 5500 and Dreyer repeated this position
in the notes to his 1912 edition of WH's catalogues. See NGC 2938 for more on this sweep.
******************************
NGC 3198 = UGC
5572 = MCG +08-19-020 = CGCG 240-030 = PGC 30197
10 19 54.8 +45
32 59
V = 10.3; Size 8.5'x3.3'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 35d
48"
(5/4/16): at 375x; NGC 3198 is a showpiece, large spiral extending 7:2 SW-NE,
~8.0'x2.5'. Contains a bright,
elongated central "bar", punctuated by a very small bright core that
rises to a stellar nucleus.
Slightly brighter patches are visible at the ends of the central region,
where the spiral arms emerge. A
tight inner arm is attached on the northeast end; it bends back sharply and
closely parallels the central region, extending southwest for a length of
~3.5'. An outer low surface
brightness arm sweeps clockwise on the southwest end. A symmetric outer arm on the northeast end (of slightly
higher surface brightness) curls clockwise towards the west. The outer tip to tip diameter is nearly
8'. An uncatalogued fairly bright
double star [separation ~3.7"] is 3.5' NNE of center, just beyond the halo
and a mag 14 star is 2.2' SSE of center.
17.5"
(3/12/94): fairly bright, large, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE, 7.0'x2.5', broadly
concentrated, brighter core has an indistinct elongated nucleus and an
irregular surface brightness. Two
mag 14 stars are close south (nearest is 2.0' from the center) and a mag 11
star is just off the NNE edge 3.5' from the center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3198 = H I-199 = h695 on 15 Jan 1788 (sweep 800) and remarked
"cB, mE, gbM, about 5' long and 2' broad from sp to nf." George Stoney, observing with LdR's
72" on 3 Mar 1850, noted "probably a faint spiral." It was included in the list of
"Spiral or curvilinear" nebulae in LdR's 1850 PT paper. In later observations, a "dark
vacuity ssp Nucl" was noted as well as "dark spaces throughout its
length".
******************************
NGC 3199 = ESO
127-EN014 = Gum 28 = Ced 107 = RCW 48
10 17 06 -57 55
Size 22'x22'
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x and UHC filter this
Wolf-Rayet bubble appeared as an amazing 180¡ crescent, open on the east side
and forming a thick "C" shape.
The rim of the bubble is widest on the western portion, although it is
slightly brighter on the southwest side.
The main portion of the crescent spans ~13' from the north to south end
and appears ~3.5' thick in the middle, though fainter nebulosity spreads out to
the southeast. A double star
(h4302 = 10.4/11.6 at 23") is embedded near the south end. The surface brightness is fairly high
overall, though irregular with slightly brighter patches, knots and
streaks. A faint 5' linear streak
or filament running SSW-NNE is superimposed along the outer western edge,
though it separates or resolves from the Crescent at its north and south
ends. The illuminating mag 10.6
Wolf-Rayet star (WR 18 = HD 89358) is located about 4' E of the center of the
"C", and is asymetrically positioned with respect to the center of
the entire shell. This W-R bubble
is situated four degrees NW of the Eta Carina nebula in a rich Milky Way star
field.
13.1"
(2/17/04 - Costa Rica): at 105x and UHC filter, this HII region appears as a
remarkable, huge crescent, roughly 11'x7' (the main region extends nearly 1/3
of the 39' field). Opens up
towards the east in a huge "C" shape. The SW portion of the crescent is brightest, although the
overall surface brightness is irregular with a mottled or curdled
appearance. A few stars are
superimposed even with the filter with the brightest stars at the SW end. Fainter nebulosity sprouts out of the
SW end, increasing the total size by several arcminutes.
18" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is an amazing HII region with a 20mm
Nagler and UHC filter at 103x. It
appears as a fairly bright, thick crescent opening towards the east, roughly
10'x6'! The surface brightness was
quite irregular with a UHC filter and the nebulosity was noticeably brighter on
the south end where a couple of brighter stars are embedded. Off the bright portion of the south
end, much lower surface brightness haze extends the curve further SE for
several arcmin and spreads out somewhat increasing the length to ~15'. The main mass has a curdled, mottled appearance and dark
lanes appear to intrude into the nebulosity. The illuminating star HD 89358 is a Wolf-Rayet star (WR 18)
and this nebulosity is reminiscent of the Crescent Nebula in Cygnus (it could
be dubbed the "Southern Crescent").
9x50 finder
(2/17/04 - Costa Rica): surprisingly, NGC 3199 was visible in the 50mm finder
at just 9x by blinking with the OIII filter. An elongated bar of nebulosity was seen!
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 3199 = D 332 = h3239 on 1 Apr 1834 and described a "very
faint ray of nebula, about 2' broad, and 6' or 7' long, joining two small stars
at the south following extremity, which are very slightly involved, but their
lustre is not diminished from that of similar small stars in the field. The
north extremity also joins a group of small stars, but they are not involved.
Figure 15.". Unfortunately he
made a one degree error in reading or copying the declination so Dunlop did not
receive credit in the GC or NGC (Glen Cozens recovered the identity of D
332). Because of Dunlop's poor
position, this Wolf-Rayet nebula was reported by Herschel as a new discovery on
1 Apr 1834.
Herschel
sketched NGC 3199 (plate IV, fig 3) and recorded, "A very large and very
remarkable nebula, which is brighter to the S.f. part, and dies off to the
N.p., having a curved form and forked tail. In the head of it is a double star.
The nebula is pretty bright, very large, figure irregular, 8' long, 4' broad.
Among a vast number of milky way stars." On a second occassion he called
it "very bright, very large, 10' long, of a concave or crescent form,
sharply terminated inwards, fading away outwards. In a field of about 80 stars.
The place is that of a 13th mag star, about the middle of the crescent, or
rather nearer the head." His next description reads: "pretty bright,
very gradually brighter in the middle, of a falcated or smilunar shape,
extending over three-quarters of the field. The place is that of a double star
in its vertex or southern extremity." His final observation was recorded
as "Place that of the double star near the cusp of the great falcated
nebula, whose extent in PD is = 1.3 radius of field = 9.75' In a rich field. A
clustering group follows." In
the IC 2 notes, Dreyer notes that no nebulosity was found on plates at
Arequipa, Peru although JH described it quite clearly.
******************************
NGC 3200 = ESO
567-045 = MCG -03-26-037 = UGCA 210 = PGC 30108
10 18 36.5 -17
58 57
V = 12.0; Size 4.2'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 169d
17.5"
(1/31/87): moderately bright, very elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, moderately
large. A mag 14 star is at the
north end. Either contains a
stellar nucleus or a star is superimposed on the center. A mag 12 star lies 2.0' WNW of center.
Edward Holden
discovered NGC 3200 on 10 Apr 1882 with the 15.6-inch Clark refractor at the
Washburn Observatory in Wisconsin and noted "pB, E 160, bMN." His
position in Publ. of the Washburn Observatory, Vol I, p 73, matches ESO 567-045
= PGC 30108. I find it surprising
that this relatively bright galaxy was missed by the Herschels.
******************************
NGC 3201 = ESO
263-SC026
10 17 36.7 -46
24 40
V = 6.7; Size 18.2'; Surf Br = 0.7
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x, this beautiful, loose
globular was well resolved with approximately two hundred mag 12 to 16 stars
visible within a 10' region. An
unusual feature is the large number of brighter cluster stars that appear to be
superimposed right on top of a fainter layer of stars in the central core. The core seems displaced towards the
north side as if part of the northern half of the cluster was obscured and
flattened. This apparent affect
may also be due to a larger number of brighter resolved stars that are
superimposed on the northern half of the core. A number of stars in the outer halo are arranged in strings
and chains and the outer extent of the halo is irregular.
18" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): beautifully resolved globular at 171x and
228x. The cluster is fairly large,
~8'-10' diameter with more careful viewing. Roughly 150 stars are resolved, though the number grows with
magnification and averted vision.
A fairly dense layer of brighter mag 11.5-12 stars are resolved right
over the bright core. The halo,
which has a large number of mag 13 stars, has a scraggly, irregular edge and
seems elongated - possibly partially obscured by dust. This concentration class X cluster is
7th in ranking of brightest stars (mag 11.7) and 10th in horizontal-branch mag
stars (mag 14.8).
13"
(2/23/85): this fairly bright globular cluster appears fairly large and
mottled. But only a few stars are
resolved due to the view being compromised by the very low elevation (~5¡
altitude) from northern California.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 3201 = D 445 = h3238 on 1 May 1826 with his 9-inch reflector at
Parramatta, NSW, and described a "pretty large, pretty bright round
nebula, 4' or 5' diameter, very gradually condensed towards the centre, easily
resolved into stars; the figure is rather irregular, and the stars are
considerably scattered on the south preceding side: the stars are also of
slightly mixed magnitudes."
JH first
observed it on 20 Apr 1836 and recorded a "globular cluster, irregularly
round, gbM, not v m comp, 6', resolved into stars 13...15th mag." On a
second sweep he called it "irregularly round, 7' diameter, but the
outliers extend to at least 10' or 12'; gpmbM, but not very much compressed;
all resolved into stars 13..16th mag."
NGC 3201 is 7th
in ranking of brightest member stars (mag 11.7) and 10th in ranking of
horizontal-branch mag (mag 14.8).
The distance is ~20,000 light years.
******************************
NGC 3202 = UGC
5581 = MCG +07-21-041 = CGCG 211-044 = WBL 264-001 = PGC 30236
10 20 31.7 +43
01 18
V = 13.2; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 20d
17.5"
(4/9/94): fairly faint, small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 1.0'x0.7', only a weak
concentration with a small brighter core.
A mag 13.5 star is 1.1' W of center. First of three with very similar NGC 3205 4.4' SE and NGC
3207 5.7' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3202 = H II-720 = h696 on 3 Feb 1788 (sweep 804) and noted
"F, vS." CH's reduction
is 3.5' southwest of UGC 5581 (similar offset as NGC 3205 = II-721 and NGC 3207
= II-722). JH recorded "vF; R; vgbM; 30"; the preceding of 3 neb in a
triangle. Some stars near." He noted the position as very
approximate and as a result the NGC position is 2' too far south.
******************************
NGC 3203 = ESO
500-024 = MCG -04-25-002 = PGC 30177
10 19 34.5 -26
41 53
V = 12.1; Size 2.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 58d
17.5"
(3/28/87): moderately bright, fairly small, very elongated SW-NE, very small bright
core is possibly stellar, very thin extensions.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3203 = h3240 on 24 Mar 1835 and recorded "pB; E; gbM;
25"." His position on
the next sweep (563) was 1 min of RA greater, which he mistakenly rejected So the RA in the NGC and NGC is 1.0 min
of RA too small. Clearly his
observations, though, refer to ESO 500-024.
******************************
NGC 3204 = UGC
5580 = MCG +05-25-001 = CGCG 154-003 = PGC 30214
10 20 11.2 +27
49 02
V = 13.5; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 110d
17.5"
(3/25/95): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 0.8'x0.5'. Located 4.1' NE of a mag 11 star. A mag 7.7 star (SAO 81305) lies 13' SE
at the edge of the field.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3204 = h698 on 24 Dec 1827 and logged "F; L; 40" -
60"; gbM." His position
matches UGC 5580.
******************************
NGC 3205 = UGC
5585 = MCG +07-21-042 = CGCG 211-046 = Holm 179a = WBL 264-002 = PGC 30254
10 20 50.0 +42
58 19
V = 13.2; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(4/9/94): second of three in a group.
Very similar appearance to NGC 3202 4.4' NW. Fairly faint, small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE. A mag 13 star is 1.0' WSW. Appears to have a slightly higher
surface brightness than NGC 3202 and brighter along the major axis. A threshold star is superimposed NE of
the core (GSC shows a mag 15 star 15" NE of center). NGC 3207 lies 2.1' ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3205 = H II-721 = h699 on 3 Feb 1788 (sweep 804) and noted
"F, vS, stellar." JH
recorded "vF; R; vgbM; 30"; the second of 3 [with NGC 3202 and 3207]
in a triangle."
******************************
NGC 3206 = WBL
265-001 = UGC 5589 = MCG +10-15-069 = CGCG 290-030 = PGC 30322
10 21 47.6 +56
55 50
V = 11.9; Size 3.0'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 0d
17.5"
(4/9/94): faint, fairly large, elongated 3:2 N-S, 2.5'x1.5', broad
concentration. A mag 13 star is
just off the NNE end 2.1' from the center. A pair of galaxies NGC 3214 and NGC 3220 lie 13' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3206 = H I-266 = h697 on 8 Apr 1793 (sweep 1038) and recorded
"cB, pL, gbM, iF." His
position is just off the east side of UGC 5589. JH called this galaxy "vF; L; E; vglbM; 2' l; 1 1/2' br"
and measured a very accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3207 = UGC
5587 = MCG +07-21-043 = CGCG 211-047 = Holm 179b = WBL 264-003 = PGC 30267
10 21 00.6 +42
59 07
V = 13.2; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 73d
17.5"
(4/9/94): fairly faint, small, almost round, even concentration down to very
small core. A mag 13.5 star is
2.0' S. Third of three in a close
trio with NGC 3205 2.1' WSW and NGC 3202 5.7' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3207 = H II-722 = h700 on 3 Feb 1788 (sweep 804) and logged
"F, vS, stellar." JH
recorded "vF; R; vgbM; 30"; the last of 3 in a triangle [with NGC
3202 and 3205]."
******************************
NGC 3208 = ESO
500-025 = MCG -04-25-003 = PGC 30180
10 19 41.3 -25
48 53
V = 12.7; Size 1.8'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 20d
18"
(4/10/04): faint, moderately large, round. At 220x, appears as a low surface brightness glow with a
very weak concentration, ~1.2' diameter.
Situated between two mag 10.5 stars - the closer is 1.6' due west and
the second star is 3.0' due E!
Outlying member of AGC 1060?
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 3208 = LM I-171 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory. His rough
position (nearest min of RA) is a reasonable match with ESO 500-025 (30 tsec
too far west). Herbert Howe
measured an accurate RA in 1899-00at the Chamberlin Observatory in Denver
(mentioned in the IC 2 notes section)
******************************
NGC 3209 = UGC
5584 = MCG +04-25-002 = CGCG 124-003 = PGC 30242
10 20 38.5 +25
30 18
V = 12.7; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 80d
17.5"
(3/25/95): moderately bright, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter. Sharp concentration with a very small
prominent core and stellar nucleus.
A mag 11 star is 3.0' W of center.
Forms a pair
with MCG +04-25-004 4.7' ENE (noted as "very faint, very small,
round. A mag 14.5 star is 1.2'
NNE"). Brightest in a trio
with UGC 5588 9.4' SSE (noted as "fairly faint, small, round, 30"
diameter, weak concentration.
Forms a small isosceles triangle with two mag 12 stars 1.0' SSW and 1.2'
E of center. High surface
brightness for a UGC galaxy").
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3209 = h701 on 19 Feb 1827 and recorded "F; R; 30";
has a star." His position
matches UGC 5584.
******************************
NGC 3210
10 27 58.9 +79
49 57
Size 24"
17.5"
(1/28/89): NGC 3210 is a pair of mag 13.5/14.5 stars at 24" separation
located just 1' WNW of NGC 3212.
This double was easily resolved.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3210 = H III-979 on 26 Sep 1802 (sweep 1111, his second to last
sweep) and recorded "The
preceding [with III-980 = NGC 3212 and III-981 = NGC 3215] stellar; they are
all in line and about 1' distance from each other. The preceding is the most north, about 2' more than the
last." A pair of mag
13.5/14.5 stars at 24" separation is the only object matching his
description with respect to the two nearby galaxies.
In the 1912
notes to WH's third catalogue, Dreyer states the RA for NGC 3210 requires a
correction of +1.0 tmin in RA (probably based on an observation by Bigourdan)
and this would match one or both of the stars. In 1892 William Denning reported
"there are two or three faint stars in the place assigned for it [NGC
3210], but, like D'Arrest, I see no nebulosity [in a 10-inch
reflector]." Dorothy Carlson
identifies this object as a star in her 1940 paper on NGC corrections.
******************************
NGC 3211 = PK
286-4.1 = ESO 127-PN15 = PN G286.3-04.8
10 17 50.3 -62
40 14
V = 10.7; Size 17"
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): Picked up unfiltered at 105x as a moderately bright,
15" disc. Good contrast gain
with UHC filter. Appears bright,
evenly illuminated with a well-defined bluish halo. Appears to float in a beautifully rich Carina star field and
centered within a parallelogram of mag 10.5 stars (sides ~9'x7'). Located 1.3¡ south of the mag 3.4 q
Velorum.
18" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 171x and UHC filter this fine planetary
appeared as a very bright, round disc, ~15" diameter, crisp-edged with a
bluish hue. Good filter response
to UHC. The surface brightness was
very high and there was a hint of a slightly brighter rim. Set in a rich Carina star field.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3211 = h3242 on 7 Mar 1837 and recorded "planetary nebula,
delicate, exactly round, = * 10 mag, a little dim at edges; white; with 320x
considerably hazy. In field with at least 150 stars." The next sweep he recorded
"perfectly round; very well defined, with a perfectly uniform light, not
at all mottled; = a star 10th mag, of which brightness there are 5 or 6 more in
the field, and not less than 150 others less bright. Examined by both Mr Maclear
and myself with 240x which shows it proportionally magnified; quite round and
planetary; a little hazy at the edges, but not more so than is due to the
decidedly bad definition of the night, and the imperfect figure of the mirror,
which has been injured by careless polishing on too soft a polisher."
******************************
NGC 3212 = Arp
181 NED1 = VV 319b = UGC 5643 = MCG +13-08-021 = CGCG 351-023 = PGC 30813
10 28 16.1 +79
49 23
V = 13.1; Size 1.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 107d
17.5" (1/28/89):
faint, very small, round. A pair
of mag 13.5/14.5 stars at 24" separation is 1' WNW (= NGC 3210). Forms a pair with NGC 3215 1.2' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3212 = H III-980 on 26 Sep 1802 (sweep 1111, his second to last
sweep) and recorded "Three, the place is that of the last [III-981]. The two last [NGC 3212 and 3215] vF and
vS."
None of these 3
objects were included in WH's third catalogue as they were discovered just
after his 500 discovery limit was reached on the previous object (NGC
3057). JH added III-980 as one of
the 8 "HON" objects ("[William] Herschel omitted nebulae")
in the Appendix to his Cape Observations.
There are only two galaxies here that were measured accurately by
d'Arrest and Bigourdan with III-979 = NGC 3210 a single or double star.
******************************
NGC 3213 = UGC
5590 = MCG +03-27-004 = CGCG 094-008 = PGC 30283
10 21 17.3 +19
39 07
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 133d
17.5"
(4/25/92): very faint, small, round, low almost even surface brightness. Located 10' NE of mag 8.1 SAO 99075 and
21' SE of the striking double star Gamma Leonis (2.2/3.5 at 4.5").
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3213 = St XIII-58 on 13 Mar 1883. His position matches UGC 5590.
******************************
NGC 3214 = MCG
+10-15-071 = CGCG 290-032 = Holm 182a = WBL 265-003 = PGC 30419
10 23 08.9 +57
02 20
V = 13.9; Size 0.7'x0.3'; PA = 30d
17.5"
(4/9/94): first of two with NGC 3220 5.0' E. Faint, very small, round, very small brighter core. Bracketed by two mag 13.5 stars 0.8' W
and 1.0' E. NGC 3206 lies 13' SW.
Ralph Copeland
discovered NGC 3214 on 9 Mar 1874 using LdR's 72" while observing GC 2082
= NGC 3220. He recorded "cB, vS, R, sbMN = * 11m, pos 277.3¡, dist
288.7" It is in a line, Pos
about 100¡, between 2 st, about 11m each, dist about 1.5'." Copeland's offset from NGC 3220 matches
CGCG 290-032 = PGC 30419.
******************************
NGC 3215 = Arp
181 NED2 = VV 319a = UGC 5659 = MCG +13-08-022 = CGCG 350-055 = CGCG 351-024 =
PGC 30840
10 28 40.4 +79
48 46
V = 13.0; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 130d
17.5"
(1/28/89): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated. Forms a close pair with NGC 3212 1.2' NW. Collinear with NGC 3212 and pair of mag
13.5/14.5 stars 2.2' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3215 = H III-981 on 26 Sep 1802 (sweep 1111, his second to last
sweep) and recorded "Three, the place is that of the last [III-981]. The two last [NGC 3212 and 3215] vF and
vS." Caroline Herschel's reduced position is ~4' north of Arp 181 = UGC
5643 and UGC 5659.
None of these
three objects were included in WH's third catalogue as they were discovered
just after his 500 discovery limit was reached on the previous object (NGC
3057). JH added III-981 as one of
the 8 "HON" objects ("[William] Herschel omitted nebulae")
in the Appendix to his Cape Observations.
There are only two galaxies here, that were measured accurately by
d'Arrest and Bigourdan and NGC 3210 is either a star or wide double star.
******************************
NGC 3216 = UGC
5593 = MCG +04-25-007 = CGCG 124-008 = PGC 30312
10 21 41.2 +23
55 23
V = 13.4; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 0d
17.5"
(3/25/95): faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 N-S, 0.9'x0.7', weak
concentration. Located 4.7' ENE of
a mag 10.5 star. Brightest in a
group with UGC 5597 at 4.6' SE (not seen) and an anonymous galaxy 4.1' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3216 = H III-330 = h702 on 10 Apr 1785 (sweep 394) and noted
"vF, pS, vlbM." JH
logged "eF; R; 20"." and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3217 = IC
606 = MCG +02-27-006 = CGCG 065-017 = Mrk 721 = VIII Zw 074 = Todd 29 = PGC
30448
10 23 32.6 +10
57 35
V = 14.5; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 30d
18"
(3/11/07): faint, small, slightly elongated, 0.4'x0.3', weak
concentration. Situated in a small
group of mag 13-14 stars and a mag 11.6 star 2.6' SE. Discovered by David Todd in his search for a trans-Neptunian
planet and equivalent to IC 606.
David Todd
discovered NGC 3217 = Todd 29 on 4 Mar 1878 using the 26-inch Clark refractor
at the US Naval Observatory during his search for a trans-Neptunian
planet. Todd's RA was only given
to the nearest minute but Harold Corwin was able to identify CGCG 065-017 = PGC
30448 as NGC 3217. This galaxy is
2.1 tmin east of Todd's rough position and 4' north but his sketch shows two
nearby stars that match this galaxy.
Stephane Javelle
independently found NGC 3217 on 18 Apr 1893 and reported it in list 2-676
(later IC 606). PGC, MCG, CGCG and
SIMBAD (and amateur software such as Megastar) use the IC designation only and
RNGC misclassifies NGC 3217 as nonexistent. NED and HyperLeda equate the two identities.
******************************
NGC 3218 = NGC
3183 = UGC 5582 = MCG +12-10-028 = CGCG 351-018 = CGCG 333-023 = PGC 30323
10 21 49.4 +74
10 37
V = 11.9; Size 2.3'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 170d
See observing
notes for NGC 3183.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3218 = H I-283 on 2 Apr 180 (sweep 1096) and recorded "cB,
cL, er." This is one of 15 far northern galaxies with large systematic
errors. The corrected position
using Greenwich plates (MN, 71, 509, 1911) matches UGC 5582. See NGC 2938 for more on this sweep.
Heinrich
d'Arrest independently discovered this galaxy on 28 Sep 1865, measured an
accurate position, and Dreyer catalogued it as NGC 3183, assuming it was
new. The primary designation of
this galaxy is NGC 3183, despite the earlier discovery by WH.
******************************
NGC 3219 = MCG
+07-21-051 = CGCG 211-049 = Holm 184a = PGC 30383
10 22 37.4 +38
34 45
V = 14.4; Size 0.8'x0.5'; PA = 60d
18"
(4/10/04): very faint, small, slightly elongated 0.5'x0.4', weak
concentration. Situated in the
middle of a thin triangle of mag 11-12 stars with a 1.6' pair of mag 11.5/12
stars ~2.5' W and a mag 11 star 3' E.
Forms a close pair with MCG +07-21-049 1.8' NW, which was not seen with
certainty. Located 9.5' NE of mag
8.8 SAO 62000.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3219 = St XII-38 on 11 Apr 1882. His position matches CGCG 211-049 = PGC 30383. This galaxy is not in RC3 and for some
reason is not plotted on the new version of the Uranometria 2000 Star Atlas.
******************************
NGC 3220 = IC
604 = UGC 5614 = MCG +10-15-073 = CGCG 290-034 = Holm 182b = WBL 265-004 = PGC
30462
10 23 45.2 +57
01 38
V = 13.0; Size 1.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 97d
17.5"
(4/9/94): brighter of a pair with NGC 3214 5.0' W. Fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:1 E-W, 1.5'x0.5',
weak concentration. Forms the west
vertex of a near isosceles triangle with a mag 11 star 5.5' NE and a mag 10
star 6.5' ESE. The mag 10 star is
an unequal triple with two 14th magnitude companions at 18" and 27".
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3220 = H III-911 on 8 Apr 1793 (sweep 1038) and noted "vF,
cL, iF." CH's reduction
matches UGC 5614. Ralph Copeland, observing with the 72" on 9 Mar 1874,
recorded "pF, L cE 91.5¡, *14 Pos 145.6¡, Dist 94", *8m Pos 102.1¡,
Dist 393.3¡. The NGC description
is based on this observation.
Lewis Swift
found this galaxy again on 8 Aug 1890, and reported it as new in his list IX-22
(later IC 604). Dreyer apparently
missed the match in position, so NGC 3220 = IC 604.
******************************
NGC 3221 = UGC
5601 = MCG +04-25-013 = CGCG 124-017 = PGC 30358
10 22 20.2 +21
34 07
V = 13.1; Size 3.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 167d
17.5"
(4/13/91): fairly faint, moderately large, edge-on 4:1 NNW-SSE, 3.0'x0.7',
brighter middle but no nucleus. A
mag 11 star is 4.6' S of center.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3221 on 1 Jan 1862 and noted "eF, incredibly thin,
90" length, mag 10 star 4' south." His position is just off the north side of UGC 5601.
******************************
NGC 3222 = UGC
5610 = MCG +03-27-011 = CGCG 094-018 = PGC 30377
10 22 34.5 +19
53 13
V = 12.8; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(4/25/92): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated SW-NE, small bright core,
faint halo. A mag 14.5 star is
just south of the west edge 0.6' from center. A mag 11.5 star lies 2.9' S. FIrst of three with the NGC 3226/3227 duo 13' E in field.
Friedrich August
Winnecke discovered NGC 3222 = Au 27 in March 1855 with a 9.6-in Fraunhofer
refractor at the Berlin Observatory, "while observing the double nebula
[NGC 3226/3227]." He added "it is much fainter than both components,
round and slightly brighter to the middle." Using the Heliometer at Konigsberg, Auwers described it as
"very faint, ~1' diam; star-like core 12-13m." d'Arrest and Schultz also measure
accurate micrometric positions, and Schultz called it "binuclear".
******************************
NGC 3223 = IC
2571 = ESO 375-012 = MCG -06-23-023 = LGG 196-005 = PGC 30308
10 21 35.1 -34
16 01
V = 11.0; Size 4.1'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 135d
18"
(4/10/04): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 5:3 NW-SE, 2.0'x1.2'. Increases to a moderately bright
30" core. A mag 11 star is
just off the SE end and one or two faint stars are superimposed in the halo. This was a surprisingly easy galaxy and
bright for a low elevation (~15 degrees).
Located about 1.5 degrees NW of the center of Antila cluster within the
Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster. NGC
3224 lies 26' S.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3223 = h3243 on 2 Feb 1835 and recorded "pB; vL; vlE;
pslbM; to a centre; diam 2'."
His position is on the northeast side of ESO 375-012.
Lewis Swift
found the galaxy again on 30 Dec 1897, assumed it was new and reported Sw.
XI-107 (later IC 2571) as "vF; cS; R; mag 9 star close p close
following." His RA was 28
seconds too small. Herbert Howe
followed up on Swift's observation and noted the mag 9 star follows by 9 sec
and measured an accurate position.
So, NGC 3223 = IC 2571.
******************************
NGC 3224 = ESO
375-013 = MCG -06-23-024 = LGG 196-006 = PGC 30314
10 21 41.2 -34
41 49
V = 12.0; Size 1.9'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 133d
18"
(4/10/04): fairly faint, failry small, slightly elongated, 0.8'x0.7'.
Well-concentrated with a small, bright core. Outlying member of the Antlia Cluster. Found by starhopping from brighter NGC
3324 located 26' N.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3224 = h3244 on 18 Apr 1835 and recorded "vF; R; pgmbM;
40"." His position
matches ESO 375-013.
******************************
NGC 3225 = UGC
5631 = MCG +10-15-077 = CGCG 290-037 = PGC 30569
10 25 10.0 +58
09 00
V = 12.6; Size 2.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 155d
17.5"
(4/9/94): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, very weak
concentration. A mag 14 star is
1.2' NNE of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3225 = H II-882 = h703 on 8 Apr 1793 (sweep 1038) and noted
"pB, pL, lE, bM." His RA
(CH's reduction) is 15 sec too small.
JH logged "pF; L; E; vgbM; 30" to 40"."
******************************
NGC 3226 = Arp
94 NED1 = VV 209b = Holm 187b = UGC 5617 = MCG +03-27-015 = CGCG 094-026 = LGG
194-008 = PGC 30440
10 23 27.0 +19
53 54
V = 11.4; Size 3.2'x2.8'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 15d
48"
(4/22/17): at 375x and 488x; very bright, moderately large, slightly elongated,
~1.8'x 1.5'. Sharply concentrated
with an intensely bright non-stellar nucleus. The halo has only a weak concentration and with averted
vision appears to merge with the halo of NGC 3227. A low surface brightness spiral arm on the west side of NGC
3227 extends north to the outer halo of NGC 3226.
17.5"
(4/25/92): moderately bright and large, slightly elongated SSW-NNE, smoothly
increases from halo to a bright core and an almost stellar nucleus. The halo extends to almost 2' diameter
with averted vision and fades into background. Forms a striking pair with NGC 3227 at the south side with
2.3' separation between centers.
The outer halo is just in contact with NGC 3227 at the SSE edge. NGC 3222 lies 13' W.
13.1"
(4/16/83): fairly faint, broad concentration to a brighter middle.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3226 = H II-28 on 15 Feb 1784 (sweep 146) and recorded "Two
nebula almost close together.
Perhaps 1 1/2 or 2' asunder, they are pretty considerable in size and of
a roundish form; but not cometic; they are vF." His position was 17' too far north, but d'Arrest and Schultz
measured accurate positions used in the GC and NGC.
Father Secchi
made an independent discovery of NGC 3226 and 3227 on 6 Mar 1853 with a
9.5" Merz refractor and announced it in the AN. He mentioned the object is "not listed in Herschel's
Observations of nebulae and clusters of stars [Slough catalogue]." Like a number of observers he missed
the prior discovery by WH as he probably only checked the Slough catalogue and
WH's position was quite poor.
******************************
NGC 3227 = Arp
94 NED2 = VV 209a = Holm 187a = UGC 5620 = MCG +03-27-016 = CGCG 094-028 = LGG
194-009 = PGC 30445
10 23 30.6 +19
51 55
V = 10.3; Size 5.4'x3.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 155d
48"
(4/22/17): at 375x and 488x; very bright, large, elongated ~2:1 NNW-SSE. ~3'x
1.5'. Contains a very sharp, intensely
bright stellar nucleus within a very bright elongated core. The large, elongated halo displays two
subtle spiral arms. A broad, low surface brightness arm is attached on the NNW
end and sweeps south on the east side, ending just west of a mag 14.7 star,
which is 2.3' SE of center. A
second broad arm emerges roughly on the southwest side and shoots north on the
west side, extending to the halo of NGC 3226 [centers of the two galaxies
sseparated by 2.2'].
17.5"
(4/25/92): fairly bright, fairly bright, elongated 5:2 NW-SE, 2.5'x1.0',
prominent very small high surface brightness core, striking stellar
nucleus. Just in contact with NGC
3226 at the NW tip 2.3' separation between cores. Brightest of three with NGC 3222 13' W.
13.1"
(4/16/83): fairly bright, elongated, bright core, stellar nucleus. This Seyfert galaxy forms a contact
system with NGC 3226 2' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3227 = H II-29 on 15 Feb 1784 (sweep 146), along with NGC 3226.
JH did not make an observation.
See notes for NGC 3226.
******************************
NGC 3228 = ESO
214-SC001 = Cr 218
10 21 22 -51 43
24
V = 6.0; Size 18'
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): bright, 15' open cluster in Vela. Prominent in 9x50 finder and easy in
10x30 IS binoculars. The main
portion consists of 9 mag 8-10 stars.
Scattered about are a few additional mag 9 and 10 stars in a 15'
field. Perhaps 3 dozen stars total
are within the boundary, though besides the bright stars the remaining are
mostly mag 13-14 and appear to be a random background scattering of stars in a
rich Milky Way field.
Nicolas-Louis de
Lacaille discovered NGC 3228 = Lac II-7 = D 386 = h3245 in 1751-1752 with a
1/2-inch telescope at 8x, during his expedition to the Cape of Good Hope. He described a "heap of four or five
faint, very small and compressed."
James Dunlop observed the cluster on 9 May 1826 and noted "11
Roboris Caroli. A group of 8 or 10 pretty bright small stars, with very small
stars, about 6' diameter." JH
recorded (single observation) "a group of 9 L, and a few scattered small
stars."
******************************
NGC 3229
10 23 24.3 +00
03 54
=**,
Corwin. Incorrect identification
in the RNGC.
Sidney Coolidge
discovered NGC 3229 = HN 16 on 31 Mar 1850 with the 15-inch refractor of
Harvard College Observatory during the Zone Survey of equatorial stars. He simply noted a "faint nebulous
object", but at his exact position is a double star at 10 23 24.3 +00 03
54. The RNGC misidentifies CGCG
009-008 as NGC 3229. This galaxy
is located 1.6 min of RA west and 12' north of Coolidge's position. See
Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 3230 = UGC
5624 = MCG +02-27-007 = CGCG 065-020 = PGC 30463
10 23 44.0 +12
33 59
V = 12.8; Size 2.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 115d
17.5"
(3/22/96): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, 1.0'x0.7'. Fairly sharp concentration with a small
bright core and occasional stellar nucleus. Unusual appearance with a mag 10 star superimposed at the
south edge. Forms a pair with UGC
5625 4' NNE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3230 = h705 on 24 Mar 1830 and recorded (the next sweep) "A
very close D* of the first class involved in a nebulous wisp. A most
curious, delicate and interesting object." His position matches UGC
05624.
In 1885, Herbert
Sadler of England claimed to detect a change in the position (proper motion)
relative to a nearby double star. Dreyer replied that there was no
evidence of motion.
******************************
NGC 3231
10 26 58 +66 48
42
Size 2.5'
18"
(3/5/05): 16 stars are visible in an 8' region. The stars are distributed into two groups oriented
NW-SE. The northwest group stands
out more distinctly as it is a bit richer and more compact (~2.5' diameter) and
contains a mag 11.5/13 pair at 18".
The sparser SE group also contains a mag 13 pair at 17". At the SE edge of the 225x field (9' SE
of the NW grouping) is mag 7.9 HD 90318.
Listed as an asterism in the RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3231 = h704 on 3 Apr 1832 NGC 3231 and recorded "A cluster
of 20 stars more or less, 10,11, and 12m, scattered over a space of 10' dia. A
star 7m south." Heinrich
d'Arrest noted the principal star was double. This grouip is apparently an asterism although it stands out
well on the DSS, being detached from the surrounding field.
******************************
NGC 3232 = MCG
+05-25-004 = CGCG 154-008 = PGC 30508
10 24 24.3 +28
01 40
V = 14.2; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(3/25/95): very faint, very small, round, 25" diameter, low even surface
brightness. Located 2.5' NE of a
mag 10 star. Forms a pair with
brighter NGC 3235 7.7' E.
This is a
superposed (merging?) pair of galaxies, though it was not seen as double.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3232, along with NGC 3235, on 29 Dec 1861. His single position and description (he
mentions a mag 11-12 star is 150" southwest) matches ESO 568-001.
******************************
NGC 3233 = ESO
568-001 = MCG -04-25-004 = LGG 195-002 = AM 1019-220 = PGC 30336
10 21 57.5 -22
16 04
V = 12.5; Size 1.7'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 140d
17.5"
(4/13/02): faint, small, elongated nearly 2:1 NW-SE, 1.0'x0.6', irregular
surface brightness. There is
possibly a very faint envelope surrounding the main bar. Located 16' NNE of mag 6.5 HD 89828.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 3233 = LM I-172 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory. His
rough position (nearest min of RA) is 1 min of time west of ESO 568-001. Herbert Howe's corrected position
(given in the IC 2 Notes section) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3234 = NGC
3235? = UGC 5635 = MCG +05-25-007 = CGCG 154-010 = PGC 30553
10 24 59.3 +28
01 26
See observing
notes for NGC 3235.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3234 = h706 on 24 Dec 1827 and noted "pB; R: psbM;
30"." There is nothing
at his positin, though his brightness estimate of "pB" implies a
duplicate observation (with a bad position) of a reasonably bright galaxy. In the GC, JH mentions it could be a
comet.
This object was
not found in six attempts at Birr Castle (1852-56), and Reinmuth and Carlson
also reported it not found, based on photographic searches. In the NGC Notes section, Dreyer states
that NGC 3234 is probably identical to NGC 3235 with a 1 degree error in
declination. In the IC 1 notes,
though, Dreyer states that NGC 3235 as both were seen by William Frederick
Denning. Nevertheless, Corwin
concludes "NGC 3234 is almost certainly = NGC 3235."
******************************
NGC 3235 = NGC
3234? = UGC 5635 = MCG +05-25-007 = CGCG 154-010 = PGC 30553
10 24 59.3 +28
01 26
V = 13.3; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 85d
17.5"
(3/25/95): faint, small, round, 40" diameter, slightly brighter core,
faint stellar nucleus. A mag 13
star is 3.1' NNW. Brightest in a
group with NGC 3232 7.7' W and IC 2572 4.7' NNE. IC 2572 appeared extremely faint, small, very elongated
~N-S, although difficult to determine exact orientation as could only glimpse.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3235, along with NGC 3232, on 29 Dec 1861. His position, measured on 3 nights,
matches UGC 5635 = PGC 30553 and he noted a mag 15 star precedes by 5.7 seconds
of time, at a separation of 195" [SSW]. NGC 3234 is probably a duplicate (earlier) observation by JH
with an erroneous position. See
notes for NGC 3234.
******************************
NGC 3236 = MCG
+10-15-081 = CGCG 290-040 = PGC 30711
10 26 48.5 +61
16 23
V = 14.3; Size 0.6'x0.4'; PA = 55d
17.5"
(4/9/94): faint, very small, round, weak concentration. A mag 13 star is 1.5' ESE and a mag 12
star 2.8' SE. Located 4.0' NE of a
mag 10.5 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3236 = h707 on 25 Mar 1832 and recorded "eF; S; psbM;
8"; 2 st 11 and 12m follow." His position matches CGCG 290-040 = PGC
30711.
******************************
NGC 3237 = UGC
5640 = MCG +07-22-003 = CGCG 212-007 = PGC 30610
10 25 43.3 +39
38 47
V = 13.0; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(4/13/02): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter, brighter
core. An uneven mag 12/14 double
is 3' N and trailing from this pair is a string of three mag 10.5-11.5 (total
length including double of 10').
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3237 = H III-631 = h709 on 18 Mar 1787 (sweep 716) and noted
"vF, vS. With 300 the
same." CH's reduced position
is 6' south-southeast of UGC 5640, but there are no other nearby
candidates. JH logged "pF; R;
S; pgbM; 10-12" dia."
His position is marked as very uncertain, but his dec is just 1' south
of UGC 5640.
******************************
NGC 3238 = UGC
5649 = MCG +10-15-080 = CGCG 290-041 = PGC 30686
10 26 43.0 +57
13 35
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(4/9/94): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated N-S, even
concentration with brighter core and faint stellar nucleus. Forms a pair with MCG +10-15-079 5.4'
NW. NGC 3220 lies 27' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3238 = H II-883 = h708 on 8 Apr 1793 (sweep 1038) and noted
"F, S, R, bM." His
position (CH's reduction) is just 1' NE of UGC 5649. JH logged "Not vF; R; pslbM; 20"."
******************************
NGC 3239 = Arp
263 = VV 95 = UGC 5637 = MCG +03-27-025 = CGCG 094-038 = PGC 30560
10 25 05.5 +17
09 35
V = 11.3; Size 5.0'x3.3'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 80d
48"
(5/4/16): NGC 3239 was examined at 488x, specifically looking for the two tidal
tails not seen in the previous observation with Lowrey's 48". A very faint curving tail or hook
(identified as "Tail A" in Krienke & Hodge's 1990 paper "The
structure of the irregular galaxy, NGC 3239") was seen extending from the
very bright HII knot (VV 95b) on the southeast side. It curves clockwise to the southeast in the direction of a
mag 15.8 star [2' ESE of the mag 10 superimposed star].
Beyond the west
end of the main glow is a fairly wide, very low surface brightness glow (the
start of "Tail B") in the direction of a mag 12.5 star (2.4' due W of
the bright star); it then sweeps broadly towards the south. A narrow extension heading southwest
ends at a faint HII knot, perhaps 6" diameter, which is identified in NED
as NGC 3239:[HK83] 75 and 80.
48"
(2/19/12): NGC 3239 = Arp 263 is a large, disrupted irregular, dominated by
numerous HII regions. It was a
fascinating sight at 488x. A mag
10 star is superimposed on the southwest side of the galaxy with the patchy,
highly irregular surface brightness glow of the galaxy extending mainly north
and east of the star.
A very bright,
round knot of ~15" diameter is prominent on the southeast side of the
galaxy. This HII complex is
catalogued as VV 95b in NED and as region #6 and #10 in Hodge-Kennicutt's 1983
"An Atlas of HII Regions in 125 Galaxies". A faint star or knot is attached on the north side. A "star" recorded just off
the west side of this knot turns out to be supernova SN 2012A, discovered on 7
Jan 2012, still currently around 14th magnitude (see image at
http://skycenter.arizona.edu/gallery/Galaxies/ngc3239). Very faint haze extends southeast of VV
95b, but the "tail" structure was not seen.
Along the north
side of the galaxy (elongated east-west) are several additional knots. About 30" due north of VV 95B is
HK[83] #3 and #4. This close pair
of knots appeared as a faint, small, irregular glow, ~6" diameter. Patchy haze is just west, but with no
condensed spots. Further west, and 40" due north of the mag 10 star, is a
moderately bright, small, round knot, ~10" diameter that has several
HK[83] entries (#28/29/31/34). To
the west of this knot, the glow of the galaxy ends near HK[83] #57/58, a faint
low surface brightness knot that is elongated N-S.
18"
(3/28/09): moderately bright and large, irregular shape and mottled appearance,
elongated ~2:1 E-W, ~1.0'x0.5'. A
mag 9.5 star is superimposed on the SW side with the brighter portion of the
galaxy extending to the east. On
the SW end of the galaxy is a bright HII knot (VV 95B = Hodge-Kennicutt #10) of
~20" diameter. The galaxy has
a patchy surface brightness with an ill-defined, irregular halo. A number of fainter galaxies are in the
field (background cluster) including CGCG 94-42 2.9' SE, CGCG 94-40 4.8' N,
CGCG 94-43 6.3' NNE, UGC 5639 8' NE, CGCG 94-39 8.5' N, CGCG 94-46 8.5' SE.
17.5"
(4/13/91): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 2:1 E-W, very unusual
appearance as a mag 9 star (BD+17 2217) is superimposed on the south side. An unusually bright knot is following
the bright star by 51" on the SE side of the galaxy. This is possibly an
offset nucleus or more likely an HII knot. The galaxy appears to extend to the west from this
knot. The galaxy exhibits an
irregular surface brightness with edges difficult to define as it fades into
the background. The halo is more
extensive to the north with averted vision. About 2' NW and 2' W are two mag 11 and 12 stars.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3239 = H IV-10 = h710 = h3246 on 21 Mar 1784 (sweep 181)and
recorded "A pretty considerable star, with a milky vF brush after it. The position of the brush is about 15
or 20¡ nf. With 240 I saw 2 vF
stars towards the confines of the brush; but they seemed to have no connection
with it. The bright star is the
following one of a triangle, the preceding stars of which are a little
smaller. It precedes a large star
3 1/2 min of time and is 2' more north." His description and position applies to Arp 263 = VV 95.
10 observations
were made at Birr Castle, with knots in NGC 3239 mentioned several times. On 10 Jan 1856, R.J. Mitchell commented
"A knot north of the star and another nff, the space between them and the
star is filled with faint mottled nebulosity. A star suspected in np end of the following knot. A very faint nebula suspected
following?". The last comment
probably refers to CGCG 094-042, which is 3' ESE.
On the POSS, the
bright knot on the southeast end seems like it could be an interacting galaxy
but on the SDSS it looks like a large, blue HII region. Also the area immediately north seems
dusty. Contains unusual asymmetric
arcs to the south as if very disturbed.
This galaxy has a listed redshift of only 0.0025, while the surrounding
galaxies (6 viewed on 3/28/09) have a redshift of z = .044.
******************************
NGC 3240 = ESO
568-003 = MCG -04-25-007 = LGG 195-003 = PGC 30515
10 24 30.6 -21
47 28
V = 13.2; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 78d
17.5"
(2/22/03): faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 E-W, 0.8'x0.6', weak
concentration. A mag 14 star is
0.8' SSE of center just outside the halo.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3240 = h3247 on 20 Mar 1835 and reported "eF; S; R; near a
star." His position from two
sweeps matches ESO 568-003.
******************************
NGC 3241 = ESO
436-016 = MCG -05-25-002 = PGC 30498
10 24 16.9 -32
28 58
V = 12.2; Size 2.2'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 123d
18"
(4/10/04): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 4:3 NW-SE, 1.3'x1.0'. Weak concentration with no
distinguishable core. A mag 11
star is close off the NW edge, 1.4' from center and the galaxy is elongated in
the direction of the star.
Scattered groups of mag 10 stars lie ~20' E and a similar distance
west. Outlying member of the
Antlia cluster.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3241 = h3249 on 16 Feb 1836 and logged "F pmE glbM; has a
*11m north preceding." His
position is 1' N of ESO 436-016 and the description matches.
******************************
NGC 3242 = Eye
Nebula = Ghost of Jupiter = PK 261+32.1 = ESO 568-PN5 = PN G261.0+32.0
10 24 46.1 -18
38 32
V = 7.3; Size 40"x35"
48"
(4/18/15): In addition to structure previously noted, the sharply defined inner
ring clearly has lower surface brightness extensions at the northwest and
southeast end, creating an inner lens.
The bulge on the northwest end is a bit larger and brighter, though the
southeast end of the ring has a slightly brighter knot.
Two galaxies are
nearby. PGC 155202, 3.9' SSW of
NGC 3242, is fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated NNW-SSE,
20"x15", very weak concentration. A mag 11.2 star lies 1.9' NE. PGC 155215, 3.4' SE of NGC 3242, is faint, small, slightly
elongated WNW-ESE, 15"x12", low surface brightness. A mag 14 star lies 0.6' WNW and a mag
10 star is 2' E.
48"
(2/18/12): at 814x, the multiple ring structure was remarkable. The small, dark central hole and bright
central star is surrounded by an beautiful inner lens, elongated 3:2 NW-SE,
~25"x15". This vivid
turquoise lens is brighter at the ends of the major axis and bulges out with an
extension on the northwest end.
Surrounding the lens is a broader halo or shell with a rounder outline,
~45"x35" NW-SE. This
shell has a distinctive light pink or salmon color. Highlighting the very edge of this shell is an extremely
thin, slightly brighter greenish ring.
A low surface brightness outer halo surrounds the planetary.
48"
(4/1/11): stunning view at 488x with a high contrast, high surface brightness
double ring structure and an outer third shell. The small inner lens has an electric turquoise color and is
elongated 3:2 NW-SE, ~25"x15".
At the southeast end of the major axis of the inner ring is a
well-defined, bright knot. The
irregular inner ring is also brighter and thicker along the northwest end,
though not as bright or sharply defined as the southeast knot. The dim central portion is punctuated
by the bright central star. The
outer ring is rounder and extends ~45"x35" NW-SE, with the limb
unevenly lit. The greenish color
is not as intense in the outer ring.
Between the two main rings the nebulosity has a pinkish hue. The main structure was surrounded by a
low surface brightness outer halo, at least 1.5' diameter, which significantly
increased the total size!
18"
(4/9/05): at 435x, the double shell structure was prominent and exhibited
filametary structure outside the inner ring.
17.5"
(3/25/00): this beautiful PN has a very high surface brightness and a bluish
color at 100x. The view at
280x-380x is stunning with a well-defined double shell structure. The bright, narrow inner ring is
surrounded by a second fainter oval envelope. Inside the bright lens is a dark, 10" donut-hole with a
faint central star marking the center.
In moments of steady seeing, the inner ring has a hard-edge and the
central star is easier.
17.5"
(1/31/87): at 415x appears very bright, fairly small, bluish color, central
star is visible. Prominent double
lens structure with a bright inner lens surrounded by a second fainter
elliptical shell. Stunning at high
power with a striking "eye" appearance with a darker center.
13"
(3/24/84): very bright, bright inner lens surrounded by a second fainter
elliptical shell. At 350x there is
a darker center to the inner lens and the central star is visible almost
continuously.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3242 = H IV-27 = h3248 on 7 Feb 1785 (sweep 368) and described
this bright planetary as "a beautiful, very brilliant globe of light; a
little hazy on the edges, but the haziness goes off very suddenly, so as not to
exceed the 20th part of the diameter, which I suppose to be from 30 to 40"
in diameter. It is round, or perhaps a very little elliptical, and all over of
an uniform brightness: I suppose the intensity of its light to be equal to that
of a star of the 9th magnitude." On a second observation he logged
"Beautiful, brilliant, planetary disk, ill defined, but uniformly bright,
the light of the colour of Jupiter. 40" diameter. Second observation, near
1' diameter by estimation." Interestingly, this is perhaps the only
example where WH referred to a color in a planetary.
William Lassell
observed NGC 3242 on 12 Mar 1853 with his 24-inch equatorial reflector on Malta
and noted "a brilliant light blue colour with slight green tinge."
The double ring structure was described at Birr Castle, as well as the
northwest extension of the inner ring. On 6 Apr 1863 Samuel Hunter
logged,"Outer ring is brightest north and south and fainter preceding, but
vF on sf side, it does not appear so blue as the inner and brighter one....The
little projection of np end of the bright ring is very marked." E.E.
Barnard and Sherburne Burnham observed the planetary with the 36-inch at Lick Observatory
on 25 Feb 1889. Barnard described
in his logbook "a glowing star in center of dark space, this in in
parallelogram or diamond shape () of beautiful bluish green. This in
an elliptical rose colored disc."
Admiral Smyth
noted the planetary "resembles Jupiter" in his "Cycle of
Celestial Objects" (1844), following HerschelÕs comment. But the
nickname "Ghost of Jupiter" was apparently first used by Captain
William Noble. In the 1882 issue of Knowledge, he wrote "It will be
a seen as a pale-blue disc, looking just like the ghost of Jupiter." He
repeated this description in "Hours with a Three-Inch Telescope"
(London and New York, 1886). William Tyler Olcott also stated "It
will be seen like a pale blue disk, like a ghost of jupiter" in his 1909 book
"In Starland with a Three-Inch telescopeÓ.
Based on
Crossley photographs at Lick, Curtis (1918) reported "the inner, roughly
elliptical ring with its slightly fainter extensions is about 26"x16"
in pa 145¡. The outer and
considerably fainter oval disk is 40"x35", and shows faint ring or
shell effects at its edges.
******************************
NGC 3243 = UGC
5652 = MCG +00-27-012 = CGCG 009-003 = PGC 30655
10 26 21.4 -02
37 20
V = 12.6; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 125d
17.5"
(3/29/97): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 40" diameter, moderate
concentration to a very small brighter core and occasional stellar nucleus
(possibly offset from center).
Located 1.5' SE of a mag 10.5 star and a similar star is 4' NNE. IC 609 lies 27' NNW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 3243 = Sw III-54 on 2 Apr 1886 and noted "vF; S; lE;
between a pB and a vF *." His
position is 10 tsec west and 1' south of UGC 5652 and the description fits.
******************************
NGC 3244 = ESO
317-024 = MCG -07-22-005 = PGC 30594
10 25 28.9 -39
49 41
V = 12.3; Size 2.0'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 170d
17.5"
(3/28/87): faint, very diffuse, almost round. A mag 11 star is 1.9' N. Located 14' NW of NGC 3250.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3244 = h4019 on 22 Apr 1835 and recorded "vF; above a *
11m, dist 1.5'." It was
included in a "supplementary nebulae" list at the end of the Cape
catalogue (h4016 to h4021) which Dreyer identified as "h o n" ([John]
Herschel Omitted Object) in the NGC.
His position and description matches ESO 317-024.
******************************
NGC 3245 = UGC
5663 = MCG +05-25-013 = CGCG 154-017 = PGC 30744
10 27 18.4 +28
30 26
V = 10.8; Size 3.2'x1.8'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 177d
17.5"
(3/29/97): bright, fairly large, elongated ~3:2 N-S, 2.2'x1.3'. Unusually bright 30" core,
increases to a very small but nonstellar nucleus. The faint edge-on NGC 3345A = UGC 5662 lies 8.8' NNW.
NGC 3345A
appeared extremely faint, thin edge-on 7:1 NNW-SSE, ~2.0'x0.3'. Requires averted vision and
concentration to glimpse, no noticeable concentration. Surprisingly low surface brightness and
might not have been noticed unless aware of position. The major axis points
just north of a mag 11.5 star 2.1' NW of center. Also a mag 12 star is 2.4' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3245 = H I-86 = h711 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted
"cB, pL, mbM, the greatest brightness lE." JH made 4 observations and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3246 = UGC
5661 = MCG +01-27-009 = CGCG 037-037 = PGC 30684
10 26 41.8 +03
51 43
V = 12.7; Size 2.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 100d
17.5"
(3/25/00): faint, moderately large, oval 3:2 E-W, broad weak concentration,
1.5'x1.0'. Forms the northern
vertex of an equilateral triangle with two mag 11.5-12.5 stars 2.8' SW and 3.0'
SSW of center. Located 9' SW of
mag 6.7 SAO 118299.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3246 = h712 on 9 Apr 1828 and recorded "eF; S; R: two
stars, 10 and 11m sp, dist 90"." HIs position and description matches UGC 5661.
******************************
NGC 3247 = ESO
127-SC18 = Westerlund 2 = OCL-807 + Gum 29 = RCW 49
10 24 13 -57 45
48
Size 6'x4'
14" (4/4/16
- Coonabarabran, 142x and 230x): NGC 3247 consists of a compact cluster (often
referred to as Westerlund 2), one of the most massive young star clusters known
in the Milky Way and a large, irregular H II region (RCW 49) with star-forming
pillars similar to the Eagle Nebula.
At 230x, the cluster extends ~1.5', but the richest part is a dense,
elongated clump only 45" long with a half-dozen tightly packed mag 13.5-14
stars resolved in an WNW-ESE string.
Off the SW side is mag 13.5 WR 20a, one of the most massive binary
systems (both superluminous O3-type stars). The cluster is situated 12' N of mag 5.8 HD 90289.
At 142x, fairly
faint emission haze was easily visible in an irregular 2.5' region just to the
east of Westerlund 2. A mag 12 star is embedded near the center of the nebula,
a mag 11.5 star is just off the north edge and a few additional stars are
involved. Adding a NPB filter, RCW
49 is a fairly bright, irregular nebula!
The brightest part (centered on the star) is roughly circular with a
well-defined northern boundary, but it spreads further south and southwest to a
~4'x3' region.
Cr 220 (often
misidentified as NGC 3247) is located ~15' SE of the NGC 3247 complex in the
same low power field. Roughly
three dozen stars were resolved at 142x in a 6' circle, with the central part
slightly condensed. The brightest
mag 9.8 star is at the north end with a mag 12 companion [13"
separation]. A small quadrilateral
of mag 13-13.5 stars [sides 14", 14", 18", 17"] is on the
southwest side. No involved
nebulosity was seen.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3247 = h3250 on 1 Apr 1834 and described "a curious object.
Stars involved in evident nebula."
The next sweep he logged, "there is a nebulous appearance, which
merits re-examination. Observed much past meridian, and no reliance on the PD
[polar distance]." A third
observation only has a very approximate polar distance. His rough (mean)
position is 10 24.8 -57 51 (2000).
Using a Harvard
plate, DeLisle Stewart identified NGC 3247 at 10 23 58 -57 48.5 (2000), and
Dreyer repeated this position in the IC 2 notes. Brian Skiff places NGC 3247 more accurately at 10 24 01 -57
45.6, corresponding with ESO 127-SC18 = Westerlund 2. This compact cluster (~1.5' dia) is embedded in the HII
region RCW 49 = Gum 29, which spreads out ~10' in size. ESO and Lynga misidentify Cr 220 as NGC
3247. This group of stars is 1.0
tmin following and 5' south of JH's position.
******************************
NGC 3248 = UGC
5669 = MCG +04-25-020 = CGCG 124-024 = PGC 30776
10 27 45.4 +22
50 49
V = 12.4; Size 2.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 135d
17.5"
(3/25/95): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 0.8x0.4, sharp
concentration with a bright prominent core and stellar nucleus. A mag 13.5 star lies 1.7' S of
center. Located 6.5' S of mag 9.1
SAO 81359.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3248 = H II-347 = h713 on 10 Apr 1785 (sweep 394) and noted "pB,
S, bM, r." His position is a
good match with UGC 5669.
******************************
NGC 3249 = ESO
375-024 = MCG -06-23-028 = LGG 203-001 = PGC 30657
10 26 22.1 -34
57 50
V = 12.9; Size 1.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 139d
18"
(4/10/04): extremely faint, moderately large, round, 1.0' diameter. Requires averted vision and
concentration to glimpse a very low surface brightness circular patch with no
details. Located 4.3' SE of a mag
10.5 star. Member of the Antlia Cluster.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3249 = h3251 on 2 Feb 1835 and recorded "eF; pL; R; vgvlbM;
60"." His position
matches ESO 375-024 = PGC 30657.
******************************
NGC 3250 = ESO
317-026 = MCG -07-22-007 = PGC 30671
10 26 32.3 -39
56 39
V = 11.1; Size 2.8'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 148d
17.5"
(3/28/87): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated, bright
core. A mag 12 star is 3.8'
NE. Forms a pair with NGC 3244 14'
NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3250 = h3252 on 1 Feb 1835 and recorded "pB; R; psbM;
30"; has a * 13m nf."
His position (measured accurately on 4 other sweeps) and description
matches ESO 317-026 = PGC 30671.
******************************
NGC 3251 = IC
2579 = UGC 5684 = MCG +04-25-023 = CGCG 124-029 = Holm 195a = PGC 30892
10 29 16.8 +26
05 57
V = 13.3; Size 2.0'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 55d
17.5"
(4/13/91): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 4:1 SW-NE, weak
concentration. Located 7' SW of
mag 8.8 SAO 81378. A group of
three stars are SW including a mag 10 star 3.4' SW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3251 on 19 Feb 1862 and recorded "vF, pL, 3 bright
star precede to the south." There is nothing at his position, but exactly
1.0 min of time following is UGC 5684, and his description pins down the
identification.
Stephane Javelle
found the galaxy again on 2 Apr 1900 and assumed it was new. His position for J. 3-1158 (later IC
2579) is accurate. Dreyer must
have realized the possible equivalence with NGC 3251 as he added the note
"?3251" to the description of IC 2579. UGC labels this galaxy IC 2579.
******************************
NGC 3252 = UGC
5732 = MCG +12-10-049 = CGCG 333-039 = PGC 31278
10 34 22.6 +73
45 51
V = 13.5; Size 2.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 35d
17.5"
(1/28/89): fairly faint, fairly small, edge-on 4:1 NNW-SSE. A double star ·1437 = 7.6/10.1 at
32" lies 5' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3252 = H III-316 on 3 Apr 1785 (sweep 390) and noted "eF,
mE, pL, r." CH's reduced
position is 6.5' northwest of UGC 5732, though in the GC, JH noted "CH's
reduction of this nebula being affected with a considerable error, Auwer's RA
is adopted, after verification."
But the GC/NGC position is even forther off in RA (too far west by 2.0
min of time) than CH's reduction.
An accurate
position was given in MN, 71, 509 (based on the Greenwich plate to determine
positions on the sweep of 2 Apr 1801).
UGC does not label its entry (UGC 5732) as NGC 3252. See Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 3253 = UGC
5674 = MCG +02-27-021 = CGCG 065-043 = PGC 30829
10 28 27.4 +12
42 14
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.8
17.5"
(3/25/00): very faint, fairly small, round, 45" diameter, low surface
brightness, very weak concentration.
Located 3' S of a mag 10.8 star.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 3253 = Sw III-55 on 27 Apr 1886 and noted "vF, pS,
R." His position is 6 tsec
west and 1' south of UGC 5674 = PGC 30829. Spitaler measured an accurate RA in 1891.
******************************
NGC 3254 = UGC
5685 = MCG +05-25-018 = CGCG 154-020 = PGC 30895
10 29 19.9 +29
29 30
V = 11.7; Size 5.0'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 46d
17.5"
(4/9/94): moderately bright, moderately large, edge-on 4:1 SW-NE, 3.0'x0.8',
sharp concentration with small oval core surrounded by faint unconcentrated
extensions, occasional very faint stellar nucleus. A mag 14 star is 2.9' W and a pair of mag 10 stars at 1.2'
separation follows by 6'.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3254 = H I-72 = h714 on 13 Mar 1785 (sweep 386) and recorded
"cB, cL, E, mbM. The
brightness [core] also extended."
His position is just off the west side of UGC 5685. R.J. Mitchell noted "dark spaces
suspected" in his 20 Mar 1854 observation at Birr Castle.
******************************
NGC 3255 = ESO
127-SC20 = Cr 221
10 26 31 -60 40
42
V = 11.0; Size 2'
14" (4/4/16
- Coonabarabran, 142x and 184x): small, glowing spot only 1' diameter at
142x. A half-dozen stars are
resolved over haze at 184x. A mag 12.5-13 star is at the southeast edge and a
mag 13.5 star is on the south side of the main clump. Most of the others are mag 14-14.5.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3255 = h3253 on 4 Feb 1835 NGC 3255 and described "a very
compressed knot or cluster of milky way stars, 4' in diameter, somewhat
insulated from the rest. Stars .. 15th mag." This small cluster shows up fairly well on the DSS.
******************************
NGC 3256 = ESO
263-038 = MCG -07-22-010 = VV 65 = LGG 198-001 = PGC 30785
10 27 51.1 -43
54 19
V = 11.5; Size 3.8'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 100d
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): this disturbed galaxy appeared as a moderately bright
and large oval, extended 3:2 NW-SE with dimensions 1.6'x1.2'. It contains a fairly bright 1' round
core embedded in a very faint halo.
NGC 3256 is the furthest north and the brightest in a group of Vela galaxies
stretching south to NGC 3261, located 46' to the SSE.
This group is a
member of the Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster and possible outlying member of the
Antlia Cluster (9 degrees north).
This cluster was first catalogued as Klemola 12. On photographs NGC 3256 is a chaotic
system that appears to be undergoing a spectacular merger with long tidal
tails. This starburst galaxy is a
superluminous infrared source with X-ray emission.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3256 = h3254 on 15 Mar 1836 and recorded "B, R, gmbM,
25"." His position
(measured on two sweeps) matches ESO 263-038.
******************************
NGC 3257 = ESO
375-036 = MCG -06-23-031 = LGG 203-004 = PGC 30849
10 28 47.1 -35
39 29
V = 13.1; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.9
18"
(3/17/07): faint, fairly small, round, 0.4' diameter, weak concentration with
no definite core. Faintest of trio
with NGC 3258 3.4' NNE and NGC 3260 5.4' NE in the Antlia Cluster.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3257 = h3255 on 2 May 1834 and recorded "vF; vS; R; sbM;
10". The preceding of a group
[with NGC 3258 and 3260]."
His mean position (3 observations) matches ESO 375-036.
******************************
NGC 3258 = ESO
375-037 = MCG -06-23-032 = LGG 196-008 = PGC 30859
10 28 53.6 -35
36 20
V = 11.5; Size 2.9'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 75d
18"
(3/17/07): fairly bright, moderately large, slightly elongated, ~1.7'x1.5',
sharply concentrated with a very bright core which increases to the center,
very faint outer halo. A mag 13
star is at the NW side of the halo (50" from center). Brightest in trio with NGC 3260 2.6'
ENE and NGC 3257 3.4' SSW
17.5"
(3/28/87): fairly faint, small, round, bright core. A pair of stars are near north. Forms a pair with NGC 3260 2.6' E in the Antlia Cluster (NGC
3257-3281).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3258 = h3256 on 2 May 1834 and recorded "vF; S; R; sbM;
12"." He observed this
galaxy (along with NGC 3257 and 3258) on 4 nights.
******************************
NGC 3259 = UGC
5717 = MCG +11-13-027 = CGCG 313-021 = PGC 31145
10 32 34.8 +65
02 28
V = 12.1; Size 2.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 20d
17.5"
(4/6/91): fairly faint, oval elongated SSW-NNE, broad moderate
concentration. Located 10' WNW of
mag 8.4 SAO 15220. NGC 3266 lies
20' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3259 = H II-870 = h715 on 3 Apr 1791 (sweep 1004) and logged
"F, S, iR, almost of equal light throughout." JH noted "F; R;
gbM; 18 arcseconds" and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3260 = ESO
375-040 = MCG -06-23-033 = LGG 200-001 = PGC 30875
10 29 06.4 -35
35 43
V = 12.6; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 2d
18"
(3/17/07): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:3 N-S, 0.5'x0.3', slightly
brighter core. A mag 12.5 star is
attached at the south end. In a
small triio with NGC 3258 2.6' WSW and NGC 3257 5.4' SW.
17.5"
(3/28/87): very faint, small, oval.
A mag 12 star is attached at the south end 0.4' from center. Forms a pair with NGC 3258 2.6' W. Member of the Antlia Cluster (NGC
3257-3281).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3260 = h3257 on 2 May 1834 (along with NGC 3257 and 3258) and
recorded "eF; vS; R; slbM; 6"." He recorded 4 observations.
******************************
NGC 3261 = ESO
263-040 = MCG -07-22-015 = LGG 198-003 = PGC 30868
10 29 01.4 -44
39 25
V = 11.2; Size 3.7'x2.8'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 85d
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 2:1 ~WSW-ENE,
1.4'x0.7', weak concentration.
Bracketed between two mag 12 stars at the SW and NE ends (separation
2.6'). Located 4' SE of a mag 10
star in a rich Vela starfield. NGC
3261 is in a subgroup of the Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster (brightest member NGC
3256) and is 9¡ south of the rich Antlia Cluster (but has the same redshift).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3261 = h3258 on 15 Mar 1836 and recorded "F; S; R:
15"; entangled among 2 or 3 stars, but is certainly a nebula." His position matches ESO 263-040.
******************************
NGC 3262 = ESO
263-042 = MCG -07-22-017 = LGG 204-001 = PGC 30876
10 29 06.2 -44
09 35
V = 13.2; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 108d
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): faint, small, slightly elongated WNW-ENE,
30"x25", low even surface brightness. Forms a pair with brighter NGC 3263 2.6' NNE in a group
(Klemola 12).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3262 = h3260 on 2 Feb 1835 (along with NGC 3263) and recorded
"eF; S; R." His position
is 2.4' too far south.
******************************
NGC 3263 = ESO
263-043 = MCG -07-22-018 = LGG 204-002 = PGC 30887
10 29 13.4 -44
07 22
V = 11.9; Size 5.1'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 103d
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE,
broad weak concentration. A faint
star is at the WNW tip. Forms an
interacting pair (a faint plume extends E) with NGC 3262 2.6' SSW. Brightest member of the Klemola 12
group.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3263 = h3260 on 3 Feb 1835 (along with NGC 3262) and recorded
"F; mE in pos = 280¡ +/- [WNW-ESE]; psbM; 20"."
******************************
NGC 3264 = UGC
5719 = MCG +09-17-069 = CGCG 266-054 = LGG 201-003 = PGC 31125
10 32 19.7 +56
05 00
V = 12.0; Size 2.9'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 177d
17.5"
(4/9/94): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 N-S, 1.6'x1.0'. Appears as a diffuse glow with no
concentration. Bracketed by a mag
13.5 star at the SW end 0.8' from the center and a mag 13 star just off the ENE
side 1.0' from center. A brighter
mag 11 star lies 3.8' N. Located
16' ENE of 36 Ursa Majoris (V = 4.8).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3264 = h716 on 9 Feb 1831 and noted "eF; between 2 small
stars." His position and
description matches UGC 5719.
******************************
NGC 3265 = UGC
5705 = MCG +05-25-019 = CGCG 154-023 = PGC 31029
10 31 06.8 +28
47 48
V = 12.9; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 73d
17.5"
(4/25/92): faint, small, round, weak even concentration, bright core. Forms a close "double" with a
mag 14.5 star just off the ESE edge and 0.6' from center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3265 = H III-349 = h718 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted
"Suspected, 240 showed a few small stars with seeming nebulosity, and I
rather suppose it to be a patch."
CH's reduction is 8 sec of time preceding and 2' north of UGC 5663. JH made 4 observations and measured an
accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3266 = UGC
5725 = MCG +11-13-030 = CGCG 313-022 = PGC 31198
10 33 17.6 +64
44 57
V = 12.4; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 105d
17.5"
(4/6/91): fairly faint, very small, slightly elongated small bright core,
stellar nucleus. NGC 3259 lies 20'
NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3266 = H II-871 = h717 on 3 Apr 1791 (sweep 1004) and noted
"F, vS, mbM." His
position matches UGC 5725.
******************************
NGC 3267 = ESO
375-042 = MCG -06-23-036 = PGC 30934
10 29 48.5 -35
19 21
V = 12.5; Size 1.8'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 148d
17.5"
(3/28/87): faint, small, slightly elongated NW-SE, brighter core. Forms a pair with NGC 3268 2.5' E. Also A1027-35B = PGC 30939 lies 3.3' S. First of five in a 10' field in the
Antlia Cluster (NGC 3257-3281).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3267 = h3262 on 18 Apr 1835 (along with NGC 3268) and recorded
"eF; vS; R. By a diagram made
out of the meridian in which 4 nebulae are delineated, two of them being those
determined in sweep 446, Nos. 6 and 7." His position is 1.7' south of ESO 375-042.
******************************
NGC 3268 = ESO
375-045 = MCG -06-23-041 = PGC 30949
10 30 00.5 -35
19 32
V = 11.5; Size 3.5'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 71d
17.5"
(3/28/87): fairly faint, fairly small, round, brighter core. Fourth of five in the field within the
Antlia Cluster (NGC 3257-3281) with NGC 3267 2' W, NGC 3269 6.0' N, NGC 3271
5.7' ESE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3268 = h3263 on 18 Apr 1835 (along with NGC 3267) and noted
"F; S; R. By a diagram made out
of meridian..." His position
is 2.7' south of ESO 375-045. The
position was corrected by de Vaucouleurs in Mem. Commonwealth Obs., (Mt.
Stromlo), No. 13, 1956.
******************************
NGC 3269 = ESO
375-044 = MCG -06-23-040 = PGC 30945
10 29 56.9 -35
13 29
V = 12.2; Size 2.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 8d
17.5"
(3/28/87): fairly faint, moderately large, slightly elongated N-S. Bracketed by a mag 13.5 star at the SE
end 0.7' from center and a mag 14.5 star at the NW end 0.5' from center. Located 6' N of NGC 3268. A mag 10.5 star is 2.5' NNW. Third of five in the Antlia Cluster
(NGC 3257-3281).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3269 = h3264 on 1 May 1834 and reported "F; S; R: bM;
15"; one of a group of 3 or more.
His position matches ESO 375-044.
******************************
NGC 3270 = UGC
5711 = MCG +04-25-029 = CGCG 124-034 = PGC 31059
10 31 30.0 +24
52 10
V = 13.1; Size 3.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 10d
17.5"
(4/13/91): faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 N-S, bright core, faint stellar
nucleus, extremely faint thin extensions with averted vision.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3270 = H III-331 = h719 on 10 Apr 1785 (sweep 394) and recorded
"vF; vS; vlbM." JH
logged "F; E; gbM" and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3271 = IC
2585 = ESO 375-048 = MCG -06-23-044 = PGC 30988
10 30 26.3 -35
21 35
V = 11.8; Size 3.1'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 106d
17.5"
(3/28/87): fairly faint, moderately large, oval NW-SE, small bright core. Appears similar to NGC 3268 5.7' WNW
which is the brightest in the group.
Fifth of five in the field in the Antlia Cluster (NGC 3257-3281).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3271 = h3265 on 1 May 1834 and recorded "F; S; lE; bM;
15"; one of a group of 3 or more." His position is 23 sec of RA west of ESO 375-048, but this
is one of the brightest galaxies in the cluster, so the identification is
nearly certain.
DeLisle Stewart
found this galaxy again on an Arequipa plate and assumed it was new, so it also
acquired the designation IC 2585.
The numbers are equated in ESO and Corwin's Southern Galaxy
Catalogue. The correct position
was given by de Vaucouleurs in Mem. Commonwealth Obs., (Mt. Stromlo), No. 13,
1956.
******************************
NGC 3272 = ADS
7827
10 31 48.1 +28
28 07
Size 4"
=**,
Gottlieb. Misidentified in RNGC.
Herman Schultz
discovered NGC 3272 = Nova VI on 9 Mar 1866 with the 9.6-inch refractor at
Uppsala Observatory. His
micrometric position is a perfect match with a close double star (mag 12.7/13.7
at 4"). In the notes section
of his monograph "Micrometrical Observations of 500 Nebulae" Schultz
describes "an insignificant object; preceding [NGC 3277] about 68s and
160" s; a * 10m f 0s.2 and 135" n."
A mag 11 star is
exactly 135" north of the double star and the offset with NGC 3277 also
matches, so there is no doubt of this identification. On the night this double star was found, Schultz recorded
the sky conditions as "Aurora.
Images dull." This
probably contributed to the close double star appearing nebulous, although a
number of Schultz' objects are single or double stars. RNGC misidentifies PGC 31115 as NGC
3272 at 10 32 10.4 +28 28 59.
******************************
NGC 3273 = ESO
375-049 = MCG -06-23-045 = LGG 200-002 = PGC 30992
10 30 29.1 -35
36 39
V = 12.5; Size 1.7'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 97d
18"
(3/17/07): moderately bright, elongated 2:1 E-W, 1.1'x0.5', bright core. Located 15' S of NGC 3271 in the Antlia
Cluster.
17.5"
(3/28/87): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated E-W, bright
core. Member of the Antlia Cluster
(NGC 3257-3281) with NGC 3271 15' N.
Located 19' E of NGC 3258.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3273 = h3259 on 3 May 1834 and recorded "F; R; pslbM;
12". The 4th and last of a
group." He was uncertain of
the minute of time, which should be 10 22 48.7 (for 1830).
******************************
NGC 3274 = UGC
5721 = MCG +05-25-020 = CGCG 154-024 = PGC 31122
10 32 17.1 +27
40 07
V = 12.8; Size 2.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 100d
17.5"
(4/25/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 E-W, brighter core appears
slightly offset. Forms the east
vertex of an obtuse isosceles triangle with two mag 12 stars 2' NNW and 2'
SW. A double star mag 11.5/13.5 at
13" lies 4' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3274 = H II-358 = h720 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted
"F, pL". His position is
a good match with UGC 5721. JH
made 4 observations and noted the double star HJ 484 to the southeast.
******************************
NGC 3275 = ESO
375-050 = MCG -06-23-046 = PGC 31014
10 30 51.6 -36
44 14
V = 11.8; Size 2.8'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(3/28/87): moderately bright, oval ~E-W, bright core. Located 2.9' N of a mag 10 star within the Antlia Cluster
(NGC 3257-3281).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3275 = h3266 on 1 Feb 1835 and recorded "F; lE; psbM; 20
arcsec." His position matches
ESO 375-050.
******************************
NGC 3276 = ESO
317-040 = PGC 31031
10 31 09.1 -39
56 41
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 74d
18"
(2/19/09): very faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 WSW-ENE. A mag 9.3 star (HD 91213) 2.8' N
detracts from viewing. Forms a
pair with brighter NGC 3276 5' E.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3276 = h3267 on 3 Mar 1835 and noted "F; S; has a * 8m,
np." His position and
description matches ESO 317-040.
******************************
NGC 3277 = UGC
5731 = MCG +05-25-022 = CGCG 154-026 = PGC 31166
10 32 55.4 +28
30 42
V = 11.7; Size 1.9'x1.7'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(4/9/94): moderately bright, fairly small, round, 1.2' diameter, even moderate
concentration, bright core increases to a faint stellar nucleus. A mag 11 star is 5.1' WSW and a mag 10
star 6.9' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3277 = H II-359 = h721 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and recorded
"pB, pS, almost R, bM."
CH's reduction is 2.3' northwest of UGC 5731. JH made three observations and measured a more accurate
position. d'Arrest made 5 accurate
observations and measured a mag 12 star that precedes by 23 seconds and 1'
south.
******************************
NGC 3278 = ESO
317-043 = MCG -07-22-021 = PGC 31068
10 31 35.3 -39
57 20
V = 12.3; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 62d
18"
(2/19/09): brighter of a pair with NGC 3276 located 5' W. At 175x it appeared fairly faint,
fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 0.6'x0.3', contains a slightly brighter
core. Located just SW of a wide,
bright pair (h4326 = 9.8/10.6 at 39").
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3278 = h3268 on 2 Mar 1835 and recorded "F; S; R; sp a
coarse double star." His
position and description matches ESO 317-043.
******************************
NGC 3279 = IC
622 = UGC 5741 = MCG +02-27-027 = CGCG 065-059 = FGC 1100 = Todd 30 = Holm 201a
= PGC 31302
10 34 42.8 +11
11 50
V = 13.4; Size 2.9'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 152d
17.5"
(4/13/91): faint, moderately large, edge-on 6:1 NW-SE, low even surface
brightness. UGC 5737 lies 12' W.
David Todd
discovered NGC 3279 = Todd 30 on 5 Mar 1878 using the 26-inch Clark refractor
at the USNO during his search for a trans-Neptunian planet. There is nothing at his postion, but
roughly 2 minutes of RA east is UGC 5741 and his discovery sketch of an
elongated galaxy and nearby stars, so this identification is certain.
Lewis Swift
found this galaxy again on 29 Jan 1890 and reported it as new in list IX-23
(later IC 622). Swift's
description reads "vF; pS; E; *9m s[outh].", though he confused the
orientation as the bright star is 3.7' north. UGC and MCG label this galaxy as IC 622 and don't apply the
NGC designation.
******************************
NGC 3280 = NGC
3295 = IC 617 = MCG -02-27-006/007 = PGC 31153/31156
10 32 43.7 -12
38 15
V = 14.1; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8
18"
(3/29/03): this is a triple system listed as NGC 3280A/3280B/3280C in NED and
NGC 3280/3280A/3280B in the second edition of the Uranometria DSFG. At 262x there was a confused glow, ~1'
diameter. Within the glow, two
small knots (NGC 3280w and NGC 3280e), ~0.4' and 0.3' were resolved, oriented
E-W, with the larger component on the west side (separation is 40" between
centers). At moments there was a
impression of the very small and faint third component squeezed between these
two galaxies. In a small group
with NGC 3296 4.8' S and NGC 3297 7.1' ESE. Located 4.6' NE of a mag 9.5 star.
Andrew Ainsley
Common discovered NGC 3280 in 1880 with his 36-inch silvered glass reflector
and described a "F double neb with 2 stellar centres". Common's position is poor, but the
description clearly refers to the triple system MCG -02-27-006, -007 and -008.
Common probably observed -006 and -008, the two brightest of the trio.
Six years later
(26 Feb 1886), Francis Leavenworth made an independent discovery with the
26" refractor at the Leander-McCormick Observatory, though his rough
position for LM I-173 (later NGC 3295) was off by 2.7 minutes of RA. Leavenworth remarked, "D neb or
sev st inv in neb", echoing Common's description.
Finally,
Stephane Javelle found this trio again on 19 Apr 1892 with the 30-inch
refractor at Nice, assumed J. 1-179 (later IC 617) was new and measured an
accurate position. He also
mentioned "D or st involved", so partially resolved the
components. So, NGC 3280 = NGC
3295 = IC 617. See Harold Corwin's
identification notes and Malcolm Thomson's IC Research Database.
******************************
NGC 3281 = ESO
375-055 = MCG -06-23-050 = LGG 203-002 = PGC 31090
10 31 52.4 -34
51 19
V = 11.7; Size 3.3'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 140d
18"
(4/25/09): moderately bright, fairly large, very elongated 5:2 or 3:1 NNW-SSE,
1.5'x0.6', bright core, fainter extensions.
16" LX200
(4/14/07): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 5:2 NW-SE, large bright core
gradually brightens to the center.
A mag 13-14 star is off the NW extension and a mag 11.5-12 star is 2.8'
S of center.
17.5"
(3/28/87): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated NW-SE, weak
concentration. Largest in the
Antlia Cluster (NGC 3257-3281).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3281 = h3269 on 2 May 1834 and recorded "eF; E; glbM;
60" l; 40" br." His
position and description matches ESO 375-055.
******************************
NGC 3282 = ESO
568-016 = MCG -04-25-013 = PGC 31129
10 32 21.9 -22
18 08
V = 13.0; Size 1.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 82d
18"
(3/13/04): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:1 WSW-ENE, 1.2'x0.4', weak
concnetration. A mag 13-14 star is
at the tip of the eastern extension.
Located 9' SE mag 8.2 HD 91261.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 3282 = Sw III-56 on 5 Mar 1886 and recorded "eF; vS; middle
one of 3 eF stars involved in neby.
Two B stars point to it.".
His position is 7 sec of RA west of ESO 568-016 and the description
applies, thoiugh only 1 star is attached (1 other mentioned by Swift is the
nucleus).
******************************
NGC 3283 = ESO
263-048 = PGC 31035
10 31 11.5 -46
15 05
V = 11.5; Size 2.6'x1.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 168d
18" (4/6/16
- Coonabarabran, 236x): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 N-S,
1.2'x0.8'. Contains a relatively
large, bright core surrounded by a low surface brightness halo, elongated N-S. Located 6.9' SE of mag 8.8 HD 91215 and
6' S of a mag 10.1/10.4 pair at 5".
Located in a rich star field.
ESO 263-047, an extremely low surface brightness galaxy 7' WSW, was
highly suspected as a very small patch attached to a faint star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3283 = h3271 on 3 Mar 1837 and recorded "pF, S, R, gbM,
25". RA coarsely taken by an
auxiliary star". The given
position (updated to 2000 coordinates) is 10 32 47 (approximate), -46 15
14. JH also made a 10' error in
declination (too far north) in the GC, which was copied into NGC.
ESO couldn't
find a suitable candidate and RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent. But assuming the RA was rough, I looked
at ESO galaxies and found a likely candidate ESO 263-G48 located at 10 31 11.5
-46 15 05 (J2000). This galaxy is
1.6 tmin preceding JH's rough RA and a nearly perfect match in
declination. It is also fairly
bright (V = 11.5), so it's unlikely it would have been missed in his
sweep. Both NED and HyperLeda use
this identification.
******************************
NGC 3284 = NGC
3286: = MCG +10-15-112 = CGCG 290-056
10 36 21.3 +58
37 13
See observing
notes for NGC 3286.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3284 = H III-912 on 8 Apr 1793 (sweep 1038) and noted "eF,
vS, 300 confirmed it and showed it very plainly." His position is just 2' southwest of
NGC 3288 and 5' south of brighter NGC 3286, both observed by WH the following
night.
Dreyer comments
in his 1912 "Scientific Papers of William Herschel" that "it
precedes III-913 (NGC 3408) 16.0 tmin, 5' N, so it is no doubt identical to either
III-917 or III-918 [NGC 3286 or NGC 3288] which were observed the following
night (sweep 1039) without any mention of III-912. Harold Corwin states the GC/NGC position of NGC 3284 is 10
tsec too small and that NGC 3284 is likely a duplicate observation of NGC
3286. See Corwin's notes.
Karl Reinmuth
equated NGC 3284 with a "*14 npp 1.5' of NGC 3288; no neb seen; nothing sp
of NGC 3288." This conclusion
was repeated by Dorothy Carlson in her NGC correction paper and it is repeated
by the RNGC. It's more likely WH
picked up one of the nearby galaxies.
******************************
NGC 3285 = ESO
501-015 = AM 1031-271 = MCG -04-25-019 = PGC 31217
10 33 35.8 -27
27 19
V = 12.0; Size 2.6'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 108d
24"
(3/28/17): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 or 5:3 WNW-ESE,
sharply concentrated with a bright elongated core and stellar nucleus, much
fainter halo, ~1.6'x1.0'.
13.1"
(2/23/85): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated WNW-ESE, small bright
nucleus. Located 7' SSW of mag 7.7
SAO 178978. This member of AGC
1060 forms a trio with NGC 3285A 12' WSW and NGC 3285B 18' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3285 = h3270 on 24 Mar 1835 NGC 3285 and noted "pB; E;
gbM." He measured the
position four times (including the next two sweeps), so it was well determined.
******************************
NGC 3286 = NGC
3284? = MCG +10-15-112 = CGCG 290-056 = PGC 31433
10 36 21.3 +58
37 13
V = 13.6; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.5
17.5"
(4/9/94): fairly faint, small, round, moderate even concentration with a bright
core and nonstellar nucleus.
Located 4.9' NW of a mag 10.5 star. Forms a pair with NGC 3288 3.9' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3286 = H III-917 = h722 on 9 Apr 1793 (sweep 1039) and recorded
"Two [along with III-918 = NGC 3288], both vF, pS, R, lbM." JH noted "vF; pS; R pslbM;
15"." and his position is within 1' of CGCG 290-056 = PGC 31433.
******************************
NGC 3287 = UGC
5742 = MCG +04-25-032 = CGCG 124-038 = PGC 31311
10 34 47.3 +21
38 52
V = 12.3; Size 2.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 20d
13.1":
faint, diffuse, moderately large, elongated N-S, even surface brightness. A bright double star ·1448 = 7.6/9.0 at
11" is 7' WSW. NGC 3301 lies
30' NE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3287 on 1 Jan 1862 and made observations on 3 different
nights. He noted the bright double
star ·1448 was 24 sec of time preceding and 3 3/4' south.
******************************
NGC 3288 = NGC
3284?? = UGC 5752 = MCG +10-15-114 = CGCG 290-057 = PGC 31446
10 36 25.8 +58
33 23
V = 14.0; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 175d
17.5"
(4/9/94): very faint, small, round, low even surface brightness. Located 3.7' WSW of a mag 10.5
star. Forms a pair with NGC 3286
3.9' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3288 = H III-918 = h723 on 9 Apr 1793 (sweep 1039) and recorded
"Two [along with III-917 = NGC 3286], both vF, pS, R, lbM." JH noted "eF; S; R; vglbM;
12"." and his position is within 1' of UGC 5752 = PGC 31446. WH may have observed this galaxy the
previous night and recorded it as III-912 = NGC 3284, though that number may
apply to brighter NGC 3288, which is 4' north.
******************************
NGC 3289 = ESO
375-065 = MCG -06-23-054 = LGG 196-013 = PGC 31253
10 34 07.4 -35
19 24
V = 12.5; Size 2.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 153d
18"
(3/17/07): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, 0.9'x0.3',
weak concentration. A mag 12 star
is off the SW side, 50" from the center and two mag 14.5 stars flank the
galaxy on the NNW end. Member of
the Antlia Cluster and situated at the eastern end of the cluster.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3289 = h3272 on 20 Apr 1835 and noted "eF: R;
15"." His position is
1.6' north of ESO 375-065.
******************************
NGC 3290 = Arp
53 = MCG -03-27-020 = PGC 31346
10 35 17.4 -17
16 36
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 60d
18"
(3/29/03): faint, moderately large, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 0.9'x0.6', low surface
brightness, very weak concentration.
In field with mag 8.4 SAO 156083 7' N and mag 7.8 SAO 156089 9' SW which
detract from viewing.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3290 = LM II-422 in 1886 and recorded "mag
15.7, 0.4' dia, lE 180¡, gbM, * 7.5 n 6'." His position is 0.5 min west of MCG -03-27-020 = PGC 31346
and a mag 8 staris 5' north, so
the identification is certain.
******************************
NGC 3291 = Holm
202b
10 36 06.4 +37
16 28
=* 3.5' SSW of
NGC 3294, Carlson and Corwin.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 3291 = Big 44 on 5 Apr 1885. His position is 5' southwest of NGC 3294, and falls between
two mag 12.6 and 14.9 stars with a separation of 1.3'.
Harold Corwin
identifies NGC 3291 with the mag 14.9 star 3.5' SSW of NGC 3294 based on
Bigourdan's offsets. Dorothy
Carlson also arrived the same conclusion in her 1940 paper on NGC corrections.
******************************
NGC 3292 = MCG
-01-27-023 = PGC 31370
10 35 34.4 -06
10 46
V = 14.1; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 175d
18"
(3/29/03): at 260x, very faint, very small, slightly elongated N-S, 0.6'x0.4'. Either has a faint stellar nucleus or
there is a faint star superimposed.
Forms a close double system with MCG -01-27-022 0.9' WSW which was not
noticed.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 3292 = Sw VI-36 on 16 Apr 1887 and noted "vF; vS;
lE." His position is 27 sec
of RA west of MCG -01-27-023 = PGC 31370 and 1.6' north. Herbert Howe provided an accurate
position with the 20" refractor in Denver (repeated in the IC 2 Notes
section).
******************************
NGC 3293 = ESO
128-SC5 = Cr 224 = Gum 30 = Gem Cluster
10 35 49 -58 13
30
V = 4.7; Size 10'
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): stunningly rich and bright open cluster, situated 2¡
northwest of the Eta Carina nebula.
At 105x, 60-70 stars are packed into 7' with many of the stars seemingly
arranged in concentric circles!
Appears compact and well-detached, even in a rich Carina star
field. A striking linear trio of
mag 6.5-7.5 stars (total length 1.5') runs SW-NE to the center including an
orange star (mag 7.2 supergiant V361 Car) on the SW end, a blue star and a
white star at the center (mag 6.5 B0-type supergiant HD 91969). This young cluster is one of the top
southern clusters and a worthy rival in beauty to the Jewel Box. Visible
naked-eye and resolved in the 9x50 finder. The large HII region/cluster NGC 3324 lies 30' SSE.
12"
(6/29/02 - Bargo, Australia): this very rich, young cluster is situated just NW
of the Eta Carina complex and is one of the top open clusters in the southern
sky. It is bright, compact and
very rich with a half-dozen mag 6-8 stars over a rich background of dozens of
mag 10-13 star in a 10' diameter.
Appears somewhat similar to the Jewel Box including a mag 7 reddish
supergiant, but with even a more compact appearance. The listed 40' diameter is much larger than the visual
impression.
Nicolas-Louis de
Lacaille discovered NGC 3293 = Lac II-8 = D 321 = h3276 in early 1752, using a
1/2-inch telescope at 8x during his expedition to the Cape of Good Hope. He described a "Small heap of 4
small stars forming a lozenge."
James Dunlop
observed the cluster 4 times (first on 29 Apr 1826) and described "a very
small cluster of very small bright stars; round figure, about 4' diameter; rich
in extremely small stars resembling faint nebula". His position is poor -- 17' ESE of the
cluster.
JH only has a
rough position in the Cape catalogue using his small refractor (no published
observations with his 18-inch) and noted "a fine, bright, rich, not very L
cluster. (Equatorial zone review)."
A corrected RA was given in the IC 2 notes (Harv. Ann., xxvi,
p207). Neither Lacaille or Dunlop
are listed as discoverers in the Cape catalogue, GC or NGC.
H.C. Russell
coined the nickname the "Gem Cluster" in an 1879 paper.
******************************
NGC 3294 = UGC
5753 = MCG +06-23-021 = CGCG 183-030 = Holm 202a = PGC 31428
10 36 16.1 +37
19 30
V = 11.8; Size 3.5'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 122d
17.5"
(4/13/91): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 5:2 NW-SE, large brighter
core but no nucleus. A mag 14 star
is 2.5' W and a mag 11 star 4.8' SSW.
Located 5.5' WSW of mag 9 SAO 62151. NGC 3304 lies 18' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3294 = H I-164 = h724 on 17 Mar 1787 (sweep 713) and recorded
"cB, E from 30¡ np to sf, 3 or 4' long and 1 1/2' br, easily resolvable,
almost uniformly bright."
CH's reduced position is 20 sec of RA east of UGC 5753. JH called this galaxy "pB; mE;
blbM; 2' l, 45" br." and measured an accurate position.
On 5 Mar 1851,
LdR and Bindon Stoney recorded "an appendage at south side. LdR though at times the nebula extended
beyond this." The sketch
shows a single spiral arm on the west side, curling clockwise to the south.
******************************
NGC 3295 = NGC
3280 = IC 617 = MCG -02-27-006/007 = PGC 31153/31156
10 32 43.7 -12
38 15
V = 14.1; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8
See observing
notes for NGC 3280.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3295 = LM I-173 on 26 Feb 1886 and described a
"D nebula or several stars involved in nebula". His rough position (nearest min of RA)
is ~2 1/2 min of RA following NGC 3280 (discovered in 1880 by Andrew Ainslie
Common and also a poor position!).
Leavenworth's description clearly applies to this triple system. So, NGC 3295 = NGC 3280 and IC 617 is a
third identity.
******************************
NGC 3296 = IC
618 = PGC 31155
10 32 45.4 -12
43 03
V = 13.9; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2
18"
(3/29/03): faint, very small, round, 0.4' diameter, weak concentration to a
starry center. Forms a trio with
NGC 3280 5' N and NGC 3297 7' ENE.
Located 4.7' ESE of a mag 9.5 star.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3296 = LM I-174, along with I-173 = NGC 3295 and
I-175 = NGC 3297, on 26 Feb 1886.
All 3 were given same rough position to the nearest min of RA. His position for LM I-174 is 2.7
min of RA following PGC 31155 (typical error in the first discovery list), but
the identification is secure.
Stephane Javelle
found this galaxy again on 19 Apr 1892 and naturally assumed J. 1-180 (later IC 618) was new. Herbert Howe measured a corrected
position for NGC 3296 (repeated in the IC 2 Notes section), which clearly
establishes NGC 3296 = IC 618. See
Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 3297 = PGC
31189
10 33 11.8 -12
40 18
V = 14.5; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 160d
18"
(3/29/03): very faint, very small, elongated 2:1 ~N-S, 20"x10",
situated between two mag 13.5-14 stars SSW and NE (4.3' separation). In a group with NGC 3280 (triple
system) 7' WNW and NGC 3296 7' WSW. This galaxy is listed as nonexistent in the
RNGC.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3297 = LM I-175, along with NGC 3295 and NGC
3296. His single rough position
(nearest min of RA) is 2.3 min of RA following PGC 31189. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position for NGC 3296 with the 20" refractor in Denver (repeated in the IC
2 Notes) and he added "I could only suspect NGC 3297." RNGC misclassifies NGC 3297 as
nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 3298 = MCG
+08-19-043 = CGCG 240-065 = CGCG 241-001 = PGC 31529
10 37 12.3 +50
07 15
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 138d
18"
(3/11/07): faint, small, round (core only viewed), 0.4' diameter, contains a
very small brighter nucleus. A
very faint star lies 1' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3298 = H III-767 = h725 on 12 Apr 1789 (sweep 919) and recorded
"vF, pS, iE. May be a patch,
or a few stars too small to be perceived. His position is 6' south of MCG
+08-19-043 = PGC 31529. JH noted
"vF; two distant star nearly on parallel". His position is 1.3' too far southeast. Because of the different positions, he
questioned if h725 was identical to his father's III-767.
******************************
NGC 3299 = UGC
5761 = MCG +02-27-029 = CGCG 065-064 = KTG 30A = LGG 217-001 = PGC 31442
10 36 23.8 +12
42 27
V = 12.8; Size 2.2'x1.7'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 3d
24"
(4/20/14): faint, fairly large, very low surface brightness, very weak
concentration, elongated 4:3 N-S, ~1.6'x1.2'. No noticeable core or zones. First in the KTG 30 trio (not physically related) with NGC
3306 11.8' SE and CGCG 065-069 11' ENE.
Redshift-independent distance of 17.6 million l.y and part of the M96
Group.
17.5"
(3/1/03): very faint, fairly large, unusually large low surface brightness
galaxy with a very weak concentration making detection difficult. Appears at least 1.5' in diameter and
roughly circular. Forms a pair
with brighter NGC 3306 12' ESE.
Required averted but once identified I could hold it most of the time
with concentration and averted vision.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3299 = H III-54 = h726 on 19 Mar 1784 (sweep 177) and logged
"eF, cL, R, r, without nucleus." There is nothing at his position (Caroline Herschel's
reduction), but 42 sec of RA east and 3' south (10' ESE) is UGC 5761 = PGC
31442 and this galaxy fits his description. JH called it "pL; so faint as to be barely perceptible,
but a sure observation." and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3300 = UGC
5766 = MCG +02-27-030 = CGCG 065-066 = PGC 31472
10 36 38.5 +14
10 15
V = 12.1; Size 1.9'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 173d
17.5"
(4/18/87): moderately bright, bright core, stellar nucleus, fairly small
diffuse halo slightly elongated ~N-S.
Surrounded by several brighter stars including a mag 10 star 4.2' NNW, a
mag 9.5 star 6.4' E and mag 8.1 SAO 99207 7.8' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3300 = H III-55 = h727 = h3273 on 19 Mar 1784 (sweep 177) and
recorded "vS, r, lE and unequally bright. It is surrounded with brilliant stars at the same time in
the field with it." His
position is 23 sec of RA too far west.
JH made observations both at Slough and the Cape of Good Hope and
measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3301 = NGC
3760 = UGC 5767 = MCG +04-25-035 = CGCG 124-045 = PGC 31497
10 36 56.0 +21
52 55
V = 11.4; Size 3.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 52d
17.5"
(3/12/94): fairly bright, moderately large, very elongated 4:1 SW-NE,
3.5'x0.7', good concentration with a small very bright core and bright stellar
nucleus, halo is brighter on the ENE side. Off the north side is a thin isosceles triangle of mag 10-11
stars consisting of two mag 10 stars 2.9' N and 5.7' NNW, and a mag 11 star
4.2' N.
8"
(4/24/82): fairly faint, very elongated.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3301 = H II-46 = h728 on 12 Mar 1784 (sweep 166) and recorded
"not very faint, small. North
of it is a small triangle of pB stars." CH's reduced position is 8' north of UGC 5767, but his
description clinches the identification.
JH made three
observations under h728, though apparently was uncertain if this was the same
as his father's II-46, so assigned two different GC designations. The NGC position is accurate and Dreyer
comments in the Notes section that JH's and d'Arrest's positions agree.
Heinrich
d'Arrest also found the galaxy on 21 Feb 1863, but made a 1 hour error in RA
(uncovered by Harold Corwin). Once
corrected, the position of N3760 matches NGC 3301 (the same error was made with
NGC 3575).
******************************
NGC 3302 = ESO
437-007 = MCG -05-25-020 = PGC 31391
10 35 47.4 -32
21 31
V = 12.5; Size 1.7'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 118d
18"
(3/13/04): faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 NW-SE, 0.8'x0.6', weak
concentration. A mag 14 star is
off the NW edge. ESO 437-014 lies
14' E. Outlying member of the
Antlia Cluster (Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3302 = h3274 = h3275 on 28 Jan 1835 and reported it again on 16
Feb 1865. His first observation
reads "vF; S; R; 15"." and the later observation "eF; S; R." The two positions are very similar
(after a typo was corrected for h3274 in his errata list), so I'm surprised he
didn't combine the entries in the GC.
But Dreyer combined the two GC numbers into NGC 3302.
******************************
NGC 3303 = Arp
192 = VV 71 = UGC 5773 = MCG +03-27-066 = CGCG 094-096 = PGC 31508
10 37 00.0 +18
08 09
V = 13.5; Size 3.5'x2.4'; Surf Br = 15.6
48"
(2/19/12): Arp 192 is a highly disturbed double system with a enormous
irregular plume to the south and diffuse haze off the east side. At 488x, the main body was ~1.0'x0.7',
extended NNW-SSE and split into two components. On the northwest side of the main core is
2MASXJ10365945+1808157, a large knot with a stellar center that is likely the
core of an interacting companion.
The plume or tail was visible as a diffuse, fairly wide extension
attached at the south-southeast end and extending south for ~1.0', roughly
doubling the length of the galaxy.
A mag 15 star lies 1.6' S.
17.5"
(3/1/03): faint, moderately large, elongated 4:3 N-S, 1.0'x0.8', broad
concentration to a slightly brighter core but no nucleus. Overall fairly low surface brightness.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3303 = H III-66 = h730 on 21 Mar 1784 (sweep 181) and recorded
"vF, S, E, r. 240 showed it
no better than 157, though larger."
JH made two observations and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3304 = UGC
5777 = MCG +06-23-026 = CGCG 183-032 = CGCG 184-001 = PGC 31572
10 37 37.9 +37
27 20
V = 13.4; Size 1.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 158d
17.5"
(4/9/94): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, sharply concentrated with
small bright core surrounded by faint extensions. A mag 14 star is 2.1' E. NGC 3294 lies 18' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3304 = H III-615 = h729 on 17 Mar 1787 (sweep 713) and noted
"eF, vS, er." JH made
two observations, noting "vF; S; psbM; 12 arcseconds" and measured an
accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3305 = ESO
501-030 = MCG -04-25-031 = PGC 31421
10 36 11.8 -27
09 44
V = 12.8; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0
24"
(3/28/17): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.6' diameter, small brighter
core, stellar nucleus. A mag
12/12.5 double star at ~7" separation is 1.6' W. Located 17' N of NGC 3308 and 20' NW of naked-eye mag 4.9 HD
92036
13.1"
(2/23/85): faint, very small, round, no details. Located ~15' N of NGC 3308 in AGC 1060.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3305 = h3277 on 24 Mar 1835 and logged "vF; S; R. The 2nd of a group scattered over more
than one field." HIs position
matches ESO 501-030 = PGC 31421.
******************************
NGC 3306 = UGC
5774 = MCG +02-27-032 = CGCG 065-068 = KTG 30C = LGG 207-005 = PGC 31528
10 37 10.2 +12
39 09
V = 13.5; Size 1.3'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 141d
24"
(4/20/14): fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1
NW-SE, 0.8'x0.4', relatively large brighter core. Brightest in a trio (KTG 30) with CGCG 065-069 7.2' SSE and
NGC 3299 11.8' WNW.
17.5"
(3/1/03): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 NW-SE, 0.8'x0.3, weak
concentration to a slightly brighter core. A mag 11 star lies 1.9' NE. NGC 3299, a very low surface brightness galaxy, lies 12'
WNW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 3306 = Sw III-57 on 27 Apr 1886 and recorded "F; S; R; sf
of [NGC 3299]." His position
is 1.5' too far south. Rudolph
Spitaler measured an accurate micrometric position in 1891 at Vienna.
******************************
NGC 3307 = ESO
501-031 = MCG -04-25-029 = PGC 31430
10 36 17.1 -27
31 46
V = 14.5; Size 0.9'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 28d
24"
(3/28/17): at 260x; faint, small, slightly elongated SW-NE, 24"x18",
very low even surface brightness.
Easily the faintest of the 6 NGCs in the core of AGC 1060. Situated 4.2' W of NGC 3309.
24"
(2/22/14): at 260x, this member of AGC 1060 (Hydra I) appeared faint, small,
elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 24"x12", low even surface brightness. Located in the core of the cluster, ~5'
W of the NGC 3309/3311 pair and 9.5' NW of mag 6.6 HD 91964.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3307 = h3278 on 22 Mar 1836 and "eeF. The 3rd of a group [with NGC 3285 and
NGC 3270]." His position is
5' south of ESO 501-031 = PGC 31430.
He noted he recorded the polar distance as 5' further north, but felt
this was in error. Using his
original position, the position is accurate. MCG does not label -04-25-029 as NGC 3307.
******************************
NGC 3308 = ESO
501-034 = MCG -04-25-032 = LGG 206-004 = PGC 31438
10 36 22.3 -27
26 17
V = 11.9; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 32d
24"
(3/28/17): fairly bright, fairly small, slightly elongated, well concentrated
with a small, very bright core, ~1.0'x50".
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated
SSW-NNE, 1.0'x0.8', broad concentration to a brighter core. Furthest NW in the core of AGC 1060 and
11.5' WSW of the mag 5 star in the core.
13.1"
(2/23/85): fairly faint, small, round, small weak concentration. First of five in a 20' field in the
core of AGC 1060.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3308 = h3279 on 24 Mar 1835 and simply noted "F". Less than a week later he added
"One of a grouip; 7 of which were seen and laid down in a careful
diagram."
******************************
NGC 3309 = ESO
501-036 = AM 1034-271 = MCG -04-25-034 = LGG 211-005 = PGC 31466
10 36 35.7 -27
31 05
V = 11.6; Size 1.9'x1.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 94d
24"
(3/28/17): fairly bright, moderately bright, slightly elongated, ~1.2'x1.0',
contains a bright core that increases to a stellar nucleus. Highest surface brightness core of the
main galaxies in the central region of the cluster and noticeably higher than
NGC 3311 just 1.7' ESE. A mag 13.4
star is at the east edge (30" from center) and a mag 15 star is close WSW
[48" from center].
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): fairly bright, moderately large, well-concentrated with
a bright 40" core, halo increases with averted from 1.2'x1.0' to 1.5'x1.2'
oriented SW-NE. Forms a pair with
NGC 3311 1.7' ESE in the core of AGC 1060.
13.1"
(2/23/85): moderately bright, small, round. A mag 13.5 star is at the east edge. Forms a close pair with NGC 3311 1.7' E. Second of five in the core of AGC 1060.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3309 = h3280 on 24 Mar 1835 and noted "B: L; double [with
NGC 3311]." Less than a week
later he added "A double nebula, or rather two distnct nebulae near
together. By diagram, both pL, R,
pos about 10¡ np or sf, and nearly equal."
******************************
NGC 3310 = Arp
217 = VV 356 = VV 406 = UGC 5786 = MCG +09-18-008 = CGCG 267-004 = PGC 31650
10 38 45.8 +53
30 10
V = 10.8; Size 3.1'x2.4'; Surf Br = 12.8
48"
(5/16/12): extremely bright, fairly large, sharply concentrated with a large,
very bright, slightly elongated N-S core, ~1' diameter. The core appears mottled with a couple
of "stellarings" or small knots. The core is surrounded by a larger, much lower surface brightness
irregular halo, extending the central portion to nearly 2'. An outer spiral arm is attached on the
north side of the halo and was most evident near the halo. Occasionally, a very large, very low
surface brightness looping arm was glimpsed, rotating 180¡ clockwise and ending
west of the core, ~1.7' from center.
17.5"
(1/19/91): very bright, moderately large.
Unusual appearance as contains a very bright, very large central core
with uniform high surface brightness with only a very faint, fairly small halo,
elongated NW-SE. Located 10.4' SSW
of mag 5.5 HR 4165 at the edge of the 220x field. A mag 12 star lies 3.0' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3310 = H IV-60 = h731 on 12 Apr 1789 (sweep 919) and recorded
"vB, R, planetary, but very ill-defined. About 1' dia of it is
equally bright, and 1/4 of a minute hazy or ill-defined round the margin."
His position is accurate. JH logged "B; R; vsmbM, so as to for
almost a disc 15" diam. Surrounded by a very feeble atmosphere."
On 5 Mar 1848,
Lord Rosse and William Rambaut observed NGC 3310 (the earliest observation in
LdR's 1861 monograph) and reported, "See minute points in it at intervals,
also spiral arrangement." Their 11 Mar observation states,
"Nebula well resolved into little stellar points. Saw a broad band
across the bottom distinctly and two at the top." NGC 3310 was
included in the list of nebulae exhibiting spiral structure. Later
observations mentioned the possibility of this object being a cluster. A
detailed observation was made on 20 Feb 1868: "Three principal branches f,
nf and np towards a * np [probably a HII region]. Dark cavity on nf side.
Mr De la Rue, who was with me, saw it as a bay between 2 horns, and much
neby surrounding it, with many stars exterior and involved.Ó
******************************
NGC 3311 = ESO
501-038 = AM 1034-271 NED02 = MCG -04-25-036 = PGC 31478
10 36 43.1 -27
31 36
V = 11.6; Size 3.5'x2.9'; Surf Br = 14.1
24"
(3/28/17): fairly bright, fairly large, roundish core but slightly elongated
halo, the brighter central region is relatively large, the outer halo extends
~1.5 (second largest in the central region). Forms a striking pair with NGC 3309 1.7' WNW. A mag 13.4 is 1.2' WNW (at the edge of
NGC 3309's halo).
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): fairly bright, fairly large, broad concentration,
slightly elongated SSW-NNE. Outer
halo increases to 2.0'x1.5' but has a slightly lower surface brightness than
NGC 3309 as the core is not as concentrated. NGC 3312 is less than 5' SE and NGC 3308 is 7' NW.
13.1"
(2/23/85): third of five in the core of AGC 1060 = Hydra I. Fairly faint, small, even surface
brightness. Appears larger than
NGC 3309 1.7' W but with a lower surface brightness. NGC 3312 lies 4.8' SE.
Located 7.7' N of mag 6.8 SAO 179027.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3311 = h3281 on 30 Mar 1835 and noted as "The following neb
of a double one [with NGC 3309]."
He actually noted both objects in his observation on 24 March, but
didn't list the objects separately for that sweep.
******************************
NGC 3312 = IC
629 = ESO 501-043 = AM 1034-271 NED3 = MCG -04-25-039 = LGG 210-002 = PGC 31513
10 37 02.5 -27
33 55
V = 11.9; Size 3.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 175d
24"
(3/28/17): moderately to fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 5:2 N-S. Sharply concentrated with a reasonably
large oval core (N-S). The diffuse
halo extends roughly 2.0'x0.8' (largest in the cluster) with averted vision. A faint star, perhaps 15th magnitude,
is superimposed just southeast of the core. The NGC 3309/3307 pair is 5' to 6' NW and NGC 3316 lies 8'
ESE. Mag 4.9 HD 92036 is 9.5' NNE,
but not in the field at higher power.
18"
(4/9/05): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE. Contains a fairly bright, roundish core
~20" diameter with fainter extensions 1.2'x0.6'. The core steadily increases to a stellar nucleus. A small isosceles triangle of stars is
close SE.
13.1"
(2/18/04) - Costa Rica: moderately bright, moderately large, very elongated 3:1
N-S, 1.5'x0.5', weak concentration.
Possible a brighter knot is at the north end or a star may be near the
edge of the halo. Three stars are
close SE including two mag 11/12 stars 2' SE and 3' ESE of center. In the core of AGC 1060 with NGC
3311/3309 5' NW.
13.1"
(2/23/85): fourth of five in the core of AGC 1060. Moderately bright, small, stellar nucleus, elongated 2:1
NNW-SSE. NGC 3311 lies 4.8'
NW. Located 7.0' NE of mag 6.8 SAO
179027.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3312 = h3282 on 26 Mar 1835 and recorded "vF; pmE; the last
of 4 in the field at once with two stars 6m near them, one above and one below
them (which serves to identify the object beyond doubt)." His declination (noted as only accurate
to the nearest min) is 1.3' too far south.
Guillaume
Bigourdan found this galaxy on 26 Feb 1887, assumed it was new, and recorded it
as Big. 158. Apparently neither
Bigourdan nor Dreyer questioned the equivalence of IC 629 with NGC 3312, but
there is no doubt.
******************************
NGC 3313 = ESO
501-050 = MCG -04-25-044 = UGCA 213 = LGG 209-004 = PGC 31551
10 37 25.5 -25
19 10
V = 11.4; Size 3.9'x3.2'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 55d
18"
(4/10/04): fairly bright, large, round.
Sharply concentrated with a small very bright core surrounded by a
large, low surface brightness halo, ~1.5'-2' in diameter, which fades into the
background. Outlying member of the
Hydra I cluster and member of the group LGG 209 along with NGC 3331 and NGC
3335. On photos, this is a
beautiful, face-on barred spiral with and inner ring and two main long spiral
arms.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 3313 = LM I-176 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory. His rough
position (nearest min of RA) is a good match with ESO 501-050. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position with the 20" refractor at Denver around the turn of the century
and noted the "* 15 n3" is really south of the nebula." (repeated in the IC 2 Notes
section). I'm not sure what star
either observer was referring to!
******************************
NGC 3314 = ESO
501-IG046A/B = AM 1034-272 = MCG -04-25-041 = LGG 210-003 = PGC 31531
10 37 12.8 -27
41 01
V = 12.8; Size 1.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 143d
48"
(4/21/17): at 488x; fairly bright, moderately large, very elongated 4:1 NW-SE,
1.5'x0.4', brighter core. Roughly
spindle shaped but tapers more on the northwest end. Irregular surface brightness (slightly brighter along the
south side), but the foreground galaxy could not be distinguished. A mag 13.5 star is just north of the NW
tip.
24"
(3/28/17): moderately bright, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 or 4:1
NW-SE, 1.3'x0.35' spindle. Modest
concentration with a slightly brighter bulging central region. A mag 13.5 star is situated at the
northwest tip [36" from center].
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): moderately bright, moderately large, spindle-shaped,
very elongated 3:1 NW-SE, 1.5'x0.5'.
A mag 13 star is at the NW tip.
Located 7' ESE of a mag 6.7 star which detracts from viewing. Similar to NGC 3312 in the core of AGC
1060, but slightly smaller.
13.1"
(2/23/85): fifth of five in the core of AGC 1060. Fairly faint, small, elongated ~NW-SE. Located 6.8' ESE of mag 6.8 SAO
179027. NGC 3312 lies 7.6' NNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3314 = h3283 on 24 Mar 1835 and simply noted "the 8th of a
group." His position is an
exact match with ESO 501-IG046A/B.
NGC 3314
consists of a face-on galaxy (NGC 3314B) superimposed on an edge-on
galaxy. The HST has a remarkable
image showing the dust within the foreground galaxy visible because it is
silhouetted against the light from the object behind it.
******************************
NGC 3315 = ESO
501-048 = MCG -04-25-042 = LGG 206-018 = PGC 31540
10 37 19.2 -27
11 30
V = 13.4; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3
24"
(3/28/17): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, 25" diameter,
high surface brightness, gradually increases to the center. A mag 11 star is off the west side
[42" from center]. Similar to
NGC 3305. Located 13' N of mag 4.9 HD 92036.
18"
(3/17/07): faint, small, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, 0.3'x0.2'. Located 40" SE of a mag 11 star
and 13' N of mag 4.9 HD 92036. HCG
48 lies 9' NE. This member of AGC
1060 (Hydra I) has a disputed identification due to a poor discovery position.
Edward Austin
discovered NGC 3315 = HN 40, along with NGC 3097 and 3317, on 24 Mar 1870 with
the 15" Merz refractor at the Harvard College Observatory (Annals of
Harvard Observatory, Vol 13, #207).
There is nothing at his position of 10 34 55 -27 30 (1950).
RNGC (as well as
Laubert's 1981 ESO list) identifies ESO 501-047 as NGC 3315. While this identication is possible,
Austin mentioned a "star 1' NW" which does not apply to this galaxy
and no mention is made of the bright star which would have interfered with the
observation.
However, 30' N
of Austin's position is ESO 501-048 at 10 37 19.2 -27 11 30 (2000) which has a
10th magnitude star 1' NW. Based
on Austin's visual description and a probable digit error in declination, this
identification appears more likely and is the one used in ESO-Uppsala and
RC3. Corwin originally listed this
number as a duplicate of NGC 3314 (which Austin observed the same night) but
now agrees it was more likely a 30' error in dec by Austin. The RNGC candidate is 17' south of ESO
501-048.
******************************
NGC 3316 = ESO
501-054 = AM 1035-271B = MCG -04-25-046 = LGG 211-006 = PGC 31571
10 37 37.3 -27
35 39
V = 12.6; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.8
24"
(3/28/17): moderately bright, fairly small, round, 40" diameter, high
surface brightness with a thin low surface brightness halo, contains a very
small bright nucleus that increases to a stellar pip. Fifth and smallest of 5 brighter galaxies nearly on a line
in the core of AGC 1060.
18"
(4/9/05): faint, small, round, 30" diameter, increases to a small,
brighter core. On a line with NGC
3312 8' WNW and a mag 11 star 4.8' WNW.
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 40" diameter,
weak even concentration, no well-defined core. A mag 11.5 star lies 3' SSE and two mag 13.5 stars are 1.2'
S and 1.7' SE of center. Situated
in the core of AGC 1060 and forms the eastern vertex of an equilateral triangle
with much brighter NGC 3314 7.5' SW and NGC 3312 8' WNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3316 = h3284 on 26 Mar 1835 and noted "vF; R." In a later note he mentions "This
numerous and very interesting group has been made out by a careful collation of
diagrams made in sweep 564 and 689, for the purpose of identification, from
which if appears that though in each diagram only 7 were seen and laid down,
yet there are in reality at least 9 in the whole group." Harold Corwin notes there are only 7
galaxies he likely picked up, and the remaining two are unknown or may not
exist.
******************************
NGC 3317 = ESO
501-**55
10 37 43 -27 31
12
24"
(2/22/14): this ~9" pair of stars (in the AGC 1060 field) was difficult to
resolve at 260x (partially due to the low elevation) and seems more like a
small nebulous glow. It was
resolved at 375x, though the (single) companion on the south side was quite
faint (mag 15.5-15.8) and sometimes not distinctly seen as a star but as an
indistinct glow. The northern
component (very close pair) was not resolved.
Edward Austin
discovered NGC 3317 = HN 41, along with NGC 3097 and 3315, on 24 Mar 1870 with
the 15" f/18 Merz refractor at Harvard College Observatory (Annals of
Harvard Observatory, Vol 13, #210).
The description reads "nebulous star 5' N of [NGC 3316]". Very close to Austin's position is a
close double star, with the northern component an overlapping pair on the
DSS. RNGC classifies NGC 3317 as a
double star (from Dorothy Carlson's paper) and a triple star in ESO/Uppsala
(2+1). NGC 2000 misidentifies ESO
501-047 (located just 3.5' S of a mag 4.9 HD 92036) as NGC 3317.
******************************
NGC 3318 = ESO
317-052 = MCG -07-22-026 = LGG 199-008 = PGC 31533
10 37 15.5 -41
37 40
V = 11.6; Size 2.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 78d
18"
(2/19/09): faint, fairly small, irregularly round, 30" (probably the core
only due to the low elevation), very weak concentration. A very faint star or
stellar nucleus was glimpsed.
Located 18' S of mag 7.0 HD 92057.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3318 = h3285 on 2 Mar 1835 and noted "vF; pL; pmE; gvlbM;
2'." His mean position (2
observations) matches ESO 317-052.
******************************
NGC 3319 = UGC
5789 = MCG +07-22-036 = CGCG 212-033 = PGC 31671
10 39 09.3 +41
41 14
V = 11.1; Size 6.2'x3.4'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 37d
17.5"
(2/8/91): fairly faint, very elongated 5:2 SW-NE. The brightest portion is a large bar with a knotty extension
attached at the SW end and extending on a right angle to the south. At this position on the POSS are
several bright knots.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3319 = H III-700 on 3 Feb 1788 (sweep 804) and recorded
"cF, L, irr E, about 4' long and 2 1/2' br, much brighter south of the
middle." CH's reduction is
just off the southeast side of UGC 5789.
******************************
NGC 3320 = UGC
5794 = MCG +08-20-010 = CGCG 241-005 = PGC 31708
10 39 36.6 +47
23 53
V = 12.3; Size 2.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 20d
17.5"
(2/8/91): moderately bright, fairly small, oval 2:1 SSW-NNE, broad
concentration. A mag 13.5 star is
at the SSW end 40" from center and a mag 11 star is off the NNE end 2.1'
from center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3320 = H II-745 = h732 on 1 Apr 1788 (sweep 822) and recorded
"cF, pS, E. Mixed with some
stars visible, but probably not belonging to it. A pL star north and a little
following the nebula." His
position is 5' north of UGC 5794 (similar offset as other nebula in the
sweep). JH made two observations,
recording on sweep 329 "F; mE; between a *10m and one of 14 m." His mean position is 1' too far north.
******************************
NGC 3321 = NGC
3322 = MCG -02-27-010 = UGCA 214 = PGC 31653
10 38 50.6 -11
38 55
V = 13.0; Size 2.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 36d
18"
(3/29/03): faint, fairly small, diffuse, elongated nearly 3:2 SSW-NNE,
0.7'x0.5', low surface brightness halo, weak concentration. A mag 13.5 star is at the NW edge.
Located 2.9' N of a mag 11 star on the Hydra-Sextans border.
Francis
Leavenworth found NGC 3321 = LM II-423 on 3 Jan 1887 and recorded "mag
15.7, 1.0' dia, vE 160¡, * np end."
His position is ~35 sec of RA preceding MCG -02-27-010 = PGC 31653 and
the star is just where he placed it.
His PA, though, should read 35¡, instead of 160¡. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position with the 20" refractor at Denver (given in the IC 2 Notes section).
This galaxy was
originally discovered by Andrew Ainslie Common in 1880 with his 36-inch silvered
glass reflector, but his position for NGC 3322 was 16' too far north. So, NGC 3322 = NGC 3321.
******************************
NGC 3322 = NGC
3321 = MCG -02-27-010 = UGCA 214 = PGC 31653
10 38 50.7 -11
38 55
See observing
notes for NGC 3321, Howe and HC.
Andrew Ainslie
Common discovered NGC 3322 in 1880 with his 36-inch silvered-glass reflector
and recorded "F, irregular shape, f star." There is nothing at his position, but 16' south is MCG
-02-27-010. = PGC 31653. The
"f star" in his description is at the NW end of this galaxy.
Francis
Leavenworth independently discovered the galaxy on 3 Jan 1887 and reported it
in list II-423 (and later NGC 3321).
Leavenworth's position is off by 35 tsec in RA too far west. Howe was unsuccessful in searching for
Common's object on twonights though he notes "Probably = NGC 3321 as their
descriptions are fairly similar and their RA's agree fairly." So, NGC 3322 = NGC 3321, with discovery
priority to Common. See Corwin's notes for more.
******************************
NGC 3323 = UGC
5800 = MCG +04-25-036 = CGCG 124-049 = PGC 31712
10 39 39.0 +25
19 21
V = 13.3; Size 1.3'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 145d
17.5"
(3/25/95): fairly faint, small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, even surface
brightness. Located just east of
the midpoint of a mag 11 star 2.2' WNW and a close double star 2.3' SE (mag
13/14 at 10" in PA 40¡).
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3323 = St IX-22 on 15 Mar 1877. His position matches UGC 5800 = PGC 31712.
******************************
NGC 3324 =
"Gabriela Mistral" Nebula = ESO 128-EN006 = Gum 31 = Ced 108 = IC
2599 = Cr 225
10 37 19 -58 39
36
V = 6.7; Size 16'
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): I only took a quick look at the
"Gabriela Mistral" Nebula nebula at 200x and a UHC filter, but the
brightest portion appeared like a cartoon drawing of a whale with a huge, very
bright bulbous "head" forming the northern end of the nebula. The brightest portion is perhaps 15'x6'
in size, but quite an extensive amount of fainter nebulosity spreads out the
east and southeast of the main body, significantly increasing the size to
~15'x11', elongated N-S. Some
faint nebulosity also spreads to the west of the main portion. At the south end is the mag 5.5 star HD
92207.
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): striking HII region and cluster 30' SE of NGC 3293 and
90' NW of the center of the Eta Carina nebula! (this is an outlying piece of
the Eta Carina complex) At 105x
and UHC filter this huge, elongated, irregular nebula is quite bright, perhaps
15'x6' in size and tapers towards the south end where mag 5.5 HD 92207 is
embedded. The nebula widens to a
well-defined bulbous mass on the north end. Faint nebulosity hooks off the north end and spreads to the
east and northeast. This HII
region is ionized by mag 8 HD 92206 = h4338 (an 8.2/9.2 pair at 5")
situated near the center of the nebula.
Unfiltered, a scattered group of stars is superimposed but this just
appears to be a random star grouping in the Carina section of the Milky Way.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 3324 = D 322 = h3286 on 1 May 1826 and described a "star of
the 7th magnitude, involved in faint nebula." His position was roughly 6' NW of center of the nebula.
JH credited
Dunlop with the discovery and reported on 1 Apr 1834 "A double star
involved in nebula, which is one of the outliers of the great nebula about Eta
Argus. It extends to a star 6.7 mag half a field distant southwards, and almost
as far north; pretty bright; irregular figure; fine object."
IC 2599, found
by Williamina Fleming on a Harvard College Observatory plate in May 1893,
refers to the southern portion of this nebula.
******************************
NGC 3325 = UGC
5795 = MCG +00-27-036 = CGCG 009-093 = PGC 31689
10 39 20.4 -00
12 01
V = 12.7; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 55d
17.5"
(3/22/96): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated SW-NE, 0.8'x0.6', brighter
core. A mag 13 star is 1.3' W of
center. Located 11' WSW of mag 8.6
SAO 118422. IC 633 lies 11' S.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3325 = St X-25 on 19 Mar 1880. His position matches UGC 5795 = PGC 31689.
******************************
NGC 3326 = UGC
5799 = MCG +01-27-025 = CGCG 037-104 = Mrk 1260 = PGC 31701
10 39 31.9 +05
06 27
V = 13.7; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.4
17.5"
(3/22/96): faint, small, round, 0.4' diameter, weak concentration. A mag 13 star is 2.4' W of center. Located 5.5' SSW of a mag 9.5 star.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3326 = m 196 on 22 Mar 1865 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
noted "vF, eS, stellar."
His position matches UGC 5799.
******************************
NGC 3327 = UGC
5803 = MCG +04-25-038 = CGCG 124-051 = PGC 31729
10 39 58.1 +24
05 29
V = 13.4; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 85d
17.5"
(3/25/95): faint, small, round, 0.6' diameter, moderate even concentration to a
very small bright core. A faint
star is almost attached at the west side 25" from the center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3327 = H II-348 = h734 on 10 Apr 1785 (sweep 394) and noted
"F, S, lE." JH made two
observations and noted (sweep 58) "vF: S; has either a star which gives it
an apparent elongation in parallel, or is a double nebula." The star is at the west edge.
******************************
NGC 3328
10 39 54.2 +09
18 01
=*,
Gottlieb. Not found, RNGC.
Christian Peters
discovered NGC 3328 on 27 Mar 1880 with the 13.5" refractor at the
Litchfield observatory in New York.
At his position is a mag 14.8 star with a fainter companion 20"
west and there are no nearby objects he might have picked up. Corwin equates NGC 3328 with this pair
of stars. On 21 May 1879 Wilhelm
Tempel found an object ~30 seconds of RA preceding NGC 3332. Near this location (mentioned in the
narrative portion of paper V) is a pair of 15th magnitude stars. In 1892 Spitaler measured an accurate
position for Tempel's pair (given in the IC 1 Notes), but it's unlikely this
pair is the same as NGC 3328.
******************************
NGC 3329 = NGC
3397 = UGC 5837 = MCG +13-08-033 = CGCG 351-034 = PGC 32059
10 44 39.4 +76
48 35
V = 12.2; Size 1.8'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 140d
17.5"
(3/28/92): moderately bright, small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, broad concentration
but no sharp nucleus. A mag 13
star is 1.4' NW.
John Herschel
found NGC 3329 = h733 on 3 Sep 1828 and recorded (third sweep 414) "pB;
lE; gbM; 25"." His
position matches UGC 5837.
This galaxy was
discovered by WH on 2 Apr 1801, the problematic northern sweep 1096 with large
systematic errors. His revised
position, using Greenwich plates (MN, 71, 509), reveals H I-284 = NGC 3397 =
NGC 3329. The modern designation
is NGC 3329, despite the earlier discovery of NGC 3397.
******************************
NGC 3330 = ESO
168-SC11 = Cr 226 = Harvard 4
10 38 48 -54 06
54
V = 7.4; Size 7'
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): at 105x, ~30 stars mag 10-13 in a 6'x3' group elongated
N-S. Three brighter mag 10 stars
are on the south side but the main group of stars is on the north side
including another mag 10 star.
This was an easy object in my 10x30 IS bincoculars and was partially
resolved in the 9x50 finder.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 3330 = D 355 = h3287 on 27 Apr 1826 and described "a
triangular group of small stars resembling faint nebula, with several stars in
it of some considerable magnitude."
This was the first object he discovered with his homemade 9-inch
speculum reflector after recording a few known objects. JH recorded on 6 Apr 1834 "The
chief star (9th mag) of a poor cluster of 20 or 30 stars."
******************************
NGC 3331 = ESO
501-072 = MCG -04-25-056 = PGC 31743
10 40 09.0 -23
49 13
V = 13.2; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 10d
17.5"
(4/21/01): faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 ~N-S, 0.8'x0.6', weak
concentration, no distinct core.
The NGC position is 24 tsec too far west and this galaxy follows NGC
3335 situated 10' SW. Member of
nearby group LGG 209 (6 galaxies).
IC 625 (faint edge-on) 10' NW was not seen.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 3331 = LM II-424 in 1886 and noted "mag 14.0, 0.8' dia, vlE
180¡." His position is 0.4
min of RA west of ESO 501-72 = PGC 31743 and his position angle (N-S) is a good
match.
A
"corrected" position by Ormond Stone (repeated in the IC I Notes
section) is 1.1 min of RA too far west!
Herbert Howe's measured an accurate position in 1899-00 (repeated in the
IC 2 Notes section).
******************************
NGC 3332 = NGC
3342 = UGC 5807 = MCG +02-27-038 = CGCG 065-080 = Todd 24 = PGC 31768
10 40 28.4 +09
10 57
V = 12.3; Size 1.4'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(3/22/96): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter. Even concentration to a brighter core
and a nearly stellar nucleus. A
mag 11.5-12 star is 1.2' SE of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3332 = H I-272 on 4 Mar 1796 while observing the satellites of
Uranus (not in Caroline's fair copy of the sweeps). This discovery was made after he abandoned his sweeps in
1794, although even by 1790 and married for two years they had become much less
frequent. He used Uranus as the
reference for the offset and recorded "cB, S, iR, mbM, BN." In the NGC notes, Dreyer states the
nebula observed by Schšnfeld on 26 Apr 1862 and by Vogel in 1867 differ a good
deal in place from H I-272, while the vF neb found by Tempel in Arcetri on 21
May 1879 and by Peters (AN 3328) is nearly in Herschel's place. The NGC position (also measured by
Engelhardt) matches UGC 5807.
This galaxy was
probably first discovered on 18 Jan 1784 (early sweep 83) and catalogued as H
III-5 (later NGC 3342), but his position was very poor. See notes on NGC
3342. Interestingly, this galaxy
was also picked up by David Todd on 26 Feb 1878 during his search for a
trans-Neptunian planet, but his position for object #24 is about 3 tmin too far
west! Nevertheless, Todd's sketch
is an exact match with the surrounding field stars for this galaxy. Dreyer didn't include Todd #24 in the
NGC. So, it appears this galaxy
was independently "discovered" 3 times.
******************************
NGC 3333 = ESO
376-002 = MCG -06-24-001 = PGC 31723
10 39 49.8 -36
02 12
V = 13.2; Size 2.0'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 160d
18"
(3/17/07): faint, thin edge-on NNW-SSE, 0.6'x0.15'. A mag 15 star appears to be superimposed at the SSE
end. Occasionally, there is a
strong impresssion that a second very faint star is superimposed, though the
second point is probably a faint stellar nucleus. Member of a group (Klemola 16 = LGG 213) along with NGC
3347, NGC 3354 and NGC 3358. NGC
3347 lies 40' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3333 = h3288 on 2 Feb 1835 and noted "eF; vS; mE; appended
like a tail to a * 15m." His
position and description matched the edge-on galaxy ESO 376-002.
******************************
NGC 3334 = UGC
5817 = MCG +06-24-004 = CGCG 184-005 = PGC 31845
10 41 31.2 +37
18 46
V = 12.8; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(3/25/95): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 40" diameter, almost even
surface brightness. A nice evenly
matched mag 11.5 pair at 28" lies 3' ENE. Situated in an interesting field consisting of several
fairly bright stars.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3334 = H II-641 = h735 on 17 Mar 1787 (sweep 713) and noted
"F, vS." CH's reduced
position is NGC 3334 is 34 sec of RA following UGC 5817. JH's position on sweep 401 is a good
match with this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 3335 = ESO
501-071 = MCG -04-25-055 = PGC 31706
10 39 34.1 -23
55 21
V = 13.0; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 130d
17.5"
(4/21/01): fairly faint, round, 1.0' diameter, weak even concentration to a
small, brighter core and a faint stellar nucleus. Forms a pair with slightly fainter and smaller NGC 3331 10'
NE. Member of nearby group LGG
209.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 3335 = LM II-425 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory. He
noted "mag 13.5, 0.4' dia, iR, gbM" and his position is 0.7 min east
of ESO 501-071 = PGC 31706. Ormond
Stone's corrected RA (given in the IC 1 Notes section) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3336 = ESO
437-036 = AM 1037-273 = MCG -05-25-036 = LGG 211-007 = PGC 31754
10 40 17.0 -27
46 36
V = 12.3; Size 1.9'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 123d
18"
(3/13/04): faint, moderately large, slightly elongated NW-SE, 1.2'x1.0', very
weak concentration but no core or nucleus. This member of AGC 1060 (Hydra I) is located ~45' ESE of the
core of the cluster. Observation
made through thin clouds.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3336 = h3289 on 24 Mar 1835 and noted "vF; pL; lE;
glbM." His position is 1'
north of ESO 437-036 = PGC 31754.
******************************
NGC 3337 = CGCG
037-119 = PGC 31860
10 41 47.6 +04
59 18
V = 14.3; Size 0.6'x0.3'; PA = 45d
17.5"
(3/22/96): very faint, small, round, 30" diameter. Two mag 11.5 stars lie 1.8' and 3.1'
SW. Located 11.4' WSW of NGC 3341.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3337 = m 197 on 22 Mar 1865 and noted "eF, vS, alm
stellar." His position
matches CGCG 037-119 = PGC 31860.
******************************
NGC 3338 = UGC
5826 = MCG +02-27-041 = CGCG 065-087 = PGC 31883
10 42 07.5 +13
44 49
V = 11.1; Size 5.9'x3.6'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 100d
18"
(4/14/12): at 280x appeared fairly bright, large, elongated E-W,
~2.8'x1.6'. Broad concentration to
a round brighter core but no distinct nucleus. The halo fades out gradually (nearly face-on spiral) and
there is a hint of mottling, though no clear spiral structure. Mag 8.9 HD 92622 lies 2.7' WNW of
center, beyond the western edge of the galaxy. UGC 5832 = Arp 291 lies 20' SE.
17.5"
(4/18/87): fairly bright, fairly large, broad concentration to an elongated
brighter core with a brighter nucleus embedded, hints of internal
structure. The fainter outer halo
is elongated 3:2 E-W in the direction of mag 8.7 SAO 99253 which lies 2.7' W of
center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3338 = H II-77 = h737 on 19 Mar 1784 (sweep 177) and recorded
"a considerable, pB, E, resolvable nebula, brightest about the
middle." JH called it "F; E; pL; vgbM; follows a * 7m 10s."
R.J. Mitchell,
observing with LdR's 72" on 22 Mar 1854, noted "B Nucl, R, about 2'
dia, light irr, has a second minute Nucl preceding the L one? Spiral?" There is not second nucleus, but he was correct about the
spiral structure.
******************************
NGC 3339 = Holm
210b
10 42 10.0 -00
22 08
=* 2.1' WNW of
NGC 3340, Corwin. Misidentified in
the RNGC as NGC 3340.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3339 = m 198 (along with NGC 3340 = m 199) on 30 Jan 1865 and
noted "eF, stellar."
Very near his position is a single mag 15.4 star that Marth assumed was
nebulous. This star was also
measured at Birr Castle on 4 Mar 1877 and called "eF, S."
The data in the
RNGC listed under NGC 3339 applies to NGC 3340, MCG misidentifies MCG +00-27-042
as NGC 3339 and UGC mislabels NGC 3340 as NGC 3339 = NGC 3340.
******************************
NGC 3340 = UGC
5827 = MCG +00-27-042 = CGCG 009-101 = Holm 210a = PGC 31892
10 42 18.0 -00
22 37
V = 13.0; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 145d
17.5"
(4/29/00): faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter, very weak even
concentration to a slightly brighter core. The halo fades into the background. Located 12' SW of uneven double ·1464 =
8.2/10.9 at 5". This galaxy
is incorrectly identified as NGC 3339 in the RNGC.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3340 = m 199 on 30 Jan 1865 and noted "F, S, R." His position matches UGC 5827. NGC 3339 is a faint star 2.1'
west-northwest. UGC and CGCG label
this galaxy as NGC 3339 = NGC 3340, although only NGC 3340 should apply.
******************************
NGC 3341 = UGC
5831 = MCG +01-27-031 = CGCG 037-124 = PGC 31915
10 42 31.5 +05
02 38
V = 14.0; Size 1.3'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 24d
17.5"
(3/22/96): faint, small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 0.7'x0.4', smooth surface
brightness. A mag 11.5 star is
1.0' NW and a mag 14 star is at the WSW edge 25" from center. Located 21' NW of mag 5.8 35 Sex. NGC 3337 lies 11.4' WSW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3341 = m 200 on 22 Mar 1865 and noted "vF, vS." His position corresponds with UGC 5831
= PGC 31915.
******************************
NGC 3342 = NGC
3332: = UGC 5807 = MCG +02-27-038 = CGCG 065-080
10 40 28.4 +09
10 57
See observing
notes for NGC 3332.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3342 = H III-5 on 18 Jan 1784 (sweep 83) and gives the following
long description: "The faintest and smallest nebula imaginable. I viewed it a long while and with a
higher power than the sweeper.
Having no person at the clock, I went in to write down the time and
found it impossible to recover the nebula. It appeared like a vS nebulous star, and is probably of the
cometic sort; there was another vS star south-following (I think, or rather, am
pretty sure), and it preceded a pB *.
It should have been secured before I went into the light. Its place must be about 2 1/2 deg
following rho Leonis and about 10 arcmin more north than that star.''
His position
falls on a blank part of the sky, but Harold Corwin notes that WH's description
matches NGC 3332 = H I-272, discovered on 4 Mar 1796 while observing the
satellites of Uranus (not actively pursuing sweeps). This implies his RA for III-5 was off by over 2 tmin of RA
and 15' in dec, not an unusual error for his early sweeps. This galaxy was independently found
later by David Todd (#24) on 26 Feb 1878 during his search for a
trans-Neptunian planet. Because of
WH's poor position, this galaxy was not recovered by Spitaler or Bigourdan and
Reinmuth equated the number with a mag 15 star.
******************************
NGC 3343 = UGC
5863 = MCG +12-10-073 = CGCG 333-051 = PGC 32143
10 46 10.4 +73
21 10
V = 13.4; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 55d
18"
(3/30/05): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated SW-NE, 0.7'x0.5'. Fairly sharp concentration with a very
small 15" bright core which increases to a stellar nucleus. Forms the vertex of a right angle with
a 23" pair of mag 10.5/11.5 stars situated 4.5' NE and a mag 10.5 star 4'
WNW. NGC 3348 lies 30' S and NGC
3403 is 40' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3343 = H III-317 = h736 on 3 Apr 1785 (sweep 390) and noted
"vF, vS, requires attention to be seen." JH logged "not vF; R;
gbM." His position matches UGC 5863.
******************************
NGC 3344 = UGC
5840 = MCG +04-25-046 = CGCG 124-060 = PGC 31968
10 43 31.0 +24
55 20
V = 9.9; Size 7.1'x6.5'; Surf Br = 13.9
17.5"
(1/19/91): fairly bright, large, about 4'x3' extended ~E-W. Unusual appearance as two bright stars
are involved on the east side.
Sharply concentrated with a faint outer halo and a well-defined much
brighter core. A mag 10.5 star is
on the east side 52" from the center and a mag 10 star is at the east edge
of the halo 1.6' from the center.
Also a mag 13.5 star is superimposed about 30" SSE of the core.
8"
(3/28/81): faint, large, low surface brightness. Two mag 10 stars are at the east edge.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3344 = H I-81 = h739 on 6 Apr 1785 (sweep 393) and recorded
"cB, cL, milky, very near and preceding 2 stars; a small part of the
nebula is considerably brighter than the rest; the 2 stars and the brightest
part of the nebula are all within 2' and nearly in one parallel. The greatest part of the milkiness is
preceding the bright part, and the termination of it is imperceptible." He published a sketch in his 1811 paper
(Fig. 2) as an illustration of "Nebulosities joined to Nebulae."
JH logged
"pB; L; gbM; has (?) a star excentric within it and a double star closely
following it." Bindon Stoney,
observing on 3 Mar 1851 with LdR's 72", declared it a "spiral, vF,
has a branch from p edge round to n and f."
******************************
NGC 3345
10 43 31.9 +11
59 07
=**,
Carlson. =M95 = NGC 3351, WS.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3345 = h740 on 24 Mar 1830, while searching for his father's H
I-26 (see below). He simply noted
"eF, hardly visible." At
his position is a pair of mag 14 stars at 18" separation. Peters also reported the same
position. Dorothy Carlson, in her
1940 paper on NGC corrections, identifies NGC 3345 as a double star. As his description is so disparate from
his father's, Dreyer added two question marks to the equivalence of h740 with H
I-26.
WH found H I-26
on 19 Mar 1784 and recorded "cB, pL, not R, and much brighter about the
middle than towards the ends."
There is nothing at his position, but ~10' south is M95, which was not
observed in the sweep, and Dreyer notes in his 1912 notes to WH's catalogues
that I-26 is probably a duplicate of M95.
Wolfgang Steinicke emphasizes the identity with M95, but Harold Corwin
feels JH's observation should not be ignored.
******************************
NGC 3346 = UGC
5842 = MCG +03-28-001 = CGCG 094-116 = CGCG 095-003 = PGC 31982
10 43 39.0 +14
52 19
V = 11.7; Size 2.9'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(3/12/94): fairly faint, fairly large, slightly elongated E-W, 3.0'x2.5',
fairly low almost even surface brightness, just a weak broad
concentration. A pair of mag 11-12
stars are 2.6' WSW and 3.5' due west.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3346 = H V-7 = h3290 on 8 Apr 1784 (sweep 187) and noted
"F, vL, almost R, resolvable."
From the Cape of Good Hope, JH recorded "vF; L; R; vgvlbM; 3' or 4'
diam. A soft globe of light,
resolvable with the left eye."
His position matches UGC 5842.
******************************
NGC 3347 = ESO
376-013 = MCG -06-24-007 = LGG 213-004 = PGC 31926
10 42 46.6 -36
21 12
V = 11.3; Size 3.6'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 173d
17.5"
(3/28/87): moderately bright and large, elongated ~N-S, bright nucleus. First of three with NGC 3354 3.4' E and
NGC 3358 10' ESE. Member of the
Klemola 16 group.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3347 = h3291 on 1 May 1834 (along with NGC 3354) and recorded
"pF; S; R; vsmbM to a * 12m."
He observed this group on four nights.
******************************
NGC 3348 = UGC
5875 = MCG +12-10-077 = CGCG 333-054 = PGC 32216
10 47 10.1 +72
50 22
V = 11.1; Size 2.0'x2.0'; Surf Br = 12.7
17.5"
(3/28/92): moderately bright but small, 1' diameter, slightly elongated
E-W. Unusual appearance because at
first glance there appears to be a double nucleus. Instead a mag 13.5 star is superimposed at the east side of
the halo. The core of the galaxy
is close west and a small halo surrounds the star with averted vision. Using direct vision the star is slightly
brighter than the core. A mag 11
star lies 1.7' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3348 = H I-80 = h738 on 3 Apr 1785 (sweep 390) and noted
"cB, S, irregularly elliptical." His position matches UGC 5875. JH mentioned the * 11m 20 sec of RA preceding. Karl Reinmuth noted this was a double
galaxy (based on Heidelberg plates).
******************************
NGC 3349 = VV 514 = MCG +01-28-002 = CGCG 038-002
=PGC 31989
10 43 50.6 +06
45 47
V = 14.2; Size 1.0'x0.7'
17.5"
(4/9/94): very faint, very small, round, low surface brightness. Located 5.3' W of brighter NGC
3356. An extremely faint mag 15
"star" is just off the SE edge [38" SE of center]. On the POSS this "star" is
actually an extremely compact companion galaxy (just nonstellar) which has very
faint disrupted arms.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3349 = m 201 on 22 Mar 1865 and noted "eF, vS." His position matches the triple system
VV 514.
******************************
NGC 3350 = CGCG
155-002 = CGCG 154-044 = PGC 32035
10 44 22.9 +30
43 29
V = 14.4; Size 0.5'x0.5'
18"
(3/11/07): faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, occasional very faint
stellar nucleus. Located just
north of a wide pair of mag 9.5 and 10 stars (SAO 62223 and 62226) and 19' W of
5.4-magnitude 42 Leo Minor.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3350 = h742 on 10 Apr 1831 and recorded "eF; vS; very
difficult, but a certain observation; is n of 2 st 9 or 10m." His position matches CGCG 154-044 = PGC
32035.
******************************
NGC 3351 = M95 =
UGC 5850 = MCG +02-28-001 = CGCG 066-004 = PGC 32007
10 43 57.8 +11
42 14
V = 9.7; Size 7.4'x5.0'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 13d
48"
(4/21/17): at 375x; extremely bright, very large, dominated by an intensely
bright, round nucleus and a prominent central bar running nearly E-W. A strong, round ring is attached at the
ends of the bar, forming a striking "Theta" shape. A well defined darker region is inside
the ring to the north and south of the bar though the higher contrast is higher
on the north side of the bar.
Surrounding the ring is a very large, low surface brightness outer halo
extending SSW-NNE, perhaps 5.5'-6' by 4'. Low contrast spiral arm structure was
visible with averted in the outer halo, particularly on the southwest side.
17.5"
(2/28/87): very bright, very bright core. The outer halo is 4.5'x3.0' oriented
SSW-NNE. A bar is highly suspected
extending WNW-ESE of the central core with inner ring structure suspected
extending from this bar.
13.1"
(2/25/84): very bright, small bright nucleus.
8": bright,
fairly large, round.
Pierre MŽchain
discovered M95 = H I-26 = h743 on 20 Mar 1781. WH observed M95 on 11 Mar 1784 (sweep 164) and recorded a
"fine, bright nebula, much brighter in the middle than at the extremes, of
a pretty considerable extent, perhaps 3 or 4' or more. The middle seems to be
of the magnitude of 3 or 4 stars joined together, but not exactly round; from
the brightest part of it there is a sudden transition to the nebulous part, so
that I should call it cometic."
Just a week
later (19 Mar 1784) he found H I-26 and wrote, "cB, pL, not R, and much
brighter about the middle than towards the ends." There is nothing at his position, but
~20' south and 1 min of RA east is M95, which was not observed in the sweep,
and Dreyer concludes in his 1912 revision of H's catalogoues that H I-26 is probably
a duplicate of M95.
R.J. Mitchell,
observing with LdR's 72" on 16 Feb 1858, noted "I sev times thought
it had two spiral arms, p and f."
Sir Robert Ball commented on 10 Feb 1867, "The central bright
section seems rather more complex than usual. It may be divided into two ellipses, the inner one is
uniform in light and brighter than the other one." This appears to describe the core and
the surrounding inner ring.
******************************
NGC 3352 = UGC
5851 = MCG +04-25-048 = CGCG 124-061 = PGC 32025
10 44 15.0 +22
22 16
V = 12.6; Size 1.6'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 0d
17.5"
(3/28/92): faint, very small, round, brighter core. A mag 14 star is 1.8' WNW. NGC 3363 lies 21' SE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3352 = St X-26 on 19 Mar 1880. His position matches UGC 5851 = PGC 32025.
******************************
NGC 3353 = UGC
5860 = MCG +09-18-022 = CGCG 267-009 = Mrk 35 = PGC 32103
10 45 22.4 +55
57 37
V = 12.8; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 45d
17.5"
(3/12/94): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter, increases to an
irregular brighter core and occasional stellar nucleus. A mag 13 star is 1.6' S of center.
8": faint,
small, round. A mag 13 star is 1'
S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3353 = H III-842 = h741 on 18 Mar 1790 (sweep 949) and noted
"vF, vS, R." His RA is
30 sec too large. JH recorded
"pB; S; R; pgbM; 15"; a small star 90" S." and measured an
accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3354 = ESO
376-014 = MCG -06-24-008 = LGG 213-005 = PGC 31941
10 43 02.8 -36
21 46
V = 13.2; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.4
17.5"
(3/28/87): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated ~N-S. Second of three with NGC 3347 3.5' W
and NGC 3358 7' ESE. Member of the
Klemola 16 group.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3354 = h3292 on 1 May 1834 and recorded (two sweeps later)
"vF; S; lbM; 8". The 2nd
of 3 [with NGC 3347 and NGC 3358]."
******************************
NGC 3355
10 43 30 -23 12
=Not found,
RNGC. =MCG -04-25-058 = ESO
501-G79?, ESO.
Samuel Langley
found NGC 3355 = HN 29 on 12 Apr 1866 using the 15-inch Merz Refractor at
Harvard Observatory (Annals of Harvard Observatory, Vol 13, #215). He simply noted "found in search
for Biela's comet; place approximate." There is nothing near his position (the only NGC credited to
Langley). NGC 3355 is not listed in
any modern catalogue except ESO, which lists MCG -4-25-58 = ESO 501-G79 as a
possible identity. This galaxy is
located 2 min of RA west and 11.4' south of Langley's position.
Harold Corwin
suggests a more likely candidate is IC 625 = ESO 501-G80, a "normal''
early-type object with a surface brightness two magnitudes brighter than ESO
501-G79, which is located 45' south of Langley's position. Either of these identifications are
pretty speculative as they are not close to Langley's position. So, I've listed this number as lost.
******************************
NGC 3356 = UGC
5852 = MCG +01-28-004 = CGCG 038-005 = VV 529 = PGC 32021
10 44 12.3 +06
45 32
V = 13.3; Size 1.7'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 102d
17.5"
(4/9/94): faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE. A mag 11 star is 2.9' S. Forms a pair with NGC 3349 5.3' W. NGC 3362 lies 13.8' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3356 = H III-107 = h744 on 17 Apr 1784 (sweep 196) and recorded
"A suspected, eF, pL. Too
much daylight remaining to verify it; but I do much doubt it." There is nothing near his position he
might have picked up. But on 12
Apr 1801 (sweep 1098), his position is just 2' northeast of UGC 5852. On sweep 117, JH described this galaxy
"eF; R; bM; 30"; a * 9m south dist 2' or 3'."
******************************
NGC 3357 = UGC
5206 = UGC 5854A = MCG +02-28-002 = CGCG 066-006 = PGC 32032
10 44 20.7 +14
05 03
V = 12.6; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 90d
17.5"
(3/22/96): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter, broad
concentration to an ill-defined brighter 15" core. A mag 12 star is 2.3' W of center. A wide pair of evenly matched mag 9.5
stars lies 8.5' NE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3357 = m 202 = T V-5 on 5 Apr 1864 and noted "F, S,
mbM." His position is 1' north of UGC 5206. Heinrich d'Arrest independently discovered this galaxy on 22
Feb 1865, noted the mag 13-14 star 10 seconds of time due west and measured a
very accurate position. Wilhelm
Tempel made another independent discovery on 18 Nov 1881 while looking for
Denning's Comet.
UGC incorrectly
gives the RA as 9h instead of 10h, although identifies this UGC 5206 as NGC
3357. In the UGC addenda, NGC 3357
is listed again as UGC 5854A, as the corrected position falls between UGC 5854
and 5855.
******************************
NGC 3358 = ESO
376-017 = MCG -06-24-009 = LGG 213-006 = PGC 31974
10 43 32.9 -36
24 37
V = 11.4; Size 3.3'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 141d
17.5"
(3/28/87): moderately bright, moderately large, prominent core, fainter
elongated halo. Several stars are
near. Third of three with NGC 3354
7' WNW and NGC 3350 10' WNW.
Member of the Klemola 16 group.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3358 = h3293 on 2 Feb 1835 and recorded "F; vS; R: close to
a vS star; the last of 3 [with NGC 3347 and 3354]."
******************************
NGC 3359 = UGC
5873 = MCG +11-13-037 = CGCG 313-033 = PGC 32183
10 46 36.7 +63
13 28
V = 10.6; Size 7.2'x4.4'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 170d
48"
(2/21/12): at 375x, this beautiful barred spiral contains a prominent central
bar extending ~1.3' N-S, with a bright, elongated core. A spiral arm is attached at the south
end of the bar. It quickly rotates
and sweeps northeast (clockwise) for 1.5', dimming out 1' E of center. A longer, beautiful arm is attached on
the north end of the bar and sweeps south along the west side of the
galaxy. This arm is brightest
where it attaches to the bar. The
western arm passes well south of the central bar and includes a couple of HII
knots towards the end. The
brightest is a faint 10" knot, situated 1.4' SW of center. This HII region is catalogued as [H69]
42 in Hodge's 1969 paper "HII Regions in 20 Nearby Galaxies" and as
SDSS J104627.95+631220.6 (V = 16.5).
It is also referenced in NED as NGC 3359:[RZB2000] #7/9, from the paper
"The ionized gas in the spiral galaxy NGC 3359. Part I." in A&A,
354, 823-835 (2000). Just south of
this knot the arm fades out, but brightens slightly again at the tip (2' S of
center), where there is a very faint, low surface brightness knot, ~12"
diameter, listed in the RZB paper as region #12/14.
17.5"
(3/12/94): fairly bright, large, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE. A brighter bar is visible through the
center along the major axis! Has a
large, diffuse halo about 5'x3' which fades into the background. The brighter core has an irregular
surface brightness. Two mag 14
stars are 3.4' WNW and 2.8' ESE of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3359 = H V-52 = h745 on 28 Nov 1801 (sweep 1102) and recorded
"cB, L, lE in the meridian, vgbM, about 5' long and 3' broad. The nebulosity seems to be of the milky
kind [unresolvable], it loses itself imperceptibly all around. The whole breadth of the sweeps seems
to be affected with vF nebulosity."
His position is 3.5' too far north. JH logged "pF; L; E in merid; glbM; 2.5' l, 2'
br." and measured a more accurate position.
Ralph Copeland,
observing on 21 Feb 1874 at Birr Castle, made two sketches showing both a
striking "S" shaped spiral and a "figure 8". No description accompanies the
diagrams.
******************************
NGC 3360 = MCG
-02-28-003 = PGC 32026
10 44 16.1 -11
14 33
V = 13.7; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 55d
17.5"
(4/21/01): faint, small, elongated 4:3 WSW-ENE, 0.8'x0.6'. Low, nearly even surface
brightness. Forms a pair with NGC
3360 3.8' NE.
Andrew Ainslie
Common discovered NGC 3360 in 1880 with his 36-inch silvered-glass
reflector. His description reads
"A F[aint] pair, f one brighter." There is nothing at his position, but 10' north is MCG
-02-28-003 = PGC 32026, which forms a pair with NGC 3361 = MCG -02-28-004 about
3.8' NE.
Herbert Howe's
published position in his series of MN articles matches MCG -02-28-003,
although it is incorrect in the IC Notes.
******************************
NGC 3361 = MCG
-02-28-004 = PGC 32044
10 44 29.1 -11
12 27
V = 12.8; Size 2.0'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 155d
17.5"
(4/21/01): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, 1.2'x0.8',
broad concentration. A mag 15 star
is close preceding. Forms a pair
with NGC 3360 3.8' SW.
Andrew Ainslie
Common discovered NGC 3361 in 1880 with his 36-inch silvered-glass
reflector. His description reads
"A F[aint] pair, f one brighter." There is nothing at his position, but 10' north is MCG
-02-28-004 = PGC 32044, which forms a pair with NGC 3360 about 3.8' SW. The position angle 160¡ given in the
NGC description is accurate, though it was not given in Common's list.
******************************
NGC 3362 = UGC
5857 = MCG +01-28-005 = CGCG 038-007 = PGC 32078
10 44 51.8 +06
35 48
V = 12.8; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 90d
17.5"
(4/9/94): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 2.0'x1.0', broad
concentration. Located 3.8' WNW of
mag 8.7 SAO 118472 3.8' ESE. NGC
3356 lies 13.8' NW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3362 = m 203 on 22 Mar 1865 and noted "vF, S, R." His position is within 1' of UGC
5857. Stephan independently
discovered this galaxy on 18 Mar 1882 and reported it in list XII-39, though he
questioned if it was equivalent to GC 5534 [NGC 3362] in the notes section.
******************************
NGC 3363 = UGC
5866 = MCG +04-26-002 = CGCG 125-003 = PGC 32089
10 45 09.5 +22
04 42
V = 13.3; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 0d
17.5"
(3/28/92): faint, small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, 1.0'x0.7', even surface
brightness. A mag 12 star is 1.5'
E of center and 1.0' off the edge.
NGC 3353 lies 21' NW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3363 = St XII-40 on 22 Mar 1882 and recorded "F, pS, iR,
lbM, r." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 3364 = UGC
5890 = MCG +12-10-082 = CGCG 333-056 = PGC 32314
10 48 29.7 +72
25 30
V = 12.8; Size 1.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(3/28/92): faint, small, round, low even surface brightness. Collinear with a mag 13/13.5 double
star at 29" separation located 4' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3364 = H III-318 = h746 on 3 Apr 1785 (sweep 390) and noted
"vF, pL, r." CH's
reduction is ~2.5' east of UGC 5890.
JH reported "eF; L; R; vgbM; 60"; a coarse double star sf
[about 5'] points back directly to it."
******************************
NGC 3365 = UGC
5878 = MCG +00-28-006 = CGCG 010-008 = FGC 1131 = PGC 32153
10 46 12.6 +01
48 48
V = 12.6; Size 4.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 159d
17.5"
(4/22/95): very faint, fairly large, edge-on 6:1 NNW-SSE, 4.0'x0.6'. Appears as a low surface brightness
streak, very weak concentration with a small slightly brighter core. Surprisingly faint for the listed
magnitude.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3365 = h747 on 13 Apr 1828 and recorded "eF; L; 2' long,
20" broad; vgvlbM; a ray nebula." His position is 1.4' south of the edge-on UGC 5878. The NGC has a typo in the RA hour (19).
******************************
NGC 3366 = IC
2592 = ESO 264-007 = MCG -07-22-024 = LGG 204-003 = PGC 31335
10 35 08.4 -43
41 30
V = 11.3; Size 2.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 37d
18"
(2/19/09): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, ~0.6'x0.4' (viewed
brighter core region). Located
just 1.7' S of mag 6.1 HD 91805 and the combination of low elevation and the
glare of the bright star severely hampered viewing the galaxy. At 225x I was able to place the star
just outside the edge of the field which increased the visibility. This galaxy is located 1.3 degrees ENE
of NGC 3256 and is probably part of the southern group Klemola 12 (NGC 3256,
3256B, 3261, 3262 and 3263 were observed from Costa Rica).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3366 = h3294 on 15 Mar 1836 and recorded ""F; E; gbM;
close to a * 6.7m. The minute of
RA is doubtful. The written record
makes it 47; but as this is impossible from the context, 37 is
assumed." Corwin proproses
that his assumed RA is still 10 minutes too large. Once corrected it matches
ESO 264-007 in position and description so this identification is nearly
certain.
DeLisle Stewart
found this galaxy on an Arequipa plate around 1899 and Dreyer catalogued it
again as IC 2592. So, NGC 3366 =
IC 2592. See Harold Corwin's
notes.
******************************
NGC 3367 = UGC
5880 = MCG +02-28-005 = CGCG 066-011 = PGC 32178
10 46 34.8 +13
45 02
V = 11.5; Size 2.5'x2.2'; Surf Br = 13.2
13.1"
(2/25/84): fairly bright, fairly large, almost even surface brightness,
slightly elongated ~E-W. NGC 3377
lies 20' NE.
8"
(3/28/81): fairly bright, slightly elongated, slightly brighter core. Located about 25' SSE of 5th magnitude
52 Leonis.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3367 = H II-78 = h748 on 19 Mar 1784 (sweep 177) and simply
noted "pB". His position
is off by 15' (too far northwest), but he measured a more accurate position on
a later sweep. JH noted "pB;
vL; irreg R; vgbM; 2' diam" and measured an accurate position in sweep
338. The description under h748 in
sweep 242 probably refers NGC 3379.
Bindon Stoney,
observing with LdR's 72" on 23 Mar 1851, noted "probably spiral, dark
spaces in it and * suspected in preceding edge."
******************************
NGC 3368 = M96 =
UGC 5882 = MCG +02-28-006 = CGCG 066-013 = PGC 32192
10 46 45.5 +11
49 18
V = 9.3; Size 7.6'x5.2'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 5d
17.5"
(2/28/87): very bright, fairly large, elongated NW-SE, 5'x3.5', small bright
core, stellar nucleus. Brightest
in the Leo group (M96 Group) with M95 40' WSW.
13.1"
(2/25/84): very bright, small bright nucleus.
8"
(3/28/81): bright, fairly large, slightly elongated.
Pierre MŽchain
discovered M96 = NGC 3368 = h749 on 20 Mar 1781. Four nights later it was confirmed by Messier. WH observed M96 on 11 Mar 1784 (sweep
164) and recorded "A fine, bright nebula, much like the former [M95], but
the brightest part in the middle is more joined to the nebulosity than in the
former, and the bright part is rather longer, though not quite so vivid as in
the former. It may still be called cometic, though it begins to depart a little
from that kind."
Johnstone
Stoney, LdR's assistant, noted "Is, I think, certainly a spiral." (3
Mar 1850). A year later, Bindon
Stoney added "vBM, perhaps shaped like an S reversed." A sketch
clearly shows a spiral arm curving counterclockwise on the east side towards
the south. It also shows a darker
strip just west of the central region between the western arm. M96 was included in the list of
"Spiral or curvilinear" nebulae in LdR's 1850 PT paper.
******************************
NGC 3369 = ESO
501-095 = MCG -04-26-009 = PGC 32191
10 46 44.6 -25
14 39
V = 13.6; Size 1.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 117d
18"
(3/17/07): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated WNW-ESE, weak concentration,
0.5'x0.4'. Outlying member of the
Hydra I (AGC 1060) cluster to the NE of the main group.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 3369 = LM I-177 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory. His rough position (nearest min of RA) matches ESO
501-095. Howe's corrected position
in 1899-00 (given in the IC 2 Notes section) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3370 = UGC
5887 = MCG +03-28-008 = CGCG 095-019 = PGC 32207
10 47 04.0 +17
16 24
V = 11.6; Size 3.2'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 148d
13.1"
(1/18/85): moderately bright, fairly weak concentration, elongated 3:2
NNW-SSE. The nucleus is displaced
to the west.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3370 = H II-81 = h750 on 21 Mar 1784 (sweep 181) and noted
"pB, pL, not R, r." JH
made two observations and his mean position matches UGC 5887.
******************************
NGC 3371 = NGC
3384 = UGC 5911 = MCG +02-28-012 = CGCG 066-021
10 48 16.9 +12
37 45
See observing
notes for NGC 3384.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3371 = h751 on 23 Mar 1830 (single sweep 282) and recorded
"F, R. The second of 3 [with h748 and h753 = NGC 3373] in a
triangle." There is only the
single galaxy NGC 3367 in the vicinty, ~7' WSW of JH's position. But if his 3 positions are offset 73
sec in RA east and 70' south, they match up perfectly with NGC 3379, NGC 3384
and NGC 3389. Possibly while observing
NGC 3379, he used the position of NGC 3367 and measured offsets to obtain
positions of other two galaxies.
So, h748 (sweep 282) = NGC 3379, NGC 3371 = NGC 3384 and NGC 3373 = NGC
3389. His position angles (given
under h748) also match these 3 galaxies.
See Harold Corwin's identification notes for more.
******************************
NGC 3372 = Eta
Carina Nebula = ESO 128-EN013 = Gum 33 = 109a = RCW 53 = Keyhole Nebula
10 45 09 -59 52
00
V = 4.8; Size 120'x120'
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): this observation of the Homunculus
was made at 350x in good seeing with the 24". Eta Carinae appeared an iridescent electric-orange color
surrounded by the bipolar blowouts of the Homunculus. The brighter and larger lobe, which is expanding in our
direction, extends to the southeast and was pretty circular (a bit flattened on
the end), but punctured by a small, elongated hole that splits the lobe near
Eta, creating a small 6" loop (connected on the SE end). The NW blowout is fainter and smaller
with an unusual "fountain" or "fan" appearance (also
referred to as the "paddle" in schematics of the Homunculus),
tapering in and dimming to an extremely narrow bridge at Eta and then spreading
out to the NW. The NW edge of this
lobe is rounder, creating a "fan" appearance. The two lobes create empty notches near
Eta and extending into the NE notch between the two lobes is a very thin, short
spike (referred to as equatorial debris or "skirt) that was not difficult
to view but the SW "spike" was only intermittently visible. Just west of Eta is the fairly
prominent, dark "Keyhole Nebula".
18" (7/4/05
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): spectacular detail within the Homunculus
nebula at 293x. The bright 6"
lobe to the SE of Eta is split by a dark lane (forming the two "legs"
of the Homunculus). This lane
actually consists of two darker "holes" with the outer dark hole more
prominent. In moments of good
seeing the outer periphery of the lobe has a slightly tattered or scalloped
structure and it is flattened on the SE end. Jutting out a few arcseconds to the NE is a small, thin
spike that was visible continuously with averted vision. On the opposite SW side, only a small,
brighter extension or oval nodule bulges out slightly from the SE lobe. The fainter NW lobe has a more
translucent appearance with a pinched "key" or "bust"
outline as the nebulosity is very weak or absent in the middle of the sides
(this lobe forms the "head" of the Homunculus). At the center of this remarkable sight
is the bright, quasi-stellar, reddish-orange Eta Carinae.
Bochum 10 is
located 40' NW of Eta Carinae and just north of the huge wedge of nebulosity
that extends north of Eta. About two dozen stars, including 7 of 9th magnitude,
were resolved in the main group, which extends ~5'x2'. The cluster is fairly scattered and
distributed in the two subgroups oriented NW and SE, with the SE group
containing most of the stars.
Visually it was much smaller than the listed diameter of 20'. Situated just 5' NW of mag 5.4 HD 92964
and just south of the southern arc of the HD 92809 Wolf-Rayet ring, which may
be associated with Bochum 10.
This huge
Wolf-Rayet bubble was surprisingly easy at 76x with an H-beta filter, although
without prior knowledge I would have assumed it was an outer extension of the
Eta Car nebula. A huge, 35'
semicircular annulus of nebulosity was easily traced. The south side of the rim is bright, well defined and
oriented roughly E-W as it passes north of Bochum 10. With careful viewing, very faint nebulosity continues to
spread out from the east end. On
the west side of this E-W strip, there is a short break and then it continues
as a large, fairly prominent arc that curves northward. This arc is sharply defined on both the
interior and exterior edge and widens and fades at the north end, although a
small locally brighter patch is at the NW tip. The nebulosity curves back east on the north side but this
section is quite faint and simply appears as low surface brightness haze. A relatively prominent 4'x3' oval patch
of nebulosity is isolated on the SE side, just within the interior. Very faint haze also spreads out within
the interior but the eastern half of the rim is completely missing. The OIII
filter significantly dims the curving NW quadrant of the loop.
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): I spent quite a bit of time on the Eta Carina complex,
particularly examining the remarkable Homunculus Nebula. This is easily the
largest bright emission nebula in the sky and a very prominent naked-eye object
within the amazingly rich Carina Milky Way. Dark lanes or rift separate bright islands of billowing
nebulosity and the entire complex overfilled the 105x field at the eyepiece.
The surface
brightness of the various sections is fairly uniform and pretty high, though it
lowers in the outskirts. No
section is comparable in intensity to the central heart of the Orion Nebula,
but the large wedge that contains Eta Car is quite prominent. A UHC filter enhances the nebulosity
without significantly dimming the stars.
Just west of Eta (within the central wedge) is the fairly prominent,
dark "Keyhole Nebula" that extends ~5' length, elongated N-S (not as
contrasty as when John Herschel named it in the 1830's). Eta Carina's orange color and the small
bipolar blowouts are quite stunning at high power. Several clusters are involved with the nebula. The most prominent
is Tr 16, situated just south of Eta Car.
Tr 14 is a rich
group of ~30 stars mag 7 and fainter stars including the double star h4356
(7.2/8.9 at 2.8", with brighter component HD 93129A) within a 4'
diameter. There are several
additional mag 8/9 stars and a swarm of mag 12 stars! Tr 14 is situated just 12' NW of Eta Carinae within the
bright, huge triangular section of nebulosity to the NW of Eta. The cluster is the second most massive
in the Carina nebula and contains ten O-type stars. HD 93129Aa (the brighter spectroscopic component of HD
93129A) is one of the most luminous and massive known stars with ~80-100 solar
masses and ~2,500,000 times the sun's luminosity. The "Mystic Mountain" region, a remarkable
star-forming pillar of gas and dust captured by the HST, is at the north edge
of the cluster.
Tr 16 is the
most massive cluster in the Carina nebula complex and contains the majority of
the O-type stars. Visually, Tr 16
is a rich group of stars trailing immediately south of Eta Carinae itself and
close southeast of the dark Keyhole Nebula, all within the same bright
triangular wedge. At 166x, about
three dozen stars mag 9-13 were resolved within 4'. A number of the stars are arranged in chains and
groups. Eta Car itself is
considered part of the cluster.
Mag 8.8 WR 25 = HD 93162 is about 7' W of center of the cluster. The primary is considered the most
luminous known star in our galaxy.
Tr 15 consists
of roughly 15 stars (a half-dozen members are O-type supergiants) crammed into
a 2' group including a neat triple h4364 (mag 8/9/11 at 8" and 9" in
a string with brightest member HD 93249) on the north side. Situated within a streamer of
nebulosity just 20' NNW of Eta Carina itself.
At 200x, the
Homunculus Nebula surrounding Eta Carina was remarkable in excellent seeing on
the last evening of observing.
Both Eta and the nebula were a uniquely vivid color - an amazing
fluorescent orange-tangerine. Extending
to the SE of Eta is the brighter lobe, perhaps 6" in diameter with a sharp
outline that was flattened along the southern edge in a mushroom shape. There appeared to be a partial darker
lane in the interior. Extending to
the NW was a smaller (4"-5") and much fainter lobe that faded with
increased magnification. A tiny
spike of nebulosity jutted out along to the NE between the two lobes. A couple of very close and faint
companions lie just NE of Eta.
This bi-polar reflection nebula resulted from the most recent outburst
of supermassive Eta Car in 1841.
20" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): Using a 20 Nagler (127x) and UHC filter,
the field of Eta Carina was a breathtaking sight. The outer wings and streamers extended well outside the 39'
field. The turbulent nebulosity
had a curdled, electric appearance with a strong 3-dimensional effect as
brighter streaks, wings, fainter masses and dark lanes were mixed together
throughout the field.
The best overall
view of the nebula in the 20" was at 80x (32 mm) using a UHC filter. Even at this low power, the Eta Carina
nebula still overfilled the field with contrasty dark lanes and amazingly
structured islands of nebulosity.
I stared into the eyepiece quietly, somewhat stunned by its beauty. With this aperture at 282x, the
12"x8" bipolar Homunculus nebula was an astounding sight. The orange central star appeared
quasi-stellar with the unequal blowouts fairly prominent. They had an eerie, translucent
appearance with the western lobe somewhat smaller, fainter and more pinched
with the eastern lobe more circular.
A possible dark lane is near the center and punctures the lobes.
Tr 14 is a rich
group of stars mag 7 and fainter stars in a 5' region, situated ~12' NW of Eta
within one of the sections of nebulosity. Contains the binary h4356 (7.2/8.9 at
2.8"). The brighter spectroscopic
member of the mag 7.2 star (HD 93129Aa) is one of the most massive stars known
and rivals Eta Car in mass and luminosity. A triple system h4360 just 2' SE includes a 2" pair. Cr 232 is a small, scattered group of
~20 stars in a 4' region just following Tr 14. The brightest star is mag 7.7 HD 93250, a 04-type
supergiant. Tr 16, the most
massive cluster in the Carina complex, is a triangular group of stars just south
of Eta and includes a chain of a half-dozen brighter stars. Tr 15 is a fairly small group of a
couple dozen stars mag 8.5 and fainter, less than 30' N of Eta Car. A
half-dozen members are O-type supergiants.
Cr 228 is a
large, scattered cluster ~25' SSW of Eta Carina in the southern part of the
complex. It includes two mag 6.5
stars with brightest member 6.2-6.5 QZ Carinae and the Wolf-Rayet star HD
93131. Includes a number of mag
8-9 stars spread over a 15'x10' field.
The group is elongated SW-NE.
Bochum 10 is a
group of two dozen stars in a ~5'x2' region. It includes 7 mag 9 stars that dominate the group. Fairly scattered and distributed in the
two subgroups NW and SE with the SE group containing most of the stars. Located just 5' NW of mag 5.4 HD 92964
and just south of the southern arc of the HD 92809 Wolf-Rayet ring. Situated just north of the huge wedge
that extends north of Eta, ~40' NW of the star. Visually the cluster appears much smaller than the listed
diameter of 20'.
At 282x, the
12"x8" bipolar Homunculus nebula surrounding Eta Carina was an
astounding sight. The orange
central star appeared quasi-stellar with the unequal blowouts fairly
prominent. They had an eerie,
translucent appearance with the NW lobe somewhat smaller, fainter and more
pinched with the SE lobe more circular.
A possible dark lane is near the center and punctures the lobes.
12"
(6/29/02 - Bargo, Australia): My first views of the Eta Carina nebula through
Les Dalrymple's 12.5" and Gary's 20" were truly breathtaking and
dwarfed the Orion Nebula in size and detail. The nebula is broken into 4 or 5 main separate masses of
varying sizes, shapes and surface brightness by three wide, dark obscuring dust
lanes. The mottled nebulosity has
an amazing 3-dimensional curdled appearance and is riddled with dark bays and
rifts. Outer loops and brighter
streaks complete an amazing vista.
The brightest
section forms a triangular wedge isolated by prominent dark lane that cuts at a
striking right angle. This wedge
contains the centerpiece Eta Carina which has an amazing orange color. Extending from Eta are the two small
lobes (one is brighter), referred to as the "Homunculus nebula" and
appearing as an explosive event from the early 19th century in a HST
image. Just preceding Eta is an
elongated N-S, curving dark lane nicknamed the "Keyhole Nebula" by
John Herschel, as well as the open cluster Tr 16 just south of Eta.
Nicolas-Louis de
Lacaille discovered NGC 3372 = Lac III-6 = D 309 = h3295 in 1751-1752 with a
1/2-inch telescope at 8x during his expedition to the Cape of Good Hope. He recorded a "Large group of a
great number of small stars, little compressed, and filling out the space of a
kind of a semi-circle of 15 to 20 minutes in diameter; with a slight nebulosity
spreading in that space." Of
course, the nebula and embedded clusters is a prominent naked-eye object, so
was certainly known by southern sky watchers.
James Dunlop
observed it at least 13 times and recorded "(Eta Roboris Caroli, Bode) is
a bright star of the 3rd magnitude, surrounded by a multitude of small stars,
and pretty strong nebulosity; very similar in its nature to that in Orion, but
not so bright ... I can count twelve or fourteen extremely minute stars
surrounding Eta in the space of about 1'; several of them appear close to the
disk: there is a pretty bright small star about the 10th magnitude N.f. the
Eta, and distant about 1'. The nebulosity is pretty strongly marked; that on
the south side is very unequal in brightness, and the different portions of the
nebulosity are completely detached, as represented in the figure [plate III]. There
is much nebulosity in this place, and very much extensive nebulosity throughout
the Robur Caroli, which is also very rich in small stars."
John Herschel
commented "It is not easy for language to convey a full impression of the
beauty and sublimity of the spectacle which this nebula offers, as it enters
the field of the telescope fixed in R. A., by the diurnal motion, ushered in as
it is by so glorious and innumerable a procession of stars, to which it forms a
sort of climax, and in a part of the heavens otherwise full of interest."
During a 5-year
period in the 1840's and '50s Eta Car brightened from 1.5 to -1 (chronicled by
John Herschel) and was temporarily the second brightest star in the sky, nearly
rivaling Sirius. This outburst later created the double-lobed Homunculus
Nebula, discovered in 1944.
According to Wolfgang Steinicke, in 1863, Francis Abbott, an amateur in
Tasmania, claimed a decrease in the size and brightness of the main nebula and
displacement relative to Eta Car using a 4-inch refractor, but a number of
critical replies followed by Lt. John Herschel (son of JH), Airy and
Lassell. Interestingly, the dark
"Keyhole Nebula" does appear to have lost contrast based on JH's
sketches and descriptions.
As far as the
origin of the nickname "Keyhole Nebula" it's generally assumed that
JH coined the phrase and his sketch of the elongated dark patch near Eta
certainly appears like a perfect classic "keyhole". But a search through his Cape
Observations and articles about the brightening of Eta Car and possible
variability of the nebula reveals he used the term "lemniscate" to
describe the shape (must have been his early mathematical training).
In an 1873 issue
of Appletons' Journal, Emma Converse, who reported on astronomical topics for
the popular press, summarizes the dispute about changes in the nebula in an
article titled "Eta Argus".
She mentions "In the middle of the brightest part of the nebulous
light there was a dark vacancy, of a form resembling a keyhole, or the
geometrical figure called a lemniscate, around which the light of the nebula
was not uniform." Later she mentions "The southern loop of Herschel's
lemniscate, or keyhole-shaped cavity had bulged out into the vacuity, forming
an isthmus that trended north-south." Agnes Mary Clerke refers to the "Key-Hole Nebula"
in her "The System of the Stars" (second edition, 1905), plate XVII
taken with the Bruce 24-inch at Arequipa in 1896.
******************************
NGC 3373 = NGC
3389 = UGC 5914 = MCG +02-28-013 = CGCG 066-022 = PGC 32306
10 48 27.9 +12
31 59
See observing
notes for NGC 3389.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3373 = h753 on 23 Mar 1830 (single sweep 282) and recorded
"F, R, the last of 3 [with h748 and h751 = NGC 3371] in a
triangle." There is only the
single galaxy NGC 3367 in the vicinty, ~7' WSW of JH's position. But if his 3 positions are offset 73
sec in RA east and 70' south, they match up perfectly with NGC 3379, NGC 3384
and NGC 3389. Possibly while
observing NGC 3379, he used the position of NGC 3367 and measured offsets to
obtain positions for the other two galaxies. So, h748 (sweep 282) = NGC 3379, NGC 3371 = NGC 3384 and NGC
3373 = NGC 3389. His position
angles (given under h748) also match these 3 galaxies. See Harold Corwin's identification
notes for more.
******************************
NGC 3374 = UGC
5901 = MCG +07-22-066 = CGCG 212-057 = PGC 32266
10 48 01.1 +43
11 11
V = 13.7; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 142d
18"
(3/30/05): fairly faint, fairly small, irregularly round though difficult to
pin down an orientation, 0.7'x0.6'.
Broad, weak concentration with no noticeable core. Located 16' NE of mag 7.3 HD 93271 and
18' NW of mag 7.8 HD 93663. Forms
a pair with CGCG 212-055 2.3' SSW (not seen).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3374 = H III-701 = h752 on 3 Feb 1788 (sweep 804) and recorded
"vF, vS, iF." JH called
it "vF; S; R; 12"."
Both measured fairly accurate positions.
******************************
NGC 3375 = MCG
-01-28-008 = PGC 32205
10 47 00.8 -09
56 29
V = 12.6; Size 1.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 153d
18"
(3/29/03): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 NW-SE, 0.8'x0.6', bright
15" core, stellar nucleus. No
brighter stars in the 20' field at 220x.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 3375 = T I-26 = T V-6 on 21 Feb 1878 and called it class II-III
with a stellar nucleus. It was
found independently by Stephan on 23 Apr 1881 and included in list XI-9. Both Tempel's and Stephan's micrometric
positions match MCG -01-28-008 = PGC 32205, although the MCG doesn't label this
galaxy NGC 3375.
******************************
NGC 3376 = UGC
5891 = MCG +01-28-007 = CGCG 038-013 = PGC 32231
10 47 26.5 +06
02 53
V = 13.8; Size 0.8'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 167d
17.5"
(3/22/96): faint, small, slightly elongated, 25" diameter, moderate
surface brightness, faint stellar nucleus. A mag 14 star is 1.3' N which has a very faint companion
close west.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3376 on 19 Feb 1863. His position, measured on 2 nights, is an exact match with
UGC 5891.
******************************
NGC 3377 = UGC
5899 = MCG +02-28-009 = CGCG 066-016 = PGC 32249
10 47 42.3 +13
59 08
V = 10.4; Size 5.2'x3.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 35d
13.1"
(2/25/84): bright, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, well concentrated to a small bright
nucleus. Member of the Leo Group = M96 Group.
8"
(3/28/81): fairly bright, slightly elongated SW-NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3377 = H II-99 = h754 on 8 Apr 1784 (sweep 187) and noted
"pB, S, r." JH called it
"first Class" and measured an accurate position. Auwers and d'Arrest also measured
precise positions.
******************************
NGC 3378 = ESO
318-012 = MCG -07-22-029 = PGC 32189
10 46 43.3 -40
00 59
V = 12.8; Size 1.5'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.4
18"
(3/28/09): faint, fairly small, round, 30" diameter, very weak
concentration.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3378 = h3296 on 1 Feb 1835 and noted "pB; R; bM. Out of limit of sweep. Place rough. He measured a more accurate position on 3 later sweeps.
******************************
NGC 3379 = M105
= UGC 5902 = MCG +02-28-011 = CGCG 066-018 = Holm 212a = KTG 33A = PGC 32256
10 47 49.6 +12
34 54
V = 9.3; Size 5.4'x4.8'; Surf Br = 12.8
24"
(4/20/14): very bright, large, slightly elongated ~SW-NE, ~3.0'x2.5'. Sharply concentrated with a large,
brilliant core containing to an intense nucleus, which increases towards the
center. First in a prominent trio
with NGC 3384 7.3' NW and NGC 3389 9.8' ESE. Member of the M96 Group = Leo Group.
13.1"
(2/25/84): bright, very small bright core, slightly elongated. First of three bright galaxies in the
field with NGC 3384 7.3' NW and NGC 3389 9.7' ESE.
8"
(3/28/81): fairly bright, round.
Pierre MŽchain
discovered M105 = H I-17 = h757 on 24 Mar 1781, four days after he discovered
M95 and M96. WH found it on 11 Mar
1784 (sweep 164) and recorded "Three nebula in the field together [with
NGC 3384 and 3389]. The two
preceding ones [M105 NGC 3384] cometic and much like the two former bright ones
[M95 and M96], but considerably less." The NGC position is accurate (measured by Auwers and
d'Arrest).
******************************
NGC 3380 = UGC
5906 = MCG +05-26-012 = CGCG 155-015 = PGC 32287
10 48 12.2 +28
36 06
V = 12.5; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(4/22/95): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 ~N-S, 1.3'x0.8'. Gradually increases to a brighter core
which rises suddenly to a quasi-stellar nucleus. A mag 14 star lies 2.1' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3380 = H II-360 = h755 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted
"F, pL, i.". JH made 5
observations and measured a fairly accurate position. Another 4 observations were made a Birr Castle, though other
than the elongation, no structural details were mentioned by any observer.
******************************
NGC 3381 = UGC
5909 = MCG +06-24-015 = CGCG 184-016 = PGC 32302
10 48 24.8 +34
42 41
V = 11.7; Size 2.0'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(4/22/95): fairly faint, moderately large, round, 1.6' diameter, broad weak
concentration, no distinct core.
Located near midpoint of two mag 13 stars 5.5' NNW and 5.2' SSE. Forms a
pair with IC 641 6' W (not seen).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3381 = H II-565 = h756 on 28 Mar 1786 (sweep 549) and logged
"pB, cL, lbM, iF." CH's
reduced position is 10 sec of RA west of UGC 5909. JH made two observations and three were made at Birr
Castle. The NGC description is in
error stating "1st of 3", which applies to NGC 3379.
R.J. Mitchell,
using LdR's 72" on 8 Mar 1858, noted "I think there is a B streak
through it." This likely
refers to the bar running east-west.
******************************
NGC 3382
10 48 24.9 +36
43 46
=**, Gottlieb.
Not found, RNGC.
Lawrence
Parsons, the 4th Earl of Rosse, discovered NGC 3382 on 5 Apr 1874 and described
"About 4 min p [NGC 3432]. pF, cL, R, bM, *14 mag in centre. *9 Pos 238.0,
Dist 173.7." There is no
nebula near his position. A second observation on 24 Mar 1878 reads "4m. p
and 6'± n of [NGC 3432]. vF, S,
irr R, only a S group of st, *9m Pos 192 deg, Dist 162.9" This second position corresponds with a
wide pair of mag 14/15 stars at 38" separation and a mag 10 star to the
SSW (not mentioned in the first observation). So this pair of stars might correspond to the second
observation only or perhaps the reference galaxies were misidentified. Dreyer didn't include this object in
the GS Supplement. See Harold
Corwin's notes for further discussion.
******************************
NGC 3383 = ESO
501-097 = MCG -04-26-010 = LGG 223-005 = PGC 32224
10 47 19.2 -24
26 18
V = 12.7; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 24d
18"
(3/17/07): fairly faint/moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated,
1.0'x0.9', weak concentration. A
mag 15-15.5 star is at the SW edge of the halo. Located 7' NNE of mag 8 HD 93474.
18"
(3/13/04): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated 4:3 ~N-S, 1.0'x0.8'. Low, even surface brightness with just
a weak concentration. Observation
made through thin clouds.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3383 = h3297 on 20 Mar 1835 and noted "F; pL; irreg R;
glbM; 40"; moonlight."
He also recorded it on the next sweep and his mean position matches ESO
501-097 = PGC 32224.
******************************
NGC 3384 = NGC
3371 = UGC 5911 = MCG +02-28-012 = CGCG 066-021 = Holm 212b = KTG 33B = PGC
32292
10 48 16.9 +12
37 45
V = 9.9; Size 5.5'x2.5'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 53d
24"
(4/20/14): very bright, large, elongated at least 2:1 SW-NE, ~3.2'x1.5' though
the outer halo increases in size with averted vision. Sharply concentrated with a large, brilliant, rounder core
that gradually increases to the center.
Forms a prominent trio with M105 7.4' SW and NGC 3389 6.4' SSE. Member of the Leo Group = M96 Group.
13.1"
(2/25/84): bright, bright stellar nucleus, elongated 5:2 SW-NE. Second of three with M105 7.3' SW and
NGC 3389 6.4' SSE.
8"
(3/28/81): fairly bright, round, moderately large.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3384 = H I-18 = h758, along with NGC 3379 = M105 and NGC 3389,
on 11 Mar 1784 (sweep 164) and
recorded "Three nebula in the field together. The two preceding ones [NGC 3379 and 3384] cometic and much
like the two former bright ones [M95 and M96] but considerable less. The
following [NGC 3389] r[esolvable] and of a longish form, elongated. These three together form a beautiful
sight."
******************************
NGC 3385 = UGC
5908 = MCG +01-28-009 = CGCG 038-015 = PGC 32285
10 48 11.6 +04
55 40
V = 12.8; Size 1.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 97d
24"
(3/22/14): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 E-W, 30"x15",
weak concentration, irregular surface brightness. A mag 14.8 star is just off the south side [20" from
center]. NGC 3386 lies 4.2' N and
CGCG 38-19 is 8.8' SE.
17.5"
(3/28/92): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated ~E-W, weak concentration,
diffuse ill-defined halo. A mag
10.5 star lies 5' NE. Forms a pair
with NGC 3386 4.3' N.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3385 = h760 (along with NGC 3386 = h759) on 9 Apr 1828 and
recorded "pB; R; bM; 15"." On a later sweep he called it "eF,
E[longated.", so the conditions or transparency were likely worse.
******************************
NGC 3386 = MCG
+01-28-010 = CGCG 038-016 = PGC 32284
10 48 11.9 +04
59 55
V = 13.8; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.1
24"
(3/22/14): fairly faint, small, irregularly round, 20"x16", weak
concentration. NGC 3385 lies 4.3'
S. A mag 11 star lies 3.0' SE.
17.5"
(3/28/92): very faint, very small, round, weak concentration. Forms a pair with NGC 3385 4.3' S. This is a double system with NGC 3387
(not seen).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3386 = h759 (along with NGC 3385 = h760) on 9 Apr 1828 and noted
"vF; R." His position
matches CGCG 038-016 = PGC 32284.
******************************
NGC 3387
10 48 16.5 +04
58 03
V =
14.2/15.7; Size 7"
24"
(3/22/14): at 375x a faint unequal double star at 7" separation was
resolved. The brighter component
on the SW side is mag 14.2 and the fainter component is mag ~15.5. Although sometimes the pair was cleanly
resolved into two sharp points, when the seeing was softer the fainter
component appeared as a vague, dim spot so I can see how John Herschel might
have called this pair a "suspected nebula". Located 2.1' SE of NGC 3386 and 2.7' NNE of NGC 3385.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3387 = h762 on on 15 Mar 1830 and noted a "suspected
nebula. Has a bright star
near." Just 30" northwest of his position is a 7" pair of mag
~14/15.5 stars and a mag 11 star (probably Herschel's "B* near") is
1.3' ENE. There is a very faint
galaxy less than 1' SW of pair, but it's almost certainly too faint to have
been picked up by Herschel.
Harold Corwin
notes that the NGC position is from Heinrich d'Arrest (single observation), who
placed the nebula just off the southeast side of NGC 3386. He noted the
observation was uncertain and there is nothing there.
The RNGC has
misidentified a mag 17.5 galaxy on the northwest edge of the halo of NGC 3386
as NGC 3387. MCG and CGCG also
misclassify NGC 3386/3387 as double nebula. Corwin originally classified this 7" pair as a
"star (SE) + compact galaxy (NW)?", but Brian Skiff confirms the
northwest component is a star. The
brighter star is itself a 4" double with the fainter component 18th mag.
******************************
NGC 3388 = NGC
3425? = UGC 5967 = MCG +02-28-021 = CGCG 066-044
10 51 25.5 +08
34 01
See observing
notes for NGC 3425 (possibly equivalent).
Andrew Common
discovered NGC 3388 in 1880 with his 36-inch reflector. He mentions his RA was roughly taken
(estimate to the nearest minute of RA), and there is nothing near his
position. Harold Corwin suggests
NGC 3388 may be a duplicate observation of NGC 3425 = III 108, discovered by WH
on 17 Apr 1784. This galaxy has a
similar declination but located 3 min of RA east.
******************************
NGC 3389 = NGC
3373 = UGC 5914 = MCG +02-28-013 = CGCG 066-022 = Holm 212c = KTG 33C = PGC
32306
10 48 27.9 +12
31 59
V = 11.9; Size 2.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 112d
24"
(4/20/14): moderately or fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 5:2
WNW-ESE, 1.6'x0.7', brighter core.
The surface brightness is irregular with a very mottled appearance. A knot is embedded on the SW side. A
mag 15.8 star is 50" south of center (outside the halo). Faintest in a striking trio with M105
and NGC 3384.
13.1"
(2/25/84): fairly faint, very elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE, diffuse. Third and faintest of three with bright
galaxies NGC 3384 6.4' NNW and M105 9.7' WNW.
8"
(3/28/81): faint, small.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3389 = H II-41 = h761, along with NGC 3379 = M105 and NGC 3384,
on 11 Mar 1784 (sweep 164) and recorded "Three nebula in the field
together. The two preceding ones
[NGC 3379 and 3384] cometic and much like the two former bright ones [M95 and
M96] but considerable less. The following [NGC 3389] r[esolvable] and of a
longish form, elongated. These
three together form a beautiful sight."
******************************
NGC 3390 = ESO
437-062 = MCG -05-26-007 = LGG 215-003 = PGC 32271
10 48 04.4 -31
32 00
V = 11.9; Size 3.5'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 177d
18"
(4/9/05): fairly faint, moderately large, edge-on, at least 7:2 N-S, ~2'x0.5',
broad weak concentration. A faint
star is at the north tip and a similar star is just beyond the southern
extension. Located 9.4' NNW of mag
5.9 SAO HD 93657. The DSS image is
similar to NGC 891 with a thin equatorial dust lane and bulging core.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3390 = h3298 on 29 Apr 1834 and recorded "pF; S; pmE in
merdian [N-S]. His description
matches the edge-on galaxy ESO 437-062.
******************************
NGC 3391 = UGC
5920 = MCG +02-28-014 = CGCG 066-027 = PGC 32347
10 48 56.4 +14
13 11
V = 12.9; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 35d
17.5"
(4/22/95): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE although appears
irregular, broad weak concentration.
A mag 14.5 star is at the NE tip (about 15" from center) and an
extremely faint mag 15.5+ star is attached at the west end. Lies 2.7' NW of a mag 10 star.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3391 = m 204 on 1 Apr 1864 and noted "triple star in
nebulosity." His position matches UGC 5920 = PGC 32347 and the description
is accurate as two stars are involved (the third is the nucleus of the galaxy).
Heinrich
d'Arrest independently found the galaxy on 1 Apr 1864 with the 11-inch at
Copenhagen and noted it was between two stars. His two positions are very
accurate. The RNGC questions if a
star or knot is involved, but the two superimposed objects are single stars.
******************************
NGC 3392 = MCG
+11-13-042 = CGCG 313-037 = PGC 32512
10 51 03.0 +65
46 53
V = 13.7; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 105d
17.5"
(4/6/91): faint, very small, round, bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 3394 4' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3392 = H III-88I = h763 on 3 Apr 1791 (sweep 1004) and noted
"vF, S". His offset from
II-872 = NGC 3394, the previous object in the sweep is accurate. JH measured an accurate position for
h763 ("eF; S; psbM; near some stars"), but placed h764 = NGC 3394 24
tsec east, instead of 24 tsec west.
MCG does not label +11-13-042 as NGC 3392.
******************************
NGC 3393 = ESO
501-100 = AM 1045-245 = MCG -04-26-011 = LGG 223-006 = PGC 32300
10 48 23.5 -25
09 43
V = 12.2; Size 2.2'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.6
18"
(3/13/04): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, 0.8'x0.4'. Contains a
small, round, bright nucleus. The
galaxy precedes two mag 9 (HD 93674) and 10.5 stars 2.9' E and 1.6' E (nearly
equally spaced with galaxy). This
observation (made through thin clouds) refers to the brighter core region and I
probably missed the large, low surface brightness halo. Outlying member of AGC 1060 (Hydra I),
located 3.5 degrees NE of the core.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3393 = h3299 on 24 Mar 1835 and recorded "F; S; R; precedes two bright stars." His position (3 sweeps) matches ESO
501-100.
******************************
NGC 3394 = UGC
5937 = MCG +11-13-041 = CGCG 313-036 = PGC 32495
10 50 39.9 +65
43 38
V = 12.4; Size 1.9'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 35d
17.5"
(4/6/91): fairly faint, moderately large, diffuse, slightly elongated, low
surface brightness. Forms a pair
with NGC 3392 4' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3394 = H II-872 = h764 on 3 Apr 1791 (sweep 1004), along with
III-881 = NGC 3392. He recorded
"F, cL, iR" and his relative offsets (21 sec in RA and 2' in dec)
matches the pair.
JH placed h764 =
NGC 3394 24 tsec east of h763 = NGC 3392, instead of 24 tsec west. This caused the NGC RA to be 44 tsec
east of the true position of NGC 3394 = UGC 5937.
******************************
NGC 3395 = Arp
270 NED1 = VV 246b = IC 2613 = Holm 215a = UGC 5931 = MCG +06-24-017 = CGCG
184-018 = LGG 218-002 = PGC 32424
10 49 50.1 +32
58 58
V = 12.1; Size 2.1'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 50d
48"
(5/4/16): this very bright, two-armed disrupted spiral forms an interacting,
contact pair (Arp 270 = VV 246) with NGC 3396. At 375x, it contains a large bright core that increases to
the center. On the north side of
the core a spiral arm curls counterclockwise towards NGC 3396, nearly merging
with the halo of the companion. A
brighter, more defined spiral arm is on the south side; it rotates sharply
counterclockwise nearly 180¡, ending on the east side of the galaxy. A vague outer arm is at the south edge
of the halo; it was visible as a low surface brightness extension to the
southwest.
17.5"
(3/12/94): fairly bright, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 1.5'x0.8', fairly high surface
brightness, broadly concentrated halo, core appears rounder, no nucleus,
mottled texture. This galaxy is
slightly larger and brighter of a striking interacting pair, almost in contact
with NGC 3396 at the NNE end 1.6' from center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3395 = H I-116 = h765, along with NGC 3396, on 7 Dec 1785 (sweep
487) and recorded "Two, the 1st [NGC 3395] cB, the 2nd [NGC 3396] pB. The 1st cL, the 2nd pL. Both a little and irr E. Their extent makes an angle, the vertex
of which is towards the north about 1' from each other at the vertex."
R.J. Mitchell
sketched the pair on 9 Feb 1855 and it was included in the LdR 1861
publication. His description reads
"[NGC 3395] is, I think, a spiral with a left-handed twist; immediately
foll it is [NGC 3396], which is B and well defined, E pf. I suspect F neby extending from 3395
and running up throiugh 3396."
The sketch showes a spiral arm wrapping 270¡ counterclockwise from the
north, east and south side, ending west of the core.
Stephane Javelle
found the galaxy on 13 May 1896 but made a sign error in the RA offset from his
comparison star. So, Dreyer
assumed it was new as catalogued it again as IC 2613. IC 2605, discovered by Bigourdan on 11 Apr 1899, apparently
refers to the southwest spiral arm.
******************************
NGC 3396 = Arp
270 NED2 = VV 246a = Holm 215b = UGC 5935 = MCG +06-24-018 = CGCG 184-019 = LGG
218-003 = PGC 32434
10 49 55.2 +32
59 27
V = 12.1; Size 3.1'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 100d
48"
(5/4/16): NGC 3396 is the eastern member of a striking interacting double
system (Arp 270 = VV 246) with NGC 3395 1.2' SW. At 375x, it appeared bright, very elongated ~3:1 E-W,
~1.5'x0.5', contains a very bright small core and quasi-stellar nucleus that's
offset to the west side of the galaxy.
A much lower surface brightness glow extends east from the main body and
appears slightly offset or bent in orientation to the main part of the
galaxy. The galaxy is virtually
merged with NGC 3395 on the west end.
17.5"
(3/12/94): moderately bright, very
elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE, 1.0'x0.3', brighter along the major axis, sharply
concentrated with a high surface brightness core. Forms a prominent double system with NGC 3395 almost
attached just south of the west end!
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3396 = H I-117 = h766, along with NGC 3395, on 7 Dec 1785 (sweep
487). See notes on NGC 3395.
******************************
NGC 3397 = NGC
3329 = UGC 5837 = MCG +13-08-033 = CGCG 351-034 = PGC 32059
10 44 39.4 +76
48 35
See observing
notes for NGC 3329.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3397 = H I-284 on 2 Apr 1801 (sweep 1096) and noted "cB,
vS, iF." This is one of 15 far northern galaxies with large systematic
errors. The corrected position
using Greenwich plates (MN, 71, 509, 1911) matches UGC 5837 and Dreyer repeated
this position in the notes to his 1912 edition of WH's catalogues. See NGC 2938 for more on this sweep.
JH independently
discovered this galaxy on on 2 Sep 1828 and described h733 as "pB; irreg
R; psmbM; 15"." His
position (measured 3 times) clearly shows NGC 3397 (H I-284) = NGC 3329
(h733). The primary designation
for this galaxy is NGC 3329, despite the earlier discovery by WH.
******************************
NGC 3398 = IC
644 = UGC 5954 = MCG +09-18-038 = CGCG 267-018 = PGC 32564
10 51 31.5 +55
23 27
V = 13.6; Size 1.0'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 78d
17.5"
(4/22/95): brighter of a pair of galaxies oriented N-S. NGC 3398 is a faint, narrow edge-on
streak 4:1 E-W, 1.0'x0.25'. IC
646, 4.6' NNE, is very faint, small, slightly elongated NW-SE, 0.5'x0.4'. Located 4.7' NW of mag 8.1 SAO 27802.
Some catalogues
refer to this galaxy as IC 644.
UGC 5976 (identified as NGC 3398 in CGCG and UGC) lies 13' NNE (see
observation).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3398 = H III-792 on 17 Apr 1789 (sweep 922) and logged "vF,
S, E 20 deg sp nf, easily resolvable". His re-reduced position with respect to 44 UMa is 10
51 27 +55 25.2 (2000), which is 5 tsec west and 1.5' north of UGC 5954.
Lewis Swift
found this galaxy again on 8 May 1890 and reported it in list Sw. IX-24 (later
IC 644). UGC, CGCG and RC3 label
this galaxy IC 644.
CGCG and UGC
misidentify UGC 5987 as NGC 3398 and the RC3 misidentifies IC 646 = MCG
+09-18-039 as NGC 3398. The correct identification is given in
MCG. See UGC notes for NGC 3398
and Harold Corwin's identification notes for a complete analysis.
******************************
NGC 3399 = MCG
+03-28-012 = CGCG 095-031 = PGC 32395
10 49 27.6 +16
13 06
V = 13.6; Size 1.5'x1.5'
17.5"
(4/22/95): fairly faint, small, round, very small bright core. Forms a pair with double system NGC
3405 4.0' ENE. Located near one
corner of an asterism of mag 13-14 stars in a rectangular outline with a mag 13
star 50" WNW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3399 = m 205 on 1 Apr 1864 and noted "F, vS". There is nothing at his position, but
1.0 min of RA preceding is CGCG 095-031 = PGC 32395. Marth made a similar error with NGC 3405, located 4' ENE.
******************************
NGC 3400 = UGC
5949 = MCG +05-26-020 = CGCG 155-025 = PGC 32499
10 50 45.5 +28
28 09
V = 13.2; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 100d
17.5"
(4/22/95): fairly faint, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, 1.2'x0.7'. Fairly even concentration to a small
bright core and stellar nucleus.
Located 6.2' WSW of mag 9.1 SAO 81552.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3400 = H II-361 = h768 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and simply
noted "F". JH made 3
observations and his mean position matches UGC 5949.
******************************
NGC 3401
10 50 24 +05 48
=Not found,
RNGC.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3401 = H III-88 on 13 Apr 1784 (sweep 191) and noted
"Suspected but did not verify it, as I would lose no time in this
place." Dreyer commented in
the 1912 "Scientific Papers of WH" that this nebula was "only
seen in Sw. 191; place in NGC is that of Auwers from 56 Leonis. In the sweep it is 1m 9 sec p, 3' n of
II 131 = NGC 3423." See
Corwin's identification notes and Jeff Corder's observation.
******************************
NGC 3402 = NGC
3411? = MCG -02-28-012 = PGC 32479
10 50 26.1 -12
50 43
See observing
notes for NGC 3411, HC.
Misidentified in the RNGC.
Andrew Ainslie
Common found NGC 3402 in 1880 with his 36-inch reflector. There is nothing at his position, but
10 sec of RA east and 10' south is NGC 3411. This galaxy was discovered by WH on 25 Mar 1786. RNGC misidentifies PGC 32444 (a much
fainter galaxy) as NGC 3402. See
Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 3403 = UGC
5997 = MCG +12-10-089 = CGCG 333-062 = CGCG 334-004 = PGC 32719
10 53 55.1 +73
41 24
V = 12.2; Size 3.0'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 73d
17.5"
(2/8/91): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 5:2 WSW-ENE, weakly
concentrated. A mag 12.5 star is
3.1' SE of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3403 = H II-335 = h767 on 3 Apr 1785 (sweep 390) and noted
"pF, cL, iE." JH
reported "pF; L; E; vgbM; 60" l, 40" br."
******************************
NGC 3404 = MCG
-02-28-011 = IC 2609 = PGC 32466
10 50 17.9 -12
06 30
V = 13.1; Size 2.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 84d
18"
(3/29/03): fairly faint, edge-on 4:1 ~E-W, 1.4'x0.3', bright core. NGC 3421 lies 23' SW and NGC 3422.
Andrew Common
discovered NGC 3404 in 1880 with his 36-inch silvered-glass reflector. There is nothing at his position but
15' south is MCG -02-28-011 and his description of "pB, very long, pos 270
deg [E-W]" is a good match with this galaxy.
Guillaume
Bigourdan independently found this galaxy on 19 Apr 1898, placed it correctly,
and it was catalogued again as IC 2609 = Big. 403. So, NGC 3404 = IC 2609, with discovery to Common. MCG labels the galaxy IC 2609. See Corwin's notes for more.
******************************
NGC 3405 = UGC
5933 = MCG +03-28-014 = CGCG 095-033 = PGC 32414
10 49 43.3 +16
14 19
V = 13.9; Size 1.0'x1.0'
17.5"
(4/22/95): fairly faint, fairly small.
At first glance appeared elongated 3:2 SW-NE but on closer inspection
resolves into a very close pair of small faint galaxies with a 20"
separation between centers. The
brighter component (NGC 3405) is at the southwest end and is very small and
round. The fainter member (MCG
+03-28-015) is just barely separated at the northeast side. NGC 3399 lies 4.0' WSW. Forms an perfect equilateral triangle
with two mag 13 stars 1.7' SW and 1.7' SSE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3405 = m 206 on 1 Apr 1864 and noted "F, eS, alm stell,
close to S*." Marth's
position is 1.0 tmin east of UGC 5933.
The same offet error was made with NGCC 3399. This is a double system; 0.7' x 0.7' + 0.2' x 0.2', with a
separation of 0.35' SW-NE.
******************************
NGC 3406 = UGC
5970 = MCG +09-18-040 = CGCG 297-020 = Holm 271a = PGC 32580
10 51 44.2 +51
01 26
V = 12.7; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.0
17.5"
(4/22/95): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 WSW-ENE. Appears to be a double system with a
very small bright core and stellar nucleus offset at the southwest end and a
faint extension to the northeast of this core (verified on the POSS).
Located in a
field with several mag 11 stars and situated between mag 9 SAO 277806 8' NE and
mag 8.9 SAO 27796 4.8' SW. Forms a
close pair with NGC 3410 1.8' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3406 = h771 on 17 Feb 1831 and recorded "pB; 2nd class; R;
pgbM; among many stars. His
position matches UGC 5970.
C.E. Burton,
LdR's observer on 17 Mar 1868, recorded "Suspected to be triple, principal
Nucl being double in direction sp nf, B point in p edge of sp part. Neby susp from this p with a 3rd knot
in it." On 1 Apr 1878 Dreyer
observed the field again, discovered nearby NGC 3410, and noted "preceding
one [NGC 3406] pB, pL irr R gmbM.
2 points of condensation, brighter one sp centre..." The fainter northeast nucleus is the
merged companion LEDA 93106, though for some reason Dreyer didn't even note the
galaxy as double in the NGC description.
******************************
NGC 3407 = UGC
5978 = MCG +10-16-017 = CGCG 291-007 = PGC 32626
10 52 17.9 +61
22 46
V = 13.6; Size 1.4'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 15d
17.5"
(3/19/88): faint, very small, slightly elongated SSW-NNE, small bright
core. A mag 14 star just 1.1' NNE
is collinear with the major axis of the galaxy.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3407 = H III-919 = h769 on 9 Apr 1793 (sweep 1039) and recorded
"vF, vS, near a vS star. JH
noted "eF; S; R; 6"." and his position matches UGC 5978.
******************************
NGC 3408 = UGC
5977 = MCG +10-16-016 = CGCG 291-006 = PGC 32616
10 52 11.7 +58
26 18
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 175d
17.5"
(3/19/88): faint, small, round, broad concentration, diffuse, no sharp edges or
nucleus. A mag 15 star is 1.6'
NE. Located 4.2' NNE of mag 8.8
SAO 27804.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3408 = H III-913 = h770 on 8 Apr 1793 (sweep 1038) and noted
"vF, vS." His RA, which
I rereduced, is 15 sec too small.
JH recorded "vF; S; R: is north of 2 pB stars forming an isosceles
triangle." His position is
within 1' of UGC 5977.
******************************
NGC 3409 = MCG
-03-28-012 = PGC 32470
10 50 20.3 -17
02 37
V = 15.0; Size 1.1'x0.25'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 9d
18"
(3/11/07): extremely faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 ~N-S,
0.5'x0.15'. A faint star is just
west of the south end of the galaxy.
Located 12' NNE of NGC 3420 and 13' WSW of NGC 3431 which are both brighter
galaxies.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3409 = LM II-426 (along with NGC 3420 and NGC 3431)
in 1886 and recorded "mag 16.0, 0.3' dia, E 200¡, 2 vF st inv in eF neb
". His position and PA of 20¡ matches MCG -03-28-012 = PGC 32470.
******************************
NGC 3410 = MCG
+09-18-042 = CGCG 267-021 = Holm 217b = PGC 32594
10 51 53.5 +51
00 23
V = 14.1; Size 0.4'x0.3'; Surf Br = 11.9
17.5"
(4/22/95): very faint, very small, round, low surface brightness, no
concentration. A mag 14 star is 2'
SSE. Located 1.8' SE of double
system NGC 3406.
Lawrence
Parsons, the 4th Earl of Rosse, discovered NGC 3410 on 1 Apr 1878 while
observing GC 2222 = NGC 3406. He
reported "2 neb, pos 121.6¡, dist 115.2". The actual separation is ~110" and the
identification with MCG +09-18-042 is certain.
******************************
NGC 3411 = NGC 3402?
= MCG -02-28-012 = PGC 32479
10 50 26.1 -12
50 43
V = 11.9; Size 2.1'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.5
18"
(3/29/03): at 257x, moderately bright, moderately large, round, small brighter
core, 1.0' diameter. A line of 3
mag 14 stars is close west. Forms
a pair with IC 647 2.1' ESE. At
300x this tiny companion appeared very faint, very small, round, 15"
diameter, required averted vision.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3411 = H III-522 = h776 on 25 Mar 1786 (sweep 545) and recorded
"cF, S, lbM, iR." His
position matches MCG -02-28-012 = PGC 32479. Andrew Common's NGC 3402 is probably a duplicate observation
of this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 3412 = UGC
5952 = MCG +02-28-016 = CGCG 066-038 = PGC 32508
10 50 53.3 +13
24 43
V = 10.5; Size 3.6'x2.0'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 155d
17.5"
(4/9/94): bright, fairly large, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, 3.0'x1.5', smooth halo,
sharply concentrated with a striking bright core. The core is evenly concentrated to an almost stellar
nucleus. A mag 14 star is at the
NE edge of the halo 1.4' N of center.
Member of the Leo Group = M96 Group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3412 = H I-27 = h774 on 8 Apr 1784 (sweep 187) and recorded
"pB, S, lE. It seems to have
a nucleus or very bright place in the middle." JH made two observations, noting (sweep 241), "B; R;
vsmbM almost to a *; 30" dia."
******************************
NGC 3413 = UGC
5960 = MCG +06-24-024 = CGCG 184-027 = Holm 218c = PGC 32543
10 51 20.8 +32
45 58
V = 12.1; Size 2.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 178d
17.5"
(4/9/94): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 N-S, 1.4'x0.7', broad
concentration, no nucleus. First
of three in the field with NGC 3424 9.6' NE and NGC 3430 15' NE. The NGC 3395/NGC 3396 pair lies 20'
NW. Member of the NGC 3395 group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3413 = H II-493 on 7 Dec 1785 (sweep 487) and noted "F,
S." CH's reduced position is
20 sec of RA east of UGC 5960. The
NGC position from d'Arrest is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3414 = Arp
162 = UGC 5959 = MCG +05-26-021 = CGCG 155-029 = PGC 32533
10 51 16.3 +27
58 30
V = 11.0; Size 3.5'x2.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 20d
13.1"
(3/24/84): bright, slightly elongated ~N-S, small bright nucleus, fairly
small. Forms a pair with NGC 3418
8.5' NNE. Located 18' E of 44
Leonis (V = 5.6).
8": faint,
slightly elongated.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3414 = H II-362 = h773 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and note
"pB, pL." JH made four
observations (h773) and 8 observations were made at Birr Castle.
Bindon Stoney,
using LdR's 72" on 6 Mar 1851, noted "Another neb eF, S. 2'
np." Again on 23 Feb 1857 as
well as 22 Mar 1857, R.J. Mitchell mentioned "about 1' np is vvF neb?
lE." and "about 1.5' np [NGC 3414] there is a vvF patch of
neby." These observations
clearly refer to 2MASX J10511304+2800221 = PGC 93597, although it was not
assigned a GC or NGC designation!
******************************
NGC 3415 = UGC
5969 = MCG +07-22-072 = CGCG 212-062 = CGCG 213-001 = PGC 32579
10 51 42.7 +43
42 44
V = 12.6; Size 2.1'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 10d
17.5"
(4/6/91): moderately bright but fairly small, elongated 2:1 N-S, small bright
core, fairly high surface brightness overall. Three mag 12 stars to the south form an equilateral triangle
with the nearest star 56" S.
Forms a pair with NGC 3416 3' NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3415 = H II-718 = h772 on 15 Jan 1788 (sweep 800) and logged
"F, S, stellar; the np corner of a small trapezium." His position and description matches
UGC 5969.
******************************
NGC 3416 = MCG
+07-22-073 = CGCG 212-063 = CGCG 213-002 = PGC 32588
10 51 48.3 +43
45 51
V = 14.4; Size 0.6'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 30d
17.5"
(4/6/91): extremely faint, small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE. Forms a close pair with NGC 3415 3'
SSW.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 3416 on 30 Mar 1854 using LdR's 72", while observing NGC
3415. He noted "[NGC 3415 is]
elongated N-S, another neb [NGC 3416] north of it, about 3' dist." At this
position is CGCG 212-063 = PGC 32588.
Interestingly, Dreyer's observation on 13 Apr 1876 observation states
"[N3416] is about 6' nnf, eF, eS, but is only a star." There is a faint star at this
separation, so he may have missed NGC 3416.
******************************
NGC 3417 = CGCG
066-039 = PGC 32520
10 51 01.7 +08 28
25
V = 14.3; Size 0.7'x0.4'; PA = 85d
16" LX200
(4/14/07): very faint, small, elongated 3:2 E-W, 0.4'x0.25', slightly brighter
core. Located 8' SW of NGC 3425.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3417 = m 207 on 25 Mar 1865 and noted "eF, vS, alm
stell." His position matches
CGCG 066-039 = PGC 32520. Tempel
found NGC 3427 to the southeast as well reobserving NGC 3425, but missed this
galaxy.
******************************
NGC 3418 = UGC
5963 = MCG +05-26-023 = CGCG 155-030 = PGC 32549
10 51 24.0 +28
06 43
V = 13.2; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 75d
13.1"
(3/24/84): faint, slightly elongated, diffuse, even surface brightness, held
steadily with averted. Located
8.5' NNE of NGC 3414.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3418 = H II-363 = h775 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted
"F, S." JH made four
observations and the LdR assistants recorded this galaxy on 5 nights.
******************************
NGC 3419 = UGC
5964 = MCG +02-28-018 = CGCG 066-041 = PGC 32535
10 51 17.8 +13
56 45
V = 12.5; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 115d
17.5"
(4/9/94): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter, brighter core. Forms the southwest vertex of a
triangle with two mag 14 stars 1.5' N and 1.3' ESE. Pair with NGC 3419A = UGC 5965 4.7' N (not seen).
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3419 = m 208 on 1 Apr 1864 and recorded "F, vS, R, alm
stell, close to a small star." Wilhelm Tempel independently discovered the
galaxy on 15 Mar 1876 and noted in list I-27, "F, S, class III, forms an
obtuse triangle with the stars."
A micrometric position was published in list V-7. The NGC position matches UGC 5964.
The original
discovery, though, was made by WH on 14 Jan 1787 (sweep 691) and noted as
"vF, vS, most likely a small patch." His position (CH's reduction) is 2.7' southwest of the
galaxy. As the observation was
uncertain, it was never published and he was not credited in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 3420 = MCG
-03-28-011 = PGC 32453
10 50 09.7 -17
14 33
V = 13.7; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 30d
18"
(3/11/07): faint, small, round, very low surface brightness halo is
difficult. Contains a
15"-20" core that is weakly concentrated surrounded by a hint of an
larger halo. NGC 3431 is 21' NE
and NGC 3409 lies 12' NNE. This
group is located about 0.9 degrees SSE of 3.1-magnitude Nu Hydrae.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3420 = LM II-427 (along with NGC 3409 and NGC 3431)
in 1886 and recorded "mag 15.4, 0.2' dia, R, *8.5 6' S.". His position is 30 sec of RA west of
MCG -03-28-011 = PGC 32453 and the description matches (a mag 9.8 star is 5'
south). Herbert Howe's micrometric
position measured in 1899-00 is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3421 = IC
652 = MCG -02-28-013 = PGC 32514
10 50 57.6 -12
26 55
V = 13.7; Size 2.0'x1.6'; Surf Br = 14.8; PA = 175d
18"
(3/29/03): faint, small, round, 0.4' diameter. Possibly viewed the core only. Forms a pair with NGC 3422 5.5' NE. NGC 3422 lies 23' NW and NGC 3411/IC
647 is 25' SSW.
Andrew Common
discovered NGC 3421 in 1880 with his 36-inch silvered glass reflector and noted
"Two, F, R". His (rough)
position is 13' north of MCG -02-28-013 and this galaxy has a companion (NGC
3422 = MCG -02-28-015) at 5.5' NE.
Herbert Howe measured an accurate position (given in the IC 2 Notes section).
Stephane Javelle
independently discovered the galaxy on 19 Apr 1892 and recorded it in list
1-187 (IC 652), but Dreyer didn't catch the equivalence as Javelle's position
was also poor (he misidentified his offset star), but NGC 3421 = IC 652. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 3422 = MCG
-02-28-015 = PGC 32534
10 51 17.3 -12
24 09
V = 13.6; Size 1.3'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 54d
18"
(3/29/03): fairly faint, very small, round, 20" diameter (viewed core
only). A mag 10.3 star is 42"
SSW of center, just off the SW end.
Forms a pair with NGC 3421 5.5' SW. NGC 3404 lies 23' NW and NGC 3411 29' SSW.
Andrew Common
discovered NGC 3422 in 1880 with his 36-inch silvered glass reflector, along
with NGC 3421. The pair were simply
noted as "Two, F, R".
There is nothing at his position, but 13' south is the pair MCG
-02-28-013 (NGC 3421) and MCG -02-28-015 (NGC 3422). Herbert Howe, observing with the 20" refractor in
Denver around the turn of the century, could not recover NGC 3422, although he
viewed brighter NGC 3421.
******************************
NGC 3423 = UGC
5962 = MCG +01-28-012 = CGCG 038-029 = PGC 32529
10 51 14.3 +05
50 24
V = 11.1; Size 3.8'x3.2'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 10d
48"
(4/16/15): very bright, large, slightly elongated SW-NE, ~3'x2.5', large bright
core. A mag 15.8 star is superimposed on the SSW side, 1.2' from center. Spiral structure is evident at 488x,
particularly along a curving outer arm running from clockwise from east to
north. This arm contains three HII
knots.
An obvious faint
knot, 8"-10" diameter, is at the north end 1.1' from center. The brightest knot is at the northeast
end of the halo 1.1' from center, and it appeared fairly faint/faint, round, 12"
diameter. The faintest knot (SDSS
J105118.10+055024.7) is directly east of center by 1.0' and noted as very
faint, round, 6" diameter. In
addition to these three, a 4th knot is due south of center by 0.6'. This HII region was very faint, round,
8" diameter.
Two additional
objects were seen just off the south side of NGC 3423, but these are separate
galaxies. 2MASX J10511769+0548323,
situated 2.0' SE of the center, is fairly faint to moderately bright (V =
15.7), small, round, moderate surface brightness, 15" diameter. 2MASX
J10511769+0548323, 2.0' S of center, is very faint (V = 17.1), very small,
~9"x6" SW-NE. This
latter galaxy has a redshift of z = .069 and lies far in the background at a
light-travel time of ~920 million years.
17.5"
(4/6/91): moderately bright, fairly large, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, 3'x2', fairly
low surface brightness, elongated bright core appears offset to the west. Has a faint halo which seems more
extensive to the east of the core.
Two mag 12/13 stars are off the NE edge with the mag 12 star 2.4' from
the center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3423 = H IV-6 = H II-131 = h777 on 23 Feb 1784 (sweep 157) and
recorded IV-6 as "F, L, cometic with a bright point in the center. The nebulous part is eF." His RA (CH's reduction) is 30 sec too
large. He found the nebula again on 13 Apr 1784 (sweep 191) and logged II-131
as "pB, vL, almost R, lbM, r."
The RA on this sweep was 1 min too large and 5' too far south. Another observation was made on 2 Feb
1786 (sweep 521): "pB, vL, R, vgbM, about 5' dia."
JH made 3
observations under h777, measured an accurate position and equated his father's
two entries, though mistakenly included III-88 (NGC 3401). While compiling the
NGC, Dreyer sorted out the identities IV-6 = II-131 = h777 = NGC 3423.
Bindon Stoney,
observing on 7 Mar 1851 at Birr Castle, noted "2 knots [HII regions] on n
side." On the 29 Mar 1856
observation, R.J. Mitchell noted a "star in the south edge, another
fainter in f edge, 2 knots in n edge.
I think it is resolvable."
******************************
NGC 3424 = UGC
5972 = MCG +06-24-025 = CGCG 184-028 = Holm 218a = PGC 32584
10 51 46.7 +32
53 59
V = 12.4; Size 2.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 112d
17.5"
(4/9/94): moderately bright, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE,
2.1'x0.7'. A mag 13.5 is superimposed
at the east edge and a brighter mag 11.5 star is 1.4' SE of center. Forms a striking pair with NGC 3430
6.0' ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3424 = H II-494 = h778 on 7 Dec 1785 (sweep 487) and recorded
"pB, pL, iR." CH's
reduced position is 8 sec of RA west of UGC 5972. JH noted "B; E in a
wisp; the sp of 2 [with NGC 3420].
On a later sweep he called the galaxy "faint".
******************************
NGC 3425 = NGC
3388? = UGC 5967 = MCG +02-28-021 = CGCG 066-044 = PGC 32555
10 51 25.5 +08
34 01
V = 13.1; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.0
16" LX200
(4/14/07): fairly faint, small, round, 0.5' diameter, stellar nucleus. Forms an equilateral triangle with a
mag 10 star 2.3' SE and a mag 11 star 2.7' SSW. NGC 3417 lies 8' SW.
17.5" (4/15/99):
faint, fairly small, round, 0.7' diameter, weak concentration. View hampered by a mag 10 star 2.2'
SE. This star is collinear with
two mag 11/13 stars to the WSW. A
faint companion off the south side was not noticed.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3425 = H III-108 = T I-28 on 17 Apr 1784 (sweep 197) and noted
"eF, eS, r." There is
nothing at his position, but 30 sec of RA west and 3' north is UGC 5967 = PGC
32555.
Wilhelm Tempel
couldn't find H III-108 at H's position in 1877, but instead found two nebulae
and assumed one was Herschel's III-108.
Dreyer chose the slightly brighter northern nebula as III-108 and
catalogued T I-29 as NGC 3427.
Andrew Common's NGC 3388 (found in 1880) may be a duplicate observation
of NGC 3425 (equivalence suggested by Harold Corwin).
******************************
NGC 3426 = UGC
5975 = MCG +03-28-020 = CGCG 095-046 = PGC 32577
10 51 41.8 +18
28 50
V = 13.1; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 105d
17.5"
(4/22/95): fairly faint, small, round, sharply defined 30" halo, well
concentrated to a small bright core.
A wide pair of mag 11.5-12 stars (1.0' separation) are 2.2' and 2.8' N.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 3426 = Sw VI-37 on 23 Mar 1887 and recorded "pF; S; R:
coarse double star near north."
His position is 7 sec of RA preceding UGC 5975 and his description of a
"coarse double star near N" clinches the identification.
******************************
NGC 3427 = UGC
5966 = MCG +02-28-020 = CGCG 066-043 = Todd 4 = PGC 32559
10 51 26.3 +08
17 55
V = 13.2; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 77d
16" LX200
(4/14/07): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 WSW-ENE, small brighter
core. Situated just south of the
line connecting a mag 11.9 star 1.7' ENE and a mag 12.5 star 2.3' W. NGC 3417 lies 12' NW.
17.5"
(4/15/99): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 WSW-ENE,
40"x20", slightly brighter core, faint stellar nucleus. With averted vision the halo increases
to nearly 1.0'x0.5'. Nestled in a
10' stream of stars oriented NW-SE between a mag 12 star 1.7' NE and a mag 12.5
star 2.3' W. NGC 3425 lies 16' due
north.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 3427 = T I-29 in 1877, while searching for H III-108 = NGC
3425. He ran across two nebulae,
one of which was NGC 3425 and the other was new. His position is 2' too far
south.
David Todd
independently discovered this galaxy on 11 Nov 1877 and listed it as object #4
in AN 2698 during his search for a trans-Neptunian planet. The surrounding field stars match this
galaxy. Tempel didn't give a
specific date in list I, so either Tempel or Todd could be the discoverer.
******************************
NGC 3428 = NGC
3429? = UGC 5968 = MCG +02-28-022 = CGCG 066-045 = PGC 32552
10 51 29.5 +09
16 46
V = 13.1; Size 1.5'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 170d
18"
(3/29/03): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 ~N-S, 0.6'x0.4', weak
concentration. Located 5' NE of
mag 7.9 SAO 118535.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3428 = m 209 on 25 Mar 1865 and noted "vF, S, lE,
glbM." His position matches
UGC 5968. The MCG declination has
a typo, being 20' too far north.
Ainslie Common
probably found this galaxy again in 1880 with his 36" reflector. See NGC
3429.
******************************
NGC 3429 = NGC
3428? = UGC 5968 = MCG +02-28-022 = CGCG 066-045 = PGC 32552
10 51 29.5 +09
16 46
See observing
notes for NGC 3428. Identification
uncertain.
Andrew Ainslie
Common discovered NGC 3429 in 1880 using his 36-inch silvered glass
reflector. His position is just 3
sec of RA east and 1' south of NGC 3428, which was discoverd by Marth on 25 Mar
1865. So, likely NGC 3429 is a
duplicate observation of this galaxy.
RNGC
misidentifies PGC 32510 as NGC 3429.
This is a much fainter galaxy 8' WSW as NGC 3429. Alister Ling and Harold Corwin feel the
RNGC identification is unlikely and Common more likely recorded NGC 3428, the
brighter of the pair.
******************************
NGC 3430 = UGC
5982 = MCG +06-24-026 = CGCG 184-029 = Holm 218b = PGC 32614
10 52 11.7 +32
56 59
V = 11.6; Size 4.0'x2.2'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 30d
17.5"
(4/9/94): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 3.0'x1.5',
only a weak broad concentration. A
mag 14.5 star is off the south side 1.4' SE from the center. Three bright stars are in the field;
mag 8.6 SAO 62287 6.0' NNW, mag 7.5 SAO 62291 6.6' ENE and mag 9.1 SAO 62293
7.8' ENE. Forms a striking pair
with NGC 3424 6.0' WSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3430 = H I-118 = h779 = 782 on 7 Dec 1785 (sweep 487) and
recorded "cB, cL, iR, mbB."
There was apparently an error of 1 degree with his offset from 46 UMa as
NGC 3424 was the previous object in the sweep, so both would have been picked
up together.
JH found NGC
3430 = h779 on 6 Mar 1828, logged it as a Nova with description "B; L; E;
gbM; the nf of 2 [with NGC 3424]."
Still looking for his father's I-118, he recorded it again as h782 on 3
Apr 1831 as a "Nova or I. 118" and described "B; L; the nf of 3
on a line [with NGC 3413 and NGC 3424].
The neb may possibly be I. II8 as none exists in the place indicated by
my Father." JH added
designations for both of his observations in the GC, as well as one for his
Father's I-118. He has a long note
in the GC that there was probaby a one degree error in his father's sweep. By the time of the NGC, Dreyer sorted
things out and equated NGC 3430 = I-118 with GC 2236 and 2239, though 2233 is
also an alias.
******************************
NGC 3431 = MCG
-03-28-014 = PGC 32531
10 51 15.0 -17
00 29
V = 13.6; Size 1.3'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 130d
18"
(3/11/07): faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 SW-NE, 0.6'x0.25', weak
concentration. A mag 13 star lies
1' NE and a similar star 2.8' SSW.
NGC 3409 lies 13' WSW while NGC 3420 is 21' SW.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3431 = LM II-428 on 5 Jan 1887 with the 26"
refractor at the Leander-McCormick Observatory. His position and description (mag 15.0, 0.6'x0.2', E 130¡,
gbsbMN) matches MCG -03-28-014 = PGC 32531.
******************************
NGC 3432 = Arp
206 = VV 11 = UGC 5986 = MCG +06-24-028 = CGCG 184-030 = PGC 32643
10 52 31.0 +36
37 09
V = 11.3; Size 6.8'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 38d
17.5"
(3/25/95): fairly bright, large, edge-on 6:1 SW-NE, 3'x0.5. Irregular surface brightness and
fainter on the southwest end.
Appears to have a sharper light cut-off on the north side (due to
dust?). A mag 12.5 star is
48" E of center and two mag 12/13 star are very close to the southwest tip
1.4' from center. The galaxy
appears asymmetric and brightest just north of the mag 12.5 star near the core
[this corresponds to an HII complex].
A very weak enhancement [this is the core] is close west-southwest of
this star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3432 = H I-172 = h780 on 19 Mar 1787 (sweep 719) and recorded
"cB, about 2' long and 1/2' broad from sp to nf. In the preceding part a few stars pretty close together, and
in the following part one, but unconnected." His position matches UGC
5986.
JH recorded
(sweep 331) "pB; vmE; 90" l, 12" br; pos = 44.2¡ It southern extremity touches the large
star of a double star [at the south end].
Can thisnebula have moved?"
On sweep 401, he logged "vF; a long ray pos = 40.8¡; has a double
star class 4 in middle, and one more." But the star at the east edge of the middle is only
single. Rudolph Spitaler measured
the position of a knot or HII region at the northeast end in an observation at
Vienna in 1891.
Friedrich
Bidschof measured two micrometric positions at the Vienna Observatory in Feb
1892 - one for the center or core and a second at a knot (HII complex) I
mentioned in my notes.
******************************
NGC 3433 = UGC
5981 = MCG +02-28-023 = CGCG 066-048 = PGC 32605
10 52 03.9 +10
08 54
V = 11.6; Size 3.5'x3.2'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 50d
24"
(2/22/14): moderately bright, large, irregularly round, 2.5'x2.0', fairly low
surface brightness, weak even concentration to small, slightly bright core and
a faint stellar nucleus. Appears
to be a face-on spiral, though too faint to resolve the arms. A mag 9.6 star is 8.5' E and 6' further
NE of this star is NGC 3444.
17.5"
(2/28/87): moderately bright, moderately large, diffuse, weak concentration,
slightly elongated. NGC 3438 lies
25' NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3433 = H III-20 = h783 on 11 Mar 1784 (sweep 164) and noted as
"vF, r[esolvable]".
There is nothing at his position, but 1 min of RA east and 2' N is UGC
5981 = PGC 32605. JH recorded
"eF; vL; R; vglbM; 2' diam." and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3434 = UGC
5980 = MCG +01-28-015 = CGCG 038-036 = PGC 32595
10 51 58.1 +03
47 31
V = 12.1; Size 2.1'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 5d
17.5"
(3/25/00): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 N-S, ~1.3'x1.0'. Located 4.6' NW of mag 9 SAO 118551.
Contains a large, brighter, elongated core with a much fainter outer halo which
grows with averted vision. A mag
14 star lies 1.3' NNE of center.
Brightest in
close trio with CGCG 38-37 2.7' N and CGCG 38-35 2.4' WSW. CGCG 38-37 appeared extremely faint and
small, round, required averted to glimpse. Located 2.7' N of NGC 3434 and 1.5' N of a mag 14 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3434 = H III-497 = h784 on 27 Jan 1786 (sweep 513) and recorded
"cF, S, R, vlbM." His
position is at the north edge of UGC 5980. JH logged "pB; R; vglbM; 30"."
******************************
NGC 3435 = UGC
6025 = MCG +10-16-022 = CGCG 291-012 = PGC 32786
10 54 48.4 +61
17 23
V = 13.2; Size 1.9'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 35d
17.5"
(3/19/88): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated SW-NE, bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3435 = H II-887 = h781 on 9 Apr 1793 (sweep 1039) and noted
"F, pL, bM, iF." His
position is 3.8' southwest of UGC 6025 (similar offset as NGC 3407, the
previous object in the sweep).
JH's position is 1.0 tmin too far west and this error was copied into GC
and NGC.
******************************
NGC 3436 = MCG
+01-28-016 = CGCG 038-039 = Mrk 1266 = Todd 6 = PGC 32633
10 52 27.5 +08
05 38
V = 13.9; Size 0.8'x0.5'
17.5"
(4/15/99): very faint, very small, irregular. Sometimes I had the impression that a very faint star was
superimposed. Located 7' S of mag
8.5 SAO 118552.
David Todd
discovered NGC 3436 = Todd 6 on 30 Nov 1877 (AN 2698) using the 26-inch Clark
refractor at the USNO during his search of a trans-Neptunian planet. There is nothing at his very rough
position, but based on Todd's sketch, Corwin was able to identify NGC 3436 as
CGCG 038-039. This galaxy is
located 2.2 min of RA following Todd's position and 9' north. The offsets with the stars he sketched
to the east and west are a perfect match with this galaxy.
RNGC places NGC
3426 at 10 42.4 +07 56 (2000) or 8.9 min west of Todd's position. There is
nothing at this location in CGCG, MCG or RC3 and I couldn't identify any object
at this position on the DSS!
I mentioned this error in RNGC Corrections #6.
******************************
NGC 3437 = UGC
5995 = MCG +04-26-016 = CGCG 125-013 = PGC 32648
10 52 35.7 +22
56 04
V = 12.1; Size 2.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 122d
17.5"
(2/8/91): moderately bright, fairly large, very elongated 3:1 NW-SE,
2.4'x0.8'. Two mag 14 stars are
near the NW end collinear with the major axis and a mag 13.5 star is off the SW
side 3.0' from center. Slightly
brighter at the SE end and also just west of the weak core. Appears slightly bowed out on the north
side and flatter on the south side.
There is a sharp light cutoff along the north side with a strong
impression of a dust lane.
8"
(4/24/82): fairly faint, small, very elongated NW-SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3437 = H II-47 = h786 on 12 Mar 1784 (sweep 166) and recorded
"pL, E, r." I think I can
distinguish 3 or 4 stars in it, towards the middle, and in a row." CH's reduced position is 11 sec of RA
east and 1' north of UGC 5995. JH
made three observations and measured an accurate RA.
******************************
NGC 3438 = UGC
5988 = MCG +02-28-025 = CGCG 066-052 = PGC 32638
10 52 26.0 +10
32 50
V = 13.3; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.7
17.5"
(2/28/87): fairly faint, small, round, bright core. A mag 13.5 star is 1.0' SE. NGC 3433 lies 25' SSW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3438 = m 210 on 25 Mar 1865 and noted "vF, eS, alm
stell." His position
corresponds with UGC 5988.
******************************
NGC 3439 = CGCG
066-050 = PGC 32634
10 52 25.7 +08
33 27
V = 14.2; Size 0.4'x0.3'
17.5"
(4/15/99): extremely faint, very small, slightly elongated, 20"
diameter. This galaxy was
surprisingly faint and required averted and could not hold steadily. A mag 12 star lies 2.8' S. Located 15' E of NGC 3425.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3439 = m 211 on 25 Mar 1865 and noted "eeF, vS, alm
stell." His position
corresponds with CGCG 066-050 = PGC 32634.
******************************
NGC 3440 = UGC
6009 = MCG +10-16-019 = CGCG 291-009 = PGC 32714
10 53 49.6 +57
07 08
V = 13.2; Size 2.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 48d
17.5"
(3/12/88): fairly faint, small, very elongated SW-NE, small bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 3445 10.0' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3440 = H III-914 = h785 on 8 Apr 1793 (sweep 1038) and noted
"vF, S, lE." JH gave no
description, but his position matches UGC 6009.
******************************
NGC 3441 = UGC
5993 = MCG +01-28-017 = CGCG 038-040 = PGC 32642
10 52 31.1 +07
13 30
V = 13.6; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 5d
18"
(3/29/03): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 N-S, 0.8'x0.5', very weak concentration. A mag 14 star lies 1.2' NE. Located 4.9' W of mag 8.7 SAO 118560.
Edward Holden
discovered NGC 3441 on 6 Apr 1882 with the 15.6-inch Clark refractor at the
Washburn Observatory in Madison, Wisconsin. He simply noted "pB", but his position is fairly
accurate (1' south of UGC 5993).
******************************
NGC 3442 = UGC
6001 = CGCG 184-034 = Mrk 418 = PGC 32679
10 53 08.1 +33
54 36
V = 13.4; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 11.9; PA = 30d
17.5"
(4/22/95): fairly faint, small round, 25" diameter, fairly high surface
brightness. Even concentration but
no well-defined core or nucleus. A
mag 14 star is 1.9' SE. Forms a
pair with MCG +06-24-034 8.5' NE. A mag 10 star is 7' ESE. Located south and west of several
bright stars including 18' S of 46 Leonis Minoris (V = 3.8).
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3442 = St XIII-59 on 25 Mar 1884 and noted "F, vS, R, mbM,
r?" His position matches UGC
6001.
******************************
NGC 3443 = UGC
6000 = MCG +03-28-025 = CGCG 095-056 = PGC 32671
10 53 00.4 +17
34 30
V = 13.1; Size 2.8'x1.4'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 145d
24"
(2/22/14): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 1.0'x0.5', low
surface brightness halo with a small brighter core. A mag 13-13.5 star is 1.6'
E. NGC 3454/3455 pair is ~26' SE
and NGC 3457 is a similar distance E.
17.5"
(2/8/91): fairly faint, very small, slightly elongated 4:3 NW-SE, small very
bright core, substellar nucleus.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 3443 = Sw VI-38 on 24 Apr 1887 with the 16" refractor at
Warner Observatory and noted "eeF; vS; R." His RA is just 8 sec west of UGC 6000 = PGC 32671, but his
declination is 8.3' too far south.
Furthermore, his description doesn't add any information about the
field. But there are no other
nearby candidates, so this identification is the most likely.
******************************
NGC 3444 = UGC
6004 = CGCG 066-055 = FGC 1148 = PGC 32670
10 53 00.1 +10
12 32
V = 14.7; Size 1.1'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 19d
24"
(2/22/14): at 260x appeared faint, small, edge-on 3:1 SSW-NNE,
21"x7", low even surface brightness, not difficult. Located 6' NE of a mag 9.6 star and 14'
ENE of NGC 3433.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3444 = m 212 on 25 Mar 1865 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
commented "eF, vS, pmE".
His position is 1' south of UGC 6004 and the description "pmE"
applies to this edge-on.
******************************
NGC 3445 = Arp
24 = VV 14a = UGC 6021 = MCG +10-16-023 = CGCG 291-011 = PGC 32772
10 54 35.9 +56
59 24
V = 12.6; Size 1.6'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.4
48"
(5/16/12): bright, moderately large, very irregular shape, roughly 1.2'
diameter. The brightest portion of
the galaxy is on the north and east side and is very mottled with slightly
brighter knots (a couple are on the east end). Attached on the west side and spreading further south is a
spiral arm, appearing more like a diffuse extension. This "arm" fades out on the southeast side of the
galaxy and just beyond is MCG +10-16-24, 1.2' SE of center. This interacting companion appeared
faint to fairly faint, elongated 5:2 E-W, 20"x8". 2MASX J10544552+5659588 lies 1.5' ENE,
between the main galaxy and a mag 10.3 star just 2.2' NE of NGC 3445. It appeared faint, very small, round,
12" diameter. The bright star
detracted somewhat from viewing the fainter companions.
17.5"
(3/12/88): fairly bright, moderately large, slightly elongated WNW-ESE, broad
concentration, bright core.
Located 2.2' SW of a mag 10 star.
Brightest in a group with NGC 3458 13.9' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3445 = H I-267 = h787 on 8 Apr 1793 (sweep 1038) and recorded
"cB, pL, iR, about 1 1/4' dia.
The greatest part of it almost equally bright." JH described
"pB; L; R; vglbM; has a star 10m 2' nf." His position is accurate.
R.J. Mitchell,
observing with LdR's 72" on 30 Mar 1856, recorded "[NGC 3445] is very
curious, it is round with bright nucleus excentric and a dark curved passage sp
this nucleus as in sketch. [See
Plate III, fig 6]. The neby
outside this dark curve runs up perhaps to a streak sf which is vF, but of the
existence of which I have doubt."
The "streak south-following", which was displayed on the
sketch, is certainly MCG +10-16-024 = PGC 32784. It was mentioned again in the 3 Apr 1858 observation as
"a vF, S patch of neby sf."
******************************
NGC 3446 = ESO
264-SC045
10 52 07 -45 08
24
Size 7'
14" (4/2/16
- Coonabarabran, 123x and 160x): ~30 stars visible in a 6' group with a mag 8.7
star at the northeast corner. The richest part is a 3'x1' group elongated NW-SE
on the northeast side of the cluster.
This subgroup includes a mag 10.6 star. An unequal mag 10.2/13 pair at 19" is on the south side
with another mag 10.5 star ~45" SW.
The brightest star in the field is mag 8.4 at ~10' NW.
The galaxy ESO
264-047 is situated just off the east side of the cluster, 2' E of the mag 10.6
star mentioned above. It appeared
very faint, very small, round, 15" diameter.
24"
(2/22/14): viewed on the meridian at an elevation of 8¡, but not an optimal
view. At 200x, mag 8.7 SAO 222386
is at the NW edge. A group of ~20
stars is south and east including four mag 10-11 stars in a 7' region. The ESO galaxy just off the east edge
was not seen. Mag 8.4 HD 94198 is
roughly 10' NW. A number of stars
are also scattered around this star including a couple of brighter ones, but
this seems like an unrelated, random gathering.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3446 = h3301 on 15 Mar 1836 and recorded "The chief * (9m)
of a cluster class VIII, 7' dia, not rich or comp. Stars 10...13."
Brian Skiff
gives a position of 10 52 07 -45 08.3 centered on CoD-44 6866 (mv 9.0) and
suggests a diameter of 15' if a few bright stars to the west are included,
though Herschel's "chief *" is part of a 7' group. The galaxy ESO 264-G47 is at the east
side, though was missed by Herschel.
RNGC classifies this object as non-existent.
******************************
NGC 3447 = VV
252a = UGC 6006 = MCG +03-28-027 = CGCG 095-058 = LGG 225-001 = PGC 32694
10 53 23.9 +16
46 25
V = 12.6; Size 3.7'x2.1'; Surf Br = 14.7; PA = 0d
18" (3/29/03):
very faint, fairly large, very diffuse glow. Located 3' NE of mag 9.9 SAO 99342 and nearly collinear with
mag 9.1 SAO 99340 8.3' SW. This
disturbed gas-rich system form a close pair with NGC 3447B = MCG +03-28-028
1.7' NE. The companion was highly
suspected at 300x but could not be confirmed with certainty. An extremely distant galaxy PGC 32713
(z = .086) lies 7.8' NE.
17.5"
(4/18/87): very faint, moderately large, very diffuse. Three bright stars form an isosceles
triangle to the SW; the closest is mag 9.2 SAO 9934 3.1' SW (very wide unequal
double with a mag 13 star). Forms
a double system with NGC 3447B = MCG +03-28-028 1.7' NE (not observed).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3447 = h3300 on 18 Mar 1836 and recorded "eF; vL; vgvlbM;
3' or 4' diam. Has a bright coarse
double star (9m) sp." This
galaxy is the most northerly discovery JH made from the Cape of Good Hope (four
galaxies in Leo were discovered on that date) His position and description matches UGC 6006.
******************************
NGC 3448 = Arp
205 = UGC 6024 = MCG +09-18-055 = CGCG 267-027 = PGC 32774
10 54 39.0 +54
18 19
V = 12.1; Size 5.6'x1.8'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 65d
48"
(5/16/12): this interacting starburst galaxy appeared very bright, large, very
elongated 3:1 WSW-ENE, high surface brightness, irregular shape, mottled
appearance. At the northeast end
of the galaxy is large, bright knot, ~25"x12", which is possibly the
disrupted core of the galaxy.
Occasionally an extremely faint tidal tail could be glimpsed, extending perhaps
1.5' ENE. The beginning of the
tail near the bright knot was easily seen. At the very tip was a marginally visible galaxy, perhaps
glimpsed a couple of times. The
dim tail extends the length from 2.4' to 3.6'.
NGC 3448 is
interacting with UGC 6016, a low surface brightness dwarf galaxy, 4.1'
WSW. The companion appeared as a
faint to fairly faint, low surface brightness patch, elongated SW-NE (in the
direction of NGC 3448) , ~1.2'x0.5', no concentration.
17.5"
(3/12/88): fairly bright, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 WSW-ENE, halo
increases to a small bright core.
A mag 13.5 star follows 3.1' from center. An extremely faint knot is visible east of the core along
the major axis about 35" from the center. Located 19' SE of 44 Ursa Majoris (V = 5.1).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3448 = H I-233 = h788 on 17 Apr 1789 (sweep 922) and logged
"vF, L, E 20¡ sp to nf, r."
JH made a single observation, noting "B; mE; gbM; no nucl; 1 3/4'
l, 20" br; pos = 67¡."
R.J. Mitchell,
observing on 8 Mar 1856 at Birr Castle, recorded "mE, certainly dark
spaces on each side of the nucleus, but not well seen; the foll one rather more
distinct. A sketch or diagram
matches the photographic appearance with brighter knots at each ends of the
extensions.
******************************
NGC 3449 = ESO
376-025 = MCG -05-26-010 = KTS 41B = LGG 222-003 = PGC 32666
10 52 53.7 -32
55 39
V = 12.2; Size 3.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 148d
18"
(4/9/05): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 NW-SE, 0.7'x0.5'. Moderate, even concentration to a
stellar nucleus with direct vision.
Located 6' NW of mag 8.5 HD 94389.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3449 = h3302 on 29 Apr 1834 and recorded "F; S; R;
15". Has a * 6.7m
sf." His position and
description matches ESO 376-025.
******************************
NGC 3450 = ESO
569-006 = MCG -03-28-004 = UGCA 218 = LGG 220-001 = PGC 32270
10 48 03.4 -20
50 57
V = 11.9; Size 2.5'x2.2'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 128d
18"
(3/29/03): fairly faint, moderately large, nearly round, 1.8'x1.5'. Situated between two mag 12/13 stars
3.4' N and 3.4' S. DSS reveals a
face-on symmetric barred spiral.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3450 = h3303 on 22 Mar 1835 and logged "vF; L; R; vglbM; r;
90"." There is nothing
near his position, though ESO 569-023 is exactly 3.0 min of RA east. RC3, ESO-LV and ESGC identify ESO
569-006 = PGC 32270 as NGC 3450.
This galaxy is 5.2 min of RA west of JH's position, but is a much
brighter galaxy and a better fit with the description." MCG does not label this galaxy as NGC
3450. The other objects observed
in the sweep (NGC 3514, 3528 and 3529) show no large errors in RA.
******************************
NGC 3451 = UGC
6023 = MCG +05-26-028 = CGCG 155-035 = PGC 32754
10 54 21.0 +27
14 22
V = 13.0; Size 1.7'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 50d
17.5"
(2/8/91): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, weakly concentrated
but no core. A mag 11.5 star is
4.2' NW of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3451 = H II-364 = h789 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted
"pF, pL, lE, brightest towards the sf part." JH made 4 observations and measured an
accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3452 = MCG
-02-28-019 = PGC 32742
10 54 13.9 -11
24 18
V = 14.0; Size 1.1'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 65d
18"
(3/29/03): faint, very small streak, 20"x6", elongated ENE-WSW in the
direction of a mag 12.5 star 1' ENE of center.
Ainslie Common
discovered NGC 3452 in 1880 with his silvered-glass 36" reflector and
logged "eF, R, n of small star". His position is 30 sec of RA west and 3' north of MCG
-02-28-019 = PGC 32742. A mag 13
star is close east-northeast, so Common probably confused the orientation.
******************************
NGC 3453 = ESO
569-017 = MCG -04-26-013 = LGG 220-002 = PGC 32707
10 53 40.4 -21
47 35
V = 12.9; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 4d
18"
(3/29/03): fairly faint, fairly small, 0.9'x0.7', slightly elongated N-S, very
weak concentration. A mag 14.5
star lies 1' SSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3453 = h3304 on 21 Mar 1835 and logged "F; S; R; bM;
15"." His position
matches ESO 569-017 = PGC 32707.
******************************
NGC 3454 = UGC
6026 = MCG +03-28-030 = CGCG 095-060 = FGC 1155 = Holm 221b = LGG 219-004 = PGC
32763
10 54 29.4 +17
20 38
V = 13.5; Size 2.1'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 116d
24"
(2/22/14): moderately bright and large, thin edge-on 5:1 WNW-ESE, 1.4'x0.3',
weak concentration, tapers at the tips.
Forms a striking pair with NGC 3455 3.6' S, with a mag 10.5-11 star
directly between the pair.
17.5" (4/18/87):
fairly faint edge-on streak 5:1 WNW-ESE, fairly small, slightly brighter along
the major axis. Forms a pair with
NGC 3455 3.6' S. Located 1.7' NNW
of a mag 10.5 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3454 = h790 on 17 Mar 1831 and recorded "pF; lE; the np of
two [with NGC 3455]. His position
matches UGC 6026 = PGC 32763, although I'm surprised JH didn't describe this
galaxy as very elongated.
R.J. Mitchell,
observing on 28 Mar 1856 with LdR's 72", called it "the n one is a
long narrow ray np-sf."
******************************
NGC 3455 = UGC
6028 = MCG +03-28-031 = CGCG 095-062 = Holm 221a = LGG 219-005 = PGC 32767
10 54 31.0 +17
17 04
V = 12.0; Size 2.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 80d
24"
(2/22/14): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 WSW-ENE,
0.9'x0.6', broad concentration, no distinct core but an irregular surface
brightness. Forms a striking pair
with NGC 3454 3.6' N. A mag
10.5-11 star is directly between the two galaxies.
17.5"
(4/18/87): moderately bright, fairly small, broad concentration, oval elongated
3:2 WSW-ENE. A mag 10.5 star is
2.0' N of center. Forms a pair
with NGC 3454 3.6' N. The bright
star is symmetrically placed between the galaxies.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3455 = H II-82 = h791 on 21 Mar 1784 (sweep 181) and recorded
""F, S, lE, r. It's
situation is south of a pB star."
His position matches UGC 6028 = PGC 32767. JH noted
"pB; E; gbM; The south-following of 3 [with NGC 3454]; a *9-10m between
them."
******************************
NGC 3456 = MCG
-03-28-018 = PGC 32730
10 54 03.2 -16
01 39
V = 12.6; Size 1.9'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 102d
18"
(3/29/03): moderately bright and large, elongated 4:3 ~E-W, 1.2'x0.9', brighter
core. A mag 13 star is at the NE
edge. Located just over one degree
ENE of mag 3.1 Nu Hydrae.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3456 = H IV-29 = h792 on 8 Feb 1785 (sweep 371) and recorded
"a small star with an eF brush towards the preceding side, or a vF nebula
close to and preceding the star. I
perceived it in stopping to gage, otherwise should certainly have overlooked
it. 240 shewed the the
same." There is nothing at
his position, but 40 sec of RA east and 4' further south is MCG -03-28-018 =
PGC 32730, and the description applies.
JH also
described "a *12m with an extremely F neb appendage. At first it seemed to envelope the *;
but Mr Dunlop, to whom I showed it, considered it be detached." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3457 = NGC
3460 = UGC 6030 = MCG +03-28-032 = CGCG 095-065 = PGC 32787
10 54 48.7 +17
37 16
V = 12.6; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.3
24"
(2/22/14): bright, fairly small, round, 30" diameter, sharply concentrated
with a very bright core that increases to a bright stellar nucleus. NGC 3461 lies 5.4' NNE. IC 655, a faint double star (actually a
triple plus a dim galaxy), lies 4.4' E.
NGC 3454 and 3455, an excellent pair, lies ~20' S. CGCG 095-061 (interacting pair) lies
10' NW and PGC 3090337 is 7.6' NW.
17.5"
(4/18/87): fairly bright, small, round, compact, high surface brightness,
bright core, stellar nucleus. NGC
3455 lies 20' SSW.
Francis Baily
discovered NGC 3457 = h793 on 25 Mar 1827 using John Herschel's 18"
reflector and recorded as "Stellar. 2 or 3 stars with a nebulous blur
observed by Mr. Bailey." Bailey
was a regular guest of JH and the President of the Astronomical Society of
London at the time. The position
is an excellent match (0.9' SE) with UGC 6030, though the description doesn't
match this fairly bright galaxy.
It applies well, though, to IC 656, a small clump consisting of three
faint stars and a dim galaxy just 4' E, though how could the more prominent
galaxy be missed?
R.J. Mitchell
also observed UGC 6030 on 27 Mar 1854 using LdR's 72" and noted a "A
S neb [NGC 3461] north of a bright one [UGC 6030], distance about 5' or
6'."
Lewis Swift also
recorded this galaxy on 24 Aug 1883, though his position in list I-9 is 25 sec
of RA too far east. Swift's and
LdR's observations were combined by Dreyer into NGC 3460. So, most likely NGC 3457 = NGC 3460,
despite the very poor description of NGC 3457 (perhaps Bailey noted the clump,
but JH measured the galaxy). See
Harold Corwin's discussion.
******************************
NGC 3458 = UGC
6037 = MCG +10-16-026 = CGCG 291-014 = PGC 32854
10 56 01.5 +57
07 01
V = 12.2; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 5d
17.5"
(3/12/88): fairly bright, very small, round, very bright stellar nucleus, very
faint small halo. Forms a wide
galaxy pair with NGC 3445 13.9' SW in the field.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3458 = H I-268 on 8 Apr 1793 (sweep 1038) and recorded a
"vB, vS, R, stellar nebula."
In his 1811 PT paper, he noted "this may be a former planetary in a
higher state of condensation.
******************************
NGC 3459 = MCG
-03-28-022 = PGC 32782
10 54 44.2 -17
02 31
V = 13.4; Size 1.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 156d
18"
(3/29/03): appeared as a ghostly streak 4:1 NNW-SSE, 1.2'x0.3', slightly
brighter center but no well-defined core.
Collinear with a mag 14 star 2' NNW of center.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3459 = LM II-429 on 5 Jan 1887 and recorded
"mag 14.0, 1.0'x0.3', gbsbMN."
His position is ~20 sec of RA west of MCG -03-28-022 = PGC 32782 and the
description matches.
******************************
NGC 3460 = NGC
3457 = UGC 6030 = MCG +03-28-032 = CGCG 095-065 = PGC 32787
10 54 48.7 +17
37 16
See observing
notes for NGC 3457.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 3460 on 27 Mar 1854 using LdR's 72" and recorded "A
small neb [NGC 3461 = PGC 32793] north of a bright one [NGC 3460 = PGC 32787].
distance about 5' or 6'."
Lewis Swift also recorded this galaxy on 24 Aug 1883 in list I-9, though
his position is 25 sec of RA too far east. These two observations were combined into NGC 3460.
Most likely JH
or observing guest Francis Baily first discovered this galaxy on 25 Mar 1827,
and it was catalogued as h793 = NGC 3457.
The Slough Catalogue position is accurate, though the description
"Stellar. 2 or 3 stars with a nebulous blur observed by Mr. Bailey",
appears to describe IC 656, a small clump consisting of three faint stars and a
dim galaxy just 4' east.
Mitchell's
observation clearly refers to NGC 3460 = UGC 6030 and NGC 3461. Later, on 22 Mar 1878, Dreyer mentions
finding an "eS cl , with a *12 in Pos 175 deg, dist 305 arcsec". It's most likely that this observation
is not related to the galaxy but may refer to the 3 faint stars + galaxy 4.5'
following NGC 3457 (mentioned above).
RNGC has a typo and equates NGC 3557 = NGC 3460. See Corwin's notes for further
discussion.
******************************
NGC 3461 = PGC
32793
10 54 55.3 +17
42 29
V = 15.4; Size 0.5'x0.4'
24"
(2/22/14): very faint, very small, round, 12" diameter. Can just hold steadily with averted
vision at 260x. Located 5.4' NNE
of NGC 3457 = NGC 3460.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 3461 on 27 Mar 1854 using LdR's 72" and recorded "A
small neb [NGC 3461] north of a bright one [NGC 3460]. distance about 5' or
6'." On 4 Apr 1878, Dreyer
also logged this faint galaxy, "..I found a neb [NGC 3457 = NGC 3460] pB,
pL, R, gbM with a vF, diffused nebula [NGC 3461] in position 17¡, distance
326". At this offset is PGC
32793. Although Mitchell's
observation is in the 1861 publication, there was no offsets to compute a
position and it was not included in the GC or GC Supplement.
NGC 3461 is not
included in the CGCG, MCG or RC3.
RNGC misidentifies LEDA 1537008, an extremely faint galaxy very close to
3 stars (IC 656), as NGC 3461.
******************************
NGC 3462 = UGC
6034 = MCG +01-28-019 = CGCG 038-049 = Todd 5 = PGC 32822
10 55 21.1 +07
41 48
V = 12.2; Size 1.7'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 60d
18"
(3/29/03): fairly faint, fairly small, nearly round, 0.8'x0.7', very small
bright core, stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3462 = H II-16 = h794 on 23 Jan 1784 (sweep 102) and recorded
"a small cometic nebula. I am
not sure whether it is cometic or not." JH logged "vF; S; R: psbM; 12"." and measured
an accurate position.
David Todd also
picked up this galaxy on 13 Nov 1877 and recorded it as #5 in his search for a
trans-Neptunian planet (AN 2698).
The surrounding field stars are an exact match.
******************************
NGC 3463 = ESO
502-002 = MCG -04-26-014 = LGG 223-001 = PGC 32813
10 55 13.4 -26
09 26
V = 12.9; Size 1.5'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 77d
18"
(4/29/06): faint, small, elongated 2:1 WSW-ENE, 0.8'x0.4', weakly
concentrated. Nearly collinear
with a pair of mag 13/14 stars ~5' N (at 17" separation). An identical distance to the south is a
mag 10.5 star with the galaxy at the midpoint of these stars. Located ~4.5¡ ESE of Hydra I cluster.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3463 = h3305 on 26 Mar 1835 and logged "F; R; glbM;
20"." His position
matches ESO 502-002 = PGC 32813.
******************************
NGC 3464 = ESO
569-022 = MCG -03-28-021 = UGCA 222 = LGG 220-003 = PGC 32778
10 54 39.9 -21
04 00
V = 12.6; Size 2.6'x1.7'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 112d
18"
(3/29/03): fairly faint but moderately large, roughly oval, 1.7'x1.2' WNW-ESE,
broad concentration with a hint of mottled structure.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 3464 = LM I-178 on 14 Jan 1886 with the 26" refractor at
Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 15.0, 1.3'x0.4', E
125¡." His very rough
position (nearest min of RA) is less than 1 min of RA east of ESO 569-022 and
the description applies. Herbert Howe measured an accurate micrometric position
in 1899-00 (repeated in the IC 2 Notes section).
******************************
NGC 3465 = UGC
6056 = MCG +13-08-048 = CGCG 351-050 = KTG 34A = PGC 33099
10 59 31.3 +75
11 29
V = 13.5; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 171d
24"
(5/25/14): at 375x appeared fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 ~E-W,
30"x22", contains a very small brighter core and occasional stellar
nucleus. A mag 14-14.5 star is
just 40" SE. First in the KTG
34 triplet with NGC 3500 9' E and NGC 3523 14.5' ESE.
18"
(3/30/05): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated ~NW-SE, ~0.7'x0.5', contains
a small, brighter core. A mag 13.5
star is off the SE side and a 29" pair of mag 12 stars lies 3.5' NE. First in a trio with NGC 3500 9' E.
17.5"
(4/25/98): extremely faint, fairly small, round. First of three in trio with NGC 3500 9' E and NGC 3523 14.5'
ESE. Appears as a low surface
brightness spot of 25" diameter (probably viewed core) with little or no
concentration. Observation of the
group was severely affected by hazy skies.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3465 = H III-967 = h795, along with H III-968, on 2 Apr 1801
(sweep 1096) and noted "Two, the 1st [NGC 3465] vF, vS. The 2nd eF and smaller than the
first. It is a little more north
and following, but very near to it." This is one of 15 far northern
galaxies with large systematic errors.
The corrected position using Greenwich plates (MN, 71, 509, 1911),
matches III-967 = UGC 6056 and III-968 = UGC 6090, and Dreyer repeated this
position in the notes to his 1912 edition of WH's catalogues. In the NGC, Dreyer assigned both
III-967 and III-968 to NGC 3500 (calling it a "D neb, v near"). See NGC 2938 for more on this sweep.
JH independently
discovered NGC 3465 on 4 Apr 1832 and logged h795 as "eF; pL; R; vglbM;
30", a double star nf points to it." His position and description clearly applies to UGC 6056. JH is listed as the discoverer in the
GC and NGC, though WH should be credited.
******************************
NGC 3466 = UGC
6042 = MCG +02-28-028 = CGCG 066-065 = PGC 32872
10 56 15.5 +09
45 16
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 55d
17.5"
(4/22/95): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE, 0.9'x0.7', weak
even concentration. A mag 11 star
is 3.0' due west. Forms a pair
with NGC 3467 7.0' E.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3466 = h796 on 18 Jan 1828 and recorded "vF; has another
[NGC 3467] still fainter following; has also a * 9m preceding the same parallel." His position and description matches
UGC 6042. Heinrich d'Arrest
measured the difference in RA to the star as 13.3 seconds and the difference in
Dec as 15".
******************************
NGC 3467 = UGC
6045 = MCG +02-28-030 = CGCG 066-067 = PGC 32903
10 56 44.1 +09
45 32
V = 13.4; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(4/22/95): fairly faint, small, round, 40" diameter. Appears slightly smaller than NGC 3466
located 7.0' W but has a sharper concentration with a small bright core. A mag 11 star lies 3.5' NW (similar
brightness to the mag 11 star preceding NGC 3466).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3467 = h798 on 18 Jan 1828, along with NGC 3466. His position matches UGC 6045.
******************************
NGC 3468 = UGC
6048 = MCG +07-23-006 = CGCG 213-010 = PGC 32940
10 57 31.2 +40
56 46
V = 13.0; Size 1.6'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 8d
17.5"
(4/22/95): faint, small, slightly elongated SW-NE, 0.6' diameter. Sharp concentration with a small bright
core and stellar nucleus. A mag
12.5 star is 1.7' ENE of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3468 = H III-632 = h797 on 18 Mar 1787 (sweep 716) and noted
"cF, vS, R, gmbM." On 3
Feb 1788 (sweep 804) he added "lE in the meridian [north-south]."
JH's mean position (from two observations) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3469 = MCG
-02-28-024 = PGC 32912
10 56 57.7 -14
18 03
V = 13.1; Size 1.9'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 115d
18"
(3/13/04): faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter, weak concentratin with a
very small slightly brighter core.
Located 6' SSE of a mag 9 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3469 = h3306 on 7 May 1836 and simply noted "eeF;
S." His position matches MCG
-02-28-024 = PGC 32912.
******************************
NGC 3470 = UGC
6060 = MCG +10-16-038 = CGCG 291-016 = PGC 33040
10 58 44.9 +59
30 39
V = 13.2; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 170d
17.5"
(3/19/88): faint, small, slightly elongated NNW-SSE, weak concentration,
diffuse outer halo.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3470 = H II-888 = h799 on 9 Apr 1793 (sweep 1039) and noted
"F, S, R, bM." His
position is within 1' of UGC 6060.
******************************
NGC 3471 = UGC
6064 = MCG +10-16-039 = CGCG 291-018 = Mrk 158 = PGC 33074
10 59 09.1 +61
31 51
V = 12.5; Size 1.7'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 14d
17.5"
(3/19/88): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 ~N-S, broad
concentration, faint elongated halo.
Located 35' WSW of Alpha Ursa Majoris.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3471 = H III-972 on 28 Nov 1801 (sweep 1102) and recorded
"vF, vS, R, bM." His
position is 4' north of UGC 6064 = PGC 33074, the only nearby galaxy.
******************************
NGC 3472 = ESO
569-?26
10 57 18 -19 38
=Not found,
Corwin and RNGC.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 3472 = LM I-179 in 1886 and recorded "mag 15.5, 0.4' dia,
R, gbM." with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick
Observatory. There is nothing near
his rough position (nearest min of RA).
Harold Corwin was not able to identify a likely candidate, but lists ESO
572-025 as a possibility. RNGC classifies this number as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 3473 = UGC
6052 = MCG +03-28-041 = CGCG 095-079 = PGC 32978
10 58 05.2 +17
07 27
V = 13.6; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 40d
17.5"
(4/22/95): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 1.0'x0.5'. Unusual appearance due to nearby
foreground stars. A mag 12.5 star
is attached at the NNE tip 0.5' from the center and the galaxy extends to the
SW almost to a fainter mag 14 star 45" from center. Appears unconcentrated
with a low surface brightness.
Forms a close pair with NGC 3474 1.9' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3473 = H III-67 on 21 Mar 1784 (sweep 181) and noted "a
suspected nebulosity reaching from one star to a smaller which is about 2'
south of it; 240 confirmed it." He missed nearby NGC 3474. He used III-67 in his 1814 PT paper to
argue that this was too unusual to be a pure line of sight arrangement and the
stars had formed within the nebula.
Heinrich d'Arrest measured an accurate position and noted " bet 2
st 14 and 15m, the brighter one attached to the north limb."
******************************
NGC 3474 = MCG
+03-28-042 = CGCG 095-081 = PGC 32989
10 58 08.8 +17
05 44
V = 13.9; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(4/22/95): faint, very small, round, 30" diameter, very small brighter
core. Forms a close pair with
brighter NGC 3473 1.9' NW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 3474 = Sw VI-39 on 24 Apr 1887 and noted "vF; pS; R; 2267
[NGC 3473] near north." His
position is 8 sec of RA east of MCG +03-28-042 and the description applies.
******************************
NGC 3475 = UGC
6058 = MCG +04-26-022 = CGCG 125-017 = PGC 33012
10 58 25.3 +24
13 34
V = 13.1; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 65d
17.5"
(4/9/99): easily picked up at 100x while scanning the field. Fairly faint, fairly small, elongated
3:2 ~WSW-ENE. Well concentrated
with a bright, round core and an ill-defined diffuse halo at least 1' along the
major axis. A mag 13 star is 1.4'
N. A couple of nearby faint
companions were not seen but MCG +04-26-023 located 9' N was observed.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3475 = H III-332 = h800 on 10 Apr 1785 (sweep 394) and noted
"vF, about 1' north aof a small star." CH's reduction is nearly 4' south of UGC 6058. JH recorded "vF; R; gbM; 2' s of a
* 12m." His position is
fairly accurate.
******************************
NGC 3476 = NGC
3480? = MCG +02-28-032 = CGCG 066-073 = PGC 32987
10 58 07.6 +09
16 34
V = 13.8; Size 0.5'x0.5'
17.5"
(3/22/96): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. A mag 14 star is 1.2' E of center. Forms a pair with NGC 3477 3.7'
SSE. There is faint pair of mag
14.5/15 stars 1.5' SSE at 14" separation which appeared nebulous at first
glance.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3476 = m 213, along with NGC 3477, on 25 Mar 1865 and noted
"eF, vS, alm stell." His position is 4' N of CGCG 066-073 = PGC
32987. This is the same offset as
NGC 3477 so this identification appears solid.
NGC 3480, found
by Andrew Common in 1880, may be a duplicate observation. See notes on this number.
******************************
NGC 3477 = CGCG
066-074 = PGC 32997
10 58 12.6 +09
13 03
V = 14.7; Size 0.7'x0.3'; PA = 70d
17.5"
(3/22/96): extremely faint, very small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE (difficult to
determine PA as requires averted vision to glimpse). A faint pair of mag 15 stars lies 2.3' N. At the SE edge of the 220x field is a
matched pair of mag 9.5 stars at 16" separation. Forms a pair with
brighter NGC 3476 3.7' NNW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3477 = m 214 on 25 Mar 1865 and noted "eeF, eS,
stell." His position is 4'
north of CGCG 066-074 = PGC 32997, the same offset he made with nearby NGC
3476.
******************************
NGC 3478 = UGC
6069 = MCG +08-20-059 = CGCG 241-051 = PGC 33101
10 59 27.3 +46
07 21
V = 12.9; Size 2.6'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 132d
17.5"
(4/6/91): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 1.5'x0.75', large brighter
middle but no defined nucleus. A
pair of mag 11 stars are 3.9' S and 5.5' SSW with a separation of 2.0'.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3478 = H III-705 = h801 on 5 Feb 1788 (sweep 808) and simply
noted "vF". His position
is 1.5' too far north (similar offset as NGC 3583, the next discovery in the
sweep). JH logged "F; S; R" and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3479 = NGC
3502: = MCG -02-28-027 = PGC 33053
10 58 55.5 -14
57 41
V = 13.0; Size 1.7'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 175d
18"
(3/5/05): faint, moderately large, slightly elongated N-S, 1.1'x0.8'. Broad, weak concentration to a
relatively large, slightly brighter core.
NGC 3502 may be a duplicate observation of this galaxy.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 3479 = LM I-180 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory. His rough
position (nearest min of RA) is about 30 tsec west of MCG -02-28-027 = PGC
33053. Herbert Howe measured an
accurate position in 1899-00 (repeated in the IC 2 Notes section).
NGC 3502 = LM
I-181, found by Leavenworth, is probably an independent observation with an
error of 2.5 minutes in RA.
******************************
NGC 3480 = NGC
3476? = MCG +02-28-032 = CGCG 066-073 = PGC 32987
10 58 07.6 +09
16 34
See observing
notes for NGC 3476. Identification
uncertain.
Ainslie Common
discovered NGC 3480 in 1880 with his 36" silvered glass reflector and simply
noted "S, stellar."
There is nothing at his position, though 12' southwest is NGC 3476. Bigourdan was unsuccessful in finding
NGC 3480. Because of the scant
description, the identification NGC 3476 = NGC 3480 is uncertain. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 3481 = MCG
-01-28-016 = PGC 33097
10 59 26.6 -07
32 40
V = 13.0; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 136d
18"
(3/29/03): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.6' diameter, smooth surface
brightness. Located 5' NW of mag
8.8 SAO 137930 (wide yellow/blue unequal double). Also nearby is a mag 10.7 star 2' W and a mag 11 star 3.5'
N.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 3481 = LM II-430 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 15.5, 0.3' dia, rr; prob vF Cl; *9
in PA 120¡ [east-southeast] at 5'."
His position is 0.3 min of RA west and 2' south of MCG -01-28-016 = PGC
33097 and the description clinches the identification.
******************************
NGC 3482 = ESO
264-056 = PGC 33025
10 58 34.3 -46
35 03
V = 12.4; Size 1.9'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 14d
14" (4/2/16
- Coonabarabran, 123x and 160x): fairly faint to moderately bright, elongated
5:3 ~N-S, ~50"x30", broad concentration to a small brighter
core. Situated in a rich Vela star
field 8.8' WNW of mag 8.2 HD 95274.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3482 = h3308 on 1 Mar 1835 and recorded "eF; S; R; gbM;
30"." His position is
within 1' of ESO 264-056 = PGC 33025.
RNGC calls it an unverified southern object.
******************************
NGC 3483 = ESO
438-001 = MCG -05-26-016 = PGC 33060
10 59 00.2 -28
28 37
V = 12.1; Size 1.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 105d
18"
(3/17/07): fairly bright, moderately large, slightly elongated, 1.2'x1.0',
fairly high surface brightness.
Well concentrated with a small bright core that brightens to the
center. Forms the southern vertex
of a small triangle with mag 9 HD 95183 1.8' NE and a mag 11.5-12 star 1.3'
NNW.
18"
(4/29/06): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 ~E-W, 0.8'x0.6', irregular
halo. Increases to a small bright
core and stellar nucleus. Located 1.8' SW of mag 9 HD 95183. Completing a triangle with the galaxy
is a mag 12 star 1.3' N.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3483 = h3307 on 10 May 1834 and recorded "pF, S, R, bM,
15". Among stars." His
position matches ESO 438-001 = PGC 33060.
******************************
NGC 3484
11 03 00 +75 49
=Not found,
Carlson.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3484 = h802 on 5 Apr 1832 and noted "A very doubtful
object." I assume he was
looking for H III-967 as he questioned if this was his father's object.
In the 1911 MN
paper on WH's 15 objects discovered on 2 Apr 1810, it was noted "Nothing
shown [for NGC 3484] on the photographic [Greenwich plate]" and Dreyer
repeats this in his 1912 NGC Correction list.
******************************
NGC 3485 = UGC
6077 = MCG +03-28-044 = CGCG 095-085 = PGC 33140
11 00 02.4 +14
50 28
V = 11.8; Size 2.3'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(4/18/87): fairly faint, moderately large, fairly diffuse, oval slightly elongated
WSW-ENE, faint stellar nucleus. A
mag 12 star is 1.7' W of center.
Possible member of the Leo group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3485 = H II-100 = h804 = 3309 on 8 Apr 1784 (sweep 187) and
noted "F, pL r." JH made
three observations at Slough and one at the Cape of Good Hope.
Bindon Stoney,
observing on 9 Apr 1852 at Birr Castle "suspected a dark curved passage sp
centre." Also on 15 Mar 1855,
R.J. Mitchell "suspect[ed] a knot in p and one in f edge. Query, a ring with a Nucl in centre?"
******************************
NGC 3486 = UGC
6079 = MCG +05-26-032 = CGCG 155-041 = PGC 33166
11 00 23.8 +28
58 30
V = 10.5; Size 7.1'x5.2'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 80d
13.1"
(3/24/84): fairly bright, large, slightly elongated E-W, 4'x3', diffuse outer
halo with a brighter core. Located
15' SW of mag 7.9 SAO 81621.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3486 = H I-87 = h805 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and recorded
"vB, vL, the brightness decreasing very gradually." JH made a total of 10 observations of
this galaxy!
R.J. Mitchell,
observing on 7 Mar 1856 with LdR's 72", noted "pB, R, B central Nucl,
light mottled about Nucl?
******************************
NGC 3487 = UGC
6092 = MCG +03-28-047 = CGCG 095-089 = PGC 33195
11 00 46.6 +17
35 15
V = 13.8; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 153d
24"
(3/28/17): at 260x; fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE,
~45"x18". Appears
brighter along a thin spine of the major axis.
Arp 198 = UGC
6073, an overlapping pair consisting of face-on spiral and a thin edge-on that
extends directly to the nucleus of the face-on, lies 15' WNW. At 260x and 375x, it appeared as a very
faint, fairly small, very elongated glow,
~0.4'x0.1', extending to the southwest of a mag 12.3 star. The pair has an unusual
"spike" appearance, with a very small "knot" (core of VV
267a = UGC 6073b, the face-on spiral) at most 10" diameter at the
northeast end close to the mag 12 star [28" SW of the star]. The spike or tail (VV 267b = UGC 6073a)
extends southwest with the combined glow collinear with the star!
18"
(5/31/03): very faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, 0.7'x0.25',
nearly even surface brightness.
Arp 198 = VV 267 lies 15' NW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 3487 = Sw III-58 on 5 Mar 1886 and logged "eeF; pS; R; e diff;
in vacancy." His position is
35 sec of RA west of UGC 6092.
******************************
NGC 3488 = UGC
6096 = MCG +10-16-045 = CGCG 291-022 = PGC 33242
11 01 23.6 +57
40 39
V = 12.9; Size 1.9'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 175d
17.5"
(3/12/88): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated ~N-S, gradually
brighter core. A mag 13.5 star is
at the SSE edge 1.0' from center.
Forms a pair with CGCG 291-021 7' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3488 = H I-269 = h803 on 8 Apr 1793 (sweep 1038) and logged
"cB, R, about 1' dia, just north of a small star." His position is accurate. JH noted "It is north of a *13,
just at the edge of the nebula."
******************************
NGC 3489 = UGC
6082 = MCG +02-28-039 = CGCG 066-084 = PGC 33160
11 00 18.6 +13
54 04
V = 10.3; Size 3.5'x2.0'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 70d
18"
(5/14/07): very bright, large, elongated 2:1 WSW-ENE, 2.5'x1.25'. Sharply concentrated with a round,
intense core (relatively small) highlighted by a very bright quasi-stellar nucleus. A mag 12.5 star lies 1.5' WSW of
center, just outside the halo.
Member of the Leo Group = M96 Group.
17.5"
(4/1/95): very bright, moderately large, elongated 5:3 WSW-ENE, 2.5'x1.5'. Unusually bright, round core dominates
view with an almost stellar nucleus with direct vision. The halo nearly reaches to a mag 13
star 1.5' SW of center.
8"
(12/6/80): fairly bright, bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3489 = H II-101 = h806 on 8 Apr 1784 (sweep 187) and recorded
"pB, S, mbM than at the extremes." Two observations were made by JH and four at Birr
Castle. JH and d'Arrest commented
this galaxy should have been placed in class I.
******************************
NGC 3490 = MCG
+02-28-036 = CGCG 066-080 = PGC 33128
10 59 54.4 +09
21 42
V = 13.8; Size 0.5'x0.5'
18"
(5/15/10): at 220x appeared as a faint, very small, round glow, just 15"
diameter. The surface brightness
was fairly low and occasionally a very faint stellar nucleus was glimpsed. Located 1.5' NW of a mag 12 star.
Andrew Ainslie
Common discovered NGC 3490 in 1880 with his 36" silvered-glass
reflector. His approximate
position is 0.4 min of RA west of CGCG 066-080 = PGC 33128. Neither MCG or CGCG label this galaxy
as NGC 3490. See Thomson's CGCG
Corrections and Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 3491 = UGC
6088 = MCG +02-28-041 = CGCG 066-089 = PGC 33180
11 00 35.4 +12
09 42
V = 13.2; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(3/22/96): faint, very small, round, 30" diameter, very small bright
core. Located in a blank region
bordered by brighter stars forming a circular pattern 16'-18' diameter. The brightest of these are mag 8 SAO
99401 10' SE and SAO 99398 12' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3491 = H III-21 = h807 on 11 Mar 1784 (sweep 164) and noted
"vF, S. I could not be sure
till I put on 240x." His
position (CH's reduction) is ~50 sec of RA preceding UGC 6088. JH's simply noted "eF; R" but
measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3492 = UGC
6094 = MCG +02-28-045 = CGCG 066-093 = VIII Zw 116 = PGC 33207
11 00 57.3 +10
30 21
V = 13.2; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 100d
17.5"
(4/25/98): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated ~E-W, 1.0'x0.8'. Weak, even concentration to a slightly
brighter core and nucleus. This
galaxy is the brightest in AGC 1142 with IC 664 4.1' NW, IC 663 6.4' SW and IC
666 4.6' SE. Observation made in
hazy skies.
Christian Peters
discovered NGC 3492 around 1880 with the 13.5" refractor at the Litchfield
observatory in New York. It was not published in either of his two lists of
1881 and 1882, so the discovery was probably communicated directly to
Dreyer. His NGC position matches
UGC 6094.
******************************
NGC 3493 = UGC
6099 = MCG +05-26-036 = CGCG 155-044 = PGC 33249
11 01 27.8 +27
43 10
V = 14.2; Size 1.1'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 84d
18"
(5/31/03): faint, small, edge-on 7:2 ~E-W, 0.6'x0.15', even surface
brightness. A mag 14 star lies
0.7' SW of center. Located 27' SW
of NGC 3504.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3493 = h808 on 24 Dec 1827 and noted "eF; has a small star
sp." His position (two
sweeps) and description matches UGC 6099.
******************************
NGC 3494
11 01 10.9 +03
46 28
=**?, Corwin.
"Not found", Carlson.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 3494 in 1882 and described in his 5th paper "6' north from
the middle knot [of NGC 3495] I saw repeated a little nebula, I initially took
as (part of) III-498 [NGC 3495]."
There are no nearby galaxies at this offset and Harold Corwin proposes a
5" pair of mag 14.5/16.7 stars located 9' north-northwest of NGC 3495.
Dorothy Carlson
listed NGC 3494 as nonexistent in her 1940 NGC Correction paper and RNGC
repeats this classification. See
Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 3495 = UGC
6098 = MCG +01-28-027 = CGCG 038-088 = PGC 33234
11 01 16.3 +03
37 40
V = 11.8; Size 4.9'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 20d
17.5"
(5/10/86): fairly faint, fairly large, edge-on oriented SSW-NNE, 4'x1', broad
concentration, mottled or uneven surface brightness (probably caused by a dark
lane). Located 10.5' E of 58
Leonis (V = 4.8).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3495 = H III-498 = h809 on 27 Jan 1786 (sweep 513) and noted
"vF, mE." His position
is very accurate (so close to the offset star 58 Leo). JH made three observations on
consecutive sweeps, first recording it as "F; mE; 60¡ with meridian;
60" length; 15-20" broad."
******************************
NGC 3496 = ESO
128-SC26 = Cr 237
10 59 34 -60 20
12
V = 8.2; Size 9'
14" (4/2/16
- Coonabarabran, 160x): this cluster is situated in a glorious Milky Way
field! The cluster is beautifully
rich with mag 12 and fainter stars, roughly 60-75 stars in a 5'-6' circular
region (this is the richest section) and 100-125 stars within a 9' region
elongated E-W. On the east side is
HJ 4395 = 11.5/12.0 pair at 9" and a small knot of stars is on the
northwest side. A mag 9.3 star is off the east side and a mag 9.2 star is off
the south side. Located 34' ENE of 6th magnitude T Carinae and 80' WNW of NGC
3572.
Sher 1, a very
small cluster, is 13' NE of NGC 3496. Using an 18" f/4.5 at 182x it
appeared as a small 1' knot of ~10 stars including a few bright mag 9.5-11
stars, but several are very faint.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3496 = h3310 on 14 Mar 1834 and recorded the "Place of a
small double star in the following part of a loose, rich, pretty large cluster
of stars 13m. 8 or 10' in
diameter; a fine object; a very much condensed milky way group." His position is on h4395, a mag 12 pair
at 9".
******************************
NGC 3497 = NGC
3528 = NGC 3525 = IC 2624 = ESO 570-006 = MCG -03-28-037 = PGC 33667
11 07 18.1 -19
28 19
See observing
notes for NGC 3528
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3497 = H III-824 on 8 Mar 1790 (sweep 936) and logged "vF,
vS, iR, glbM." His position
is within 2' (typical error) of ESO 570-006 = PGC 33667. The position in the GC, which was
copied into the NGC, is 6 min too far west (reduction or copying error).
JH independently
discovered this galaxy on 22 Mar 1835 and logged h3316 as "F; S; R; pslbM;
20". The preceding of two
[with NGC 3529]." His
position is 6 sec of RA west of ESO 570-006. Ormond Stone independently found this galaxy in 1886
at the Leander-McCormick Observatory and his rough position for LM I-183
(nearest min of RA) is 1.0 tmin west of ESO 570-006. Finally, Lewis Swift rediscovered this galaxy again (along
with NGC 3529) on 11 Apr 1898 and his position in list XI-118 is 5' too far
south (nearly identical to NGC 3529).
So, there are
four aliases in the NGC/IC!
Namely, NGC 3497 = NGC 3528 = NGC 3525 = IC 2624. NGC 3528 is the primary designation in
modern catalogues.
******************************
NGC 3498
11 01 41.5 +14
21 04
=***, Carlson.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3498 = H III-75 on 8 Apr 1784 (sweep 187) and recorded "eF,
not S. I had some doubts and
therefore put on 240, but as there was not a star very near I could not adjust
the focus, which cannot be done on a nebula. Therefore as it would have taken too much time to verify it,
I went on."
There is nothing
near his position and neither d'Arrest nor Bigourdan were able to find this
nebula. Karl Reinmuth, in his 1926
photographic survey "Die Herschel-Nebel" reported "In Dreyer's
place is a vF triple star, *14.7, *14.7, *16, a *14.7 f 1.8' of *16." The DSS shows a triple star with a
brighter pair of mag 14.2/14.6 stars at 10" separation. Harold Corwin also identifies this
number with this triple.
******************************
NGC 3499 = UGC
6115 = MCG +09-18-080 = CGCG 267-037 = CGCG 241-065 = PGC 33375
11 03 11.0 +56
13 18
V = 13.6; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(3/12/88): fairly faint, very small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus. Located 14.8' SE of Beta Ursa Majoris
(V = 2.4).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3499 = H III-793 on 17 Apr 1789 (sweep 922) and logged "vF,
vS, stellar neb. The brightness of
Beta UMa is so considerable that it requires much attention to perceive this
nebula." His position matches
UGC 6115. No observations were
made by JH or LdR. The RNGC position is 1.0 tmin too large.
******************************
NGC 3500 = UGC
6090 = MCG +13-08-052 = CGCG 351-052 = KTG 34B = PGC 33099
11 01 51.5 +75
12 05
V = 13.8; Size 1.3'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 45d
24"
(5/25/14): at 280x appeared faint or fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1
SW-NE, 0.6'x0.3', very small brighter core. Second of three in the KTG 34 triplet, with NGC 3465 9.0' W
and NGC 3523 7.0' SE. This
galaxy's redshift-based distance is ~150 million l.y., while the other two lie
at 325 million l.y.
18"
(3/30/05): very faint, small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 0.6'x0.3', low surface
brightness. Smallest and faintest
of a trio with NGC 3523 7.2' SE and NGC 3465 9' W. This galaxy is incorrectly listed as nonexistent in the RNGC
and it is not identified as NGC 3500 in UGC, MCG or CGCG.
17.5"
(4/25/98): extremely faint, small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 30"x20". Faintest of trio with NGC 3465 9' W and
NGC 3523 7' SE. A pair of mag 12
stars [30" separation] is 6' preceding. Observation difficult due to very
poor transparency.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3500 = H III-968, along with H III-967, on 2 Apr 1801 (sweep
1096) and noted "Two, the 1st [NGC 3465] vF, vS. The 2nd [NGC 3500] eF and smaller than the first. It is a little more north and
following, but very near to it." This is one of 15 far northern galaxies
with large systematic errors The
corrected position using Greenwich plates (MN, 71, 509, 1911), matches UGC 6090
and Dreyer repeated this position in the notes to his 1912 edition of WH's
catalogues. JH gave 2 GC
designations to III-967 and III-968, but in the NGC Dreyer mistakenly assigned
both to NGC 3500, calling it a "double nebula, very near." See NGC 2938 for more on this sweep.
UGC 6090 is not
labeled as NGC 3500 in any modern catalogue including RC3. RNGC classifies NGC 3500 nonexistent.
CGCG and UGC misidentify NGC 3465 as "NGC 3465 = NGC 3500" (following
Karl Reinmuth and Dorothy Carlson).
See Harold Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 3501 = UGC
6116 = MCG +03-28-051 = CGCG 095-097 = FGC 1187 = Holm 224b = PGC 33343
11 02 47.3 +17
59 21
V = 12.9; Size 3.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 27d
17.5"
(4/1/95): faint, edge-on 7:1 SSW-NNE, 3.0'x0.4', low surface brightness, very
slightly brighter elongated core.
A mag 14 star is 2.3' SE of center. NGC 3507 lies 12.7' NE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3501= St XI-10 on 23 Apr 1881 and recorded "vF, gbM, mE
N30¡E, 3' long." His position
and description matches UGC 6116.
******************************
NGC 3502 = NGC
3479: = MCG -02-28-027 = PGC 33053
10 58 55.4 -14
57 41
See observing
notes for NGC 3479.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3502 = LM I-181 in 1886 and noted "mag 16.0,
1.2' dia, iR." His rough
position (nearest min of RA) is 2.5 tmin east of MCG -02-28-027 = PGC 33053.
Ormond Stone
also found this galaxy at Leander-McCormic Observatory the same year (discovery
priority unknown) and recorded LM I-180 = NGC 3479 as "mag 15.5, 0.6' dia,
E 90¡." His rough position is
essential correct -- 30 tsec west of PGC 33053. So, NGC 3502 = NGC 3479.
RNGC
misidentifies MCG -02-28-041 as NGC 3502.
This galaxy is located 50' north of Leavenworth's position. See Harold Corwin's NGC identification
notes for more.
******************************
NGC 3503 = ESO
128-EN28 = OCL-833 = Ced 109b = Pismis 17
11 01 17 -59 50
42
Size 3'
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): The brightest section of this nebulosity
surrounds a group of 5 stars, consisting of a brighter mag 10.5 star with a
faint, close companion (h4397 = 10.6/13.3 at 8") and three additional
stars in a string. Several additional faint stars spiral out from the
grouping. The haze that surrounds
these 5 stars is ~3' in diameter.
There was little or no contrast gain using a UHC filter, so the nebulosity
probably does not have a significant emission component. Situated in a rich star field.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3503 = h3311 on 1 Apr 1834 NGC 3503 and described "3 very
close stars, 10m, in a nearly straight line, and a double star north of them,
the whole involved in a very faint nebula."
******************************
NGC 3504 = UGC
6118 = MCG +05-26-039 = CGCG 155-049 = PGC 33371
11 03 11.2 +27
58 20
V = 11.0; Size 2.7'x2.1'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(3/25/95): bright, large, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, 2.5'x1.2'. The halo has a fairly high irregular
surface brightness. Sharp
concentration with a very small well-defined core dominating. The bright core appears offset to the
south side with the halo more extensive to the north. Two mag 14 stars lie 1.7' NNW (45" separation). First of three with NGC 3512 12' ENE
and NGC 3515 24' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3504 = H I-88 = h810, along with NGC 3512, on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep
396) and noted "cB, cL, iR, bM." JH made a total of 7 observations. R.J. Mitchell, observing at Birr Castle on 22 Feb 1857,
recorded "mE, B nucl, arms faint, patchy,suspect dark space all around the
nucleus." A month later he
described "pL, Nucl vB and has a sensible disc, arms vF and patchy. I think I see a knot or patch in np end
of neb."
The RA in the
RNGC is 1.0 tmin too far east and the galaxy is misplotted on the first version
of U2000 (later fixed). Also see
NGC 3506.
******************************
NGC 3505 = NGC
3508? = MCG -03-28-031 = IC 2622
11 02 59.7 -16
17 19
Size 1.0'x0.9'
See observing
notes for NGC 3508.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3505 = h3312 on 7 May 1836 and logged "pF; S; R; glbM. Has a star 14m near." There are two mag 14.5-15 stars about
1' northest and 1' southeast of JH's position, but no nearby galaxy.
Harold Corwin
suggests this may be a duplicate observation of NGC 3508, which has a mag 13
star attached on the north-northeast tip of the galaxy. If this identification is correct, his
declination is off by over 45'.
******************************
NGC 3506 = UGC
6120 = MCG +02-28-047 = CGCG 066-105 = PGC 33379
11 03 12.9 +11
04 37
V = 12.5; Size 1.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.6
17.5"
(4/22/95): fairly faint, round, 1.0' diameter. Just a weak central brightening with no distinct core or nucleus. Preceded by a trio of mag 13.5 stars
within 4'.
17.5"
(3/28/87): fairly faint, fairly small, roundish, slightly brighter core. A triangle of mag 13 stars is just
west.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3506 = H III-22 = h811 on 11 Mar 1784 (sweep 164) and recorded
"vF, vS. 240x made it
considerably larger, but I saw it well enough with the common power not to
doubt of the reality." His
position matches UGC 6120. JH made
three additional observations.
The RA in the
RNGC is 1.0 tmin too large and the galaxy was misplotted in the first printing
of Uranometria 2000 Atlas. Also
see notes for NGC 3504.
******************************
NGC 3507 = UGC
6123 = MCG +03-28-053 = CGCG 095-100 = Holm 224a = LGG 288-002 = PGC 33390
11 03 25.6 +18
08 08
V = 10.9; Size 3.4'x2.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 110d
17.5"
(4/1/95): unusual appearance as a bright mag 10.5 star is superimposed very
close to the center! Fairly faint,
moderately large, 2.5' diameter, irregularly round. The core is difficult to view but is located just 30"
SW of the superimposed star and the galaxy is slightly offset to the west side
of the star. NGC 3501 lies 12.7'
SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3507 = H IV-7 = h812 on 14 Mar 1784 (sweep 170) and recorded
"F, pL. The nebulosity is of
the milky kind. It situated
between 2 bright stars but near the most north of them and to the south of that
star. At first sight the nebula
appears like an electric brush to the great star, but on examination I find it
to have no connection with it. There
is in the nebula, and pretty near the center of it, a vF star. The milky nebulosity is of a circular
form." JH noted on
sweep 63 "a * 9m with vF neb attached; pos 70¡ sp = 200¡ +/- dist
30".
******************************
NGC 3508 = IC
2622 = NGC 3505: = MCG -03-28-031 = PGC 33362
11 02 59.7 -16
17 19
V = 13.2; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 15d
18"
(3/13/04): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.7' diameter, even surface
brightness. A mag 13 star is
attached on the NNE tip of the galaxy.
At times the galaxy appears slightly elongated N-S, ~1.0'x0.7' and the
DSS image confirms this impression.
Observation made through thin clouds. This is a starburst and luminous infrared galaxy with an
active nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3508 = H II-507 = h814 on 31 Dec 1785 (sweep 503) and noted
"F, S, E." JH made a
single observation and his position matches MCG -03-28-031. Interestingly, he
described this galaxy as "vL".
Lewis Swift
found this galaxy on 14 Jan 1898 and reported it as new in list XI-117. Swift's position was 0.5 min of RA too
far east and 3' north, so Dreyer catalogued it again as IC 2622. Also see the NGC 3505, which may be
another observation of this galaxy.
So, NGC 3508 = NGC 3505 = IC 2622.
******************************
NGC 3509 = Arp
335 = VV 75 = UGC 6134: = MCG +01-28-033 = CGCG 038-109 = PGC 33446
11 04 23.6 +04
49 43
V = 12.7; Size 2.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 40d
48"
(2/20/12): NGC 3509 = Arp 335 displayed a fascinating amount of structure at
375x, though conditions were subpar in terms of transparency and seeing. The appearance is very asymmetric with
the brighter "central" portion elongated SW-NE and containing a very
small, round, bright core. A small
knot is just 15" S of the core.
Attached on the northeast side of the central body is a well defined,
easily visible tidal arm that gracefully sweeps to the northeast and then hooks
sharply counterclockwise towards the south. The total length of the arm is perhaps 1.5', though it ends
about 45" E of the core. The
southwest side of the galaxy has no corresponding arm, but is slightly brighter
along the south edge. A mag 16.5-17 star is 30" SW of the core on the west
edge.
PGC 93108,
recorded as "fairly faint, small, elongated 2:1 N-S, ~15"x7", weak
central concentration", lies 3.0' NW. The PGC galaxy is listed as C2 (collider) in the 2009 Atlas
and Catalog of Collisional Ring Galaxies (Madore et al) and the knot close
south of the core is listed as C1.
17.5"
(4/1/95): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE,
1.6'x0.7'. Low surface brightness
with a very weak concentration (no visible core). It was difficult to determine the outer extent of the halo
but appears to have an asymmetric shape (slightly curved?).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3509 = H III-598 on 30 Dec 1786 (sweep 675) and recorded
"Suspected, eF, S, lE. I
could not verify it." There
is nothing at his position, but 1.0 min of RA east and 3' north is UGC 6134 =
Arp 335. JH made no observations
and it was not found by Bigourdan.
Dreyer commented
in his 1912 "Scientific Papers of WH" that this number should
probably be rejected since WH noted there was fog "which indeed was so
strong as to make everything swim about me." Still, this identification is reasonable as NGC 3604 has a
similar offset error.
******************************
NGC 3510 = UGC
6126 = MCG +05-26-040 = CGCG 155-050 = PGC 33408
11 03 43.6 +28
53 06
V = 12.2; Size 4.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 163d
13.1"
(3/24/84): faint, edge-on streak 4:1 NNW-SSE. Located 7.6' ESE of mag 7.3 SAO 81642 which interferes with
viewing.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3510 = H II-365 = h813 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted
"F, mE, about 1 1/2' long but very narrow. JH made two observations and the Birr Castle assistants made
a total of 5.
R.J. Mitchell,
observing on 1 Mar 1854, noted "Query, an oval shaped spiral; major axis
n-s."
******************************
NGC 3511 = ESO
502-013 = MCG -04-26-020 = UGCA 223 = PGC 33385
11 03 23.7 -23
05 11
V = 11.0; Size 5.8'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 76d
48"
(4/18/15): at 488x; very bright, very large, elongated 3:1 WSW-ENE,
5'x1.5'. Well concentrated with a
large bright oval core that gradually increases to a small bright nucleus and
stellar pip. The region surrounding
the core is mottled, due to slightly brighter regions and dust patches. An ill defined broad spiral arm is on
the west side of galaxy, curving from north to south. A mag 14 star, 2.0' SW of center, is barely off the
southwest end of this arm. A bright
patch is 1' SW of center (not part of the arm), and just to its north is a
relatively large darker (dust) region.
A second broad arm arc is visible at the east end of the galaxy making a
sharp curve clockwise, and passing just inside a mag 13 star at the eastern
tip. NGC 3513 lies 11' SE.
17.5"
(4/1/95): fairly bright, large, very elongated 3:1 WSW-ENE, 4.0'x1.4'. Broad concentration to a larger
brighter core. Bracketed by a mag
13 star at the ENE end and a mag 14 star at the WSW tip. Forms a pair with NGC 3513 10.8'
SE. A mag 9.5 star (SAO 179479) is
5' S, roughly midway between the galaxies.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3511 = H V-39, along with NGC 3513, on 21 Dec 1786 (sweep 660),
and recorded "vF, mE, vgbM, about 8' long and 3' br, near the parallel but
about 10¡ sp to nf." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3512 = UGC
6128 = MCG +05-26-041 = CGCG 155-051 = PGC 33432
11 04 02.9 +28
02 12
V = 12.3; Size 1.6'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(3/25/95): moderately bright, fairly small, 1.2' diameter, round, weak
concentration with an irregular surface brightness. Second of trio with NGC 3504 12' WSW and NGC 3515 14'
NNE. Surrounded by three mag 12-13
stars 2.9' N, 3.7' E and 2.1' SW.
8"
(4/24/82): faint, small, round.
Forms a pair with NGC 3504 12' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3512 = H II-366 = h815, along with NGC 3504, on 11 Apr 1785
(sweep 396) and noted "pF, pL, goes into the field with [NGC
3504]." He made an offset
error as his position is southeast of NGC 3504, instead of northeast. JH measured an accurate position,
though he thought it was a new object.
He equated h815 with II-366 in the GC.
******************************
NGC 3513 = ESO
502-014 = MCG -04-26-021 = UGCA 224 = PGC 33410
11 03 46.0 -23
14 38
V = 11.5; Size 2.8'x2.2'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 95d
48"
(4/18/15): at 488x and 610x; this superb barred spiral has a strong bright bar
oriented northwest to southeast.
It is brighter along a narrow spine and contains a slightly brighter
stellar nucleus. A prominent
spiral arm is attached to the bar at the southeast end and sweeps sharply to
the north This well defined arm is
relatively narrow and contains a small bright knot near the north end of the
arm. A second arm arm is attached
at the northwest end of the bar.
This narrow arm shoots due south and rotates nearly 180¡ clockwise to
the east on the south side of galaxy.
It is slightly more separated from the central region than the northern
arm and is patchy or knotty near the eastern end. Overall, the size is roughly 2.5'x2.0' extending northwest
to southeast. A mag 15 star is 1.2' W of center, a mag 13 star is 1.7' E of
center and a mag 17 star is just off the north side of the galaxy.
17.5"
(4/1/95): fairly faint, moderately large, 2.5'x2.0', irregular surface
brightness, only a slight central brightening. A mag 13.5 star is 1.7' E of center. A line of three equally spaced mag 11
stars lies about 4' S. Forms a
pair with NGC 3511 10.8' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3513 = H V-40 on 21 Dec 1786 (sweep 660) and recorded "vF,
mE, vlbM, about 7' l and 3 or 4' br in the middle, about 10 or 15¡ from sp to
nf near the parallel. His position
matches ESO 502-014 = PGC 33410, so the identification is certain, but the
description is virtually identical to that of NGC 3511, which was the previous
object in the sweep! So, there was
apparently a mistake in copying the description for NGC 3511 twice.
******************************
NGC 3514 = ESO
570-001 = MCG -03-28-035 = PGC 33430
11 03 59.9 -18
46 51
V = 12.8; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 115d
18"
(3/5/05): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 ~E-W, 1.0'x0.7'. Broadly concentrated with a slightly
brighter middle. Located 1.1¡ SE
of mag 4.1 Alpha Crateris.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3514 = h3313 on 22 Mar 1835 and noted "vF; pL; R;
vgvlbM." His position
is 15 tsec west of ESO 570-001.
******************************
NGC 3515 = UGC
6139 = MCG +05-26-044 = CGCG 155-055 = PGC 33467
11 04 37.3 +28
13 40
V = 13.9; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 55d
17.5"
(3/25/95): very faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 0.8'x0.5', weak
concentration. Located 13.7' NE of
NGC 3512.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3515 = St XII-41 on 20 Apr 1882 with the 31-inch reflector at
Marseille. His position matches
UGC 6139 = PGC 33467
******************************
NGC 3516 = UGC
6153 = MCG +12-11-009 = CGCG 334-011 = PGC 33623
11 06 47.5 +72
34 07
V = 11.7; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 45d
17.5"
(3/28/92): moderately bright but small, slightly elongated SW-NE, sharp small
bright core dominates, fairly small halo.
A mag 14 star is 1.2' SE.
Two mag 10 stars lie 2.3' NE and 4.1' W. This is a Seyfert galaxy with an large, active black hole.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3516 = H II-336 = h816 on 3 Apr 1785 (sweep 390) and noted
"pB, vS, iR." CH's
reduction is within 2' of UGC 6153.
JH called this "a singular object. A burred star 11m diam 12"; vsmbM; a double stars
follows."
NGC 3516 is a
strong X-ray Seyfert galaxy and one of the 6 original galaxies studied by
Seyfert in his seminal 1943 paper "Nuclear Emission in Spiral
Nebulae".
******************************
NGC 3517 = UGC
6144 = MCG +10-16-057 = CGCG 291-027 = PGC 33532
11 05 36.9 +56
31 28
V = 13.0; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 120d
17.5"
(3/12/88): fairly faint, fairly small, round, diffuse edges, broad
concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3517 = H II-884 = h817 on 8 Apr 1793 (sweep 1038) and noted
"F, S, R, bM." JH called
it "eF; R; 12"; vglbM."
His position matches UGC 6144.
******************************
NGC 3518 = NGC
3110 = NGC 3122 = MCG -01-26-014 = PGC 33442
10 04 02.0 -06
28 29
V = 12.7; Size 1.8'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 5d
See observing
notes for NGC 3110. One hour error
in RA in Stone's position.
Ormond Stone
found NGC 3518 = LM I-182 on 31 Dec 1885 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 15.0, 0.1', lE 110¡, in same field
with neb disc by Stephan."
There is nothing near his position.
Harold Corwin
examined his discovery sketch and found a double nebula with four stars
nearby. Corwin found that Stone
made a 1 hr error in RA (too large) and his sketch matches NGC 3110 = NGC 3122.
This galaxy was discovered by WH (II-305 = NGC 3122), but he misidentified his
offset star. Once all positions
are corrected, NGC 3122 = NGC 3110 = NGC 3518 (in order of discovery). The RNGC and misidentify PGC 29361 as
NGC 3518. See Corwin's notes for the full story.
******************************
NGC 3519 = ESO
128-SC30 = Ru 93
11 04 09 -61 22
30
V = 7.7; Size 8'
14" (4/5/16
- Coonabarabran, 142x and 184x): roughly 80 stars resolved in an irregular 6'
region (boundary pretty arbitrary), many of these arranged in chains or curving
streamers of stars. On the west
side is the brightest mag 9.7 star (mag 12.5 companion at 8" = HJ 4400)
with a linear chain of mag 13 stars just west (oriented SW-NE). Another chain of mag 12-13 stars
(oriented NW-SE) is on the northeast side. A mag 7.4 star (HD 96193) is roughly 8' SSE and a long chain
of stars heads north from this bright star, reaching the south side of the
cluster.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3519 = h3314 on 14 Mar 1834 and reported, "Chief star of a
pretty rich cluster, class VII."
His position match the unequal double star HJ 4400 within a small
cluster.
According to
Brian Skiff, Ru 93 appears to be a string of stars on the northeast side of the
cluster or may simply be a duplicate of NGC 3519. In a visual observation with a C-8, Jenni Kay observed about
two dozen stars in a single cluster of 5' diameter with two brighter stars at
the southwest edge. RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent, though the group
was confirmed as a star cluster by Bica and Bonatto in 2011A&A...530A..32B
("Star clusters or asterisms? 2MASS CMD and structural analyses of 15
challenging targets.")
******************************
NGC 3520 = ESO
570-004 = PGC 33648
11 07 09.2 -18
01 25
V = 13.8; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 165d
24"
(2/22/14): at 260x appeared faint to fairly faint, fairly small, oval 4:3
WSW-ENE, 20"x15", fairly low surface brightness. An extremely low surface brightness
halo was not seen. This is a close
double system [9" between centers] but was not resolved at 260x. The NGC identification is uncertain due
to a poor position.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3520 = LM II-431 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at Leander McCormick and reported "mag 15.3, 0.4' dia, iR, gpmbM, sev vF
st inv." Just 2' north of his
position is a 1' group of four stars (brightest two are mag 13 and 14.5) and
originally Harold Corwin identified this group as NGC 3520. He now feels a more likely match based
on the description is ESO 570-004 = PGC 33648, an interacting triple or
quadruple system located 1.6 min of RA east and 5' south of Leavenworth's
position. ESO misidentified ESO
570-003 as NGC 3520. This edge-on
galaxy is situated 44 sec of RA east of Leavenworth's position and 19'
south. RNGC classifies the number
as nonexistent. See Corwin's NGC identification notes.
******************************
NGC 3521 = UGC
6150 = MCG +00-28-030 = CGCG 010-074 = PGC 33550
11 05 49.2 -00
02 02
V = 9.0; Size 11.0'x5.1'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 163d
18"
(5/14/07): very bright spiral with impressive structure, elongated at least 5:2
NNW-SSE, ~7.5'x3'. Contains a
bright, elongated core highlighted by an intense, stellar nucleus. The halo is noticeably mottled at first
glance and a dust lane runs NNW-SSE along the west side of the core. There is a strong impression of spiral
structure with an arm attached on the east side that extends to the north and
appears to curve towards the west in the outer halo. The halo appears more extensive or slightly brighter on the
northern end. A more difficult arm
appears to sweep to the south on the west side of the core.
17.5"
(1/19/91): very bright, very large, elongated 5'x2' NNW-SSE. This is an impressive galaxy! Contains a well-defined small bright
oval core NNW-SSE and a stellar nucleus.
Appears mottled near the core and on the west side. Along the west side is a dust lane
evident as a sharp light cut-off.
The west side is somewhat fainter due to dust but extends beyond the
dust lane.
8": fairly
bright, fairly large, elongated, bright core. Located 33' E of a mag 6 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3521 = H I-13 = h818 on 22 Feb 1784 (sweep 153) and recorded
"a fine B nebula, with a bright star or nucleus in the middle; it sends
out a milky ray towards the north, and another more F towards the south, the
extent of the whole, faint rays included, may be about 7 or 8'. JH described NGC 3521 as "vB; L;
mE in PA 140¡ +/-, 4' l, 1' br; vsvmbM; a double star follows. The NGC position (measured by Auwers,
d'Arrest, Peters) is accurate.
R.J. Mitchell,
observing at Birr Castle on 29 Mar 1856, recorded "The nucleus projects
into the dark space along the p edge.
Outside this dark space there is faint nebulosity, which I see joining
the nebula at the north end."
******************************
NGC 3522 = UGC
6159 = MCG +03-28-060 = CGCG 095-113 = PGC 33615
11 06 40.4 +20
05 08
V = 13.1; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 117d
18"
(5/31/03): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:3 WNW-ESE, 0.7'x0.4'. Fairly sharply concentrated with a
brighter 15" round core.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 3522 = Sw III-59 on 26 Apr 1883 and described "pF; vS; lE;
in starless field." His
position is 18 sec of RA west of UGC 6159. This was one of the first two discoveries (along with NGC
3588 on the same night) with the 16-inch Clark refractor at Warner
Observatory. Kobold measured an
accurate position in 1901 at the Strassburg Observatory.
******************************
NGC 3523 = UGC
6105 = MCG +13-08-053 = CGCG 351-054 = KTG 34C = PGC 33367
11 03 06.3 +75
06 57
V = 12.9; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.3
24"
(5/25/14): at 280x appeared fairly faint or moderately bright, moderately
large, irregularly round, 1' diameter, weak concentration to a slightly
brighter core that seems offset center within the halo. Third in the KTG 34 triplet with NGC
3500 = UGC 6090 7' NW.
18"
(3/30/05): fairly faint, moderately large, round, 1.2' diameter. Symmetrical appearance with a weak even
concentration to the center but no defined core. NGC 3500 lies 7.2' NW.
17.5"
(4/25/98): extremely faint, fairly small, round, 45" diameter, low even
surface brightness. Collinear with
two mag 11 stars 5' ESE and 9' ESE.
Brightest in trio with NGC 3465 14.5' WNW and NGC 3500 7' NW. Observation severely hampered by poor
transparency.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3523 = H II-904 on 2 Apr 1801 (sweep 1096) and noted "F,
pL, lbM." This is one
of 15 far northern galaxies with large systematic errors. The corrected position using Greenwich
plates (MN, 71, 509, 1911) reveals H II-904 = UGC 6105 = MCG +13-08-053, and
Dreyer repeated this position in the notes to his 1912 edition of WH's
catalogues. MCG does not label
this galaxy as NGC 3523. See NGC
2938 for more on this sweep.
******************************
NGC 3524 = UGC
6158 = MCG +02-28-050 = CGCG 066-112 = PGC 33604
11 06 32.1 +11
23 08
V = 12.8; Size 1.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 14d
17.5"
(4/1/95): moderately bright, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE, 1.5'x0.6'. Fairly sharp concentration with a
well-defined 15" bright core and an occasional stellar nucleus. A mag 11.5 star lies 0.9' NNW and a mag
13 star 2.0' NNW of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3524 = H III-23 = h819 on 11 Mar 1784 (sweep 164) and recorded
"vF, vS. I was not quite
assured of it till I put on 240x.
Very near it to the north are two smalls stars in a line with
it." JH made three
observations, first recording "vF; R; bM; has 2 stars exactly in a line
with centre, on 11-12 m, the other 13-14 m."
******************************
NGC 3525 = NGC
3528 = NGC 3497 = IC 2624 = ESO 570-006 = MCG -03-28-037 = PGC 33667
11 07 18.1 -19
28 19
See observing
notes for NGC 3528
Ormond Stone
independently discovered NGC 3525 = LM I-183 in 1886 and recorded "mag
12.0, 0.8' dia, gbMN." His
rough (nearest min of RA) is ~1.0 tmin west of ESO 570-006 (matches in dec).
This galaxy was
discovered by WH on 8 Mar 1790 and recorded as III-824 and later GC 2281 = NGC
3491. His position is within 2'
(typical error) of ESO 570-006, but the position in the GC, which was copied
into the NGC, is 6 min too far west (reduction or copying error). JH and Lewis Swift also independently
discovered the same galaxy, so there are four aliases in the NGC/IC! Namely, NGC 3497 = NGC 3528 = NGC 3525
= IC 2624. NGC 3528 is the primary
designation in modern catalogues.
See notes on NGC 3497 for more on the story.
******************************
NGC 3526 = NGC
3531 = UGC 6167 = MCG +01-28-039 = CGCG 038-129 = PGC 33635
11 06 56.8 +07
10 27
V = 13.2; Size 1.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 55d
17.5"
(4/1/95): fairly faint, nearly edge-on 5:1 SW-NE, 2.0'x0.4', very weak
concentration. A mag 13 star is
just off the SW end 1.3' from center.
Located 12' ENE of mag 8.3 SAO 118656 (at the west edge of the field).
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3526 = m 215 on 25 Mar 1865 and noted "eF, perhaps 2' long,
vm E ray, pos about 50¡." His
position and description matches UGC 6167.
Edward Holden
found this galaxy again on 27 Apr 1881 with the 15.6-inch refractor at the
Washburn Observatory in Wisconsin, and assumed it was new. His description for NGC 3531 reads
"E 50¡, * 11 at sp end", but his position was 30' too far south.
Spitaler equated the two identities NGC 3526 = NGC 3531.
******************************
NGC 3527 = UGC
6170 = MCG +05-26-059 = CGCG 155-066 = PGC 33669
11 07 18.2 +28
31 39
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.5
13.1"
(3/24/84): very faint, very small, round, smooth surface brightness. A mag 12 star is 2.1' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3527 = H III-350 = h820 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted
"vF, S." JH made 4 observations
and noted the mag 10-11 star that is 1' preceding.
******************************
NGC 3528 = NGC
3525 = NGC 3497 = IC 2624 = ESO 570-006 = MCG -03-28-037 = PGC 33667
11 07 18.1 -19
28 17
V = 11.9; Size 2.6'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 59d
17.5"
(5/4/02): moderately bright, fairly large contains a bright core ~45"
diameter increasing to a stellar nucleus.
Surrounding the core is a fairly large ill-defined halo elongated 3:2
SW-NE, ~2.5'x1.5' with a low surface brightness. A couple of faint stars are superimposed on the south
side. This galaxy may hold the
record for the most NGC/IC aliases as NGC 3528 = NGC 3525 = NGC 3497 = IC
2624. Forms a pair with NGC 3529
5' S.
John Herschel
independently discovered NGC 3528 = h3316 on 22 Mar 1835 and recorded "F;
S; R; pslbM; 20". The
preceding of 2 [with NGC 3529]."
His position is just 6 tsec west of ESO 570-006 = MCG -03-28-037.
WH discovered
this galaxy on 8 Mar 1790 (sweep 936) and recorded it as III-824 and later GC
2281 and NGC 3497. His position is
within 2' (typical error) of ESO 570-006, but the position in the GC, which was
copied into the NGC, is 6 min too far west (reduction or copying error). Ormond Stone and Lewis Swift also
independently discovered the same galaxy, so there are four aliases in the
NGC/IC! Namely, NGC 3497 = NGC
3528 = NGC 3525 = IC 2624. NGC
3528 is the primary designation in modern catalogues, despite the earlier
discovery of NGC 3497. See notes
on NGC 3497 for more on the identities.
******************************
NGC 3529 = ESO
570-007 = MCG -03-28-038 = IC 2625 = PGC 33671
11 07 19.1 -19
33 20
V = 14.2; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.5; PA = 55d
17.5"
(5/4/02): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated with very faint
extensions suspected at moments, ~45"x35", very weak
concentration. Forms a pair with
NGC 3528 = NGC 3525 = NGC 3497 just 5' N.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3529 = h3317 on 22 Mar 1835 and logged "eF; S; R; vlbM;
15". The following of 2 [with
NGC 3528]." His position is
just 0.1 tmin west of ESO 570-007.
NGC 3529 is 5' south of NGC 3528, which has 4 NGC/IC designation!
Lewis Swift
independently discovered this galaxy on 11 Apr 1898 and recorded it in list
XI-119. His position is just 1'
southeast of ESO 570-007, but Dreyer catalogued it again as IC 2625. So, NGC 3529 = IC 2625.
******************************
NGC 3530 = UGC
6188 = MCG +10-16-064 = CGCG 291-030 = PGC 33766
11 08 40.4 +57
13 48
V = 13.8; Size 0.6'x0.3'; Surf Br = 11.7; PA = 99d
17.5"
(3/12/88): fairly faint, very small, elongated ~E-W, bright core, probable
stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3530 = H III-915 = h821 on 8 Apr 1793 (sweep 1038) and noted
"vF, S." His position is
within 1' of UGC 6188. JH logged "eF;
S; R; pgbM; 10"."
******************************
NGC 3531 = NGC
3526 = UGC 6167 = MCG +01-28-039 = CGCG 038-129 = PGC 33635
11 06 56.3 +07
10 23
See observing
notes for NGC 3526.
Edward Holden
found NGC 3531 on 27 Apr 1881 with the 15.6-inch refractor at the Washburn
Observatory in Wisconsin. His
description from a second observation on 20 Apr 1882 reads "Nebula is
elongated 50¡ +/-, and at its sp end is a star 11m. * 11 at sp end" He added the comment "This may be
Marth 215 (GC 5546 = NGC 3526). If so, Marth's position appears to be a wrong.
" It was Holden who was
wrong, though -- his position is 30' too far south. Rudolph Spitaler equated the two identities NGC 3526 = NGC
3531 (IC 1 Notes section). See
Harold Corwin's NGC identification notes.
******************************
NGC 3532 = Pin
Cushion Cluster = Wishing Well Cluster = ESO 128-SC31 = Cr 238
11 05 48 -58 46
12
V = 3.0; Size 55'
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): this amazing naked-eye cluster packs several hundred
stars, filling the 20mm Nagler field (74x and 65' field of view) with
wall-to-wall stars in a 55'x35' region!
The central region is condensed and quite rich with several dense knots
consisting of pairs, triples, chains, etc. The brighter stars are extended ~E-W and includes 6th
magnitude K2-type star (HD 96544). There is no well-defined edge to this immense cluster
although a huge "U" shaped chain of stars extends around the
periphery. A neat equal-mag
equilateral triangle of stars stood out within the central maze of stars. The cluster is quite prominent naked-eye
as a 45' cloud just 3¡ ENE of Eta Carina in the NE corner of the rich Carina
starcloud and was densely packed with dozens of resolved stars in the 9x50mm
finder. Mag 3.9 V382 Carinae (a
Delta Cepheid variable not considered a cluster member) is just off the SE
side.
18" (7/7/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): This spectacular naked-eye and binocular
cluster (3¡ ENE of Eta Carina) filled the entire 51' field of the 27mm Panoptic
(76x) with several hundred stars mag 7 and fainter resolved. The cluster is unusually elongated
~E-W, perhaps 55'x30' and widening on the following side. The stars are irregularly distributed
with many in pairs, small groups, chains and loops. A group of about a dozen stars forms a perfect "S"
asterism. Interestingly, there is
a lack of dense knots although the entire central region is rich. Many of the stars appear to have a blue
or yellowish tint. This is one of
the very top open clusters in the sky although it is probably best in a wider
field view.
Nicolas-Louis de
Lacaille discovered NGC 3532 = Lac II-10 = D 323 = h3315 in 1751-1752 with a
1/2-inch telescope at 8x during his expedition to the Cape of Good Hope. He described a "prodigious number
of faint stars forming a semi-circle of 20 to 25 minutes diameter."
James Dunlop
observed the cluster 3 times and described "a very large cluster of stars
about the 9th magnitude, with a red star of the 7-8th magnitude, north
following the centre of the cluster. Elliptical figure: the stars are pretty
regularly scattered."
JH was very
impressed with the cluster, including it in a list of 'greatest hits':
"Among the nebulae which occur from 9h to 12h we have .. the beautiful
planetary nebula [NGC 2867], a perfect planet in appearance, with an attendant
satellite; the falcated nebula [NGC 3199]; Eta Argus with its nebula; the
superb cluster [NGC 3532]; the blue [Herschel's italics] planetary nebula [NGC
3918], a most exquisite and unique object ; and the beautiful cluster of
various coloured stars about Kappa Crucis [NGC 4755]." His first sweep on 31 Mar 1834 reported
"Chief star of a very large, round, loosely scattered cluster of stars
8..12th magnitude, which fills 2 or 3 fields. A fine bright object." His
next observation recorded "The chief star of a superb cluster, which has
several elegant double stars, and many orange-coloured ones." His third
reads: "A glorious cluster of immense magnitude, being at least 2 fields
in extent every way. The stars are 8, 9, 10 and 11 mag, but chiefly 10th
magnitude, of which there must be at least 200. It is the most brilliant object
of the kind I have ever seen."
******************************
NGC 3533 = NGC
3557A = ESO 377-011 = MCG -06-25-002 = AM 1104-365 = LGG 229-009 = PGC 33647
11 07 07.5 -37
10 22
V = 12.9; Size 2.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 65d
13.1"
(2/17/04 - Costa Rica): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 5:2 or 3:1
WSW-ENE, low fairly even surface brightness with just a weak, broad
concentration. A mag 14 star is
just north of the ENE tip. First
in the NGC 3557 group (40' NW of NGC 3557).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3533 = h3318 on 22 Apr 1835 and simply noted "eeF; attached
to a vS star." His position
is 14 sec of RA east of ESO 377-011 = PGC 33647 with the star at the northeast
tip.
******************************
NGC 3534 = NGC
3534A = UGC 6190 = MCG +05-26-062 = CGCG 155-072 = Holm 229a = KTG 35A = WBL
303-001 = PGC 33782
11 08 55.6 +26
36 38
V = 14.1; Size 1.3'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 88d
24"
(4/20/14): faint to fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 E-W, 0.8'x0.4',
low even surface brightness.
Largest in a trio (KTG 35) and brighter of a close pair with NGC 3534B =
UGC 6193 just 0.9' S. The
companion appeared faint, small, elongated 2:1 ~N-S, 24"x12", with
the major axis perpendicular to NGC 3534.
MCG +05-26-064 lies 2.9' ENE and appeared fairly faint, fairly small,
elongated 5:3 N-S, 25"x15", small bright core.
17.5"
(4/22/95): very faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 E-W, 1.0'x0.5', broad weak
concentration. A mag 9.5 star is
4.3' NW. This is a double system
with separation 0.9' between centers (unresolved) and forms a triplet with MCG
+05-26-064 2.9' ENE.
Otto Struve
discovered NGC 3534 on 18 Mar 1869 with the 15-inch Merz refractor at St
Petersburg while searching for Comet Winnecke (7P/Pons-Winnecke). He recorded a "Very faint nebua of
uniform light, located 3' southeast (PA 145¡) from a mag 9 star. His position is 12 sec of RA west of
UGC 6190.
******************************
NGC 3535 = UGC
6189 = MCG +01-29-004 = CGCG 039-010 = PGC 33760
11 08 34.0 +04
49 55
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 178d
17.5"
(3/22/96): faint, small, round, 30" diameter, brighter core. A mag 15 star is just 43" E of
center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3535 = H III-111 = h823 on 18 Apr 1784 (sweep 201) and recorded
"vF, vS, r, 240x confirmed it."
There is nothing at his position, but 33 sec of RA preceding and 1.5'
north is UGC 6189. JH measured an
accurate position. In Dreyer's
1912 revision of WH's catalogues, he explains issues with the telescope that
led to different reductions between Auwers and CH in the declination.
******************************
NGC 3536 = UGC
6191 = MCG +05-26-061 = CGCG 155-073 = PGC 33779
11 08 51.2 +28
28 32
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 155d
17.5"
(4/22/95): very faint, round, 40" diameter, low even surface
brightness. The 20' field has only
a half dozen stars. NGC 3539 lies
12.3' NNE. Probable member of AGC 1185 and located about 30' SW of the core of
the cluster.
John Herschel discovered
NGC 3536 = h822 on 24 Dec 1827 and noted "F; S; R; bM; 15 to 20"
dia." His position is 1.2' south of UGC 6191 = PGC 33779.
******************************
NGC 3537 = PGC
33752 = PGC 33753
11 08 26.6 -10
15 25
V = 12.8; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(5/4/02): fairly faint, fairly small, irregularly round, ~1.0'x0.8', moderate
surface brightness, weak concentration to an irregular nucleus. This is a double system with a
superimposed companion on the south side. Located 8' W of mag 8.7 SAO 138012. NGC 3527 is misidentified in the RNGC
and MCG as MCG -02-29-003 which is located 14' S (see visual observation).
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 3537 = T V-8 on 7 Feb 1878. He resolved and accurately measured the two components of
this double galaxy (PGC 33752 = PGC 33753).
Andrew Ainslie
Common found this galaxy in 1880 and described object #13 in his discovery list
as "2 stars inv in haze, Pos. 160 deg." RNGC and MCG both misidentify MCG -02-29-003 as NGC 3537. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 3538
11 11 33.1 +75
34 15
Size 9"
=**, Corwin Not found, RNGC.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3538 on 15 Sep 1866 and noted "vF, pL, *17
near." Just 20" north of
his single position is a pair of mag 14.9/15.1 stars at 9" separation
oriented NW-SE at this position.
In the 1911
Monthly Notices correction paper on WH's sweep of 2 Apr 1801, NGC 3538 was
noted (based on a Greenwich plate) as "Doubtful. Appears as a double star on the photographs. P 310¡, d
12", mags 17, 17." Based
on Heidelberg plates, Reinmuth noted "vS, = neb *14.0, *16 np 0.1', *14.5
f 0.7'. This description applies
to the brighter component of the double star, which is cleanly resolved on the
DSS. RNGC classifies the number as
nonexistent. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 3539 = MCG
+05-26-065 = CGCG 155-077 = PGC 33799
11 09 08.9 +28
40 20
V = 14.5; Size 1.1'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 3d
17.5"
(4/22/95): very faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 N-S, 0.6'x0.2'. Contains a small bright core with very
faint extensions. NGC 3536 lies
12.3' SSW. Member of AGC 1185.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3539 = h825 on 13 Apr 1831 and simply noted as
"eF". His position
matches CGCG 155-077 = PGC 33799.
******************************
NGC 3540 = NGC
3548 = UGC 6196 = MCG +06-25-011 = CGCG 185-011 = PGC 33806
11 09 16.1 +36
01 15
V = 13.3; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(4/22/95): fairly faint, fairly small, round, small bright core. Located 8' E of mag 7.3 SAO 62421 and
17' S of mag 5.7 SAO 62427.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3540 = h824 on 11 Mar 1831 and recorded "pF; R; psbM;
20"; a * 7m preceding, distance 7' - 8'." His position and description match UGC 6196.
NGC 3548, found
by JH the following year, is probably a duplicate observation with a 1.0 min
error in RA. See that number. This
galaxy was not plotted on the first edition of the Uranometria 2000.0 star
atlas.
******************************
NGC 3541 = MCG
-02-29-003 = PGC 33759
11 08 32.2 -10
29 30
V = 14.5; Size 1.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.8
17.5"
(5/4/02): very faint, fairly small, round, 0.5' diameter. Has a much lower surface brightenss
than NGC 3537 14' N. The NGC
identification is very uncertain due to an imprecise position by Common and NGC
3541 may apply to MCG -02-29-004 28' SSE.
This galaxy is identified as NGC 3537 in MCG and RNGC.
Andrew Ainslie
Common discovered NGC 3541 with his 36-inch silvered-glass reflector in 1880
and described a "Nebulous star, B centre." His rough discovery position is 12' north of MCG -02-29-004
and 15' south of MCG -02-29-003.
Both of these galaxies are possible candidates. Harold Corwin feels that based on
Common's description, MCG -02-29-003 = PGC 33759 is more likely.
Wolfgang
Steinicke credits Wilhelm Tempel with the discovery on 7 Feb 1878, but the
position and description in list I-31 appears to apply to a couple of very
faint stars.
MCG -02-29-003
is misidentified as NGC 3537 in MCG and RNGC (see notes for NGC 3537). RNGC misclassifies NGC 3541 as
nonexistent. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 3542 = MCG
+06-25-013 = CGCG 185-013 = PGC 33868
11 09 55.5 +36
56 47
V = 14.1; Size 0.8'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 45d
17.5"
(3/12/94): faint, small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, low surface brightness, no concentration. Forms a trio with NGC 3545 3.5' ENE and
MCG +06-25-014 3.3' N. MCG
+06-25-015 is at the edge of the field 11' N.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3542 = St XIII-60 on 26 Mar 1884. His position matches CGCG 185-013 = PGC 33868.
******************************
NGC 3543 = UGC
6213 = MCG +10-16-075 = CGCG 291-034 = PGC 33953
11 10 56.5 +61
20 49
V = 14.1; Size 1.3'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 8d
17.5"
(3/19/88): faint, moderately large, edge-on 5:1 ~N-S. A wide pair of mag 14 stars at 51" separation lie 2'
NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3543 = H III-920 = h826 on 9 Apr 1793 (sweep 1039) and noted
"eF, vS, E nearly in the meridian." CH's reduced position is 3.5' southwest of UGC 6213. JH's position is just 4 sec of time
east of this edge-on.
******************************
NGC 3544 = NGC
3571 = ESO 570-011 = MCG -03-29-001 = PGC 34028
11 11 30.3 -18
17 23
See observing
notes for NGC 3571.
Ormond Stone
found NGC 3544 = LM I-184 on 7 Jan 1886 at Leander McCormick Observatory. There is nothing at his rough position
(nearest minute of RA) but 2 minutes of RA east (same dec) is NGC 3571 = ESO
570-011 and Stone's position angle (95¡) and dimensions (2.5'x0.4') are a
perfect match with NGC 3571.
This galaxy was
discovered by William Herschel on 8 Mar 1790 and catalogued as II-819 (later
NGC 3571). So, NGC 3544 = NGC
3571. The primary designation should be NGC 3571, although RC3 labels this
galaxy NGC 3544. See Corwin's
notes.
******************************
NGC 3545 = VV
182 = MCG +06-25-016/-017 = CGCG 185-015 = PGC 33893
11 10 12.3 +36
57 53
V = 13.8; Size 0.7'x0.3'
17.5"
(3/12/94): faint, small, round, 40" diameter, slight even
concentration. Forms a trio with
NGC 3542 3.5' WSW and MCG +06-25-014 4.7' NW. MCG +06-25-015 lies 10.5' NNW. This is a double system with components separated by just
13" (oriented SW-NE).
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3545 = St XIII-61 on 26 Mar 1884. His position matches the double system MCG +06-25-016/017 or
(R)NGC 3545A/B. The individual
components appear to be at most 0.3'x0.3' and in contact SW-NE.
******************************
NGC 3546 = MCG
-02-29-007 = PGC 33846
11 09 46.8 -13
22 50
V = 13.3; Size 1.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 100d
17.5"
(5/4/02): faint, very small, slightly elongated, 25"x 20", stellar
nucleus. Apparently I picked up
the core region only as the arms have a much lower surface brightness.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 3546 = LM II-432 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory and noted "* 12m in PA 40¡ at
2.1'." His position is 0.3'
of RA west of MCG -02-29-007 = PGC
33846 and his description matches.
******************************
NGC 3547 = UGC
6209 = MCG +02-29-007 = CGCG 067-019 = PGC 33866
11 09 55.9 +10
43 14
V = 12.8; Size 1.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 7d
17.5"
(3/28/87): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated N-S, bright core. Possible member of the Leo group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3547 = H II-42 = h828 on 11 Mar 1784 (sweep 164) and recorded
"F, S. Does not require 240x
to see it." JH noted "F;
S; lE; of nearly uniform brightness."
******************************
NGC 3548 = NGC
3540 = UGC 6196 = MCG +06-25-011 = CGCG 185-011 = PGC 33806
11 09 16.1 +36
01 15
See observing
notes for NGC 3540.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3548 = h827 on 7 Feb 1832 and noted "eF; R; a * 8m
precedes." There is nothing
at his position buyt 1.0 min of RA west is NGC 3540, which he discovered the
previous year on 11 Mar 1831, and the two descriptions are very similar. RNGC equates NGC 3548 with NGC
3540. See Harold Corwin's NGC
identification notes for more on this number.
******************************
NGC 3549 = UGC
6215 = MCG +09-18-097 = CGCG 267-047 = PGC 33964
11 10 56.8 +53
23 17
V = 12.1; Size 3.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 38d
17.5"
(4/22/95): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 5:2 SW-NE, 2.6'x1.0',
broad concentration. The ends fade into the background but do not taper giving
a boxy impression. Three collinear
mag 13.5 stars nearly parallel the galaxy off the SE side. The nearest is 1.7' ESE of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3549 = H I-220 on 12 Apr 1789 (sweep 919) and recorded "cB,
E, 70¡ np to sf, 3 or 4' long, about 2' br." His position is within 1.5' (typical error) of UGC 6215. A second observation was made two
nights later to start sweep 920.
A sketch made on
29 Feb 1868 at Birr Castle shows a curving shape with the comments "Lord
R. remarks; - south end much spread out.
We were almost certain of the branches given in diagram, n one most
decided."
******************************
NGC 3550 = UGC
6214 = MCG +05-27-002 = CGCG 155-082 = CGCG 156-003 = PGC 33927
11 10 38.5 +28
46 04
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2
13.1"
(3/24/84): brightest in the AGC 1185 cluster. Faint, small, round.
A mag 11 star is 1.5' E and a mag 12 star 1.5' SSW. NGC 3552 lies 4.7' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3550 = H III-351 = h829 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and recorded
"Two [along with III-352 = NGC 3552], both vF and vS. The most south [NGC 3552] is the
faintest and but for the other could not have been observed." JH made 6 disparate descriptions in
terms of brightness, ranging from eF to B, and in the GC notes, he suggested
this was possibly a variable nebula.
******************************
NGC 3551 = CGCG
125-032 = Holm 230b = PGC 33825
11 09 42.8 +21
44 07
Size 0.2'x0.2'
17.5"
(4/15/99): extremely faint, very small, possibly elongated but difficult to
confirm, 20" in diameter.
Could not resolve this double system with certainty (or only viewed the
brighter component). Located 1.4'
SSW of NGC 3555.
17.5"
(3/12/94): very faint, very small, round, fairly low even surface
brightness. Forms a close pair
with NGC 3555 1.4' NNE. This is a
double system [29" between centers] which was not resolved or only one
component visible. Member of AGC
1177.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 3551 = Sw I-10, along with Sw I-11 = NGC 3555 on 24 Aug 1883,
and noted "eeF; vS; R; diff; s of 2." His position is 50 sec of RA east of CGCG 125-032 (close
pair) but similar in declination.
His relative separation with NGC 3555 is 10 sec of RA and 0.5'
north. This suggests NGC 3555 =
UGC 6203 (brightest in the cluster), though the actual RA difference is 3.2
tsec of RA. CGCG 125-032 is not
labeled NGC 3551 in UGC (notes) or CGCG.
RNGC and PGC identify the brighter western component of this double as
NGC 3551.
As an
alternative identification, Corwin suggests that NGC 3551 = UGC 6203 and NGC
3555 = CGCG 125-034, but the declination separation of 3' is much larger than
Swift's 0.5'. I feel this solution
is less likely.
******************************
NGC 3552 = MCG
+05-27-004 = CGCG 155-085nf = CGCG 156-006nf = PGC 33932
11 10 42.9 +28
41 35
V = 14.6; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1
13.1"
(3/24/84): very faint glow that is slightly brighter than NGC 3553, situated
very close SW just 44" from center.
Located in the core of AGC 1185.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3552 = H III-352 = h832 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and recorded
"Two [along with III-351 = NGC 3550], both vF and vS. The most south [NGC 3552] is the
faintest and but for the other could not have been observed." JH made 3 observations, describing on
sweep 65 "so excessively faint as hardly to be discerned on long
attention. The second of a group
of 3 [with NGC 3561]." See
notes on NGC 3553.
******************************
NGC 3553 = MCG
+05-27-003 = CGCG 155-085sw = CGCG 156-006sw = PGC 1842970
11 10 40.5 +28
41 06
V = 13.8; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.5
13.1"
(3/24/84): very faint, extremely small.
Located very close SW of NGC 3552 (44" between centers). The pair is just resolved at 220x. Located in the core of rich cluster AGC
1185.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 3553 = Big 45 on 13 Mar 1885 and recorded
"20" diam; forms a double nebula with GC 2320 [NGC 3552]." His position, though, matches NGC 3552,
as he assumed the galaxy 0.7' southwest (MCG +05-27-003 = PGC 1842970) was GC
2320. So, the positions in the NGC
for NGC 3552 and NGC 3553 actually apply to the same galaxy. Since Bigourdan clearly discovered MCG
+05-27-003, Harold Corwin suggests it should be labeled NGC 3553. That places the numbering out of order
in RA. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 3554 = MCG
+05-27-007 = CGCG 155-086 = CGCG 156-007 = PGC 33948
11 10 47.9 +28
39 36
V = 14.4; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7
13.1"
(3/24/84): extremely faint and small.
Located in the core of AGC 1185 close SSE of the NGC 3552/NGC 3553
pair. Appears just non-stellar and
near the visual threshold.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3554 = h833 on 24 Dec 1827 and noted "F; R; bM; not vS; PD
mistaken 10'; corrected." His
position is 1.5' north of CGCG 155-086 = CGCG 156-007 = PGC 33948.
******************************
NGC 3555 = UGC
6203 = MCG +04-26-035 = CGCG 125-033 = Holm 230a = PGC 33836
11 09 44.4 +21
45 32
V = 12.8; Size 1.8'x1.7'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 30d
17.5"
(4/15/99): brightest of trio with NGC 3551 1.4' SSW and CGCG 125-034. Appears
very faint, small, round, 0.7' diameter.
Located 9' NW of three mag 9 stars which form a shallow arc. This galaxy
is the brightest in AGC 1177.
17.5"
(3/12/94): faint, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter, weak even concentration
to brighter core and very small nucleus.
A trio of mag 9 stars are in the field 8'-9' S including mag 8.9 SAO
81702 9.1' SE and mag 9.2 SAO 81700 8.7' SSE. Forms a close pair with NGC 3551 1.4' SSW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 3555 = Sw I-11, along with NGC 3551 = Sw I-10, on 24 Aug
1883. There is nothing at his
position, but exactly 1.0 min west is UGC 62035, the brightest member of the
cluster. UGC, MCG and CGCG fail to
label this galaxy as NGC 3555.
This assignment implies NGC 3551 = CGCG 125-032, a faint double double
system close southwest. See
Corwin's notes for an alternate interpretation of the identifications.
******************************
NGC 3556 = M108
= UGC 6225 = VV 529 = MCG +09-18-098 = CGCG 267-048 = CGCG 268-001 = PGC 34030
11 11 31.8 +55
40 14
V = 10.0; Size 8.7'x2.2'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 80d
48"
(5/12/12): extremely bright and large, very elongated at least 4:1 WSW-ESE,
~8'x2'. This galaxy has a unique
tortured appearance and is riddled with irregular dust lanes and patches. A very irregular dust lane courses
through the galaxy along the major axis, but north of the core. A bright mag 12.5 star is superimposed
just west of center and following this star is a bright, large elongated knot
[HK83] 87. Very close west of the
star is a small, faint knot [HK83] 108 and a large dust patch is just west of
this knot. On the west edge of the
dust patch (1.2' W of the star) is another bright, elongated knot with multiple
HII designations including [HK83] 146.
18"
(5/14/07): very bright, very large, elongated 4:1 WSW-ENE, ~8'x2'. This striking galaxy has a very
mottled, patchy appearance with the main body appearing twisted or
distorted. A few brighter patches
or knots are visible along the major axis with a prominent knot along the west
side. The core region is streaked
with dust. The brightest portions
of the two extensions have slightly different orientations or central
axes! The galaxy bulges out a bit
on the east end and the galaxy appears to bend a bit towards the north on the
west end adding to the asymmetry.
A couple of faint stars are superimposed on the eastern extension and close
to the center is a prominent mag 12.5 star masquerading as a bright, stellar
nucleus. The Owl Nebula, M97, lies
48' SE.
17.5"
(2/25/84): very bright, very large, edge-on 4:1 WSW-ENE, 8.0'x2.0'. A mag 12 star is superimposed just west
of center (V = 12.5) appearing similar to a bright stellar nucleus. Two fainter stars are also superimposed
east of the core. A bright knot is
visible west of the core (1.3' W of the star) and the region near the core
appears dusty. A mag 12 star is
just south of the west end, 4.9' from the center.
17.5"
(3/12/88): very bright, very large, a bright star is superimposed near the
center, knot visible west of the core.
13"
(2/25/84): fairly bright, very elongated, stellar nucleus.
Pierre MŽchain
discovered M108 = NGC 3556 = V-46 = h831 in Feb or Mar 1781. An accurate
position was measured by Messier and added by hand to his personal copy of the
catalogue, but a later edition was never published.
WH independently
discovered the galaxy on 17 Apr 1789 (sweep 922) and recorded V-46 as "vB,
10' long and 2' br, resolvable. An
unconnected pB star in the middle."
JH made a single observation and noted "B; vL; p b r; vmE; pos
79¡. Has a distinct star in centre
and 1 or 2 vS stars elsewhere."
At Birr Castle, M108 was described in various observations as
"twisted", "mottled", "patched and irregular",
"knots".
******************************
NGC 3557 = ESO
377-016 = MCG -06-25-005 = AM 1107-371 = LGG 229-003 = PGC 33871
11 09 57.6 -37
32 21
V = 10.4; Size 4.1'x3.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 30d
13.1"
(2/17/04 - Costa Rica): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE,
2.5'x1.5'. Sharply concentrated
with a prominent 40" core.
With averted vision the diffuse outer halo extends to 3'x2' in
size. A mag 10.5 star lies 3.3'
SE. Brightest in a group (Klemola
18) including NGC 3564 7.7' E and NGC 3568 11.5' NE and part of the
Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster. ESO
377-012, 20' WSW, appeared faint, moderately large, elongated roughly 2:1
NW-SE, 1.0'x0.5'. This galaxy has
a very unusual appearance as a mag 12.8 star is superimposed and the galaxy
appears as a faint, elongated, low surface brightness haze to the south of the
star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3557 = h3319 on 21 Apr 1835 and noted "pB; S; R;
bM." His position (2 observations)
matches ESO 377-016.
******************************
NGC 3558 = MCG
+05-27-008 = CGCG 155-089 = CGCG 156-010 = Mrk 422 = PGC 33960
11 10 55.9 +28
32 37
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1
13.1"
(3/24/84): this is the second brightest galaxy in the rich cluster AGC
1185. Faint, very small,
round. There is a string of four
faint stars preceding.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3558 on 15 Apr 1866 and viewed at 123x, 148x and
226x. His position is 1.3' too far
north.
******************************
NGC 3559 = UGC
6217 = MCG +02-29-008 = CGCG 067-025 = PGC 33940
11 10 45.2 +12
00 58
V = 12.7; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 55d
17.5"
(5/4/02): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 1.2'x0.8',
fairly low surface brightness, brighter core. IC 2628 is located 14' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3559 = H III-79 on 12 Apr 1784 (sweep 188) and noted "eF,
not L, lE, r." His position
(CH's reduction) is 6' too far
south. Heinrich d'Arrest measured
an accurate position (twice) and noted the 6' error in WH's position. NGC 3560 is a duplicate observation
with a poor declination.
******************************
NGC 3560 = NGC
3559 = UGC 6217 = MCG +02-29-008 = CGCG 067-025
11 10 45.2 +12
00 58
See observing
notes for NGC 3559.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3560 = h834 on 6 Apr 1831 and recorded "F; R; gbM; 20"
(conspicuous). The PD of the
working list [for H III-79] is 6' out, owing to which I have often looked for
it in vain." Although he was
correct about the error in the polar distance of III-79, JH's polar distance
was off by 50'.
Ignoring his
previous equivalence with III-79 (NGC 3559), JH gave h834 a separate GC
designation (2324) at his erroneous position. Dreyer followed JH, and added the duplicate designation NGC
3560. Harold Corwin (private
correspondence on 10 Aug 1995) identifies NGC 3560 = h834 = H III 79 = NGC 3559
as JH originally stated. See
Corwin's notes for full discussion.
******************************
NGC 3561 = Arp
105 NED2 = VV 237a = UGC 6224a = MCG +05-27-010 = CGCG 155-090 NED2 = CGCG
156-011 NED2 = PGC 33991
11 11 13.3 +28
41 46
V = 13.7; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0
48"
(5/12/12): bright, fairly small, round, 0.6' diameter, small bright core. Forms a close pair with NGC 3561A 0.9'
N. The companion appeared fairly
bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, 30"x20", small bright
core.
At 488x, a very
low surface extension or plume reaches 30" S. The dwarf galaxy "Ambartsumian's Knot" was
occasionally visible near its southern end as an extremely faint stellar
spot. A number of galaxies within
AGC 1185 are nearby including MCG +05-27-012 1.6' SW, which appeared fairly
faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, 0.3'x0.2'.
MCG +05-27-012,
1.6' SE of NGC 3561, is fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE,
0.3'x0.2'. 2MASX
J11112084+2840183, 2.2' SE of NGC 3561 and 39" SE of MCG +05-27-012,
appeared faint, small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 16"x8".
13.1"
(3/24/84): very faint, very diffuse spot with averted. This member of AGC 1185 is slightly
larger than most members.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3561 = h835 on 30 Mar 1827 and simply noted "vF. The last of a group of 4 [with NGC
3550, 3552 and 3554]." On a
later sweep he called it "F; pL; 8' dist from another [NGC 3550] and 30¡
south-following it." He
likely picked up the brighter southern component of this multiple system.
RC2 lists the
components as NGC 3561A = MCG +05-27-011 (northern) and NGC 3561B = MCG
+05-27-010 (southern). The dwarf galaxy "Ambartsumian's knot" is located
at the southern end of a plume extending from NGC 3561B.
******************************
NGC 3562 = UGC
6242 = MCG +12-11-011 = CGCG 334-013 = PGC 34134
11 12 58.7 +72
52 45
V = 12.2; Size 1.7'x1.3'; PA = 165d
17.5"
(3/28/92): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated ~E-W, gradually brighter
halo, small bright core. A mag
14.5 star is 1.2' NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3562 = H II-337 = h830 on 3 Apr 1785 (sweep 390) and noted
"pF, pS, bM." CH's
reduction is within 2' of UGC 6242.
JH recorded "pF; lE; gbM; 20"; a * 15m dist 70"; pos from
neb 22.1¡."
******************************
NGC 3563 = UGC
6234 = MCG +05-27-013/14 = (CGCG 156-014) = Holm 234a = PGC 34025
11 11 25.3 +26
57 49
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 15d
18"
(5/31/03): faint, very small, round, 0.4' diameter. This is a double galaxy and a very small companion was just
resolved on the west edge. NGC
3563A appears as an extremely faint, round "knot" (perhaps 10"
diameter) just 17" W of center.
Located 3.3' S of mag 9.5 SAO 81711.
Otto Struve
discovered NGC 3563 on 18 Mar 1869 with the 15-inch Merz refractor at Pulkovo
Observatory in St Petersburg. He
found this galaxy while searching for Comet Winnecke (7P/Pons-Winnecke) and
noted it was 2' south of a mag 8 star in PA 169¡. RC 3 and the first edition of the Deep Sky Field Guide label
this galaxy NGC 3563B and the fainter companion NGC 3563A.
******************************
NGC 3564 = ESO
377-018 = MCG -06-25-006 = AM 1108-371 = LGG 229-004 = PGC 33923
11 10 36.4 -37
32 51
V = 12.1; Size 2.1'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 15d
13.1"
(2/17/04 - Costa Rica): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE,
1.4'x0.6', weak concentration and tapers at the ends (spindle-shaped). Follows NGC 3557 by 7.7' in a group
(Klemola 18) and bracketed by two mag 13 stars 2' NW and 2' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3564 = h3320 on 21 Apr 1835 and logged "F; S; R; bM. On the same parallel with [NGC
3557]." His position and
description matches ESO 377-018 = PGC 33923.
******************************
NGC 3565 = NGC
3566: = ESO 570-IG 008 = PGC 33701
11 07 47.8 -20
01 18
V = 14.3; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 126d
18"
(3/17/07): very faint, very small, slightly elongated, 20"x15". Located 13' WNW a mag 8.3 HD 96800. The identification of this galaxy with
NGC 3565 is not certain and the number (along with NGC 3566) may apply to IC
2623 and a star just south. Listed
as nonexistent in the RNGC.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 3565 = LM I-185, along with NGC 3566, in 1886 with the 26"
refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. Both objects were given the same rough position (nearest min
of RA and marked as +/-). There is
nothing near his position.
ESO, RC3 and PGC
identify NGC 3565 = NGC 3566 = ESO 570-008, an interacting double galaxy
roughly 2.5 min of RA east of Stone's position (typical error in the first
discovery list). On the POSS, the
images of these two small galaxies are merged and difficult to resolve. So, it's possible that Stone observed
this galaxy and a nearby faint star for his second object. RNGC classifies NGC 3565 and 3566 as
nonexistent. Also, see my RNGC
Corrections #6 and Harold Corwin's NGC identification notes.
******************************
NGC 3566 = NGC
3565: = ESO 570-IG008 = PGC 33701
11 07 47.8 -20
01 20
V = 14.3; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 126d
See observing
notes for NGC 3565.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 3566 = LM I-186, along with NGC 3565, in 1886 with the 26"
refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. See NGC 3565.
******************************
NGC 3567 = UGC
6230 = MCG +01-29-011 = CGCG 039-051 = PGC 34004
11 11 18.7 +05
50 10
V = 13.3; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 132d
18"
(3/5/05): fairly faint, round, contains a relatively bright stellar or quasi-stellar
nucleus surrounded by a round, faint halo. Forms a double system with MCG +01-29-012 39" SE. The companion appeared very faint, very
small, 20" diameter.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3567 = H III-89 = h836 on 13 Apr 1784 (sweep 191) and logged
"eF. I am a little doubtful
of the reality. His position is 30
sec of RA west and 3' north of UGC 6230, the only object in the vicinity. JH made two observations, measured a
fairly accurate position, but was uncertain of the identification with III-89
(because of the poor position). He
also noted "an appearance of stars", perhaps picking up the close
companion as stellar!
******************************
NGC 3568 = ESO
377-020 = MCG -06-25-009 = LGG 229-008 = PGC 33952
11 10 48.5 -37
26 52
V = 12.3; Size 2.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 7d
13.1"
(2/17/04 - Costa Rica): fairly faint, very elongated 7:2 N-S, 1.5'x0.4', fairly
low even surface brightness.
Cradled by a trio of mag 10-11 stars just following (the 2 stars off the
north and south ends are parallel to the major axis). NGC 3564 lies 6.7' SSW and NGC 3557, the brightest member of
the Klemola 18 group, is 11.5' SSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3568 = h3321 on 21 Apr 1835 and recorded "eF; pL; involving
several stars. The last of 3 [with
with NGC 3557 and 3564]. The next
night he noted "F; R; near 3 bright stars." His position is 1' south of ESO 377-020 = PGC 33952 and the
description matches.
******************************
NGC 3569 = UGC
6238 = MCG +06-25-020 = CGCG 185-018 = PGC 34075
11 12 08.1 +35
27 08
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3
18"
(5/31/03): faint, small, round, 0.5' diameter, very weak concentration with no
visible core.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3569 on 27 Apr 1864. His single position matches UGC 6238 and the description
mentions the mag 12 star to the west-northwest by 3.5'. A faint companion 1.8'
SW was discovered by Hermann Kobold (K 14) in 1899 with the 18-inch at
Strassburg, though published in 1909, too late for inclusion in the IC2.
******************************
NGC 3570 = UGC
6240 = MCG +05-27-019 = CGCG 156-018 = PGC 34071
11 12 03.3 +27
35 23
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(4/14/01): fairly faint, small, round, 30" diameter. Forms a pair with NGC 3574 at 2.9'
NE. Brightest in a faint group.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3570 = St IX-23, along with NGC 3574, on 15 Mar 1877. His position matches UGC 6240. This galaxy is the brightest in a group
with NGC 3754 2.9' NE.
In Emmanuel
Esmiol's re-reduction of Stephan's positions at Marseille Observatory, he
removed NGC 3570 and replaced it with an anonymous galaxy, as if the NGC
position is in error, but his new position matches the old!
******************************
NGC 3571 = NGC
3544 = ESO 570-011 = MCG -03-29-001 = PGC 34028
11 11 30.3 -18
17 23
V = 12.1; Size 3.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 94d
17.5"
(1/31/87): fairly faint, moderately large. Contains a small bright core surrounded by a faint halo
elongated 2:1 ~E-W. Located 19' NW
of mag 6.1 Psi Crateris.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3571 = H II-819 on 8 Mar 1790 (sweep 936) and reported "pF,
pL, bM, iF." His position
matches ESO 570-011 = PGC 34028.
Ormond Stone
independently discovered the galaxy on 7 Jan 1886 at the Leander-McCormick
Observatory. His rough position (nearest min of RA) for NGC 3544 = LM I-184 is
two tmin too far west, but his description matches. So, NGC 3571 = NGC 3544. The primary designation should be NGC 3571, although RC3
labels this galaxy NGC 3544.
******************************
NGC 3572 = ESO
129-SC1 = Cr 239
11 10 19 -60 14
54
V = 6.6; Size 20
18" (7/7/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x, this is an 8' irregular group of
80-100 stars including a mag 7.9 star on the west side and about a dozen mag 10
stars. A mag 6.7 star lies 11' SE
of center outside of the apparent cluster (but part of Cr 240). A dark patch abuts the cluster and
there is an impression of more bright and dark nebulosity in the field. At 128x with the UHC filter, the
cluster is adjacent to a large field of faint nebulosity to the north (RCW 54)
with the borders of the nebulosity seemingly obscured by dust. Located 16' NW of mag 4.6 HD 97534.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3572 = h3323 on 14 Mar 1834 and noted "Middle of a
tolerably rich cluster, class VIII."
His position is good.
******************************
NGC 3573 = ESO
377-022 = AM 1108-363 = MCG -06-25-011 = LGG 229-010 = PGC 34005
11 11 18.3 -36
52 33
V = 12.3; Size 3.6'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 4d
16" LX200
(4/14/07): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 ~N-S, bright
core, very small bright nucleus, faint extensions. A string of three mag 11.5-12.5 stars oriented E-W follow
with the closest star 2.3' E and a mag 14.5 star is at the east edge. Located on the north side of the NGC
3557 group (part of the Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster) in the NW corner of
Centaurus near the Antlia border.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3573 = h3322 on 20 Apr 1835 and recorded "eF; R; glbM;
20"; precedes 3 stars 11 and 12 mag, nearly on the same parallel. His position is 1.3' north o fESO
377-022 = PGC 34005 and the description matches.
******************************
NGC 3574 = MCG
+05-27-022 = CGCG 156-020 = PGC 34080
11 12 12.1 +27
37 29
V = 14.8; Size 0.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5" (4/14/01):
extremely faint, very small, round, 15" diameter, no details and requires
averted vision. Located 2.9' NE of
NGC 3570 and second brightest in a group.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3574 = St IX-24, along with NGC 3570 on 15 Mar 1877. His position matches MCG +05-27-022.
******************************
NGC 3575 = NGC
3162 = UGC 5510 = MCG +04-24-019 = CGCG 123-026
10 13 31.6 +22
44 15
See observing
notes for NGC 3162.
Heinrich
d'Arrest found NGC 3575 on 21 Feb 1863.
He noted it was "moderately bright, R, 45" diam. A mag 11 stars precedes at 3'
separation and a mag 16 star is 1' southeast. There is nothing at his position and Bigourdan and Reinmuth
(Heidelberg plate) both reported negative results.
But Harold
Corwin discovered that d'Arrest's RA was exactly one hour too large, and once
corrected his position as well as description is a perfect match with NGC 3162,
discovered by WH in 1784. d'Arrest
made the same error with NGC 3760 that evening and with NGC 3167 on 1 May 1862.
******************************
NGC 3576 = ESO
129-EN005 = RCW 57 = PP 79 = Ced 113a
11 11 32.7 -61
21 48
Size 20'x15'
18" (7/7/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): NGC 3576 is the first of six sections in a
small, but very interesting nebulous complex consisting of NGC 3576, NGC 3579,
NGC 3581, NGC 3582, NGC 3584 and NGC 3586 – all situated in the same low
power field with NGC 3603! The
entire group is often referred to as the NGC 3576 nebular complex or the RCW
57A region.
NGC 3576 is a
somewhat isolated patch on the southwest side, about 5' from the main
sections. At 128x and a UHC filter
it appeared as a faint, circular hazy patch of low surface brightness with a
mag 12.5 star at the west side and ~1.5' in diameter. NGC 3579 is a small, fan or wedge-shaped section located
just to the west of larger NGC 3584.
It appears 2' in size with a 12th magnitude star at the south tip and
spreads to the north and west from this star. NGC 3581 is the brightest section of this complex and has
sharply defined borders running SW-NE and NW-SE, meeting at a right angle about
1' WNW of mag 9.2 SAO 251313. The overall size is ~2'x1.5' with an irregular
surface brightness. It is just
disconnected from NGC 3582, which is close NE. NGC 3582 is another fan-shaped section which wraps around a
mag 10.6 star. It has a
well-defined edge running SW to NE with the northern border running E-W. The
brighter star is embedded roughly in the center and several mag 13 stars are
near the border. The diameter is
~2' (similar in size to NGC 3581 just SW). NGC 3584 is the furthest NE and the largest section of
nebulosity. It appears as a
looping arc about 3.5'x1', bowed out towards the east and extending mostly N-S
and narrowing at the north end. A
few mag 12 stars are off the edges.
NGC 3579 appears as nearly a continuation of this loop towards the
west. Finally, NGC 3586, the last
in the complex, is situated ~4' SE of the center of the group of nebulae. It appears as a faint, elongated steak
of 2' length oriented N-S with an 11th magnitude star about 40" NE of the
north tip. The entire group was
roughly sketched and easily matched up with the DSS later. NGC 3603 lies ~25' E.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3576 = h3324 on 16 Mar 1834 and recorded "F, oval. The first of a group of 6. Place by collation of
diagrams." His (rough)
position is too far southwest. His
sketch was included in the CGH Observations, plate IV, figure 10.
Joseph Turner
also sketched the group of nebulae on 19 May 1876 using the Great Melbourne
Telescope (see http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/lithograph_m_4_35.php).
******************************
NGC 3577 = UGC
6257 = MCG +08-21-006 = CGCG 242-010 = PGC 34195
11 13 44.9 +48
16 22
V = 13.4; Size 1.4'x1.4'; Surf Br = 14.0
17.5"
(4/6/91): very faint, small, slightly elongated WNW-ESE. A mag 11.5 star is 30" SE of the
outer halo and 1.2' from center.
Forms a pair with NGC 3583 5.2' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3577 = H III-723 on 1 Apr 1788 (sweep 822) and noted "eF,
vS. It is south preceding the
foregoing nebula [NGC 3583]."
His position is 4.5' north of UGC 6257, but this is the same offset as
NGC 3583, so the identification is certain.
******************************
NGC 3578
11 12 48 -15 57
=**?,
Corwin "Not found",
Carlson.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3578 = h837 on 16 Dec 1827 and recorded an uncertain
"Nova" as "A doubtful object, but probably a nebula." There is nothing near his position that
he might have picked up. Dorothy
Carlson reports "not found" in her 1940 NGC errata list. Harold Corwin lists a couple of single
or double stars that JH might have noted.
******************************
NGC 3579 = ESO
129-EN008 = RCW 57 = Ced 113b
11 11 58 -61 14
41
18" (7/7/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): NGC 3579 is a small, fan or wedge-shaped
section located just to the west of larger NGC 3584 within the RCW 57
complex. It appears 2' in size
with a 12th magnitude star at the south tip and spreading to the north and west
from this star. This is the second
of 6 separate pieces catalogued by John Herschel.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3579 = h3325, in a group of nebulae, on 14 Mar 1834 and noted
"R, sbM, by diagram. Place by collation of diagrams." Joseph Turner also sketched the group
of nebulae on 19 May 1876 using the Great Melbourne Telescope (see
http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/lithograph_m_4_35.php).
******************************
NGC 3580 = MCG
+01-29-018 = CGCG 039-075 = PGC 34159
11 13 15.9 +03
39 26
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 178d
17.5"
(5/4/02): faint, very small, 20" diameter (core), quasi-stellar
nucleus. At moments there are
faint extensions N-S. A mag 13
star lies 1.3' ESE of center.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 3580 = T I-32 in 1876.
His position and description (a mag 14 star follows by 3 - 4 sec of
time) matches CGCG 039-075 = PGC 34159.
******************************
NGC 3581 = ESO
129-EN009 = Gum 38a = RCW 57 = Ced 113c
11 12 00.0 -61
18 18
18" (7/7/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): NGC 3581 is the brightest section of this
complex and has sharply defined borders running SW-NE and NW-SE, meeting at a
right angle about 1' WNW of mag 9.2 SAO 251313. The overall size is ~2'x1.5'
with an irregular surface brightness.
NGC 3581 is just disconnected from NGC 3582, which is close NE.
A very young,
infrared cluster (identified in SIMBAD as " NGC3576 IR Cluster") is
on the western side of the HII region, including a number of massive young
stellar objects (YSOs).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3581 = h3326 on 14 Mar 1834 in an HII complex and noted "a
* 12m, with a fan nebula attached.
Place by direct observation."
Joseph Turner also sketched the group of nebulae on 19 May 1876 using
the Great Melbourne Telescope (see
http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/lithograph_m_4_35.php).
******************************
NGC 3582 = ESO
129-EN010 = RCW 57 = Ced 113d
11 12 08.1 -61
16 30
18" (7/7/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): NGC 3582 is another fan-shaped section
which wraps around a mag 10.6 star.
It has a well-defined edge running SW to NE with the northern border
running E-W. The brighter star is
embedded roughly in the center and several mag 13 stars are near the border. The diameter is ~2' (similar in size to
NGC 3581 just SW).
John Herschel discovered
NGC 3582 = h3327 on 14 Mar 1834 in a complex of emission nebulae. He noted "R; has a * in
middle. Place by collation of
diagrams."
Joseph Turner
sketched the complex of nebulae in 1876 with the 48" Great Melbourne
Telescope (see http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/lithograph_m_4_35.php)
******************************
NGC 3583 = UGC
6263 = MCG +08-21-008 = CGCG 242-012 = PGC 34232
11 14 10.8 +48
19 06
V = 11.1; Size 2.8'x1.8'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 125d
17.5"
(4/6/91): fairly bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, 1.5'x1.0', bright
core, stellar nucleus at moments.
A mag 14 star is just off the south side 1.5' from the center. Forms a pair with NGC 3577 5.2' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3583 = H II-728 on 5 Feb 1788 (sweep 808) and recorded "pB,
pL, R, vgmbM." His position
on sweep is 4' north of UGC 6263 (similar offset as NGC 3577 = II-723 on sweep
822).
******************************
NGC 3584 = ESO
129-EN012 = RCW 57 = Ced 113e
11 12 19.2 -61
13 12
18" (7/7/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): NGC 3584 is the furthest northeast and the
largest section of nebulosity. It
appears as a looping arc about 3.5'x1', bowed out towards the east and
extending mostly N-S and narrowing at the north end. A few mag 12 stars are off the edges. NGC 3579 appears as nearly a
continuation of this loop towards the west.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3584 = h3329 on 16 Mar 1834 in a complex of emission nebulae and
recorded "L, bM, E in meridian.
Place by collation of diagram."
Joseph Turner
sketched the complex on 19 May 1876 with the 48" Great Melbourne Telescope
(http://www.docdb.net/history/texts/1885osngmt________e/lithograph_m_4_35.php),
and NGC 3584 is shown as a looping nebulosity, narrowing on the north end and matching
my description and the photographic appearance.
******************************
NGC 3585 = ESO
502-025 = MCG -04-27-004 = PGC 34160
11 13 17.1 -26
45 18
V = 09.9; Size 4.7'x2.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 107d
17.5"
(4/6/91): very bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE, very high surface
brightness, very bright core, stellar nucleus. Two mag 13.5 stars are 2.5' NE and 3.3 ' NNW. Forms the western vertex of a near
equilateral triangle with two mag 8.5 stars (SAO 179663 and 179667) 8.4' E and 8.4'
SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3585 = H II-269 = h3328 on 9 Dec 1784 (sweep 676) and noted
"pB, pL, lE, mbB." His
position at the south edge of the galaxy. JH made two observations from the CGH
and first logged "vB, pL, pmE; forms equilateral triangle with two stars
8th and 8-9 mag following, distant 6' or 7'."
******************************
NGC 3586 = ESO
129-EN013 = RCW 57 = Ced 113f
11 12 29.2 -61
20 54
18" (7/7/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): NGC 3586 is the last in the complex is situated
~4' SE of the center of the complex.
It appears as a faint, elongated steak of 2' length oriented N-S with an
11th magnitude star about 40" NE of the north tip.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3586 = h3330 on 14 Mar 1834 in a complex of emission nebulae and
recorded "S, oval, E in pos 160¡ +/- by diagram. Place by collation of diagrams; the last of a group of
6."
Joseph Turner
sketched NGC 3586 as a thin filament on 19 May 1876 with the 48" Great
Melbourne Telescope. This matches
the photographic appearance.
******************************
NGC 3587 = M97 =
Owl Nebula = PK 148+57.1 = PN G148.4+57.0
11 14 47.7 +55
01 08
V = 9.8; Size 202"x196"
48"
(4/19/15): at 375x and 488x w/NPB filter; although the unfiltered view was
excellent, adding a NPB filter at 488x ramped up the contrast! The two famous holes were very high
contrast with the northwest eye slightly larger with a irregular outline. The slightly darker southeast eye has
an easily visible star at the south edge [40" SSE of the central star]. In addition, a third very faint star
(best seen unfiltered) is close west of this hole [37" SSE of
center]. Overall the surface
brightness of the planetary is irregular or mottled. It fades around the periphery creating a dimmer ragged
circular rim of uneven brightness.
The main bright portion of the planetary is slightly elongated NNW-SSE.
48"
(4/15/10): the Owl Nebula was quite impressive at 330x (unfiltered) and
exhibited a fascinating amount of detail.
The mag 16 central star was easily visible at the center of the 3.4'
disc. To the northwest and
southeast of the central star are two large, darker "holes" (Owl's
"eyes"), each roughly 45" in diameter. The southeast eye has a little more contrast and a very
faint star is close to its southeast edge. The northwest eye is a little larger, though not quite as
dark in the center. A mag 12 star
lies 2.6' NE of center and a mag 14 star lies 3' S of center. MCG +09-19-014, a faint galaxy, lies
3.8' SSE adjacent to a mag 14.5 star.
HCG 50 (faintest of the Hickson Compact Groups) lies 20' ESE.
24"
(2/9/13): although I didn't take
notes on the structure of M97, the mag 16 central was readily visible using
magnifications of 200x and higher.
17.5"
(3/12/88): both holes definitely visible at 280x using a UHC filter.
17.5"
(2/28/87): fairly bright, very large, round. Two low contrast darker "holes" are visible with
averted vision which form the "eyes" of the "Owl Nebula". The southeast hole is darker but the
northwest hole appears larger.
Central star not visible.
13"
(4/29/84): moderately bright, large, round. A single hole west of center is highly suspected.
13.1"
(2/25/84): darker "holes" visible near threshold, no central star at
166x-220x.
Pierre MŽchain
discovered M97 = NGC 3587 = h838 on 16 Feb 1781. In 1789 William Herschel
described (with his 18.7") "considerably bright, globular, of equal
light throughout, with a diminishing border of no great extent. About 3'
diameter."
A total of 45
observations were made at Birr Castle.
The dark holes were first recorded on 5 Mar 1848: "Two dark and vL
spots in middle." On 11 March: "Brilliant star in the centre.
After 5 min observation, detected the star to the right, which Dr.
Robinson immediately saw. Round each star seems a black space."
William Rambaut's sketch, made in 1848, showed a distinct spiral
structure ("a double perforation appears to partake of the structure both
of the annular and spiral nebulae."). He was clearly influenced by the focus on resolving spiral
structure in a variety of objects.
In 1848 Lord
Rosse produced a detailed sketch (in the 1850 publication) that vaguely
resembled the face of an owl with two large dark holes or "eyes"
punctuated by stars (one is the misplaced central star), additional darker
streaks and patches, and fuzzy filaments extending out of the sides (perhaps to
indicate an irregular fringe).
Wilhelm Tempel was highly critical, though, of Rosse's fanciful sketch
when he drew the planetary in 1876 with the 11" refractor at the Arcetri
Observatory in Florence.
The nickname
"Owl Nebula" was never used by Lord Rosse in a published paper but in
1864 William Darby wrote that M97 was "familiarly known in the Parsontown
Observatory as 'the owl nebula' from its resemblance to an owl." For an unusual interpretation of the
appearance, Romney Robinson described the planetary as "A most intricate
group of spiral arcs disposed around two starry centers, looking like the
visage of a monkey."
******************************
NGC 3588 = UGC
6264 = MCG +04-27-009 = CGCG 126-011 = PGC 34219
11 14 02.5 +20
23 15
V = 14.3; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0
18"
(5/31/03): very faint, very small, round, 0.4' diameter. Weak, even concentration to
center. Located just 8' S of mag
2.6 Delta Leonis! (Zosma). Not
difficult at 320x with Delta just outside of field.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 3588 = Sw I-12 on 26 Apr 1883 and recorded "cS; vF; follows
Delta Leonis 4 sec. Easily
overlooked." His position, 8'
south of Delta Leonis, matches UGC 6264.
This was his first discovery using the 16-inch Clark refractor at Warner
Observatory. He specifically
looked at Delta Leonis, hoping to find a nebula, hidden in the glare of a
bright star.
******************************
NGC 3589 = UGC
6275 = MCG +10-16-096 = CGCG 291-046 = PGC 34308
11 15 13.4 +60
42 02
V = 13.8; Size 1.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 48d
17.5"
(3/19/88): faint, moderately large, oval ~SW-NE, diffuse. Located just west of the line
connecting mag 7.5 SAO 15447 4' NNE and mag 8.6 SAO 15449 5' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3589 = H III-921 = h839 on 9 Apr 1793 (sweep 1039) and noted
"eF, pL, E." His
position is 2' south of UGC 6275.
JH recorded "vF; L; vglbM; 45"; situated in the centre of
gravity of a triangle of 3 large stars 5' distance." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3590 = Cr
242 = ESO 129-SC014
11 12 59 -60 47
18
V = 8.2; Size 4'
18" (7/7/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x, this is a small, fairly bright 2'
knot of ~20 stars mag 10 and fainter.
At 76x this diminutive cluster is set in a remarkable field, forming a
triangle with NGC 3603 and the NGC 3579-86 complex (RCW 57) to the south.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3590 = h3332 on 4 Feb 1835 and recorded "a close, p rich,
compressed, oval cluster, somewhat insulated." His position is good.
******************************
NGC 3591 = MCG
-02-29-012 = PGC 34220
11 14 03.3 -14
05 14
V = 13.3; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 150d
18"
(3/19/04): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated NNW-SSE, 0.9'x0.7'. Contains a very small brighter nucleus,
~10" diameter.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3591 = H III-529 = h3331 on 27 Mar 1786 (sweep 548) and noted
"eF, S." JH recorded
"vF; R; 30"; vlbM" and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3592 = UGC
6267 = MCG +03-29-011 = CGCG 096-011 = PGC 34248
11 14 27.5 +17
15 34
V = 13.7; Size 1.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 120d
17.5"
(4/9/99): surprisingly faint for listed magnitude, required averted and
appeared as a 15" "knot" just 45" following a mag 14.5
star. Elongation not seen so I
only viewed the brighter inner core of this edge-on system. Located 11' W of NGC 3598.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3592 = m 216 on 4 Mar 1865 and noted "eF, S, pmE, pos
60¡." Marth's position matches
UGC 6267 = M+03-29-011, although the PA is 120¡.
******************************
NGC 3593 = UGC
6272 = MCG +02-29-014 = CGCG 067-040 = PGC 34257
11 14 37.0 +12
49 03
V = 10.9; Size 5.2'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 92d
17.5"
(4/1/95): bright, fairly large, very elongated 3:1 E-W, 3.2'x1.2'. Strong concentration from a faint outer
halo to a prominent elongated core and a very small rounder nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3593 = H I-29 = h840 on 12 Apr 1784 (sweep 188) and recorded
"B, cL, lE, mbM, r." JH
noted "B; E; psmbM; 40" l, 30" br." and measured an
accurate position (3 observations).
R.J. Mitchell,
observing on 27 Mar 1856 with the 72", logged "suspect as before a
dark lane along the n side of the nucleus and neby outside this again, but far
from being certain."
******************************
NGC 3594 = UGC
6286 = MCG +09-19-022 = CGCG 267-058 = CGCG 268-011 = PGC 34374
11 16 14.0 +55
42 15
V = 13.7; Size 1.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 10d
17.5"
(3/12/88): faint, very small, round, bright core. A mag 11 star is 2.7' ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3594 = H III-770 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920) and noted "vF,
vS, stellar neb." His
position is 0.6 tmin of RA west and 2.5' north of UGC 6286. But Harold Corwin notes that his position
is also 13' following CGCG 268-006, which has a higher surface brightness and
is a possible identification.
******************************
NGC 3595 = UGC
6280 = MCG +08-21-009 = CGCG 242-014 = PGC 34325
11 15 25.5 +47
26 49
V = 12.1; Size 1.6'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 176d
17.5"
(4/22/95): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 N-S. Sharp concentration with a very small
bright core and much fainter extensions.
Located 2.0' S of mag 7.4 SAO 43659! UGC 6255 lies 19' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3595 = H III-706 on 5 Feb 1788 (sweep 808) and recorded
"vF, vS, stellar, south of a cB star." His position is 2' too far north (very close to mag 7.6 HD
97773).
******************************
NGC 3596 = UGC
6277 = MCG +03-29-013 = CGCG 096-013 = PGC 34298
11 15 06.2 +14
47 13
V = 11.3; Size 4.0'x3.8'; Surf Br = 14.1
24"
(5/27/17): bright, large, broad fairly weak concentration in halo to a slightly
brighter core, small brighter nucleus.
The galaxy is bracketed by a mag 13.5 star 3.7' SSW and a similar star
3.4' N. A third 13th mag star is
4.7' due E forming a near equilateral triangle with sides 7'.
13.1"
(4/10/86): moderately bright, fairly large, diffuse, slightly elongated NW-SE,
sharp stellar nucleus is possibly offset to the west of the geometric center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3596 = H II-102 = h841 on 8 Apr 1784 (sweep 187) and recorded
"Faintish, pS, R, rather bM, resolvable." His position is 2'-3' north-northwest of UGC 6277. JH made two observations of this galaxy
and noted (sweep 419) "pF; vL; gbM; 2' dia."
R.J. Mitchell,
observing with LdR's 72" on 22 Mar 1857, noted he "strongly suspect
either a vF nebulous ring round nucleus, or a branch joining centre at the
following side. Difficult
object." Interestingly, it appears that Barnard's announcement of a new
planetary in AN 4112 applies to this galaxy!
******************************
NGC 3597 = ESO
503-003 = MCG -04-27-005 = AM 1112-232 = PGC 34266
11 14 42.0 -23
43 39
V = 12.6; Size 1.9'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 65d
18"
(3/19/04): moderately bright, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter. Moderate even concentration to a very
small bright core and stellar nucleus.
A pair of mag 13 stars lie less than 2' NE of center. Located 5' SSW of mag 9.1 HD 97783.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3597 = h3333 on 21 Mar 1835 and recorded "vF; R; bM; much
diluted at the borders, 30"." His position matches ESO 503-003 = PGC
34266.
******************************
NGC 3598 = UGC
6278 = MCG +03-29-014 = CGCG 096-014 = PGC 34306
11 15 11.6 +17
15 45
V = 12.3; Size 1.9'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 35d
17.5"
(4/9/99): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE,
well-concentrated with a bright core steadily increasing to a faint stellar
nucleus. The outer halo is ill-defined
and much weaker. A mag 14 star is
just off the north edge 0.6' from center and a pair of mag 13.5 stars is 4'
ENE. NGC 3592 lies 11' W.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3598 = m 217 on 4 Mar 1865 and noted "F, vS,
stell." His position matches
UGC 6278 = PGC 34306.
Wilhelm Tempel
found this galaxy in 1876 and recorded it in list I-33, and noted a star close
north.
******************************
NGC 3599 = UGC
6281 = MCG +03-29-015 = CGCG 096-015 = PGC 34326
11 15 27.0 +18
06 37
V = 12.0; Size 2.7'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 99d
17.5"
(4/13/02): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated ~4:3, 2.0'x1.5'.
Contains a small, fairly bright round core which is concentrated to the center
with a much lower surface brightness halo. Located 21' WNW of NGC 3607 in a group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3599 = H II-49 = h843 on 14 Mar 1784 (sweep 170) and logged
"resolvable, brightest in the middle & the brightness going off
imperceptibly." JH called it
"B; R: psmbM; 35"." and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3600 = UGC
6283 = MCG +07-23-038 = CGCG 213-038 = Mrk 1443 = PGC 34353
11 15 52.0 +41
35 28
V = 11.7; Size 4.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 3d
17.5"
(4/1/95): fairly faint, very elongated 3:1 N-S, 1.8'x0.6', small bright core,
faint extensions. Two mag 12 stars
lie 2.4' and 3.2' NNW of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3600 = H II-709 = h842 on 14 Jan 1788 (sweep 798) and recorded
"vF; S; E in the meridian [N-S]." JH called it "pB; S; lE; vgbM; 20"." and
measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3601 = UGC
6282 = MCG +01-29-024 = CGCG 039-091 = PGC 34335
11 15 33.3 +05
06 56
V = 13.8; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.1
17.5"
(5/4/02): faint, small, irregularly round, 25"x20" diameter, even
surface brightness. A mag 13 star
lies 2.9' SSE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3601 = m 218 on 22 Mar 1865 and noted " vF, pS, alm
stell." His position matches
UGC 6282 = PGC 34335.
******************************
NGC 3602 = MCG
+03-29-017 = CGCG 096-017 = PGC 34351
11 15 48.3 +17
24 57
V = 14.7; Size 0.8'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 45d
18"
(5/15/10): extremely faint, very small, required averted vision to initially
pick up at 175x although visible ~75% of the time at 260x. Appears roughly as a tiny, thin streak,
~15"x5", although sometimes the extensions were not seen, only a
5" core. . Located 3.4' NE of a mag 10 star.
17.5"
(4/9/99): not found.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3602 = m 219 on 4 Mar 1865 and noted "eeF, vS, alm
stell." His position matches
CGCG 096-017 = PGC 34351.
******************************
NGC 3603 = ESO
129-SC16 = Cr 244 = Gum 38b = RCW 57
11 15 07 -61 15
42
V = 9.1; Size 12'
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this distant (20,000 light years) superluminous
HII region and cluster was mesmerizing at 200x using a UHC filter. The nebulosity is generally elongated
E-W, ~5'x3', but with bays and extensions and dark lanes. The surface brightness is highest to
the south of the embedded cluster with a dark lane slashing through the
nebulosity just west of the bright core.
At 350x, 15-20 stars were resolved in the glow, though the tiny,
brilliant "core" cluster (HD 97950) was only mottled and barely resolved
into a few stars.
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): at 105x a bright irregular nebula surrounds a mag 9
"star". At 200x, a
half-dozen very faint stars are packed very close to the central star. This very compact knot is actually a
distant, very dense, young cluster of extremely luminous stars! Adding a UHC filter, the nebulosity is
irregular at 105x, extending mostly south of the star and fading out into two
or three sections that are possibly divided by a dark lane. The brightest section is to the
southwest of the central star.
18" (7/7/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x this distant but superluminous HII
region is a fascinating clump of stars of and nebulosity surrounding a bright
9th magnitude knot. The bright
central region was extremely dense and contained 10-12 stars crammed into 2',
yet it seemed only partially resolved at the very center into a couple of
stars. At 128x and UHC filter, the
surrounding "haze" is clearly gaseous in nature with the brightest
portion offset to the SW side from the core with a roughly broad fan with a total
size of approximately 5'x3'. A
dark lane appears to cut through the nebulosity towards the core and there is a
strong impression that the field is riddled with dust lanes and patches. This is a well-studied highly reddened,
luminous cluster (~20,000 light years) and HII region with similarities to the
Tarantula nebula in the LMC!
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3603 = h3334 on 14 Mar 1834 NGC 3603 and recorded "a red
star 10m, the centre of an excessively condensed group of stars 15...18m, with
a nebulosity extending over 2' diameter.
On the next sweep, he noted "the center, when examined with powers
240 and 320, decidedly not a star, and the nebula about it all resolved. Perhaps it is a globular clusters, vs
vvmbM."
******************************
NGC 3604 = NGC
3611 = UGC 6305 = MCG +01-29-026 = CGCG 039-103 = PGC 34478
11 17 30.1 +04
33 19
See observing
notes for NGC 3611.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3604 = H II-626 on 30 Dec 1786 (short sweep 675) and recorded
"pB, S, lE, mbM." There
is nothing at Herschel's position and this object was not recovered by
Bigourdan. In the "Scientific
Papers of WH", Dreyer states "should probably be rejected as there
was fog "which indeed was so strong as to make everything swim about
me." But, WH's position is
1.0 tmin preceding NGC 3611 (similar offset as NGC 3509 on the same sweep) and
Dorothy Carlson (1940 NGC correction paper) and Harold Corwin equate NGC 3604
and 3611. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 3605 = UGC
6295 = MCG +03-29-019 = CGCG 096-019 = Holm 240c = WBL 319-001 = PGC 34415
11 16 46.6 +18
01 01
V = 12.3; Size 1.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 17d
24"
(5/27/17): fairly bright, moderately large, oval 2:1 SSW-NNE, 0.8'x0.4',
sharply concentrated with a small very bright core that increases to a
quasi-stellar nucleus. Close pair
with brighter NGC 3607 3' NE.
13.1"
(2/16/85): fairly faint, small, round, small bright nucleus. In a group with brigtest member NGC
3607 3.0' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3605 = H III-27 = h844, along with NGC 3607 and 3608, on 14 Mar
1784 (sweep 170) and recorded "Three nebula of different sizes; all
brightest in the middle & R.
The largest is that in the middle [NGC 3607] & is of a considerable
size; that on the north [NGC 3608] is a good deal smaller. The most south of them [NGC 3605] is
much smaller than either of them, so that at first I did not immediately
perceive it."
******************************
NGC 3606 = ESO
377-032 = MCG -05-27-004 = PGC 34378
11 16 15.6 -33
49 40
V = 12.4; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.1
18"
(3/17/07): moderately bright, fairly small, round, 0.6' diameter, small bright
core, relatively bright stellar nucleus.
Two mag 10 and 11 stars lie 4.5' and 5.5' NNE. ESO 377-031 lies 9' SSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3606 = h3335 on 20 Apr 1835 NGC 3606 and logged "eF; R; S;
gbM; 15"." His
single observation matches ESO 377-032.
******************************
NGC 3607 = UGC
6297 = MCG +03-29-020 = CGCG 096-021 = Holm 240a = WBL 319-002 = PGC 34426
11 16 54.7 +18
03 06
V = 9.9; Size 4.9'x2.5'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 120d
24"
(5/27/17): very bright, large, oval 4:3 NW-SE, sharply concentrated with an
intensely bright core that increases to an extremely bright nucleus. A nice group of 5 stars is roughly 4'
SE with one a wide pair [17"].
In a small group of bright galaxies with NGC 3605 2.9' SW and NGC 3608
5.8' N.
13.1"
(2/16/85): bright, slightly elongated, bright core, stellar nucleus. Brightest in a group with NGC 3608 5.7'
N, NGC 3605 3.0' SW and NGC 3599 21' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3607 = H II-50 = h845, along with NGC 3605 and 3608, on 14 Mar
1784 (sweep 170). See NGC 3605 for
description.
******************************
NGC 3608 = UGC
6299 = MCG +03-29-022 = CGCG 096-022 = Holm 240b = WBL 319-003 = PGC 34433
11 16 59.0 +18
08 55
V = 10.8; Size 3.2'x2.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 75d
24"
(5/27/17): bright, fairly large, slightly elongated WSW-ENE, 1.5' diameter,
sharply concentrated with a very bright, very small core and an intense nucleus. Northern galaxy in a prominent trio
with NGC 3607 5.9' S and NGC 3605 8.5' SSW. Two mag 12.3 and 12.8 stars are 1.4' NW and 1.9' NE.
13.1"
(2/16/85): moderately bright, small, stellar nucleus. Appears slightly fainter than NGC 3607 5.7' S. In a trio with NGC 3605 and NGC 3607.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3608 = H II-51 = h846, along with NGC 3605 and 3607, on 14 Mar
1784 (sweep 170). See NGC 3605 for
description.
******************************
NGC 3609 = NGC
3612 = UGC 6310 = MCG +05-27-043 = CGCG 156-050 = Holm 241a = PGC 34511
11 17 50.6 +26
37 33
V = 13.1; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 50d
17.5"
(4/22/95): faint, moderately large, round, 1.2' diameter. Weak concentration to a slightly
brighter core. A mag 14 star is
just off the south edge 50" from center and a second mag 14 star is 1.8'
NW. A brighter mag 11 star lies
3.3' NE. Forms a pair with UGC
6321 (misidentified as NGC 3612 in modern sources) 5.4' E. UGC 6321 appeared extremely faint,
small, round, 20" diameter, low surface brightness. A mag 11 star lies 3.9' NW.
Otto Struve
found NGC 3609 on 18 Mar 1869 with the 15-inch Merz refractor at Pulkovo
Observatory while searching for Comet Winnecke (7P/Pons-Winnecke). He discovered this galaxy (UGC 6310)
just 2 nights earlier so it also carries the designation NGC 3612. Modern sources mistakenly identify UGC
6321 as NGC 3612. See NGC 3612 for
the story.
******************************
NGC 3610 = UGC
6319 = MCG +10-16-107 = CGCG 291-048 = LGG 234-001 = PGC 34566
11 18 25.3 +58
47 10
V = 10.8; Size 2.7'x2.3'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(3/19/88): bright, small, slightly elongated NW-SE. Sharp concentration with a very small bright core and a
faint halo! About 15' NNW is a
small group of 7 stars including mag 9.0 SAO 27978.
NGC 3610 is the
brightest member of a 5 member group (LGG 234), along with NGC 3610, 3619,
3642, 3674 and 3683.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3610 = H I-270 = h847 on 8 Apr 1793 (sweep 1038) and noted
"vB, cL." JH made 3
observations, on sweep 344 logging "B; R; vsvmbM to a * 11m." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3611 = NGC
3604 = UGC 6305 = MCG +01-29-026 = CGCG 039-103 = Todd 1 = PGC 34478
11 17 30.1 +04
33 19
V = 12.1; Size 2.1'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(3/22/96): moderately bright, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 1.2'x0.8'. Fairly sharp concentration with a
rounder 30" core and a bright nearly stellar nucleus offset to the north
side of the core. A mag 11 star is 3.2' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3611 = H II-521 = h849 on 27 Jan 1786 (sweep 514) and recorded
"F, vS, iF, er." A
second observation on 15 Apr 1786 (sweep 552) noted "vF, iF,
smbM." WH found this galaxy
again on the short sweep 675 on 30 Dec 1786 and recorded II-626 = NGC 3604 as
"pB, S, lE, mbM." His
position is 1.0 tmin too far west.
So, NGC 3611 = NGC 3604. JH
made two observations, first recording "B; S; R smbM; has a * 10m, 60¡ np,
dist 3'."
Finally, David
Todd found NGC 3611 = Todd 1 on 3 Nov 1877 in his search for trans-Neptunian
planet. Todd's offsets for nearby
stars match this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 3612 = NGC
3609 = UGC 6310 = MCG +05-27-043 = CGCG 156-050 = PGC 34511
11 17 50.5 +26
37 32
V = 13.1; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 50d
See observing
notes for NGC 3609. Modern sources
misidentify UGC 6321, located 5.4' E, as NGC 3612.
Otto Struve
discovered NGC 3612 on 16 Mar 1869 with the 15-inch Merz refractor at Pulkovo
Observatory while searching for Comet Winnecke (7P/Pons-Winnecke). His description (translately roughly
from German using GoogleTranslate) reads "pretty faint, 30"-40"
diameter. A mag 10-11 star is approximately 2' north following, with the
nebula in position angle 225¡."
His position is within 1' of UGC 6310, the brighter of a pair with UGC
6321 5.4' east, and his description matches the brighter galaxy (the star is 3'
northeast and the PA matches).
Karl Reinmuth identified UGC 6321 as NGC 3612, but noted "No *10-11
nf 2'." and modern sources (including NED) follow this misidentification.
Two nights later
(18 Mar) Struve reported finding another nebula, described as 20" diameter and situated in PA 226¡ from
a 10th magnitude star. His
position is 14 seconds of time too far west, but the PA is a perfect match with
UGC 6310. So, although there are
two galaxies here, both of Struve's entries point to the same brighter
galaxy. I notified Corwin and
Steinicke of the situation in April 2015 and Wolfgang agreed NGC 3612 = NGC
3615 = UGC 6310. He mentioned that
this leaves UGC 6321 without a NGC designation as Bigourdan, Kobold and Hagen
only observed the brighter galaxy.
Kobold called the brighter galaxy NGC 3612, but modern sources identify
it as NGC 3609.
******************************
NGC 3613 = UGC
6323 = MCG +10-16-109 = CGCG 291-049 = PGC 34583
11 18 36.0 +58
00 00
V = 10.9; Size 3.9'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 102d
17.5"
(3/19/88): bright, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE, very bright
core, stellar nucleus. NGC 3619
lies 15' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3613 = H I-271 = h848 on 8 Apr 1793 (sweep 1038) and logged
"vB, cL, E, mbM."
His RA and Dec is too large (noted by Dreyer in Scientific Papers). JH recorded "vB; mE; pos 305¡, a
nucl and F branches." and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3614 = UGC
6318 = MCG +08-21-015 = CGCG 242-019 = PGC 34561
11 18 21.3 +45
44 53
V = 11.6; Size 4.6'x2.6'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 80d
17.5"
(4/6/91): faint, moderately large, weak concentration, slightly elongated 4:3
E-W with dimensions 2.5'x2.0', low surface brightness, edges fade gradually
into background. Located on a line
with a mag 13 star 3.5' E and a mag 12 star 5.1' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3614 = H II-729 = h850 on 5 Feb 1788 (sweep 808) and recorded
"vF, cL, lbM, lE in the parallel." JH noted "F; pL; glbM; r." His position matches UGC 6318. The MCG declination is 2 degrees too
far north.
******************************
NGC 3615 = UGC
6313 = MCG +04-27-012 = CGCG 126-021 = PGC 34535
11 18 06.7 +23
23 50
V = 12.8; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 40d
17.5"
(4/9/99): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 1.2'x0.6'. The prominent 20" core steadily
increases to a stellar nucleus.
First and brightest of a trio with NGC 3618 7' NE and extremely faint
CGCG 126-022 3.2' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3615 = H III-333 = h851 on 10 Apr 1785 (sweep 394) and recorded
"vF, vS. 240x verified
it." CH's reduction is 3.4'
northwest of UGC 6313. JH called
it "pF; smbM; stellar."
His position is accurate to within 30".
******************************
NGC 3616
11 18 08.9 +14
45 53
=Not found,
Harold Corwin and Dorothy Carlson.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3616 = H III-76 on 8 Apr 1784 (sweep 187) and recorded "eF,
pL. Some doubts were removed by
putting on 240." There is
noithing near his position and Dreyer notes in his 1912 revision of WH's
catalogues that it was not found by Bigourdan (visually) nor by Max Wolf (on a
Heidelberg plate).
Harold Corwin
initially identified this number with a star near WH's position but more
recently he feels a single or even close double star would not fit Herschel's
description of "pL". So,
this object is not found. See Corwin's
notes.
******************************
NGC 3617 = ESO
503-012 = MCG -04-27-008 = UGCA 231 = AM 1115-255 = KTS 42C = PGC 34513
11 17 50.9 -26
08 04
V = 12.8; Size 1.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 147d
18"
(3/19/04): fairly faint, small, round , 30" diameter. Increases to a very small brighter
nucleus. I probably only viewed
the brighter core and missed the dim halo.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3617 = h3336 on 22 Mar 1836 and recorded "F; S; R: gbM;
20"." His position
matches ESO 503-012 = PGC 34513.
******************************
NGC 3618 = UGC
6327 = MCG +04-27-014 = CGCG 126-025 = Mrk 1288 = PGC 34575
11 18 32.6 +23
28 08
V = 13.6; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 175d
17.5"
(4/9/99): faint, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter, weak concentration. Third of three on a line with CGCG
126-022 and NGC 3615 7' SW. At low
power collinear with two mag 10 stars equally spaced 8' and 17' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3618 = H III-334 on 10 Apr 1785 (sweep 394) and noted "vF,
S, goes into the field with the foregoing [NGC 3615]." CH's reduction is 3.6' northwest of UGC
6327 (similar offset as NGC 3615).
NGC 3618 was
assumed to be a new on the 23 Mar 1857 observation by R.J. Mitchell at Birr
Castle: "about 6' or 7' nf [NGC 3615] is a S, vvF patch, lbM." JH included this observation in the GC
(2365) as well as GC 2368 = III-334.
In the 1880 compilation of LdR observations, Dreyer added the note
"the latter [GC 2365] is not a "nova" but = III 334, as pointed
out by d'Arrest. GC 2365 is to be
struck out."
******************************
NGC 3619 = UGC
6330 = MCG +10-16-115 = CGCG 291-054 = PGC 34641
11 19 21.6 +57
45 29
V = 11.5; Size 2.7'x2.3'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(3/19/88): fairly bright, moderately large, slightly elongated SW-NE, small
bright core, stellar nucleus.
Forms a pair with NGC 3625 9.5' E and NGC 3613 lies 16' NNW.
8"
(3/28/81): faint, small, round.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3619 = H I-244 = h852 on 18 Mar 1790 (sweep 951) and recorded
"cB, R, vgmbM, 1 1/2' dia."
CH's reduced position is just off the nortwest edge of UGC 6330. JH made a single observation and noted
"pB; R; psmbM; 45". The PD differs 7' from that assigned by
my Father; query therefore if the same object." His position is 1.5' too far south, so there does not appear
to be a significant discrepancy.
******************************
NGC 3620 = ESO
038-010 = PGC 34366
11 16 04 -76 12
54
V = 13.9; Size 2.8'x1.1'; Surf Br = 15.0; PA = 78d
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly faint, very elongated 3:1 E-W,
1.2'x0.4', weak concentration. A
mag 14.5 star is pinned against the south side, a little west of the
center. I reobserved this galaxy
not realizing it was logged last night.
Located 32' NE of the bright reflection nebula IC 2631.
24" (4/4/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated
3:1 E-W, 1.5'x0.5', small brighter core.
A mag 14 star is barely off the south side (west of center). The large reflection nebula, IC 2631,
lies 32' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3620 = h3338 on 31 Mar 1837 and logged "F; pmE; gbM;
50". His position and description "matches ESO 038-010. This galaxy is not included in the
first edition of the Uranometria 2000.0 star atlas or it companion Deep Sky
Field Guide.
******************************
NGC 3621 = ESO
377-037 = MCG -05-27-008 = UGCA 232 = PGC 34554
11 18 16.0 -32
48 42
V = 9.7; Size 12.3'x7.1'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 159d
17.5"
(4/6/91): bright, large, elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE, 6' diameter, weak central
concentration and along the major axis but no sharp nucleus. Several stars are nearby; three mag
11-13 stars are off the north tip and two mag 10 stars are 2.7' SW and 3.7' SSE
of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3621 = H I-241 = D 617 = h3337 on 17 Feb 1790 (sweep 808) and
recorded "cB, vgbM, E from about 70¡ np to sf, about 6 or 7' long and near
4' broad. Within a parallelogram
of stars." This is the most
southerly object he discovered!
From the latitude of Slough, NGC 3621 culminated at an elevation of only
6.8¡!
James Dunlop
observed NGC 3621 on 7 May 1826 with his 9-inch reflector from Parramatta, NSZ,
and recorded "a very faint pretty large nebula, about 2' broad and 4'
long, very faint at the edges. The brightest and most condensed part is near
the south following extremity; a small star is involved in the north preceding extremity,
and there are two small stars near the south extremity, but not
involved." Dunlop made
two observations and his published position is 10' NE of center.
JH observed the
galaxy on 29 Apr 1834 from the Cape of Good Hope and recorded, "pB, vL,
oval, vgvlbM, resolvable, 5' long, 3' broad."
******************************
NGC 3622 = UGC
6339 = CGCG 314-020 = PGC 34692
11 20 12.5 +67
14 29
V = 13.2; Size 1.2'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 7d
17.5"
(4/22/95): moderately bright, elongated 2:1 N-S, 1.2'x0.6', elongated bright
core. A mag 13.5 star is 1.5' SE
of center. Located 9.3' NNW of mag
6.2 SAO 15478.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3622 = H II-879 = h853 on 6 Apr 1793 (sweep 1036) and noted
"pB, R, S, bM." CH's
reduced position is 1.8 tmin following UGC 6339. JH logged "pF; S; R; gbM; 15"." and measured
an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3623 = M65 =
Arp 317 NED1 = Leo Triplet = UGC 6328 = MCG +02-29-018 = CGCG 067-054 = Holm
246b = PGC 34612
11 18 55.3 +13
05 35
V = 9.3; Size 9.8'x2.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 174d
17.5"
(1/31/87): very bright, very large, very elongated N-S, 7.5'x2.0', bright core,
stellar nucleus. A mag 12 star is
west of the south end 2.1' from the center. Forms a remarkable trio with M66 20' ESE and NGC 3628 36'
NE. Requires low power (31 Nagler)
to easily fit all three in the same field.
13.1"
(4/10/86): very bright, elongated N-S, elongated bright core, possible stellar
nucleus.
Charles Messier
discovered M65 = NGC 3623 = h854, along with M66, on 1 Mar 1780. WH first observed it on 31 May
1783 with his 12-inch and noted "almost a certainty of its being
stars. There is however in both
the nebulas [65 and 66] a certain whitishness left which may be
nebulosity." With his 20-ft
scope (18.7-inch), he recorded "a very brilliant nebula extended in the
meridian, about 12' long. It has a
bright nucleus, the light of which suddenly diminishes on its border, and two
opposite very faint branches."
William Rambaut
(LdR's assistant) sketch from 31 Mar 1848 was published in the 1850 PT paper
(plate XXXVII, fig. 7). On 25 Feb
1854, "Lord Rosse suspected dark spaces on either side of the
nucleus.", though this suspicion wasn't confirmed the following year. Lassell's sketch using the 48"
from Malta
******************************
NGC 3624 = MCG
+01-29-029 = CGCG 039-114 = PGC 34599
11 18 50.9 +07
31 16
V = 13.9; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 175d
17.5"
(5/4/02): very faint, diffuse glow with a brighter center. Halo fades into background, ~40"
diameter. A mag 13 star lies 2.5'
N. Forms a close pair with CGCG
039-113 2.1' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3624 = h855 on 27 Dec 1827 and simply noted as "eF."
His position matches CGCG 039-114 = PGC 34599.
******************************
NGC 3625 = UGC
6348 = MCG +10-16-120 = CGCG 291-057 = PGC 34718
11 20 31.2 +57
46 53
V = 13.1; Size 2.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 148d
17.5"
(3/19/88): faint, fairly small, very elongated NNW-SSE, weak
concentration. Third of three with
NGC 3613 20' NW and NGC 3619 9.4' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3625 = H II-885 on 8 Apr 1793 (sweep 1038) and logged "F, E
from np to sf, about 1 1/2' long."
The NGC position from d'Arrest is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3626 = NGC
3632 = UGC 6343 = MCG +03-29-032 = CGCG 096-029 = LGG 237-002 = PGC 34684
11 20 03.9 +18
21 24
V = 11.0; Size 2.7'x1.9'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 157d
24"
(5/27/17): at 200x; bright, fairly large, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, 2.0'x1.4',
broadly concentrated halo with a larger brighter core and very low surface
brightness outer halo. The core,
though, is sharply concentrated with a very intense, quasi-stellar
nucleus. Member of a group (LGG
237) that extends from NGC 3607/08 to NGC 3681/84/86.
16" LX200
(4/14/07): bright, fairly large, elongated 2:1 ~NNW-SSE. Sharply concentrated with a small, very
bright core that increases to a bright, stellar nucleus. NGC 3639 lies 23' ENE.
17.5"
(3/22/96): bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, 1.8'x1.2'. Strong, sharp concentration with a very
small elongated core and a bright stellar nucleus. Located roughly 50' ENE of the NGC 3607 group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3626 = H II-52 = h856 on 14 Mar 1784 (sweep 170) and noted
"a nebula like the northern one [II-51 = NGC 3608], but a little
longish." His RA is about 30
sec too large. NGC 3632 = H II-30,
found a month earlier on 15 Feb 1784, is a duplicate observation, though
further out in position. JH
measured an accurate position and logged "B; R; sbM; 20"."
******************************
NGC 3627 = M66 =
Arp 16 = Arp 317 NED2 = VV 308a = Holm 246a = Leo Triplet = UGC 6346 = MCG
+02-29-019 = CGCG 067-057 = PGC 34695
11 20 15.0 +12
59 22
V = 8.9; Size 9.1'x4.2'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 173d
48"
(4/13/10): this showpiece galaxy stretches 7'x3' N-S. The central region is dominated by a prominent, 3'x1.2'
central bar that is elongated NNW-SSE.
The central region has a mottled, irregular surface brightness and
increases gradually towards the center and then suddenly to a very bright,
stellar nucleus. A very faint star
or HII knot was seen at the very north tip of the bar [confirmed as #44 in
Hodge's "Second Survey of HII regions in Galaxies", ApJS, 27, 113
(1974)]. The longer, better
defined arm is attached at the north end and sweeps directly south along the
western flank of the galaxy for a total length of ~5'. The western edge of this arm is very
well defined as it fades to the southern tip, though the inner edge merges with
the glow within the central region.
The arm and bar are brightest where they join at the north end of the
central region. The second spiral arm is attached at the south end of the bar
and shoots north on the eastern side of the galaxy. This arm fades after a shorter distance, so is not as
prominent, but is brightest at the root, as it emerges from the bar. A mag 9.8 star lies 3' NW of center at
the outer edge of the halo.
17.5"
(1/31/87): very bright, large, elongated N-S, 5'x3', bright elongated core
contains a stellar nucleus. Two
spiral arms are visible although the western arm is more prominent.
13.1"
(4/24/82): bright elongated core, stellar nucleus. A diffuse spiral arm extends south and a second short arm
extends to the east. A dark patch
is visible just east of the nucleus.
Charles Messier
discovered M66 = NGC 3627 = h857 = h875, along with M65, on 1 Mar 1780. On 12 Apr 1784, WH recored "vB,
mE, iF. The extension is chiefly
in the direction of the meridian, and the greatest brightness near the middle.
JH made 4 observations, once listing it as a new (h875), with the RA 3 min too
large. On sweep 22 he logged
"vB; vL; sbM; 3' l, 2' br; E 60¡ np to sf in direction of 2 stars 10m,
preceding."
George Stoney
sketched the galaxy with LdR's 72" on 17 Apr 1849 (Plate XXVII, fig. 16 in
the 1861 publication). Features
include a well defined spiral arm along the western side and arcs within the
main body that correspond with brighter sections of spiral arms. The 31 Mar 1848 observation mentions
"a little above towards the right [nf] is a dark streak; spiral, resolved
well about the Nucl, but no other part.
From the right, and apparently springing from the nucleus, a vF portion
of nebulosity extends for nearly 15', gradually melting away." A schematic in the 1880 publication
shows the beginning of two arms on the eastern side and a long, thick arm on
the western side.
******************************
NGC 3628 = Arp
317 NED3 = VV 308b = UGC 6350 = MCG +02-29-020 = CGCG 067-058 = Holm 246c = PGC
34697 = Leo Triplet
11 20 16.2 +13
35 22
V = 9.5; Size 14.8'x3.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 104d
17.5"
(1/31/87): bright, unusually large edge-on WNW-ESE, 11'x2.5'. A broad irregular dust lane is
prominent bisecting the galaxy along the entire length. Appears brighter to the north of the
dark lane and fainter on the south side.
13.1"
(4/24/82): the dust lane is clearly visible along the entire length and divides
the galaxy into two asymmetric halves with the south slice much fainter.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3628 = H V-8 = h859 on 8 Apr 1784 (sweep 187) and recorded
"B, vmE, lbM than towards the ends.
It seems to extend 9 or 10' if not more." JH called it "a v long narrow ray, vgbM; 15' long, a
most curious object. E by diag in
pos 105¡.
Samuel Hunter,
observing on 10 Feb 1861 with LdR's 72", noted "split into two
parallel rays." A month later
he added "split extends its whole length, the f part being partially
filled with faint nebulosity."
Robert Ball, observing on 18 Mar 1866 also noted "there seems to be
a dark channel on south side in direction of elongation."
******************************
NGC 3629 = UGC
6352 = MCG +05-27-058 = CGCG 156-064 = Holm 247a = PGC 34719
11 20 31.7 +26
57 49
V = 12.1; Size 2.3'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 30d
18"
(3/29/03): faint, moderately large, slightly elongated, 1.2'x0.9', diffuse, low
surface brightness, weak broad concentration. A mag 14 star is 1.1' SE of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3629 = H II-338 = h860 on 6 Apr 1785 (sweep 393) and recorded
"vF, pL, r, nearly R, gvlbM."
JH made a total of 7 observations with a composite description of
"F; L; R; vgbM; 2' dia; *14 m s f 60"."
******************************
NGC 3630 = NGC
3645: = UGC 6349 = MCG +01-29-031 = CGCG 039-124 = PGC 34698
11 20 17.0 +02
57 52
V = 11.9; Size 4.6'x3.0'; Surf Br = 14.6; PA = 37d
17.5"
(4/4/92): fairly bright, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE, small but very
bright core, stellar nucleus, thin extensions. Located 10' NW of mag 8.3 SAO 118800 in the NGC 3640 group.
8"
(4/24/82): faint, small, elongated SW-NE, very small bright core. Located ~20' SW of NGC 3640.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3630 = h861 on 7 Apr 1828 and recorded "B; R smbM to nucl:
25". His two positions are
very similar and correspond with UGC 6349 = PGC 34698.
******************************
NGC 3631 = Arp
27 = VV 363 = UGC 6360 = MCG +09-19-047 = CGCG 268-021 = PGC 34767
11 21 02.9 +53
10 10
V = 10.4; Size 5.0'x4.8'; Surf Br = 13.7
48"
(4/4/11): beautiful face-on spiral with two long, winding arms and branching
extensions! This very bright
galaxy is sharply concentrated with an intensely bright small core that
increases to an extremely bright stellar nucleus. A prominent patchy arm is attached on the west side of the
core and rotates counterclockwise to the north, then sharply bends back to the
east, extending to the east end of the 4' diameter galaxy. What appears to be
an offshoot arm turns counterclockwise on the east side and continues all the
way to the south end of the galaxy.
The second arm is attached on the southeast end of the core and sweeps
around the south side towards the west and then continues to the northwest end
of the galaxy. An offshoot or
another patchy arm continues east near the edge of the northern halo. The two main arms are nearly connected
by a slightly brighter region on the south side.
17.5"
(4/1/95): bright, large, round, 3.5' diameter. Sharp concentration with a prominent core which brightens to
a nearly stellar nucleus. The
outer halo fades into the background and shows a hint of the spiral arm structure. Two mag 12-13 stars are 3.4' NE and
3.3' WNW of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3631 = I-226 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920) and recorded "cB,
R, small br nucl and vF halo of considerable extent, 3' or 4' dia."
Four
observations describing spiral arms were made at Birr Castle. On 30 Mar 1856, R.J. Mitchell recorded
"Spiral, with I think, two arms thus (thumbnail sketch). The arms are
broken and of unequal light. There are bright patches at alpha (preceding the
nucleus), beta (south preceding arm) and gamma (end of bright north following
arm)." A week later he logged
"Spirality seen as in last observation. The following branch comes down
past the other, doubling over it and seems to originate from the preceeding
side of nucleus. Very patchy."
The1880
publication has a thumbnail sketch and the 1861 publication has a drawing
(Plate XXVII, fig 20). Both show
the main features that can be confirmed on the DSS.
******************************
NGC 3632 = NGC
3626 = UGC 6343 = MCG +03-29-032 = CGCG 096-029 = PGC 34684
11 20 03.9 +18
21 24
See observing
notes for NGC 3626.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3632 = H II-30 on 15 Feb 1784 (sweep 146) and described a
"pB neb, it seems to contain stars; it is of some extent." There is nothing at his position
(objects found in his early sweeps often have fairly large offset errors), but
24 sec of RA west and 12' N is NGC 3626.
Dreyer, in his 1912 revision of WH's catalogues, states "not seen
by d'A (5 times), is no doubt =II 52 = NGC 3626 only 24s p and 12' N. The latter was observed 14 Mar 1784, a
neb like II 51 but a little longish." This conclusion is repeated by Karl Reinmuth in his
photographic survey. So, NGC 3632
= NGC 3626.
******************************
NGC 3633 = UGC
6351 = MCG +01-29-032 = CGCG 039-126 = PGC 34711
11 20 26.2 +03
35 08
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 72d
17.5"
(4/4/92): faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 WSW-ENE, weak
concentration. A mag 14 star is
off the west edge. Located 3.5'
WSW of mag 8.9 SAO 118799. NGC
3640 lies 21' SSE. Member of the
NGC 3640 group.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 3633 = Sw VI-40 on 23 Mar 1887 and reported "vF; S; R;
nearly between a pB star and a faint star." His position and description matches UGC 6351.
******************************
NGC 3634 = VV
724 = MCG -01-29-008 = PGC 34714
11 20 30.3 -09
00 51
V = 14.5; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 11.7
24"
(3/9/13): faint, extremely small, round, 8"-10" diameter. Situated at the west edge of brighter
NGC 3635, appearing as a small knot.
The surface brightness is relatively high (similar to the nucleus of NGC
3635), so this galaxy was fairly easy to see at 375x. A mag 13.5 star is ~30" W.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3634 = LM II-433, along with NGC 3635, on 24 Jan
1887. His (single) position is
very close to the double system MCG -01-29-008 and -009.
******************************
NGC 3635 = VV
724 = MCG -01-29-009 = PGC 34717
11 20 31.4 -09
00 49
V = 13.4; Size 1.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 18d
24"
(3/9/13): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 ~N-S, 30"x20",
very small brighter nucleus. NGC
3634, a very compact interacting companion, is attached on the west edge. A mag 13.5 star lies 0.9' W.
17.5"
(4/14/01): faint, small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, 0.7'x0.4', weak
concentration. NGC 3634 was not
seen. A mag 14.5 star lies 1' W.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3635 = LM II-434, along with NGC 3634, on 24 Jan
1887. His (single) position is
very close to the double system MCG -01-29-008 and -009.
******************************
NGC 3636 = MCG
-02-29-019 = PGC 34709
11 20 25.1 -10
16 55
V = 12.4; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(3/29/85): moderately bright, very small, bright core, round. Located just 1.8' NW of mag 6.6 SAO
156618! Forms a pair with similar
galaxy NGC 3637 3.8' ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3636 = H II-550 = h862, along with NGC 3637, on 4 Mar 1786
(sweep 597) and recorded "Two, stellar, vF, vS. A considerable bright star is situated between them, but
about 1' south of the line that connects them."
Andrew Ainslie
Common found the pair in 1880 and reported them as "2 planetary nebulae, B
star between" in his Copernicus discovery list.
******************************
NGC 3637 = MCG
-02-29-020 = PGC 34731
11 20 39.5 -10
15 27
V = 12.7; Size 1.6'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(3/29/85): moderately bright, very small, bright core, round. Located 3.0' NE of mag 6.6 SAO
156618. Forms a pair with NGC 3636
3.8' WSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3637 = H II-551 = h863, along with NGC 3636, on 4 Mar 1786
(sweep 597) and recorded "Two, stellar, vF, vS. A considerable bright star is situated between them, but
about 1' south of the line that connects them." Andrew Ainslie Common found the pair in 1880 and reported
them as "2 planetary nebulae, B star between" in his Copernicus
discovery list.
******************************
NGC 3638 = MCG
-01-29-007 = PGC 34688
11 20 10.0 -08
06 21
V = 13.4; Size 2.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 141d
17.5"
(5/4/02): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 1.2'x0.6', brighter along
the major axis. With averted
vision, there are hints of longer extensions. Forms the western vertex of a right triangle with two mag 12
stars 3.4' E and 4.3' NE.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 3638 = L II-435 in 1886 and logged "mag 15.8, 0.4' dia, 2
star 10m following." His
position is 0.6 min of RA east of MCG -01-29-007 = PGC 34688 and his
description matches two mag 12 stars 3'-4' northeast and southeast.
******************************
NGC 3639 = UGC
6374 = MCG +03-29-036 = CGCG 096-032 = PGC 34819
11 21 35.7 +18
27 30
V = 13.6; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.3
16" LX200
(4/14/07): faint, small, elongated 4:3 ~N-S, occasional very faint stellar
nucleus with direct vision.
Located 2' N of a mag 12 star.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 3639 on 21 Jan 1855 with LdR's 72" and logged "about
15' following [NGC 3626] and a little north is a neb. S, R, pF, vlbM."
Dreyer added the comment "d'Arrest could not see [NGC 3639],
perhaps the observation from 1855 was of some other neb. in this
neighborhood." But the
position matches UGC 6374 = PGC 34819, so there is no question regarding the
identification, altlhough UGC, CGCG and MCG do not label this galaxy as NGC
3639.
******************************
NGC 3640 = UGC
6368 = MCG +01-29-033 = CGCG 039-130 = PGC 34778
11 21 06.8 +03
14 05
V = 10.4; Size 4.0'x3.2'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 100d
17.5"
(2/8/91): bright, moderately large, small very bright core, oval halo 3:2 E-W,
15" substellar mottled nucleus.
A mag 14 star is 2.3' N. Brightest in a group and forms a close pair with NGC 3641
2.5' SSE.
8"
(4/24/82): bright, moderately large, bright core, slightly elongated.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3640 = H II-33 = h864 on 23 Feb 1784 (sweep 158) and logged
"a nebula like the former [pB, bM, vS], but a good deal larger and more
regular; almost cometic." His
position is poor (not uncommon in early sweeps) -- 50 sec of RA too large --
but there are no other bright nearby galaxies. JH logged "B; R; psbM; 30"." and measured an
accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3641 = UGC
6370 = MCG +01-29-034 = PGC 34780
11 21 08.8 +03
11 40
V = 13.2; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(2/8/91): faint, very small, round, faint stellar nucleus. Forms a close pair with bright NGC 3640
2.6' NNW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3641 = m 220 on 22 Mar 1865 and noted "F, vS, alm
stell." His position matches
UGC 6370. Wilhelm Tempel
independently found this galaxy in 1876 and reported NGC 3641 in list I-34 as
"Small and faint, Class III; NGC 3640 is 2' south."
******************************
NGC 3642 = UGC
6385 = MCG +10-16-128 = CGCG 291-062 = PGC 34889
11 22 17.9 +59
04 28
V = 11.2; Size 5.4'x4.5'; Surf Br = 14.5; PA = 105d
17.5"
(3/19/88): bright, fairly large, round, even concentration down to a very
bright core, faint stellar nucleus.
Appears mottled (knot?) on the west side of the core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3642 = H I-245 = h865 on 18 Mar 1790 (sweep 951) and noted
"p or cB, pS, R, vgbM."
His position is within 1' of the center of UGC 6385. Samuel Hunter, observing with LdR's
72" on 19 Apr 1862, noted "bright nucleus and I suspect it either a
spiral or an annular neb."
******************************
NGC 3643 = MCG
+01-29-036 = CGCG 039-136 = PGC 34802
11 21 25.0 +03
00 50
V = 14.1; Size 0.8'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.4
17.5"
(4/4/92): very faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE. A mag 13 star is at the SE edge 1.0'
from center. NGC 3644 lies 12' S.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3643 = m 221, along with NGC 3644, on 22 Mar 1865 and noted
"eF, vS". His position
matches CGCG 039-136 = PGC 34802.
The RNGC
misidentifies CGCG 039-143 = PGC 34817 as NGC 3643 (listed in my RNGC
Corrections #2). See Harold
Corwin's NGC notes for more errors in the modern identifications.
******************************
NGC 3644 = IC
684 = UGC 6373 = MCG +01-29-037 = CGCG 039-139 = PGC 34814
11 21 32.9 +02
48 37
V = 13.7; Size 1.5'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 63d
48"
(4/4/11): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 5:2 SW-NE,
40"x16", contains a bright core. A mag 12.5 star is 40" SSW of center. Shkh 352, a rich group of faint
galaxies, lies 5' N in the field.
17.5"
(4/4/92): faint, small, elongated 3:2 WSW-ENE. A mag 13 star is at the SW edge 0.6' from center. Located 12' ESE of mag 8.3 SAO 118800
in the NGC 3640 group with NGC 3643 12' N. A very faint quartet of galaxies is midway between NGC 3644
and NGC 3643.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3644 = m 222 on 22 Mar 1865 and noted "vF, vS." His position matches UGC 6373 = PGC
34814.
Guillaume
Bigourdan found this galaxy on 14 Apr 1888 and assumed it was new, and recorded
#163 as a "small nebula with a mag 12.8 situated in PA 214¡ at 0.5'."
His position is a bit off to the north and Dreyer recatalogued this galaxy as
IC 684. So, NGC 3644 = IC 684.
******************************
NGC 3645 = NGC
3630: = UGC 6349 = MCG +01-29-031 = CGCG 039-124 = PGC 34817
11 20 17.0 +02
57 52
See observing
notes for NGC 3630.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3645 = H II-32 = h867 on 23 Feb 1784 (sweep 158) and recorded
"pB, vS, bM so that it resembles an irregular nebulous star." His position, reduced correctly by CH,
falls 3' south of NGC 3643 (much too faint to fit his description), in a group
of very faint galaxies. But it is
also 70 sec of RA due east of NGC 3630, a bright galaxy that fits the
description. JH has a single
observation, giving a very rough position (near his father's) but the
description "pB; S; E; bM", also implies h867 = NGC 3630. In fact, JH suggests the equivalence in
the GC, though Dreyer rejects this in the NGC Notes section as Tempel claimed
an observation of NGC 3645 (h867).
The
identification of H II-32 is analyzed by Malcolm Thomson in the Webb Society
Quarterly Journal #73, Alister Ling in issue #87 and Harold Corwin in his
NGC/IC identification notes. They all conclude that NGC 3645 is a duplicate
observation of NGC 3630. RNGC and
CGCG misidentify CGCG 039-143 as NGC 3645.
******************************
NGC 3646 = UGC
6376 = MCG +03-29-037 = CGCG 096-034 = PGC 34836
11 21 43.1 +20
10 10
V = 11.1; Size 3.9'x2.2'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 50d
48"
(5/16/12 and 4/6/13): this showpiece spiral appeared bright, large, oval ~2:1
SW-NE, sharply concentrated with a very bright core. The visual treat was a prominent lens or eye-shaped ring
surrounding the core! The ring was
slightly brighter in an arc along the north side. At the west edge of this arc was a very faint quasi-stellar
knot (SDSS J112141.34+201039.0, V = 17.2). Another section of the ring that stands out is along the
southwest edge, with a brighter linear piece about 40" long that has
several SDSS designations. The
interior of the ring is fairly dark near this section, as well as other
sections, providing a good contrast with the core and ring. A very small, weak brightening was also
noted on the northeast end of the ring.
A mag 14 star lies 1.4' NW of center and a mag 16 star is 1' SSE of
center.
17.5"
(4/14/01): moderately bright, fairly large, elongated 3'x2' SW-NE. Gradually increases to a brighter
30" oval core. A
quasi-stellar nucleus is occasionally visible with direct vision. Forms a pair with NGC 3649 7.8' ENE.
13.1":
moderately bright and large, elongated, broad concentration with no
nucleus. An extremely faint star
or knot is involved.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3646 = H III-15 = h866 on 15 Feb 1784 (sweep 146) and recorded
"Two, a Large nebula [NGC 3646] followed by a small one [NGC 3649], in the
same field of view with it. The large
one is extremely and small one still fainter, so that I did not perceive it
immediately. I suppose the large
one cannot be less than 5 or 6' of extent." JH logged "F; L; E; 2' long. The sp of two [with NGC 3649]."
Bindon Stoney,
observing with LdR's 72" on 13 Apr 1852, remarked "L neb [NGC 3646] is
bM. It has a knot in sp end and a
dark curved passage on p and n sides of centre; Spiral." This description is similar to the view
in Jimi Lowrey's 48".
******************************
NGC 3647 = CGCG
039-135 = Shkh 352-1 = PGC 34794
11 21 32.6 +02
53 14
V = 14.6; Size 0.6'x0.45'; PA = 73d
48"
(4/4/11): fairly faint, small, round, 18" diameter, small bright
nucleus. First in the dense Shkh
352 cluster (7 members within 2') with 6 galaxies close following including
Shkh 352-6 0.8' SE, CGCG 39-140 0.8' NE and Shkh 352-3 1.5' ENE. Located 4.6' N of NGC 3644 (brightest
nearby galaxy) and 11' ENE of mag 8.1 HD 98603.
Shkh 352-2:
fairly faint, very small, round, 14" diameter, very small bright
nucleus. Located 0.8' NE of NGC
3647 (Shkh 352-1) in a dense group of compact galaxies. CGCG 39-141 lies 50" E and Shkh
352-6 lies 42" S.
Shkh 352-3: faint, very small, round, 14"
diameter. In a very rich, group of
faint, compact ellipticals with CGCG 139-140 = Shkh 352-2 0.8' W, CGCG 139-142
= Shkh 352-4 0.7' N, Shkh 352-7 0.7' NE and NGC 3647 1.5' WSW.
Shkh 352-4:
fairly faint, very small, round, 12", very small bright nucleus. Located 0.9' NE of CGCG 39-140 = Shkh
352-2 and 0.7' N of Shkh 352-3 in the core of this compact cluster. Shkh 352-7 lies 45" ESE.
Shkh 352-5:
extremely faint and small, 6" diameter. Furthest north in tight group of 7 members of Shkh 352,
packed into a 2' circle. Located
42" N of CGCG 39-142 = Shkh 352-4.
A mag 16 star lies 35" NW.
Shkh 352-6: very
faint, extremely small, round, 6" diameter. This member of Shkh 352 forms the southern vertex of a tiny
quadrilateral with NGC 3647 = CGCG 39-135 0.8' NW, CGCG 39-140 0.7' N and CGCG
39-141 1' NE!
Shkh 352-7:
faint, extremely small, round, 6" diameter, bright stellar nucleus. Located 40" NE of Shkh 352-3 and
45" ESE of CGCG 039-142 = Shkh 352-4.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3647 = m 223 on 22 Mar 1865 and noted an "eF neb.
star." His position falls in
a tight quartet including CGCG 039-135, -140, -141 and -142. Bigourdan misidentified a star as NGC
3647.
Various modern
sources pick all four of these compact galaxies as NGC 3647! NED, HyperLeda and NGC/IC Project
(Corwin) identifies CGCG 039-141 as NGC 3647, CGCG identifies CGCG 039-142 as
NGC 3647, and the RNGC position falls on CGCG 039-140. But CGCG 039-135 is the brightest
visually in the quartet! So,
although the identification is uncertain with 4 close candidates, the 2014
version of Harold Corwin's NGC positions file also identifies CGCG 039-135 as
NGC 3647.
******************************
NGC 3648 = UGC
6389 = MCG +07-23-043 = CGCG 213-043 = CGCG 214-002 = LGG 236-001 = PGC 34908
11 22 31.5 +39
52 37
V = 12.6; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 75d
18"
(5/30/03): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 WSW-ENE, 0.9'x0.6'. Contains a small, round, bright core
with a quasi-stellar nucleus.
Located 18' S of mag 6.6 SAO 43717 and 7' ESE of mag 9.7 SAO 43713.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3648 = h868 on 18 Mar 1831 and noted "pB; pmE; S; has a
suspicious nucleus, as if a vF close double star." The coordinates are marked uncertain,
but his position is just 1' south of UGC 6389.
******************************
NGC 3649 = UGC
6386 = MCG +03-29-038 = CGCG 096-036 = IC 682 = PGC 34883
11 22 14.8 +20
12 30
V = 13.7; Size 1.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 140d
17.5"
(4/14/01): faint, small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 0.6'x0.4' (viewed oval core
only). A mag 14.5 star is just off
the south edge [23" from center].
Forms a pair with NGC 3646 7.8' WSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3649 = H III-16 = h869, along with NGC 3646 (see notes), on 15
Feb 1784 (sweep 146). JH made two
observations of the pair and his mean position is fairly accurate.
Lewis Swift
possibly found the galaxy on 22 Apr 1889, assumed it was new, and recorded it
in his 8th discovery list, #56 (later IC 682) as "eF; eS; R; vF * close
np." There is nothing at his
position, but 1.0 min of RA east is NGC 3649 and the description applies.
******************************
NGC 3650 = UGC
6391 = MCG +04-27-031 = CGCG 126-043 = PGC 34913
11 22 35.4 +20
42 15
V = 13.9; Size 1.7'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 54d
17.5"
(4/14/01): fairly faint, fairly small, edge-on 5:1 SW-NE, 1.0'x0.2', irregular
surface brightness, small brighter core.
Situated 2.7' SE of a mag 11 star.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 3650 = Sw III-60 on 5 Mar 1886 and noted "eF; S; R; between
2 stars." His position is 16
sec of RA west of UGC 6391, though
this galaxy is south of two brighter stars.
******************************
NGC 3651 = HCG
51A = UGC 6388 = MCG +04-27-028 = CGCG 126-042n = Holm 249a = WBL 326-004 = PGC
34898
11 22 26.3 +24
17 56
V = 13.2; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.4
48"
(4/18/15): brightest of the 7 members of HCG 51. At 488x, it appeared moderately to fairly bright, round,
0.6' diameter. It forms a merged
double system with HCG 51F at the south edge. The companion is faint to fairly faint, very small,
elongated 2"1 ~N-S, ~12"x6". The two galaxies were not fully resolved but there is a dip
in brightness at the point they merge.
NGC 3653 lies 1.5' SE.
HCG 51G, just
28" SE, is a faint, round, quasi-stellar knot under 10"
diameter. MCG +04-27-030 = HCG 51D
is 1' E and appeared fairly faint, small, round, 15" diameter, brighter
nucleus. CGCG 126-040 = HCG 51B is 2.8' W and the largest in the septet. It appeared moderately bright,
elongated 2:1 N-S, 0.8'x0.4', sharply concentrated with a small bright
core. Most catalogues misidentify
this galaxy as IC 2759, which lies 1' further NNW. IC 2759 = HCG 51E is also moderately bright but small,
round, 18" diameter, sharply concentrated with a small bright core.
17.5"
(5/11/96): this is the brightest member of the HCG 51 quintet. Fairly faint, fairly small, slightly
elongated N-S, 1.0'x0.8', small brighter core. Forms a small isosceles triangle with NGC 3653 (51C) 1.4' SE
and MCG +04-27-030 (51D) 1.0' E.
MCG +04-27-026 (51B) lies 2.7' W and brighter IC 2759 (51E) is 1' N of
51B.
MCG +04-27-026
is very faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 N-S, 0.9'x0.6', very weak
concentration. Larger of close
pair with IC 2759 1.0' N but has a significantly lower surface brightness. Modern catalogues misidentify this
galaxy as IC 2759. IC 2759 is
faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, moderate surface brightness. Finally MCG +04-27-030 is extremely
faint and small, 12" diameter.
It's the faintest of five in HCG 51.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3651 = H III-335 = h870, along with NGC 3653, on 10 Apr 1785
(sweep 394) and recorded "Two, both vF and vS. The most south [NGC 3653] is the faintest. I saw them both very well with 240. About 2 or 3' from each
other." JH noted "F; R;
gbM; the np of 2." His
position is a good match with UGC 6388.
******************************
NGC 3652 = UGC
6392 = MCG +06-25-055 = CGCG 185-049 = Arak 291 = LGG 236-002 = PGC 34917
11 22 39.0 +37
45 54
V = 12.2; Size 2.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 150d
18"
(5/30/03): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE,
1.0'x0.5'. Contains a bulging core
and much fainter extensions.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3652 = H II-775 = h871 on 23 Mar 1789 (sweep 915) and logged
"pB, cL, lE, vgmbM." NGC
3652 was discovered by WH (II 775).
JH noted (single observation) "F; pL; wires visible in
twilight." Both positions are
at the edges of UGC 6392.
******************************
NGC 3653 = HCG
51C = MCG +04-27-029 = CGCG 126-044 = Holm 249b = PGC 34905
11 22 30.1 +24
16 45
V = 13.6; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 85d
48"
(4/18/15): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 ~E-W, 0.6'x0.4', sharply
concentrated with a very small bright core. NGC 3653 is the second brightest member of HCG 51 with
slightly brighter NGC 3651 (and companions) 1.5' NW.
17.5"
(5/11/96): faint, small, slightly elongated E-W, 30" diameter, stellar
nucleus. Second brightest in HCG
51 quintet with brightest member NGC 3651 1.4' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3653 = H III-336 = h872, along with NGC 3651, on 10 Apr 1785
(sweep 394) and recorded "Two, both vF and vS. The most south [NGC 3653] is the faintest. I saw them both very well with
240. About 2 or 3' from each
other." JH noted "vF;
the sf of 2." His position is
45" too far southeast.
******************************
NGC 3654 = UGC
6407 = MCG +12-11-022 = CGCG 334-029 = PGC 35025
11 24 10.9 +69
24 47
V = 12.7; Size 1.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 27d
17.5"
(4/22/95): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, brighter along the
major axis, very small bright core.
Situated midway betwen a mag 12 star 3.1' NE and a mag 13 star 3.4' SW
of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3654 = H II-880 on 6 Apr 1793 (sweep 1036) and recorded "F,
S, lE from sp to nf, bM." His
position matches UGC 6407.
******************************
NGC 3655 = UGC
6396 = MCG +03-29-039 = CGCG 096-037 = LGG 237-003 = PGC 34935
11 22 54.7 +16
35 24
V = 11.6; Size 1.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.0; PA = 30d
24"
(5/27/17): at 200x; bright, large, oval 4:3 SSW-NNE, very well concentrated
with a relatively large bright core and an intensely bright small nucleus. Member of a group (LGG 237) that
includes NGC 3681, 3684 and 3686.
17.5"
(4/15/93): fairly bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, prominent core,
stellar nucleus, fainter extensions, high surface brightness. A mag 12.5 star is 2.5' ENE.
8"
(4/24/82): fairly bright, bright core, slightly elongated. Located 45' WNW of a mag 6 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3655 = H I-5 = h873 on 30 Dec 1783 (early sweep 71) and recorded
"A nebula. F, not of the
cometic kind, but seem to be resolvable.
It is of a roundish shape, but not regular." JH made three observations and measured
an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3656 = Arp
155 = VV 22a = UGC 6403 = MCG +09-19-063 = CGCG 268-029 = PGC 34989
11 23 38.5 +53
50 32
V = 12.5; Size 1.6'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 7d
48"
(4/6/13): bright, moderately large, irregularly round, ~1.3'x1.0', large very
bright core but no distinct nucleus.
A mag 12.7 star is just off the west edge of a large, diffuse halo. A dust lane or absorption patch is
evident on the north side as a region of lower surface brightness.
MCG +09-19-64, a
merging companion, is attached at the southern edge of the halo [40" S of
center]. It appeared faint, fairly
small, low surface brightness, slightly elongated E-W, 20"x15". PGC 2452556,
2.3' ENE, was a fairly faint, fairly small, roundish glow, 15" diameter,
with a brighter core.
18"
(5/30/03): moderately bright, round, fairly small, 0.8' diameter, fairly weak
concentration with a brighter core.
A mag 12 star is just off the west side, 45" from center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3656 = H II-782 = h874 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920) and recorded
"pB, S, R, vgmbM, just following a small star." JH logged "pB; R; vglbM; 20";
a * 12m preceding." and measured a very accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3657 = UGC
6406 = MCG +09-19-065 = CGCG 268-030 = LGG 241-010 = PGC 35002
11 23 55.6 +52
55 15
V = 12.4; Size 1.4'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.1
18"
(5/30/03): moderately bright, fairly small, round, 0.7' diameter, small bright
core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3657 = H III-768 = h876 on 12 Apr 1789 (sweep 919) and noted
"vF, vS, stellar, left doubtful." His dec is is 3' south of UGC 6406 but JH measured accurate
position (used in the NGC).
******************************
NGC 3658 = UGC
6409 = MCG +07-24-002 = CGCG 214-003 = LGG 236-003 = PGC 35003
11 23 58.3 +38
33 45
V = 12.2; Size 1.6'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.0
18"
(5/30/03): moderately bright, moderately large, round, 1.0' diameter, small
bright core, symmetrical appearance.
Located 15' SW of NGC 3665 and 9' SE of mag 9 SAO 62530.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3658 = H IV-59 = h877 on 23 Mar 1789 (sweep 915) and recorded
"cB, S, R, BN, the nucleus considerably well defined, and the chevelure
vF." His position (CH's
reduction) is 1' northwest of UGC 6409.
JH made two observations and only measured one position, which was poor,
but noted "Nothing remarkable in its character to place it in the 4th
class."
******************************
NGC 3659 = UGC
6405 = MCG +03-29-040 = CGCG 096-038 = PGC 34995
11 23 45.3 +17
49 04
V = 12.3; Size 2.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 60d
13.1"
(4/10/86): fairly faint, fairly small, weak concentration, elongated WSW-ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3659 = H II-53 = h878 on 14 Mar 1784 (sweep 170) and noted
"F, S, r." JH measured
an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3660 = UGCA
234 = MCG -01-29-016 = Mrk 1291 = PGC 34980
11 23 32.2 -08
39 31
V = 11.9; Size 2.9'x2.2'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 110d
48"
(4/21/17): at 697x and 813x; this multi-armed barred spiral appeared bright,
large, oval 4:3 WNW-ESE, ~2.8'x2.1'.
The core consists of fairly narrow bar oriented NNW-SSE with a bright
quasi-stellar nucleus at the center.
Subtle spiral structure was evident in the halo with a couple of long
spiral arcs, though the contrast was too low to distinguish complete arms. A mag 11.5 star is 2' NE of center and
three mag 10-12.5 star are ~5' E.
2MASX
J11231643-0840067, a Hoag-type Ring galaxy ("Burcin's Galaxy") lies
4' WSW. The core of this Hoag-type Ring appeared fairly faint, small, round,
15" diameter, brightens slightly to a faint stellar nucleus. The detached ring (roughly 1' across
and mag V = 17.7) was not seen, though Jimi had pops of the northeast section.
48" (5/12/12):
fairly bright, large, oval 5:4 WNW-ESE, ~2.5'x2.0', well concentrated with a
bright, elongated core that seems to contains a brighter bar. The outer halo fades out gradually and
increases in size with averted vision.
2MASX J11231643-0840067 (Ring Galaxy) lies 4' W and 2MASX
J11234820-0841218 is 4.4' SE.
18"
(3/19/04): fairly faint, fairly large, round, ~2' diameter with averted vision,
broad concentration but then suddenly increases to a small nucleus. A faint star is off the west edge 1'
from center. A trio of mag 10-12
stars follows by ~5'. Located 19'
NE of mag 6.9 HD 98853.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3660 = H II-635 on 22 Feb 1787 (sweep 705) and noted "F,
pL, iR, vgbM." His position
matches MCG -01-29-016 = PGC 34980.
******************************
NGC 3661 = IC
689 = MCG -02-29-022 = PGC 34986
11 23 38.4 -13
49 51
V = 14.0; Size 1.7'x0.8'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 137d
17.5"
(3/29/85): faint, very elongated NW-SE.
A string of three mag 11 stars begins 1.6' S and continues to the SE. NGC 3667 lies 10' E.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3661 = H III-530 = h3339, along with NGC 3667, on 27 Mar 1786
(sweep 548) and noted "vF, stellar." His position is 2' due south of MCG -02-29-022 = PGC 34986. JH logged "F; S; R; gbM. The preceding of 2 [with NGC
3667]."
Ormond Stone
found the galaxy again on 1 Jan 1889 with the 26-inch at the Leander-McCormick
Observatory and assumed it was new.
His micrometric position (#421 in the LM Southern Nebulae list) matches
PGC 34986. Dreyer didn't
catch the equivalence, but IC 689 = NGC 3661.
******************************
NGC 3662 = UGC
6408 = MCG +00-29-025 = CGCG 011-086 = PGC 34996
11 23 45.6 -01
06 12
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 25d
17.5"
(5/4/02): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 ~SSW-NNE, 1.0'x0.7'. There is a fairly bright star ~mag 13.5
which is superimposed about 10" NE from the geometric center and appears
similar to a bright stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3662 = H IV-4 = h879 on 22 Feb 1784 (sweep 153) and recorded
"an excessively faint nebula, consisting of a nucleus with a vF, S, brush
sp. The brush is not regularly fan
shapes." Herschel
commented in his 1814 PT paper that "a very small star has an extremely
faint and very small nebula attached to it in the shape of a puff.". He gave this example as evidence of a
union of attraction between the nebula and the star. JH called this object a "star 13-14 m with a F, S,
nebulous brush."
Wolfgang
Steinicke, in "Observing and Cataloguing Nebulae and Star Clusters"
states Julius Schmidt found NGC 3662 on 29 Mar 1862 with a 15.7-cm refractor
and described an "exceedingly faint, object with slight central
condensation." There was a controversy involving a number of observers whether
this was a "variable nebula" (like NGC 1555) as either this galaxy or
a nearby star appeared in the BD catalogue (BD -1¡ 2436) and marked as a
nebula. Involved in the
controversy were Julius Schmidt, d'Arrest, Hermann Goldschmidt, C.H.F. Peters
and Argelander. The end result is
that Argelander found a mistake occurred in the BD entry and the star should
not have been marked as nebulous.
******************************
NGC 3663 = MCG
-02-29-023 = PGC 35006
11 23 59.8 -12
17 47
V = 12.5; Size 2.1'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 85d
17.5"
(3/29/85): faint, fairly small, oval E-W, low even surface brightness. Two mag 13 and 15 stars are at the NE
edge 39" and 57" from the center, respectively.
Andrew Ainslie
Common discovered NGC 3663 in 1880 with his 36" silvered-glass reflector
and recorded "eF, fan-shaped, star close". There is nothing at his position but 15' north is MCG
-02-29-023 = PGC 35006 and two stars are at the northeast side of this galaxy. Common's position for his 32
discoveries are consistently poor in declination (obtained from reading the
setting circle), so this identification is very plausible.
******************************
NGC 3664 = Arp 5
= VV 251 = UGC 6419 = MCG +01-29-041 = CGCG 039-170 = VIII Zw 146 = LGG 233-004
= PGC 35041
11 24 24.8 +03
19 39
V = 12.8; Size 2.0'x1.9'; Surf Br = 14.1
48"
(5/12/12): This disrupted spiral was a fascinating sight in Jimi Lowrey's
48-inch. The brightest feature is a very knotty 1' irregular bar oriented
SW-NE, containing at least three brighter knots. The brightest knot is at the
northeast end with at least two very close knots on the southwest side. A very
short offshoot extends just north of the northeast end. Fainter haze surrounds the bar on the
NW and SE sides.
The second
brightest feature is a detached, mottled "arm segment" on the
southwest side that's oddly cocked (NW-SE) perpendicular to the bar. As it
appeared detached from the bar, it didn't seem like it was part of a spiral
feature. But this arm segment dims
significantly and continues curving clockwise around the south and east side,
making a low surface brightness outer loop or ring, reaching around to the
other side of the bar! Then I
realized the bar was noticeably offset towards the northwest side within a
rounder 1.6' outline.
NGC 3664A, situated
6.2' south, is a much fainter disturbed companion that was likely involved in a
train wreck with NGC 3664 during an earlier encounter. NGC 3664 is a 30" fairly low
surface brightness glow with a broad concentration, but it didn't reveal any
irregular structure. UGC 6417, a more challenging edge on, is another 5'
further south.
17.5"
(5/4/02): fairly large, low surface brightness glow with just a weak
concentration, ~2' diameter.
Nearly collinear with a wide pair of mag 10.5/12.5 stars 3' SE with a
mag 10.5 star 7' NW also on this line.
In addition, three mag 13 stars to the east are collinear! Located 20' W of a mag 6.7 star. This
Arp galaxy has an unusual extension that juts at a 90¡ angle from the main
body.
13.1"
(4/10/86): very faint, slightly elongated ~N-S. Two stars lie SE and a bright star (82 Leo) is ~20' E.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 3664 on 14 Mar 1879 with the 11-inch refractor at the Arcetri
Observatory in Italy. He called it a double nebula with the two nuclei
separated by 15"-20", so he resolved the two brightest
"knots" along the central bar.
The discovery was reported in a short note in AN 94, p. 335.
******************************
NGC 3665 = UGC
6426 = MCG +07-24-003 = CGCG 214-004 = LGG 236-004 = PGC 35064
11 24 43.7 +38 45
47
V = 10.8; Size 2.5'x2.0'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 30d
18"
(5/30/03): bright, fairly large, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, 2.4'x1.6', strong
concentration with a very bright core which increases to the center. A mag 14.5 star lies 1.6' N of center,
outside the halo. NGC 3658 lies
15' SW.
17.5"
(5/2/92): very bright, fairly large, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 2.5'x1.3',
increases to very bright core, stellar nucleus, fainter elongated halo. A mag 15 star is off the north edge.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3665 = H I-219 = h881 on 23 Mar 1789 (sweep 915) and recorded
"vB, cL, vgmbM, iF." JH
made two observations, first logging it (sweep 335) as "vB; R; pgmbM;
50"; r."
The RNGC has a
typo in the declination, which is listed as 2 deg 54' instead of 38 deg 54'.
******************************
NGC 3666 = UGC
6420 = MCG +02-29-025 = CGCG 067-071 = PGC 35043
11 24 26.2 +11
20 31
V = 12.0; Size 4.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 100d
13.1"
(4/10/86): fairly faint, elongated ~E-W, bright core, sharper light cut off on
the east side. A mag 14 star is
1.5' NNE of center. Located 9' SW
of mag 5.8 SAO 99598.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3666 = H I-20 = h882 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 174) and noted
"E, r. A vB star may be taken
into the field with it." CH's
reduced position is 10 tsec following UGC 6420. JH observed it on 3 sweeps, first noting on sweep 242
"eF; 2nd or 3rd class. The
bright star 1341 A.S.C. follows it.
This neb must have changed greatly if it ever belonged really to the 1st
class [as place by WH]."
Winnecke wrote a
paper in 1879 (AN 2293) claiming this nebula displayed "periodic
variability". As
"proof" Winnecke mentions William Herschel placed this nebula in his
first class of "Bright Nebula", but John Herschel called it "eF,
2nd or 3rd class." Winnecke
described it as "pretty bright", while d'Arrest in 1863 termed it
"subobscura". Dreyer
found it barely visible in 1887 with the 10-inch Grubb refractor at Armagh but
in 1891 he it appeared bright.
Dreyer was
critical of reports of variability of nebulae in general and commented in a
1891 paper that "this is a diffused nebula with a very slight central
condensation" and "the appearance of objects of this kind is far more
influenced by the state of our atmosphere than that of nebulae with a distinct
condensation." Wolfgang
Steinicke discusses this cases on page 519 of his book on the history of the
NGC.
******************************
NGC 3667 =
(R)NGC 3667A = MCG -02-29-025 = Holm 252a = PGC 35028
11 24 17.0 -13
51 26
V = 12.7; Size 1.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 85d
17.5"
(3/29/85): moderately bright, very small, round, small bright nucleus. Forms a close pair with NGC 3667A = MCG
-02-29-026 1.1' E. The companion
appeared faint, very small, round, low surface brightness. NGC 3661 lies 10' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3667 = H III-531 = h3340, along with NGC 3661, on 27 Mar 1786
(sweep 548) and noted "cF, vlbM, stellar." JH recorded "pF; R; 20"; has 3 stars 10 mag near
it, with the two following of which it makes an equilateral triangle.
******************************
NGC 3668 = UGC
6430 = MCG +11-14-023 = CGCG 314-026 = PGC 35123
11 25 30.4 +63
26 46
V = 12.3; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 137d
17.5"
(4/22/95): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 1.5'x1.0',
mottled appearance. Well
concentrated with an elongated core and a bright nucleus. A mag 15 star is superimposed at the
northwest end 0.6' from center.
Located 2.6' NE of a mag 10 star.
Forms a pair
with CGCG 314-028 = Arak 293 9.7' E, at the edge of the 225x field. The Arakelian galaxy (catalogue of high
surface brightness galaxies) appeared fairly faint, very small, round. Appears a compact fairly high surface
brightness glow about 20" diameter.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3668 = H II-845 = h880 on 20 Mar 1790 (sweep 954) and noted
"vF, pS." His position
(CH's reduction) is 14 sec of RA west of UGC 6430. The mag 15 star superimposed on the northwest side is
mentnioned in the UGC notes as a galaxy, but it appears stellar on the SDSS.
******************************
NGC 3669 = UGC
6431 = MCG +10-16-135 = CGCG 291-067 = PGC 35113
11 25 26.7 +57
43 17
V = 12.4; Size 2.2'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 153d
17.5"
(3/19/88): fairly faint, moderately large, edge-on 4:1 NNW-SSE, even surface
brightness.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3669 = H II-829 = h883 on 18 Mar 1790 (sweep 951) and noted
"vF, E, easily resolvable."
His position is accurate.
JH made a single observation and logged "vF; mE; vlbM; 60"
length."
******************************
NGC 3670 = UGC
6427 = MCG +04-27-033 = CGCG 126-048 = PGC 35067
11 24 49.7 +23
56 43
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 35d
18"
(5/31/03): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE,
0.7'x0.5'. Moderate concentration
with faint extensions and a small, brighter core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3670 = H III-337 = h884 on 10 Apr 1785 (sweep 394) and noted
"vF, S." His single
position (CH's reduction) is 4' northwest of UGC 6427, the brightest galaxy in
the vicinity. JH called this
galaxy "eF; vS; R" and measured a fairly accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3671 = CGCG
291-068= PGC 35149
11 25 52.5 +60
28 46
V = 14.6; Size 0.5'x0.4'; PA = 10d
17.5"
(3/19/88): extremely faint and small, round. A mag 14.5 star is close east.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3671 = H III-922 = h885 on 9 Apr 1793 (sweep 1039) and noted
"vF, vS, 2 very small stars in it." One of these "small stars" is probably the
nucleus. JH's position
matches CGCG 291-068 although his description reads "This must be my
father's neb, but it is a suspicious object and I doubt whether it be not a
little knot of 3 or 5 stars."
Only a single mag 14.5 star is close following.
******************************
NGC 3672 = MCG
-02-29-028 = UGCA 235 = PGC 35088
11 25 02.5 -09
47 40
V = 11.4; Size 4.2'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 8d
17.5"
(3/29/85): fairly bright, fairly large, oval 2:1 N-S, weakly concentrated to
the center.
8"
(5/21/82): faint, diffuse. Located
20' W of a mag 7.5 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3672 = H I-131 = h886 on 4 Mar 1786 (sweep 597) and reocorded
"cB, E, 4 or 5' long and near 4' broad, gbM."
Andrew Ainslie
Common probably found this galaxy in 1880 with his 36" reflector, assumed
it was new, and reported #17 as "pB, L, bM, E 180¡" in his Copernicus
discovery list.
******************************
NGC 3673 = ESO
503-016 = MCG -04-27-010 = UGCA 236 = PGC 35097
11 25 12.8 -26
44 12
V = 11.5; Size 3.6'x2.4'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 70d
18"
(3/19/04): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 ~E-W, 2.0'x1.4',
broad concentration to halo.
Appears brighter along the major axis like a bar (verified on the DSS)
with a very small brighter core.
Two mag 11.5 and 13 stars following closely, 2' and 1.5' from the center. Located 8' N of mag 8.7 SAO 179863.
18"
(3/19/04): moderately bright, fairly large, elongated nearly 2:1 WSW-ENE. Contains a bright 45" elongated
core embedded in a much faint halo, ~2.5'x1.5'. Within the halo is the strong impression of a bar and the
galaxy is locally brighter immediately following the bar.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3673 = h3341 on 22 Mar 1836 and recorded "F; vL;
vglbM. Several small stars near,
and one = 7m nearly south, at 6' distance. HIs position and description matches
ESO 503-016.
******************************
NGC 3674 = UGC
6444 = MCG +10-16-138 = CGCG 291-069 = PGC 35191
11 26 26.6 +57
02 54
V = 12.2; Size 1.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 33d
17.5"
(3/19/88): moderately bright, small, very elongated SSW-NNE, small bright core,
stellar nucleus. NGC 3683 lies
13.6' SE and NGC 3683A is 23' ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3674 = H II-886 on 8 Apr 1793 (sweep 1038) and logged "pB,
iF." The NGC position from
d'Arrest is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3675 = UGC
6439 = MCG +07-24-004 = CGCG 214-005 = PGC 35164
11 26 07.8 +43
35 06
V = 10.2; Size 5.9'x3.1'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 178d
17.5"
(4/6/91): very bright, fairly large, elongated 5:2 N-S, 4'x1.5', very bright
sharply defined elongated core, substellar nucleus. A mag 13 star is at the SSW edge 2.0' from the center. A dust lane is evident by a sharper
light cut-off along the east side of the core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3675 = H I-194 = h887 on 14 Jan 1788 (sweep 798) and recorded
"vB, mE in the meridian, BN."
JH made two observations, first noting (sweep 248) "vB; L; mE;
vsmbM; 2' long, 40" broad.
Many stars 14 and 15 mag precede."
******************************
NGC 3676 = MCG
-02-29-029 = PGC 35131
11 25 37.5 -11
08 23
V = 13.6; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 151d
16" LX200
(4/14/07): faint, small, round, 0.5' diameter, occasional very faint stellar
nucleus. Located in an asterims of
5 mag 11.5-12.5 stars with two mag 11.5 stars just 1' NNE and 1' SE. Listed as nonexistent in the RNGC.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 3676 = LM II-436 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory.
There is nothing at his position, but 30' south is MCG -02-29-029 = PGC
35131 and his comment "2 st 10 nf, sf" matches this galaxy
perfectly. NGC 3676 was not
recovered by Bigourdan because of the poor discovery position.
RNGC classifies
the number as nonexistent and MCG -02-29-029 is not labeled as NGC 3676 in the
MCG, Deep Sky Field Guide, Megastar, etc.
******************************
NGC 3677 = UGC
6441 = MCG +08-21-035 = CGCG 242-035 = PGC 35181
11 26 17.7 +46
58 26
V = 12.3; Size 1.9'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 130d
18"
(5/30/03): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 NW-SE, 0.8'x0.6'. Weak, even concentration to a small,
brighter core. Collinear with two
mag 11 stars 4' and 6' NNE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3677 = h888 on 19 Mar 1828 and noted "S; R; vsbM to a *
16m." His mean position
from 2 observations is 1' north of UGC 6441.
******************************
NGC 3678 = UGC
6443 = MCG +05-27-071 = CGCG 156-075 = PGC 35177
11 26 15.7 +27
52 01
V = 13.6; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0
18"
(3/29/03): faint, fairly small, round, 0.7' diameter, fairly even surface
brightness.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3678 = h889 on 13 Apr 1831 and recorded "vF; R; psbM;
25". Is 2' sp a *
12m." His position and
description matches UGC 6443.
******************************
NGC 3679 = MCG
-01-29-021 = Mrk 1294 = PGC 35165
11 26 08.6 -05
35 09
Size
1.0'x0.5'; PA = 178d
18"
(3/19/04): fairly faint, small, elongated 5:2 N-S, 0.7'x0.3', fairly even
surface brightness. Three mag 14
stars are within 2'. Located 4.6'
SSE of a mag 10 star. The NGC identification is very uncertain and NGC 3679 may
apply to MCG -01-29-012.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3679 = H III-112 on 24 Apr 1784 (sweep 205) and recorded
"cL, eF, R, r. Just
preceding, and very near a B star.
The nebulosity touches the star.
There is so much moonlight that I do not see it satifactory, and am,
even not without some doubts as to the reality, but must defer the verification
till a darker night." There
is nothing near his position.
Dreyer notes
that WH could not find this nebula again on 29 Dec 1786 (sweep 673). He reported "Looked for the Nebula
III. 112 and though the night is apparently not a bad one, I could not find
it. I examined a great part of the
heavens in this neighborhood but saw nothing of it." He searched again unsuccessfully on 20
Mar 1789 (sweep 912), but found another nebula - probably MCG -01-29-021 -
"making a trapezium with 2 small stars". The RNGC and PGC (as well as secondary sources such as
Megastar) identify this galaxy as NGC 3679. But there is no bright star near MCG -01-29-021
matching the original description and Dreyer concludes that III-112 is probably
nonexistent. NGC 3915 = H III-113,
the next object found in the sweep, also cannot be identified with any
confidence.
See Harold
Corwin's discussion of these identities.
He suggests that NGC 3679 might be MCG -01-29-012, located 2.4' south of
of mag 7.8 HD 98750. My visual
description refers to (R)NGC 3679.
Interestingly, Spitaler also identified this galaxy as NGC 3679 in an 1892
observation and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3680 = Cr
247 = ESO 265-SC032
11 25 37 -43 15
00
V = 7.6; Size 12'
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): scattered group of a dozen stars at 105x in 7' but with
an interesting arrangement as many of the stars form two intersecting lanes
crossing at a right angle. Includes
a few mag 10-10.5 stars.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 3680 = D 481 on 7 May 1826 and recorded "a cluster of
stars, about 10' diameter, mixt magnitude. This precedes 25
Centauri." Dunlop made 4
observations of this cluster and his position is roughly 10' SE of the center
of the large cluster (typical error).
On JH's first sweep (h3342) of 3 Feb 1835 he logged "cluster VIII
class, 60 or 70 stars 11..13th mag in a compact round space, 10' diameter."
His second observation reads: "not very rich but a good cluster; gradually
compressed in the middle, large, rich, very scattered, almost fills field,
stars 10..14th mag."
******************************
NGC 3681 = UGC
6445 = MCG +03-29-048 = CGCG 096-045 = PGC 35193
11 26 29.8 +16
51 48
V = 11.2; Size 2.5'x2.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 170d
24"
(5/27/17): bright, fairly large, roundish, contains a relatively large brighter
core which is sharply concentrated with an intensely bright nucleus. A string of 3 stars extends to the ENE
of the galaxy, the last is an uneven double [~7" separation]. First in a bright quartet with NGC 3684
14' NE, NGC 3686 28' NE and NGC 3691 24' ENE.
13.1"
(1/18/85): moderately bright, round, brighter core, stellar nucleus. On a line with two stars mag 11 and 12
3.0' NE and 4.7' NE. First of four
in the NGC 3686 group with NGC 3684 14' NNE, NGC 3691 24' ENE and NGC 3686 28'
NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3681 = H II-159 = h891 = h3343 on 17 Apr 1784 (sweep 198) and
recorded "pB, S, bM, rather too large to be called stellar." His position is 18 sec of RA west of
UGC 6445. JH made three
observations at Slough (measuring an accurate position) and one at the Cape of
Good Hope.
******************************
NGC 3682 = UGC
6459 = MCG +11-14-027 = CGCG 314-029 = PGC 35266
11 27 41.2 +66
35 23
V = 12.5; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 95d
18"
(3/30/05): moderately bright, small, slightly elongated E-W, ~0.6'x0.45'. Sharply concentrated with a very small,
very bright, 20" core and a much fainter halo. Located on the Draco-Ursa Major border.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3682 = H I-262 = h890 on 6 Apr 1793 (sweep 1036) and recorded
"cB, vS, iF. A sort of a
nucleus with a vF nebulosity about it." His RA was 92 tsec too large and dec 3' too large. JH logged "pB; R' vsmbM almost to
a *; 30" dia." and his position matches UGC 6459.
******************************
NGC 3683 = UGC
6458 = MCG +10-16-143 = CGCG 291-072 = PGC 35249
11 27 32.0 +56
52 37
V = 12.5; Size 1.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 128d
17.5"
(3/19/88): moderately bright, moderately large, very elongated NW-SE, small
bright core. In a low power field
with NGC 3674 14' NW and NGC 3683A 21' NE. NGC 3683A was noted as moderately bright and large,
oval ~SW-NE, broad concentration.
A mag 13 star is off the northeast edge, 1.7' from center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3683 = H I-246 = h892 on 18 Mar 1790 (sweep 951) and logged
"F, pL, iR." His
position (CH's reduction) is 17 sec of RA too small. JH noted "E.
haze so that I can barely be certain that a nebula exists.", but
his position is very accurate!
******************************
NGC 3684 = UGC
6453 = MCG +03-29-050 = CGCG 096-047 = LGG 237-006 = PGC 35224
11 27 11.2 +17
01 48
V = 11.4; Size 3.1'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 130d
24"
(5/27/17): bright, fairly large, elongated 4:3 NW-SE, irregular halo increases
in size with averted, ~1.6'x 1.2'.
Contains a relatively large brighter core that is nearly round and is
very weakly concentrated to the center.
Middle of three bright galaxies that are nearly collinear with NGC 3681
14' SW and NGC 3686 14' NE. NGC
3691 lies 15' ESE.
13.1"
(1/18/85): moderately bright, slightly elongated NW-SE, broad
concentration. Second of three on
a line with NGC 3681 14' SW and NGC 3686 14' NE. Also, NGC 3691 lies 15' SE.
John Herschel
found NGC 3684 = h893 on 17 Mar 1831 and logged "cB; L; E; vgbM; 100"
diameter." JH made a total of
three observations and d'Arrest measured the position on 5 nights. JH is credited with the discovery in
the GC and NGC.
But Wolfgang
Steinicke found that WH probably discovered this galaxy on 17 Apr 1784 (sweep
198). After discovering NGC 3681,
he turned north and found another new object, II-160, which he described as
"cL, R, brightest in the middle but the brightness goes off very
gradually." His
position is poor -- 35 sec of RA west and 10' north of NGC 3684 and also 68 sec
of RA west and 2' south of NGC 3686.
Both JH and Dreyer assumed II-160 applied to NGC 3686 but Wolfgang
states that WH didn't move his telescope that far north in the sweep and
discovered NGC 3684 instead.
******************************
NGC 3685 = MCG
+01-29-045 = CGCG 039-192 = Todd 9 = PGC 35305
11 28 16.2 +04
19 39
V = 14.1; Size 0.5'x0.2'; PA = 140d
18"
(4/30/11): faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Forms the western vertex of a triangle
with two mag 13 stars 2' NE and 2' E.
Forms a close pair with UGC 6466 just 1' SW, but I wasn't convinced this
low surface brightness spiral was glimpsed.
David Todd
discovered NGC 3685 = Todd 9 on 11 Dec 1877 in his search for a trans-Neptunian
planet (AN 2698). I was unable to
identify this object but Corwin found a match with CGCG 039-192. He describes this as "the higher
surface brightness component of a pair of CGCG galaxies; the other is UGC
06466, a pretty low surface brightness barred spiral." I confirmed Todd's offsets for the
nearby stars, so this identification is certain. The RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent, though NED
and HyperLeda use this identification.
******************************
NGC 3686 = UGC
6460 = MCG +03-29-051 = CGCG 096-049 = LGG 237-007 = PGC 35268
11 27 44.1 +17
13 26
V = 11.3; Size 3.2'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 15d
24"
(5/27/17): at 200x; bright, very large, slightly elongated ~N-S, broad mild
concentration with a relatively large slightly brighter core and a small
brighter nucleus. A 14th magnitude
star is on the south edge of the halo, 1.2' from center. The halo extends ~2.5'x2.0' and
encompasses this star.
13.1"
(1/18/85): brightest and largest in a group with NGC 3681, NGC 3684 and NGC
3691. Elongated 4:3 ~N-S,
3.0'x2.4', brighter core. An
extremely faint star or knot is involved.
A mag 11 star lies 2.6' N of center. NGC 3684 is 14' SSW and NGC 3691 19' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3686 = H III-28 = h894 on 14 Mar 1784 (sweep 170) and logged
"vF, L, r." His position
is 15 sec of RA due east of UGC 6460.
His observation of II-160 a month later on 17 Apr 1784 was assumed by JH
and Dreyer to be a duplicate observation, but Wolfgang Steinicke analyzed the
sweep and found II-160 applies to NGC 3684 instead.
JH observed h894
on 3 sweeps recording "pB; pL. (N.B. II 160 and III 28 are probably
identical". On a second sweep
he noted "B; L; R; bM; has a L star north and a smaller one south". Finally he logged "B; vL; E; vgbM;
2' diam. Near a *." Dreyer followed JH's comment in his
first sweep and commented in his 1912 "Scientific Papers of William Herschel"
that the transit for II 160 must have been recorded 1 tmin too late.
******************************
NGC 3687 = UGC
6463 = MCG +05-27-073 = CGCG 156-078 = Mrk 736 = PGC 35285
11 28 00.6 +29
30 39
V = 12.0; Size 1.9'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.3
18"
(3/29/03): fairly faint, fairly small, round. Seems to have an irregular surface brightness with a very
small, slightly brighter condensation in the halo.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3687 = H II-770 = h895 on 22 Feb 1789 (sweep 909) and noted
"pB, pL, R, lbM." His position matches UGC 6463. JH made 5 observations.
******************************
NGC 3688 = MCG
-01-29-024 = PGC 35269
11 27 44.4 -09
09 56
V = 14.3; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 10d
18"
(3/17/07): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 0.7'x0.35', low even
surface brightness. Located 7.6'
SSW of a mag 10.5 star.
Francis Leavenworth
discovered NGC 3688 = LM II-437 in 1886 and noted "lE in PA 0¡." His position is an unusually good match
with MCG -01-29-024 = PGC 35269, and his position angle is similar. Steinicke lists the discoverer as
Ainslie Common, but the closest entry in his list (#17) is a much better match
with NGC 3672 .
******************************
NGC 3689 = UGC
6467 = MCG +04-27-037 = CGCG 126-057 = PGC 35294
11 28 11.0 +25
39 41
V = 12.3; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 97d
17.5"
(4/9/99): moderately bright, oval 5:3 ~E-W, ~1.3'x0.8', broadly concentration
to a brighter core. The core
brightens but no distinct nucleus.
8"
(4/24/82): faint, round.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3689 = H II-339 = h897 on 6 Apr 1785 (sweep 393) and noted
"pF, pS, irr." JH logged
"B; pL; gbM; lE". His
position is just of the south side of UGC 6467.
******************************
NGC 3690 = Arp
299 = VV 118 = UGC 6471/2 = MCG +10-17-003/005 = CGCG 291-073 = Mrk 171a/b =
Holm 256a/b = PGC 35321
11 28 32.3 +58
33 43
V = 11.5; Size 2.9'x2.1'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 50d
48"
(5/12/12): at 488x, the southwest component (VV 118b) of NGC 3690 appeared as a
very bright, elongated, irregular knot of high surface brightness. Contains a very bright, quasi-stellar
nucleus. The northeast component
(VV 118a) is the larger of the merged interacting pair and appeared bright,
moderately large, ~1' diameter, small very bright core. A very low surface, asymmetric halo
extends on the northwest side of the bright pair. The southwest component is generally misidentified as IC
694, which is described below.
VV 118d/e,
probably HII regions, are just 45" NW of NGC 3690 (just outside the
halo). Occasionally an extremely
faint and small glow popped in this position, 6"-8" diameter. IC 694, ~1' NW of the bright pair, was
easily visible as a fairly faint, slightly elongated glow, 15"x12",
weak concentration. PGC 35345 (the
brighter component of Arp 296) lies 2.6' NE. It was also a direct vision, fairly faint glow, fairly
small, oval 4:3 NW-SE, 24"x18", increasing to a very small brighter
core.
17.5"
(4/1/95): NGC 3690 is a disrupted, interacting double system (Arp 299). This unusual pair appears moderately
bright, fairly small, elongated E-W.
The appearance is confusing with two very small "knots" in a
common halo elongated E-W (20" between centers). On the west side is a fairly bright virtually stellar
"knot", which is probably the nucleus of the brighter member of NGC 3690. There is a small fainter unconcentrated
extension on the following end and the two components are not individually
resolved. With averted vision, IC
694 was barely glimpsed as an extremely faint spot about 1' NW.
17.5"
(3/19/88): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated ~E-W, irregular, mottled
appearance. A mag 14 star is
superimposed on the west side and an extremely faint mag 15.5 star or knot is
involved. This is a disrupted
interacting system which includes IC 694.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3690 = H I-247 = h896 on 18 Mar 1790 (sweep 951) and recorded "pB,
lE, mbM." On 9 Apr 1793
(sweep 1039) he logged "vB, pL, lE near the parallel, but a little from nf
to sp." JH reported "B;
R; pgbM. Query whether there be
not a * excentric towards the south-following side." The "star"
may refer to the companion on the south side. On 27 Jan 1852, LdR's assistant Bindon Stoney described the
system as "Neb div into two parts, faint appendage np about one dia
distant."
Swift also
noticed it was double in 1883, writing in Sidereal Messenger IV (p39),
"mentioned to all observers as very little elongated. Chancing to run across it with a power
of 132, I immediately suspected it to be a close double, which suspicion a
power of 200 confirmed. It is
probably the closest double nebula known." Swift reobserved the galaxy on 18 Apr 1892 (list X) and
noted "vs, close D with [NGC] 3690, suspected with 132, ver with
200". This is nearly
identical to his 1883 comments.
Dreyer entered Stoney's and Swift's second component as IC 694 -- but
did they apply to the same object?
Usually, IC 694
is identified as the southwest component of the interacting double system NGC
3690 and this is likely what Swift resolved in his first observation. But Stoney's earlier observation
clearly resolved NGC 3690 into two components as well as picking up the
extremely faint 16th mag galaxy (MCG +10-17-002a = VV 118c) "one
diameter" NW of the NGC 3690 system.
Based on Stoney's observation, it is reasonable to assign IC 694 or IC
694B to MCG +10-17-002a = VV 118c.
******************************
NGC 3691 = UGC
6464 = MCG +03-29-053 = CGCG 096-050 = LGG 237-001 = PGC 35292
11 28 09.4 +16
55 11
V = 11.8; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.0; PA = 15d
24"
(5/27/17): at 200x; fairly bright, moderately large, sightly elongated,
1.0'x0.8', broad weak concentration but no core or nucleus. Last in a group (LGG 237) and a
prominent quartet with NGC 3681, 3684 and 3686.
13.1"
(1/18/85): fairly faint, slightly elongated, moderately large, even surface
brightness. Last of four in the
NGC 3686 group. Located 19' SSE of
NGC 3686 and 15' SE of NGC 3684.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3691 = H II-54 = h898 on 14 Mar 1784 (sweep 170) and noted
"vF, S, r." His position
is 35 sec of RA east of UGC 6464 (the previous object in the sweep, NGC 3686,
was 15 sec too far east). He found
this galaxy a month later (17 Apr 1784, sweep 198) and logged "not F, S,
R." JH measured the position
twice, but made the single description "F; E; 40"; has a * 10m 5'
sp". Heinrich d'Arrest also
measured an accurate position (2 nights).
******************************
NGC 3692 = UGC
6474 = MCG +02-29-032 = CGCG 067-084 = PGC 35314
11 28 24.0 +09
24 27
V = 12.1; Size 3.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 95d
18"
(5/3/11): fairly bright, fairly large, edge-on 5:1 E-W, 2.4'x0.4'. Extends at least 80% of the separation
(2.9') of two mag 13/13.5 stars to the NE. Well concentrated with a bright core that gradually
increases to very small nucleus.
The halo fades at the tips and only extends the estimated diameter with
averted vision. Located 10' SE of
mag 9.6 HD 99621. A group of IC
galaxies, including IC 696, lies 20' S and NGC 3705 is 27' ESE.
17.5"
(2/28/87): fairly faint, thin edge-on 5:1 E-W, 2.0'x0.4', very small bright
core. A mag 13 star is off the NE
edge 2.3' from the center. NGC 3705
lies 26' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3692 = H II-152 on 15 Apr 1784 (sweep 194) and noted "F,
mE, r." His position (CH's reduction) is 7' N of UGC 6474. Not observed by
JH. Neither JH nor d'Arrest made an observation. The GC position (revised by Tempel) is also too far
north. The NGC position is 9 tsec
west and 2' south of UGC 6474.
Rudolph Spitaler measured an accurate micrometric position in 1892 using
the 27" refractor at Vienna.
******************************
NGC 3693 = MCG
-02-29-032 = PGC 35299
11 28 11.5 -13
11 41
V = 12.3; Size 3.7'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 85d
17.5"
(5/2/92): faint, fairly small, very elongated 4:1 E-W, very small bright
core. A mag 12 star is 3.3'
WSW. Located 10' SE of mag 8.3 SAO
156691.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3693 = H III-532 = h3344 on 27 Mar 1786 (sweep 548) and noted
"vF, lE, vlbM." JH
logged "F; pmE in parallel; gpmbM; 20"." The NGC misidentifies h3334 as NGC 3693
(typo).
******************************
NGC 3694 = UGC
6480 = MCG +06-25-076 = CGCG 185-070 = PGC 35352
11 28 54.1 +35
24 50
V = 12.9; Size 0.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 11.8; PA = 120d
17.5"
(4/18/98): fairly faint, small, irregularly round, 30"-40" diameter,
bright core, stellar nucleus at moments.
Brightest in a pretty similar trio of NGC 3695 11' NNE and NGC 3700 11'
NE (both with uncertain NGC identifications).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3694 = h899 on 11 Mar 1831 and logged "Not vF; R; sbM
almost to a star; 20"."
His position matches UGC 6480.
******************************
NGC 3695 = NGC
3698 = UGC 6490 = MCG +06-25-078 = CGCG 185-071 = PGC 35389
11 29 17.3 +35
34 31
V = 14.0; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 10d
17.5"
(4/18/98): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 ~NNW-SSE, 1.0'x0.7'. Weak even concentration to a slightly
brighter core and occasional stellar nucleus with direct vision at 280x. A mag 14 star lies 1.7' SE. In a trio with NGC 3694 11' SSW and NGC
3700 5.7' SE.
Sir Robert Ball,
an assistant on the Lord Rosse's 72" telescope, discovered NGC 3695 on 31
Mar 1867 in his observation of NGC 3694.
He described "3 faint nebula forming a triangle certainly seen here
and one or more susp in the neighborhood.
There being no great difference in brightness, it is not easy to see
which is h899 [NGC 3694]. The 2 nf
ones, pos 310¡, dist 339" [5564 and 5566]." The relative position for the latter two exactly match NGC
3695 = GC 5564 = UGC 6490 and NGC 3700 = GC 5566 = UGC 6494.
But on 18 Mar
1876 Dreyer reobserved NGC 3694 and stated "nnp is a pS, eeF neb [=5564] in
PA 357.2¡, Dist 256.7"."
This was the position Dreyer used in NGC for NGC 3695 and it corresponds
with mag 14.8 star at 11 28 53.1 +35 29 00 (2000). In the same observation, Dreyer notes "about 15' n and
a few minutes f is another eF, vS neb [5565] with an ef* 2' sf." Apparently he felt this object was not
observed on 31 Mar 1867 so he assigned it separate designations GCS 5565 = NGC
3698, but his rough description applies to UGC 6490 = NGC 3695, which has a mag
14.4 star 1.7' southeast. So, most
likely NGC 3698 is a duplicate observation of NGC 3695.
******************************
NGC 3696 = PGC
35340
11 28 43.9 -11
16 58
Size
1.2'x1.0'; PA = 90d
18"
(5/12/07): very faint, very small, elongated 4:3 E-W, ~16"x12". There appeared to be a mag 15.5 star
superimposed NE of center. Located
3.2' NW of a mag 10 star.
16" LX200
(4/14/07): extremely faint, very small, round. Only glimpsed with averted, though the observation was
likely made through clouds that I noticed afterwards.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3696 = LM II-438. There are no pertinent notes (simply described as round) or
sketch found for this object and nothing at his position. But 10 sec if RA east and 10' north is
the faint galaxy PGC 35340. NGC
3696 was not recovered by Bigourdan and the identification with PGC 35340 is
uncertain.
******************************
NGC 3697 = UGC
6479 = MCG +04-27-042 = CGCG 126-061 = HCG 53a = Holm 258a = WBL 335-001 = PGC
35347
11 28 50.4 +20
47 43
V = 13.1; Size 2.3'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 93d
17.5"
(4/1/95): brightest of three in the HCG 53. Fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 E-W, weak
even concentration. A mag 11.5
star is 3.6' W and a mag 13 star 1.8' SE.
The mag 13 star is on a line midway to a pair of close companions MCG
+04-27-044 (HCG 53B) 4.0' SE and MCG +04-27-045 (HCG 53C) 3.3' SE. IC 700 lies 13.9' SSE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3697 = h900 on 24 Feb 1827 and noted "eF; vS; E in
parallel." His position and
description matches UGC 6479.
******************************
NGC 3698 = NGC
3695 = UGC 6490 = MCG +06-25-078 = CGCG 185-071 = PGC 35389
11 29 17.3 +35
34 31
See observing
notes for NGC 3695.
J.L.E. Dreyer
found NGC 3698 on 18 Mar 1876 while an assistant at Birr Castle. He noted that "about 15' north and
a few minutes following [NGC 3694] is another eF, vS neb with an eF* 2'
sf." This description appears
to match NGC 3695 = UGC 6490, which was discovered 9 years earlier by Sir
Robert Ball on 31 Mar 1867 (see notes on N3695). The actual separation is 11' but there is a faint star 2'
SE. So NGC 3698 = NGC 3695.
******************************
NGC 3699 = PK
292+1.1 = ESO 129-PN21 = PN G292.6+01.2 = Ced 114
11 27 58.4 -59
57 37
V = 11.0; Size 71"
24" (4/5/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this showpiece planetary appeared very
bright, fairly large, ~70" in diameter and gave an excellent contrast
response using an UHC filter at 200x.
The planetary is bisected by a prominent, broad dark rift that slashes
through the planetary from WSW to ENE (like Centaurus A!). The northern lobe is the more
prominent: both larger and brighter.
The shape of this lobe is semicircular with a round, outer periphery but
with a fairly straight edge SW-NE in the interior due to the dark rift. The center of the dust lane is south of
the geometric center of the planetary, giving an asymmetric distribution to the
lobes. The rift itself is widest
at the ENE end and tapers down towards the WSW end. Superb view at 350x as the extra magnification increases the
contrast and confirms that the south lobe is fully detached by the dust land at
the WSW end. The compact planetary
He 2-67 lies in the same field 11' SE.
13.1"
(2/17/04 - Costa Rica): at 100x, this planetary appeared moderately bright and
large, ~60"-65" in size.
There was a good contrast gain with a UHC filter at 105x and 166x and it
appeared brightest on the north side of the planetary. A dark rift running WSW-ENE appears to
nearly detach the smaller and fainter southern section.
18" (7/7/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 128x this interesting planetary is
moderately bright, fairly large, ~70" in diameter with some faint stars
superimposed. With the UHC filter
the appearance is very unusual with a dark rift bisecting it in a WSW-ENE
orientation just below the geometric center. At 228x, the northern "hemisphere" is both larger
and brighter with an irregular surface brightness. A mag 13 star is ~1' NW. This is a fascinating planetary set in a beautiful Centaurus
star field with an appearance similar to faint HII region or a small version of
Cen A!
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3699 = h3345 on 1 Apr 1834 and recorded "B; pL; irr R;
pgpmbM; 90"; r. Almost
resolved. It is, however, by no means a mere knot of the milky way."
******************************
NGC 3700 = UGC
6494 = MCG +06-25-079 = CGCG 185-073 = PGC 35413
11 29 38.6 +35
30 53
V = 14.0; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 130d
17.5"
(4/18/98): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 ~N-S, 1.0'x0.7', weak
concentration. Similar to NGC 3695
5.7' NW and third in trio with NGC 3694. The orientation given matches the main
bar - a fainter outer ring oriented NW-SE was not seen.
Sir Robert Ball, an assistant on the
Lord Rosse's 72" telescope, discovered NGC 3700 on 31 Mar 1867 while
observing NGC 3694. Ball mentions
"the 2 nf ones, Pos 310, Dist 339" which precisely matches the
separation and position angle of UGC 6480 and UGC 6494. This suggests NGC 3694 = UGC 6480 and
NGC 3700 = UGC 6494, despite the NGC position for NGC 3700 off by 20 tsec in RA
and 6' in dec.
******************************
NGC 3701 = UGC
6493 = MCG +04-27-048 = CGCG 126-068 = PGC 35405
11 29 28.9 +24
05 36
V = 12.9; Size 1.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 145d
18"
(4/9/05): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, 1.0'x0.5', weak
concentration with a central bulge.
A mag 14 star lies 0.9' N of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3701 = H II-349 = h901 on 10 Apr 1785 (sweep 394) and recorded
"F, pL, of an irregular triangular form." CH's reduction is 4.4' northwest of UGC 6493 (an similar
offset with several objects in the sweep). JH noted "pB, lE" and measured an accurate
position.
******************************
NGC 3702 = MCG
-01-29-026 = PGC 35448
11 30 13.4 -08
51 47
V = 14.2; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 158d
17.5"
(3/29/85): faint, small, slightly elongated, even surface brightness.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3702 = LM II-439 and recorded "mag 15.2, 0.1'
dia, R, gbM, *10 precedes 30s; *10
follows 30s." There is
nothing at his position but 1 min of RA east and 8' north is MCG
-01-29-026. A mag 9-10 star is 20
sec of RA east (and 1.8' north) and a mag 13 star is 20 sec of RA west, both
plausible candidates but not a certain match. RNGC identifies this galaxy as NGC 3702, but MCG does not
label it as such.
******************************
NGC 3703
11 29 36 -08 37
=Not found,
RNGC. = PGC 170146 at 11 29 09.2
-08 26 47?, Corwin
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 3703 = LM I-187 on 31 Dec 1885 with the 26" refractor at
Leander McCormick Observatory.
There is nothing at his rough position (nearest min of RA) but Corwin
suggests a possible identification with PGC 170146 at 11 29 09.2 -08 26
47. He notes, though, the sketch
"only vaguely matches the galaxy (and its surrounding stars)" so this
identification is uncertain. The
RNGC classifies this number as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 3704 = MCG
-02-29-037 = PGC 35435
11 30 04.6 -11
32 47
V = 13.5; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 150d
17.5"
(3/29/85): fairly faint, very small, round, bright core. A mag 15 star is 42" E of
center. Forms a close pair with
NGC 3707 1.7' E. Located 2.6' ESE
of a mag 10 star.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 3704 = T I-35 = T V-10 on 23 Feb 1878 with the 11"
refractor at the Arcetri Observatory and recorded "Class III; a star 15m
(nebulous?) follows 2 sec; near the comparison star is another fainter nebula
[NGC 3707]." His micrometric
position matches MCG -02-29-037 = PGC 35435, the brighter of the pair.
Andrew Ainslie
Common independently discovered this galaxy in 1880 with his 36"
silvered-glass reflector and described "2 [along with NGC 3707], F, R, on
the parallel, star symmetrically placed between." Common's single position is 13' north
of MCG -02-29-037 but his description is a perfect match with the pair. The NGC description for NGC 3704
mentions a mag 9-10 star 2' SSE of NGC 3704, although the bright star is
actually 2.6' WNW. The RNGC and
MCG position is 2' too far north.
Harold Corwin
suggests that Swift's IC 703 might be a duplicate observation of NGC 3704.
******************************
NGC 3705 = UGC
6498 = MCG +02-29-039 = CGCG 067-093 = Holm 259a = PGC 35440
11 30 07.4 +09
16 37
V = 11.1; Size 4.9'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 122d
18"
(5/3/11): very bright, very large, elongated 2:1 or 5:2 NW-SE (with averted
vision), 3.5'x1.5'. Contains a
large, brighter core that increases to a very bright stellar nucleus. Outside the central region, the outer
halo fades rapidly but doesn't have a distinct boundary.
17.5"
(2/28/87): bright, fairly large, small bright core, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE,
4.0'x1.6'. NGC 3692 lies 26' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3705 = H II-13 = h902 = h903 on 18 Jan 1784 (sweep 84) and
recorded "a pL nebula. It is
probably a faint cluster of stars, not being of the cometic kind." JH made two observations, but his PD
differed by 5' and his descriptions were sufficiently different he assumed h902
and h903 were perhaps different objects.
But Dreyer notes that "only one nebula seen by H, h, d'A, Vogel, Tempel
and Ld R" so h902 = h903 = II 13 = NGC 3705.
******************************
NGC 3706 = ESO
378-006 = MCG -06-25-022 = PGC 35417
11 29 44.4 -36
23 29
V = 11.3; Size 3.0'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 78d
13.1"
(2/17/04 - Costa Rica): at 166x, moderately bright, moderately large, elongated
3:2 WSW-ENE, 1.5'x1.0'. Contains a
bright, sharply defined 40" core and much fainter extensions.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3706 = h3346 on 1 May 1834 and noted "pB; R; psbM;
20"." His mean position
(from 3 observations) matches ESO 378-006.
******************************
NGC 3707 = PGC
35446
11 30 11.5 -11
32 37
V = 15.4; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(3/29/85): extremely faint and small, round. Picked up 2.6' E of NGC 3704.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 3707 = T V-10b on 23 Feb 1878. He noted NGC 3704 as "Class III; a star 15m (nebulous?)
follows 2 sec; near the comparison star is another fainter nebula [NGC
3707]."
Andrew Common
made an independent discovery in 1880 with his 36" silvered-glass reflector
(along with NGC 3704) and described "2, F, R, on the parallel, star
symmetrically placed between."
Common's single position (obtained roughly using his setting circles) is 13' north of the pair MCG -02-29-037
= NGC 3704 and PGC 35446 = NGC 3707.
His description applies, though, as there is a mag 15 star between the
two galaxies. Dreyer credits both
Tempel and Common with the discovery in the NGC. Howe could only find NGC 3704 on 4 nights of searching with
the 20-inch refractor at the Chamberlin Observatory in Denver.
The NGC summary
descriptions (from Tempel?) for both NGC 3704 and NGC 3707 has errors. The description for NGC 3707 mentions a
"*15 (neb?) 2s following", which actually describes the mag 15 star
2.8 tsec following NGC 3704. See
RNGC Corrections #4.
For some reason,
the RNGC ignores the second fainter galaxy of the pair and lists NGC 3707 as
nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 3708
11 30 42 -03 13
=Not found, RNGC
and Corwin.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 3708 = LM I-188 on 31 Dec 1885 with the 26" refractor at
Leander McCormick Observatory.
There is nothing at his position and this object could not be recovered
by Harold Corwin, even with Stone's field sketch.
******************************
NGC 3709
11 30 42 -03 15
=Not found, RNGC
and Corwin.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 3709 = LM I-189 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory. There is nothing at his position and this object could
not be recovered by Harold Corwin.
******************************
NGC 3710 = UGC
6504 = MCG +04-27-052 = CGCG 126-078 = PGC 35502
11 31 07.0 +22
46 05
V = 13.1; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 105d
17.5"
(4/9/99): faint, small, round, well-defined 30" halo is weakly
concentrated but no noticeable core.
Located 4.5' SW of mag 7.8 SAO 81865. A mag 15 star lies 1.3' SE and a pair of similar stars 2'
NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3710 = H II-350 = h904 on 10 Apr 1785 (sweep 394) and noted
"F, S." CH's reduction
is 5' north of UGC 6504. JH logged
"F; has a *7.8 nf dist 5'." and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3711 = MCG
-02-29-035 = PGC 35392
11 29 25.5 -11
04 46
V = 14.0; Size 0.8'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 165d
16" LX200
(4/14/07): extremely faint, small, elongated 2:1 N-S, 0.6'x0.3'. Located 2.4' N of a mag 11 star. The observation may have been made
through some clouds.
17.5"
(3/29/85): extremely faint, very small, round. A mag 11 star is 2.4' S of center.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3711 = LM II-440 in 1886. His position is 1.5 min of RA following MCG -02-29-035, but
his description of a "*9, 4' S." is a reasonable match (a mag 11 star
is 2.5' south). Howe's corrected
RA in the IC 2 notes is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3712 = Arp
203 = UGC 6506 = MCG +05-27-082 = CGCG 156-090 = PGC 35507
11 31 09.2 +28
34 05
V = 14.0; Size 1.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 160d
18"
(3/17/07): UGC 6506, the galaxy identified as NGC 3712 in the RNGC and PGC,
appeared extremely faint, small, elongated. Occasionally it was glimpsed as a very low surface
brightness hazy patch with no concentration. It extended perhaps 0.4'x0.2' in the direction of a couple of
stars with a third star nearby making a triple. Located ~8' NE of mag 6.7 HD 100041.
More likely NGC
3712 is a duplicate observation of NGC 3714. See observing notes for that number.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3712 = h905 on 26 Mar 1827 and recorded "vF; R;
smbM." The following month he
noted "F; vS; R; bM."
Neither description is helpful in identifying this number and his one
good position (first observation) falls on a blank patch of sky, roughly 8'
from both NGC 3714 and UGC 6506.
Bigourdan and Reinmuth were unsuccessful in finding h905. RNGC and RC3 identify UGC 6506 as NGC
3712, but UGC, MCG and CGCG do not label this galaxy as NGC 3712.
Harold Corwin
suggests NGC 3712 is more likely a duplicate observation of NGC 3714 as he
observed these objects on different sweeps and his position for NGC 3712 was
far enough off that he assumed it was new. See his identification notes for more.
******************************
NGC 3713 = NGC
3927: = UGC 6511 = MCG +05-27-084 = CGCG 156-094 = PGC 35546
11 31 42.0 +28
09 13
V = 13.2; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 125d
18"
(5/30/03): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 1.0'x0.7',
small bright core. Collinear with
a mag 11.5 star 5' WNW and a mag 13 star 8.5' WNW.
17.5"
(4/9/99): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated NW-SE, 0.8'x0.6', bright core
increases to a quasi-stellar nucleus, halo is ill-defined. Brightest of 4 in region with NGC 3714
13' NNE, UGC 6522 11' SE and CGCG 156-92 5.5' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3713 = H II-367 = h906 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted
"F, vS." JH made three
observations and his mean position matches UGC 6511. NGC 3927, from d'Arrest, is probably a duplicate observation
with a 20 minute error in RA. See
that number.
******************************
NGC 3714 = UGC
6516 = MCG +05-27-085 = CGCG 156-095 = PGC 35556
11 31 53.6 +28
21 31
V = 14.1; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 68d
18"
(4/9/05): fairly faint, small, round, 25" diameter, fairly high surface
brightness (like the core of a larger galaxy), moderate concentration though no
nucleus.
18"
(5/30/03): fairly faint, small, round, 0.4' diameter, weak concentration. Appears similar to the core of a larger
galaxy. NGC 3713 lies 13' SSW.
17.5"
(4/9/99): very faint, very compact galaxy ~20" in diameter, brightens
somewhat to center. Picked up at
100x along with brighter NGC 3713 located 13' SSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3714 = H III-353 = h907 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted
"eF but doubtful. I tried to
verify it, but could not succeed."
His re-reduced position is 38 sec of RA east of UGC 6516, but matches in
declination and JH measured a fairly accurate position on 3 sweeps (given in
the GC and NGC). There was a
misprint in the PT catalogue of 10 tmin from the offset star, so Auwers
questioned the identity of III-353.
******************************
NGC 3715 = MCG
-02-29-041 = PGC 35540
11 31 32.3 -14
13 53
V = 11.1; Size 1.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 11.4; PA = 145d
17.5"
(5/2/92): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 40" diameter, even
concentration, bright core, smoothly increases to core. A mag 10.5 star is 5.0' NNW of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3715 = H II-562 = h3347 on 27 Mar 1786 (sweep 548) and recorded
"F, S, bM, iF." There is
nothing at his position, but 35 sec of RA west and 2' north is MCG -02-29-041 =
PGC 35540. JH made two
observations from the Cape of Good Hope and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3716 = UGC
6513 = MCG +01-30-001 = CGCG 040-001 = PGC 35545
11 31 41.2 +03
29 16
V = 13.5; Size 0.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 150d
17.5"
(5/4/02): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 40" diameter, weak even
concentration. Located just west
of the midpoint of a line connecting two mag 10 stars oriented N-S and
separated by 8'.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3716 on 6 Apr 1866 and recorded "faint,
small. West of a line connecting
two mag 11/12 stars." His
position and description matches UGC 6513.
******************************
NGC 3717 = ESO
439-015 = MCG -05-27-015 = UGCA 238 = PGC 35539
11 31 32.0 -30
18 28
V = 11.2; Size 6.0'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 33d
48"
(4/21/17): at 488x; very bright, large, nearly edge-on ~5:1 SSW-NNE, slightly
bulges at the center. Contains a
large, very bright central section with a mag 12.5 attached near the NNE end. A sharp dust lane cuts off part of the
central section along the northwest flank, partially hiding the core. Only a very faint, thin strip of the
galaxy on the northwest side of the dust lane was occasionally visible. With averted vision the low surface
brightness outer extensions (beyond the mag 12.5 star) were visible out to
roughly 3.5' diameter. Forms a pair with IC 2913 7.4' SE. The companion
appeared fairly bright, round, 0.6' diameter, moderate even surface brightness
but no obvious core/nucleus.
18"
(3/19/04): moderately bright, moderately large, very elongated SSW-NNE,
2.5'x0.5', small brighter core, fades at the ends of the thin extensions. A mag 13 star is attached near the NNE
end and this galaxy appears like a dagger attached to the brighter star. Located 7' ESE of mag 9 SAO
179951. Photographs reveal a
strong dust lane but this was not noticed visually.
8"
(5/21/82): faint, small, very elongated ~N-S, thin, moderately large. Located 10' SE of mag 8.5 SAO 179951
and 1¡ SSW of north Crateris (V = 5.8).
Forms a pair with IC 2913 7.3' SE (not seen).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3717 = h3348 on 29 Apr 1834 and recorded "pB; S; mE;
attached to a star."
His position matches ESO 439-015.
He made a second observation the next sweep, though his position was 7'
too far north.
******************************
NGC 3718 = Arp
214 = UGC 6524 = MCG +09-19-114 = CGCG 268-048 = PGC 35616
11 32 35.0 +53
04 05
V = 10.8; Size 8.1'x4.0'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 15d
48"
(4/4/11): NGC 3718 is a very striking, distorted system with sweeping arms
emanating from an oval main body crossed by a curving dust lane (reminiscent of
Centaurus A). At 375x it appeared
very bright, very large, elongated ~5:2 N-S (including arms), ~6.5'x2.5',
contains a bright round core. A
star is at the east edge of the core.
The main body is nearly split by a dust lane or gap oriented NW to SE,
which is particularly evident on the NW side as a lane. A spiral arm (perhaps 0.4' wide) is
attached at the NW end and gently curves counterclockwise towards the NE. The surface brightness is fairly low
and the arm or wing dims as it extends nearly to the west of a mag 11 star
located 4' NNE of center. The dust on the south side of the core covers a
larger region and is concentrated just west of where the southern arm begins to
emerge on the southeast end. A
fairly low surface brightness arm spreads south (wider than the northern arm),
passing east of a wide mag 11 pair at 33" separation. The overall visual impression is that
the "arms" are really tidal tails being drawn out from a past
interaction as the central body looks more like the merger of two galaxies
resulting in the warped dust lane and "S" shaped body. All five members of HCG 56 (located 7'
S) were easily resolved.
13.1"
(3/24/84): fairly bright, fairly large, broad concentration, almost round. Double star h2574 = mag 11/11 at
35" separation is 2.2' SSW of center. NGC 3729 lies 12' ENE.
The galaxy chain HCG 56 = UGC 6527 = VV 150 lies 7' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3718 = H I-221 = h908 on 12 Apr 1789 (sweep 919) and recorded
"pB or cB, R, vgmbM, about 3' dia." His position is accurate.
Bindon Stoney,
observing on 27 Jan 1852 with LdR's 72", commented "found a neb
strongly mottled, with stars inv."
A later observation in 1868 questioned if it was a double nebula.
******************************
NGC 3719 = UGC
6521 = MCG +00-30-005 = CGCG 12-008 = Holm 260b = PGC 35581
11 32 13.4 +00
49 09
V = 13.0; Size 1.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 15d
17.5"
(5/10/86): moderately large, fairly diffuse, almost round, broad weak
concentration. Forms a close pair
with NGC 3720 2.2' ESE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3719, along with NGC 3720, on 15 Mar 1866 and noted a
faint, difficult double nebula, with a difference in RA of 9 sec and 1' in
declination. His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 3720 = UGC
6523 = MCG +00-30-006 = CGCG 12-010 = Holm 260a = PGC 35594
11 32 21.6 +00
48 15
V = 13.0; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 85d
17.5"
(5/10/86): moderately bright, fairly small, round, sharp concentration. Appears smaller but slightly brighter
than NGC 3719 2.2' WNW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3720, along with NGC 3719, on 15 Mar 1866 and noted a
faint double nebula, with a difference in RA of 9 sec and 1' in declination. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3721 = PGC
35727
11 34 07.8 -09
28 01
V = 14.5; Size 0.9'x0.5'; PA = 141d
24"
(3/9/13): fairly faint, small, oval 5:3 NW-SE, 24"x15",
lens-shaped. Two mag 15/15.5 stars
lie 2' SE. The identification of
this galaxy with NGC 3721 is uncertain.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3721= LM II-441 in 1886 and simply recorded
"mag 15.5, 0.1' dia, R, gbM."
There is nothing at his position but Harold Corwin lists PGC 35727 as a
possible candidate at 11 34 07.8 -09 28 01 (2000). This galaxy is 1.5 tmin of RA east of Leavenworth's position
(typical error) but matches in declination. Corwin lists PGC 170156 as a preferable candidate at 11 31
53.4 -09 31 57. This galaxy is 0.7
min of time west of Leavenworth's position but is 4.5' south (a less common
error). Finally, RNGC identifies
MCG -01-30-003 as NGC 3721.
Although brighter than the other candidates, it is 1.7 min of RA east
and 7' south of Leavenworth's position.
All in all, there is no compelling candidate to me. See Corwin's identification notes for
more.
******************************
NGC 3722 = MCG
-01-30-005 = PGC 35746
11 34 23.3 -09
40 48
V = 14.1; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 14.4
24"
(3/9/13): faint to fairly faint, small, round, 18" diameter, fairly low
even surface brightness. Brightest
of four in a 4' string, including extremely faint MCG -01-30-006 = PGC 35753
just 0.7' NNE. PGC 35753 appeared
extremely faint to very faint, round, just 6" diameter!
18"
(5/12/07): very faint, very small, round, 15" diameter, low even surface
brightness. First of three in a 4'
string with NGC 3724 1.8' NE and MCG -01-30-008 4' NE. NGC 3730 (MCG -01-30-003) lies 6.4' NNW
and NGC 3732 10' SSW.
17.5"
(4/5/97): extremely faint, very small, round, 15" diameter. First of close trio with MCG -01-30-007
= NGC 3724 (uncertain ID) 1.8' NE and MCG -01-30-008 4.0' NE. Also nearby is MCG -01-30-003 (possibly
NGC 3730) 6.4' NNW and a two anonymous galaxies 9' and 10' NNE. Located 10' NNE of NGC 3732. The galaxies in this group have
uncertain NGC designations due to poor positions by Leavenworth.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3722 = LM II-442, along with NGC 3724, in 1886 and
noted "mag 15.0, round, 0.2', sbMN, 1st of 2 [with N3724]." There is nothing at his position, but
this number is generally equated with MCG -01-30-005, which lies 1.8 min of RA
east (good match in dec). The
error in RA is fairly common in the LM discoveries, though there is no galaxy
southeast to match NGC 3724 (a companion is northeast).
Corwin proposes
PGC 170153 as NGC 3722. This
galaxy is a closer match in RA
(less than 1 min of RA west) and agrees in declination. Also, NGC 3734 would match IC 2910 in
relative offset. See NGC 3734.
******************************
NGC 3723 = MCG
-02-30-002 = PGC 35604
11 32 30.6 -09
58 11
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1
18"
(3/19/04): fairly faint, small round, 25" diameter, weak concentration to
a very small brighter nucleus. In
a group of mostly faint galaxies with several uncertain NGC designations from
Leavenworth (NGC 3721, NGC 3722, NGC 3724) ~35' NE and NGC 3732 which is 26'
ENE.
Andrew Common
discovered NGC 3723 in 1880 with his 36-inch reflector. His position is just 8 sec of RA
following and 1.5' north of MCG -02-30-002 (relatively accurate compared to his
generally poor positons).
******************************
NGC 3724 = MCG
-01-30-007 = PGC 35757
11 34 28.7 -09
39 37
V = 14.2; Size 1.6'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 55d
24"
(3/9/13): fairly faint, small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 24"x12", contains
a small bright core with fainter extensions. Middle galaxy in a 4' string with NGC 3722 1.8' SW and MCG
-01-30-008 = PGC 35771 2.4' ENE.
Both of these companions are comparable in brightness. Also much fainter
MCG -01-30-006 is 1.1' SW. PGC
35771 (labeled as NGC 3730 in the RNGC) appeared fairly faint, fairly small,
elongated 5:2 WSW-ENE, 0.4'x0.15'.
18"
(5/12/07): extremely faint, very small, elongated 3:2 or 2:1 SW-NE,
~20"x12". Second of
three in a 4' string with NGC 3722 1.8' SW and MCG -01-30-008 2.3' ENE.
17.5"
(4/5/97): extremely faint, small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE. Brightest in close trio with MCG
-01-30-005 = NGC 3722: 1.8' SE and MCG -01-30-008 2.3' NE, although still
required averted vision. The NGC
identifications in the group (from Leavenworth) are uncertain due to poor
positions and several nearby faint galaxies.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3724 = LM II-443 in 1886 and noted "mag 15.0,
0.4' dia, R, sbMN, 2nd of of 2 [with NGC 3722]." There is nothing at his exact position, though a number of
candidates are in the area. MCG
-01-30-007 = PGC 35757 is often taken (RNGC, PGC, NED, HyperLeda) as NGC 3724
and MCG -01-30-005 = PGC 35746 is taken as NGC 3722. The MCG does not label MCG -01-30-007 as NGC 3724. This pair is between ~1.7 min of RA
east of Leavenworth's positions (not an uncommon error) though the relative
orientation (southwest-northeast) is wrong. Corwin proposes the identification NGC 3722 = PGC
170153 and NGC 3724 = IC 2910.
These two galaxies are less than 1 min of RA west of Leavenworth's
position and match the correct orientation.
MCG -01-30-007
was possibly discovered by Andrew Common 6 years earlier with his 36-inch
reflector. In his description for
NGC 3732 (#20), he mentions "a cluster of 3 similar ones 15' N",
which appears to refer to MCG -01-30-005, -007 and -008, though Dreyer did not
assign NGC designations to Common's trio.
******************************
NGC 3725 = UGC
6542 = MCG +10-17-015 = CGCG 291-078 = CGCG 292-005 = Mrk 179 = PGC 35698
11 33 40.6 +61
53 16
V = 13.0; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 145d
17.5"
(4/14/01): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 NNW-SSE, 1.0'x0.7', weak
concentration to a small, slightly brighter coire. A mag 14 star is 1' SE of center. UGC 6528, 7.6' to the SW, is faint, fairly small,
irregularly round, 1.0' diameter, low surface brightness. . NGC 3762, a nice edge-on, lies 27' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3725 = H II-836 = h909 on 19 Mar 1790 (sweep 953) and logged
"F, S, R, r, almost of equal light throughout." CH's reduced position is 1' south of
UGC 6542. JH made two
observations, noting (sweep 406) "Not vF; R: gbM; 40"."
******************************
NGC 3726 = UGC
6537 = MCG +08-21-051 = CGCG 242-045 = PGC 35676
11 33 21.1 +47
01 45
V = 10.4; Size 6.2'x4.3'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 10d
48"
(4/19/17): at 375x and 488x; very bright, very large spiral, extending 3:2 N-S,
4.5' to 5' x 3'. Contains a
brighter, mottled central core that is sharply concentrated with an intensely
bright roundish nucleus. Two
obvious spiral arms are attached on the north and south end of the central
region. The northern arm is
brightest at its root near the northeast side of the core. It rotates clockwise and sharply curls
west and southwest, then dims and ends west of the nucleus. This arm appeared a bit thicker than
the DSS2 image. The southern arm
is shoots straight southeast, and curls a bit east. The arm contains a couple of slightly brighter HII patches
including NGC 3726:[BKB2006] 2, situated 1.4' south of center. The outer halo has a low surface
brightness but extends to a mag 12.5 star 2.4' N of center.
17.5"
(4/6/91): bright, large, oval 2:1 N-S, 5.0'x2.5', patchy mottled appearance,
very small or stellar nucleus but no core. A mag 12 star is at the north tip 2.4' from the center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3726 = H II-730 = h910 on 5 Feb 1788 (sweep 808) and recorded
"pB, bM, 4' long and 3' broad, r." His position is at the north edge of the galaxy. JH made two observations, first
recording "pB; vL; E in meridian; vgbM; 4' l, 2' br; has a * at its
northern extremity."
William Rambaut,
observing with LdR on 26 Mar 1848, recorded "Before nebula came into the
field of the large finding eyepiece Lord Rosse observed a vF neb p it about 2m
nearly in the parallel [likely CGCG 242-042, which was ignored in the GC and
NGC]. [NGC 3726] is tolerably
bright nucleus almost in centre; Lord Rosse at intervals perceived traces of
spiral arrangement; dark black elliptical stripe a little above the
nucleus." R.J. Mitchell on 30
Mar 1856 wrote, "it appears of the shape annexed [sketch shows a dramatic
"S" shaped (barred) spiral], which exaggerates. There can be no doubt of the bend
upwards at Alpha [shows the southeast arm] and of the darkness about the
nucleus." NGC 3726 was
included in the list of spiral nebulae in the 1850 PT paper.
******************************
NGC 3727 = PGC
35697
11 33 40.9 -13
52 44
V = 14.1; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 78d
18" (4/29/06):
very faint, very small, round, 15" diameter. A mag 11.5 star lies 1.3' SE. NGC 3734 lies 19' SE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3727 = LM II-444 in 1886 and recorded "mag
15.2, 0.1' dia, R, gbMN, *11, 1' SE." His position is 0.8 min of RA east of PGC 35697 and the
description applies. Herbert Howe
measured an accurate position in 1899-00 (given in the IC 2 notes) with the
20" refractor at Denver.
******************************
NGC 3728 = UGC
6536 = MCG +04-27-061 = CGCG 126-087 = PGC 35669
11 33 15.8 +24
26 49
V = 13.0; Size 2.0'x1.5'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 25d
17.5"
(5/4/02): fairly faint, fairly small.
Contains a bright core and stellar nucleus surrounded by faint
extensions SSW-NNE, 1.0'x0.6'. A
nice mag 9/10 pair at 12" lies 11' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3728 = H II-351 = h912 on 10 Apr 1785 (sweep 394) and noted
"F, S." CH's reduction
is 3.8' northwest of UGC 6536. JH
recorded "F; S; R; bM" and measured a fairly accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3729 = UGC
6547 = MCG +09-19-117 = CGCG 268-051 = PGC 35711
11 33 49.3 +53
07 33
V = 11.4; Size 2.8'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 15d
13.1"
(3/24/84): fairly bright, fairly small, elongated ~N-S. A mag 11 star is on the SSW edge
57" from the center. NGC 3718
lies 12' WSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3729 = H I-222 = h911 on 12 Apr 1789 (sweep 919) and recorded
"pB, iE, gbM, nearly in the meridian, about 2' long. JH called this galaxy
"Not B; L; lE; a *12 mag south-preceding very near the edge." His position is accurate.
Bindon Stoney,
observing on 27 Jan 1852 with LdR's 72", commented "12' following
[NGC 3718] is another neb, irr, with a bright star in south edge and having
dark lanes through it."
******************************
NGC 3730 = MCG
-01-30-003 = PGC 35734
11 34 16.8 -09
34 34
V = 13.1; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 18d
24"
(3/9/13): fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated
~30"x24". Sharply
concentrated with a bright round core and a much fainter halo. Forms a close pair with MCG -01-30-004,
an extremely faint edge-on just 0.8' SSW of center. This companion was only marginally glimpsed. NGC 3730 is the brightest member of a
group of galaxies (all with uncertain identifications) including MCG -01-30-005
(NGC 3722), -006, -007 (NGC 3724) and -008 roughly 6' SE. Another trio of faint galaxies (PGC
156711, 156714 and 156715) is ~6' NE.
Finally PGC 35727 (possibly NGC 3721) lies 7' NNW.
18"
(5/12/07): faint, small, elongated 4:3 ~N-S, 0.4'x0.3', broad weak
concentration with an occasional sparkle at the center (slightly brighter
nucleus). A group of 4 or 5 mag
14-15 stars follows. Located 16' N
of NGC 3732 and 10' NNW of a string of three galaxies (including NGC 3722 and
NGC 3724). 2MASX J11344327-0931595
(first in another extremely faint trio) lies 5' NE.
17.5"
(4/5/97): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated ~N-S, 0.8'x0.6', weak
concentration to center but no well-defined core. Several fainter galaxies in field including the trio of NGC
3722, NGC 3724 and MCG -01-30-008 ~6' SE and a very faint pair of anonymous
galaxies 4.5' NE and 7.0' NE. The
NGC identification is very uncertain as Leavenworth's position is a very poor
match.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3730 = LM II-445 in 1886 and logged "mag 15.6,
0.5' dia, lE 140¡, glbM."
There is nothing at this position, though a number of galaxies to the
east are possibilities. In
addition, Andrew Common, in his observation of NGC 3732, noted "a cluster
of 3 similar ones 15' n."
Dreyer assumed one of these was Leavenworth's NGC 3730 (mentioned in the
NGC notes section).
The brightest
and largest of the galaxies to the north of NGC 3732 is MCG -01-30-003 = PGC
35734, though this is not necessarily one of Common's "cluster of
3". This galaxy is 0.9 min of
RA east of Leavenworth's position and 2' north. The RNGC likely misidentifies MCG -01-30-008 as NGC
3730. Another possibility is NGC
3730 refers to one of the trio of extremely faint galaxies that are situated
~6' northeast of MCG -01-03-003, though none would likely be described as large
as 0.5' diameter. So, MCG
-01-30-003 is the most plausible candidate.
******************************
NGC 3731 = UGC
6553 = MCG +02-30-001 = CGCG 068-003 = PGC 35731
11 34 11.7 +12
30 44
V = 12.9; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 50d
17.5"
(5/4/02): fairly faint, small, round, 30" diameter, weak
concentration. A wide mag 10/14
pair lies 7' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3731 = H III-80 on 12 Apr 1784 (sweep 188) and noted "vF,
vS, R, stellar; brightest in the middle.
240x confirmed it."
His position is The NGC position is 10 sec of RA east and 1' south of
UGC 6553.
******************************
NGC 3732 = MCG
-02-30-005 = PGC 35734
11 34 13.9 -09
50 44
V = 12.5; Size 1.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 85d
18"
(5/12/07): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated nearly 3:2 E-W,
~1.0'x0.7'. Contains a bright core
which gradually increases to the center.
A mag 12 star lies 1' SW.
Brightest in a group with a string of three very faint galaxies 10'-12'
NNE and an additional 4 very faint galaxies 5'-8' further north. This group
contains NGC 3722, NGC 3724 and NGC 3730.
17.5"
(4/5/97): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 4:3 ~E-W, broad
concentration with a bright core.
A mag 12 star lies 1.0' SW.
A group of at least six very faint galaxies lies between 10'-20' N and
NGC 3723 lies 26' WSW.
17.5"
(5/2/92): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated but irregular outline,
fairly bright elongated core. A
faint stellar nucleus is visible at moments. A mag 13 star lies 1.0' SW. Located 35' W of Theta Crateris (V = 4.7).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3732 = H II-552 = h913 on 4 Mar 1786 (sweep 597) and noted
"F, pS, iR. Following a very
small star." His position is
accurate. JH recorded (sweep 129)
"S; R; psbM; has a * 14m, 45¡ sp."
Andrew Ainslie
Common found it in 1880 with his 36-inch and included it as #20 in his
Copernicus discovery list: "F, R, a cluster of 3 similar ones 15'
N." The "3 similar
ones" might refer to MCG -01-30-005 = NGC 3722, MCG -01-30-007 = NGC 3724
and MCG -01-30-008 .
Unfortunately, there are a number of faint galaxies in in this area so
these identifications are uncertain.
******************************
NGC 3733 = UGC
6554 = VV 459 = MCG +09-19-123 = CGCG 268-055 = LGG 250-001 = PGC 35797
11 35 01.7 +54
51 02
V = 12.4; Size 4.8'x2.2'; Surf Br = 14.8; PA = 170d
17.5"
(3/19/88): very faint, moderately large, elongated 2:1 ~N-S, very diffuse. Located 4' N of mag 5.6 SAO 28064 which
detracts from viewing! Located
within a large galaxy group including NGC 3738 21' SSE and NGC 3737 8' NE but
not a member of AGC 1318.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3733 = H III-771 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920) and recorded
"eF, S, irr E. On account of
the brightness of the foregoing star which was in the field of view with it; I
had nearly overlooked it. His
position matches UGC 6554.
******************************
NGC 3734 = MCG
-02-30-006 = PGC 35773
11 34 40.7 -14
04 54
V = 13.9; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 19d
18"
(4/29/06): very faint, fairly small, round, 0.5' diameter, weak concentration
with a very small slightly brighter core.
Located 7' ESE of mag 9.4 HD 100552. NGC 3727 lies 19' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3734 = H III-935 = h3349 on 19 Apr 1794 (sweep 1058) and noted
"vF or eF, S, bM." CH's
reduction is 4' south of MCG -02-30-006 = PGC 35773. JH recorded "eeF, R,
gbM, difficult but a good obs." from the Cape of Good Hope and measured an
accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3735 = UGC
6567 = MCG +12-11-036 = CGCG 334-042 = PGC 35869
11 35 57.3 +70
32 09
V = 11.8; Size 4.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 131d
17.5"
(4/1/95): fairly faint, edge-on 5:1 NW-SE, 3.0'x0.6', small bright core,
stellar nucleus at moments. A mag
14 star lies 1.1' NE of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3735 = H I-287 = h914 on 7 Dec 1801 (sweep 1105) and recorded
"cB, mE, mbM, from np to sf, about 3' long and 1' broad." CH's reduction is within 1' of UGC
6567. JH called this galaxy
"F; mE in pos 130.4¡; bM; 90" l and 12" br."
******************************
NGC 3736 = UGC
6560 = MCG +12-11-035 = CGCG 334-041 = PGC 35835
11 35 41.7 +73
27 07
V = 14.5; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 155d
18"
(3/30/05): faint, fairly small, elongated 5:3 ~NW-SE, 0.8'x0.5'. A faint star is superimposed on the SE
side. Located 4.7' NE of mag 8.3
HD 100532.
Ralph Copeland
discovered NGC 3736. Although the
discovery was not published in Lord Rosse observations, Wolfgang Steinicke says
it was probably found around between 1885 and 1887 with his 6.1-inch Simms
refractor. The NGC position is 0.6 tmin east of UGC 6560. At this declination the error amounts
to only 2-3 arc minutes. UGC 6560
is not labeled as N3736 in UGC or MCG, though it is in the CGCG.
******************************
NGC 3737 = UGC
6563 = MCG +09-19-128 = CGCG 268-058 = Holm 266a = PGC 35840
11 35 36.4 +54
56 55
V = 12.9; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(3/19/88): fairly faint, very small, round. Forms a pair with CGCG 268-057 = NGC 3737A 1.3' SW. The companion appeared extremely faint,
very small, slightly elongated.
Member of AGC 1318.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3737 = H III-772 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920) and recorded
"vF, stellar neb." His
position is accurate (discovered immediately after NGC 3733). d'Arrest also measured two accurate
positions.
******************************
NGC 3738 = Arp
234 = UGC 6565 = MCG +09-19-130 = CGCG 268-060 = PGC 35856
11 35 48.5 +54
31 28
V = 11.7; Size 2.5'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 155d
24"
(5/27/17): at 200x; bright, large, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, ~2.0'x1.3',
noticeably mottled or knotty appearance. Broad concentration but no defined
core or nucleus. A brighter knot
(HII complex?) is on the northwest side.
A chain of bright stars begins at a mag 10.5 star 2.5' NE of center and
extends southeast. NGC 3756 is 16'
SE.
17.5"
(3/19/88): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE although has
an irregular appearance. Sharper
edge on the west side and more curved on the east side. Two mag 10/11 stars are 2.4' NE and
4.0' ENE of center. NGC 3756 lies
15' SE.
13"
(3/24/84): fairly bright, almost even surface brightness.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3738 = H II-783 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920) and recorded
"pB, pL, bM." His
position matches UGC 6565.
******************************
NGC 3739 = UGC
6564 = MCG +04-27-071 = CGCG 126-105 = PGC 35841
11 35 37.6 +25
05 19
V = 14.5; Size 1.1'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 17d
17.5"
(5/4/02): very faint, very elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE, 0.6'x0.2', very low even
surface brightness. Located 12' W of mag 7.0 HD 100843 (very close double?).
Otto Struve
discovered NGC 3739 on 16 Mar 1869 with the 15-inch refractor at Pulkovo
Observatory in St. Petersburg. He
recorded "Very faint nebula, situated in the middle between several small
stars. Almost on a straight line
between two stars (mag 11-12), little closer to the south one, from which the
PA is 327 ¡. From the more northern star it is 160 ¡. Distance between the two
stars from each other is about 4'." He found this object (along with 7
others) while searching for Comet Winnecke (7P/Pons-Winnecke) in Mar-Apr 1869.
******************************
NGC 3740 = UGC
6573 = MCG +10-17-023 = CGCG 292-008 = PGC 35883
11 36 12.3 +59
58 35
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 110d
18"
(3/30/05): faint, small, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE, 0.5'x0.2'. Situated on a line between a mag 14
star 2' SE and a mag 13 star 3' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3740 = H III-847 = h915 on 19 Mar 1790 (sweep 953) and noted
"eF, vS, iF." CH's
reduced position is 2' south of UGC 6573.
JH called this galaxy "vF; R; vgbM; 30"." and measured an
accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3741 = UGC
6572 = MCG +08-21-068 = CGCG 242-057 = PGC 35878
11 36 06.2 +45
17 02
V = 14.0; Size 2.0'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.8; PA = 5d
18"
(3/17/07): faint, moderately large, round, 1.2' diameter, low surface
brightness, very weak concentration, a faint star is just off the west
side. Collinear with a 13"
pair of mag 12 stars located ~10' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3741 = h916 on 19 Mar 1828 and recorded "vF; R; vgbM;
20"." His position
(single observation) matches UGC 6572.
******************************
NGC 3742 = ESO
320-006 = MCG -06-26-001 = PGC 35833
11 35 32.5 -37
57 23
V = 12.1; Size 2.4'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 116d
18"
(4/25/09): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE,
~45"x30". Contains a
small, brighter, round core. Forms
a pair with NGC 3749 4.8' SE. In a
group with NGC 3783 43' ENE. The DSS image reveals large, sweeping spiral arms
(not seen) that increase the overall size considerably.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3742 = h3350 on 21 Apr 1835 and recorded "pB, pL, R, glbM,
40"." His mean position
from 2 sweeps matches ESO 320-006.
******************************
NGC 3743 = CGCG
126-106 = PGC 35855
11 35 57.4 +21
43 21
V = 14.5; Size 0.4'x0.4'
18"
(5/12/07): very faint, extremely small, round, 12" diameter. Located 1.4' NW of a mag 10 star. Discovered on the same night as
Copeland's Septet (13 April 1876) and located 30'-35' SW of the Septet.
Ralph Copeland
discovered NGC 3743 on 18 Mar 1876, just west of "Copeland's Septet",
and recorded "F, S, R, from *9 [offset of] 78" in PA 322.5¡. This offset points exactly to CGCG
126-106 = PGC 35855, although the galaxy was positioned much too close to
Copeland's Septet on the constructed sketch of 13 Apr 1876 because of a
confusion with the offset stars.
******************************
NGC 3744 = CGCG
126-107 = PGC 35857
11 35 57.9 +23
00 42
V = 14.4; Size 0.6'x0.2'; PA = 10d
16" LX200
(4/14/07): faint, small, elongated 2:1 N-S, 0.6'x0.3', brighter core. NGC 3761 lies 10' E.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3744 = St XII-46 on 11 Apr 1882. His position matches CGCG 126-107 = PGC 35857.
******************************
NGC 3745 = HCG
57G = Copeland's Septet = Arp 320 NED1 = MCG +04-28-004 = PGC 36001
11 37 44.4 +22
01 16
V = 15.2; Size 0.4'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 100d
48"
(4/16/15): fairly faint to moderately bright, small, round, 15"
diameter. Squeezed between
slightly brighter and larger NGC 3748 and NGC 3745.
17.5"
(5/11/96): this member of Copeland's Septet appears extremely faint and small,
round. Located between brighter NGC 3748 1.1' E and NGC 3746 just 0.7' S.
17.5"
(3/19/88): second of 7 member of Copeland's Septet. Extremely faint and small, round. Second in a very tight trio with NGC 3746 43" SSW and NGC 3748 1.1'
ENE. Located 3.2' NW of NGC 3753.
Ralph Copeland,
while an assistant at Birr Castle, discovered NGC 3745 and other members of
"Copeland's Septet" on 5 Apr 1874. He noted "pB; pL; R" and labeled it Beta on the
constructed sketch made on 13 Apr 1876.
See NGC 3753.
******************************
NGC 3746 = HCG
57B = Copeland's Septet = Arp 320 NED2 = UGC 6597 = MCG +04-28-005 = CGCG
127-006 = VV 282 = PGC 35997
11 37 43.6 +22
00 35
V = 14.2; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 127d
48"
(4/16/15): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, sharply
concentrated with a very small bright core. The 0.6'x0.4' halo has a low surface brightness. NGC 3745 is 40" N with NGC 3748
1.6' NE.
The 9th member
of the group, 2MASX J11373896+2202269, lies 2.1' NW. It appeared fairly faint, small, round, 15"
diameter. This galaxy is not a member
of HCG 57.
17.5"
(5/11/96): this member of Copeland's Septet appears very faint, very small,
round. Brightest of close trio
with similar NGC 3748 1.6' NE and NGC 3745 just 0.7' N.
17.5"
(3/19/88): first of 7 in Copeland's Septet and second brightest in the
group. Very faint, very small,
round. Brightest of a close trio
with NGC 3745 43" NNE and NGC 3748 1.6' NE.
Ralph Copeland,
while an assistant at Birr Castle, discovered NGC 3746 and 2 other members of
"Copeland's Septet" on 9 Feb 1874. He noted "pB; cL; glbM; E 90¡ +/-" and labeled it
Gamma on the constructed sketch made on 13 Apr 1876. See NGC 3753.
******************************
NGC 3747 = PGC
90149
11 32 31.0 +74
22 42
V = 15.3; Size 0.3'x0.1'
17.5"
(4/18/98): extremely faint, very small, round. Only visible with averted vision for moments although
repeatedly glimpsed. Listed as
nonexistent in RNGC.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3747 = H III-969 on 2 Apr 1801 (sweep 1096) and noted "eF,
S." This is one of 15 far
northern galaxies with large systematic errors. The corrected position using Greenwich plates (MN, 71, 509,
1911) matches PGC 90149 and Dreyer repeated this position in the notes to his
1912 edition of WH's catalogues.
See NGC 2938 for more on sweep 1096 and Harold Corwin's full story in
his notes for NGC 3752.
This galaxy is
too faint to be included in CGCG or MCG and assuming it is the galaxy seen by
WH, it is certainly one of the faintest that he ever recorded (B = 16.2). RNGC classifies NGC 3747 as
nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 3748 = HCG
57E = Copeland's Septet = Arp 320 NED3 = MCG +04-28-007 = CGCG 127-007 = VV 282
= PGC 36007
11 37 49.1 +22
01 34
V = 14.8; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 66d
48"
(4/16/15): at 488x; moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated NW-SE,
0.4'x0.3', small brighter core.
HCG 57H (the "8th member" of Copeland's Septet), is 0.9' SSE
and appeared faint to fairly faint, very small, round, 12" diameter.
48"
(2/20/12): at 488x, HCG 57H = PGC 36010 was easily seen 0.9' SSE of NGC
3748. It appeared faint, very
small, round, 12" diameter.
17.5"
(5/11/96): very faint, very small, round.
Third of three in a tight trio within Copeland's Septet with extremely
faint NGC 3745 1.1' W and NGC 3746 1.6' SW.
17.5" (3/19/88):
third of 7 in Copeland's Septet.
Extremely faint and small, round.
This galaxy is the third in a close trio with NGC 3745 1.1' WSW and NGC
3746 1.6' SW. Located 2.9' NNW of
NGC 3753.
Ralph Copeland,
while an assistant at Birr Castle, discovered NGC 3748 and 3 other members of
"Copeland's Septet" on 5 Apr 1874. He noted "pB; pS; R" and labeled it Delta on the
constructed sketch made on 13 Apr 1876.
See NGC 3753.
******************************
NGC 3749 = ESO
320-008 = MCG -06-26-002 = PGC 35861
11 35 53.2 -37
59 50
V = 12.3; Size 3.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 107d
18"
(4/25/09): faint, moderately large, elongated. At times only the brighter 30" core was visible but
with concentration, long low surface brightness arms extend WNW-ESE and increase
the size to ~1.4'x0.5'. The
eastern side of the galaxy nearly reaches a line connecting two mag 12/13 stars
with a separation of 3'. Located
4.8' SE of NGC 3742 and on images appears to be tidally disrupted.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3749 = h3351 on 21 Apr 1835 and logged "pB; lE; glbM;
40"." His mean position
from 2 consecutive sweeps matches ESO 320-008.
******************************
NGC 3750 = HCG
57C = Copeland's Septet = Arp 320 NED4 = VV 282c = MCG +04-28-008 = CGCG
127-009 = PGC 36011
11 37 51.7 +21
58 27
V = 13.9; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 160d
48"
(4/16/15): moderately bright, small, round, very small bright core, high
surface brightness, 18" diameter.
First in a striking trio with spirals NGC 3753 40" NE and 3754 1.0'
NE.
17.5"
(5/11/96): faint, very small, round, very small bright core. First of three in Copeland's Septet in
a tight trio with NGC 3753 just 40" NE and NGC 3754 1.0' NE.
17.5"
(3/19/88): fourth of 7 in Copeland's Septet. Very faint, very small, round. Located just 39" SW of brighter NGC 3753.
Ralph Copeland,
while an assistant at Birr Castle, discovered NGC 3750 and 2 other members of
"Copeland's Septet" on 9 Feb 1874. He noted "pB; lbM; * in Pos 23.8¡, distance
109.3"." and labeled it Epsilon on the constructed sketch made on 13
Apr 1876. See NGC 3753.
******************************
NGC 3751 = HCG
57F = Copeland's Septet = UGC 6601 = MCG +04-28-009 = PGC 36017
11 37 53.9 +21
56 11
V = 13.9; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 5d
48"
(4/16/15): moderately bright, small, slightly elongated N-S, 22"x16",
very small bright nucleus, fairly high surface brightness. Southernmost member of Copeland's
Septet.
17.5"
(5/11/96): extremely faint and small, round, 20" diameter. Requires averted vision although easier
to view than NGC 3754. Furthest
southern member of Copeland's Septet.
Located 2.0' WSW of a mag 13 star and 2.7' S of brightest member NGC
3753.
Ralph Copeland,
while an assistant at Birr Castle, discovered NGC 3751 and 3 other members of "Copeland's
Septet" on 5 Apr 1874. He
noted "F; L; E 45¡ +/-".
This galaxy is labeled Zeta on the constructed sketch in the 1880
publication. See NGC 3753.
Although NGC
3751 = UGC 6601, the UGC copied the coordinates and magnitude for CGCG 127-011
located 8' south, so this data is incorrect.
******************************
NGC 3752 = UGC
6515 = MCG +13-08-064 = CGCG 351-063 = PGC 35608
11 32 32.3 +74
37 39
V = 12.9; Size 1.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 155d
17.5"
(4/18/98): fairly faint, moderately large. At first this galaxy appeared roundish (probably viewing the
core only), but then fainter extensions were seen NW-SE, increasing the
dimensions to 1.2'x0.6'. Forms a
triangle with two mag 11/13 stars 2.4' ENE and 1.4' NNE, respectively, and
several other stars trail off towards the SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3752 = H II-905 on 2 Apr 1801 (sweep 1096) and noted "pB,
pL." This is one of 15 far
northern galaxies with large systematic errors. The corrected position using Greenwich plates (MN, 71, 509,
1911) matches UGC 6515 and Dreyer repeated this position in the notes to his
1912 edition of WH's catalogues.
See NGC 2938 for more on sweep 1096 or Harold Corwin's full story in his
notes for NGC 3752.
JH probably
found a faint star close to WH's original erroneous position that he catalogued
as h917. In the NGC, Dreyer used
JH's position for h917 for NGC 3752 = II-905. (personal email from Wolfgang Steinicke on 25 Dec 2013)
******************************
NGC 3753 = HCG
57A = Copeland's Septet = Arp 320 NED6 =
VV 282a = UGC 6602 = MCG +04-28-010 = CGCG 127-012s =PGC 36016
11 37 53.8 +21
58 53
V = 13.6; Size 1.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 120d
48"
(4/16/15): moderately to fairly bright, elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE,
45"x15", contains a small bright core. Tightly paired with NGC 3754 21" NE of center and NGC
3750 40" SW. A mag 12 star is
1.3' N.
17.5"
(5/11/96): the brightest member of Copeland's Septet appears very faint, very
small, slightly elongated NW-SE.
Closely bracketed by NGC 3750 40" SW and virtually in contact with
NGC 3754 just 20" NE of center.
A mag 12 star lies 1.3' N.
17.5"
(3/19/88): this galaxy is the brightest member of Copeland's Septet. Very faint, fairly small, elongated
WNW-ESE, bright core. This is the
central galaxy in a very tight trio with NGC 3750 39" SW and NGC 3754
22" NE of center. Other
members include NGC 3745 3.2' NW, NGC 3746 2.9' NW and NGC 3748 2.9' NNW.
Ralph Copeland
discovered NGC 3753, while an assistant at Birr Castle, on 9 Feb 1874 and noted
"pF, star in PA 5.5¡, Dist 71.7"." This galaxy was labeled Eta in the constructed sketch of 13
Apr 1876. Copeland found this
group while searching in vain for d'Arrest's GC 2464 = NGC 3760, which he
assumed was in the general location.
But d'Arrest had made a 1-hour error in RA, so his object was not to be
found and the Septet happened to be just west of d'Arrest's erroneous position.
Due to a mixup
in the reference star, though, Dreyer's computed positions for Copeland's
Septet were offset 1.5 min of RA too far west and 16' too far south. The error was caught by Hermann Kobold
while observing with the 19.2-inch refractor at the Strassburg Observatory in
1894 (see AN 3241). Dreyer
acknowledged the correction in AN 3246 and the correction was given in the IC 1
Notes section. Still, the RNGC did
not catch the correction and listed the entire Septet as nonexistent! See RNGC Corrections #2 and Deep Sky
1983. The nickname "Copeland
Septet" appears in the RC2 notes section.
******************************
NGC 3754 = HCG
57D = Copeland's Septet = Arp 320 NED7 = VV 282b = MCG +04-28-011 = CGCG
127-012ne = PGC 36018
11 37 55.0 +21
59 07
V = 14.3; Size 0.4'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.0
48"
(4/16/15): fairly faint to moderately bright, small, slightly elongated N-S, 0.4'x0.3',
small bright core. Situated just
off the northeast side of NGC 3753.
17.5"
(5/11/96): one of the three most difficult members of Copeland's Septet appears
extremely faint and small, round.
Difficult to resolve from brighter NGC 3753 just 40" SW of
center. A mag 12 star is 1.0' N.
Ralph Copeland,
while an assistant at Birr Castle, discovered NGC 3754 and 3 other members of
"Copeland's Septet" on 5 Apr 1874. He noted "vF; R" and labeled it Theta on the
constructed sketch made on 13 Apr 1876.
See NGC 3753.
******************************
NGC 3755 = UGC
6577 = MCG +06-26-008 = CGCG 186-012 = PGC 35913
11 36 33.4 +36
24 37
V = 12.8; Size 3.2'x1.4'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 133d
17.5"
(4/14/01): fairly faint, fairly large, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 2'x1'. Broad, weak concentration to a slightly
brighter oval core. A couple of
very faint stars are nearby.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3755 = h920 on 11 Mar 1831 and noted "eF; pmE; pL;
gbM." His position and
desciption matches UGC 6577.
******************************
NGC 3756 = UGC
6579 = MCG +09-19-134 = CGCG 268-063 = LGG 250-002 = PGC 35931
11 36 47.9 +54
17 39
V = 11.5; Size 4.2'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 177d
24"
(5/27/17): bright, large, elongated ~2:1 N-S, ~3.5'x1.7'. Uneven, moderate surface brightness
(except low surface brighterness outer halo) but no distinct core or
nucleus. The halo (arms) is not
symmetric and change shape with different brighter patches (parts of spiral
arms) using averted vision. Often
the north half of the galaxy appeared brighter. NGC 3738 is 16' NW.
17.5"
(3/19/88): moderately bright, large, oval 2:1 N-S, even surface
brightness. A mag 10 star is 4.0'
NNW of center.
13"
(3/24/84): fairly large, diffuse, elongated N-S.
8"
(3/28/81): very faint, low surface brightness. Located 15' SE of NGC 3738.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3756 = H II-784 = h918 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920) and recorded
"pB, cL, lE, 3' long."
His position matches UGC 6579.
******************************
NGC 3757 = UGC
6584 = MCG +10-17-026 = CGCG 292-010 = PGC 35955
11 37 02.9 +58
24 56
V = 12.6; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.7
17.5"
(4/14/01): compact, high surface brightness glow, round, 25" diameter,
very small bright core. A mag 13
star lies 1' E of center. Several
galaxies are within 30' in a group (LGG 246).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3757 = H III-843 = h919 on 18 Mar 1790 (sweep 951) and noted
"vF, stellar neb.
North-preceding a small star." CH's reduced position is 1' northwest of UGC 6584 and the
star is 1' east. JH reported "vF; R; 15". Has a vS star south-following rather more than a diameter
from edge."
******************************
NGC 3758 = MCG
+04-27-073 = CGCG 126-110 = Mrk 739 = PGC 35905
11 36 29.2 +21
35 46
V = 14.2; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.6
48"
(4/20/17): at 697x; moderately bright, fairly small, round, 30"
diameter. Two stellar nuclei were
resolved, separated by only 6" separation E-W. The eastern nucleus seems slighter brighter or perhaps more
stellar. The western nucleus is
quasi-stellar (perhaps a few arseconds diameter). NGC 3758 is a post merger system and the twin nuclei
(separated by ~11,000 light-years) both house super-massive black holes! The seeing was fairly poor at the time
of the observation but the twin nuclei were still easily resolved. Located 2.6' ESE of a bright mag 9.7
star (SAO 81899).
17.5"
(5/4/02): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, 0.5' diameter. Following by 2.5' is mag 9.7 SAO 81899
which is the first of three on a line to the NE. Also in the field is a 43"
pair of mag 9.5 stars ~8' SSE.
Copeland discovered NGC 3758 and this galaxy is situated 30' SW of
Copeland's Septet.
Ralph Copeland
discovered NGC 3758 south of "Copeland's Septet on 18 Mar 1874 and logged
"pB; S; R; smbM; Nucl not stellar." His offsets to nearby stars is a perfect match with CGCG
126-110 = PGC 35905, although it was placed too close to Copeland's Septet on
the constructed sketch of 13 Apr 1876 showing all discovered nebulae. This galaxy was independently found by
Stephan exactly 10 years later on 18 Mar 1884 and accurately placed in his list
XIII-61.
Bill Keel dubbed
this the "Owl" galaxy (because of twin nuclei) in a 1993 article in
Mercury magazine article "The real astrophysical zoo - Colliding
galaxies", though there are no Google hits on that nickname.
******************************
NGC 3759 = UGC
6581 = MCG +09-19-136 = CGCG 268-064 = PGC 35945
11 36 54.1 +54
49 23
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(3/19/88): faint, very small, round, weak concentration. Located 2.1' N of a mag 11 star and 16'
E of mag 5.6 SAO 28064. Forms a
pair with IC 2943 2.2' NW. NGC
3759A = UGC 6582 lies 20' N.
Member of AGC 1318.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3759 on 19 Aug 1866 with the 11" refractor at
Copenhagen. His position, measured
twice, matches UGC 6581 and he accurately places a mag 11 star 2' distant (due
south).
******************************
NGC 3760 = NGC
3301 = UGC 5767 = MCG +04-25-035 = CGCG 124-045 = PGC 31497
10 36 56.0 +21
52 55
See observing
notes for NGC 3301. There is a one
hour error in RA in the NGC.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3760 on 21 Feb 1863 and recorded "B, pS, mbMN =
*13, a mag 11 star precedes 4 seconds of time and south 175"." There is nothing at his position and he
searched in vain for it again in Jan 1865. Dreyer mentions in the NGC notes that nothing was found at
Birr Castle, though "a large group of novae preceding it [Copeland's
Septet!] was found."
In the IC 1
notes, Dreyer comments "Delenda.
It is = [NGC] 3301 with an error of 1 hour in RA [too large]." This identity was first suggest by
Kobold in 1894. d'Arrest also
mistakenly placed the nearby mag 11 star to the south, instead of north (same
offset) and also made the same 1 hour transcription error the same night with
NGC 3375, which is identical to NGC 3162.
******************************
NGC 3761 = CGCG
127-001 = PGC 35933
11 36 44.1 +22
59 31
V = 14.0; Size 0.5'x0.5'
17.5"
(5/4/02): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Contains a faint stellar nucleus at
moments. Located 1¡ NNW of
Copeland's Septet.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3761 = St XII-47 on 11 Apr 1882. His positon matches CGCG 127-001 = PGC 35933.
******************************
NGC 3762 = UGC
6591 = MCG +10-17-027 = CGCG 292-011 = PGC 35979
11 37 23.9 +61
45 33
V = 12.6; Size 1.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 167d
17.5"
(4/14/01): this attractive spindle appeared fairly faint/moderately bright,
fairly small, elongated 7:2 NNW-SSE, 1.2'x0.35', sharp bright core, stellar
nucleus. NGC 3725 lies 27' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3762 = H II-837 = h921 on 19 Mar 1790 (sweep 953) and noted
"pB, lE." CH's reduced
position is 1' northwest of UGC 6591 and JH's position (used in the NGC) is 1'
south.
******************************
NGC 3763 = IC
714 = MCG -02-30-009 = PGC 35907
11 36 30.3 -09
50 48
V = 12.7; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(5/2/92): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, almost even surface
brightness. Overpowered by Theta
Crateris (V = 4.7) just 3.7' NE.
Andrew Common discovered
NGC 3763 in 1880 and recorded "F, diffused, sp 7 stars." His position is within 0.2 min of RA
and 1' south of MCG -02-30-009 = PGC 35907, the only nearby galaxy he might
have picked up. I'm surprised,
though, he didn't mention mag 4.7 Theta Crateris, only 3.7' northeast.
Francis
Leavenworth independently found this galaxy on 25 Feb 1887 and gave an accurate
micrometric position for object #430 in the Southern Nebulae list (later IC
714). So, NGC 3763 = IC 714.
******************************
NGC 3764 = MCG
+03-30-020 = CGCG 097-025 = II Zw 52 = PGC 35930
11 36 54.6 +17
53 18
V = 14.0; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.8
17.5"
(4/14/01): faint, small, round, 0.7' diameter, very small brighter core with
direct vision. This is a close
interacting system (unresolved).
Forms a pair with NGC 3768 5.5' SE. Both William and John Herschel missed this galaxy although
they observed nearby NGC 3768.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3764 on 20 Apr 1862, in the field of NGC 3768. His position, from two observations,
matches CGCG 097-025 = PGC 35930 and he mentions a mag 15 star that follows by
14.9 seconds of RA.
NGC 3764 was
probably discovered earlier by R.J. Mitchell at Birr Castle on 22 Mar
1857. While observing h923 = NGC
3768 he noted "npp is another of the same character, but
fainter." Dreyer, while
preparing the 1880 publication added the note "= GC 2466, nova
d'Arrest", though only d'Arrest is credited in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 3765 = MCG
+04-28-001 = CGCG 127-003 = PGC 35956
11 37 04.2 +24
05 46
V = 14.0; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(5/4/02): faint, small, slightly elongated E-W, 40"x30", even surface
brightness. About 5' following is
a perfect equilateral triangle of mag 11 stars with sides 4'.
John Herschel discovered
NGC 3765 = h922 on 28 Mar 1832 and noted "vF; R; 30"." His position (single observation)
matches CGCG 127-003 = PGC 35956.
******************************
NGC 3766 = Cr
248 = ESO 129-SC027
11 36 14 -61 36
36
V = 5.3; Size 15'
13.1"
(2/18/04 - Costa Rica): this is a superb naked-eye open cluster in Centaurus
with several hundred stars resolved in a 15' field. It contains a very dense mass of stars in the central 5'
that are seemingly arranged in a spiral configuration as well as a beautiful
string of stars running SW-NE on the south side of the cluster. A mag 7.2 M-type reddish star (SAO
251470) lies at the NW end, a mag 7.5 star is on the east side (HD 306799) and
a mag 7.1 star (HD 100943) is on the SE side. This impressive cluster was a surprising showpiece as it
wasn't on my radar as an excellent cluster. Located 50' NW of a mag 5.1 star and 1.4¡ due north of mag
3.1 Lambda Centauri.
Nicolas-Louis de
Lacaille discovered NGC 3766 = Lac III-7 = D 289 = h3352 in 1751-1752 with a
1/2-inch telescope at 8x during his expedition to the Cape of Good Hope. He noted "three faint stars in
nebulosity". On 27 Apr 1826
James Dunlop logged "A pretty large cluster of stars of mixt magnitudes,
about 10' diameter. The greater number of the stars are of a pale white colour.
There is a red star near the preceding side; another of the same size and
colour near the following side; another small red star near the centre; and a
yellow star near the south following extremity, all in the cluster." Dunlop's position was about 10' too far
SE.
JH first
observed the cluster on 14 Mar 1834 and noted "the preceding of two chief
stars of a fine, large, loose, round cluster of stars 8..12th mag; gradually
pretty much brighter in the middle, fills field; 150..200 stars." Two
sweeps later he recorded "A very fine cluster class VII; nearly round, 8'
diameter, slightly compressed in the middle, stars of 9..15th magnitude; place
that of an orange star 9..10th mag following the centre."
******************************
NGC 3767 = UGC
6590 = MCG +03-30-023 = CGCG 097-031 = PGC 35969
11 37 15.5 +16
52 37
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(5/4/02): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated E-W, 25"x20"
diameter, fairly high surface brightness (core only viewed?). A mag 14 star lies 2.3' SW of center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3767 = h924 on 17 Mar 1831 and simply noted "vF; S;
bM." His position
matches UGC 6590.
******************************
NGC 3768 = UGC
6589 = MCG +03-30-024 = CGCG 097-030 = PGC 35968
11 37 14.4 +17
50 23
V = 12.4; Size 1.8'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 155d
17.5"
(4/14/01): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, 1.0' diameter,
moderately concentrated. Forms a
pair with NGC 3764 5.5' NW. Member
of a large group (LGG 246).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3768 = H III-29 = h923 on 14 Mar 1784 (sweep 170) and described
a "very faint, extremely small nebula, or rather nebulous star. The sweeping power left me rather
doubtful but 240x verified it."
His position (CH's reduction) is 28 sec of RA too large (recorded on a
very windy night and the RA could not be determined well). JH also called this galaxy
"stellar; a burred star.", though he measured a fairly accurate
position. It seems odd that both
missed nearby NGC 3764 (discovered by d'Arrest).
******************************
NGC 3769 = Arp
280 NED1 = UGC 6595 = MCG +08-21-076 = CGCG 242-065 = Holm 270a = PGC 35999
11 37 44.2 +47
53 34
V = 11.8; Size 3.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 152d
17.5"
(4/6/91): fairly bright, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE,
2.5x0.8', weak concentration. A
mag 13.5 star is 2.2' NE of center.
A very close companion NGC 3769A = CGCG 242-066, which appeared very
faint, very elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE, low surface brightness, is 56" SE of
center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3769 = H II-731 = h925 on 5 Feb 1788 (sweep 808) and reported
"F, S, E from sp to np."
JH made two observations, recording on sweep 330 "'B; mE; gbM;
60" l, 30" br."
Neither Herschel
noticed the faint companion NGC 3769A at the southeast end, which was observed
at Birr Castle. On 9 Apr 1852, Bindon Stoney recorded "gbM, a F appendage
of 2nd neb." On 17 Apr 1855,
R.J. Mitchell logged "The appendage looks like an independent nebula. Lord Rosse thought the B ray
resolvable." On 12 Apr 1861,
Samuel Hunter also noted "Two, probably connected." A sketch shows the companion at the
correct orientation. But
surprisingly, neither JH nor Dreyer added this second galaxy to the GC or
NGC. Kobold measured an accurate
position in 1902 with the 18-inch refractor at Strassburg.
******************************
NGC 3770 = UGC
6600 = MCG +10-17-028 = CGCG 292-012 = LGG 251-001 = PGC 36025
11 37 58.7 +59
37 01
V = 12.9; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 107d
18"
(3/5/05): fairly faint, small, round, fairly high surface brightness, only
20" diameter. I probably
viewed only the core as the catalalogued dimensions are much larger).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3770 = H II-838 = h926 on 19 Mar 1790 (sweep 953) and noted
"pB, S." CH's reduced position is 10 tsec west of UGC 6660. JH called this galaxy both
"B" and "eF", although the latter observation mentions
"Sky growing dull. Mirror
tarnished." His mean position matches UGC 6600.
******************************
NGC 3771 = MCG
-01-30-018 = PGC 36107
11 39 06.0 -09
20 53
V = 12.6; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(5/2/92): faint, fairly small, round, increases to a bright core, appears to
have a very faint larger halo.
Appears similar to NGC 3791 8' E.
This identification is uncertain as the NGC position from Leavenworth is
1.7 tmin farther west.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3771 = LM II-446 in 1886 and logged "mag 14.5,
0.1' dia, R, *10 p 15 seconds."
There is nothing near his position, but 1.7 min of RA east is MCG -01-30-018
= PGC 36107. To clinch this
identification, there is a star 16 sec preceding as Leavenworth's notes, though
the mag is closer to 13. Still,
Corwin gives this identification as somewhat uncertain. The RNGC RA is 0.7 minutes too far
west.
******************************
NGC 3772 = UGC
6598 = MCG +04-28-006 = CGCG 127-008 = PGC 36005
11 37 48.5 +22
41 28
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 16d
17.5"
(5/4/02): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated ~2:1 SSW-NNE, 0.9'x0.5',
slightly brighter core. Located
40' N of Copeland's Septet!
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3772 = H II-352 = h927 on 10 Apr 1785 (sweep 394) and noted
"F, vS." CH's reduction
is 5' north of UGC 6598. JH made
two observation and measured a fairly accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3773 = UGC
6605 = MCG +02-30-005 = CGCG 127-008 = Mrk 743 = PGC 36043
11 38 13.0 +12
06 44
V = 12.0; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 165d
13.1"
(4/10/86): fairly faint, very small, round, stellar nucleus, small faint halo.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3773 = H III-81 = h928 on 12 Apr 1784 (sweep 188) and recorded
"eF, vS; it contains more nebulosity than the preceding [NGC 3731]; 240x
showed it better than 157."
******************************
NGC 3774 = MCG
-01-30-016 = PGC 36058
11 38 30.3 -08
58 35
V = 13.8; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 56d
24"
(3/9/13): very faint to faint, small, slightly elongated, 25"x20",
low but irregular surface brightness.
A mag 12 star is 2.9' SW.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3774 = LM II-447 on 24 Jan 1887 and noted mag 15.8,
0.2'x0.1', E 75¡. Another neb or
eF star p 0.5'; *9 np 3'."
His position is 6 sec of RA west and 1' north of MCG -01-30-016 = PGC
36058. His PA and description is a
good match, although the mag 9 star described by Leavenworth as 3' northwest
lies 2.9' southwest.
******************************
NGC 3775 = MCG
-02-30-012 = PGC 36055
11 38 26.8 -10
38 19
V = 13.9; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 27d
17.5"
(4/9/99): very faint, fairly small, elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE, 1.0'x0.3', low even
surface brightness. A mag 12 star
lies 3.0' NNW. Forms a pair with
NGC 3779 6.8' NE.
Andrew Common
discovered NGC 3775 in 1880 and described "pB to a Nucl; another 5' nf,
eeF." The second object was
catalogued as NGC 3779. Common's
position is 1.2' south of MCG -02-30-012 and NGC 3779 = MCG -02-30-013 is 6.8'
NE, a reasonable match.
******************************
NGC 3776 = CGCG
012-045 = PGC 36048
11 38 17.9 -03
21 15
V = 15.4; Size 0.4'x0.3'; Surf Br = 11.6
18"
(4/30/11): extremely faint, very small, round, 12" diameter, required
averted and could not hold steadily.
Collinear with two stars mag 12.7/13.8 at 3.2' S and 5.6' S. Only faint stars in the field.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 3776 = LM I-190 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory. His very
rough position (nearest min of RA) is about 3' south of CGCG 012-045 = PGC
36048, a very small faint galaxy.
RNGC identifies this galaxy as NGC 3776, but the CGCG does not make the
NGC equivalence.
******************************
NGC 3777 = MCG
-02-30-008 = PGC 35879
11 36 06.8 -12
34 08
V = 13.4; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 35d
18"
(3/19/04): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE, 0.7'x0.5', very weak
concentration. Located 13' SE of
mag 7.2 SAO 156771.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3777 = LM I-191 on 26 Feb 1886 and recorded
"mag 15.0, 0.8' dia, iR, small star or neb following." There is nothing near his very rough
position (near min of RA). But 2.5
min of RA west is MCG -02-30-008 = PGC 35879 and a very faint star is 4 sec of
time following. Herbert Howe's
measured an accurate RA (given in the IC 2 Notes section).
******************************
NGC 3778 = ESO
216-026 = PGC 36051
11 38 22 -50 43
00
V = 13.1; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 40d
14" (4/2/16
- Coonabarabran, 160x): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated
SW-NE, ~40"x32", contains a small bright core. A mag 14.5-15 star is barely off the
northwest edge [17" from center].
ESO 216-027 lies
8' ENE. It was visible as a faint
round glow, 25" diameter, with a low surface brightness. A mag 13.6 star is close southeast
[42" from center].
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3778 = h3353 on 31 Mar 1835 and recorded "eF; R; 20";
in a field with 50 or 60 small stars." His position matches ESO 216-026 = PGC 36051.
******************************
NGC 3779 = IC
717 = MCG -02-30-013 = PGC 36084
11 38 51.3 -10
35 01
V = 13.7; Size 2.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 85d
17.5" (4/9/99):
extremely faint, fairly small, round, 0.5'. Was not able to locate initially at 220x but once picked up
with averted a dim glow was visible <50% of the time. Located 6.8' NE of brighter NGC 3775.
Andrew Common
discovered NGC 3779 in 1860 with his 36" reflector. With respect to NGC 3775, he noted
"another 5' nf ". Close
to this offset is MCG -02-30-013 = PGC 36084. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position, that was
repeated in the IC 2 notes.
Frank Muller
found IC 717 on 14 Feb 1888 with the 26-inch refractor at the Leander McCormick
Observatory and described it as "1.0'x0.8', E 90¡, dif." With respect to NGC 3775, he measured
an offset of +53.92 seconds in RA but no delta for declination. Apparently he made a 30 second error as
NGC 3779 follows by +24 seconds in RA.
His description "E 90¡ [E-W]" seems to clinch the
identification IC 717 = NGC 3779.
******************************
NGC 3780 = UGC
6615 = MCG +09-19-150 = CGCG 292-014 = PGC 36138
11 39 22.3 +56
16 15
V = 11.5; Size 3.1'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 90d
17.5"
(4/6/91): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, weak
concentration, uneven surface brightness [images reveal a face-on multiarmed
spiral]. A mag 13 star is off the
ENE side 2.1' from center. Forms a
pair with NGC 3804 13' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3780 = H I-227 = h929 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920) and recorded
"pB, cL, iF, r, 3' by 2'. JH made two observations, noting on sweep 345,
"F; L; R; vglbM; 60".
Twilight."
******************************
NGC 3781 = MCG
+05-28-004 = CGCG 157-005 = WBL 344-001 = PGC 36104
11 39 03.8 +26
21 43
V = 13.7; Size 0.5'x0.3'
17.5"
(4/15/93): faint, very small, round, very small brighter core. A mag 14.5 star is 50" E. First of three with NGC 3784 and NGC 3785
7' SE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3781 = St XI-11, along with NGC 3784 and 3785, on 28 Apr 1881.
His position matches MCG +05-28-004.
******************************
NGC 3782 = UGC
6618 = MCG +08-21-087 = CGCG 242-071 = PGC 36136
11 39 20.7 +46
30 48
V = 12.4; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 0d
17.5"
(4/6/91): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 1.0'x0.5', almost
even surface brightness. A mag 12
star is at the SSW tip 0.6' from center and a mag 15 star is off the NNE tip 1.3'
from center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3782 = H II-732 = h930 on 5 Feb 1788 (sweep 808) and recorded
"F, S. Almost between 2
stars, the cheveulure touches them both; the are sp the nebula." JH reported "a * 15m with a
nebulous tail nf which touches another star."
******************************
NGC 3783 = ESO
378-014 = MCG -06-26-004 = PGC 36101
11 39 02 -37 44
18
V = 11.9; Size 1.9'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 162d
18"
(4/25/09): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated NNW-SSE, 0.8'x0.6',
bright quasi-stellar nucleus.
Located just NW of a mag 9.2 that detracts from viewing. This well-studied face-on galaxy
contains a very bright, highly variable, Seyfert 1 nucleus (one of the closest)
and my observation describes the core of the galaxy. NGC 3742/3749 lies ~40' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3783 = h3354 on 21 Apr 1835 and recorded "pB; R; vsbM;
precedes (to n) a * 9m." His
position and description matches ESO 378-014.
******************************
NGC 3784 = MCG
+05-28-006 = CGCG 157-006 = Holm 271a = WBL 344-002 = PGC 36147
11 39 29.8 +26
18 33
V = 14.3; Size 0.9'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 135d
17.5"
(4/15/93): very faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 NW-SE, weak
concentration, low surface brightness.
Located just 0.9' NE of a mag 10.5 star. Forms a close pair with NGC 3785 0.8' SE with NGC 3781 7'
NW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3784 = St XI-12, along with NGC 3781 and 3785, on 28 Apr
1881. His position matches CGCG
157-006 = PGC 36147.
******************************
NGC 3785 = UGC
6620 = MCG +05-28-007 = CGCG 157-008 = Holm 271b = WBL 344-003 = PGC 36148
11 39 32.9 +26
18 08
V = 14.2; Size 1.0'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 25d
17.5"
(4/15/93): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, small bright core, very
faint extensions. Located 1.5' E
of a mag 10.5 star. This galaxy is
the slightly brighter of a close pair with NGC 3784 just 0.8' NW. NGC 3781 lies 7' NW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3785 = St XI-13, along with NGC 3781 and 3784, on 28 Apr
1881. His position matches UGC
6620.
******************************
NGC 3786 = Arp
294 NED1 = VV 228b = UGC 6621 = MCG +05-28-008 = CGCG 157-009 = Mrk 744 = Holm
272b = WBL 345-002 = PGC 36158
11 39 42.4 +31
54 32
V = 12.3; Size 2.2'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 77d
18"
(4/10/04): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 WSW-ENE, brighter
core. I observed SN 2004bd,
discovered less than a week earlier on 4/4/04 and situated just 4.7" W and
1.2" S of center. When the
seeing steadied, the supernova was clearly resolved as a mag 14.5
"star" close WSW of center (along the major axis) and very close to
the brighter (Markarian) core.
Forms a pair with NGC 3788 1.4' NE of center. A mag 10.8 star lies 2.0' SE.
17.5"
(2/24/90): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 5:2 WSW-ENE, bright
core. Forms a pleasing close pair
with NGC 3788 (separation of 1.4' NE).
The galaxies are elongated at nearly right angles and almost attached at
the ENE end of NGC 3786. A mag
10.5 star is 2' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3786 = h931 on 29 Apr 1827, along with NGC 3788, and logged
"the sp of 2 [with NGC 3788]; less bright and smaller than the
nf." He made 3 observations
of both galaxies.
******************************
NGC 3787 = MCG
+04-28-015 = CGCG 127-017 = PGC 36154
11 39 37.9 +20
27 17
V = 13.9; Size 0.5'x0.3'; Surf Br = 11.7
17.5"
(5/4/02): faint, very small, elongated 4:3, SW-NE, 0.4'x0.3'. Moderate concentration to a
quasi-stellar nucleus. Forms the
NE vertex of a small triangle with a mag 13 star 1' W and a mag 12 star 1.7'
S. NGC 3805 lies 16' SE. Located at the NW edge of AGC 1367.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3787 on 10 May 1864. His position is within 30" of
CGCG 127-017 = PGC 36154 and he also noted a mag 15-16 which precedes by 4.5
seconds of time and slightly south.
******************************
NGC 3788 = Arp
294 NED2 = VV 228a = UGC 6623 = MCG +05-28-009 = CGCG 157-010 = Holm 272a = WBL
345-003 = PGC 36160
11 39 44.7 +31
55 51
V = 12.6; Size 2.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 178d
17.5"
(2/24/90): moderately bright, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 N-S, brighter
core. Forms a striking pair of
elongated spirals with NGC 3786 1.4' SW (Arp 294), which is almost attached at
the south end of NGC 3788. A mag
10.5 star lies 2.7' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3788 = h932 on 29 Apr 1827, along with NGC 3786, and logged
"pB, E in merid [N-S]; gbM; 40-50" long; the nf of 2 [with NGC
3786]."
Bindon Stoney,
observing with LdR's 72" on 24 Feb 1852, reported "2 rays, forming an
angle of about 100¡, the south one has a nucleus, and there is a knot at the
north extremity of the north one."
Rudolph Spitaler measured an accurate micrometric position in 1891 at
the Vienna Observatory.
******************************
NGC 3789 = MCG
-01-30-015 = PGC 36036
11 38 09.1 -09
36 26
V = 13.4; Size 1.6'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 179d
18"
(3/19/04): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 N-S, 0.8'x0.4'. Contains a small brighter core and
stellar nucleus with extremely faint extensions. Forms the western vertex of a near equilateral triangle with
two mag 13.5 stars ~2.5' SSE and east.
Located 25' NE of mag 4.7 Theta Crateris. Misidentified in the RNGC and MCG as MCG -01-30-019.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3789 = LM II-448 in 1886 and noted "mag 14.8,
0.3'x0.2', E 180¡. RNGC and MCG
misidentify MCG -01-30-019 as NGC 3789.
This galaxy is only 3' south of Leavenworth's position but does match
his description (elongated N-S).
But 1.4 min of RA west is MCG -01-30-015 = PGC 36036 and the position
angle is directly N-S. Considering
Leavenworth's positions are often too far east, but accurate in declination,
MCG -01-30-015 is a much more likely candidate.
******************************
NGC 3790 = UGC
6624 = MCG +03-30-032 = CGCG 097-043 = LGG 246-011 = WBL 347-001 = PGC 36167
11 39 47.2 +17
42 44
V = 13.9; Size 1.1'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 154d
48"
(4/2/11): bright, fairly large, elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, 0.9'x0.3', sharply
concentrated with a very bright small core. First of six in the NGC 3801 group with MCG +03-30-35 4.5'
ESE and NGC 3801 7' ENE. A mag
11.5 star lies 2.3' SE.
18"
(5/12/07): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, 0.9'x0.3',
nearly collinear with two mag 11.5 and 13 stars to the SE. First in a group with brightest member
NGC 3801.
17.5"
(4/1/95): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, very small brighter core,
faint stellar nucleus at moments.
Collinear with two mag 11.5 and 13 stars 2.3' and 4.7' SE, respectively. First in the NGC 3801 group and located
7.0' WSW of NGC 3801.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3790 = H III-109 = h933 on 17 Apr 1784 (sweep 198) and recorded
"I suspect a vS stellar nebula in the same field with the preceding one
[NGC 3801], about 8 or 10' distant and south-preceding it. The suspected nebula
is in a row with two small stars and preceding them." His description fits UGC 6624
perfectly, although the separation is only 7'. Interestingly, although he noticed this fairly faint galaxy
in the field of NGC 3801, he missed NGC 3802, which is located just 2'
north. JH made two observations
and recorded "F; vS; pmE; sbM; the first of 3 [with NGC 3801 and
3802]."
******************************
NGC 3791 = MCG
-01-30-020 = PGC 36156
11 39 41.7 -09
22 02
V = 13.7; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 164d
17.5"
(5/2/92): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, gradually brighter
halo, small bright core. Located
6.0' N of mag 7.4 SAO 138326.
Forms a pair with NGC 3771 8' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3791 = H III-609 = h935 on 22 Feb 1787 (sweep 705) and recorded
"vF, vS, R, gbM. 240 showed
it very plainly." His
RA is 30 sec too small and falls very close to NGC 3771!. JH's position and description
("vF; R; gbM; 20"; has a * 8m 6' south, on the same meridian")
matches MCG -01-30-020 = PGC 36156.
******************************
NGC 3792
11 39 38.1 +05
06 00
=**?,
Corwin. Not found, RNGC.
Edward Holden
discovered NGC 3792 on 27 Apr 1881 with the 15.6-inch Clark refractor at the
Washburn Observatory in Madison, WI.
He noted "vF, diffused.
Neb makes an isosceles triangle with D.M. 2523 and 2525. There is nothing at his position and
there is no entry for NGC 3792 in any modern catalogue.
Harold Corwin
noticed that a double star (~16" separation) ~6' north of the NGC position
matches his description of making an isosceles triangle with DM 2523 and
2525. This double star is listed
here.
******************************
NGC 3793
11 40 02.0 +31
52 39
=*?, Gottlieb
and Corwin. Not found,
Thomson. Incorrect identification
in RNGC.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 3793, along with NGC 3797, on 12 Feb 1882, and described (paper
V) "from the beautiful double nebula [NGC 3886/3788] I have a rough sketch
from 12 Feb 1882, which shows two fainter nebulae +18 sec and +30 sec [in RA]
following the southern companion [NGC 3786]." There are no galaxies near these offsets and neither
Bigourdan or Pease could find these numbers.
RNGC
misidentifies CGCG 157-007 as NGC 3793.
This galaxy is located 15 sec west and 4.9' south of NGC 3788. Dorothy Carlson incorrectly equates NGC
3793 = NGC 3786. Harold Corwin
identifies two stars matching Tempel's separation from NGC 3786.
******************************
NGC 3794 = NGC
3804 = UGC 6640 = MCG +09-19-153 = CGCG 268-070 = CGCG 292-019 = PGC 36238
11 40 54.1 +56
12 10
See observing
notes for NGC 3804. Incorrect
identification in the RNGC. See
CGCG 268-068 = (R)NGC 3804.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3794 = H III-773 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920) and logged "cF,
pS, just following a vS star."
His position (CH's reduction) is 20 tsec preceding and 1' north of UGC
6640 = PGC 36238 and the star is at the west edge, so the identification is
certain.
He found the
galaxy again on 18 Mar 1790 (sweep 951) and recorded "pB, E. I saw it too late to describe it
properly." His position here
is even cloer to UGC 6640, but he catalogued it as II-830 assuming it was new
and Dreyer added it as NGC 3804. Dreyer
noted the equivalence in his 1912 revision of WH's catalogues and mentioned in
Malcolm Thomson's and Harold Corwin's correction lists.
RNGC
misidentifes CGCG 268-068 as NGC 3794.
This galaxy is located 1 degree south of the NGC position! I originally observed CGCG 268-068
assuming it was NGC 3804.
******************************
NGC 3795 = UGC
6629 = MCG +10-17-038 = CGCG 292-017 = PGC 36192
11 40 06.7 +58
36 47
V = 13.1; Size 2.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 53d
17.5"
(4/14/01): spindle-shaped galaxy, fairly faint, elongated 7:2 SW-NE in the
direction of a mag 12 star 5' SW, 1.4'x0.4'. In a galaxy group (LGG 246) with NGC 3757 27' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3795 = H III-844 on 18 Mar 1790 (sweep 951) and noted "vF,
mE, S." CH's reduced position is 1.5' southeast of UGC 6629. Samuel Hunter, LdR's observing
assistant on 12 Feb 1860, logged "faint, elongated N-S, vgbM, ends
pointed."
******************************
NGC 3796 = UGC
6638 = MCG +10-17-039 = CGCG 292-018 = PGC 36215
11 40 31.1 +60
17 56
V = 12.6; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 127d
18"
(3/5/05): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated NW-SE, 0.6'x0.5',
increases to a very small bright core and a stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3796 = H II-839 = h937 on 19 Mar 1790 (sweep 953) and recorded
"pF, cS, R, mbM." CH's
reduced RA is 27 tsec too large. JH made two observations, noting on sweep 406
"pB; R; 35"; pgbM."
His position is within 1' of UGC 6638.
******************************
NGC 3797
11 40 13.3 +31
54 24
=*, Corwin. Not found, Thomson but NGC 3788. =NGC 3788, Carlson.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 3797, along with NGC 3793, on 12 Feb 1882. At his offset from NGC 3786 is a single
mag 15 star (see NGC 3793). Dorothy Carlson incorrectly equates NGC 3797 = NGC
3788 in her 1940 NGC Correction list and this is repeated in RNGC.
******************************
NGC 3798 = UGC
6632 = MCG +04-28-018 = CGCG 127-022 = PGC 36199
11 40 14.0 +24
41 49
V = 12.1; Size 2.5'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 60d
17.5"
(4/14/01): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 WSW-ENE, 1.0'x0.7', moderate
concentration with a small brighter core visible with direct vision. In a small group (LGG 245) with NGC
3812 14' NE and NGC 3815 20' ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3798 = H II-340 = h938 on 6 Apr 1785 (sweep 393) and noted
"F, vS, lbM." CH's
reduction is 9 sec of RA east of UGC 6632. He observed this galaxy again on the next sweep 4 nights
later and recorded "vF, vS, stellar with a vF and very short ray towards
the preceding side." JH's
position (h938) matches UGC 6632.
******************************
NGC 3799 = Arp
83 NED1 = VV 350b = UGC 6630 = MCG +03-30-037 = CGCG 097-047 = PGC 36193
11 40 09.4 +15
19 38
V = 13.9; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 115d
17.5"
(3/29/89): faint, very small, round.
Forms a striking pair located just off the southwest end of NGC 3800
1.4' from center. A mag 12 star is
1.1' directly south, and a brighter mag 10.5 star is 2.9' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3799 = h934 = h3355 on 21 Apr 1832, while observing NGC 3800 = H
II-103. He noted "F; E nf to
sp; has another F neb [NGC 3799] attached to its preceding
extremity." In a later sweep,
he called it "an appendage to II 103 [NGC 3800], which it precedes." WH, in his observation of NGC 3800,
noted "2 or 3 stars visible in it." One of these "stars" may refer to NGC 3799.
******************************
NGC 3800 = Arp
83 NED2 = VV 350a = UGC 6634 = MCG +03-30-039 = CGCG 097-049 = PGC 36197
11 40 13.4 +15
20 32
V = 12.7; Size 2.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 52d
17.5"
(3/29/89): moderately bright, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE,
1.8'x0.5'. Forms a close pair with
NGC 3799 just off the SW end 1.4' from the center. A mag 10.5 star is 3.2' SSE of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3800 = H II-103 = h936 = h3356 on 8 Apr 1784 (sweep 187) and
noted "F, S, E, r. 2 or 3
star visible in it. The nebula is
near some small stars." JH
made 5 observations at Slough and one at the Cape of Good Hope. His first observation (21 Apr 1832)
reads "F; E nf to sp; has another F neb [NGC 3799] attached to its
preceding extremity."
******************************
NGC 3801 = UGC
6635 = MCG +03-30-040 = CGCG 097-051 = Holm 273a = WBL 347-003 = LGG 246-002 =
PGC 36200
11 40 16.8 +17
43 41
V = 12.0; Size 3.5'x2.1'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 120d
48"
(4/2/11): the brightest of 6 galaxies in a 15' group that is stretched out in a
SW to NE orientation. At 375x
appeared very bright, very large, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, ~2.5'x1.7', sharply
concentrated with a very bright core and much fainter outer halo. There is some ill-defined structure in
the halo, either due to dust, spiral arms or both. NGC 3802 is 2.3' N, MCG +03-30-035 is 3.4' SW, NGC 3803 is
4.5' N, NGC 3790 is 7' WSW and NGC 3806 is 8' NE. MCG +03-30-035 (B = 16.6) appeared fairly faint, moderately
large, very elongated 4:1 SW-NE, ~40"x10". A mag 11.5 star is
2.4' preceding.
18"
(5/12/07): moderately bright, fairly large but moderately low surface
brightness, elongated 5:3 NW-SE, broad concentration with a brighter core that
increases to a small, brighter nucleus.
Brightest in a group including NGC 3790 7' W and NGC 3802 2.3' N.
17.5"
(4/1/95): brightest in a group.
Fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 1.2'x0.8', broad
concentration to a brighter core.
Forms a close pair with NGC 3802 2.3' NNE. Also in the field are NGC 3790 7.0' WSW and NGC 3806 8.1'
NE. Located 7' WNW of mag 8.7 SAO
99729.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3801 = H III-30 = H II-161 = h939 on 14 Mar 1784 (sweep 170) and
recorded III-30 as "vF, pS, r, preceded by two vB stars." His position is only 8 sec of RA
following NGC 3801 = UGC 6635, although JH (in the GC) and Dreyer (in the NGC)
assumed it applied to NGC 3802, 2.3' north of NGC 3801. A month later, on 17 Apr 1784 (sweep
198), he returned to the field and recorded II-161 as "F, not S, R,
bM." His position on this
sweep is 4' too far south. JH made
3 observations and his mean position matches UGC 6635.
Since WH
observed only one object near this position on both sweep 170 and 198, we can
assume he picked up the brighter galaxy NGC 3801 both times, and missed NGC
3802. In fact, he was uncertain if
II-161 was new or identical to III-30, though decided to assign it a new
internal number. So, H II-161 = H
III-30 = NGC 3801 and JH should be credited with the discovery of NGC
3802. Wolfgang Steinicke confirmed
these conclusions (email on 7/15/14).
******************************
NGC 3802 = UGC
6636 = MCG +03-30-041 = CGCG 097-052 = Holm 273b = WBL 347-004 = LGG 246-003 =
PGC 36203
11 40 18.8 +17
45 57
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x0.3'; Surf Br = 11.9; PA = 85d
48"
(4/2/11): this bright edge-on is located 2.3' N of NGC 3801 in a group of 6
galaxies. It appeared edge-on 5:1
E-W, 1.4'x0.3'. Contains a
brighter, slightly bulging core. A
mag 13 star is just off the following end, 1.0' from center. NGC 3803 lies 2.2' N.
18"
(5/12/07): fairly faint, fairly small, edge-on 4:1 E-W, 1.2'x0.3'. A mag 13 star is just off the following
end. Located 2' N of NGC 3801 in a
group.
17.5"
(4/1/95): faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 E-W, 1.2'x0.4', very weak
concentration. Almost reaches to a
mag 13.5 star just off the east end 1.0' from center. Located 2.3' NNE of NGC 3801 in a group.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3802 = h940 on 14 Mar 1784 and simply noted "last of 3
[with NGC 3790 and 3801]." He
made 3 observations, though real description. WH is credited with the discovery (III-30) in the GC and
NGC, although that number most likely applies to NGC 3801 (see that number).
******************************
NGC 3803 = PGC
36204
11 40 17.2 +17
48 06
Size 0.3'x0.2'
48"
(4/2/11): this galaxy is the faintest of 5 NGC galaxies (and one MCG) in the
NGC 3801 group. At 375x it
appeared fairly faint, small, round, 20" diameter, slightly brighter core. Located 4.5' N of NGC 3801 and 2.2' N
of NGC 3802.
17.5"
(4/1/95): Not found.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 3803 on 27 Mar 1856 with LdR's 72" and noted "A [on
the diagram] is a vvF knot." The sketch clearly matches PGC 36204.
******************************
NGC 3804 = NGC
3794 = UGC 6640 = MCG +09-19-153 = CGCG 268-070 = CGCG 292-019 = PGC 36238
11 40 54.1 +56
12 10
V = 12.9; Size 2.2'x1.4'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 120d
17.5"
(4/6/91): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 E-W, even surface brightness. A mag 13 star is at the WNW edge. Forms a wide pair with NGC 3780 13'
WNW.
William Herschel
rediscovered NGC 3804 = H II-830 on 18 Mar 1790 (sweep 951) and recorded
"pB, E. I saw it too late to
describe it properly." CH's reduced position is within 2' of UGC 6640. He originally discovered this galaxy on
14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920) and logged "cF, pS, just following a vS
star." It was catalogued as
III-773 and later as NGC 3794.
There was probably just enough difference in position and description
for both Herschel and Dreyer to assume the objects were different, but there is
only one galaxy here. So, NGC 3804
= NGC 3794. The primary
designation should be NGC 3794 (earlier discovery), but it is known as NGC 3804
because of the more accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3805 = UGC
6642 = MCG +04-28-019 = CGCG 127-024 = PGC 36224
11 40 41.6 +20
20 35
V = 12.6; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 60d
17.5"
(4/15/93): fairly faint, small, elongated 4:3 SW-NE, small bright core
dominates a small halo. A mag 13
star is 2.2' WSW. NGC 3787 lies
16' NW. Located at the western edge of AGC 1367.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3805 = H III-375 = h941 on 25 Apr 1785 (sweep 401) and logged
"eF, S, but strong twilight and moonlight make it impossible to describe
it properly." JH reported
"Not vF; S; R; bM." and measured a fairly accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3806 = UGC
6641 = MCG +03-30-042 = CGCG 097-054 = PGC 36231
11 40 46.6 +17
47 47
V = 13.6; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.2
48"
(4/2/11): last of 6 in the NGC 3801 group. At 375x appeared fairly bright, large, slightly elongated
N-S, 1.4'x1.2', broad weak concentration but no core. Located 8' NE
of NGC 3801 and 5' N of mag 9.2 HD 101485. NGC 3807 is probably a 16th magnitude star 2.4' NE of NGC
3806, although the two numbers are equated in the UGC and PGC and repeated in
Megastar.
17.5"
(4/1/95): very faint, fairly small, round, low surface brightness glow with no
concentration. Collinear with two
mag 12.5-13 stars to the SSW by 2.5' and 4.5'. Located 5' N of mag 8.7 SAO 99729 and 8' NE of NGC 3801 in a
group.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 3806 on 3 Apr 1851 and noted "another vF neb, about 6' nf
[NGC 3802]." On 6 Apr 1855,
R.J. Mitchell logged it as "vvF, R, lbM." UGC 6641 lies 6.9' NE of NGC 3802, so this identification is
certain. The 1861 LdR publication
mentions "2 'novae' near [NGC 3801 and 3802], probably a 3rd." but
does not give Stoney's offset from NGC 3802.
Heinrich
d'Arrest independently discovered this galaxy on 21 Apr 1862 and noted a mag
9-10 star is 5' south. His
position is accurate and both JH in the GC and Dreyer in the NGC credit
d'Arrest with the discovery, although d'Arrest commented his object might be
identical to one of the two LdR novae mentioned in the 1861 publication.
******************************
NGC 3807
11 40 54.7 +17
49 07
=*, Corwin. "Not found", Carlson. =NGC 3806, UGC.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 3807 on 27 Mar 1856 and noted "C [on the sketch] is a vvF
knot or possibly a star." The
diagram shows object "C" to the northeast of NGC 3807
("B"). There is nothing
in this position and Bigourdan and Reinmuth reported negative findings. UGC, PGC (and other secondary sources
such as Megastar) equate NGC 3806 = NGC 3807, but Mitchell's object is very
likely the mag 16.5 star identified by Harold Corwin.
******************************
NGC 3808 = Arp
87 NED1 = VV 300a = UGC 6643a = MCG +04-28-021 = CGCG 127-025s = PGC 36227
11 40 44.2 +22
25 46
V = 13.5; Size 1.7'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 123d
48"
(4/20/17): NGC 3808 is the brighter member of a remarkable interacting pair
with NGC 3808A 1' N. At 375x it
appeared fairly bright, moderately large, oval 3:2 WNW-ESE, brighter core.The
beginning of spiral arms extend south on the northwest end and north on the east
end . On deep images, the northern arm extends into a tidal bridge to NGC 3808A
(and wraps around the companion), but visually the arm only extended roughly
half-way.
17.5"
(4/15/93): faint, small, slightly elongated 4:3 NW-SE, weak concentration, very
faint stellar nucleus. Located
3.5' NNE of mag 9.1 SAO 81939.
Forms a close, interacting pair (Arp 87) with NGC 3808A = VV 300b 1' N. The companion appeared very faint, very
small, round, very small brighter core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3808 = H III-338 on 10 Apr 1785 (sweep 394) and noted "vF,
vS." CH's reduction is 10 sec
of RA east and 3.8' north of this interacting system.
******************************
NGC 3809 = UGC
6649 = MCG +10-17-040 = CGCG 292-020 = LGG 251-002 = PGC 36263
11 41 16.1 +59
53 09
V = 12.7; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 123d
18"
(5/31/03): moderately bright, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter,
well-concentrated with a small, prominent core and stellar nucleus. Very symmetrical appearance.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3809 on 20 Aug 1866 with the 11" refractor at
Copenhagen. His position (measured
twice) matches UGC 6649.
******************************
NGC 3810 = UGC
6644 = MCG +02-30-010 = CGCG 068-024 = PGC 36243
11 40 58.7 +11
28 17
V = 10.8; Size 4.3'x3.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 15d
17.5"
(5/2/92): bright, fairly large, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, broad concentration,
increases to brighter core but no nucleus, large very faint halo of dimensions
3.0'x2.0'. A group of three mag
11-12 stars mag is located between 9'-11' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3810 = H I-21 = h943 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 174) and noted
"pB, L, lE, r." CH's
reduced position is 50 sec of RA east of UGC 6644.
Several
interesting observations were made with LdR's 72". On 18 Mar 1851, Bindon Stoney recorded
"BM, F neby all round of a mottled charachter, knot or appendage in the p
part. On 10 Apr 1852, he queried
"Spriral? glbM." Dreyer,
though, observing in 1878, comments "Beyond doubt a glob cl, outlying F
branches on a F background which fades away gradually."
******************************
NGC 3811 = UGC
6650 = MCG +08-21-091 = CGCG 242-074 = Mrk 185 = PGC 36265
11 41 16.6 +47
41 27
V = 12.3; Size 2.2'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 160d
18"
(5/31/03): fairly faint, moderately large, oval elongated nearly 3:2 N-S,
1.5'x1.1', broadly concentrated.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3811 = H II-737 = h942 on 9 Mar 1788 (sweep 816) and noted
"pF, S, lbM, iR." CH's
reduction is 8 sec of RA east of UGC 6650. JH's mean position from two observations is 1' too far
north.
******************************
NGC 3812 = UGC
6648 = MCG +04-28-023 = CGCG 127-027 = WBL 348-001 = PGC 36256
11 41 07.8 +24
49 18
V = 12.4; Size 1.7'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(4/15/93): moderately bright, small, round, prominent core, fairly high surface
brightness. Located 1.7' WNW of
mag 8.4 SAO 81942. First of three
in a 220x field with NGC 3814 5' E and NGC 3815 6.7' ESE. Member of a small group (LGG 245) with
NGC 3798 14' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3812 = H III-320 = h944 on 6 Apr 1785 (sweep 393) and simply
noted "stellar", probably rushed in the observation. JH recorded "F; R; has a * 6.7 m
sf, dist 3'. His position is an
exact match with UGC 6648.
******************************
NGC 3813 = UGC
6651 = MCG +06-26-019 = CGCG 186-024 = PGC 36266
11 41 18.7 +36
32 47
V = 11.6; Size 2.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 87d
17.5"
(4/1/95): fairly bright, fairly large, very elongated 3:1 WSW-ENE,
2.4'x0.8'. Broad concentration to
a large brighter core which brightens to a small nucleus. Mottled appearance with an irregular
surface brightness. A mag 14 star
is at the east end 1.3' from center.
Two mag 14 stars just off the west end 2.1' and 2.8' from center are
collinear with the major axis. A
mag 15 star is close SW of the core by 1.2'. Located 13' ENE of mag 7.8 SAO 62647.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3813 = H I-94 = h945 on 28 Apr 1785 (sweep 404) and recorded
"cB, pL, mE nearly in the meridian.
His position is 10 sec of RA west of UGC 6651. On sweep 72, JH called it "pB; pL; 90 l, 60" b, E
in parallel; hazy."
******************************
NGC 3814 = MCG
+04-28-024 = CGCG 127-028 = Holm 276b = WBL 348-002 = PGC 36267
11 41 27.7 +24
48 19
V = 14.7; Size 0.5'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.0; PA = 175d
17.5"
(4/15/93): second and faintest of three with NGC 3812 5' W and NGC 3815 2.5'
E. Very faint, very small,
round. Located 3.1' E of mag 8.4
SAO 81942.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3814 = St XI-14 on 25 Apr 1881. His position matches CGCG 127-028 = PGC 36267.
******************************
NGC 3815 = UGC
6654 = MCG +04-28-025 = CGCG 127-030 = Holm 276a = WBL 348-003 = PGC 36288
11 41 39.3 +24
48 01
V = 13.0; Size 1.7'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 72d
17.5"
(4/15/93): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 WSW-ENE, broad
concentration. Last in a small
group (LGG 245) with NGC 3184 2.5' W, NGC 3812 6.7' WNW and NGC 3798 20'
WSW. Located 5.8' ESE of mag 8.4
SAO 81942.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3815 = H III-339 = h946 on 10 Apr 1785 (sweep 394) and recorded
"vF, vS, goes into the field with the foregoing [NGC 3812]. He discovered NGC 3812 4 nights
earlier, but missed NGC 3815. JH
called this galaxy "Not vF; pL; 30"." and measured an accurate
position.
******************************
NGC 3816 = UGC
6656 = MCG +03-30-046 = CGCG 097-060 =WBL 353-003 = LGG 249-005 = PGC 36292
11 41 48.0 +20
06 14
V = 12.5; Size 1.9'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 70d
17.5":
moderately bright, fairly small, elongated WSW-ENE, bright core, stellar
nucleus. Member of AGC 1367 with
CGCG 097-068 7' E.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3816 on 9 May 1864. His position, measured on two nights, matches UGC 6656.
******************************
NGC 3817 = UGC
6657 = MCG +02-30-012 = CGCG 068-028 = HCG 58c = PGC 36299
11 41 53.0 +10
18 16
V = 13.3; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 140d
17.5"
(4/25/87): fairly faint, fairly small, oval ~E-W, brighter core. A mag 11 star is 2.7' NNW of
center. First of five in the field
in HCG 58 with NGC 3819 4.3' NE, NGC 3822 4.7' ESE, NGC 3825 7.9' ESE and NGC
3820 5.7' NNE. This group is
superimposed on distant galaxy cluster Abell 1356.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3817 = h947 on 18 Jan 1828 and noted "F. The first of 4 [with NGC 3819, 3822 and
3825]." His position is at
the south edge of NGC 3817.
******************************
NGC 3818 = MCG
-01-30-023 = UGCA 243 = PGC 36304
11 41 57.3 -06
09 21
V = 11.7; Size 2.0'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 103d
17.5"
(5/10/86): fairly bright, fairly small, oval, very bright core containing a
stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3818 = H III-284 = h948 on 5 Mar 1785 (sweep 379) and recorded
"vF, S, iE, lbM." His RA
is 33 sec too large. JH logged "B;
R; psbM; 30". At least 2nd class." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3819 = MCG
+02-30-013 = CGCG 068-030 = HCG 58d = PGC 36311
11 42 05.9 +10
21 04
V = 13.8; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 160d
17.5"
(4/25/87): very faint, small, round, small bright core, stellar nucleus. Second of five in HCG 58, located 4.2'
NE of NGC 3817. Forms a close pair
with NGC 3820 2.0' N.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3819 = h950 on 18 Jan 1828 and noted "vF; the second of 4
[with NGC 3817, 3822 and 3825]; place estimated from the others."
******************************
NGC 3820 = MCG
+02-30-014 = CGCG 068-031 = HCG 58e = PGC 36308
11 42 04.9 +10
23 02
V = 14.5; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 20d
17.5"
(4/25/87): extremely faint, small, almost round, diffuse, even surface
brightness. Located 2.0' N of NGC
3819 and 5.5' NNE of NGC 3817.
Third of five (and faintest) in HCG 58.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3820 on 29 Apr 1865 and accurately placed 2' north of
h950 = NGC 3819.
******************************
NGC 3821 = UGC
6663 = MCG +04-28-030 = CGCG 127-032 = PGC 36314
11 42 09.0 +20
18 56
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(3/12/88): fairly faint, very small, round, very small bright core. A mag 14 star is at the SW edge and a
mag 10 star lies 2.9' W. Member of
AGC 1367 cluster.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3821 = H III-376 = h949 on 26 Apr 1785 (sweep 402) and noted
"suspected, vF, vS. I am
pretty sure of it; but twilight is too strong." There is nothing at his position, but 18 sec of RA west is
UGC 6663 (only nearby galaxy). JH
made two observations, recording on sweep 246 "vF; S; R; psbM; a * 11m
precedes 10s."
******************************
NGC 3822 = NGC
3848? = UGC 6661 = MCG +02-30-015 = CGCG 068-033 = HCG 58a = PGC 36319
11 42 11.1 +10
16 40
V = 13.1; Size 1.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 178d
17.5"
(4/25/87): fairly faint, small, oval N-S, brighter core. Brightest in HCG 58 and the fourth of
five in the field within the NGC 3817-3869 group. Forms a close pair with NGC 3825 3.2' ESE on the Leo-Virgo border.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3822 = H II-153 = h951, along with NGC 3825, on 15 Apr 1784
(sweep 194) and recorded both as "Two F, pS, cometic nebula." His single position is just 1'-2'
too far south. He probably found
this pair a month ealrier (15 Mar 1784, sweep 174), but his position was 2.0
tmin too far east and they were recorded as III-35 = NGC 3848 and III-36 = NGC
3852. If so, NGC 3822 = NGC 3848.
******************************
NGC 3823 = MCG
-02-30-017 = PGC 36331
11 42 15.1 -13
52 01
V = 12.7; Size 1.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 90d
18"
(3/19/04): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated E-W, weak
concentration, 0.7'x0.6'. Situated
directly between two mag 13-14 stars 2' N and 2' S. NGC 3831 lies 1.0¡ NNE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3823 = h3357 on 7 May 1836 and logged "F; lE; pslbM;
40"." His position is
just off the north side of PGC 36331 although he questioned if a double error
of 1 min in RA and 1 degree in dec would make it a duplicate of NGC 3831.
******************************
NGC 3824 = UGC
6676 = MCG +09-19-161 = CGCG 268-073 = PGC 36370
11 42 44.9 +52
46 47
V = 13.6; Size 1.3'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 118d
18"
(5/31/03): faint, small, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE, 0.7'x0.35', pretty even surface
brightness. A mag 13 star lies
2.0' SW. Forms a pair with NGC
3829 8' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3824 = H III-774 = h952 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920) and noted
"vF, vS." His position
(CH's reduction) -- 1.0 tmin too
large and 3' south of UGC 6676, but his relative position with nearby NGC 3829
(recorded next in the sweep) is reasonably accurate. A more accurate position was measured on 17 Mar 1790 (sweep
946). JH logged "vF, mE"
and measured a good position.
******************************
NGC 3825 = NGC
3852? = UGC 6668 = MCG +02-30-018 = CGCG 068-037 = HCG 58b = MKW 10 = PGC 36348
11 42 23.7 +10
15 51
V = 13.0; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 160d
17.5"
(4/25/87): fairly faint, very small, round, small bright core, stellar
nucleus. Fifth of five (second
brightest) in HCG 58 with NGC 3822 3.2' WNW. Also located within the larger NGC 3817-3869 group on the
Leo-Virgo border.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3825 = H II-154 = h953, along with NGC 3822, on 15 Apr 1784
(sweep 194) and recorded both as "Two F, pS, cometic nebula." His single position is just 1'-2'
too far south. He probably found
this pair a month earlier (15 Mar 1784, sweep 174), but his position was 2.0
tmin too far east and the pair was recorded as III-35 = NGC 3848 and III-36 =
NGC 3852. If so, NGC 3825 = NGC
3852.
******************************
NGC 3826 = UGC
6671 = MCG +05-28-018 = CGCG 157-018 = PGC 36359
11 42 32.8 +26
29 20
V = 13.4; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 65d
17.5"
(4/15/93): faint, very small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus. A close trio of mag 14 stars is 8'
NE. NGC 3830 lies 10' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3826 = H II-341 = h954 on 6 Apr 1785 (sweep 393) and noted
"F, stellar." JH made 3
observations, calling it "pB; R; psbM; 15"."
******************************
NGC 3827 = UGC
6673 = MCG +03-30-054 = CGCG 097-070 = LGG 246-006 = PGC 36361
11 42 36.3 +18
50 44
V = 13.3; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 65d
17.5"
(5/4/02): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated ~E-W, 0.8'x0.6', very
weak concentration. Located midway
between mag 9.1 SAO 99747 4.5' S and a mag 10. star 4.5' NNW. Outlying member of AGC 1367.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3827 on 29 Dec 1861 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His single position
matches UGC 6673 and his description mentions a mag 16 star is 21 seconds of
time preceding and a bit south.
The star is at his offset, though only 14th magnitude.
******************************
NGC 3828 = MCG
+03-30-057 = CGCG 097-075 = PGC 36376
11 42 58.4 +16
29 15
V = 14.4; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.8
17.5"
(3/29/89): very faint, very small, round.
A mag 11 star is 1.7' SE.
Forms a pair with edge-on UGC 6686 5.9' E. UGC 6686 appeared very faint, very small (only the central
region was seen).
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 3828 = Big 46 on 28 Mar 1886. His position matches CGCG 097-075,
though CGCG (and the UGC notes to UGC 6686) fail to label this galaxy as NGC
3828. MCG labels it
correctly. Mentioned by Malcolm
Thomson in his "CGCG Corrections" and in Harld Corwin's
identification notes.
******************************
NGC 3829 = UGC
6690 = MCG +09-19-164 = CGCG 268-074 = PGC 36439
11 43 27.3 +52
42 40
V = 14.0; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 95d
18"
(5/31/03): very faint, small, elongated 4:3 ~E-W, 0.5'x0.35', weak
concentration. Forms a pair with
brighter NGC 3824 8' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3829 = H III-775 = h955 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920) and noted
"suspected; vF, vS." His
position is poor -- 37 tsec too large and 2' south of UGC 6690, but his offset
from NGC 3824 (previous nebula discovered in the sweep) is a good match. JH simply noted "eF", but his
position is within 1' of UGC 6690.
******************************
NGC 3830 = MCG
+05-28-024/025 = CGCG 157-023 = PGC 36414
11 43 11.8 +26
33 32
V = 14.4; Size 0.5'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.2
17.5"
(4/15/93): very faint, very small, round.
Forms an equilateral triangle with two mag 13 stars 1.5' W and 1.5'
SW. NGC 2826 lies 10' SW. This is an unresolved double system.
The
identification of NGC 3830 is uncertain and the number may be a duplicate
observation of NGC 3826.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3830 = h956 on 19 Apr 1832 and simply logged "Cloudy;
hardly discernible." His position is 3.7' south of CGCG 157-023 = PGC
36414. Bigourdan was unable to
recover this object. The RNGC
identifies this galaxy as NGC 3830 due to its proximity in position.
Corwin suggests
that this entry is probably a duplicate of NGC 3826, which is located 43 sec of
RA west but with the same declination.
NGC 3826 was observed on three sweeps but NGC 3830 was recorded on a
different sweep. See Corwin's
notes.
******************************
NGC 3831 = MCG
-02-30-023 = PGC 36417
11 43 18.6 -12
52 42
V = 12.7; Size 2.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 23d
18"
(3/19/04): fairly faint, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE, 1.2'x0.4'. Contains a small, bright core and very
faint extensions which fades at the tip.
Surrounded by several MCG galaxies, though these were not searched
for. A mag 9 star lies 6' N. NGC 3823 lies 1¡ south.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3831 = h957 on 9 Mar 1828 and logged "F; vS; R; bM. Well observed." His position is within 1' of MCG
-02-30-023. Herbert Howe noted an
elongation in PA 20 degrees.
******************************
NGC 3832 = UGC
6693 = MCG +04-28-040 = CGCG 127-038 = PGC 36446
11 43 31.4 +22
43 31
V = 13.0; Size 1.9'x1.6'; Surf Br = 14.1
18"
(5/30/03): faint, moderately large, round, 1.2' diameter, low surface
brightness, very weak concentration.
A mag 11 star is 2.2' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3832 = H III-340 on 10 Apr 1785 (sweep 394) and recorded
"vF, pL. I suspected two
stellar near it, but could not ascertain with 240 whether they were stars or
nebula as I could not stop long enough to view them sufficiently." CH's reduction is 5' due north of UGC
6693. The CGCG does not label this
galaxy NGC 3832. The RA in the MCG
is 1.0 min too small.
******************************
NGC 3833 = UGC
6692 = MCG +02-30-020 = CGCG 068-043 = PGC 36441
11 43 28.8 +10
09 43
V = 13.5; Size 1.4'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 27d
17.5"
(4/25/87): very faint, fairly small, very diffuse, elongated SSW-NNE. A very faint mag 15.5 star is off the
SW end 0.9' from center. Forms a
pair with MCG +02-30-023 = PGC 36456 6' NNE. The companion (identified as NGC 3848 in the RNGC and PGC)
appeared very faint, very small, round, low even surface brightness. Member of the NGC 3817-3869 group near
the Leo-Virgo border.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3833 = H III-102 on 15 Apr 1784 (sweep 194) and noted "eF,
pL." CH's reduction is 3'
south of UGC 6692. Neither JH nor
d'Arrest made an observation.
Rudolph Spitaler measured an accurate micrometric position in 1892 using
the 27" refractor at Vienna.
******************************
NGC 3834 = MCG
+03-30-065 = CGCG 097-084 = PGC 36443
11 43 37.7 +19
05 26
V = 13.4; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 130d
17.5"
(5/4/02): faint, very small, round, 0.8' diameter (viewed core only?). Located 9' SW of mag 9.2 SAO
99762. NGC 3827 lies 21' SW. This galaxy is within one degree of the
core of AGC 1367 and is likely an outlying member (identical redshift).
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3834 on 29 Dec 1861 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His single position is
30" north of CGCG 097-084 = PGC 36443.
******************************
NGC 3835 = UGC
6703 = MCG +10-17-055 = CGCG 292-021 = PGC 36493
11 44 04.9 +60
07 11
V = 12.4; Size 1.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 60d
18"
(5/31/03): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 5:2 SW-NE. Broad concentration with a large,
slightly brighter middle and slightly fainter extensions. Extended in the direction of a mag 12
star 3.6' NE. Located 7' NW of mag
7.7 SAO 15622.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3835 = h958 on 14 Apr 1831 and recorded "pF; lE; gbM;
preceds * 8m, 5' distant. His
position (measured twice) is good, though the star is 7' southeast.
******************************
NGC 3836 = VV
477 = MCG -03-30-010 = PGC 36445
11 43 29.7 -16
47 40
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4
18"
(3/19/04): fairly faint, elongated 3:2 or 2:1 NW-SE, ~0.9'x0.6'. Appears brighter along a major axis
NW-SE, surrounded by a rounder, faint halo. A mag 12-13 star is just off the north flank, perhaps
45" from the center.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 3836 = T I-36 = T IV-8 on 29 Apr 1877. His micrometric position in list IV is an exact match with
MCG -03-30-010 = PGC 36445. On the
SDSS, the foreground star happens to lie at the exact tip of the northern
spiral arm.
******************************
NGC 3837 = UGC
6701 = MCG +03-30-068 = CGCG 097-089 = PGC 36476
11 43 56.4 +19
53 41
V = 13.3; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.2
17.5"
(2/20/88): faint, small, slightly elongated, brighter core. This is the second brightest galaxy in
the core of the galaxy cluster AGC 1367 and lies 3.6' SSW of NGC 3842
(brightest in the core). UGC 6697,
the third brightest galaxy, lies 4.7' NNW.
13.1"
(2/25/84): faint, small, round.
Second brightest in the core of the cluster.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3837 = H III-377 = h961 on 26 Apr 1785 (sweep 402) and recorded
"two [with III-378 = NGC 3842], the time and NPD is that of the most north
[NGC 3842], which is the largest and brightest; and is vF, pS. The most south [NGC 3837] eF; vS, but
twilight is too strong to determine them properly." His position is 10 sec of RA preceding
NGC 3842. JH made two
observations, measured an accurate position, and assumed he had discovered
h961. Dreyer concludes in the his
revision of WH's catalogues that h961 = H III-377 = NGC 3837.
******************************
NGC 3838 = UGC
6707 = MCG +10-17-056 = CGCG 292-022 = LGG 244-005 = PGC 36505
11 44 13.8 +57
56 53
V = 12.3; Size 1.5'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 141d
18"
(5/31/03): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 5:2 NW-SE, 0.8'x0.3',
spindle-shaped. Sharp
concentration with a very small bright core and stellar nucleus. A mag 12 star lies 3.2' S. Member of the LGG 246 group along with
NGC 3757 and NGC 3795.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3838 = H II-831 = h959 on 18 Mar 1790 (sweep 951) and logged
"pB, vS, lE." CH's
reduced position is within 1' of UGC 6707.
******************************
NGC 3839 = UGC
6700 = MCG +02-30-024 = CGCG 068-048 = PGC 36475
11 43 54.3 +10
47 06
V = 13.6; Size 1.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 87d
17.5"
(4/25/87): fairly faint, fairly small, weak concentration, elongated
WSW-ENE. Forms the north vertex of
near equilateral triangle with mag 8.5 SAO 99760 6.0' SSE and mag 8.4 SAO 99756
7.1' SW. Member of the NGC 3817-3869
group.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3839 = St XII-48 on 19 Apr 1882. His position matches UGC 6700 = PGC 36475.
******************************
NGC 3840 = UGC
6702 = MCG +03-30-070 = CGCG 097-091 = PGC 36477
11 43 58.9 +20
04 37
V = 13.8; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 67d
17.5"
(2/20/88): very faint, very small, irregularly round, broad concentration. Located 2.9' NNW of NGC 3844 in the
core of galaxy cluster AGC 1367.
13.1"
(2/25/84): very faint, very small, round.
This is the farthest northern galaxy in the core of AGC 1367. Appears similar to NGC 3844 and NGC
3845.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3840 on 8 May 1864 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position, measured
on two nights, matches UGC 6702 and he mentions "it is certainly one of
LdR's 'eight knots'."
******************************
NGC 3841 = MCG
+03-30-073 = CGCG 097-096 = PGC 36469
11 44 02.2 +19
58 19
V = 13.6; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.6
17.5"
(2/20/88): very faint, extremely small, small bright core. Located 1.3' N of NGC 3842 in the
central core of AGC 1367. Nearby
are NGC 3845 1.7' NNW, and UGC 6697 3.0' W.
13.1"
(2/25/84): extremely faint, very small, in central core of AGC 1367.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3841 = h960 = Big. 48 on 25 Mar 1827 and simply noted "F;
R." On a later sweep (334) he
recorded "vF; S; the first of 4 [with NGC 3837, 3842 and 3845." All modern catalogues equate NGC 3841
with CGCG 097-096 = PGC 36469, but JH's two positions are a better match with
the edge-on UGC 6697, as well as his offset from NGC 3842!
Heinrich
d'Arrest's #118 in his AN 1500 discovery list matches CGCG 097-096, so he
clearly observed this galaxy. In
his main monograph "Siderum Nebulosorum" he gives an uncertain
equivalence with h960. Harold Corwin's
equates Big. 48 with NGC 3841. The
MCG reverses the identifications of NGC 3841 and 3842.
******************************
NGC 3842 = UGC
6704 = MCG +03-30-072 = CGCG 097-095 = PGC 36487
11 44 02.1 +19
57 00
V = 11.8; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 5d
17.5"
(2/20/88): moderately bright, fairly small, round, small bright core. A mag 15 star is 0.8' SE of core. Brightest and largest in core of the
rich cluster AGC 1367 with NGC 3841 1.3' N, UGC 6697 3.2' WNW, NGC 3845 2.9'
NNE, NGC 3837 3.6' SSW and NGC 3851 4.7' ENE.
13.1"
(2/25/84): moderately bright, moderately large, bright core, many companions.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3842 = H III-378 = h962 on 26 Apr 1785 (sweep 402) and recorded
"two [with III-377 = NGC 3837], the time and NPD is that of the most north
[NGC 3842], which is the largest and brightest; and is vF, pS. The most south [NGC 3837] eF; vS, but
twilight is too strong to determine them properly." His position is 10 tsec preceding NGC
3842, so the identification is certain.
JH misassigned III-377 to h962 and III-378 to h966 = NGC 3851 in the GC
and Dreyer repeated this in the NGC.
According to Harold Corwin, Bigourdan discovered nearby CGCG 097-090 =
Big 47 (1' west), but it wasn't assigned a NGC or IC designation. MCG reverses the identifications of NGC
3841 and NGC 3842.
******************************
NGC 3843 = UGC
6699 = MCG +01-30-011 = CGCG 040-034 = PGC 36471
11 43 54.7 +07
55 33
V = 13.5; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 42d
17.5"
(3/24/90): faint, fairly small, very elongated SW-NE, small bright core.
Edward Holden
discovered NGC 3843 on 27 Apr 1881 with the 15.6-inch Clark refractor at the
Washburn Observatory. and recorded "F; elongated 225¡ [SW-NE]. Follows a star 11m by 14s [of
time]." His position and
description matches UGC 6699, though the star is closer to 13th mag.
******************************
NGC 3844 = UGC
6705 = MCG +03-30-069 = CGCG 097-097 = PGC 36481
11 44 00.8 +20
01 46
V = 13.9; Size 1.2'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 28d
17.5"
(3/12/88): very faint, very small, slightly elongated, broad concentration,
faint stellar nucleus. Located in
the core of AGC 1367 4.8' N of NGC 3842.
Nearby are NGC 3845 2.3' SE, NGC 3841 3.4' S, NGC 3840 2.9' N.
13.1"
(2/25/84): very faint, very small, round, brighter core, similar to NGC 3840
and NGC 3845.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3844 (#119 in his AN 1500 list) on 8 May 1864 with the
11-inch refractor at Copenhagen.
His position, measured on two nights, matches UGC 6705.
******************************
NGC 3845 = MCG
+03-30-074 = CGCG 097-100 = PGC 36470
11 44 05.5 +19
59 45
V = 14.0; Size 0.8'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 135d
17.5"
(2/20/88): very faint, very small, slightly elongated, bright core. Located 1.6' NNE of NGC 3841 in the
core of AGC 1367.
13.1"
(2/25/84): very faint, very small.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3845 = h963 on 17 Mar 1831 and recorded "vF; pS; the last
of 4 [with NGC 3841, 3837 and 3842].
There are however 3 or 4 more nebulae in this neighbourhood." His position is 0.8' southwest of CGCG
097-100 = PGC 36470. d'Arrest
measured an accurate position (observed on 2 nights).
******************************
NGC 3846 = UGC
6710 = MCG +09-19-171 = CGCG 268-078 = PGC 36539
11 44 29.1 +55
39 08
V = 13.9; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 135d
17.5"
(3/19/88): faint, fairly small, oval NW-SE. First in a group of five galaxies with NGC 3850 17' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3846 = h964 on 10 Feb 1831 and recorded "F; pL; R;
vgbM." His single position is
barely off the southwest edge of UGC 6710.
******************************
NGC 3847 = NGC
3856? = UGC 6708 = MCG +06-26-023 = CGCG 186-032 = PGC 36504
11 44 14.0 +33
30 52
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(4/14/01): faint, small, round, slightly brighter core. A close pair (CGCG 186-029) NE was not
noticed.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3847 = h965 on 3 Apr 1831 and recorded "not vF; S; R
psbM." His position matches
UGC 6708. Rudolph Spitaler's
position is 7.5' too far north (error in offset star?) and Max Wolf
misidentified this galaxy on a Heidelberg plate. As a result the "corrected" declination in the IC
2 Notes section is off by 10'. Sinnott's
NGC2000.0 repeats this erroneous position. It is possible that either NGC 3855 or NGC 3856 (found by
d'Arrest but with a poor position) is a duplicate of this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 3848 = NGC
3822 = UGC 6661 = MCG +02-30-015 = CGCG 068-033 = HCG 58A = PGC 36319
11 42 11.1 +10
16 40
See observing
notes for NGC 3822.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3848 = H III-35 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 174), along with NGC 3852,
and described both as "Two, very small, and eF. Their situation is in the same parallel of declination, and
distance perhaps 3 or 4 minutes.
It took up some time to see them well."
The RNGC
identifies MCG +02-30-023 = CGCG 068-046 as NGC 3838 (the closest galaxy to his
position) though there is only a single object here "in the same parallel
of declination". Malcolm
Thomson feels that CGCG 068-046 is a reasonable match in position. CGCG 068-046 is not labeled NGC 3848 in
MCG or CGCG.
Harold Corwin
suggests that NGC 3848 and NGC 3852 are probably duplicate observations of NGC
3822 and NGC 3825 (found again by WH a month later!). This pair is 2.0 min of RA west of WH's position and 1-2'
south. The separation of
this pair is 3.2' (roughly east-west), agreeing with WH's description, so this
identification seems more liekly likely.
******************************
NGC 3849 = IC
730 = MCG +01-30-013 = CGCG 040-040 = Todd 10 = PGC 36658
11 45 35.2 +03
13 54
V = 13.7; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 35d
48"
(4/16/15): at 488x; moderately bright, fairly small, oval 3:2 or 5:3 SW-NE,
0.5'x0.3', small bright core, fairly high surface brightness. A mag 16.3 star is off the southeast
side [27" from center]. An
extremely faint "star" was noted off the northwest side [25"
from center]. After later checking
the SDSS, I discovered this is a compact galaxy (SDSS J114534.52+031417.8) with
V = 17.8. An extremely faint edge-on
poking out of the east side of IC 730 was not seen.
17.5"
(4/9/99): faint, small, slightly elongated SW-NE, 25" diameter, no
concentration. Visible steadily
with direct vision. A mag 15 star
lies 1.6' SSW. This is a Todd
discovery and due to a poor position is listed as nonexistent in RNGC. This galaxy is listed as IC 730 (good
position from Javelle) in modern catalogues.
David Todd
discovered NGC 3849 = Todd 10 on 11 Feb 1878 in his search for trans-Neptunian
planets with the 26-inch refractor at the Naval Observatory. He noted a "large and
nebulous" object with a star 2' in PA ~210¡ (SSW). There is nothing at his rough position,
but using Todd's discovery sketch, Harold Corwin identifies NGC 3849 =CGCG
040-040.
Javelle found
this galaxy on 22 Mar 1893 with the 30-inch refractor at the Nice Observatory
and measured an accurate position.
Javelle and Dreyer assumed J. 2–728 was new, so it acquired the
designation IC 730. All modern
catalogues label this galaxy as IC 730 only. See Harold Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 3850 = UGC
6733 = MCG +09-19-174 = CGCG 268-079 = PGC 36660
11 45 35.6 +55
53 12
V = 13.3; Size 2.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 130d
18"
(2/14/10): fairly faint, fairly large oval 3:2 NW-SE, 1.6'x1.1', low surface
brightness, very weak concentration.
Located 17' WSW of NGC 3888 and 19' NW of mag 5.3 HD 102328 (adjacent to
AGC 1377).
17.5"
(3/19/88): faint, fairly small, diffuse oval NW-SE. Second of five in a group with NGC 3846 17' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3850 = H III-776 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920) and recorded
"eF, pL, lE. Time inaccurate,
left doubtful." There is
nothing at his position but exactly 1.0 min of RA east is UGC 6733. Probably because of the poor position
it was not recovered by Bigourdan.
MCG gives the NGC identification as uncertain. The RNGC mislabels NGC 3850 as NGC 3889.
******************************
NGC 3851 = MCG
+03-30-077 = CGCG 097-106 = PGC 36516
11 44 20.4 +19
58 51
V = 14.4; Size 0.3'x0.2'; Surf Br = 11.2; PA = 85d
17.5"
(2/20/88): very faint, extremely small, round, just non-stellar. Forms a faint "pair" with a
mag 14.5 star 37" W of center.
Located 4.7' ENE of NGC 3842 in the core of AGC 1367.
13.1"
(2/20/88): extremely faint, stellar.
Located east of a faint star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3851 = h966 on 24 Feb 1827 and logged "vF; R; the nf of
2." He mistakenly equated H
III-378 with this galaxy, instead of h962 = NGC 3842 and this error was
repeated in the NGC. WH did not record
this object.
******************************
NGC 3852 = NGC
3825? = UGC 6668 = MCG +02-30-018 = CGCG 068-037 = HCG 58B = PGC 36348
11 42 23.7 +10
15 51
See observing
notes for NGC 3825.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3852 = H III-36, along with NGC 3848, on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep
174), and described both as "Two, very small, and eF. Their situation is in the same parallel
of declination, and distance perhaps 3 or 4 minutes. It took up some time to see them well." There are no pair of galaxies fitting
this description near his position and both numbers were equated by Dreyer in
his 1912 NGC Correction list (repeated by Reinmuth).
In his 1912
update of WH's catalogues, Dreyer notes that NGC 3852 was not found by
Bigourdan but possibly there was a 1 tmin error in RA in reducing the
position. Corwin suggests NGC 3848
and NGC 3852 may be duplicate observations of NGC 3822 and NGC 3825. These galaxies have the same declination
and 3.2' separation but lie 2.0 tmin west of H's position. So, NGC 3852 = NGC 3825 and NGC 3848 =
NGC 3822 seems the most likely scenario, although this identification is
uncertain.
******************************
NGC 3853 = UGC
6712 = MCG +03-30-081 = CGCG 097-107 = PGC 36535
11 44 28.3 +16
33 29
V = 12.4; Size 1.7'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 140d
17.5"
(3/29/89): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated NW-SE, halo increases to a
small bright core.
Alphonse
Borrelly found NGC 3853 around 1871 with a 7.2-inch comet-seeker at the
Marseille Observatory. His description reads "R, lE, small ncl at
center" and his micrometric position in AN 1885 (4th object) matches UGC
6712.
WH probably
discovered this galaxy on 30 Dec 1783 (sweep 72) and logged "Some minutes
after 32, I saw a small nebula, but in looking a good while at the finder to
determine its place, lost is again.
I suspect partly that is consists of a few vS stars, but shall look for
it another night." Although
he was completely uncertain on the minute of RA, his polar distance is an exact
match with NGC 3853.
******************************
NGC 3854 = NGC
3865 = MCG -01-30-028 = PGC 36581
11 44 52.1 -09
13 58
See observing
notes for NGC 3865.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3854 = LM II-449 in 1886 and reported "mag
14.5, 0.3' dia, lE 70¡, gbsbMN."
There is nothing close to his position. The brightest galaxy in the vicinity is NGC 3865 = PGC
36581, 28 sec of RA east and 9' north and Harold Corwin lists this galaxy as
the most likely candidate. Due to
the unusually large discrepancy in declination and only a fair match in PA
(70¡), this identification is very uncertain. RNGC classifies the number as
nonexistent. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 3855 = IC
2953 = UGC 6709 = MCG +06-26-025 = CGCG 186-033 = PGC 36508
11 44 25.8 +33
21 18
V = 14.0; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 65d
17.5"
(4/14/01): faint, small, round, 0.8', low even surface brightness
17.5"
(2/24/90): very faint, very small, round, low surface brightness. On a line with two mag 14 stars located
6'-7' SE. In a group with NGC 3847
10' NNW, IC 2952 1.8' W and MCG +06-26-028 4.5' ESE (not observed on
2/24/90). The identifications are
very uncertain in this group.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3855 on 8 May 1864 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His single observation
gives a rough declination (marked to the nearest arcmin and very uncertain) and
mentions a companion to the north [NGC 3856], though without a position or even
offset. There are a number of
galaxies in the vicinity, but none exactly matching in RA.
When Rudolph
Spitaler looked for the pair in 1891 with 27-inch refractor at the Wien
Observatory, he identified CGCG 186-31 as NGC 3855 and UGC 6709 as NGC 3856
(published in AN 3167-68). His
positions (roughly 17 tsec of RA west of d'Arrest's position) are given in the
Notes and Corrections section of the IC 1. Stephane Javelle independently found these galaxies on 11
Jun 1896 at the Nice Observatory and they were later catalogued as IC 2952 and
IC 2953.
UGC, MCG and
CGCG label these galaxies using the IC designations. RNGC, MCG and CGCG identify CGCG 186-036 as NGC 3855. This is a very small galaxy located 5'
SE of the close pair. RNGC
classifies NGC 3856 as nonexistent. It seems very unlikely that CGCG 186-036
was the single galaxy seen by d'Arrest as IC 2953 in the same field is both
larger and more prominent visually.
If we accept
Spitaler's corrected positions in the IC 2 notes, then NGC 3855 = IC 2952 and
NGC 3856 = IC 2953. Malcolm
Thomson proposes NGC 3855 = IC 2953 and NGC 3856 = CGCG 186-036, though the
fainter galaxy would be located southeast, instead of north as d'Arrest
mentions. Harold Corwin argues
d'Arrest most likely picked up the two brightest galaxies in the vicinity. So, he proposes NGC 3855 = IC 2953 and
NGC 3856 = NGC 3847, though the latter galaxy is nearly 10' to the north. So, although NGC 3855 is most likely IC
2953 (brightest galaxy nearest d'Arrest's position), the identification of NGC
3856 is very uncertain.
******************************
NGC 3856 = MCG
+06-26-028 = CGCG 186-036 = PGC 36569
11 44 44.9 +33
19 16
Size 0.5'x0.5'
17.5"
(4/14/01): extremely faint, small, round.
Requires averted vision and cannot hold steadily. Located 4.5' ESE of IC 2953 = NGC 3855.
The
identification of NGC 3856 = CGCG 186-036 is very uncertain and this number may
be a duplicate observation of NGC 3847.
See notes for
NGC 3855.
******************************
NGC 3857 = MCG
+03-30-084 = CGCG 097-117 = PGC 36548
11 44 50.1 +19
31 58
V = 14.1; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 40d
17.5"
(3/12/88): faint, small, slightly elongated SW-NE, bright core, stellar
nucleus. Located 3.3' NW of mag
8.1 SAO 99769 and 5.8' SW of NGC 3862 within the galaxy cluster AGC 1367.
13.1"
(2/25/84): very faint, very small, round.
A fairly bright star is 3.5' SE.
Appears similar to NGC 3859 5' S.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3857 = St XIII-63, along with NGC 3859, 3864, 3867 and 3868, on
23 Mar 1884. His position matches CGCG 097-117 = PGC 36548. Lewis Swift independently found this
galaxy on 13 Apr 1885 and reported it in list I-13. Swift's position is 12 sec of RA too far west and 1.5' too
far south.
******************************
NGC 3858 = NGC
3866 = MCG -01-30-029 = PGC 36621
11 45 11.7 -09
18 51
See observing
notes for NGC 3866.
Francis Leavenworth
discovered NGC 3858 = LM II-450 in 1886 and reported "mag 15.6, 0.1' dia,
R, gbM, *9.5 preceding 3 sec [of time]." His position is 30 sec of RA west of NGC 3866 = PGC 36621
(discovered by Andrew Common in 1880).
A star is 3 sec of RA west, so this identification NGC 3858 = NGC
3865. Because of the poor position
NGC 3865 was not found by Bigourdan and RNGC classifies the number as
nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 3859 = UGC
6721 = MCG +03-30-091 = CGCG 097-122 = PGC 36582
11 44 52.3 +19
27 16
V = 14.1; Size 1.2'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 58d
17.5"
(3/12/88): faint, small, very elongated WSW-ENE, weak concentration. Member of AGC 1367 with NGC 3857 4.7'
NNW and CGCG 97-123 2.5' N.
Located 3.4' SW of mag 8.1 SAO 99769.
13.1"
(2/25/84): very faint, very small.
Located 3.4' SW of a bright star.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3859 = St XIII-64, along with NGC 3857, 3864, 3867 and 3868, on
23 Mar 1884. His position matches
UGC 6721. Lewis Swift
independently found this galaxy on 13 Apr 1885 and reported it in list
I-14. His position is 10 sec of RA
too far west and 2' too far south.
******************************
NGC 3860 = UGC
6718 = MCG +03-30-088 = CGCG 097-120 = Holm 285a = PGC 36577
11 44 49.1 +19
47 43
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 38d
17.5"
(3/12/88): fairly faint, fairly small, oval SW-NE, broad concentration. Member of galaxy cluster AGC 1367 with
NGC 3862 13' SSE, NGC 3842 14' NW, CGCG 097-115 5' NNW and CGCG 097-131 6' NE. Nearby members included NGC 3860B = MCG
+03-30-087 1.3' S and CGCG 097-113 2.2' S.
13.1"
(2/25/84): very faint, small, diffuse.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3860 = H III-386 on 27 Apr 1785 (sweep 403) and recorded
"vF, vS, r." His
position is 2' due south of UGC 6718, the brightest cluster member in the
vicinity. The RNGC position is 0.2
min of RA too far west and 1' north.
******************************
NGC 3861 = UGC
6724 = MCG +03-30-093 = CGCG 097-129 = Holm 287a = WBL 353-057 = LGG 249-004 =
PGC 36604
11 45 03.8 +19
58 25
V = 12.7; Size 2.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 77d
48"
(5/15/12): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 5:3 WSW-ENE, 1.7'x1.0', well
concentrated with a large, bright core and very small brighter nucleus. A very faint spiral arm emerges on the
north or northeast side of the core and winds counterclockwise, merging with
MCG +03-30-094, a close companion
on the southeast side. A
similar second arm emerges from the south side of the core and unwinds towards
the west, ending at 0.9' W of center.
A very faint extension on the northwest side was not seen. The companion is situated just 50"
SE of center and appeared fairly faint, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE, 0.6'x0.25', even
surface brightness. CGCG 97-133
lies 4.3' NE.
17.5"
(3/12/88): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, fairly sharp
concentration with a very bright core and stellar nucleus, faint oval
halo. This member of AGC 1367 is
located 6.5' NW of mag 7.4 SAO 81972.
13.1"
(2/25/84): faint, moderately large, small bright core, diffuse.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3861 = h970 on 23 Mar 1827 and noted "F; S; R; bM. Doubtful." His position is just off the
northwest side of UGC 6724.
******************************
NGC 3862 = UGC
6723 = MCG +03-30-095 = CGCG 097-127 = 3C 264 = PGC 36606
11 45 05.0 +19
36 23
V = 12.7; Size 1.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(3/12/88): fairly faint, small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus. Forms a close trio with IC 2955 0.9'
NNW and CGCG 97-118 2.9' W. This
galaxy is in the core of AGC 1367 and is the brightest in the field with NGC
3857, NGC 3859, NGC 3868.
13.1"
(2/25/84): faint, small, round, bright core, IC 2955 0.9' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3862 = H III-385 on 27 Apr 1785 (sweep 403) and noted "vF,
vS, r." His position is within
1.5' of UGC 6723.
******************************
NGC 3863 = UGC
6722 = MCG +02-30-028 = CGCG 068-054 = Holm 286a = PGC 36607
11 45 05.6 +08
28 11
V = 12.9; Size 2.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 75d
17.5"
(1/23/88): fairly faint, thin edge-on WSW-ENE, moderately large, bright
core. This pretty galaxy is
located 15' N of XI Virginis (V = 4.9) within the UGC 6730 group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 3863 = m 224 on 25 Mar 1865 and noted "vF, perhaps 2' l,
mE, almost ray, pos 70¡, glbM."
His position is less than 1' south of UGC 6722 and the description
matches.
******************************
NGC 3864 = MCG
+03-30-097 = CGCG 097-130 = Holm 288b = WBL 353-060 = PGC 36620
11 45 15.6 +19
23 32
V = 14.1; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 90d
17.5" (3/12/88):
very faint, small, round, even surface brightness. Located 3.3' W of NGC 3867 in AGC 1367.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3864 = St XIII-65, along with NGC 3857, 3859, 3867 and 3868, on
23 Mar 1884. His position matches
CGCG 097-130 = PGC 36620. Lewis
Swift independently found this galaxy on 13 Apr 1885 and reported it in list
I-15. Swift's position is 8 sec of
RA too far west and 1.5' too far south.
******************************
NGC 3865 = NGC
3854 = MCG -01-30-028 = PGC 36581
11 44 52.1 -09
13 58
V = 12.0; Size 2.0'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 49d
17.5"
(4/15/93): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, very small
brighter core appears offset from the geometric center. Located 4.5' SE of mag 9 SAO 138385. Forms a pair with NGC 3866 7' SSE.
Andrew Common
discovered NGC 3865 in 1880 with his 36-inch reflector and reported "F,
pL, dif, another sf [NGC 3866] not so L". Common's single position is 0.3 min of RA east of MCG
-01-30-028 = PGC 36581.
Leavenworth probably found this galaxy again in 1886 and reported it in
list II-449 = NGC 3854, though his position is 28 sec of RA too far west as
well as 9' too far south. MCG
misidentifies this galaxy as NGC 3858.
See Corwin's notes for NGC 3854.
******************************
NGC 3866 = NGC
3858 = MCG -01-30-029 = PGC 36621
11 45 11.7 -09
18 51
V = 13.2; Size 1.7'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 56d
17.5"
(4/15/93): fairly faint, small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, weak concentration. A mag 11.5 star is close off the west
edge 0.8' from center. Forms a
pair with NGC 3865 6' NW.
Andrew Common
discovered NGC 3866 in 1880 and noted "another sf [of NGC 3865] not so
L". The only logical
candidate is MCG -01-30-029 = PGC 36621, situated 7' southeast of NGC 3865. Leavenworth probably found this galaxy
again in 1886 and reported it in list LM II-450 = NGC 3858. His position is 30 sec of time too far
west. So, NGC 3866 = NGC 3858,
with discovery priority to Common.
******************************
NGC 3867 = UGC
6731 = MCG +03-30-103 = CGCG 097-134 = PGC 36649
11 45 29.6 +19
24 01
V = 13.2; Size 1.5'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 173d
17.5"
(3/12/88): faint, small, oval ~N-S, bright core. Member of the galaxy cluster AGC 1367 with NGC 3868 2.7' N.
13.1"
(2/25/84): faint, small, brighter than NGC 3857 and 3859 to the NW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3867 = St XIII-66, along with NGC 3857, 3859, 3864 and 3868, on
23 Mar 1881. His position matches
UGC 6731.
******************************
NGC 3868 = MCG
+03-30-104 = CGCG 097-135 = Holm 288a = WBL 353-062 = PGC 36638
11 45 29.9 +19
26 41
V = 14.3; Size 0.8'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 85d
17.5"
(3/12/88): faint, very small, slightly elongated E-W, weak concentration. Located in a trio within AGC 1367 with
NGC 3867 2.7' S and NGC 3864 4.5' SW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 3868 = St XIII-67, along with NGC 3857, 3859, 3864 and 3867, on
23 Mar 1884. His position matches CGCG 097-135 = PGC 36638.
******************************
NGC 3869 = UGC
6737 = MCG +02-30-032 = CGCG 068-059 = PGC 36669
11 45 45.6 +10
49 29
V = 12.8; Size 1.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 135d
17.5"
(4/25/87): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated NW-SE, bright core, faint
stellar nucleus, pretty galaxy.
Member of the NGC 3817-3869 group.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3869 = h971 on 10 Mar 1826 and noted "F; S; sbM; irreg fig;
r." His mean position (2
sweeps) is just off the west side of UGC 6737.
******************************
NGC 3870 = UGC
6742 = MCG +08-22-001 = CGCG 268-081 = Mrk 186 = LGG 258-023 = PGC 36686
11 45 56.6 +50
11 59
V = 13.0; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 25d
18"
(5/31/03): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated SSW-NNE, 0.7'x0.5',
weak concentration. Situated near
the intersection of a string of
stars to the SE and a couple of stars nearly collinear to the ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3870 = H III-833 = h972 on 17 Mar 1790 (sweep 946) and noted
"vF, vS." JH made three
observations and and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3871 = UGC
6744 = MCG +06-26-031 = CGCG 186-041 = IC 2959 = PGC 36702
11 46 10.2 +33
06 31
V = 14.7; Size 0.9'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 105d
17.5"
(2/24/90): very faint, very small, elongated E-W. First of four and forms the west vertex of an equilateral
triangle with sides 4' length with NGC 3880 and NGC 3881 to the NE and east and
also forms a rhombus using a mag 13 star 3.7' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3871 = h967 on 3 Apr 1831 and noted "eF; R; gbM. The preceding of 3 [with NGC 3880 and 3881]
forming an equilateral triangle.
Place very rough."
There is nothing at his position (given only to the nearest min of RA
and min of Dec; both marked as +/-), but 1 min 15 sec of RA due east is UGC
6744, which perfectly fits his description. Rudolph Spitaler observed the field in 1891 at the Wein
Observatory, though his position is 2' too far south (same offset with NGC
3881).
Stephane Javelle
found this galaxy again when he went through the region on 11 Jun 1896 with the
30-inch refractor at the Nice Observatory and because of JH's poor position
assumed it was new. So, NGC 3871 =
IC 2959.
******************************
NGC 3872 = UGC
6738 = MCG +02-30-033 = CGCG 068-060 = PGC 36678
11 45 49.1 +13
46 00
V = 11.7; Size 1.9'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 20d
17.5"
(1/23/88): fairly bright, fairly small, round, sharply concentrated with a very
small bright core. Located 1¡ SW
of Denebola = Beta Leonis (V = 2.1).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3872 = H II-104 = h973 on 8 Apr 1784 (sweep 187) and recorded
"pB, R, vS, cometic (or rather close resolvable). The kind of nucleus visible is pretty
large and seems not to consist of a single star or point, but looks as if it
were resolvable." JH made
three observations, describing it on sweep 242 as "B; R: vsmbM, to a *
11m; 40"."
******************************
NGC 3873 = UGC
6735 = MCG +03-30-106 = CGCG 097-137 = Holm 289a = WBL 353-065 = LGG 249-003 =
PGC 36670
11 45 46.1 +19
46 26
V = 12.9; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 95d
17.5"
(3/12/88): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated NNW-SSE, broad
concentration, faint stellar nucleus.
Forms a close double with NGC 3875 0.9' SE within the galaxy cluster AGC
1367.
13.1"
(2/25/84): faint, small, round, bright core, close pair with NGC 3875.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3873 = H III-387 on 27 Apr 1785 (sweep 403) and noted "vF,
vS, R." His position matches
the double system NGC 3873/3875 so III-387 could apply to either component. But it's reasonable to assume he picked
up NGC 3873, which is slightly brighter and larger visually.
When Heinrich
d'Arrest observed III-387 on 8 May 1864, he discovered it was double and
measured both components.
He applied III-387 to the northwest component and wrote "Double
Nebula, seen [by WH] as single in 1785.
Estimated distance = 52", PA = 119¡. The north-preceding [NGC 3873] is a little brighter and the
view is the fainter [NGC 3873] is extremely difficult. Both are only 2'." But when Dreyer added d'Arrest's
"nova" to the GC Supplement (5582), he mistakenly wrote "III-387
sf", instead of "III-387 np". Assuming III-387 applies to NGC 3873, then d'Arrest should
be credited with the discovery of NGC 3875.
******************************
NGC 3874
11 45 37.7 +08
34 26
=**, Reinmuth
and Corwin.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3874 = H III-104 on 15 Apr 1784 (sweep 194) and recorded "I
suspect a vF, vS nebula; but there is too much twilight to verify
it." There is nothing
at his position and Bigourdan was unable to find this nebula on two occasions.
Karl Reinmuth,
in his 1926 photographic survey "Die Herschel Nebel", notes "F
double star in Dreyer's place."
Harold Corwin agrees with this identification. The only galaxy near his position is NGC 3863, but this
galaxy is 45 sec of RA west and 5' south of WH's offsets.
******************************
NGC 3875 = UGC
6739 = MCG +03-30-105 = CGCG 097-139 = Holm 289b = WBL 353-067 = PGC 36675
11 45 49.4 +19
46 03
V = 13.9; Size 1.0'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 87d
17.5"
(3/12/88): faint, very small, very elongated ~E-W, weak concentration. Forms a close double system with
brighter NGC 3873 0.9' NW within AGC 1367.
17.5"
(2/20/88): faint, small, oval ~E-W, small brighter core.
13.1"
(2/25/84): very faint, very small.
Forms a pair with NGC 3873.
Heinrich d'Arrest
discovered NGC 3875 on 8 May 1864 and noted a double nebula with H III-387 =
NGC 3873 at 52" separation in PA 119¡ (east-southeast). d'Arrest noted the north-preceding
nebula was slightly brighter and the south-following nebula extremely
difficult. He attached the designation III-387 to the north-preceding
object. Dreyer added d'Arrest's
"nova" to the GC Supplement (5582), using d'Arrest's mean position
(two observations) but mistakenly noted "III-387 sf", instead of
"III-387 np". He
repeated this error in the NGC, incorrectly crediting d'Arrest with the
discovery of NGC 3873, instead of NGC 3875.
******************************
NGC 3876 = UGC
6730 = MCG +02-30-029 = CGCG 068-055 = PGC 36644
11 45 26.7 +09
09 39
V = 12.8; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 105d
17.5"
(1/23/88): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, brighter core. A mag 13.5 star is 1.2' NE. Located 5.7' E of mag 8.6 SAO 119025.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3876 = H III-103 on 15 Apr 1784 (sweep 194) and noted "vF,
r." His position is 4'
northeast of UGC 6730 and 4.5' north-northeast of UGC 6734, a much fainter
galaxy. Rudolph Spitaler measured
an accurate micrometric position on 24 Mar 1892 using the 27" refractor at
Vienna (given in the IC 1 notes).
The major
catalogues UGC, CGCG and MCG do not label UGC 6730 as NGC 3876, but it is
identified correctly in the RNGC.
******************************
NGC 3877 = UGC
6745 = MCG +08-22-002 = CGCG 243-004 = PGC 36699
11 46 07.6 +47
29 41
V = 11.0; Size 5.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 35d
24"
(5/27/17): at 200x; very bright, very large, excellent edge-on 4:1 SW-NE, ~4.5'
length and 1' wide. The central
region appears mottled and contains a fairly small brighter core with a sharp,
intense stellar nucleus. The ends
of the SW and NE extensions are irregular in brightness (brighter streaks) and
don't narrow at the ends. At times
they seemed warped, perhaps due to the patchy brightness. NGC 3738 is 16' NW.
17.5"
(4/6/91): moderately bright, very elongated 4:1 SW-NE, 4.5'x1.1', bright core,
faint stellar nucleus. A mag 10.5
star is 3.8' NNW of center.
Located 16' S of Chi Ursa Majoris (V = 3.7).
17.5"
(4/7/89): fairly bright, large, very elongated, bright core, faint stellar
nucleus.
17.5"
(4/18/98): Viewed 13.5 magnitude supernova SNGC 1998S as an easy object on the
south side of the core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3877 = H I-201 on 5 Feb 1788 (sweep 808) and recorded "pB,
mE nearly in the meridian, 4 or 5' long, 1' broad." His RA (CH's reduction) is 10 sec too
large.
******************************
NGC 3878 = MCG
+06-26-032 = CGCG 186-042 = PGC 36708
11 46 17.8 +33
12 16
V = 14.3; Size 0.5'x0.5'
17.5"
(2/24/90): extremely faint and small, round, very low surface brightness. Faintest and smallest of four with NGC
3880 2.5' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3878 = h974 on 29 Apr 1827 and logged "vF; R; the first in
an unequally divided line of 3 [with NGC 3880 and 3881]. His position matches CGCG 186-042 = PGC
36708. In this sweep (74) he
missed NGC 3871, which was found later.
R.J. Mitchell missed NGC 3878 when he observed the group on 28 Mar 1856
at Birr Castle.
******************************
NGC 3879 = UGC
6752 = MCG +12-11-040 = CGCG 334-051 = PGC 36743
11 46 49.8 +69
22 59
V = 13.1; Size 2.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 130d
18"
(5/31/03): faint, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 NW-SE, 1.0'x0.3'. This galaxy appeared as a low surface
brightness phantom streak with no concentration. The galaxy is close following a group of five stars including
two to the south and three to the west with a mag 10.5 star 2.5' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3879 = H II-881 on 7 Apr 1793 (sweep 1037) and logged "F,
mE, about 1 1/2' long, from np to sf, but near the parallel." His position matches UGC 6752. In "Scientific Papers of WH",
Dreyer notes this galaxy was not found by d'Arrest or Bigourdan.
******************************
NGC 3880 = MCG
+06-26-033 = CGCG 186-043= PGC 36712
11 46 22.3 +33
09 42
V = 13.8; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.7
17.5" (2/24/90):
very faint, small, round, very diffuse, very low surface brightness. A mag 14.5 star is off the north end
0.8' from center. Third of four in
a group with NGC 3878 2.5' NW and NGC 3881 4' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3880 = h968 = h975 on 29 Apr 1827 and noted (sweep 74) "vF;
R; bM; the second of an unequally divided line of 3 [with NGC 3881 and NGC
3878]." On sweep 337 he only
has a rough position for h968 which he assumed was different and logged
"eF; R; gbM. The second of 3
[with NGC 3871 and NGC 3881]."
So, on both sweeps he missed one of the 4 brighter galaxies here.
******************************
NGC 3881 = MCG
+06-26-034 = CGCG 186-046 = PGC 36722
11 46 34.4 +33
06 23
V = 13.8; Size 0.9'x0.75'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 15d
17.5" (2/24/90):
very faint, very small, round, low even surface brightness. A mag 13 star is 4'
SW. Last of four in a small faint
group with NGC 3880 4.2' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3881 = h969 = h976 on 29 Apr 1827 and recorded h976 as "vF;
R; the third of an unequally divided line of 3 [with NGC 3878 and 3880]. His position is accurate. He found the galaxy again on 3 Apr 1831
and logged "eF; R; gbM. The
last of 3 [forming an equilateral triangle with NGC 3871 and 3880]." His positions for these three galaxies
were very poorly determined but the identifications are obvious from the
description. In the first sweep he
missed NGC 3871 and in the later sweep he missed NGC 3878. Rudolph Spitaler measured a position in
1891 at the Vienna Observatory, though his position is 2' too far south (same
error with NGC 3871).
******************************
NGC 3882 = ESO
170-011 = PGC 36697
11 46 06.6 -56
23 17
V = 12.5; Size 2.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 126d
24"
(4/10/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): very unusual setting for a galaxy
as this object is buried in a rich Centaurus Milky Way star field only 5.3¡
from the Galactic plane. At 200x,
it appeared fairly bright in the 24", fairly large, elongated 2:1 NW-SE,
2'x1', weak concentration. A mag
13 star sits at the SE edge and 4 or 5 fainter stars are superimposed on the
unconcentrated glow. A faint star
barely off the NW end appears to be a very close double. Located 2.4' WSW of mag 8.8 HD 102323.
This galaxy was
misclassified as a diffuse nebula in the RNGC and as a reflection nebula in the
Sky Atlas 2000.0, probably because it is embedded in the Milky Way.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3882 = h3358 on 3 Apr 1834 and recorded "vF; lE; has two
stars in it." His position is
just off the north side of ESO 170-011.
This galaxy is misclassified by the RNGC as a diffuse nebula in the RNGC
and the Sky Atlas 2000.0 lists it as a reflection nebula! I'm not certain where the first
misclassification occurred, although Sven Cederblad included it as a nebula.
******************************
NGC 3883 = UGC
6754 = MCG +04-28-053 = CGCG 127-054 = PGC 36740
11 46 47.1 +20
40 31
V = 12.6; Size 3.0'x2.4'; Surf Br = 14.6
17.5"
(2/20/88): faint, fairly small, very slightly elongated, weak
concentration. Located 17' N of
NGC 3884 in the galaxy cluster AGC 1367.
17.5"
(2/13/88): faint, small, round, broad concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3883 = H III-372 on 13 Apr 1785 (sweep 398) and recorded
"vF, cL, but moonlight is too strong to see it well." His position is 13 sec of RA west and
3' south of UGC 6754. Neither JH
nor d'Arrest made an observation.
******************************
NGC 3884 = UGC
6746 = MCG +04-28-051 = CGCG 127-052 = PGC 36706
11 46 12.1 +20
23 30
V = 12.6; Size 2.1'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 10d
17.5"
(2/20/88): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated ~N-S, broad
concentration, small faint core.
Located 4.5' NNE of mag 7.7 SAO 81978 within AGC 1367.
NGC 3884 forms a
pair with IC 732 4' NW. The
companion is very faint, very small, very elongated. This system is a contact
pair though was not resolved.
17.5"
(2/13/88): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated, brighter middle
increases to a small brighter core, very faint halo extended ~N-S.
13.1"
(2/25/84): fairly faint, fairly small, irregularly round, broad concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3884 = H III-388 = h977 on 27 Apr 1785 (sweep 403) and noted
"vF, vS, r." His
position (CH's reduction) is just 3 sec of RA east of UGC 6746. JH recorded "pF; nf a * 7m; Delta
RA = 4.5 sec, dist 5'. His offset
from mag 7 HD 102243 is fairly close, but his position was 34 tsec of RA too
far east. Dreyer used JH's erroneous
RA in the NGC, placing NGC 3884 east of NGC 3883, instead of west. This error
was caught by Bigourdan but was not corrected by Dreyer in the IC Notes
section.
******************************
NGC 3885 = ESO
440-007 = MCG -05-28-006 = Mrk 186 = PGC 36737
11 46 46.4 -27
55 19
V = 11.9; Size 2.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 123d
17.5" (4/6/91):
fairly faint, small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, bright core. A mag 12 star is 1.4' ESE and a fainter
mag 13.5 star is 1.4' SSE of center.
Located 6' NE of mag 7.6 SAO 180171.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3885 = H III-828 = h3359 on 10 Mar 1790 (sweep 939) and logged
"eF, stellar. Just preceding
a very small star. With 300x, R,
vgbM." JH made two
observations and measured an accurate position,
******************************
NGC 3886 = UGC
6760 = MCG +03-30-111 = CGCG 097-147 = PGC 36756
11 47 05.6 +19
50 14
V = 13.1; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 132d
17.5"
(2/20/88): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated NW-SE, broad
concentration. Member of AGC 1367.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3886 on 9 May 1864 with the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen. His single position matches UGC 6760
and the description mentions the mag 11 star that follows by 13.5 seconds of RA
and 45" south.
******************************
NGC 3887 = MCG
-03-30-012 = UGCA 246 = PGC 36754
11 47 04.7 -16
51 16
V = 10.6; Size 3.3'x2.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 20d
17.5"
(4/15/93): fairly bright, large, elongated 3:2 ~N-S, 3.0'x2.0', broadly
concentrated halo, no well-defined nucleus. A mag 12 star is at the NE edge of the halo 1.2' from the
center and a mag 13 star is off the SE edge 2.0' from center.
8"
(5/21/82): faint, moderately large, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, diffuse. Located 90' NE of mag 5 Zeta Crateris.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3887 = H I-120 = h979 = h3360 on 31 Dec 1785 (sweep 503) and
recorded "cB, L, bM, iR, 4 or 5' l and 3 or 4' br." His position matches MCG -03-30-012 =
PGC 36754. From the Cape of Good
Hope, JH logged "pB; L; R; vgpmbM r(?); 90"."
******************************
NGC 3888 = UGC
6765 = VV 455 = MCG +09-19-189 =CGCG 268-085 = Mrk 188 = PGC 36789
11 47 34.5 +55
58 01
V = 12.1; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 120d
18"
(2/14/10): fairly bright, fairly large, oval 3:2 WNW-ESE, 1.5'x1.0'. The galaxy is extended in the direction
of a mag 12.5 star 1.9' WNW of center.
Appears brighter along the major axis and increases mildly to a nucleus
that seems offset to the SE side.
Located south of a group of 5 mag 9-10.5 stars and 21' NNE of mag 5.3 HD
102328. Several galaxy are in the
vicinity including NGC 3898 16' NE, NGC 3889 3.7' NE and MCG +9-19-183 4.7'
NNW. AGC 1377, a distant cluster
near the bright star, lies ~15' south!
17.5"
(3/19/88): moderately bright, moderately large, oval WNW-ESE, bright core. A mag 12.5 star is 1' W. There are five fairly bright mag 9-10
stars to the NE and NW (including mag 8.8 SAO 28139 and mag 9.2 SAO 28134)
arranged in two parallel strings.
Third of five in the NGC 3898 group with NGC 3889 3.7' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3888 = H II-785 = h978 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920) and noted
"pB, S, lE." His RA is
30 tsec too small. JH made two
observations and measured an accurate position (used in the NGC).
******************************
NGC 3889 = MCG
+09-19-191 = PGC 36819
11 47 48.2 +56
01 06
V = 14.8; Size 0.5'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 126d
18"
(2/14/10): very faint, small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 24"x12", low even
surface brightness. Located just
3.7' NE of NGC 3888. The redshift
(z = .054) implies this is an outlying member of AGC 1377.
17.5"
(3/19/88): very faint, very small, elongated WNW-ESE. Located 3.7' NE of NGC 3888.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 3889 on 13 Mar 1852 with LdR's 72" and noted "another
F, S, 5' nf [NGC 3888]. The faint
galaxy MCG +09-19-191 is situated 3.7' northeast of NGC 3888 and is a
reasonable candidate in position and brightness. But a second observation by Lawrence Parsons on 1 Apr 1878
confused the situation as he logged "Nova, vF, vS, Pos 167.2 deg (SSE),
Dist 340.5"." This
placed the nebula southeast of NGC 3888 instead of northeast. In compiling the NGC, Dreyer was swayed
by the second observation and placed NGC 3889 just 2 seconds of RA following
NGC 3888 and 5.6' south and there is nothing at Parsons' position.
In an attempt to
identify NGC 3889, the RNGC assigns it the same coordinates and new description
as NGC 3850 which is located 17' WSW of NGC 3888! Listed in my RNGC Corrections #1, WSQJ January
1985. See Harold Corwin's
identification notes.
******************************
NGC 3890 = NGC
3939 = UGC 6788 = MCG +13-09-003 = CGCG 352-008 = PGC 36925
11 49 19.9 +74
18 08
V = 13.2; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8
18"
(5/31/03): faint, small, round, 0.6' diameter, weak concentration, no
noticeable core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3890 = H III-940 on 12 Dec 1797 (sweep 1068) and recorded
"vF, S, R, bM." CH's
reduced position (used in the GC) is 2.8' northwest of UGC 6788 = PGC
36925. Heinrich d'Arrest measured
an accurate position, although the NGC position is 1.0 min of RA too far west.
WH later
rediscovered this galaxy on the sweep of 2 Apr 1801 with large systematic
errors in position and catalogued it again as III-971 = NGC 3939. The corrected position in MN, 71, 509,
1911 reveals III-971 = III-940.
Dreyer mentioned the 1 tmin error in the NGC position of NGC 3890 and
the equivalance with NGC 3890 in his notes to the 1912 version of WH's
catalogues.
******************************
NGC 3891 = UGC
6772 = MCG +05-28-031 = CGCG 157-035 = PGC 36832
11 48 03.3 +30
21 34
V = 12.4; Size 2.0'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 70d
18"
(4/5/03): fairly faint, moderately large, oval 3:2 WSW-ENE, 1.0'x0.7'. Contains a very small, brighter core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3891 = H II-723 = h980 on 3 Feb 1788 (sweep 805) and noted
"pB, S, lE." JH made
three observations, logging "B; R; sbM; 20-30"." on sweep 65,
and measured a more accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3892 = MCG
-02-30-030 = PGC 36827
11 48 00.9 -10
57 43
V = 11.5; Size 3.0'x2.2'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 95d
17.5"
(4/15/93): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 4:3 E-W, 2.0'x1.5', prominent
core, very small brighter nucleus, large faint halo. A mag 13.5 star is just off the SW edge of the halo 1.1'
from the center. Located 5' WSW of
a mag 10.5 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3892 = H II-553 = h981 = h3361 on 4 Mar 1786 (sweep 597) and
recorded "pB, pL, bM, iF. To
the south and a little preceding is a vS star inclosed in the nebulosity, which
at first had the appearance of a small, stellar nebula." His position is accurate. JH logged this galaxy from England as
"L; R; gbM; 60"; r" and from the Cape of Good Hope as "pB;
R; pL; 45"; first gradually the psbM."
******************************
NGC 3893 = UGC
6778 = MCG +08-22-007 = CGCG 243-008 = Holm 293a = LGG 258-016 = PGC 36875
11 48 38.2 +48
42 39
V = 10.5; Size 4.5'x2.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 165d
17.5"
(4/7/89): fairly bright, moderately large, oval 3:2 NNW-SSE, 2.4'x1.6', broad
moderate concentration, small bright core. There is a hint of spiral structure with an impression of an
arm attached at the SW end trailing to the east. A mag 13.5 star is involved at the NW side 1.0' from the
center and a mag 10.5 star is 3.1' SW.
Forms a pair with NGC 3896 3.7' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3893 = H II-738 = h982 on 9 Mar 1788 (sweep 816) and recorded
"pB, pL, R, mbM." His
position is accurate. JH logged
"B; pL; R; gb and psmbM; 60"."
Bindon Stoney,
observing on 15 Apr 1852 with LdR's 72", logged "Spiral probably,
knot in south edge and a * outside preceding edge." The next night he also noted the
"spiral branch seems to start from the south edge and go round the
following and n sides as far as the preceding star." Further observations of the spiral
structure were made in 1857 and 1861.
******************************
NGC 3894 = UGC
6779 = MCG +10-17-078 = CGCG 292-033 = Holm 294a = LGG 251-004 = PGC 36889
11 48 50.3 +59
24 56
V = 11.6; Size 2.8'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 20d
17.5"
(4/6/91): bright, fairly small, oval 2:1 WSW-ENE, brighter along the major
axis, small bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3894 = H I-248 = h983 on 18 Mar 1790 (sweep 951), along with NGC
3895, and logged "cB, pL, iF." JH made two observations and noted
"B; pL; R; pgmbM; the prec of 2." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3895 = UGC
6785 = MCG +10-17-080 = CGCG 292-035 = Holm 294b = LGG 251-005 = PGC 36907
11 49 04.0 +59
25 57
V = 13.1; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 125d
17.5"
(4/6/91): fairly faint, small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, weak concentration. Forms a pair with NGC 3894 2.2' WSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3895 = H II-832 = h984 on 18 Mar 1790 (sweep 951), along with
NGC 3894, and logged "pB, pL, R." JH made a single observation,
"F; pL; E; gbM. The foll of
2."
******************************
NGC 3896 = UGC
6781 = MCG +08-22-008 = CGCG 243-009 = Holm 293b = LGG 258-017 = PGC 36897
11 48 56.4 +48
40 28
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 125d
17.5"
(4/7/89): faint, small, oval NW-SE, small bright core. A mag 13.5 star is at the north edge 26"
from the center. Forms a pair with
NGC 3893 3.7' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3896 = H II-739, along with NGC 3893, on 9 Mar 1788 (sweep 816)
and noted "F, vS." His
position is 2' too far north.
d'Arrest found it on 4 Dec 1861 and assumed it was new, though he made a
transcription error and his position is 36 minutes of time too small.
******************************
NGC 3897 = UGC
6784 = MCG +06-26-041 = CGCG 186-054 = PGC 36902
11 48 59.5 +35
00 58
V = 12.9; Size 1.9'x1.9'; Surf Br = 14.2
18"
(4/5/03): faint, fairly small, round, 0.7' diameter, weak concentration to
center but no core. A mag 13.5
star lies 2.5' NW. Located 10' NW
of mag 5.7 SAO 62718.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3897 = H II-408 = h986 on 28 Apr 1785 (sweep 404) and noted
"vF, vS, R." CH's
reduction is NGC 3897 is 12 sec of RA west of UGC 6784. JH made three observations and called
this galaxy either "pF" or "F".
******************************
NGC 3898 = UGC
6787 = MCG +09-19-204 = CGCG 268-088 = CGCG 269-002 = PGC 36921
11 49 15.2 +56
05 03
V = 10.7; Size 4.4'x2.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 107d
17.5"
(3/19/88): bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE, very bright core,
stellar nucleus. Brightest in a group of five galaxies with NGC 3888 15' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3898 = H I-228 = h985 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920) and recorded
"cB, vB irr Ncl with F branches, 1 1/2' l, 3/4' br." JH made 4 observation calling it (sweep
345) "B; pL; R; psmbM; 60"."
******************************
NGC 3899 = NGC
3912 = UGC 6801 = MCG +05-28-037 = CGCG 157-041 = PGC 36979
11 50 04.5 +26
28 47
See observing
notes for NGC 3912.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3899 = h987 on 26 Mar 1827 and noted "pB, R,
smbM". There is nothing at
his position, but 1 min of RA east and 2' north is NGC 3912 = h992 which was
observed on three different sweeps, but not on the sweep in which he found
h987. Reinmuth noted the
equivalence NGC 3899 = NGC 3912 and Corwin agrees with this equivalence.
******************************
NGC 3900 = UGC
6786 = MCG +05-28-034 = CGCG 157-038 = PGC 36914
11 49 09.4 +27
01 19
V = 11.4; Size 3.2'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 2d
17.5"
(5/2/92): bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 N-S, 2'x1', brighter core,
very small prominent round core, faint stellar nucleus. Surrounded by a mag 11.5 star 3.3' S, a
mag 10.5 star 4.6' NNE and a mag 12 star 5.0' ESE.
8"
(4/24/82): fairly bright, elongated, bright core, NGC 3912 30' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3900 = H I-82 = h988 on 6 Apr 1785 (sweep 393) and noted
"pB, pS." JH made 6 observations, recording on sweep 57 "B; pL;
R; sbM to nucleus; 40"."
******************************
NGC 3901 = UGC
6675 = MCG +13-09-001 = CGCG 351-068 = CGCG 352-006 = LGG 284-010 = PGC 36386
11 42 49.7 +77
22 22
V = 13.7; Size 1.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 165d
18"
(3/5/05): very faint, moderately large, low surface brightness, very weak
concentration, elongated roughly 4:3 though it was difficult to pin down an
orientation as the halo increased with averted vision.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3901 = H III-970 on 2 Apr 1801 (sweep 1096) and logged
""vF, pL, r." This
is one of 15 far northern galaxies with large systematic errors. The corrected position using Greenwich
plates (MN, 71, 509, 1911) matches UGC 6675 and Dreyer repeated this position
in the notes to his 1912 edition of WH's catalogues. See NGC 2938 for more on sweep 1096 or Harold Corwin's full
story in his notes for NGC 3752.
******************************
NGC 3902 = UGC
6790 = MCG +04-28-055 = CGCG 127-060 = LGG 254-001 = PGC 36923
11 49 18.9 +26
07 18
V = 12.8; Size 1.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 85d
17.5"
(5/4/02): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 3:2 E-W, 1.2'x0.8', weak
concentration. Member of the
nearby group LGG 254 and located ~2 degrees NW of the NGC 4005 cluster.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3902 = H III-321 = h989 on 6 Apr 1785 (sweep 393) and noted
"vF, pS." CH's reduction
is 10 sec of time preceding UGC 6790. JH made two observations and measured a
more accurate RA.
******************************
NGC 3903 = ESO
378-024 = MCG -06-26-008 = AM 1146-371 = LGG 256-002 = PGC 36906
11 49 03.9 -37
31 02
V = 12.8; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.7
18"
(5/15/10): faint at 175x or fairly faint at 220x, fairly small, slightly elongated
~E-W, ~30"x25", just a broad weak concentration wit no core or
zones. Situated in a E-W line of
stars with a mag 14 star 50" W and a mag 12 star 2.6' E. A pair of mag 14/15 stars also lies
1.5' E.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3903 = h3362 on 21 Apr 1835 and logged "pF; R or lE; gvlbM;
among stars." His position
(measured twice) matches ESO 378-024.
******************************
NGC 3904 = ESO
440-013 = MCG -05-28-009 = LGG 255-002 = PGC 36918
11 49 13.2 -29
16 37
V = 10.9; Size 2.7'x1.9'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 8d
18"
(4/29/06): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 4:3 SSW-NNE. Sharply concentrated with a very bright
20" core and a much fainter halo of uniform surface brightness. NGC 3923 lies 40' NE. Member of a group with NGC 3923, 4105,
IC 764 and N4106.
8"
(5/21/82): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, bright core. Located 40' SW of NGC 3923.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3904 = H II-864 = h3363 on 7 Mar 1791 (sweep 998) and logged
"pB, S, R, vgmbM, almost resembling a nucleus." CH's reduction is 2' southwest the
center of this galaxy. JH made a
single observation, noting "pB, R, psmbM, 15 arcseconds."
******************************
NGC 3905 = MCG
-01-30-035 = PGC 36909
11 49 04.9 -09
43 48
V = 12.8; Size 1.9'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 40d
17.5"
(5/2/92): very faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, low even surface
brightness. Forms the vertex of a
right triangle with a mag 12 star 3' N and a mag 13 star 2' E. The halo fades into the background so
it is difficult to determine the elongation.
Andrew Common
discovered NGC 3905 in 1880 with his 36" reflector. He recorded #24 in his Copenicus
discovery list as "F, L, diffused". His (rough) position is 0.3 min of RA east and 2' south of
MCG -01-30-035 = PGC 36909.
Ormond Stone
found this galaxy again in 1886 at the Leander-McCormick and reported I-192 as
"mag 15.5, 1.8' dia, iR, gbM."
His rough position (nearest min of RA) is essentially correct (30 sec of
RA east). Dreyer credited both
Common and Stone in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 3906 = UGC
6797 = MCG +08-22-012 = CGCG 243-011 = PGC 36953
11 49 40.4 +48
25 33
V = 12.9; Size 1.9'x1.7'; Surf Br = 14.0
17.5"
(4/7/89): faint, fairly large, round, low surface brightness, broad mild
concentration. Bracketed by a mag
12.5 star 2.0' S and a mag 13.5 star 2.6' NNE of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3906 = H III-715 on 9 Mar 1788 (sweep 816) and noted "eF,
pS." CH's reduction is at the
west edge of UGC 6797.
******************************
NGC 3907 = UGC
6796 = MCG +00-30-028 = CGCG 012-094 = Holm 295a = WBL 359-003 = PGC 36941
11 49 30.1 -01
05 12
V = 13.1; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 40d
18"
(4/9/05): This is a close pair of galaxies (NGC 3907A/B) although John Herschel
only recorded a single object. The
eastern component has a fairly high surface brightness and appears fairly
faint, very small, slightly elongated SW-NE, 0.4'x0.3' (viewed core only and
missed the much fainter extensions).
Forms a close 1.7' pair with NGC 3907B = UGC 6793 just west. The companion appears as a faint
edge-on, ~3:1 WSW-ENE, 0.9'x0.25', low even surface brighness. UGC 6793 is larger, though has a lower
surface brightness than NGC 3907.
Both galaxies were comparable in ease of viewing so it's surprising that
Herschel missed one.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3907 = h990 on 15 Apr 1828 and noted "eF; S;
psbM." His position is just
off the south side of UGC 6796, though his missed the nearby companion to the
west.
******************************
NGC 3908 = PGC
36967
11 49 52.6 +12
11 09
V = 15.0; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9
24"
(3/9/13): very faint to faint, small, round, 18" diameter, low even
surface brightness. Located 3.3'
SE of a mag 10.6 star and 12' E of mag 8.6 HD 102633.
Lewis Swift discovered
NGC 3908 = Sw I-17 on 10 Apr 1885 and noted "F; vS; R; mbM." There is nothing at his position, but
7' north is PGC 36967. This faint
galaxy is not catalogued in the MCG or CGCG and may be too faint for Swift to
have picked up. He called the galaxy
"F[aint]", although he generally called difficult galaxies eF or
eeF. Although there are no other
nearby candidates, this identification is very uncertain.
******************************
NGC 3909 = ESO
217-SC008
11 50 07 -48 14
42
Size 18'
14" (4/5/16
- Coonabarabran, 71x and 142x): at 71x, this very large, scattered cluster
contained ~75 stars mag 10-14 in a 20'x14' field, elongated E-W. Many of the stars are arranged in a
roughly circular (somewhat boxy) annulus, with relatively few stars in the interior. Stands out reasonable well at low
power, but unimpressive at 142x.
On the west side is HJ 4476, a 10.1/11.0 pair at 20". A couple of doubles are on the east
side, including a 13th mag pair at 14", and near the center is a mag
10.2/11.8 pair at 25".
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3909 = h3364 on 1 Mar 1835 and logged "a fine, large, but
coarse cl class VII; stars 9, 10, 11m; two double stars are in it." On a later sweep he recorded
"Place of a double star in a vL, no v comp cl, class VII, well defined and
insulated, has about 50 or 60 st 9...12 m". His position corresponds with a pair of mag 10-11 stars at
18" separation in a scattered group. RNGC classifies this number as nonexistent (Type 7).
******************************
NGC 3910 = UGC
6800 = MCG +04-28-058 = CGCG 127-063 = PGC 36971
11 49 59.3 +21
20 01
V = 12.8; Size 1.6'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 150d
17.5"
(4/7/89): fairly faint, small, oval ~NW-SE, small bright core, stellar
nucleus. A mag 12.5 star is
30" off the NW edge and 1.0' NNW of center.
Otto Struve
found NGC 3910 on 3 Mar 1869 with the 15-inch refractor at Pulkovo Observatory
in St. Petersburg and recorded "a round nebula, 20" diameter, strong
concentratin to center. A star
10-11 is 48" north." He
found this object (along with 7 others) while searching for Comet Winnecke
(7P/Pons-Winnecke) in Mar-Apr 1869.
Although Struve
is credited with the discovery in the GC Supplement and the NGC, WH made the
original discovery on 27 Dec 1786 (sweep 671) though was not convinced it was a
nebula. He recorded "eF,
eS. Suspected, but may be a
deception." His position
(CH's reduction) is less than 3' southwest of NGC 3910. He never went back in a later sweep to
confirm this object and the discovery was not published in his catalogues or
assigned an internal discovery number.
******************************
NGC 3911 =
(R)NGC 3920 = UGC 6803 = VV 367 = MCG +04-28-059 = CGCG 127-064 = PGC 36981
11 50 06.0 +24
55 13
V = 13.1; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(4/15/93): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 NW-SE, brighter core,
faint stellar nucleus. NGC 3920
lies 10' W. The identifications of
NGC 3911 and NGC 3920 are reversed in all modern catalogues.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3911 = H III-341 = h991 on 10 Apr 1785 (sweep 394) and recorded
"vF, vS, but little exceeding the stellar. 240 showed it very plainly." His position is 3' southwest of UGC 6803, within his typical
margin of error.
But when John
Herschel reobserved this field, he assumed UGC 6803 was new and UGC 6795, a
fainter galaxy 10' west was his father's III-341. Furthermore, his RA was offset to the east and because of
this confusion the identifications of NGC 3911 and NGC 3920 were exchanged in
the CGCG and repeated in all modern catalogues. The identifications given by Malcolm Thomson and Harold
Corwin place the NGC labels on the historically correct galaxies, but this
leaves the numbering out of order in RA (NGC 3920 precedes NGC 3911).
******************************
NGC 3912 = NGC
3899 = UGC 6801 = MCG +05-28-037 = CGCG 157-041 = PGC 36979
11 50 04.5 +26
28 47
V = 12.4; Size 1.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 5d
17.5"
(4/25/98): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 N-S, 1.2'x0.6'. Broad concentration with a brighter
core but no well-defined nucleus.
The surface brightness is irregular at 280x. Sky transparency and seeing conditions poor.
8"
(4/24/82): faint, small, elongated N-S.
NGC 3902 lies 23' SSW and NGC 3900 30' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3912 = H II-342 = h992 on 6 Apr 1785 (sweep 393) and noted
"F, pL." JH made three
observations, noting on sweep 343, "pB; pL; R; gbM; 60"." h987 = NGC 3899 is a fourth observation
on 26 Mar 1827 with a similar description, but his position was 1.0 tmin
west. So, NGC 3912 = NGC 3899, with
NGC 3912 the principal designation.
******************************
NGC 3913 = IC
740 = UGC 6813 = MCG +09-20-001 = CGCG 268-092 = CGCG 269-004 = Holm 296a = PGC
37024
11 50 38.9 +55
21 13
V = 12.6; Size 2.6'x2.6'; Surf Br = 14.5
18"
(4/30/11): fairly faint, fairly large, 2' diameter. The halo has a very low surface brightness with a weak,
broad concentration to a small brighter core. NGC 3916 lies 13' S and NGC 3921 is 17' SSE.
17.5"
(3/19/88): fairly faint, fairly small, round, broad concentration. NGC 3916 and NGC 3921 are located about
15' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3913 = H II-786 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920), along with nearby
NGC 3916 and 3921, and noted "F, E." His position (CH's reduction) is 2' southwest of UGC 6813.
Lewis Swift "rediscovered"
this galaxy on 8 May 1890 and described "eeF; pL; iR; 3916-3921 in
field." Dreyer recatalogued
it IC 740. Both positions are close
enough to each other, that I'm surprised neither suggested the
equivalence. So, NGC 3913 = IC
740.
******************************
NGC 3914 = UGC
6809 = MCG +01-30-017 = CGCG 040-050 = PGC 37014
11 50 32.7 +06
34 05
V = 13.2; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 40d
17.5"
(1/23/88): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, bright core. Either a knot or more likely a faint
star is superimposed.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3914 = H III-90 = h995 on 13 Apr 1784 (sweep 191)and noted
"vF, vS, not mbM. Near some
bright stars and very near a faint star." JH logged (sweep 253) "F; R: 15"; has a * 13m,
70" dist np."
******************************
NGC 3915
11 50 30 -05 09
= Not found,
RNGC.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3915 = H. III-113 on 24 Apr 1784 (sweep 205) and recorded
"eF, eS. 240x showed 2 vS
close stars with nebulosity between them; but probably a more favorable evening
will prove it a deception."
There is nothing at his position (nor for NGC 3679 = H. III-112, the
previous object in the sweep), though 1.0 min of RA preceding is IC 2963 and
Wolfgang Steinicke identifies NGC 3915 as IC 2963.
Harold Corwin
notes that the NGC position is from Christian Peters (in his Copernicus
lists). There is nothing
near Peters' position (a bit further east than WH's), but perhaps he measured a
poor position for IC 2963, which is 1.1 minutes of RA west of his position, or
refers to IC 741, which is 19' N of his position. Harold Corwin suggests NGC 3915 might be LEDA 170172 at 11
46 55.6 -05 11 16 (J2000), though IC 2963 seems a more likely candidate to me. PGC (and HyperLEDA) identifies NGC 3915
as IC 738 and RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent. With all these uncertainties, I've
listed the number as Not Found.
******************************
NGC 3916 = UGC
6819 = MCG +09-20-005 = CGCG 269-005 = CGCG 268-093 = PGC 37047
11 50 51.0 +55
08 36
V = 13.9; Size 1.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 45d
48"
(5/12/12): at 488x appeared bright, fairly large, elongated nearly 4:1 SW-NE,
~1.2'x0.3'. Arp 224 = NGC 3921
lies 4.5' SE, MCG +09-19-213 is 5.8' SSW and PGC 2491113 (part of Arp 224) is
3.6' ESE.
18" (4/30/11):
fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:1 SW-NE, 0.7'x0.2'. NGC 3921 lies 4.5' SE.
17.5"
(3/19/88): faint, fairly small, thin edge-on SW-NE, weak concentration. Forms a pair with NGC 3921 4.5' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3916 = H II-787 = h993 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920) and recorded
"Two, the south-following [NGC 3921], which is that of which the place is
taken, is pB, S [with another [NGC 3916] north-preceding about 5', it precedes
the other about 5 sec in time.)"
JH logged "eF; R; gbM" and his position is within 1' of UGC
6819.
******************************
NGC 3917 = UGC
6815 = MCG +09-20-008 = CGCG 268-093 = PGC 37036
11 50 45.4 +51
49 28
V = 11.8; Size 5.1'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 77d
17.5"
(3/19/88): moderately bright, large, very elongated 4:1 WSW-ENE, broad
concentration without a distinct nucleus.
Two stars are off the south edge; a mag 13.5 star 1.3' S and a mag 14
star 1.3' SE of center. Forms a
pair with the 16th magnitude flat galaxy UGC 6802 6.2' WNW (not seen).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3917 = H II-824 = h994 on 17 Mar 1790 (sweep 946) and recorded
"'B, mE, about 6' l and 2' br."
CH's reduced position is 5' north of UGC 6815 and the description
matches perfectly. JH made a
single observation and logged "F; vmE; vgbM; 150" l, 30"
br." Although he equated h994
with II-824 in the Slough Catalogue, he assigned a separate GC designation to
II-824 and placed it 1¡ too far north.
The two GC designations were combined by Dreyer in the NGC.
The RA in the
RNGC is 0.7 min of RA too far east.
There is a similar offset for NGC 3921 located 3¡ north. Listed in my RNGC Corrections #3.
******************************
NGC 3918 = Blue
Planetary = PK 294+4.1 = ESO 170-PN13 = PN G294.6+04.7
11 50 17.8 -57
10 56
V = 8.2; Size 19"
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x the "Blue
Planetary" has an even, extremely high surface brightness disc of 15"
and a saturated, vivid blue color.
The edge is crisply defined and the disc has a uniform surface
brightness. At 350x, the planetary
is oval or irregular, perhaps 18"x15". There was no sign of the central star, though I didn't try
higher powers.
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 76x appears as a bright,
beautiful blue cosmic egg floating in a rich star field, ~15"
diameter. Extremely high surface
brightness and with a sharply defined edge to the uniformly lit disc. At 228x, appears to be set in the
middle of an absorption hole in the Milky Way as there are very few faint stars
in a 4'-5' circular region surrounding the planetary. Outside this hole, the Milky Way background is very evident
and fairly bright.
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): at 195x, this 8th magnitude planetary appears as a
beautiful 10"-12" blue disc with a very crisp edge. No central star was glimpsed or other
structural details at this magnification though the surface brightness is
unusually high. Situated in a rich
star field but set near the middle of a oval 12'-13' ring of mag 11 and 12
stars which are near the periphery of the 17' field at 195x! Located 8.4' SSW of mag 8.1 HD 102817
and 19' SW of mag 5.6 HD 103101.
The open cluster NGC 3960 lies 90' N.
18" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 171x, the "Blue Planetary"
appears as a bright, round disc, ~15" diameter with a vivid blue color (V
= 8.2). The surface brightness is
very high and the edge of the halo is crisply defined, but no structural
details or central star were noted.
Good response to UHC filter, although it was unnecessary for a good
view. The Milky Way is quite rich
here in faint stars but the planetary seems to be set a darker, circular hole
without the faint background glow - a contrast affect with the PN?
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 3918 = h3365 = Brisbane 3807, though recorded it as a "fine
blue star" in the Brisbane Star Catalogue of 1826. JH discovered its nebulous appearance
on 3 Apr 1834 and described this planetary as "perfectly round; very
planetary; color fine blue;...very like Uranus, only about half as large again
and blue." In a letter to
Francis Baily from the Cape of Good Hope dated 22 Oct 1834, he added "On
the 3d of April I discovered another fine planetary nebula, having a perfectly
sharp disc, without the least haziness, of about 6" diameter. The most remarkable feature about this
is its evident blue colour, which needs not the presence of lamp light, or that
of any red star, to be very conspicuous, as it appears when the nebula stands
alone in a dark field." In
1835 he reported (AN 281) it as a "fine blue colour inclining to
green."
The term
"planetary", of course, had been used by his father but William never
made an analogy to Uranus. In his
textbook "A Treatise on Astronomy" John wrote about "planetary
nebulae": "They have, as their name, exactly the appearance of planets." He also reported the colors of several
as shades of blue (NGC 7009, 7662, 3242, 3918). See additional comments on M57.
******************************
NGC 3919 = UGC
6810 = MCG +03-30-119 = CGCG 097-161 = PGC 37032
11 50 41.5 +20
00 54
V = 13.3; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(5/4/02): faint, very small, round, 0.4' diameter. A mag 13 star is 1.0' ENE of center. A mag 15.7z galaxy 3' NE was not
noticed. Located 80' E of the core
of AGC 1367. With a similar
redshift, this galaxy seems likely to be an outlying member.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3919 on 6 Apr 1864 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position matches
UGC 6810 and he mentions the mag 14 star that follows by 4.3 seconds of RA, and
slightly north.
******************************
NGC 3920 =
(R)NGC 3911 = UGC 6795 = MCG +04-28-056 = CGCG 127-061 = PGC 36926
11 49 22.2 +24
56 19
V = 13.8; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 110d
17.5"
(4/15/93): very faint, small, round, ~30" diameter. A mag 10.5 star is just off the west
edge (40" W of center) which hinders observation. NGC 3911 lies 10.5' E. The identifications of NGC 3911 and NGC
3920 are reversed in all catalogues.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3920 = h996 on 28 Mar 1832. Although he gives no visual description, he mentioned "Follows III 341 [NGC 3911] on
same parallel." He was
confused on the identification of H. III 341 and assigned the nova to the wrong
object. Because of this confusion,
the identifications of NGC 3911 and NGC 3920 are reversed in all modern
catalogues. This error is
discussed in Malcolm Thomson's Catalogue Corrections, WSQJ April 1989 and CGCG
Corrections. See Harold Corwin's
identification notes.
******************************
NGC 3921 = Arp
224 = VV 31 = UGC 6823 = MCG +09-20-009 = CGCG 268-095 = CGCG 269-007 = I Zw 28
= Mrk 430 = PGC 37063
11 51 06.8 +55
04 43
V = 12.4; Size 2.1'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 20d
48"
(5/12/12): at 488x; the "core" of this disrupted galaxy is very
bright, oval 4:3 N-3, ~25"x20", fairly sharply concentrated with a
small intense nucleus that brightens to a blazing stellar center. A large, faint tear-drop shaped plume
extends from the core 1' due south.
The plume forms an elongated loop or ring with a brighter rim. The
offset, brilliant core sits at the north edge of the loop.
PGC 2489542 lies
1.2' SW and appeared faint, very small, elongated 2:1 E-W,
~12"x6". PGC 2491113 is
2.4' NNE and was fairly faint, very small, slightly elongated,
12"x9". These two
fainter galaxies are captured in Arp's 200-inch photo. Also nearby are MCG +09-19-213 5' WSW
and NGC 3916 5' NW. NGC 3921 is
considered a proto-typical late stage merger-remnant with two long, crossed
tidal tails indicating a merger of two former disk galaxies.
18"
(4/30/11): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 4:3 ~N-S,
~1.0'x0.7'. Sharply concentrated
with a very bright core that increases to the center and a much fainter outer
halo. NGC 3916 lies 4.4' WNW. This
is a disrupted galaxy with an off-set nucleus and long filamentary arms.
17.5"
(3/19/88): fairly faint, small, round, small very bright core. Brightest of three with NGC 3916 4.5'
NNW and MCG +09-19-213 5' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3921 = H II-788 = h997 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920) and recorded
"Two, the south-following [NGC 3921], which is that of which the place is
taken, is pB, S [with another [NGC 3916] north-preceding about 5', it precedes
the other about 5 sec in time.)"
JH logged "pB; R; psbM" and measured an accurate position. The
RA in the RNGC is 0.5 min too large.
******************************
NGC 3922 = NGC
3924 = UGC 6824 = MCG +08-22-017 = CGCG 269-008 = CGCG 243-017 = LGG 258-001 =
PGC 37072
11 51 13.4 +50
09 25
V = 12.8; Size 1.7'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 38d
18"
(5/31/03): faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 SW-NE, 1.0'x0.4', fairly low
surface brightness, slightly brighter middle. A 20" pair of mag 12/13 stars lies 4' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3922 = H III-716 on 9 Mar 1788 (sweep 816) and noted "vF,
vS." His position is 3' north
of UGC 6824 = PGC 37072. There are no other objects close by, so this
identification is solid. He
observed this galaxy again on 17 Mar 1790 (sweep 946) and measured a very
similar position, but recorded it again as II-825 = NGC 3924. So, NGC 3922 = NGC 3924.
******************************
NGC 3923 = ESO
440-017 = MCG -05-28-012 = PGC 37061
11 51 01.8 -28
48 21
V = 9.8; Size 5.9'x3.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 50d
18"
(4/29/06): very bright, fairly large, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, ~2.5'x1.5'. Well-concentrated with a very bright
elongated core that increases to a stellar nucleus. The relatively fainter halo increases in size with averted
vision. This well-studied galaxy
is surrounded by concentric gaseous shells of material.
8"
(5/21/82): bright, moderately large, elongated SW-NE, small bright
nucleus. NGC 3904 lies 40' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3923 = H I-259 = h3366 on 7 Mar 1791 (sweep 998) and logged
"cB, pL, gbM, lE, the brightness takes up a large space of it." His position is at the southwest edge
of the galaxy. JH made two
observations, first logging "B, pL, lE, glbM, 80" long, 50"
broad, resolvable."
******************************
NGC 3924 = NGC
3922 = UGC 6824 = MCG +08-22-017 = CGCG 269-008 = CGCG 243-017 = PGC 37072
11 51 13.4 +50
09 26
See observing
notes for NGC 3922. This number is
incorrectly applied to UGC 6849 in the RNGC, UGC, CGCG, RC3!
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3924 = H II-825 on 17 Mar 1790 (sweep 946) and recorded
"pB, L, bM, iF." His
position is just far enough off (3' north-northeast of UGC 6824) that WH didn't
equate it with III-716 = NGC 3922, which he previously discovered on 9 Mar
1788. Dreyer later realized the
equivalence and noted in his 1912 Monthly Notices paper on NGC corrections
"to be struck out (= 3922)".
CGCG, UGC, RNGC and RC3 misidentify UGC 6849 as NGC 3924 . See Harold
Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 3925 = MCG
+04-28-071 = CGCG 127-075 = PGC 37078
11 51 21.0 +21
53 20
V = 14.3; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 10d
17.5"
(5/4/02): faint, small, elongated 5:3 SSW-NNE, 0.7'x0.4'. Located 4.5' NE of a mag 10.5
star. A mag 11.5 star lies 4' ESE
and a nice equal mag 13 pair [12" separation] is 4' ENE. The double system NGC 3926 is the field
8' N.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3925 on 19 Feb 1863 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position, measured
twice, matches CGCG 127-075 = PGC 37078, and he mentions the double star (in my
notes) that follows by 19 seconds of time. The RNGC declination is 2' too far north.
******************************
NGC 3926 = VV
218a/b = UGC 6829 = MCG +04-28-074 = CGCG 127-076 = PGC 37079/37080
11 51 28.2 +22
01 33
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x0.8'
17.5"
(5/4/02): this is a double system in a common envelope. The combined glow is elongated ~5:2
WNW-ESE, 0.8'x0.3'. In moments of
better seeing, the system resolved into a contact pair with the brighter
component (VV 218b) following and the companion appearing as a very small knot
(VV 218a) at the west edge! The separation
is just 24" between centers.
NGC 3925 is 8' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3926 = H III-379 = h998 on 26 Apr 1785 (sweep 402) and noted
"eF, lE, easily resolvable, may be a patch of stars, the night not being
dark enough." JH made a
single observation, logging "eF; R; S; near a star." Perhaps his
comment about near a star refers to the western component!
******************************
NGC 3927 = NGC
3713:
11 31 42.0 +28
09 13
See observing
notes for NGC 3713. =Not found,
Carlson.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3927 on 27 Apr 1864 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. There are no stellar
or nonstellar objects near his single position. He mentioned the observation was beyond doubt, but the sky
conditions were poor. No one has
suggested or found a plausible candidate.
Harold Corwin concludes "NGC 3927 is probably lost for good."
But in April
2015, after checking possible digit errors in d'Arrest's postion I found that
if he made a 20 minute error in time (too large) then his position is a very
close match with NGC 3713. After
notifying Harold Corwin, he concurs this is the only reasonable identification
though still leaves a bit of uncertainty as d'Arrest failed to mention any
nearby stars.
******************************
NGC 3928 = UGC
6834 = MCG +08-22-019 = CGCG 243-019 = Mrk 190 = Miniature Spiral = PGC 37136
11 51 47.6 +48
40 59
V = 12.6; Size 1.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 0d
17.5"
(4/7/89): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated SSW-NNE, small bright core,
stellar nucleus. Bracketed between
a mag 13.5 star 1.3' SE and a mag 14 star 1.9' NNW of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3928 = H II-740 = h999 on 9 Mar 1788 (sweep 816) and noted
"pF, pS, stellar." CH's
reduction is 1.7' northeast of UGC 6834.
JH called it "not vF; S; R; pspmbM" and measured an accurate
position.
******************************
NGC 3929 = UGC
6832 = MCG +04-28-076 = CGCG 127-080 = PGC 37126
11 51 42.5 +21
00 09
V = 14.0; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 80d
17.5"
(4/7/89): fairly faint, very small, elongated WNW-ESE, bright core. A mag 14.5 star is at the SE end 0.5'
from center. Located at the center
of triangle formed by a mag 11 star 1.7' SE and two mag 13.5 stars 1.8' N and
2.0' W. NGC 3940 lies 12' E. Member of the NGC 3937 group.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3929 on 4 Dec 1861 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position, measured
on 2 nights, matches UGC 6832 and he accurately placed the mag 11 star that
follows by 5.3 seconds of RA and 1' south.
******************************
NGC 3930 = UGC
6833 = MCG +06-26-045 = CGCG 186-059 = Holm 300a = PGC 37132
11 51 45.8 +38
00 54
V = 12.4; Size 3.2'x2.4'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 30d
18"
(4/5/03): very faint, moderately large, round. Appears as a very diffuse ill-defined glow with just a weak
concentration. It was not
initially noticed initially in the field.
Located 2.5' E of a mag 13 star, the southernmost of three collinear mag
13/13.5 stars. John Herschel
mentioned a 7th magnitude star which followed due east by 3'. This is Groombridge 1830, which has the
third fastest known proper motion (7.04"/yr) and this star is now roughly
23' SE!
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3930 = H III-616 = h1000 on 17 Mar 1787 (sweep 714) and recorded
"vF, cS, just south of a star 6th mag. I suspected at first that my glass had been affect with
damp." On 23 Mar 1789 (sweep 915) he logged "eF, irr figure, 3 or 4'
dia, resolvable. About 5' south of
a star 6th mag." In his 1814
PT paper, WH mentions that on one observation he logged "A star of the 6th
magnitude, about 5' north of a very faint nebula, or an irregular
figure." But on a observation
two years before, the two objects were then so near each other, as, at first sight,
it caused a suspicion that some damp had settled upon the eye-glass and
affected the star. He commented
this might suggest that the nebula had a considerable proper motion, though
differences in observing conditions might account for the difference. Coincidentally, this star is
Groombridge 1830, which has the third fastest known proper motion of
7.04"/yr and this star is now roughly 23' SE! But in a two-year period there was not a significant proper
motion of the star.
******************************
NGC 3931 =
(R)NGC 3917A = UGC 6825 = MCG +09-20-011 = CGCG 268-096 = CGCG 269-009 = PGC
37073
11 51 13.4 +52
00 02
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 160d
17.5"
(3/19/88): fairly faint, small, round, bright core. Located 4.9' W of mag 8.6 SAO 28166. NGC 3917 lies 11' NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3931 = H III-769 on 12 Apr 1789 (sweep 919) and noted "cF,
S." There is nothing at his
position, but 1 min of RA preceding, and 2' north is UGC 6825. Keenan labeled this galaxy NGC 3917A
(assuming it was new) in his 1935 paper "Studies of Extra-Galactic
Nebulae".
Karl Reinmuth,
in his 1926 photographic survey, identified PGC 37168 as NGC 3931. This galaxy is close to WH's position,
but UGC 6825 is much brighter and more likely to have been picked up. CGCG and MCG do not label their corresponding
catalogue entries as NGC 3931.
Both Harold Corwin and Malcolm Thompson discuss this identification.
******************************
NGC 3932
11 52 10.8 +48
37 13
=* 5.5' SE NGC
3928, RC1 and Thomson. Incorrect
identification in the RNGC. See
CGCG 243-022 for notes.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3932 on 4 Dec 1861 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His single position in
AN 1500 corresponds with a mag 13 star 5.5' southeast of NGC 3928. d'Arrest didn't included this object in
his compilation of observations "Siderum Nebulosorum" (1867). RNGC,
CGCG and MCG misidentify CGCG 243-022 as NGC 3932. See Harold Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 3933 = UGC
6839 = MCG +03-30-122 = CGCG 097-170 = PGC 37156
11 52 02.0 +16
48 35
V = 13.6; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 83d
17.5"
(3/29/89): faint, fairly small, oval WSW-ENE, almost even surface
brightness. Forms a pair with NGC
3934 3.6' NE.
Alphonse
Borrelly discovered NGC 3933, along with NGC 3934, around 1871 with a 7.2-inch
comet-seeker at the Marseille Observatory. His description (5) reads "pF, E, elliptic, no bright
point" and his micrometric position in AN 1885 matches UGC 6839. Dreyer included the discovery in the GC
Supplement (5588). The pair was
independently found by PechŸle in 1884 in Copenhagen.
******************************
NGC 3934 = UGC
6841 = MCG +03-30-123 = CGCG 097-171 = PGC 37170
11 52 12.6 +16
51 06
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(3/29/89): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, low surface
brightness. A mag 13 star is 2.0'
N. Forms a pair with NGC 3933 3.6'
SW.
Alphonse
Borrelly discovered NGC 3934, along with NGC 3933, around 1871 with a 7.2-inch
comet-seeker at the Marseille Observatory. His description (6) reads "eF, nearly round, almost
undiscernable" and his micrometric position in AN 1885 matches UGC
6839. Dreyer included the
discovery in the GC Supplement (5589).
The pair was independently found by PechŸle in 1884 in Copenhagen.
******************************
NGC 3935 = UGC
6843 = MCG +06-26-049 = CGCG 186-061 = PGC 37183
11 52 24.1 +32
24 15
V = 13.2; Size 1.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 114d
17.5"
(2/24/90): faint, small, elongated WNW-ESE, small bright core.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3935 = h1001 on 29 Apr 1827 and noted "pB; R;
psbM." His mean position
(from 3 sweeps) is an excellent match with UGC 6843. Alphonse Borrelly's
position in AN 1885 appears to have a typo in RA as he placed this object 23
sec of RA west of NGC 3933. Since
Borrelly listed this object after NGC 3933 in his short table, he may have
communicated the correct RA to Dreyer.
******************************
NGC 3936 = ESO
504-020 = MCG -04-28-004 = UGCA 248 = PGC 37178
11 52 20.5 -26
54 21
V = 12.0; Size 3.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 63d
17.5"
(4/6/91): fairly faint, moderately large, edge-on 5:1 SW-NE, 3.0'x0.6', fairly
even surface brightness. A mag
10.5 star is 4.8' N.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3936 = h3367 on 24 Mar 1835 and recorded "vF; vmE; 2' l;
15" br; pos of extension = 59.3¡." His position and description match ESO 504-020.
******************************
NGC 3937 = UGC
6851 = MCG +04-28-081 = CGCG 127-088 = PGC 37219
11 52 42.6 +20
37 52
V = 12.5; Size 1.8'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 15d
17.5"
(4/7/89): moderately bright, very small, slightly elongated, small very bright
core. Brightest in the NGC 3937
group with NGC 3943 9.8' SSE and IC 2968 2.8' WSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3937 = H III-389 = h1003 on 27 Apr 1785 (sweep 403) and noted
"vF, vS." JH made a
single observation and measured an accurate position.
The RNGC equates
NGC 3937 with IC 2968, but IC 2968 is a separate galaxy located 3' west (see
that number).
******************************
NGC 3938 = UGC
6856 = MCG +07-25-001 = CGCG 214-034 = CGCG 215-002 = LGG 269-002 = PGC 37229
11 52 49.4 +44
07 15
V = 10.4; Size 5.4'x4.9'; Surf Br = 13.8
17.5"
(4/6/91): fairly bright, fairly large, large round halo, 3'x3', fairly weak
concentration, core appears elongated E-W, faint stellar nucleus embedded.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3938 = H I-203 = h1002 on 6 Feb 1788 (sweep 810) and recorded
"cB, cL, R pBNM." JH
made two observations, logging on sweep 248 "a superb nebula; B; vL; R; 3'
diam; vgbM; r; is probably a globular cluster."
On 17 Mar 1849,
Johnstone Stoney reported "Suspect it to be a spiral. Lord Rosse and I independently thought
at moments that were saw a ring around the nucleus. Two years later, Bindon Stoney logged "Spiral of the
faintest class. The middle is pB,
but branches vF. Conjectured form
as in diagram [which shows a 3-armed spiral]." Listed as "Spiral or curvilinear" in LdR's 1850 PT
paper.
******************************
NGC 3939 = NGC
3890 = UGC 6788 = MCG +13-09-003 = CGCG 352-008 = PGC 36925
11 49 19.9 +74
18 08
See observing
notes for NGC 3890.
William Herschel
found NGC 3939 = H III-971 on 2 Apr 1801 (sweep 1096) and noted "eF, vS,
R." This is one of 15 far
northern galaxies with large systematic errors. The corrected position using Greenwich plates (MN, 71, 509,
1911) matches UGC 6788 and Dreyer
repeated this position in the notes to his 1912 edition of WH's
catalogues. See NGC 2938 for more
on sweep 1096 or Harold Corwin's full story in his notes for NGC 3752.
WH discovered
this galaxy earlier on 12 Dec 1797 (sweep 1068) and it was catalogued as
III-940 = NGC 3890. So, NGC 3939
is a duplicate of NGC 3890.
******************************
NGC 3940 = UGC
6852 = MCG +04-28-082 = CGCG 127-089 = PGC 37224
11 52 46.5 +20
59 21
V = 12.8; Size 1.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.9
17.5"
(4/7/89): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated WNW-ESE, small bright core,
stellar nucleus. A mag 11 star is
2.4' SE. Member of the NGC 3937
group with NGC 3946 8.2' ENE and NGC 3929 12' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3940 = H III-380 = h1004 on 26 Apr 1785 (sweep 402) and noted
"F, S." His position is
10 sec of RA following UGC 6852.
WH found NGC 3940 again on 27 Dec 1786 (sweep 671) and noted
"suspected; but doubtful; probably 2 vF and very close stars." On this sweep, CH's reduction is 3' too
far south-southwest, though he didn't equate it with his earlier observation.
******************************
NGC 3941 = UGC
6857 = MCG +06-26-051 = CGCG 186-062 = PGC 37235
11 52 55.3 +36
59 10
V = 10.3; Size 3.6'x2.5'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 10d
17.5"
(4/6/91): bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 N-S, 2.5'x1.2', high surface
brightness, small very bright mottled core, substellar nucleus, fairly small
halo. A mag 13.5 star is 1.6' ENE
of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3941 = H I-173 = h1005 on 19 Mar 1787 (sweep 719) and recorded
"vB, R, NM but very gradually diminishing about 2 1/2' diam." His position (CH's reduction) is 3' too
far north. JH made three
observation and measured a more accurate position. Samuel Hunter, observing with LdR's 72" on 17 Apr 1862,
questioned if it was a "right-handed spiral?"
******************************
NGC 3942 = MCG
-02-30-035 = PGC 37099
11 51 30.1 -11
25 29
V = 13.2; Size 1.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 127d
18"
(3/19/04): faint, fairly small, irregularly round, 0.8'x0.6'. Low, even surface brightness with no
discernable core.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3942 = LM II-451 and reported "mag 16.0,
0.8'x0.5', E 160¡, gvlbM." There is nothing near his position, but 1.3 min
of RA due west is MCG -02-30-035 = PGC 37099 and the description is a
reasonable fit. Due to the poor
position, Bigourdan could not find this object.
******************************
NGC 3943 = MCG
+04-28-084 = CGCG 127-090 = PGC 37237
11 52 56.6 +20
28 44
V = 13.3; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(4/7/89): faint, small, oval, small bright core. Located 6' NE of mag 7.3 SAO 82020. Located in a group with NGC 3937 9'
NNW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3943 on 27 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position, measured
on 2 nights, matches CGCG 127-090 = PGC 37237 and he accurately placed the mag
13 star that precedes by 15.5 sec of RA.
******************************
NGC 3944 = UGC
6859 = MCG +04-28-085 = CGCG 127-091 = CGCG 157-048 = LGG 254-004 = PGC 37244
11 53 05.1 +26
12 25
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 25d
17.5"
(5/4/02): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 0.9'x0.6', brighter
core. Situated between two mag
10.5-11 stars 2.5' W and 3.5' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3944 = H III-322 = h1007 on 6 Apr 1785 (sweep 393) and simply
noted "vF, stellar."
CH's reduction is 3.7' southwest of UGC 6859. JH made 3 observations and measured a fairly accurate
position.
******************************
NGC 3945 = UGC
6860 = MCG +10-17-096 = CGCG 292-042 = PGC 37258
11 53 13.6 +60
40 32
V = 10.8; Size 5.8'x3.6'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 15d
17.5"
(4/13/91): bright, fairly small, slightly elongated, 2.0'x1.5'. The small, very bright core has sharp
edges and appears mottled with bright spots. The slightly elongated halo is much fainter. Three stars are near; a mag 12 star is
1.3' SW and two mag 13.5 star lie 1.7' NW and 1.3' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3945 = H I-251 = h1006 on 19 Mar 1790 (sweep 953) and recorded
"vB, perfectly R, BN with F chevelure joining to it by imperceptible
degrees; the whole about 1 1/2' dia.
CH's reduced position is 16 tsec of RA too small. JH made two observations and logged on
sweep 344 "B; R; psbM; 60"; a star precedes 8 sec of time from neb in
PA 215.9¡."
******************************
NGC 3946 = MCG
+04-28-089 = CGCG 127-096 = PGC 37268
11 53 20.6 +21
01 17
V = 14.5; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(4/7/89): very faint, extremely small, round. Located 3.0' ENE of a mag 10.5 star. Member of the NGC 3937 group with NGC
3954 9.6' SE and NGC 3940 8' W.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 3946 = Big 49, along with NGC 3948, on 23 Apr
1886. His position is an exact
match with CGCG 127-096 = PGC 37268.
******************************
NGC 3947 = UGC
6863 = MCG +04-28-088 = CGCG 127-095 = PGC 37264
11 53 20.3 +20
45 06
V = 13.2; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(4/7/89): moderately bright, fairly small, oval E-W. A mag 15.5 star is at the east edge 0.9' from center. Located 3.2' SE of a mag 10 star. Member of the NGC 3937 group with CGCG
127-092 6.0' SSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3947 = H II-403 = h1008 on 26 Apr 1785 (sweep 402) and recorded
"F, S, irr F." His
position is 17 sec too far west.
He measured a more accurate position on two later observations,
including 27 Dec 1785 (sweep 671).
JH recorded "F; mE; bM; a coarse D * precedes."
******************************
NGC 3948
11 53 36.7 +20
57 03
=*, Corwin
Guillaume Bigourdan
discovered NGC 3948 = Big 50 on 23 Jun 1886. There are no galaxies at his position, which is 14 sec of RA
east and 4' south of NGC 3946, which he also discovered. At this offset, though is a mag 13.4
star. RNGC misidentifies NGC 3954
as NGC 3948.
******************************
NGC 3949 = UGC
6869 = MCG +08-22-029 = CGCG 243-025 = Holm 301a = PGC 37290
11 53 41.6 +47
51 31
V = 11.1; Size 2.9'x1.7'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 120d
17.5"
(4/7/89): bright, fairly large, oval NW-SE, broad concentration, substellar
nucleus. Forms a pair with NGC
3950 1.8' N (appears stellar). A
mag 15 star lies 3.0' NE of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3949 = H I-202 = h1009 on 5 Feb 1788 (sweep 808) and logged
"pB or cB, pS, lE." JH made two observations, first logging "B;
mE; vgbM." Nearby NGC 3950
was found at Birr Castle.
******************************
NGC 3950 = MCG
+08-22-030: = Holm 301b = PGC 37294
11 53 41.3 +47
53 05
V = 15.5; Size 0.4'x0.35'
17.5"
(4/7/89): seen as an extremely faint mag 15.5-16.0 stellar object located 1.8'
N of NGC 3949. The redshift-based
light travel time is nearly 1 billion years!
Lawrence
Parsons, the 4th Lord Rosse, discovered NGC 3950 on 31 Mar 1872. While observing NGC 3949 = GC 2604 he
noted a "companion nebula north about 2.5'." On 27 Apr 1875, Dreyer's micrometric
measurement placed the nova in position angle 356.5¡ (north), distance
154.6". There is a very faint
galaxy, PGC 37294, close north but the separation is only 1.6', so Dreyer's
offset is 1' too far north.
Despite the error, this galaxy was likely seen at Birr Castle. Karl Reinmuth identifies this galaxy as
NGC 3950 in his 1926 photographic survey Die Herschel-Nebel.
The RNGC
position is 4' north of NGC 3949.
Dorothy Carlson misidentifies NGC 3950 as a star.
******************************
NGC 3951 = UGC
6867 = MCG +04-28-090 = CGCG 127-099 = PGC 37288
11 53 41.2 +23
22 56
V = 13.6; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 172d
17.5"
(5/4/02): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 ~N-S, 0.9'x0.5', weak
concentration. Brightest in a
string of five galaxies including UGC 6846 and 6855 to the NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3951 = H III-342 = h1010 on 10 Apr 1785 (sweep 394) and noted
"vF, vS, lE." JH noted
"vF; S; R" and measured a fairly accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3952 = MCG
-01-30-044 = IC 2972 = PGC 37285
11 53 40.6 -03
59 46
V = 13.1; Size 1.6'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 85d
17.5"
(5/10/86): fairly faint, thin edge-on, faint arms ~E-W, brighter core. Located 7.5' SSE of mag 8.3 SAO 138460.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3952 = H III-612 = h1012 on 11 Mar 1787 (sweep 709) and noted
"vF, cS, E." CH's
reduction is 2' north of MCG -01-30-044 = PGC 37285. JH made 3 observations and on sweep 147 called it "F;
lE; nearly in parallel; resolvable??"
Lewis Swift
found this galaxy on 23 Mar 1895 and reported XI-127 = IC 2972 as "vF; pS;
R; 2 B stars n and np; s of 2 [with IC 2969]." His position is very close to NGC 3952, so its surprising
that neither Swift nor Dreyer realized the equivalence NGC 3952 = IC 2972.
******************************
NGC 3953 = UGC
6870 = MCG +09-20-026 = CGCG 269-013 = PGC 37306
11 53 48.8 +52
19 35
V = 10.1; Size 6.9'x3.5'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 13d
17.5"
(3/19/88): very bright, very large, elongated ~N-S, 5'x2', very bright core,
stellar nucleus. A mag 13 star is
at the west edge 0.9' from the center and a brighter mag 11 star is off the NE
side 2.7' from center. Visible in
16x80 finder.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3953 = H V-45 = h1011 on 12 Apr 1789 (sweep 919) and recorded
"cB, Br N with F branches, 6 or 7' l, 3 or 4' br." JH reported "B; L; vsbM; r; 3'
diam. Fine object."
It has been
proposed that NGC 3953, and not NGC 3992, is the object discovered by Pierre
MŽchain, and associated with M109.
See http://www.astrobril.nl/FortinOther.html#M109
Bindon Stoney,
LdR's assistant on 3 Mar 1851, reported "S neb, vF, 6' npp." Although this object was not mentioned
again in 3 later observations at Birr Castle, it probably refers to 16th
magnitude PGC 2412642, 4.5' WNW of center (Steinicke concurs). R.J. Mitchell sketched the galaxy on 19
Apr 1857 at Birr Castle (included in LdR's 1861 publication).
******************************
NGC 3954 = UGC
6866 = MCG +04-28-091 = CGCG 127-098 = PGC 37291
11 53 41.7 +20
52 57
V = 13.7; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.5
17.5"
(4/7/89): fairly faint, very small, round, small bright core, faint stellar
nucleus. Forms the northern vertex
of an isosceles triangle with a mag 10 star 4.4' SSE and a mag 11 star 4.2'
SSW. Member of the NGC 3937 group
with NGC 3947 10' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3954 = H III-381 = h1013 on 26 Apr 1785 (sweep 402) and noted
"vF, R." His re-reduced
position is 10 sec of RA following UGC 6866. CH made a 2¡ 25' error in reducing the declination, so JH
assumed h1013 was new. His
position is just 40" southeast of center.
******************************
NGC 3955 = ESO
504-026 = MCG -04-28-005 = PGC 37320
11 53 57.1 -23
09 50
V = 11.9; Size 2.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 165d
17.5"
(5/11/96): fairly bright, moderately large, very elongated 4:1 NNW-SSE,
2.3'x0.6', broad concentration to a 1.5' diameter core. A mag 14.5 star is just preceding the
NNW tip 1.1' from center. Located
4.7' SW of mag 8.9 SAO 180282.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3955 = H II-623 on 21 Dec 1786 (sweep 660) and recorded
"vF, S, E. Near the meridian
but a few deg. from np to sf., a little brighter south of the middle." His position and description matches
ESO 504-026.
******************************
NGC 3956 = ESO
572-013 = MCG -03-30-016 = UGCA 251 = PGC 37325
11 54 00.9 -20
34 01
V = 12.1; Size 3.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 58d
17.5"
(5/11/96): fairly faint, fairly large, very elongated 7:2 SW-NE. Broad concentration with no well-defined
core. Halo gradually fades into
background, so difficult to estimate size but roughly 3.2'x1.0' (slightly
larger than similar NGC 3955).
Located 4.5' SE of mag 8.6 SAO 180275.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3956 = H III-290 = h3368 on 10 Mar 1785 (sweep 709) and logged
"eF, pL, broadly elongated from a few degrees sp to nf." JH made a single observation and
recorded "F; pL; mE; glbM; 60"; pos 236.8¡." Both Herschels measured accurate
positions.
******************************
NGC 3957 = ESO
572-014 = MCG -03-30-017 = IC 2965 = PGC 37326
11 54 01.5 -19
34 09
V = 11.8; Size 3.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 173d
13.1"
(2/23/85): moderately bright, edge-on spindle 4:1 N-S. NGC 3981 lies 35' SE.
8"
(5/21/82): very faint, small, spindle-shape.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3957 = H II-294 = Sw XI-124 on 7 Feb 1785 (sweep 368) and
recorded "F, S, E, r."
His position is just 1' too far east.
Lewis Swift
probably found this galaxy again on 20 Feb 1898 and reported "B, S, eE, a
ray." Dreyer assumed this was
a new nebula, which he catalogued as IC 2965. There is nothing at Swift's position, but 3.5 tmin of time
east (same declination) is NGC 3957 and the description fits. Harold Corwin suggests NGC 3957 = IC
2965, the only plausible candidate he could find.
******************************
NGC 3958 = UGC
6880 = MCG +10-17-098 = CGCG 292-043 = LGG 251-006 = PGC 37358
11 54 33.6 +58
22 01
V = 13.0; Size 1.5'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 28d
18"
(5/31/03): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE, slightly
brighter core. A mag 14 star lies
~30" N. Located 8.2' SSW of
NGC 3963.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3958 = H II-833 = h1014 on 18 Mar 1790 (sweep 951) and noted
"F, S." JH made two
similar observations and measured a more accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3959 = MCG
-01-30-046 = PGC 37363
11 54 37.7 -07
45 24
V = 13.2; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 155d
17.5"
(4/15/93): faint, small, round, small bright core. Located midway between a mag 13 star 30" off the SE
edge and a mag 13.5 star 30" off the NW edge. Forms a pair with NGC 3967 10' SE.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 3959 = T V-11, along with NGC 3967, on 19 May 1881 and noted
"between two star mag 14 and 16.". His micrometric position (measured twice) matches MCG
-01-30-046 = PGC 37363, as the comment clinches the identification.
******************************
NGC 3960 = ESO
170-SC14 = Cr 250 = Mel 108
11 50 33 -55 40
36
V = 8.3; Size 7'
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): roughly 30 fainter stars are resolved in a 6' group
over unresolved background haze.
The cluster is moderately bright, weakly compressed and rich in faint
stars although it does not contain any stars brighter than 12th magnitude! Located 1.5 degrees due north of the
"Blue Planetary", NGC 3918.
NGC 3882 lies 56' SW. This is an old open cluster with an age of roughly
one billion years.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 3960 = D 349 = h3369 on 30 Apr 1826 and described "a pretty
large, faint nebula, 6' or 7' diameter, easily resolvable with slight
compression of the stars to the centre, or rather towards the following side of
the centre." His position is
just 5' south-southeast of center (relatively small error for him). JH only observed this cluster on one
sweep (5 Apr 1837) and noted "cluster, VI class, pretty rich, irregular
figure, round with long appendages, gradually pretty much brighter to the
middle, 9', stars 13th magnitude."
******************************
NGC 3961 = UGC
6885 = CGCG 334-055 = PGC 37390
11 54 57.6 +69 19
48
V = 13.5; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.9
18"
(3/5/05): faint, fairly small, round, 0.5' diameter, slightly brighter
core. With averted vision the
faint halo grows to 40".
Situated between a mag 14 star 1' SW and a mag 14.5 star 1.5' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3961 = H III-905 on 7 Apr 1793 (sweep 1037) and noted "eF,
vS, 300x confirmed it." His position matches UGC 6885 = PGC 37390 although
this galaxy was not found by Bigourdan and it was listed as a dubious object by
Father Hagen.
******************************
NGC 3962 = MCG
-02-30-040 = UGCA 253 = PGC 37366
11 54 40.1 -13
58 30
V = 10.7; Size 2.6'x2.2'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 15d
17.5"
(5/11/96): bright, moderately large, slightly elongated 5:4 N-S,
2.0'x1.7'. Sharply concentrated
with a bright 25" core and increasing to a nonstellar nucleus. Forms a right triangle with two mag
10.5 stars 2.2' S and 3.1' SSE.
8"
(5/21/82): fairly faint, very small, round, bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3962 = H I-67 = h3370 on 8 Feb 1785 (sweep 372) and logged
"cB, pL, mbM, iF." JH
made two observations from the Cape of Good Hope and first logged "vB; R;
psmbM; 40"; forms a triangle with 2 stars 10-11m." His position matches MCG -02-30-040 =
PGC 37366.
******************************
NGC 3963 = UGC
6884 = MCG +10-17-100 = CGCG 292-044 = LGG 251-007 = PGC 37386
11 54 58.7 +58
29 37
V = 11.9; Size 2.8'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.9
18"
(5/31/03): moderately bright, fairly large, slightly elongated, 2.5'x2.0',
fairly low irregular surface brightness.
Asymmetric appearance with the slightly brighter core offset from center
and one or two faint stars or
knots embedded near the edge of the halo (breezy conditions and fairly poor
seeing made confirmation difficult).
Forms a pair with NGC 3958 8.2' SSW.
17.5"
(5/2/92): moderately bright, moderately large, round, 2' diameter, irregular
surface brightness. A mag 14.5
star is at the SSW edge of the halo 0.5' from the center. The very small core of the galaxy
appears to be just NE of this star. A non-stellar knot is clearly visible with averted vision at
the NE edge of the halo.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3963 = H IV-67 = h1015 on 18 Mar 1790 (sweep 951) and recorded
"pB, vL, R. The greatest part
of it equally bright, then fading away pretty suddenly. Between 2 and 3' dia." His re-reduced position (with respect
to 66 UMa) is 20 sec of RA too large, but JH measured a more accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3964 = MCG
+05-28-043 = CGCG 157-050 = PGC 37375
11 54 53.4 +28
15 45
V = 13.9; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 76d
17.5"
(5/4/02): faint, small, elongated 5:3 WSW-ENE, starry center. A mag 11.5 star lies 0.9' NNE of
center. Very close to the Leo-Ursa
Major border.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3964 = h1016 on 30 Mar 1827 and recorded "A * 10m with eF
neb 45¡ sp; 30". The neb by a
diagram made at the time is oval, and forms a kind of appendage to the
star." His positions on 3
sweeps and descriptions point directly to CGCG 157-050 = PGC 37375.
******************************
NGC 3965 = PGC
157086
11 54 23.1 -10
52 01
Size
0.6'x0.4'; PA = 123d
24"
(3/22/14): very faint, small, round, 12"-15" diameter. Immediately picked up once the position
was centered at 375x. Located
11.8' NNW of mag 8.2 HD 103449.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 3965 = LM II-452 in 1886 with the 26" refractor
at the Leander McCormick Observatory.
His notes mention "mag 16.0, 0.1' dia, R, bMN, *9.5 np 4'." There is nothing at his position, but
Harold Corwin identifies LEDA 157086 = 2MASX J11542315-1052003 as NGC
3965. This faint galaxy is located
43 tsec west of Leavenworth's position (a typical error with the LM
discoveries) and a mag 11 star 4.4' NW matches Leavenworth's description. RNGC classifies the number as
nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 3966 = NGC
3986 = UGC 6920 = MCG +05-28-053 = CGCG 157-058 = PGC 37544
11 56 44.1 +32
01 17
See observing
notes for NGC 3986.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3966 on 8 May 1864 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. He noted a mag 12-13
star that precedes by 4.1 seconds of time and 22" south (separation of
49" from the nebula) but there is nothing at his single position. Max Wolf suggested in list VIII that
d'Arrest's RA was off by 30 seconds and Dreyer copied this
"correction" into the IC 2 notes. The corrected position matches CGCG 157-056 = IC 2981
(see that number) and RNGC, MCG, CGCG and PGC identify CGCG 157-056 as NGC
3966.
But Harold
Corwin (e-mail from 6 Mar 1998) notes that NGC 3986 has a star at the exact
separation given by d'Arrest, although this galaxy is over 20' southeast of
d'Arrest's position (one of his few very poor positions). Curiously, d'Arrest mentions he was
searching for h1027 = NGC 3986!
So, NGC 3966 = NGC 3986.
See Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 3967 = MCG
-01-30-047 = PGC 37398
11 55 10.4 -07
50 37
V = 10.7; Size 1.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 11.1; PA = 118d
17.5"
(4/15/93): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, small bright
core. A mag 13.5 star is 1' ENE. A
semicircle of five stars with a 4' diameter is about 5' SE. NGC 3959 lies 10' NW. This galaxy does not appear as bright
as listed magnitude V = 10.7.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 3967 = T V-13, along with NGC 3959, on 19 May 1881. His micrometric position (measured
twice) matches MCG -01-30-047 = PGC 37398, as well as his comment "a mag
11 star follows and 3'-4' south."
******************************
NGC 3968 = UGC
6895 = MCG +02-30-045 = CGCG 068-092 = CGCG 069-004 = PGC 37429
11 55 28.8 +11
58 07
V = 11.8; Size 2.7'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 10d
17.5"
(5/11/02): moderately bright and large, elongated 5:3 SSW-NNE, 2'x1.3'. The halo is pretty diffuse but
brightens fairly suddenly to a distinct core and occasional stellar nucleus. Located 2.6' WSW of mag 9.8 SAO 99868
and 3¡ SE of Denebola. Also two
mag 11 stars are 4.5' NNW and 5' N.
Together with the mag 9.8 star the galaxy forms the SW vertex of a
rectangle with these two mag 11 stars.
Forms a close pair with NGC 3973 2.7' NE (missed by John Herschel).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3968 = H II-162 = h1018 on 17 Apr 1784 (sweep 199) and recorded
"not vF, pL, iR, r, vlb towards the following part." His position
(CH's reduction) is 2.3' southeast of UGC 68985. JH made two observations and logged (sweep 242) "pB; R;
vgbM; a * 10m 25¡ nf, dist 4'-5'."
******************************
NGC 3969 = ESO
572-017 = MCG -03-30-020 = PGC 37396
11 55 09.2 -18
55 38
V = 13.0; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 64d
17.5"
(5/11/96): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 1.2'x0.8'. Weak, even concentration to an
ill-defined brighter core. Located
3.7' S of a mag 10 star. A mag 12
star is 1.8' ENE.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 3969 = LM II-453 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory. He reported "mag 15.0, 0.2' dia, gbMN, *10 in PA
340¡ at 4' distance." There is nothing at his position, but 10' south is
ESO 572-017 and a mag 10 star matching his description is 3.8' north-northwest. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position (given in the IC 2 Notes section) with the 20" refractor at the
Chamberlin Observatory in Denver.
******************************
NGC 3970 = MCG
-02-30-041 = PGC 37425
11 55 28.1 -12
03 41
V = 13.7; Size 1.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 98d
17.5"
(5/11/96): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 E-W, 1.0'x0.5'. Contains a round, very small, bright
core with faint extensions. A mag
11 star is 2.3' SSE. Forms a pair
with NGC 3974 3.6' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3970 = h1020, along with NGC 3974, on 9 Mar 1828 and noted
"F; S; R; psbM; 15". The
p of 2."
******************************
NGC 3971 = NGC
3984: = UGC 6899 = MCG +05-28-047 = CGCG 157-054 = PGC 37443
11 55 36.4 +29
59 45
V = 12.7; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(5/4/02): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter, moderate surface
brightness. Collinear with a 3'
string of three equal mag 12.5 stars to the SSE (closest 3' S).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3971 = H II-724 = h1019 on 3 Feb 1788 (sweep 805) and noted
"F, vS." JH recorded
"pB; R; bM. An exact
obs." His position matches
UGC 6899. See comments for NGC
3984, which may be a duplicate observation.
******************************
NGC 3972 = UGC
6904 = MCG +09-20-032 = CGCG 269-016 = Holm 304a = LGG 241-006 = PGC 37466
11 55 45.2 +55
19 13
V = 12.3; Size 3.9'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 120d
18"
(4/30/11): moderately bright, fairly large, very elongated 3:1 or 7:2 NW-SE,
2.0'x0.6', weak concentration. Two
mag 13.4 stars to the southwest are nearly collinear with the core of the
galaxy. Observed Supernova 2011by,
which was discovered just a few days previously on April 26. It was situtated 19" N and 5"
of the nucleus and was easily visible even in darkening twilight. The magnitude was pretty similar to the
two stars on the southwest side.
17.5"
(4/6/91): fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 4:1 NW-SE, almost even
surface brightness. Forms a pair
with NGC 3977 5.4' NE. NGC 3990
and NGC 3992 lie 20' NE and NGC 3982 is 13' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3972 = H II-789 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920) and noted "Two,
the first [NGC 3972] pB, E. The
second [NGC 3977], F, S." His single position is 3' west of UGC 6904, but
d'Arrest measured an accurate position on 7 Oct 1866.
******************************
NGC 3973 = MCG
+02-31-001 = CGCG 068-093 = CGCG 069-005 = PGC 37439
11 55 37.0 +11
59 51
V = 14.8; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(5/11/02): extremely faint, very small, slightly elongated, 0.4'x0.3'. Nearly lost in the glare of mag 9.8 SAO
99868 just 45" SSE. This
galaxy is the faint companion of NGC 3968 2.7' SW.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 3973 with LdR's 72" on 15 Mar 1855, while observing NGC
3968. He simply noted "[NGC
3968] is pF, R, sbM. Nova nf." It was seen again by Dreyer on 16 Apr
1876 as "an eeF object, most probably an eS neb" at 56"
separation in PA 318.6¡ from a mag 10 star.
******************************
NGC 3974 = MCG
-02-31-001 = PGC 37452
11 55 40.2 -12
01 39
V = 12.9; Size 1.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 10d
17.5"
(5/11/96): faint, fairly small, irregularly round, 1.0' diameter, weak
concentration. A mag 14 star is
1.4' preceding. Fainter of pair
with NGC 3970 3.6' SW. Located 20'
WNW of mag 7 SAO 157002.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3974 = h1021, along with NGC 3964, on 9 Mar 1828 and recorded
"vF; S; R; bM; 15". The
f of 2."
******************************
NGC 3975 = MCG
+10-17-103 = Holm 306b = PGC 37480
11 55 53.7 +60
31 46
V = 15.5; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 95d
17.5"
(4/13/91): extremely faint, small, round, very low even surface brightness,
requires averted vision. Forms a
pair with NGC 3978 2.0' ESE.
Lawrence
Parsons, the 4th Lord Rosse, discovered NGC 3975 on 21 Feb 1874 and recorded as
a "vF, vS knot" 17.2 sec preceding and 32" north of [NGC
3978]. "It was quite
certainly and repeatedly seen by Lord Rosse and Copeland." This offset points to MCG +10-17-103 =
PGC 37480.
This galaxy is
mentioned in the UGC notes to NGC 3978, though questioned if it is NGC
3975. See Harold Corwin's
identification notes on Lewis Swift's IC 3166, which may be a duplicate
observation.
******************************
NGC 3976 = UGC
6906 = MCG +01-31-001 = CGCG 041-006 = Holm 305a = PGC 37483
11 55 57.3 +06
44 56
V = 11.5; Size 3.8'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 53d
17.5"
(3/28/87): moderately bright, thin edge-on WSW-ENE, small bright core is
possibly stellar.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3976 = H II-132 = h1022 on 13 Apr 1784 (sweep 191) and logged
"pL, E, pBM, r." JH
recorded (sweep 117) "B; E 30¡ nf to sp; vsmbM to nearly a star. The arms very faint."
Johann Palisa
found this galaxy on 26 Mar 1886 with the 26" Clark refractor at the
Vienna Observatory and thought it was new. His micrometric position in AN 2782 is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3977 = NGC
3980 = UGC 6909 = MCG +09-20-034 = CGCG 269-017 = Holm 304b = PGC 37497
11 56 07.2 +55
23 26
V = 13.4; Size 1.7'x1.5'; Surf Br = 14.3
18"
(4/30/11): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated N-S,
40"x35", weak even concentration to a small brighter core. Located 5.4' NE of NGC 3972 in a group.
17.5"
(4/6/91): faint, very small, round, even surface brightness. Forms a pair with NGC 3972 5.4' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3977 = H II-790 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920) and noted "Two,
the first [NGC 3972] pB, E. The
second [NGC 3977], F, S." His single position is 3' west of NGC 3972 and
no offset was given for II-790. But Dreyer reobserved this galaxy on 31 May
1878 at Birr Castle and noted "nf one F, R, Pos 37.7¡, Dist 323.3"
[from NGC 3972].
Lewis Swift
independently discovered the galaxy on 16 Apr 1885 and described Sw I-18 = NGC
3980 as "eF; pL; pE; v diff; D neb nr." His position is just 7 sec of RA east of NGC 3977, though
perhaps Dreyer decided it was new as Swift's description didn't agree well with
H's.
******************************
NGC 3978 = UGC
6910 = MCG +10-17-105 = CGCG 292-047 = Holm 306a = PGC 37502
11 56 10.3 +60
31 21
V = 12.7; Size 1.6'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(4/13/91): fairly faint, fairly small, round, broad concentration. Located just 4' W of mag 8.0 SAO 15664
and 7.6' ENE of a mag 9.5 star. A
mag 13 star is 1.7' SSE. Forms a
pair with NGC 3975 2' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3978 = H II-840 = h1023 on 19 Mar 1790 (sweep 953) and noted
"F, S, bM." CH's reduced
position is 3' south of UGC 6919.
JH made two observations and measured an accurate position. Harold Corwin suggests IC 3180 may be a
duplicate observation. See his
notes on that number.
******************************
NGC 3979 = UGC
6907 = MCG +00-31-003 = CGCG 013-005 = IC 2976 = PGC 37488
11 56 01.1 -02
43 15
V = 12.9; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 112d
17.5"
(5/11/02): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated WSW-ENE, 0.7'x0.5', even
concentration to a very small brighter core. A mag 12.5 star lies 1.0' NNE of center.
Edward Holden
discovered NGC 3979 on 23 Apr 1881 with the 15.6-inch Clark refractor at the
Washburn Observatory and recorded "pF, the nebula precedes DM 2593, 42s
[of time]. A star 11.5 north and following 30"." His
position and description matches UGC 6907.
Lewis Swift
independently found the galaxy on 27 Apr 1886 and reported it as new in list
III-61. Both Holden and Swift are credited in the NGC. Swift found the galaxy
again 11 years later on 23 May 1897, while observing at Echo Mountain in
southern California. His last observation was off by 1.5 min in RA and
Dreyer, assuming Sw XI-129 was new, catalogued it as IC 2976. Corwin
notes this galaxy was "discovered twice by Lewis Swift, once toward the
beginning of his systematic sweeping for new nebulae (April 1886), and once
toward the end (May 1897)." So, NGC 3979 = IC 2976, with discovery
priority to Holden.
******************************
NGC 3980 = NGC
3977 = UGC 6909 = MCG +09-20-034 = CGCG 269-017 = PGC 37497
11 56 07.2 +55
23 26
See observing
notes for NGC 3977.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 3980 = Sw I-18 on 16 Apr 1885 and noted eF; pL; pE; v diff; D
neb nr." His position is just
7 sec of RA east of NGC 3977 (discovered by WH in 1789). Both Dorothy Carlson, in her 1940 NGC
correction paper, and Harold Corwin equate NGC 3980 with NGC 3977. The
"D[ouble] neb nr" might apply to NGC 3990 and 3998, though the NGC
description reads "D star nr", which would then apply to a mag 12/13
double star 2.5' east-southeast.
Another possibility is that NGC 3980 refers to NGC 3972. This galaxy is a better fit with
Swift's description "pL; pE", but it is further off in position (6'
southwest).
******************************
NGC 3981 = Arp
289 = VV 8a = ESO 572-020 = MCG -03-31-001 = UGCA 255 = PGC 37496
11 56 07.1 -19
53 49
V = 11.3; Size 5.2'x2.3'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 15d
48"
(4/20/17): at 488x; bright, large, very elongated 4:1 SSW-NNE, ~2.5'x0.6'. The central region consists of a bright
very elongated bar-like core that condenses to a small brighter nucleus. A fairly thin, straight arm is evident
extending north by over 1' on the east side of the galaxy. The counterpart extending south on the
west side was more difficult to distinguish from the halo on the south
side. A low contrast knot (VV 8b)
was visible on the south tip of this arm [1.2' SSW of center]. Vorontsov-Velyaminov interpreted this
knot as a companion attached at the end of a spiral arm. A mag 13 star is 1' E and mag 9.8 HD
103615 is 4.3' NW.
13.1"
(2/16/85): moderately bright, very elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE, weak
concentration. A mag 13 star is
off the east edge 1.0' from the center.
The galaxy forms the east vertex of a rough isosceles triangle with two
mag 10 stars 4.2' NW and 5.0' SSW.
ESO 572-023, located 13' ENE, appeared faint, very small, round,
brighter core. I'm surprised this
galaxy was missed by Herschel.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3981 = H III-274 on 7 Feb 1785 (sweep 368) and noted "vF,
pL, iF." His position is just
1' too far east.
******************************
NGC 3982 = UGC
6918 = MCG +09-20-036 = CGCG 269-019 = PGC 37520
11 56 28.1 +55
07 29
V = 11.0; Size 2.3'x2.0'; Surf Br = 12.5
18"
(4/30/11): fairly bright, moderately large, round, 1.5' diameter. Broad concentration but no real zones,
though the center is slightly brighter.
Two mag 12/13 stars lie 3.5' S.
Located 23' SW of NGC 3998 in a group of 6 galaxies. See Hubble image at
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2010/36/image/a/
17.5"
(5/2/92): bright, moderately large, elongated 4:3 N-S, 2.0'x1.5', broad
concentration but does not have a well-defined core except for a faint stellar
nucleus or very faint star superimposed at center. A wide pair (1.0' separation) of mag 11 and 12 stars lie
3.5' S. Forms a wide pair with NGC
3972 13' NW.
17.5"
(4/18/98): 13th magnitude supernova SNGC 1998aq was an easy object within the
outer halo.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3982 = H IV-62 = h1017 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920) and recorded
"cB, quite R. A large place
in the middle of nearly an equal brightness; towards the margin suddenly less
bright." JH called this
object "B; pL; R; nearly uniform, but hazy; diam 25"." His RA is exactly 1.0 tmin too large,
but Heinrich d'Arrest measured an accurate position (on 5 nights). Ralph Copeland, observing with LdR's
72" in 1878, noted "definition not good, but feel sure that is a
globular cluster."
******************************
NGC 3983 = UGC
6914 = MCG +04-28-098 = CGCG 127-108 = PGC 37514
11 56 23.7 +23
52 05
V = 14.0; Size 1.1'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 114d
17.5"
(5/4/02): faint, elongated 3-1 WNW-ESE, 0.9'x0.3', very faint stellar
nucleus. Appears to have a
brighter bar along the major axis.
Located 80' SSW of the NGC 4005 group (possible member?).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3983 = H III-343 = h1024 on 10 Apr 1785 (sweep 394) and noted
"vF, vS." JH logged
"F; S; R; psbM" and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 3984 = NGC
3971: = UGC 6899 = MCG +05-28-047 = CGCG 157-054 = PGC 37443
11 55 36.4 +29
59 45
See observing
notes for NGC 3971 and UGC 6943 (identified as NGC 3984 in modern
catalogues). Identification not
certain.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3984 = h1026 on 10 Apr 1831 and recorded "eF; R: bM;
25"." He later added
"Supposed at the time to be II.724 [NGC 3971], but on reducing the obs, it
differs 1 min in RA and 1 deg in PD, BOTH which can hardly be
mistakes." There is nothing
at his position.
Modern
catalogues (including RC3) label UGC 6943, an extremely low surface brightness
face-on spiral with two stars nearly superimposed, as NGC 3984. This galaxy is 1 min 15 sec of RA
following JH's position as well as 2.5' north. This identification seems very unlikely due to the faintness
of the galaxy and the fact that the bright nearby stars were not
mentioned. Malcolm Thomson
concludes that NGC 3984 is nonexistent.
Harold Corwin
agrees that the NGC 3984 UGC 6943 but feels that despite errors in both RA
and Dec, NGC 3984 is most likely a reobservation of NGC 3971. These entries were recorded on
different sweeps and although NGC 3971 was described as "pB, R, bM",
there are many situations where Herschel made very discordant estimates of
brightness. See his identification
notes.
******************************
NGC 3985 = UGC
6921 = MCG +08-22-045 = CGCG 243-031 = PGC 37542
11 56 42.0 +48
20 02
V = 12.6; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 73d
17.5"
(4/7/89): moderately bright, moderately large, oval WSW-ENE, broad moderate
concentration, small bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3985 = H III-707 = h1025 on 5 Feb 1788 (sweep 808) and recorded
"vF, vS. Another still
fainter and smaller suspected sf."
The latter object is either a faint star or nonexistent as there is only
a single galaxy here. Soon after "A
thick fog came up at once; it has been below all the evening."
******************************
NGC 3986 = NGC
3966 = UGC 6920 = MCG +05-28-053 = CGCG 157-058 = PGC 37544
11 56 44.1 +32
01 17
V = 12.6; Size 3.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 110d
17.5"
(2/24/90): faint, small, edge-on E-W, bulging core. A close double star is located just 0.8' SW of the center
consisting of mag 13 and 14 stars with separation 9" oriented N-S. Member of the NGC 3995 group.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3986 = h1027 on 29 Apr 1827 and logged "E nearly in
parallel [east-west]; a * 11m near." His mean position (3 observations)
matches UGC 6920. NGC 3966, found
by d'Arrest on 8 May 1864, is a duplicate observation. See notes for NGC 3966.
******************************
NGC 3987 = UGC
6928 = MCG +04-28-099 = CGCG 127-110 = WBL 368-001 = Holm 308c = LGG 261-001 =
PGC 37591
11 57 20.9 +25
11 42
V = 12.9; Size 2.2'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 58d
24"
(3/22/14): moderately bright, fairly large, very elongated 7:2 SW-NE,
1.5'x0.4', large bright core, irregular surface brightness. First of 4 in a string with NGC 3989
2.6' NE, NGC 3993 4.7' NE and NGC 3997 7.7' NE. A mag 10.5 star is 2.4' N.
17.5"
(3/19/88): fairly faint, moderately large, edge-on WSW-ENE, weak
concentration. Located 2.5' S of a
mag 10.5 star. Member of the NGC
3987/4005 group with NGC 3989 2.6' NE, NGC 3993 4.6' NE and NGC 3997 7.5' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3987 = H III-323, along with III-324 (either NGC 3993 or 3997)
on 6 Apr 1785 (sweep 393) and recorded "vF, lE. Suspected another eF,
about 5' or 6' nef. I was pretty
sure of it." His single
position is 2' west of UGC 6928.
In the NGC,
Dreyer mistakenly assigned H III-323 (with a question mark) to NGC 4015, found
by R.J. Mitchell at Birr Castle on 27 Apr 1854. And in his 1912 "Scientific Papers of William
Herschel", Dreyer incorrectly equated H III-323 with "Theta"
(NGC 3993), based on Auwer's reduction.
******************************
NGC 3988 = MCG
+05-28-057 = CGCG 157-061 = PGC 37609
11 57 24.2 +27
52 39
V = 13.3; Size 0.4'x0.4'
17.5"
(4/9/99): fairly faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Weak even concentration to center but
no core. First of three on a line
with NGC 4004 9' E and IC 2982 6' E.
A mag 11 star is 5' following (near IC 2982).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3988 = h1028 on 13 Apr 1831 recorded "vF; R; gbM. The first of 2 [with NGC
4004]." On a later sweep he
logged "vF; S; R; sbM like a *.
The p of 2 with several stars between them." His position matches CGCG 157-061 = PGC
37609.
******************************
NGC 3989 = MCG
+04-28-100 = CGCG 127-111 = WBL 368-002 = LGG 260-005 = Holm 308d = PGC 37599
11 57 26.7 +25
13 58
V = 14.7; Size 0.6'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 135d
24"
(3/22/14): very faint, small, round, 15" diameter. Located 1.2' E of a mag 10.5 star and
2.6' NNE of NGC 3987. NGC 3993 is
2.6' E.
17.5"
(3/19/88): extremely faint, very small, round. Located 1.2' E of a mag 10 star. Member of the NGC 4007 group with NGC 3987 2.5' SSW and NGC
3993 2.7' ENE.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 3989 at Birr Castle on 27 Apr 1854 and was labeled
"Xi" on the later constructed sketch. Although a micrometric position was not measured, the
identification with CGCG 127-111 = PGC 37599 is certain.
******************************
NGC 3990 = UGC
6938 = MCG +09-20-043 = CGCG 269-024 = Holm 310b = PGC 37618
11 57 35.6 +55
27 31
V = 12.6; Size 1.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 40d
18"
(4/30/11): moderately bright, fairly small, oval 3:2 SW-NE, 0.4'x0.3'. Located
2.9' W of brighter NGC 3998.
17.5"
(4/6/91): fairly faint, very small, slightly elongated SW-NE, small bright
core. Forms a pair with NGC 3998
2.9' E. Located 4.4' S of mag 9.2
SAO 28204.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3990 = H II-791 = h1029, along with NGC 3998, on 14 Apr 1789
(sweep 920) and recorded both as "Two, the last [NGC 3998] cB or vB, R,
vgbM. The preceding [NGC 3990] pB,
E, S."
******************************
NGC 3991 = Arp
313 "Group" = VV 523 = Haro 5 = KTG 39A = UGC 6933 = MCG +06-26-060 =
CGCG 186-073 = Holm 309c = PGC 37613
11 57 31.1 +32
20 16
V = 13.1; Size 1.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 33d
24"
(5/25/14): moderately to fairly bright, very elongated 4:1 SSW-NNE,
1.0'x0.25'. At 375x, this
irregular galaxy has a striking, asymmetric appearance with a very bright,
elongated knot (site of very active star formation), 15"x8", at the
NNE end. At 375x the knot is
slightly skewed to the major axis of the longer (but fainter) portion of the
galaxy. There is no central
brightening, in fact, the galaxy dims just south-southwest of the knot (though
not completely detaching the knot) and then brightens along the southern half.
At best, there was a very small, inconspicuous core. First in an excellent trio
(KTG 39) with NGC 3994 3.8' SSE and the remarkable NGC 3995 3.8' SE.
17.5"
(2/24/90): moderately bright, fairly small, edge-on SSW-NNE, 1.0'x0.3'. This object has a bright stellar knot
at the NNE end (about 25" from the center) giving an unusual asymmetric
appearance! First of three
striking elongated systems with NGC 3994 3.7' SSE and NGC 3995 3.9' SE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3991, along with NGC 3995, on 5 Feb 1864 with the
11" refractor at the Copenhagen Observatory. His position (measured on 3 nights) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3992 = M109
= UGC 6937 = MCG +09-20-044 = CGCG 269-023 = PGC 37617
11 57 35.9 +53
22 29
V = 9.8; Size 7.6'x4.7'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 68d
48"
(4/20/17): stunning showpiece barred spiral! The central bar extends 1.5' in length SW-NE and is
highlighted by an extremely bright, rounder nucleus. Striking spiral arms wrap around the bar/nucleus forming an
oval ring, with brighter "handles" at the ends of the bar. A pair of outer spiral arms, ~6'x4',
extend west on the north side and east on the south side. A mag 13 star is superimposed [50"
NNW of center].
18"
(5/14/07): bright, large, elongated 3:2 or 5:3 SW-NE, ~6.5'x4'. The galaxy lies between a mag 9.5 star
5' SW and a mag 12 star 3.4' NE of center, just beyond the edge of the
halo. The galaxy is sharply
concentrated with a fainter halo and a bright, oval core that increases slightly
to a faint stellar nucleus. With
averted vision, the halo is quite extensive and reaches to the mag 12 star to
the northeast. The halo appears
mottled or dusty with an impression of spiral structure. A mag 12.5 star is superimposed less
than 1' N of the center and another mag 12 star is near the SW end.
17.5"
(3/19/88): bright, large, elongated 5:3 SW-NE, at least 6.0'x3.5', broadly
concentrated halo, large faint halo.
A mag 13 star is superimposed on the halo 50" NNW of center. A mag 13 star is at the NE edge of the
halo 3.4' from center. Located
5.1' NE of mag 9.3 SAO 28199 and 39' SE of mag 2.4 Gamma UMa. Forms a pair with UGC 6923 15' SSW.
13"
(3/24/84): fairly bright, large, elongated SW-NE, bright core, diffuse
halo. A star is superimposed NW of
the core.
Charles Messier
probably discovered M109 = NGC 3992 = H IV-61 = h1030 in March or April 1781
and added a position by hand in his personal copy of the catalog. MŽchain has been given credit for
discovery of this object, but according to the SEDS page, his position
corresponds well with NGC 3953, not NGC 3992. See http://www.astrobril.nl/FortinOther.html#M109
WH independently
discovered NGC 3992 = H IV-61 on 12 Apr 1789 (sweep 919) and recorded "pB,
cB Ncl with vF extended branches about 30¡ np to sf, 5 or 6' long, 3 or 4'
br." He recorded it again on
the next sweep as "cB, vL, Br Ncl with vF elongated branches 7 or 8'
long"
******************************
NGC 3993 = UGC
6935 = MCG +04-28-101 = CGCG 127-112 = Holm 308A = LGG 260-002 = WBL 368-003 =
PGC 37619
11 57 37.8 +25
14 25
V = 13.7; Size 1.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 141d
24"
(3/22/14): fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 or 7:2 NW-SE,
1.2'x0.35', weak concentration.
Two mag 11.5-12 stars are off the NW end. Sandwiched between NGC 3997 3.0' NE and NGC 3987 4.7'
SE. Also NGC 3989 is 2.5' W.
17.5"
(3/19/88): faint, fairly small, very elongated NW-SE, broad concentration. Forms a pair with NGC 3989 2.7'
WSW. Member of the NGC 4007 group.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 3993 on 25 Apr 1854 and it was labeled "Eta" on the
constructed sketch of the group made at Birr Castle. In a later observation, a very faint star was noted close
south-following and two mag 11-12 stars north-preceding. The micrometric position is very
accurate.
Harold Corwin
notes that WH's III-324 refers to NGC 3997 and not NGC 3993 as Dreyer assigned
in his 1912 "Scientific Papers of WH". But Wolfgang Steinicke lists WH as the discoverer of NGC
3993 on 6 Apr 1785 (sweep 393), probably due to the better match in position.
******************************
NGC 3994 = Arp
313 NED1 = VV 249b = KTG 39B = UGC 6936 = MCG +06-26-059 = CGCG 186-074 = Holm
309b = PGC 37616
11 57 36.9 +32
16 39
V = 12.7; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.0; PA = 10d
24"
(5/25/14): at 375x appeared fairly bright, elongated oval 5:2 SSW-NNE,
0.8'x35', well concentrated with a very bright core. Second in a striking trio (KTG 39) with NGC 3995 1.9' NE and
NGC 3991 3.8' NNW.
17.5"
(2/24/90): moderately bright, small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, prominent
core. Second of three elongated
systems with NGC 3991 3.8' NNW and NGC 3995 1.8' NE. Located 5' WNW of mag 6.4 SAO 62774.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3994 on 6 Apr 1864 with the 11" refractor at the
Copenhagen Observatory. His
position, measured on 3 nights, is accurate and he accurately placed a mag 15
star (called 17th magnitude) the precedes by 4 seconds due west.
******************************
NGC 3995 = Arp
313 NED2 = VV 249a = KTG 39C = UGC 6944 = MCG +06-26-061 = CGCG 186-075 = Holm
309a = PGC 37624
11 57 44.1 +32
17 39
V = 12.4; Size 2.8'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 33d
24"
(5/25/14): fairly bright striking galaxy with unusual asymmetric structure,
fairly large, elongated roughly 5:2 SSW-NNE, well concentrated with a very
bright core containing a short bar oriented E-W. A long linear arm is attached at the west side of the core
and extends south ~40". The
outer, western edge of this arm has a sharply defined edge and the inner
(eastern) side has a low, irregular surface brightness. A short extension (arm) heads northeast
from the east side of the core. As
a result the core appears offset towards the north, because of the longer
southern arm. Mag 6.4 HD 103928
lies 5' ESE and was placed outside the field.
17.5"
(2/24/90): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 5:2 SW-NE, large
bright core. Third and largest of
an excellent trio with NGC 3994 1.8' SW and NGC 3991 3.8' NW. Located 6.6' W of mag 6.4 SAO 62774.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 3995, along with NGC 3991, on 5 Feb 1864. His position, measured on 3 nights, is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 3996 = UGC
6941 = MCG +03-31-004 = CGCG 098-011 = PGC 37628
11 57 46.0 +14
17 50
V = 13.4; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 50d
17.5"
(5/11/02): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE, 0.7'x0.5',
nearly even surface brightness. A
line of stars oriented SSW-NNE precedes the galaxy and two mag 13.5-14 stars
follow. Located 20' ENE of a mag
6.7 star and 2.1¡ ESE of Beta Leonis (Denebola).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 3996 = h1032 on 23 Apr 1832 and logged "vF; pL; R; has two
stars sf." This was one of
the last two objects discovered by JH at Slough, though he measured the
position again on the 26th and 28th of April.
******************************
NGC 3997 = UGC
6942 = MCG +04-28-102 = CGCG 127-114 = Holm 308B = LGG 260-003 = WBL 368-004 =
PGC 37629
11 57 48.3 +25
16 15
V = 13.4; Size 1.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 130d
24"
(3/22/14): moderately bright to fairly bright, moderately large, irregular,
~1.0'x0.7'. Contains a small
brighter core embedded in a curving bar oriented ~E-W. There was an impression of weak spiral
arms in the halo. Bracketed by two
mag 12.5-13 stars just off the east and southwest side. Brightest and fourth in a string with
NGC 3993 3' SW and NGC 3987 7.7' SW.
17.5"
(3/19/88): faint, small, elongated ~E-W (central bar), small bright core. Bracketed by two mag 12 stars 0.9' E
and 0.9' SW of center. Member of
the NGC 4007 group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3997 = H III-324 = h1033, along with NGC 3987 = H III-323, on 6
Apr 1785 (sweep 393) and recorded "vF, lE. Suspected another eF, about 5'
or 6' nef. I was pretty sure of
it." NGC 3997 is 7.8' NE of
NGC 3987, while NGC 3993 is 4.7' NE, so either could apply but NGC 3997 is
slightly brighter. JH measured an
accurate position and described "F; vS; E pos 25¡ Between 2 stars,
80" dist."
The two WH
numbers have been applied to different galaxies. JH equated NGC 3997 = H
III-323 in the Slough catalogue.
Dreyer gave a possible equivalence of NGC 4015 = H III-323 and NGC 4021
= H III-324 in the NGC, which in the 1912 "Scientific Papers of WH",
Dreyer equates NGC 3987 = H III-323 and NGC 3993 = H III-324.
******************************
NGC 3998 = UGC
6946 = MCG +09-20-046 = CGCG 269-025 = Holm 310a = LGG 241-007 = PGC 37642
11 57 56.1 +55
27 13
V = 10.7; Size 2.7'x2.2'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 140d
18"
(4/30/11): very bright, fairly large, slightly elongated 5:4 NNW-SSE, 1.8'
diameter. Sharply concentrated
with a small, blazing core that increases to a very bright stellar nucleus. NGC
3990 lies 3' due W. Brightest in a
group of 6 galaxies in a 30' field.
17.5"
(4/6/91): very bright, fairly small, slightly elongated 4:3 NW-SE, sharply concentrated
with a round very bright well-defined core, increases to stellar nucleus. Located 5.6' SSE of mag 9.2 SAO
28204. Forms a pair with NGC 3990
3.0' W. Brightest in a group
including NGC 3982, NGC 3972 and NGC 3977.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 3998 = H I-229 = h1031 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920), along with
NGC 3990, and recorded both as "Two, the last [NGC 3998] cB or vB, R,
vgbM. The preceding [NGC 3990] pB,
E, S." His offset from NGC
3990 (22 sec of RA) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 3999 = CGCG
127-117 = WBL 368-005 = PGC 37647
11 57 56.5 +25
04 05
V = 15.4; Size 0.4'x0.2'; PA = 88d
24"
(3/22/14): very faint, very small, round, 15" diameter, even surface
brightness. Situated 1.4' E of a
mag 12 star and 4.5' SSW of mag 8 HD 103913. A string of gaalxies oriented NW to SE begins with NGC 4000,
which lies 4.5' N.
17.5"
(4/18/98): extremely faint, very small, round, 15" diameter. Requires averted vision and can only
hold steadily 2/3 of the time. A
mag 12 star is 1.5' preceding.
Located 4.6' SSW of mag 7.4 SAO 82077 in the NGC 4005 cluster. The RNGC identification is incorrect.
Lawrence
Parsons, 4th Earl of Rosse, discovered NGC 3999 on 25 Apr 1878 in one of the
six Birr Castle observations of the NGC 4005 cluster. Parsons placed this nebula at 277" separation in PA
201.3¡ (SSW) with respect to mag 8 HD 103913 and it was labeled as Mu on the
composite sketch of the cluster.
At this exact offset is CGCG 127-117 = PGC 37647. The RNGC position is clearly in error
and points to a blank piece of sky (closer to NGC 4011). Listed in my RNGC Corrections #3.
******************************
NGC 4000 = UGC
6949 = MCG +04-28-103 = CGCG 127-118 = WBL 368-006 = LGG 261-005 = PGC 37643
11 57 57.0 +25
08 39
V = 14.5; Size 1.0'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 3d
24"
(3/22/14): faint, fairly small, very thin edge-on, 0.5'x0.1', even surface
brightness. Situated 1.7' WNW of
mag 8 HD 103913. NGC 4005 is
symmetrically placed on the opposite side of the star.
17.5"
(3/19/88): very faint, fairly small, very elongated N-S. Located 1.6' WNW of mag 7.8 SAO
82077. Located in the center of
the NGC 4007 group with NGC 4007 3.2' ESE.
Lawrence Parsons
discovered NGC 4000 on 25 Apr 1878 during one of the six Birr Castle
observations of the cluster.
Parsons placed this nebula at 100.5" separation in PA 283.9¡ (WNW)
with respect to mag 8 star HD 103913 and described it as "vF, vS, lE ns,
gbM." The micrometric offset points directly to UGC 6949.
******************************
NGC 4001 = MCG
+08-22-047 = CGCG 243-033 = Holm 314b = PGC 37656
11 58 06.8 +47
20 05
V = 14.6; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 160d
17.5"
(4/7/89): extremely faint, very small but elongation visible NNW-SSE, weak
concentration. A mag 12 star is
2.1' N and a mag 11.5 star 4.2' NE of center. Located 6' NW of NGC 4010.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 4001 on 13 Apr 1852.
While observing NGC 4010 with LdR's 72", he noted "A S, R neb
about 7' np [of NGC 4010]."
******************************
NGC 4002 = MCG
+04-28-104 = CGCG 127-116 = PGC 37635
11 57 59.3 +23
12 07
V = 14.0; Size 0.8'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 75d
17.5"
(2/20/88): fairly faint, small, elongated ~E-W, small bright core. A mag 13.5 star is 0.8' SE of
center. Forms a pair with NGC 4003
4.6' S. Located very close to Coma
Berenices border.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4002 = H III-344 = h1034, along with NGC 4003, on 10 Apr 1785
(sweep 394) and recorded "Two, both eF and vS. 240x verified them, 5 or 6' from each other." JH measured a fairly accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4003 = UGC
6948 = MCG +04-28-105 = CGCG 127-115 = PGC 37646
11 57 59.0 +23
07 29
V = 13.3; Size 1.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 10d
17.5"
(2/20/88): faint, small, oval, weak concentration. Forms a pair with NGC 4002 4.6' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4003 = H III-345 = h1035, along with NGC 4002, on 10 Apr 1785
(sweep 394). WH provided a single
position for both objects, but JH measured fairly accurate positions.
CGCG, UGC and
MCG equate NGC 4003 with NGC 4007, but the correct equivalence is NGC 4005 =
NGC 4007.
******************************
NGC 4004 = VV
230 = UGC 6950 = MCG +05-28-060 = CGCG 157-065 = Mrk 432 = Holm 312a = WBL
367-003 = PGC 37654
11 58 05.2 +27
52 43
V = 13.7; Size 1.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 8d
17.5"
(4/9/99): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE, 1.2'x0.4', no
concentration. A mag 13.5 star is
close following [57" SE of center].
Last and brightest of a trio with IC 2982 3.1' W and NGC 3988. IC 2982 appeared faint, very small,
elongated 20"x15" SW-NE.
Just follows a mag 11 star [45" to center] which is the brightest
star in an inverted "L" asterism and which detracts from viewing.
On the DSS, NGC
4004 appears to be an interacting, distorted galaxy (or the result) with a long
tidal tail to the south.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4004 = H III-354 = h1036 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted
"vF, vS. It was in the field
I was gaging otherwise it would probably have been overlooked." CH's reduction is 6.5' NNE of UGC
6950. Because of the poor
position, JH listed this object as a "nova" (h1036), though
questioned if it was identical to III-354 in the GC. JH recorded "pF; lE; gbM; the f of 2 in parallel [with
NGC 3988] with a star between."
Both Herschels missed nearby IC 2982, next to the star.
******************************
NGC 4005 = NGC
4007 = UGC 6952 = MCG +04-28-107 = CGCG 127-120 = WBL 368-007 = LGG 261-002 =
PGC 37661
11 58 10.1 +25
07 19
V = 13.1; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 92d
24"
(3/22/14): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 E-W,
30"x20", bright core.
Situated 1.6' SE of mag 8.2 HD 103913. NGC 4011 lies 3.7' ESE.
17.5"
(3/19/88): fairly faint, small, oval slightly elongated E-W, bright core. Located 1.8' SE of mag 7.8 SAO
82077. This is one of the
brightest members in the cluster.
Otto Struve
found NGC 4005 on 16 Mar 1869 with the 15-inch refractor at Pulkovo Observatory
while searching for Comet Winnecke (7P/Pons-Winnecke) in Mar-Apr 1869.
WH discovered
this galaxy and catalogued it as H III-325 (later NGC 4007), but the
declination in the GC and NGC is 2 degrees too far south due to a copying or
reduction error (Auwer's reduction has the correct position). This correction was noted by Dreyer in
his 1912 "Scientific Papers of WH." Because of Struve's unambiguous position, this galaxy is
identified as NGC 4005 in UGC, CGCG, MCG, RNGC, RC3 but by historical
precedence, NGC 4007 should be the primary designation.
******************************
NGC 4006 = UGC
6951 = MCG +00-31-006 = CGCG 013-015 = PGC 37655
11 58 05.8 -02
07 12
V = 12.6; Size 1.7'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 20d
17.5"
(5/11/02): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated SSW-NNE, 0.7'x0.5', very
small brighter core, faint stellar nucleus with direct vision. Near the middle of a 13' N-S string of
stars concave outwards towards the east.
A mag 12 star lies 1.6' NE.
Forms a pair with CGCG 013-020 7' ESE. This galaxy appeared faint, small, slightly elongated,
0.5'x0.4'.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4006 = h1037 on 15 Apr 1828 and noted "F; S; R; bM; sp a *
11m." His position and
description matches UGC 6951.
Harold Corwin notes that IC 2983 is not NGC 4006. See his notes on that number.
******************************
NGC 4007 = NGC
4005 = UGC 6952 = MCG +04-28-107 = CGCG 127-120 = WBL 368-007 = LGG 261-002 =
PGC 37661
11 58 10.1 +25
07 19
V = 13.1; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 92d
See observing
notes for NGC 4005
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4007 = H III-325 on 6 Apr 1785 (sweep 393) and noted "eF,
vS." His position (Auwer's
reduction) is just 1' east of UGC 6952 = PGC 37661, but the North Polar
Distance in GC and NGC is two degrees too far south (the offset is 45' south of
4 Comae). This error was caught
and corrected by Dreyer in his 1912 revision of WH's catalogues. Otto Struve independently found the
galaxy on 16 Mar 1869 and Dreyer himself picked it up at Birr Castle in 1878
(labeled as Alpha on the diagram of the cluster), and it was catalogued as NGC
4005 at the correct position.
All major
catalogues identify this galaxy as NGC 4005 although you could argue that by
prior discovery, H III-325 = NGC 4007 should take historical precedence. In any case, it is clear that NGC 4005
= NGC 4007. Unfortunately, as a
result of the two degree error, the NGC position falls close to NGC 4003. So, Karl Reinmuth in his 1926 survey
"Die Herschel-Nebel", Dorothy Carlson's NGC/IC Correction list, CGCG,
UGC, MCG all misidentify NGC 4007 = NGC 4003, ignoring Dreyer's
correction. See Malcolm Thomson's
Catalogue Corrections and Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 4008 = UGC
6953 = MCG +05-28-061 = CGCG 157-066 = PGC 37666
11 58 17.0 +28
11 33
V = 12.0; Size 2.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 167d
17.5"
(4/9/99): moderately bright, very elongated ~N-S with a prominent core.,
1.4'x0.5'. The extensions nearly
reach an extremely faint mag 15.5 star at the north edge. Initially I thought this galaxy was NGC
4004 which is located 20' SSW.
8"
(4/24/82): faint, round, bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4008 = H II-368 = h1038 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted
"pF, bM." JH made 4
observations and measured an accurate position. A total of 7 observations were made at Birr Castle.
******************************
NGC 4009
11 58 15.1 +25
11 24
=*, Corwin.
J.L.E. Dreyer
discovered NGC 4009 with the 72" on 26 Apr 1878 in the last observation of
the cluster at Birr Castle. He
placed it 238" in PA 41.5¡ from mag 8 HD 103913 and at this exact offset
(labeled "Iota" on the final compiled sketch) is a mag 15 star (GSC
1985-1944). RNGC and PGC
misidentify PGC 37677 as NGC 4009.
This galaxy is 7' northeast of the offset star.
******************************
NGC 4010 = UGC
6964 = MCG +08-22-049 = CGCG 243-034 = Holm 314a = PGC 37697
11 58 37.0 +47
15 37
V = 12.6; Size 4.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 66d
17.5"
(4/7/89): faint, large, edge-on WSW-ENE, weak concentration. Forms a pair with NGC 4001 6' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4010 = h1040 on 26 Apr 1830 and noted "F; mE; vglbM;
100" l, 25" br."
His position is 2' southwest of center of UGC 6964, bu the
identification is certain.
******************************
NGC 4011 = CGCG
127-121 = WBL 368-008 = PGC 37674
11 58 25.4 +25
05 51
V = 14.7; Size 0.7'x0.3'; PA = 35d
24"
(3/22/14): very faint or faint, small, round, 15" diameter, very weak
concentration. Located 3.7' SE of
NGC 4005 and 5.4' NW of NGC 4015.
J.L.E. Dreyer
discovered NGC 4011 on 24 Apr 1878 in one of the later observations of the
cluster with the 72" and labeled as "Epsilon" on the published
sketch (constructed from all observations). His notes read "vF, vS, *12m 2.5' np." The nebula was placed +/- 4' in
approximately PA 112¡ from mag 8.3
HD 103913. The actual offsets to
CGCG 127-121 = PGC 37674 are 5.4' in PA 117¡. The mag 12 star (also shown on the sketch) is 1.4' N. This was apparently the last night that
novae were discovered at Birr Castle.
******************************
NGC 4012 = UGC
6960 = MCG +02-31-006 = CGCG 069-009 = PGC 37686
11 58 27.6 +10
01 17
V = 13.4; Size 1.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 153d
17.5"
(3/24/90): very faint, small, elongated NNW-SSE, low even surface brightness.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 4012 = m 225 = Sf 108 on 15 Jan 1865 and recorded "vF, S,
lE". His position matches UGC 6960.
Truman Safford independently found this galaxy on 12 Jun 1868 with the
18.5-inch refractor at the Dearborn Observatory.
******************************
NGC 4013 = UGC
6963 = MCG +07-25-009 = CGCG 215-010 = PGC 37691
11 58 31.7 +43
56 48
V = 11.2; Size 5.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 66d
17.5"
(3/8/97): moderately bright, fairly large edge-on 5:1 WSW-ENE, 3.5'x0.7'. A mag 12 star is superimposed very
close to the actual center masquerading as a bright stellar nucleus (similar to
M108). The galaxy bulges towards
center but is only weakly concentrated, fades towards tips. On the DSS the star is superimposed on
a thin equatorial dust lane that was not seen.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4013 = H II-733 = h1041 on 6 Feb 1788 (sweep 810) and recorded
"pB, mE, about 4' long and 3/4' br.
A pBSN and vF branches near the meridian." JH made two observations
and logged on sweep 248 "B; mE; vsvmbM to a * = 10-11m; pos of extension =
62.3¡ by measure."
George Stoney,
LdR's assistant, recorded it on 17 Mar 1849 as "E with a split or opening
in the direction of major axis and a star a little following the
center." The dark lane was
confirmed on 12 Apr 1861: "Brightest part preceding the star and certainly
a narrow split going towards preceding end from the star."
******************************
NGC 4014 = NGC
4028 = UGC 6961 = MCG +03-31-005 = CGCG 098-012 = PGC 37695
11 58 35.8 +16
10 38
V = 12.3; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 120d
18"
(4/5/03): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE, 1.0'x0.5', weakly
concentrated halo, rises suddenly to a very small brighter core. Forms the eastern vertex of an
equilateral triangle with a mag 10.8 star 6.5' NW and a mag 12 star 6.4' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4014 = h1042 on 26 Apr 1832 and logged "Not vF; R; pgbM;
35". The next sweep is
observed it again as"pB; psbM; 25"." His position matches UGC 6961. This galaxy was probably first observed by WH on 26 Apr
1832, recorded as III-3 with an erroneous position and later catalogued as NGC
4028. Because of JH's unambiguous
identification, this galaxy is known as NGC 4014.
******************************
NGC 4015 = Arp
138 NED1 = VV 216a = UGC 6965 = MCG +04-28-109/110 = CGCG 127-122 = WBL 368-010
= LGG 260-006 = KPG 314 = PGC 37703
11 58 42.6 +25
02 12
V = 13.2; Size 1.4'x1.4'
24"
(3/22/14): moderately to fairly bright, moderately large, sharply concentrated
with a very bright blazing core and a faint halo. The superimposed or interacting companion (VV 216b) was just
visible at 375x as an extremely faint, elongated patch jutting out on the north
side!
17.5"
(3/19/88): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated bright core. First of three with NGC 4021 5' NE and
NGC 4023 6' SE. Located close to
the Coma Berenices-Leo border within the NGC 4007 group. This is a double galaxy but the
companion on north side was not seen.
J.L.E. Dreyer
discovered NGC 4015 (along with NGC 4021 and 4023) on 24 Apr 1878 and described
it as "F, vS, E pf, mbM."
With respect to NGC 4005, he placed it at a separation of 545.1" in
PA 124.9¡ and it was labeled "Beta" on the constructed sketch of the
cluster. At this exact separation
is Arp 138 = VV 216 = UGC 6965.
The summary table questions if this nebula is H III-323, but this
Herschel number applies to NGC 3987.
The next night Lawrence Parsons (4th Earl of Rosse) commented "Beta
has a tail n[orth] of nucleus."
The "tail" refers to the northern component (VV 216b = MCG
+04-28-110) of the double system, which did not receive a separate NGC designation.
******************************
NGC 4016 = Arp
305 NED1 = UGC 6954 = MCG +05-28-063 = CGCG 157-068 = PGC 37687
11 58 29.0 +27
31 44
V = 13.3; Size 1.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 175d
48"
(4/20/17): at 488x; moderately bright and large, slightly elongated but
irregular shape. Contains a
brighter elongated bar through the center oriented ~E-W with a slightly
brighter, very small nucleus. The
halo changed shape and size with averted version so I was probably picking up
part of the spiral arms that extend north on the west side and south on the
east side. The "bowtie"
structure visible around the bar on the SDSS was not seen. A mag 17.3 star is superimposed just
15" N of center and a mag 16.2 star is at the southeast edge of the
galaxy. Forms a pair (Arp 305)
with NGC 4017 6' SE.
17.5"
(4/9/99): faint, fairly small, elongated ~ E-W, 0.8'x0.5', no noticeable
concentration. A mag 12 star lies
1.3' S of center. First and
fainter of pair with NGC 4017 6' SE.
R.J. Mitchell,
LdR's assistant, discovered NGC 4016 at Birr Castle on 30 Mar 1854 and noted
"another vF neb about 5' np or nearly north [of NGC 4017]." At this offset is UGC 6954. The following April this galaxy was
also noted as "np [NGC 4017] is another F, R neb with stellar
centre." The CGCG confuses
the identifications of NGC 4016 and 4017.
******************************
NGC 4017 = Arp
305 NED2 = VV 424 = UGC 6967 = MCG +05-28-065 = CGCG 157-069 = PGC 37705
11 58 45.8 +27
27 10
V = 12.2; Size 1.8'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.0
48"
(4/20/17): at 488x; beautiful 2-armed spiral with a very distinctive
"S" shape. Contains a
bright, elongated core or bar oriented E-W, though it is not as narrow as a
typical bar. It brighter somewhat
in the center to a rounder nucleus.
Two very easy, graceful spiral arms are visible; the eastern arm is a
bit brighter and knotty (HII regions) near its root on the southeast side of
the core. It curls clockwise,
bending north on the east side of the galaxy and then curling towards to the
west, ending nearly due north of the core. The western arm is also easily seen extension
south-southeast, while tapering and fading to the south of the core. Forms a striking pair with NGC 4016 6'
NW.
17.5"
(4/9/99): fairly faint, elongated 3:2 WSW-ENE, 1.2'x0.8', weak concentration
[face-on SBc spiral]. Forms a pair
with NGC 4016 6' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4017 = H II-369 = h1043 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted
"F, E, pL. The following part
the brightest." CH's
reduction matches this barred spiral.
JH made three observations, although all positions are rough.
Six observations
were made at Birr Castle. On 30
Mar 1854, R.J. Mitchell noted "F, spiral? Another vF neb [NGC 4016] about 5' np or nearly north." The following spring he commented
"Query, shaped like an "S"? Its light is certainly patchy and the neb is lE nearly
pf. np this object is another F, R
neb with stellar centre."
Finally on 16 Apr 1855, he wrote "my previous conjectoure as to
shape is rather confirmed by Mr. J. Stoney, who saw the p branch turned off
sharply to the south, while the f bend is not so sharp, but this latter branch
reacher farther round and is rather fainter."
CGCG mislabels
NGC 4017 as NGC 4016.
******************************
NGC 4018 = UGC
6966 = MCG +04-28-108 = CGCG 127-123 = WBL 368-009 = LGG 261-003 = PGC 37699
11 58 40.7 +25
18 59
V = 13.8; Size 1.7'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 163d
24"
(3/22/14): fairly faint to moderately bright, moderately large, very elongated
3:1 NNW-SSE, 1.2'x0.4', broad weak concentration. NGC 4022 lies 7' SE.
17.5"
(3/19/88): faint, fairly small, edge-on NW-SE. A pair of mag 13 stars at 25" separation is located 3'
SSE. Member of the NGC 4007 group
with NGC 4022 7' SE.
J.L.E. Dreyer
discovered NGC 4018 on 26 Apr 1878 in the last observation of the cluster from
Birr Castle. He placed it roughly
12' in PA 37¡ from NGC 4009 and it is labeled "Kappa" on the
constructed diagram. The actual
separation is 10' in PA 37¡, although NGC 4009 is a star. The note"mE np sf, 2 st S"
pins down the identification as UGC 6966 = PGC 37699. The two stars are ~3' SSE and shown too close to the nebula
on the sketch.
******************************
NGC 4019 = IC
755 = UGC 7001 = MCG +02-31-014 = CGCG 069-024 = FGC 1347 = PGC 37912
12 01 10.3 +14
06 16
V = 13.2; Size 2.4'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 145d
18"
(4/9/05): fairly faint, edge-on NW-SE, 1.0'x0.2', low even surface
brightness. A mag 10 star is 5.5'
SE and 2' following this star is CGCG 069-029. The identification of this galaxy (IC 755) with NGC 4019 is
very uncertain as it matches the description of the brighter star to the SE but
is a poor match in position.
Listed as nonexistent in the RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4019 = h1044 on 23 Apr 1832 (the last night he discovered any
objects at Slough) and logged, "eF; has a *9m 5' sf". There is nothing near his
position. A mag 15 star is 3.5'
northwest of his position and a mag 10 star lies 6' southeast of this faint
star (a good match with his description), so the faint star is one possible candidate
for NGC 4019.
Harold Corwin
identifies NGC 4019 as IC 755, an edge-on galaxy 2 min 16 sec of RA east and 6'
south of JH's position. It has a
mag 10 star 5.5' southeast that matches his description, but it unusually off
in both RA and Dec. So, this
identification is uncertain.
******************************
NGC 4020 = UGC
6971 = MCG +05-28-066 = CGCG 157-072 = LGG 279-012 = PGC 37723
11 58 56.6 +30
24 42
V = 12.7; Size 2.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 15d
17.5"
(5/4/02): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 1.8'x0.9',
broad concentration but no well-defined core. A mag 10.5 star lies 3.1' WSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4020 = H II-725 = h1045 on 3 Feb 1788 (sweep 805) and recorded
"pB, E, mbM, about 2' long from sp to nf, but nearer to the
meridian." JH recorded
"Not vF; bicentral or elongated; vgbM to a central axis pos = 199.5¡, or
pos of the two centres = 19.5¡; 14" long and 25" br." Bindon Stoney, observing on LdR's
72" on 26 Apr 1851, not "Bicentral appearance very indistinct. Light mottled, E ssp-nnf."
******************************
NGC 4021 = MCG
+04-28-112 = CGCG 127-124 = WBL 368-011 = PGC 37730
11 59 02.6 +25
04 59
V = 14.5; Size 0.6'x0.5'; PA = 85d
24"
(3/22/14): faint, fairly small, round, 24" diameter, slightly brighter
core. Located 5.2' NE of NGC 4015
in the NGC 4005 cluster.
17.5"
(3/19/88): very faint, very small, slightly elongated ~E-W, 0.4'x0.3'. Forms the northern vertex of an
equilateral triangle with NGC 4015 5' SW and NGC 4023 6' SSE. Member of the NGC 4007 group.
J.L.E. Dreyer
discovered NGC 4021 on 26 Apr 1878, the last session "nebulae" were
discovered at Birr Castle. He recorded, "F, S, R or lE and placed
this object 58.2" in PA 312.1¡ with respect to NGC 4015. It was
labeled "Delta" on the final compiled sketch of the cluster. At
Dreyer's micrometric offset is CGCG 127-124 = PGC 37730. Dreyer made an
incorrect assumption that William Herschel's III-323 = NGC 4015 and III-324 =
NGC 4021, based on their separations - these numbers apply to NGC 3987 and NGC
3997.
******************************
NGC 4022 = UGC
6975 = MCG +04-28-111 = CGCG 127-125 = WBL 368-012 = LGG 261-004 = PGC 37729
11 59 01.0 +25
13 21
V = 13.0; Size 1.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.3
24"
(3/22/14): moderately bright, fairly small, round, small very bright core
increases to the center. Two mag
13 stars lies 2.2' WSW and 2.4' WNW.
17.5"
(3/19/88): faint, small, slightly elongated, bright core. Contains a stellar nucleus or a star is
superimposed. Member of the NGC 4007
group with NGC 4018 7.3' NW.
J.L.E. Dreyer
discovered NGC 4022 on 26 Apr 1878 in the last observation of the cluster from
Birr Castle. He placed it
approximately 6' in PA 144¡ from NGC 4018 (Kappa) and noted "pF, vS,
stellar". On the final
constructed diagram NGC 4022 is labeled "Lambda". The actual separation is 7' in PA 140¡.
******************************
NGC 4023 = UGC
6977 = MCG +04-28-113 = CGCG 127-127 = WBL 368-013 = PGC 37732
11 59 05.5 +24
59 20
V = 13.6; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 25d
24"
(3/22/14): fairly faint, fairly small, round, weak concentration, slightly
irregular surface brightness.
Situated 5.9' SE of NGC 4015.
17.5"
(3/19/88): faint, small, slightly elongated ~N-S, weak concentration. Member of the NGC 4007 group with NGC
4015 7' WNW.
J.L.E. Dreyer
discovered NGC 4023 on 24 Apr 1878 on a late observation of the NGC 4005 group
at Birr Castle. He described the
nebula as "pF, pL, diffuse" and placed it at 358.1" in PA 117.8¡
with respect to NGC 4015. It was
labeled "Gamma" on the final compiled sketch of the cluster. At this offset is UGC 6977 = PGC
37732. This was apparently the
last night that nebulae were discovered at Birr Castle.
******************************
NGC 4024 = ESO
572-031 = MCG -03-31-004 = LGG 263-006 = PGC 37690
11 58 31.2 -18
20 50
V = 11.7; Size 1.9'x1.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 70d
18"
(3/19/04): moderately bright, slightly elongated, sharply concentrated with a
bright 25" core which increases to the center. The fainter, outer halo measures ~1.4'x1.1'. An isosceles triangle of mag 10-11.5
stars (sides 2', 2', 4.8') lies 6' W.
Located 1 degree NW of the Antennae (NGC 4038/39) in a large group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4024 = H II-295 on 7 Feb 1785 (sweep 368) and recorded "F,
vS, iF, bM." His position is
30 sec of RA east of ESO 572-031 = PGC 37690. Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 at Denver
(given in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 4025 = UGC
6982 = MCG +06-26-064 = CGCG 186-080 = DDO 107 = PGC 37738
11 59 10.2 +37
47 37
V = 13.6; Size 2.8'x1.6'; Surf Br = 15.0; PA = 40d
18"
(3/30/05): picked up at 165x as a moderately large but very low surface
brightness glow. At 225x, it
appears ~1.5' diameter with very little concentration. The DSS images reveals a face-on
irregular barred spiral with very low surface brightness arms.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4025 = H III-617 = h1046 on 17 Mar 1787 (sweep 714) and noted
"eF, iR, about 1' in diameter."
JH's position is 1' too far north.
******************************
NGC 4026 = UGC
6985 = MCG +09-20-052 = CGCG 269-029 = PGC 37760
11 59 25.0 +50
57 42
V = 10.8; Size 5.2'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 178d
17.5"
(3/8/97): bright, large, excellent lens-shape edge-on 5:1 N-S, 4.0'x0.8'. Sharply concentrated with a striking
bulging core and non-stellar nucleus.
Extensions tapers at ends.
Located 7.2' SSW of mag 9.2 SAO 28211.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4026 = H I-223 = h1047 on 12 Apr 1789 (sweep 919) and recorded
"cB, E in the direction of the meridian, BN with vF branches, 3'
long." His RA is 20 sec too
large, but the NGC position (probably from JH) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 4027 = Arp
22 NED2 = VV 66 = ESO 572-037/036 = MCG -03-31-008/007 = VIII Zw 158 = UGCA 260
= PGC 37773
11 59 30.5 -19
15 44
V = 11.1; Size 3.2'x2.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 167d
24"
(4/10/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 260x this is a strange looking
one-armed spiral. Overall it
appeared quite bright and large with a very irregular shape, 3'x2', and sharply
concentrated with a fairly small, round core. The core gradually increases to the center. Emerging from the core on the NW end is
a fairly well-defined arm that initially extends north in the direction of a
mag 11.8 star located 3.7' NNW of the center of the galaxy. This arm then sharply curves back
counter-clockwise ~135¡, bending around to the SW and ends just on the outside
of a mag 13.5-14 star situated close NE of the core. On the SE end of the core, a second arm begins to emerge but
it suddenly terminates, creating a very asymmetric appearance with the other
long, wrapping arm.
A faint
companion, NGC 4027A, lies 4' S.
At 260x, the companion appeared faint, fairly small, slightly elongated
~N-S, 25"x20", low even surface brightness. A very faint star is attached at the south end. The Ring-tail galaxy, NGC 4038/4039,
lies 40' NE.
13.1"
(2/16/85): fairly bright, round, moderately large, broad concentration,
possible stellar nucleus. A mag 14
star is off the ENE edge 1.0' from center. NGC 4027 is an unusual interacting one-armed barred spiral.
13.1"
(9/22/84): a spiral arm is suspected north of the nucleus trailing to the
east.
8"
(3/28/81): faint, moderately large, no details.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4027 = H II-296 = h3371 on 7 Feb 1785 (sweep 386) and logged
"pB, pL." His RA is 1.0
min too large. JH has an
interesting description from the Cape of Good Hope: "Globular; F; pL; R;
2'; resolved; stars barely seen; but in a better night for definition would no
doubt be clearly resolved into st 16m." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 4028 = NGC
4014 = UGC 6961 = MCG +03-31-005 = CGCG 098-012 = PGC 37695
11 58 35.8 +16
10 38
See observing
notes for NGC 4014.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4028 = H III-3 on 30 Dec 178 (sweep 72) and recorded "vF,
not cometic tho' almost round. It
forms an isosceles triangle with 2 small stars [by a diagram these are about 6'
sp]. It is probably of the
resolvable kind but eF; it may be a very distant compressed cl of stars, but
would require a great quantity of light to resolve." There is nothing at his position (an
early sweep prone to large errors) and III-3 was not found visually by
Bigourdan or photographically by Reinmuth.
Harold Corwin
equates NGC 4028 with NGC 4014, which matches WH's description of forming an
isosceles triangle with two stars (6' sp and 6' np). He notes this would require WH made offset errors on two
different sweeps landing roughly at the same erroneous position.
******************************
NGC 4029 = UGC
6990 = MCG +01-31-008 = CGCG 041-017 = PGC 37816
12 00 03.1 +08
10 54
V = 13.5; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 150d
17.5"
(3/24/90): faint, small, elongated NNW-SSE, small bright core. A mag 13.5 star is 1.8' NE of center.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 4029 = m 226 on 25 Mar 1865 and noted "vF, vS, lE, with
stellar N." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 4030 = UGC
6993 = MCG +00-31-016 = CGCG 013-033 = PGC 37845
12 00 23.5 -01
06 01
V = 10.6; Size 4.2'x3.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 27d
17.5"
(3/24/90): bright, moderately large, oval SW-NE, halo increases to a small
bright core, mottled halo with structure suspected. Bracketed by a mag 10.5 star 2.2' SSW and a mag 11 star just
off the NNW edge 1.6' from the center.
Visible in 16x80 finder.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4030 = H I-121 = h1048 on 1 Jan 1786 (sweep 507) and recorded
"vB, cL, mbM. Between, but a
little following two pB stars." JH made two observations and logged (sweep
145) "B; R; pL; psbM; r; 70"; has 3 or 4 large stars near."
******************************
NGC 4031 = MCG
+05-28-075 = CGCG 157-082 = PGC 37855
12 00 31.3 +31
56 51
V = 14.3; Size 0.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.3
17.5"
(2/24/90): very faint, fairly small, elongated SSW-NNE. A mag 15.5 star is at the SW end and a
second mag 15 star is 0.7' N of center.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4031 on 6 Apr 1864 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His single position is
an exact match with CGCG 157-082 = PGC 37855. He mentioned the mag 15.5 star at the south end, though his
magnitude estimate (17th) is too faint.
******************************
NGC 4032 = NGC
4042: = UGC 6995 = MCG +03-31-010 = CGCG 098-019 = PGC 37860
12 00 32.9 +20
04 27
V = 12.3; Size 1.9'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(3/28/87): moderately bright, round, fairly small, even surface
brightness. A mag 12 star is 3.4'
NNE. Located west of the NGC 4065
cluster.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4032 = H II-404 = h1049 on 27 Apr 1785 (sweep 403) and recorded
"pB, pL, mbM, R, cometic." His position (CH's reduction) is 2'
southeast of UGC 6995. JH observed this galaxy on 6 sweeps and his brightness
descriptions vary from "extremely faint" to "bright"!
******************************
NGC 4033 = ESO 572-042
= MCG -03-31-011 = PGC 37863
12 00 34.8 -17
50 34
V = 11.7; Size 2.6'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 47d
13.1"
(4/29/84): fairly bright, small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, small bright
nucleus. Located 1¡ north of the
"Ringtail" galaxies NGC 4038/NGC 4039.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4033 = H II-508 on 31 Dec 1785 (sweep 503) and logged "pB,
S, lE, bM." Engelhardt measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4034 = UGC
7006 = MCG +12-11-044 = CGCG 335-002 = CGCG 334-058 = LGG 272-001 = PGC 37935
12 01 29.6 +69
19 26
V = 13.5; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 5d
17.5"
(3/29/89): extremely faint, small, very low surface brightness. A mag 14 star is 30" off the NW
edge. Located 9.5' NE of mag 7.3
SAO 15686.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4034 = H III-903 on 6 Apr 1793 (sweep 1036) and noted "eF,
S, iF, vlbM." CGCG
misidentifies this galaxy (CGCG 334-058) as NGC 4043.
******************************
NGC 4035 = MCG
-03-31-010 = LGG 263-014 = PGC 37853
12 00 29.3 -15
56 53
V = 13.4; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 0d
18"
(4/9/05): very faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter, very low surface
brightness with little or no concentration. Located 5.8' SSW of mag 9 HD 104306.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4035 = H III-279 = h3372 on 8 Feb 1785 (sweep 372) and recorded
"eF, pL. Requires much
attention to be seen. I saw it
also with 240, but its light was much lessened and the difficulty of seeing
increasing." CH's reduction
is less than 2' northeast of PGC 37853.
JH made the single observation "eeF; pL; R; has a * 9m 0.9 radius
of field dist; 45¡ +/- nf."
******************************
NGC 4036 = UGC
7005 = MCG +10-17-125 = CGCG 292-059 = PGC 37930
12 01 26.7 +61
53 45
V = 10.7; Size 4.3'x1.7'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 85d
24"
(5/27/17): at 200x beautiful large spindle 4:1 ~E-W, 3'x0.8'. Sharply concentrated with a small, very
bright core/nucleus and tapered extensions. Forms a bright pair with NGC 4041 15' NNE.
17.5"
(5/2/92): very bright striking galaxy!
Fairly large, very elongated 3:1 E-W, 3.0'x1.0', halo increases to a
bright core, very bright nucleus.
The eastern extension appears slightly brighter. NGC 4041 lies 16' NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4036 = H I-253 = h1050 on 19 Mar 1790 (sweep 953) and logged
"vB, vL, E." CH's
reduced position is 15 sec of RA east of UGC 7005. JH called this galaxy "pB; R; pslbM; 25"." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 4037 = UGC
7002 = MCG +02-31-015 = CGCG 069-027 = PGC 37928
12 01 23.7 +13
24 03
V = 11.9; Size 2.5'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(5/19/01): very faint, moderately large, low surface brightness, ill-defined,
~2' diameter, slightly elongated N-S, very weak concentration. Located 5' W of mag 9 SAO 99915.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4037 = H III-77 = h1051 on 8 Apr 1784 (sweep 187) and recorded
"eF, pL, R, r." JH made
two observations and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4038 = The
Antennae Galaxy = Ring-Tail Galaxy = Arp 244 NED1 = VV 245b = ESO 572-047 = MCG
-03-31-014 = UGCA 264 = PGC 37967
12 01 53.0 -18
52 05
V = 10.3; Size 3.4'x1.7'; Surf Br = 11.9; PA = 80d
48"
(4/1/11): I took a quick look at the Antennae Galaxy to see the faint tidal
tails that shoot north and south from the east end of NGC 4038/4039. The tidal tail heading south from NGC
4038 (the northern component) was easily visible, sweeping 2' S but then
quickly dimming. The streamer
heading north was also visible but appeared detached from the galaxies. It was picked up ~2.5' NE of NGC 4038
and extended 2' N, terminating at a faint star.
24"
(4/10/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): this was an amazing object in the
24" at 350x. The main, bright
northern component (NGC 4038) was partially annular, with a very bright knotty
rim and a darker center giving a truly unique appearance for a galaxy. At least 3 knots were visible embedded
along its rim. On the SE side is
the brightest knot (the nucleus of the galaxy) which appeared faint, small,
~12" diameter. A second
fainter knot is on the west side and was only ~6" in size. Finally, a third very faint 6"
knot is on the north side. The
three knots were roughly spaced out 120¡ apart along the outer portion of this
tortured galaxy. An elongated
"arm" (the interacting companion NGC 4039) is attached on the east
end and curves around on the south side towards the southwest. Another very faint, but slightly larger
20" knot is embedded along the main portion of NGC 4039, roughly halfway
along its length. At the southwest
tip of the brighter portion of NGC 4039 was a relatively large, brighter knot
(its nucleus) that at times appeared double. Surrounding the southwest portion of NGC 4039 is a much
fainter outer halo extended SW-NE.
This fainter halo extends further southwest for a few arc minutes and
widens to a bulbous shape at the end. This was by far the most detailed view
I've seen of the Antennae galaxy.
NGC 4027, another disturbed galaxy, lies SW.
17.5"
(5/14/88): fairly bright, moderately large. Forms a striking "shrimp-like" or
"comma" shape with the tail attached at the east end and extending to
the south. Appears clearly darker
between the two objects on the west side.
13"
(5/21/82): appears as two irregular galaxies connected at the east end.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4038 = H IV-28.1 = h1052 on 7 Feb 1785 (sweep 368) and recorded
"pB, L. Two joined together
[with NGC 4039], the smallest south; or one opening with a branch very faintly
joined." WH gave a single
entry in class IV (planetary), though JH separated these into IV 28.1 and IV
28.2 in the Slough catalogue.
Bindon Stoney sketched the galaxy pair on 14 Apr 1852 and included it in
LdR's 1861 publication. It appears
to show one of the long tidal tails.
The long
"Antennae" tidal tails were first photographed by Lampland with the
40-inch Lowell reflector in 1917.
J.C. Duncan remarked "Most remarkable of all, two faint extensions,
like antennae" in the 1923 "Photographic studies of
nebulae.III." Bill Keel
referred to the system as the "Antennae" in his 1993 article in
Mercury magazine "The real astrophysical zoo - Colliding galaxies".
******************************
NGC 4039 =
Antennae Galaxy = Arp 244 NED2 = VV 245a = Ring-Tail Galaxy = ESO 572-048 = MCG
-03-31-015 = UGCA 265 = PGC 37969
12 01 53.6 -18
53 11
V = 10.6; Size 3.2'x2.1'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 130d
24"
(4/10/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): Attached on the east end of NGC
4038 (see detailed notes) is a long "tail" or arm (this is the
interacting companion NGC 4039) that curves around on the south side towards
the southwest. Another very faint,
but slightly larger 20" knot is embedded along the main portion of the
tail roughly halfway. At the tip
of the main tail was a relatively large, brighter knot that at times appeared
double. Surrounding the SW portion
of the tail is a much fainter outer halo extended SW-NE. This fainter halo extends beyond the
tail for a few arc minutes and widens to a bulbous shape at the end. This was by far the most detailed view
I've seen of the Ring-tail galaxy.
17.5"
(5/14/88): this is the southern member of the striking "Ring-Tail
galaxy". Attached at the east
side of NGC 4038 and forms a "tail" elongated NW-SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4039 = H IV-28.2 = h1053, along with NGC 4038, on 7 Feb 1785
(sweep 368) and assigned a single H-designation (IV-28). See that number for more.
******************************
NGC 4040 = UGC
7013 = MCG +03-31-018 = CGCG 098-028 = PGC 37993
12 02 05.4 +17
49 23
V = 13.3; Size 1.9'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 145d
17.5"
(5/11/02): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated NW-SE, 0.8'x0.7', broad weak
concentration. An isosceles
triangle with sides 2'/2'/1' consisting of mag 12.5 stars is 2' SE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 4040 = Sw VI-41 on 30 Mar 1887 and noted "forms nearly a
square with 3 stars". His
position and description is a good match with UGC 7013.
******************************
NGC 4041 = UGC
7014 = MCG +10-17-129 = CGCG 292-061 = PGC 37999
12 02 12.2 +62
08 14
V = 11.3; Size 2.7'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.2
24"
(5/27/17): at 200x; bright, large, roundish, nearly 2' diameter. Sharply concentrated with a large, low
surface brightness halo and an intensely bright core. The core brightness towards the center but there was no
distinct nucleus. Forms a bright
pair with NGC 4036 15' SSW.
17.5"
(5/2/92): fairly bright, moderately large, slightly elongated 4:3 SW-NE, 2'
diameter, broad concentration with an overall fairly high surface
brightness. Two mag 11 and 12
stars at 1.0' separation are 3.5' SSE.
NGC 4036 lies 16' SSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4041 = H I-252 = h1054 on 19 Mar 1790 (sweep 953) and recorded
"vB, cL, R." CH's
reduced position is 2' north of UGC 7014. JH made two observations and logged
(sweep 411) "B; R; at first g, the psvmbM to a nuclear mass which seems
resolvable." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 4042 = 2MASX
J12024674+2009478
12 02 46.8 +20
09 49
V = 15.7; Size 0.3'x0.2'
24"
(3/22/14): very faint, very small, round, 12" diameter. Cannot hold steadily at 375x but not
difficult to see knowing the position.
The identification of this number is uncertain.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 4042 = m 227, along with NGC 4056 and NGC 4060, on 18 Mar 1865
using William Lassell's 48" on Malta. There is nothing near his position and his description
"vF, vS" is not helpful.
Harold Corwin suggests NGC 4042 = LEDA 3781394 = 2MASX
J12024674+2009478. This galaxy is
located 26 tsec of RA east and 1.8' N of Marth's position. This offset in declination would also
match the offsets for suggested identifications for NGC 4056 and 4060, though
NGC 4042 is still further off in terms of RA. See Corwin's notes.
Karl Reinmuth,
in his 1926 photographic survey "Die Herschel-Nebel", suggests the
possible equivalent with NGC 4032, but this galaxy is 1.8 tmin of RA west
and 4' south of Marth's position.
Carlson and RNGC also give this possible equivalence.
******************************
NGC 4043 = UGC
7015 = MCG +01-31-012 = CGCG 041-026 = PGC 38010
12 02 22.9 +04
19 47
V = 13.6; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 135d
17.5"
(3/24/90): faint, very small, round, bright core, faint stellar nucleus.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4043 = h1055 on 9 Apr 1828 and recorded "S; R; preceds a
double star about 30 sec, and is 3' south of it. RA is a rough estimate only from the double star. On the next sweep he logged "Not
B; S; R; psbM; 15"." and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4044 = UGC
7018 = MCG +00-31-020 = CGCG 013-043 = PGC 38018
12 02 29.5 -00
12 45
V = 13.0; Size 1.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(3/24/90): faint, small, slightly elongated, almost even surface brightness.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4044 = H III-491 = h1056 on 1 Jan 1786 (sweep 507) and noted
"vF, S". His position
matches UGC 7018.
******************************
NGC 4045 = NGC
4046 = UGC 7021 = MCG +00-31-022 = CGCG 013-046 = Todd 13b = Holm 320a = WBL
372-001 = PGC 38031
12 02 42.3 +01
58 38
V = 12.0; Size 2.7'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 95d
17.5"
(5/10/86): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated E-W, stellar
nucleus offset to the SW of faint superimposed star. Forms a close pair with NGC 4045A 1.5' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4045 = H II-276 = h1057 on 20 Dec 1784 (sweep 349) and noted
"pF, S, R, lbM." JH made
the single observation "F; R: sbM; 25"; a star sf." and measured
an accurate position.
Heinrich
d'Arrest found this galaxy on 10 Apr 1863, but his declination was 15' too far
south. Although he questioned if
it was equal to h1057, Dreyer assumed it was new and catalogued it as GCS 5602
= NGC 4046. This galaxy was found
a 3rd time by David Todd (#13a) on 2 Jan 1878 in his search for a
trans-Neptunian planet, along with NGC 4045A and MCG +00-31-023. The RNGC position is 1.0 min of RA too
far west.
******************************
NGC 4046 = NGC
4045 = UGC 7021 = MCG +00-31-022 = CGCG 013-046 = PGC 38031
12 02 42.3 +01
58 38
See observing
notes for NGC 4045.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4046 on 10 Apr 1863 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His single observation
(Latin translation copied from Harold Corwin's notes) reads "round; not
small. Class II. It makes a triangle with 2 stars mag 13 and mag 16 to the
south and following 6.6 sec.
However, the question remains if it is h1057 [NGC 4045] with a 15' error
in declination." In
fact there is nothing at his position, but 15' north is NGC 4045, which matches
his description. The mag 16
"star" is likely NGC 4045A.
So, NGC 4046 = NGC 4045.
See Harold Corwin's identification notes for more.
******************************
NGC 4047 = UGC
7025 = MCG +08-22-058 = CGCG 243-037 = PGC 38042
12 02 50.6 +48
38 10
V = 12.2; Size 1.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 105d
17.5"
(4/25/98): moderately bright and large, ~1.3'x1.1', halo slightly elongated
~E-W. Fairly well concentrated
with a fainter halo surrounding a bright core and nucleus. A mag 11 star lies 3.6' WSW. Sky hazy with smoke.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4047 = H II-741 = h1058 on 9 Mar 1788 (sweep 816) and noted
"pF, S, R, gbM." CH's
reduction is 1.6' northeast of UGC 7025.
JH logged "B; pL; R; pgbM; 40"." The RNGC position is 1.0 min of RA too
far west (see NGC 4045/4045A).
******************************
NGC 4048 = UGC
7023 = MCG +03-31-020 = CGCG 098-030 = VV 384 = PGC 38040
12 02 50.0 +18
00 56
V = 13.6; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 92d
17.5"
(5/11/02): faint, very small, elongated 3:2 E-W, 0.5'x0.35', even surface
brightness. A mag 11.5 star lies
3.0' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4048 = h1059 on 23 Mar 1827 and on a second sweep noted
"vF; S; R psbM; almost stellar." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 4049 = UGC
7027 = MCG +03-31-021 = CGCG 098-031 = PGC 38050
12 02 54.7 +18
45 09
V = 13.3; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 52d
17.5"
(5/11/02): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 1.0'x0.7', weak
broad concentration. A mag 11 star
is 2.6' SE and another mag 11.5 star is 5' following.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4049 = H III-390 = h1060 on 27 Apr 1785 (sweep 403) and simply
noted "suspected." His
position (CH"s reduction) is 28 sec of RA followoing UGC 7027. JH made 3
observations and measured a fairly accurate RA on one sweep.
******************************
NGC 4050 = MCG -03-31-016
= LGG 263-015 = PGC 38049
12 02 54.0 -16
22 25
V = 12.2; Size 3.1'x2.1'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 85d
18"
(3/19/04): faint, fairly large, oval 4:3 E-W, 2.0'x1.5'. Broad, weak concentration with a
15" brighter nucleus using direct vision. Located 5.8' NE of mag 8.3 HD 104656.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4050 = H II-509 on 31 Dec 1785 (sweep 503) and logged "F,
cL, iR, lbM." His re-reduced
position matches MCG -03-31-016 = PGC 38049
******************************
NGC 4051 = UGC
7030 = MCG +08-22-059 = CGCG 243-038 = PGC 38068
12 03 09.6 +44
31 53
V = 10.2; Size 5.2'x3.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 135d
17.5"
(3/8/97): fairly bright, large, ~4.0'x2.5' NW-SE. Nearly extends to a mag 11 star 2.2' W. Very bright, very small core increasing
to a bright stellar nucleus (original Seyfert galaxy list). The galaxy shows signs of spiral
structure and there appears to be a short outer spiral arm attached at the SE
end hooking north separated by a slightly darker region between the main body
(verified on photo).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4051 = H IV-56 = h1061 on 6 Feb 1788 (sweep 810) and recorded
"cB, iR, cBN with extensive chevelure about 5' dia." His position matches UGC 7030.
Bindon Stoney
sketched the galaxy on 3 May 1851 as an "S" shaped barred spiral (in
LdR's 1861 publication), very accurately capturing the structure. He noted "Spiral. I suspect the f branch extends to
[star] alpha [on the northeast end]." On 19 Apr 1857, R.J. Mitchell logged "The p branch
seems to me the brighter rather of the two, and more suddenly curved than the f
one, both of them look not quite so sharp as given in the drawing."
NGC 4051 is one
of the original 6 galaxies studied by Seyfert in his seminal 1943 paper
"Nuclear Emission in Spiral Nebulae".
******************************
NGC 4052 = ESO
094-SC10 = Cr 251 = OCL-870
12 02 05 -63 13
24
Size 8'
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): this cluster is located in the field, just 10' NW of
mag 4.3 Theta 1 and 15' W of mag 4.7 Theta 2 Crucis in the SW portion of the
constellation! At 105x, ~60 stars
mag 10 and fainter are mostly scattered in a 9' diameter. More striking, though, is a dense 3'
subgroup of mostly mag 12-13 stars on the SE end of the cluster over a
background of haze from unresolved stars.
A neat string of six stars oriented WNW-ESE is located on the south end
with a brighter mag 9.5 star about 2.5' further west.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4052 = h3373 on 8 Mar 1837 and logged "Cluster VII class;
loose and scattered but pretty rich." There is nothing at his position, but 1 min of RA west is a
scattered cluster.
******************************
NGC 4053 = UGC
7029 = MCG +03-31-024 = CGCG 098-032 = PGC 38069
12 03 11.6 +19
43 44
V = 14.0; Size 1.0'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 109d
17.5"
(5/11/02): faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE, 0.7'x0.3'. Brighter along the major axis and the
very small core contains a stellar nucleus. A mag 15 star is 1.6' W of center. Located 33' SSW of NGC 4065 (brightest in a large group of
NGC galaxies).
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4053 = m228 on 9 May 1864 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position, measured
on 3 nights, matches UGC 7029 and he accurately placed the mag 15 star which
precedes by 7 sec of time (though he estimaged its magnitude as 18). Marth independently discovered the
galaxy on 18 Mar 1865. His
position was good, though on the same night Marth also recorded NGC 4042, 4056
and 4060 which all have very uncertain identifications due to poor positions.
******************************
NGC 4054 = VV
136 = MCG +10-17-131 = CGCG 292-062 = PGC 38078
12 03 12.4 +57
53 36
V = 14.2; Size 0.6'x0.4'; PA = 90d
48"
(4/20/17): at 488x; NGC 4054 is a close triple (VV 136) that fits in a 30"
circle. VV 136a is the largest
component; it appeared moderately bright, fairly small, oval 4:3 or 3:2 E-W,
~24"x15". The galaxy is
diffuse with a fairly low surface brightness and only a weakly brighter
nucleus. VV 136b =
2MASXJ12031377+5753259 on the southeast side [15" between centers]
appeared fairly bright, very small, slightly elongated, ~12"x9". The surface brightness is very high
(easily the highest of the trio) and peaks at a stellar nucleus. VV 136c = LEDA 3547623 on the northeast
side [20" between centers] appeared faint to fairly faint, very small,
elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, ~15"x8".
24"
(6/4/16): at 322x; the western and largest component (VV 136a) of the triple
system NGC 4054 appeared faint, small, slightly elongated 20"x15",
low surface brightness. The
southeast component (VV 136b) is smaller but significantly higher surface
brightness and was noted as fairly faint, very small, elongated
12"x9" E-W. The centers
of these small galaxies are separated by just 15". VV 136c, the northeast component, was
not seen.
16" LX200
(4/14/07): very faint, very small, slightly elongated, 20"x15"
diameter. This is a triple system,
though it initially appeared single.
After careful viewing an extremely faint "star" occasionally
popped out on the southeast edge.
This virtually stellar object is VV 136b = LEDA 3547623.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4054 = H III-794 on 17 Apr 1789 (sweep 923) and noted "eF,
S, verified by 300." His position is 1.5' north of PGC 38078. Bigourdan wasn't able to find this
triple system with the 12-inch refractor at the Paris Observatory (too faint?).
******************************
NGC 4055 = NGC
4061: = UGC 7044 = MCG +04-29-006 = CGCG 128-005 = CGCG 098-040 = VV 179 = PGC
38146
12 04 01.5 +20
13 57
See observing
notes for NGC 4061.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4055 = h1062 on 29 Apr 1832, the same night he logged h1063 =
NGC 4057 and h1064 = NGC 4059. His
coordinates were very uncertain ("PD very doubtful") and given to the
nearest degree, although all three objects were described as
"B[right]". The
description for h1064 also mentions "On meridian with two more". It seems very likely that these three
entries are duplicates of brighter galaxies and Harold Corwin suggests (in
response to my email about the identifications) NGC 4055 = NGC 4061, NGC 4057 =
NGC 4065, and NGC 4059 = NGC 4070.
Karl Reinmuth, in his 1926 photographic survey based on Heidelberg
plates, misidentifes MCG +04-29-004 as NGC 4055 although he notes that "no
PB nebula in Dreyer's place".
See Corwin's discussion under NGC 4055.
******************************
NGC 4056 = PGC
38140
12 03 57.7 +20
18 45
V = 15.8; Size 0.3'x0.3'
24"
(3/22/14): extremely faint and small, round, 6"-8" diameter. At 375x, I could repeatedly glimpse
this galaxy, though would not have picked it up without knowing the exact location. Located 3.5' SW of NGC 4066 in the NGC
4065 cluster.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 4056 = m 229, along with NGC 4042 and 4046, on 18 Mar 1865. All of these objects have uncertain
identifications because of imprecise positions and several faint nearby
galaxies. His description
"eF, vS" adds no new information. RNGC identifies PGC 38140 as NGC 4056. This galaxy is located 12 tsec of RA
east and 2.6' north of Marth's position.
If m 230 = NGC 4060 = CGCG 128-006 then the declination errors are similar. Although this galaxy is extremely
faint, Marth could have picked it up with Lassell's 48-inch. See Harold
Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 4057 = NGC
4065? = UGC 7050 = MCG +04-29-007 = CGCG 098-042 = CGCG 128-007 = VV 179 = PGC
38156
12 04 06.2 +20
14 07
See observing
notes for NGC 4065.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4057 = h1063 on 29 Apr 1832, the same night he logged h1062 =
NGC 4055 and h1064 = NGC 4059. His
coordinates were very uncertain ("PD very doubtful") and given to the
nearest degree, although all three objects were described as
"B[right]". The
description for h1064 also mentions "On meridian with two more". It seems very likely that these three
entries are duplicates of brighter galaxies and Harold Corwin suggests NGC 4055
= NGC 4061, NGC 4057 = NGC 4065, and NGC 4059 = NGC 4070. RNGC and PGC misidentify PGC 38278 as
NGC 4057. PGC 38278 is located
3.0' west of NGC 4090. See
Corwin's explanation under NGC 4055.
******************************
NGC 4058 = UGC
7036 = MCG +01-31-017 = CGCG 041-032 = PGC 38124
12 03 49.1 +03
32 53
V = 13.1; Size 1.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 165d
17.5"
(3/24/90): fairly faint, very small, elongated NW-SE, small bright core. Located 15' W of mag 7.2 SAO 119207.
George Searle
discovered NGC 4058 = HN 37 on 24 Mar 1868 with the 15-inch refractor at
Harvard College Observatory (Annals of Harvard Observatory, Vol 13, #257). His position matches UGC 7036.
******************************
NGC 4059 = NGC
4070? = UGC 7052 = MCG +04-29-009 = CGCG 128-009 = WBL 374-008 = PGC 38169
12 04 11.3 +20
24 36
See observing
notes for NGC 4070. Uncertain
identification.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4059 = h1064 on 29 Apr 1832, the same night he logged h1063 =
NGC 4057 and h1062 = NGC 4055. His
coordinates were very uncertain ("PD very doubtful") and given to the
nearest degree, although all three objects were described as
"B[right]". The
description for h1064 also mentions "On meridian with two more". It seems very likely these three
entries are duplicates of brighter galaxies and Harold Corwin suggests (in
response to my email about the identifications) NGC 4055 = NGC 4061, NGC 4057 =
NGC 4065, and NGC 4059 = NGC 4070.
Karl Reinmuth, in his 1926 photographic survey based on Heidelberg
plates, misidentifes MCG +04-29-012 as NGC 4059. See Corwin's discussion under NGC 4055.
******************************
NGC 4060 = CGCG
128-006 = WBL 374-004 = PGC 38151
12 04 01.0 +20
20 15
V = 14.6; Size 0.4'x0.3'; PA = 85d
24"
(3/22/14): faint, small, round, 15" diameter. Located 2.1' WSW of NGC 4066. Brightest of three companions to NGC 4066 on the southwest
side.
17.5"
(3/28/87): extremely faint, very small, round. Located 2' WSW of NGC 4066 in the NGC 4065 cluster.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 4060 = m 230 on 18 Mar 1865 (same night he found NGC 4042, NGC
4053 and NGC 4056). Due to his
poor positions, and density of galaxies in the cluster, only NGC 4053 has a
secure identification. Marth's
position is 3 tsec of RA west and 2.3' south of CGCG 128-006 = PGC 38151 and
this is the identification adopted in RNGC, CGCG and by Corwin.
It is also
possible that NGC 4060 = PGC 38140.
This is the galaxy identified as NGC 4056 in the RNGC. PGC 38140 is only 0.6' N of Marth's
position, though it is noticeably fainter visually and that would leave no
candidate for Marth's NGC 4056.
Finally, it is possible that NGC 4060 = PGC 38166. PGC 38166 is identified as NGC 4069 in
the RNGC and would imply Marth's position was 8 tsec too far W and 1.4' too far
S. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 4061 = NGC
4055: = VV 179b = UGC 7044 = MCG +04-29-006 = CGCG 128-005 = CGCG 098-040 = WBL
374-003 = PGC 38146
12 04 01.5 +20
13 57
V = 13.1; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 0d
24" (3/22/14):
fairly faint or moderately bright, fairly small, round, 25" diameter,
brighter core but not as strongly concentrated as NGC 4065 just 1.1' ENE. These form a striking pair with NGC
4065. Nearby lies NGC 4072 ~3' SE
and NGC 4076 7' ESE.
17.5" (3/28/87):
fairly faint, small, almost round, brighter core. Forms a pair with NGC 4065 1' ENE within the NGC 4065
cluster.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4061 = H III-394 = h1065 on 27 Apr 1785 (sweep 403) and recorded
"Six nebulae. The times and numbers belong to the three first [III-391,
III-392 and III-393]; but I saw three more [10 or 12'] south of them. They were are all vF, vS." I suspected many more besides." The three nebulae which he did not
measure positions, are likely NGC 4061, NGC 4065, and NGC 4076 (the three
brightest). JH observed NGC 4061
on 3 sweeps and noted on sweep 244 "vF; a double neb by diag, pos 20¡ sp,
nearly equal. They run together."
NGC 4055 =
h1062, recorded by JH on 29 Apr 1832 (the same night he logged NGC 4057 = h1063
and NGC 4059 = h1064) is very likely a duplicate observation. See that number for more.
******************************
NGC 4062 = UGC
7045 = MCG +05-29-004 = CGCG 158-008 = PGC 38150
12 04 03.8 +31
53 44
V = 11.1; Size 4.1'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 100d
17.5"
(2/24/90): fairly bright, large, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE, 4.0'x1.6', broadly
concentrated.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4062 = H I-174 = h1066 on 20 Mar 1787 (sweep 722) and noted
"cB, E, about 5' l and 1.5' broad." His position matches UGC 7045. JH made 4 observations and logged (sweep 131) "pB; vL;
mE; 10¡ np to sf; vgbM; 3' l, 1' br."
******************************
NGC 4063 = MCG
+00-31-026 = CGCG 013-055 = Todd 12d = WBL 372-007 = PGC 38154
12 04 05.9 +01
50 49
V = 13.9; Size 1.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 10d
17.5"
(5/10/86): very faint, very small, slightly elongated N-S. In a group with UGC 7042 3.9' NW, NGC
4073 6.0' ENE and NGC 4139 7.5' SE.
David Todd
discovered NGC 4063 = Todd 12b on 2 Jan 1878 during his search of a trans-Neptunian
planet using the 26-inch Clark refractor at the USNO. ƒdouard Stephan found the galaxy again on 3 May 1881 and
reported the discovery in list XI-15.
Stephan's position is accurate (he mentioned it was distinct from
[N4073] and [N4077]) and Dreyer credited him with the discovery in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 4064 = UGC
7054 = MCG +03-31-033 = CGCG 098-044 = PGC 38167
12 04 11.2 +18
26 36
V = 11.4; Size 4.4'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 150d
17.5"
(4/6/91): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 3'x1.5', large
bright core but no nucleus, sharper light cut-off on the SW side due to
dust. Two mag 14 stars are 1.6'
SSW and 2.7' E of center.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4064 on 29 Dec 1861 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His single position
matches UGC 7054 and he accurately placed the mag 14 star 82"
southwest. This is an unusually
bright galaxy to have been missed by both Herschels.
******************************
NGC 4065 = NGC
4057: = VV 179a = UGC 7050 = MCG +04-29-007 = CGCG 098-042 = CGCG 128-007 = WBL
374-006 = PGC 38156
12 04 06.2 +20
14 07
V = 12.6; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.7
24"
(3/22/14): moderately bright, fairly small, round, 30" diameter, well
concentrated with a small bright core.
Forms a close pair with NGC 4061 just 1' W. NGC 4072 lies 2.4' SE and NGC 4076 is 6.5' ESE. NGC 4066 and 4070, two similar
ellipticals, lie 6.8' N and 10.5' N.
17.5"
(3/28/87): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, brighter core. Brightest in the NGC 4065 cluster (a
large group of NGC galaxies) with NGC 4061 1.1' WSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4065 = H III-395 on 18 Mar 1865 (sweep 403) and recorded
"Six nebulae. The places belong to the three first [III-391, III-392 and
III-393]..." The three
galaxies to the south, which he did not measure positions, are likely NGC 4061,
NGC 4065, and NGC 4076 (the three brightest). JH recorded this nebula twice as h1067 and noted
"pB" on one sweep and "vF; R; the second of 5" on
another. His position on sweep 409
is at the southeast edge of the halo.
NGC 4057 =
h1063, recorded on 29 Apr 1832 (the same night he logged h1062 = NGC 4055 and
h1064 = NGC 4059), is very likely a duplicate observation. See notes for that number.
******************************
NGC 4066 = UGC
7051 = MCG +04-29-008 = CGCG 128-008 = WBL 374-007 = PGC 38161
12 04 09.4 +20
20 53
V = 13.0; Size 1.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.2
24"
(3/22/14): moderately bright, fairly small, round, high surface brightness,
strong concentration with a very bright nucleus that increases to the
center. NGC 4070 is 3.7' NNE and a
trio of galaxies are close southwest: NGC 4060 2.1' WSW, NGC 4069 1.7' SSW and
NGC 4056? 3.4' SW.
17.5"
(3/28/87): faint, small, round, strong bright core. In a tight trio with NGC 4060 2' WSW and NGC 4069 1.7'
SSW. Also in the field are NGC
4065 7' S and NGC 4070 3.8' NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4066 = H III-392 on 27 Apr 1785 (sweep 403) and "Six
nebulae. The times and numbers
belong to the three first (III-391, III-392 and III-393)..." His position is 2.6' SE of UGC 7051 =
PGC 38161, a similar offset as NGC 4070 = H III-391. JH observed this galaxy on 4 sweeps, first recording it on
24 Feb 1827 as h1068 and noted "The third of 5." JH equated this nebula with his father's
H III-391 and misassigned H III-392 to NGC 4069 = h1070.
******************************
NGC 4067 = UGC
7048 = MCG +02-31-019 = CGCG 069-036 = PGC 38168
12 04 11.5 +10
51 16
V = 12.5; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 35d
17.5"
(1/23/88): fairly bright, fairly small, round, bright core. Brightest in a group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4067 = H III-37 = h1069 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 174) and recorded
"eF, vS, in a line with 2 small stars and followed by one that is
larger. I had some doubt with the
sweeping power, but 240x showed it very plainly and of considerable
extent." There is nothing at
his position but 1 min of RA west (similar error with several other nebulae
discovered that night) and 3' south is UGC 7048. JH made 5 observations and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4068 = IC
757 = UGC 7047 = MCG +09-20-079 = CGCG 269-031 = PGC 38148
12 04 00.8 +52
35 18
V = 12.5; Size 3.3'x1.7'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 30d
48"
(4/20/17): moderately bright, fairly large, elongated SW-NE. The surface brightness of this galaxy
is fairly low but very irregular/patchy with a ragged outline and there is no
core or zones. A mag 12 star is
superimposed near the center, which is not well defined, and a second mag 14 star
is at the southwest end. The
brightest section is near the mag 12 star and to the NE. The outline is irregular and spreads
out more on the northeast half.
NGC 4102 lies 23' ENE.
17.5"
(5/13/88): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated SW-NE. A mag 12 star is superimposed and a mag
14 star is at the SW end 40" from the center. A string of four mag 11-13.5 stars is just NW. In a low power field with NGC 4102 24'
ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4068 = H II-781 on 12 Apr 1789 (sweep 919) and recorded
"pF, Stellar." On 26 Apr
1789 (sweep 929), a second observation reads "A pS star involved in
nebulosity of no great extent; the star does not seem to belong to it." His position is about 15 sec of RA east
and 2' south of UGC 7047.
According to
Harold Corwin, Bigourdan misidentified a star as NGC 4068 on two nights and
"rediscovered" it on 11 Mar 1886, though made an error in his
position, and it was catalogued by Dreyer as IC 757. Once the error is corrected, Corwin found NGC 4068 = IC 757.
******************************
NGC 4069 = PGC
38166
12 04 06.0 +20
19 26
V = 15.5; Size 0.3'x0.2'
24"
(3/22/14): faint, very small, round, 15" diameter. Located 1.7' SSE of NGC 4066. NGC 4060 lies 1.5' NW and an extremely
faint galaxy (possibly NGC 4056) lies 2.0' SW. Either I missed the mag 16 star just off the southeast edge
(~10" from center) or the galaxy and star were merged together
17.5"
(5/14/88): extremely faint and small, round. Located 1.7' SSW of NGC 4066. Forms an equilateral triangle with NGC 4060 and NGC 4066
within the NGC 4065 cluster. The
NGC identification of this number is not certain.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4069 = h1070 on 24 Feb 1827 and described as "vF, R, 4th of
5; has another on same meridian, north". This is one of the very faint galaxies near NGC 4066 and was
not seen by WH, although JH equated h1070 with his father's H. III 392. His position (single sweep) is 6 tsec
east of PGC 38166 and the nebula "on the same meridian, north" would
refer to NGC 4066. But if he picked
up this faint galaxy, it's surprising he didn't also see NGC 4060 = CGCG
128-006, which is is just 1.5'
NW. See Harold Corwin's discussion
in his identification notes.
******************************
NGC 4070 = NGC
4059? = UGC 7052 = MCG +04-29-009 = CGCG 128-009 = WBL 374-008 = PGC 38169
12 04 11.3 +20
24 36
V = 13.1; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1
24"
(3/22/14): fairly faint to moderately bright, small, round, high surface
brightness, very small bright nucleus.
NGC 4066 lies 3.7' S.
17.5"
(3/28/87): faint, small, round, weak concentration. Located 3.8' NNE of NGC 4066 within the NGC 4065 cluster.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4070 = H III-391 = h1071, along with 5 other nebulae, on 27 Apr
1785 (sweep 403) and noted together as "Six nebulae. The times and numbers belong to the
three first (III-391, III-392 and III-393)..." His position (Auwer's reduction) is 2.4' southeast of UGC
7052, the same offset he made with NGC 4066 = H III-392. JH recorded it as a nova and measured
an accurate position on one sweep.
Harold Corwin
concludes that NGC 4059 = h1064 may be a duplicate observation of NGC 4070.
******************************
NGC 4071 = PK
298-4.1 = ESO 094-PN12 = PN G298.3-04.8
12 04 15.3 -67
18 35
V = 13.0; Size 80"x51"
18" (7/6/05
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): I had a difficult time ferreting out this
faint PN that is buried within a very rich Milky Way field. It was finally picked up at 76x (27
Panoptic) and OIII filter as a faint, round disc at least 40" in
diameter. Removing the filter, a
faint star is superimposed on the SW side of a low surface brightness
glow. Also viewed unfiltered at
228x which showed the faint star and the disc more easily, though this is quite
a faint NGC planetary. The best
view was at 128x using an OIII filter, although this is a low-excitation
planetary. The disc appeared
fairly faint with subtle irregularities in surface brightness and was likely
brighter along portions of the rim.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4071 = h3374 on 4 Mar 1835 and recorded "vF; R; 40";
has a vS star in centre; in a field of at least 80 or 90 stars." His position is accurate. The "vS star" he mentions
might be the one on the southwest side.
******************************
NGC 4072 = CGCG
098-045 = CGCG 128-010 = WBL 374-009 = PGC 38176
12 04 13.8 +20
12 35
V = 14.8; Size 0.5'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 30d
24"
(3/22/14): faint, very small, round, 15" diameter. Not difficult to pick up 2.4' SE of NGC
4065. A mag 13.6 star is 1' NE.
17.5"
(3/28/87): extremely faint and small, round, at visual threshold. A mag 13 star is 1.1' NE of
center. Located 2.6' SE of NGC
4065. Member of the NGC 4065
cluster.
Ralph Copeland
discovered NGC 4072 on 3 Apr 1872 using the 72" during an observation of
GC 2686 = NGC 4061 and GC 2689 = NGC 4065. He described "a third and much fainter neb
south-following the second [NGC 4065], in pos 128.4¡, dist 144.1" At precisely Copeland's offset is CGCG
098-045 = PGC 38176.
******************************
NGC 4073 = UGC
7060 = MCG +00-31-029 = CGCG 013-059 = WBL 372-011 = PGC 38201 = Todd 12a
12 04 27.0 +01
53 45
V = 11.4; Size 3.2'x2.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 105d
17.5"
(5/10/86): moderately bright, elongated WNW-ESE, moderately large, bright core,
stellar nucleus. Brightest of a
poor cluster (MKW 4) with NGC 4063 6.0' SW, NGC 4075 11' N, NGC 4077 7.3' SSE,
NGC 4139 = IC 2989 6.0' SSE and UGC 7042 8' W, all in the field.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4073 = H II-277 = h1072 on 20 Dec 1784 (sweep 349) and noted
"F, S". David Todd
independently found this galaxy (#12a) on 2 Jan 1878 during his his search for
a trans-Neptunian planet.
******************************
NGC 4074 = MCG
+04-29-011 = CGCG 128-013 = WBL 374-011 = PGC 38207
12 04 29.6 +20
18 59
V = 14.4; Size 0.5'x0.2'; Surf Br = 11.6; PA = 105d
17.5"
(3/28/87): faint, very small, round, even surface brightness. Located within the NGC 4065 cluster
with NGC 4076 7' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4074 = H III-393 = h1073, along with 5 other nebulae, on 27 Apr
1785 (sweep 403) and noted together as "Six nebulae. The times and numbers belong to the
three first [NGC 4072 = III-391, NGC 4070 = III-392 and NGC 4074 = III-393]
which are vF, vS." His
position (Auwer's reduction) is 3.1' too far southwest (given the same RA as
NGC 4072 = H III-391). JH made a
single observation, measured an accurate position, and noted "eF".
******************************
NGC 4075 = MCG
+00-31-032 = CGCG 013-064 = PGC 38216 = Todd 11
12 04 37.8 +02
04 22
V = 13.5; Size 1.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 60d
17.5"
(5/10/86): fairly faint, fairly small, almost round, stellar nucleus. Located 11' NNE of NGC 4073 within a
group.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4075 = h1074 on 14 Apr 1828 and noted "F; S; R." His position is 6 sec of RA west of
CGCG 013-064 = PGC 38216. David
Todd found the galaxy again on 27 Dec 1877 during his search for a
trans-Neptunian planet and reported it as object 11 in his 1885 AN paper.
******************************
NGC 4076 = UGC
7061 = MCG +03-31-034 = CGCG 098-046 = CGCG 128-012 = WBL 374-010 = PGC 38209
12 04 32.5 +20
12 18
V = 13.3; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.9
24"
(3/22/14): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 30" diameter, small slightly
brighter core. Located 6.5' ESE of
NGC 4065 (close pair with NGC 4061).
NGC 4072 lies 4.4' W.
17.5"
(3/28/87): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, diffuse. Located within the NGC 4065 cluster and
the eighth galaxy in the field.
LEDA 213924 lies 2' NE and appeared very faint, very small, round. Forms a right angle with NGC 4076 2.1'
SW and a mag 13 star to the SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4076 = H III-396 = h1075 on 27 Apr 1785 (sweep 403) and recorded
"Six nebulae. The times and numbers belong to the three first [III-391,
III-392 and III-393]..." The
three nebulae [10 to 12'] to the south, which he did not measure positions, are
likely NGC 4061, NGC 4065, and NGC 4076 (three brightest). JH recorded this nebula on a single
sweep (24 Feb 1827) and simply noted "the last of 5." and equated it
with H III-396. His position is
2.7' too far south-southeast.
Ralph Copeland,
observing with LdR's 72" on 3 Apr 1872, notes "south following these
nebulae [NGC 4061, 4065 and 4072] are two others, F, L, R, glbM and eF, L, R,
lbM, pos 47.6¡, Dist 133.6".
The last pair refers to NGC 4076 and PGC 213924.
******************************
NGC 4077 = NGC
4140 = UGC 7063 = MCG +00-31-031 = CGCG 013-063 = PGC 38218
12 04 38.0 +01
47 16
V = 13.1; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 15d
17.5"
(5/10/86): fairly faint, oval ~N-S.
A mag 14 star is attached at the north end. Forms a pair with NGC 4139 = IC 2989 1.3' NW. Located 7.5' NNE of NGC 4073 in a
group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4077 = H III-258 = h1076 on 20 Dec 1784 (sweep 349) and noted
"vF, vS." CH added the
noted "goes in the same field with preceding [NGC 4073]
conveniently." JH made a single observation, logging "F; R; bM;
20"; the sf of two {with NGC 4073]."
Heinrich
d'Arrest independently found this galaxy, as well as NGC 4139, on 10 Apr 1863,
but his RA was exactly 5 min too large, and Dreyer recatalogued it as NGC
4140. So, NGC 4077 = NGC
4140. NGC 4077 was found again by
David Todd 15 years later (5 Jan 1878) during his search for a trans-Neptunian
planet and reported as object #16a and #14a . See Harold Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 4078 = NGC
4107 = UGC 7066 = MCG +02-31-023 = CGCG 069-043 = WBL 375-001 = PGC 38238
12 04 47.6 +10
35 44
V = 13.2; Size 1.3'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 18d
17.5"
(1/23/88): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, bright core. Located in a group with NGC 4083 6.6'
ENE, IC 2991 6.7' NE and NGC 4082 7.4' NE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest found NGC 4078 on 23 Mar 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position, measured
on two nights, matches UGC 7066 = PGC 38238. Albert Marth also found the galaxy just two nights later
from Malta. But d'Arrest
originally discovered it on 17 Apr 1863, and it was catalogued as GC 5617 = NGC
4107, but he made a 2 minute error in RA.
So, NGC 4078 = NGC 4107.
The UGC notes
misidentifies NGC 4083 as NGC 4078.
******************************
NGC 4079 = UGC
7067 = MCG +00-31-034 = CGCG 013-067 = PGC 38240
12 04 49.9 -02
22 57
V = 12.4; Size 2.2'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 125d
17.5"
(3/24/90): faint, fairly small, diffuse, slightly elongated NW-SE, even surface
brightness. A mag 13 star is off
the NW end 1.7' from center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4079 = h1077 on 15 Apr 1828 and recorded "not vF; L; R;
40"; has a * 10m, 60" north." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 4080 = UGC
7068 = MCG +05-29-006 = CGCG 158-012 = PGC 38244
12 04 51.8 +26
59 33
V = 13.7; Size 1.4'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 122d
18"
(3/30/05): faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 NW-SE, 1.0'x0.4'. The core appears to be offset SE of
center as the galaxy appears to extend to the NW of this spot.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4080 = H III-355 = h1078 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted
"vF, pmE, S." His
position matches UGC 7068. JH made
4 observations.
******************************
NGC 4081 = UGC
7062 = MCG +11-15-015 = CGCG 315-010 = PGC 38212
12 04 33.7 +64
26 13
V = 12.8; Size 1.5'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 135d
17.5"
(3/20/93): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 NW-SE, 1.2'x0.5'. A nice evenly matched mag 10 double
star (STI 739) is 4.7' NW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 4081 = Sw I-20 on 18 Jun 1884 and recorded "F; S; vE; D *
nr; preceding nearest bright star east 20 sec." His position is 18 tsec E and 1' N of UGC 7062. His description matches.
******************************
NGC 4082 = MCG
+02-31-026 = CGCG 069-046 = Holm 324b = WBL 375-004 = PGC 38274
12 05 11.4 +10
40 14
V = 14.4; Size 0.9'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 80d
17.5"
(1/23/88): extremely faint, very small, round. Forms a faint pair with NGC 4083 3.7' SSE within the NGC
4067 group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 4082 = m 232 on 25 Mar 1865 and noted "vF, vS, lE,
lbM."
******************************
NGC 4083 = MCG
+02-31-024 = CGCG 069-044 = Holm 324c = WBL 375-002 = PGC 38275
12 05 14.0 +10
36 47
V = 14.3; Size 0.9'x0.7'; PA = 45d
17.5"
(1/23/88): very faint, very small, round, even surface brightness. Located 2.2' NNW of a mag 10.5
star. Forms a faint pair with NGC
4082 3.7' NNW. Located within the
NGC 4067 group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 4083 = m 233 on 25 Mar 1865 and noted "eF, vS."
******************************
NGC 4084 = MCG
+04-29-014 = CGCG 128-017 = PGC 38272
12 05 15.3 +21
12 52
V = 14.4; Size 0.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.4
17.5"
(5/14/88): fairly faint, very small, round, bright core, faint stellar
nucleus. Located less than 1¡
north of the NGC 4065 cluster.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4084 on 26 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position, measured
on two nights, matches CGCG 128-017 = PGC 38272 and he accurately place a mag
13 star that precedes by 2 seconds of time and 3' north.
******************************
NGC 4085 = UGC
7075 = MCG +09-20-086 = CGCG 269-032 = Holm 326b = LGG 258-040 = PGC 38283
12 05 22.9 +50 21
12
V = 12.4; Size 2.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 78d
17.5"
(4/13/91): fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 4:1 WSW-ENE,
2.5'x0.6', weak concentration.
Forms an isosceles triangle with mag 7.6 SAO 28237 6' SW and mag 8.4 SAO
28247 7' SE. NGC 4088 lies 11'
NNE.
8"
(3/28/81): faint, small, elongated WSW-ENE. Two mag 8 stars are in the field to the SE and SW. Located 11' SSW of NGC 4088.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4085 = H I-224 on 12 Apr 1789 (sweep 919) and recorded "pB,
mE, the brightness confined to a small point." His position is poor - about 6' too far southeast. d'Arrest found it on 4 Dec 1861 but his
position was nearly 3' too far south (he suspected it was identical to H
I-224. JH still assigned two
numbers in the GC, but Dreyer combined the two GC designations in the NGC. d'Arrest later made two accurate
measurements of NGC 4085
******************************
NGC 4086 = UGC
7076 = MCG +04-29-016 = CGCG 128-018 = PGC 38290
12 05 29.3 +20
14 49
V = 13.6; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 85d
17.5"
(3/28/87): faint, very small, round, weak concentration. Located 13' E of NGC 4076. Forms a pair with NGC 4090 3.9' N
within the NGC 4065 cluster.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4086, along with NGC 4090, on 2 May 1864 with the
11-inch refractor at Copenhagen.
His single position is a fairly good match with UGC 7076 and he
accurately places a mag 9 star as 7' to the west. In his description he also mentions another nebula is 3' to
the north. This refers to NGC 4090,
though his RA for this object is 10 sec too large.
******************************
NGC 4087 = ESO
505-010 = MCG -04-29-005 = PGC 38303
12 05 35.3 -26
31 21
V = 12.1; Size 2.1'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 39d
18"
(4/29/06): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated, small bright
core. A mag 10 star 5' SSW has two
faint companions (RST 2777); a close mag 13 star at 1.8" and a wider
12" companion. I'm surprised
that neither Herschels mentioned this interesting unequal triple. Several brighter stars are scattered in
the field.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4087 = H III-754 = h3375 on 24 Feb 1789 (sweep 911) and logged
"Suspected, eF, too low to be verified, but I have not much doubt."
JH made a single observation from the Cape of Good Hope and recorded "pB;
R; gbM." Lewis Swift found it
on 11 Apr 1898 and reported it as new in his list XI-132. His position and description matches,
though he didn't notice the earlier discovery. Howe reported on Sw XI-132, "this must be identical
with 4087, since both are pretty bright, and their places agree within three
seconds in right ascension and 1' in declination."
******************************
NGC 4088 = Arp
18 = VV 357 = UGC 7081 = MCG +09-20-089 = CGCG 269-033 = Holm 326a = LGG
258-010 = PGC 38302
12 05 34.1 +50
32 23
V = 10.6; Size 5.8'x2.2'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 43d
48"
(4/4/11): this is a showpiece spiral in the 48-inch with the startling eyepiece
view matching the detail in the DSS image. The galaxy extended 5.5'x2.0' SW-NE. Near the center is an elongated,
extremely bright core. The very
bright central portion extends from the core in a roughly 2'x0.5' region
towards the southwest but is concave a bit, bending slightly towards the south. This feature appears similar to a
slightly distorted central bar.
Just south of this central bar is a dust lane extending SW to NE that
parallels the bar, though it is more contrasty to the northeast of the core.
The dust lane
separates the bright bar feature from a very long arm that extends the entire
length of the galaxy along the south side and vaguely emerges from the
southwest end of the bar. This arm
is clumpy with a couple of large, bright knots to the south of the core and
another prominent knot towards the east end of the galaxy (1.7' NE of the
core). Beyond this knot the arm
quickly dims, fans out a bit and bends to the north towards a mag 13.5 star.
Emerging from
the northeast end of the core is a second prominent arm that immediately
doubles back towards the southwest on the north side. This arm nearly parallels the central bar to the north and
is separated by a less contrasty darker strip or lane. This clumpy arm contains a fairly
prominent knot only 0.6' NW of the core.
After this point the arm dims dramatically continuing a bit further
southwest. The two main arms,
along with the central bar create a squashed irregular "Z"
appearance.
MCG +09-20-092,
which lies 5' SE in the field, appeared faint, small, round, 20" diameter,
fairly low even surface brightness.
18"
(3/13/10): using 280x this striking, irregular spiral extends 5:2 SW-NE, rougly
5'x2'. The surface is noticeably
mottled and clumpy with a dark patch or dust lane that extends to the south of
the core with a weaker darkening to the north of the core. At the northeast end of the galaxy, a
portion of what appears to be a spiral arm emerges from the main body and bends
to the north. A corresponding
feature on the SW end of the galaxy, bending south, is much more subtle.
18"
(5/3/08): at 280x appeared very bright, large, elongated 5:2 SW-NE, 4.5'x1.8',
contains a bright elongated core.
The galaxy is very asymmetric, with an unusually mottled or clumpy
appearance and an irregular outline.
At the NE end is a faint extension (this is a disrupted arm on the DSS)
that juts out or dangles from the NE end of the main body and hooks slightly
towards a mag 13.5 star located 3.7' NE of center. A more subtle irregular
extension is at the SW end. Just
east of the north side of the core the surface brightness drops, either due to
a dust lane or large dust patch on the east side of the core and then brightens
a bit again just following the dust patch. NGC 4085 lies 11' SSW.
17.5"
(4/13/91): bright, fairly large, elongated 5:2 SW-NE, 5.0'x2.0', mottled patchy
appearance, small elongated brighter core but no nucleus. A mag 15 star is 2' off the NW
side. Faint spiral structure is
visible with concentration. An
extremely faint arm is off the NE end curving towards a mag 14.5 star to the NE
3.7' from center and a second extremely faint arm is just visible off the SW
end curving to the south. Forms a
pair with NGC 4085 11' SSW.
8"
(3/28/81): fairly bright, elongated SW-NE, weak concentration,
cigar-shaped. Forms a pair with
NGC 4085 11' SSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4088 = H I-206 on 9 Mar 1788 (sweep 816) and logged "cF, E,
about 4' long." His summary
description from 3 observations reads "cB, E, 45¡ np sf, 6' long, 4' br,
almost equally bright."
Sir Robert Ball,
observing assistant at Birr Castle on 28 Mar 1867, recorded "vB, vL, E
53.5¡. A new spiral with probably
many details of interest, of an S shape.
THere is certainly a brighter portion sf the nucleus with a dark lane
between them. Likewise, a similar
brightness np the nucleus. I
thought the darkness did not extend all round the centre. There can be little doubt of the curved
branch following, it seems to proceed in the direction of a star nf."
******************************
NGC 4089 = MCG
+04-29-017 = CGCG 128-020 = PGC 38298
12 05 37.5 +20
33 21
V = 13.7; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(5/14/88): faint, very small, slightly elongated, bright core, faint stellar
nucleus. Forms a very close pair
with NGC 4091 37" E of center.
First of six in field within the NGC 4065 cluster.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4089, along with NGC 4901, on 2 May 1864 and described
a double nebula separated by 3 sec in RA.
His mean position from 3 nights matches CGCG 128-020 = PGC 38298.
******************************
NGC 4090 = UGC
7077 = MCG +04-29-015 = CGCG 128-019 = IC 2997 = PGC 38288
12 05 27.9 +20
18 32
V = 13.9; Size 1.2'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 38d
17.5"
(3/28/87): faint, almost round, diffuse, fairly small. A mag 14 star is 1.1' SE of
center. Located 3.7' N of NGC 4086
within the NGC 4065 cluster.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4090, along with NGC 4086, on 2 May 1864. He mentioned this galaxy in his
description for NGC 4086 as 3' to the north but his position is 10 sec of RA
too large and 1.3' too far south.
He notes a mag 13 star 1.1' southeast, as mag 15-16 at 60"
distance, so the identification is certain despite the poor position.
IC 2997,
discovered by Bigourdan, is not identical to NGC 4090, as assumed in modern
catalogues. See Corwin's
identification notes.
******************************
NGC 4091 = UGC
7083 = MCG +04-29-019 = CGCG 128-022 = PGC 38308
12 05 40.1 +20
33 21
V = 14.4; Size 1.0'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 43d
17.5"
(5/14/88): faint, very small, elongated SW-NE. A mag 13.5 star is 1.0' S. Forms a very close pair with NGC 4089 37" W of center
and the second of six in the field within the NGC 4065 cluster.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4091, along with NGC 4089, on 2 May 1864 and described
a double nebula separated by 3 sec in RA.
His mean position from 4 nights matches UGC 7083 = PGC 38308.
******************************
NGC 4092 = UGC
7087 = MCG +04-29-020 = CGCG 128-023 = PGC 38338
12 05 50.2 +20
28 38
V = 13.2; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(5/14/88): faint, very small, round, weak concentration. A mag 11.5 star is close NW 0.9' from
center. This galaxy is the third
of six in the field with NGC 4093 2.6' NNE in the NGC 4065 cluster.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4092 = H III-382, along with NGC 4095 and 4098, on 26 Apr 1785
(sweep 402) and recorded "Three, the time is that of the last [NGC 4098],
which is vF and S. The other two
which are south-preceding are much fainter and smaller." His single position is 11 seconds of
time east and 2.5' north of NGC 4098 = UGC 7093.
Heinrich
d'Arrest measured an accurate position for UGC 7087 on 4 nights and questioned
if it was one of WH's three objects.
Dreyer credited d'Arrest with the discovery of NGC 4092 and Dreyer
states in his 1912 Scientific Papers that WH probably saw NGC 4093. But Harold Corwin argues that NGC 4092
is brighter and most likely seen by WH, despite being further south.
******************************
NGC 4093 = MCG
+04-29-021 = CGCG 128-024= PGC 38323
12 05 51.4 +20
31 18
V = 14.3; Size 0.8'x0.7'
17.5"
(5/14/88): very faint, very small, round, weak concentration. A mag 14 star is close off the NW edge
1.1' from center. Fourth of six in
the field within the NGC 4065 cluster.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4093 on 4 May 1864. Two nights earlier he discovered the pair NGC 4089 and
4091. His position, measured on 3
nights, CGCG 128-024= PGC 38323.
In his 1912
revision of WH's catalogues, Dreyer suggests H III-382 is NGC 4093. But more likely WH picked up NGC 4092,
which is brighter.
******************************
NGC 4094 = MCG
-02-31-016 = UGCA 269 = PGC 38346
12 05 54.0 -14
31 35
V = 11.8; Size 4.2'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 63d
18"
(3/19/04): fairly faint, fairly large, elongated at least 5:2 SW-NE, 2.2'x0.8,
fairly low even surface brightness.
The NE end of the galaxy points between a mag 10.5 star just following
(2.2' E of center) and a mag 11 star close north (1.7' from center). NGC 4114 lies 28' NE. The galaxy is located 8' N of mag 9.3 HD
105063.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4094 = h3376 on 7 May 1836 and recorded "eF; L; pmE;
vgbM. The direction of elongation
points between two stars 11m; very near, and nf the centre." His position and description matches
MCG -02-31-016 = PGC 38346.
******************************
NGC 4095 = MCG
+04-29-022 = CGCG 128-025 = PGC 38324
12 05 54.3 +20
34 22
V = 13.5; Size 0.9'x0.9'
17.5"
(5/14/88): faint, very small, round, small bright core. A mag 14 star is 1.0' E. Fifth of six in the field within the
NGC 4065 cluster with NGC 4098 3.1' NE.
Located between NGC 4093 and NGC 4098.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4095 = H III-383 = h1079, along with NGC 4092 and 4098, on 26
Apr 1785 (sweep 402) and recorded "Three, the time is that of the last
[NGC 4098], which is vF and S. The
other two which are south-preceding are much fainter and smaller." His position is 11 tsec east and 2.5'
north of NGC 4098 = UGC 7093. The
"other two" are likely NGC 4095 = CGCG 128-025 and NGC 4092 = UGC
7087, the next two brighter galaxies in the group. JH's position is less than 1' too far north and d'Arrest measured
a very accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4096 = UGC
7090 = MCG +08-22-067 = CGCG 243-043 = PGC 38361
12 06 01.0 +47
28 41
V = 10.8; Size 6.6'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 20d
17.5"
(4/7/89): bright, very large, almost edge-on 4:1 SW-NE, sharp concentration
with a very small bright core embedded within the long extensions. Member of the CVn II Group (brightest
member M106).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4096 = H I-207 = h1081 on 9 Mar 1788 (sweep 816) and reported
"cF, mE about 4' long from sp to nf but nearer the meridian." On 10 Apr 1788 (sweep 830) he recorded
"cB; mE; 6 or 7' long, from sp to nf, about 70¡." In his 1811 PT paper, WH commented
"it seems to join to imperceptible nebulosity on the south preceding
side." The galaxy does extend further out and more gradually fade on the
southwest side. JH called it
"B; vL; mE in pos 32¡; seen through much fog." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 4097 = UGC
7092 = MCG +06-27-004 = CGCG 187-004 = PGC 38363
12 06 02.5 +36
51 49
V = 13.4; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 98d
18"
(4/5/03): fairly faint, small, round, 0.5' diameter, very small brighter core,
occasional faint stellar nucleus.
Located 1.6' NNE of a mag 11.4 star, close to the UMa/CVn border.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4097 = H III-400 = h1080 on 1 May 1785 (sweep 405) and recorded
"eF, vS, suspected, stellar; about 1 1/2' north of a small
star." His position and
description of the nearby star points to UGC 7092. This was the first of 42
galaxies discovered on this night.
JH made two observations describing (sweep 331) "vF; R; vsbM; has a
* 10m, 45¡ sp, 90" dist."
******************************
NGC 4098 = NGC
4099: = VV 61 = UGC 7093 = MCG +04-29-023/24 = CGCG 128-026 = PGC 38365
12 06 03.6 +20
36 28
V = 13.7; Size 0.6'x0.4'
17.5"
(5/14/88): fairly faint, fairly small, round, bright core. Last and brightest of six in the field
within the NGC 4065 cluster.
Appears slightly brighter than NGC 4092 8.4' SSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4098 = H III-384 = h1082, along with NGC 4092 and 4095, on 26
Apr 1785 and recorded "Three, the time is that of the last [NGC 4098],
which is vF and S. The other two
which are south-preceding are much fainter and smaller." His position is poor, 11 tsec east and
2.5' north of NGC 4098 = UGC 7093.
On 27 Dec 1786 (sweep 671) he recorded "Two, the place is that of
the most north [NGC 4098], which is the largest. Both vF."
This time his position was just 6 sec of RA west of NGC 4098. The second object was either NGC 4095
or NGC 4092. JH measured an
accurate position for h1082 = NGC 4098, though mistakenly called this object
III-383.
******************************
NGC 4099 = NGC
4098 = UGC 7093 = MCG +04-29-023/24 = CGCG 128-026 = VV 61 = PGC 38365
12 06 03.6 +20
36 28
See observing
notes for NGC 4098.
William Herschel
found NGC 4099 on 26 Apr 1785 (sweep 402), recording three nebulae described as
"Three, time is that of the last [NGC 4098], which is vF and S. The other two [probably NGC 4092 and
4095] which are south preceding are much fainter and smaller." JH was confused trying to match his
father's three objects with the two he observed and those discovered by
d'Arrest. He attributed the
discovery of NGC 4092 to d'Arrest (instead of WH) and assigned III-384
separately to GC 2714 (later NGC 4099).
But III-384 applies to NGC 4098 = h1082 and Dreyer suggests in his 1912
update of WH's catalogues that NGC 4099 "is probably superfluous". Since this number is a duplicate of one
of WH's discovered, I've arbitrarily equated it with NGC 4098 here.
******************************
NGC 4100 = UGC
7095 = MCG +08-22-068 = CGCG 243-044 = PGC 38370
12 06 08.4 +49
34 59
V = 11.2; Size 5.4'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 167d
17.5"
(5/2/92): bright, very large, very elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, 4.0'x1.5', large
brighter core, faint stellar nucleus.
The northern extension appears slightly brighter. Mag 8.2 SAO 44027 is 7' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4100 = H III-717 = h1084 on 9 Mar 1788 (sweep 816) and logged
cF, mE about 5' long near the meridian [N-S], about a little sf." CH's reduction is 1.3' northeast of
center. JH made two observations,
recording on sweep 329 "pB; vL; mE in pos 166.5¡; 3' long, 1' broad,
vgvlbM. This cannot be either [NGC
4088] nor [NGC 4096], as neither of these agrees in its angles of
position."
******************************
NGC 4101 = UGC
7093 = MCG +04-29-025 = CGCG 128-027 = PGC 38373
12 06 10.6 +25
33 25
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 60d
17.5"
(5/11/02): faint, small, irregularly round, 0.6'x0.5', weak even concentration
to the center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4101 = H III-326 = h1083 on 6 Apr 1785 (sweep 393) and recorded
"eF, vS. 240 verified it with
great difficulty. It was in the
field I gaged, otherwise I should certainly have overlooked it." JH made two observations and his mean
position is a good match with UGC 7093 = PGC 38373.
******************************
NGC 4102 = UGC
7096 = MCG +09-20-094 = CGCG 269-036 = LGG 258-041 = PGC 38392
12 06 23.0 +52
42 40
V = 11.2; Size 3.0'x1.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 38d
48"
(4/20/17): at 488x; fascinating galaxy with unusual structure. Overall, NGC 4102 is very bright,
large, elongated at least 2:1 SSW-NNE, ~2.5'x1.1', very sharply concentrated
with a small, intensely bright nucleus surrounded by a bright oval core SW-NE
with a bar-like enhancement. Just
outside the core the surface brightness drops significantly forming a darker
[dusty] annulus. Surrounding
this is a bright, thick, mottled ring oriented NNW-SSE (slightly offset in
orientation from the core). A
brighter knot (SDSS J120625.26+524307.4) is at the NE end of the ring [32"
NE of center]. On the SDSS this
corresponds with the brightest star cloud in the galaxy and the site of
supernova 1975E. A brighter mag 12.5 star is 50" WSW of center, just
outside the halo. When the seeing
settled this star resolved into a close pair (~13.2/13.8 at 1.8"
separation!) NGC 4068 lies 23'
WSW.
17.5"
(5/13/88): fairly bright, moderately large, oval 3:2 SW-NE, small very bright
core, stellar nucleus. A mag 12.5
star is at the west end 48" from the center!
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4102 = H I-225 = h1085 on 12 Apr 1789 (sweep 919) and noted
"pB, pL." JH recorded
"B; R; psbM; has a * 12m 35" sp, very near the edge." and
measured an accurate position.
George Stoney or
Ld R, observing on 13 Apr 1852, noted "I suspect a dark curved passage
south of center, probably a new spiral." Four years later R.J. Mitchell confirmed "I have little
doubt this is a spiral" and he made two diagrams of the arm arrangement.
******************************
NGC 4103 = ESO
130-SC5 = Cr 252 = Mel 109 = Lund 604
12 06 40 -61 15
00
Size 7'
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): at 105x, ~60 stars mag 9.5-13 are resolved in a 8'
region including roughly ten mag 10 stars. The cluster has a very interesting asymmetric arrangement
with a perfect 5' string of five stars extending out of the cluster to the WSW. Two other short strings on the
following end meet up and make a perfect arrow asterism. Located 12' ESE of mag 6.6 HD
104971. Located two degrees WSW of
mag 3.6 Epsilon Crucis.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 4103 = D 291 = h3377 on 30 Apr 1826 and recorded "a cluster
of small stars of mixt magnitudes, irregular figure, about 6' long and 4'
broad." His position was 12'
too far west.
JH observed the
cluster on 3 sweeps. On 14 Mar
1834 he logged "middle of a rich, large, irregularly round cluster; poor
VI or rich VII, stars 10..14 mag; diam 5' with stragglers." His second observation was made under
poor conditions: "cluster of stars class VII, pretty rich and compact,
stars 10..12 mag, and nearly equal; diameter 5'; the whole field is in a state
of wavy fluctuation, owing to the SE wind, and so bad that each star is dilated
into a large puff ball." The final sweep was recorded as "A 10th mag
star in centre of a pretty rich close cluster; 5' diameter; irregularly round;
stars 10..13 mag."
******************************
NGC 4104 = UGC
7099 = MCG +05-29-016 = CGCG 158-024 = PGC 38407
12 06 38.9 +28
10 26
V = 12.1; Size 2.6'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 35d
17.5"
(3/20/93): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 1.8'x1.2',
broad concentration. Forms a close
pair with MCG +05-29-015 3.0' SW of center. The companion appeared faint, small, round, broad weak
concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4104 = H II-370 = h1086 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted
"pB, cL, mb towards the nf side." His position (CH's reduction) is 20 sec of time too far west. JH made a total of 6 observations, so
pinned down the position.
******************************
NGC 4105 = ESO
440-054 = MCG -05-29-013 = PGC 38411
12 06 40.7 -29
45 38
V = 10.7; Size 2.7'x2.0'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 151d
18"
(5/28/06): western member of a close, moderately bright pair with NGC 4106,
just 1.1' between centers. Appears
round, ~45" diameter, sharply concentrated with a bright, prominent
core. The halo is fairly faint and
increases in size with averted vision to ~1' diameter. This galaxy is slightly larger and the
brighter of the duo. Nearby
galaxies include IC 2996 lies 17' SW, IC 3005 17' SE and IC 3010 38' SE.
8"
(5/21/82): elongated glow resolves into NGC 4105 and NGC 4106 just
following. NGC 4105 is slightly
brighter and larger but appears faint, small and round.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4105 = H II-865 = h3378, along with NGC 4106, on 7 Mar 1791
(sweep 998) and logged "Two, within a minute of two of each other. Both F, S, R, bM. Nearly in the same parallel." JH made two observations, recording on
sweep 452 "The first of a double nebula (pos 111.2¡ by means of 2
measures), B; R; pL; psbM; r; 25"."
******************************
NGC 4106 = ESO
440-056 = MCG -05-29-014 = PGC 38417
12 06 45.3 -29
46 06
V = 11.4; Size 1.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 77d
18"
(5/28/06): eastern member of a close, striking pair with slightly brighter NGC
4106 just 1.1' west. Appears
moderately bright, round, ~40" diameter, well concentrated with a bright,
prominent core. The halo is fairly
faint and increases in size with averted vision to ~55" diameter. This galaxy is slightly smaller with a
less condensed core than NGC 4106.
8"
(5/21/82): faint, small, round.
This is a close companion to NGC 4105 and is the slightly fainter and smaller
of the pair.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4106 = H II-866 = h3379, along with NGC 4105, on 7 Mar 1791
(sweep 998). JH made two
observations, recording on sweep 452 "The 2nd of a double nebula, B; R;
pL; psbM; r; 25"."
******************************
NGC 4107 = NGC
4078 = UGC 7066 = MCG +02-31-023 = CGCG 069-043 = PGC 38238
12 04 47.6 +10
35 44
See observing
notes for NGC 4078.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4107 on 17 Apr 1863 and described (loosely translated)
a "very small, slightly elongated planetary, a mag 10-11 star follows by
30.2 seconds of time and 1' south."
There is nothing at his position but Harold Corwin found that exactly
two min of RA west is NGC 4078, which has a star at his required offset. d'Arrest recorded the galaxy again on
23 Mar 1865 (and just two days later by Albert Marth) at the correct position
and it was also catalogued NGC 4078. So, NGC 4107 = NGC 4078.
In the IC 1
notes, Sherburne Burnham states "delete planetary; the star is
np". This seems to imply
Burnham found some object at the NGC position but in the IC 2 notes Dreyer
comments "not found by Frost on plates of 4h exposure" [from Annals
of Harvard College Observatory, Vol 88, No 1]. Reinmuth writes "=*13.5, no nebulosity seen. *10 ssf 2.6', *13.2 spp 1.4'." Dorothy Carlson classifies NGC 4107 as
a star and this error is repeated in the RNGC. See Harold Corwin's identification notes for more.
******************************
NGC 4108 = UGC
7101 = MCG +11-15-023 = CGCG 315-015 = PGC 38423
12 06 44.6 +67 09
47
V = 12.3; Size 1.7'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 105d
17.5"
(3/29/89): brightest in a quartet with UGC 7106 = NGC 4108B 5' NNE, UGC 7087 =
NGC 4108A 8' NW and UGCA 272 = CGCG 315-017 15' NE. Moderately bright, small, almost round, broad concentration. A mag 11.5 star lies 1.9' SE.
NGC 4108A
appeared very faint, small, elongated N-S and NGC 4108B is very faint, very
diffuse, fairly small, irregularly round.
NGC 4108B was logged as very faint, very diffuse, fairly small,
irregularly round. Finally, UGCA
272 was noted as fairly faint, fairly small, oval, brighter core.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4108 = h1087 on 3 Apr 1832 and recorded "B; R; gbM;
20"; first class". His
single position matches UGC 7101.
******************************
NGC 4109 = MCG
+07-25-024 = CGCG 215-027 = Holm 333b = WBL 380-002 = PGC 38427
12 06 51.1 +42
59 44
V = 14.2; Size 1.0'x0.9'
24"
(5/30/16): fairly faint, fairly small, roundish, 20" diameter, broad weak
concentration. Forms a close pair
with LEDA 2210701 just 40" to the east. A mag 13.5 star lies 1' NNW. NGC 4109 is situated 4.7' SSE
and UGC 7094 is 7.7' SW.
LEDA 2210701
appeared extremely faint and small, ~6" diameter. Once acquired, I could hold it nearly
50% of the time, despite a very low SDSS magnitude (V ~16.0). The redshift of z = .086 implies a
light-travel time of 1.1 billion years!
UGC 7094 is very
faint, edge-on 4:1 SW-NE, 1.0'x0.25', very low surface brightness with no
noticeable concentration.
13.1"
(4/12/86): very faint, small, round.
Forms a pair with NGC 4111 5.0' NNE. NGC 4117 lies 9' NE.
Located on the Ursa Major-Canes Venatici border.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 4109 on 21 Apr 1851 with LdR's 72" and simply noted,
"the first [NGC 4109] is vF and 6' ssp the second [NGC 4111], which is vB
and mE. A double star is 5' nf,
whose smaller component is blue."
Although mentioned in the 1861 publication, JH did not include this
galaxy in the GC, but Dreyer added it to the GC Supplement (GCS 5618).
******************************
NGC 4110 = UGC
7102 = MCG +03-31-040 = CGCG 098-058 = PGC 38441
12 07 03.5 +18
31 54
V = 13.7; Size 1.3'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 128d
17.5"
(5/11/02): faint, fairly small, elongated 5:3 NW-SE, 0.8'x0.5', low fairly even
surface brightness. A nice mag
12/13 double lies 5.5' S [separation 14"]. Globular cluster NGC 4147 is 43' following.
William Rambaut
(Lord Rosse's first observing assistant) discovered NGC 4110 on 1 April 1848
while observing globular cluster NGC 4147. It was described as "a
small nebula, RA 3 min less than that of [NGC 4147]." Nearly 30
years later it was observed again and placed 3 min, 3.5 sec preceding and
35" south of NGC 4147. This is the first galaxy discovered at Birr
Castle and one of only three discoveries by Lord Rosse!
******************************
NGC 4111 = UGC
7103 = MCG +07-25-026 = CGCG 215-028 = Holm 333a = WBL 380-003 = PGC 38440
12 07 02.6 +43
04 01
V = 10.7; Size 4.6'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 150d
24"
(5/30/16): at 225x; very bright, beautiful edge-on ~7:1 NNW-SSE, 3.5'x0.5'. Sharply concentrated with a small very
bright elongated core, with an unusually bright quasi-stellar nucleus. An extremely faint star or stellar knot
was suspected near the southeast end.
A very wide unequal pair (HJ 2596) with a orange mag 8.1 primary lies
3.7' NE.
NGC 4111 is the
brightest in a group containing NGC 4109 4.8' SSW, NGC 4117 8.6' NE, NGC 4118
9.4' NE, UGC 7094 11.6' SW and UGC 7089 12.8' NW. All of these galaxies with the exception of UGC
7089 are roughly aligned in a 20' string oriented SW-NE. UGC 7094 appeared very faint, very
elongated 4:1 SW-NE, 1.0'x0.25', very low surface brightness with no noticeable
concentration.
18"
(5/14/07): this striking edge-on is extends 6:1 NNW-SSE, ~3.5'x0.6'. Dominated by a small, sharply concentrated,
intense core. The core is only
24"x15" and brightens somewhat to the center. The eastern flank possibly has a
sharper edge, but no dust lane was visible. Located 4' SW of a wide double star (8.2/10.7 at 34").
18"
(6/4/05): fairly bright, fairly large, excellent edge-on at least 6:1
NW-SE. Sharply concentrated with a
very bright 20" core that increases to the center. The extensions are very thin, ~3'x0.4',
with a slightly bulging core. A
wide double star (8.2/10.7 at 34") to the northeast is collinear with the
core.
17.5":
fairly bright, fairly large, edge-on 5:1 NW-SE, small very bright core, long
thin extensions. A double star
with components mag 8.2/10.7 at 34" separation lies 3.8' NE. Brightest in a group with NGC 4109 4.8'
SW and NGC 4117 8.7' WSW.
13"
(4/12/86): fairly bright, pretty edge-on, small very bright core, faint thin
arms. Located 5' SW of a mag 8
star. In a group with NGC 4109 5'
SSW and NGC 4117 8.5' WSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4111 = H I-195 = h1088 on 14 Jan 1788 (sweep 798) and recorded
"E sp nf, vBN with faint branches.
His position and description matches UGC 7103. On 6 Feb 1788 (sweep 810) he made another observation and
also discovered NGC 4117. JH first
recorded (sweep 150) "B; S; mE; sbM; a double star point to its
nucleus."
******************************
NGC 4112 = ESO
321-006 = MCG -07-25-003 = AM 1204-395 = PGC 38452
12 07 09 -40 12
24
V = 12.0; Size 1.6'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 5d
18"
(5/15/10): at 175x, this southern galaxy appeared fairly faint (view diminished
by low elevation), fairly small, elongated 3:2 N-S, ~45"x30", broad
concentration. Located just north
of a group of 3 stars with the closer two (1' S and 1.5' S) collinear with the
major axis of the galaxy and mag 9.25 HD 105253 2' SSW. ESO 321-7, located just 2.5' ESE, was
not seen.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4112 = h3380 on 2 Mar 1835 and recorded "F; S; R; at the
end (or forming the continuation of an arc of 3 stars respectively, in order 8,
9 and 10m."
******************************
NGC 4113 = NGC
4122 = MCG +06-27-011 = CGCG 187-009 = PGC 38451
12 07 08.5 +32
59 46
See observing
notes for NGC 4122.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4113 = h1089 on 3 Apr 1831 and simply noted as
"eF". There is nothing
at his position but Harold Corwin found that exactly one degree north is NGC
4122, which JH found earlier on 29 Apr 1827, but also with a poor
position! So, likely NGC 4113 =
NGC 4122.
******************************
NGC 4114 = MCG
-02-31-018 = PGC 38460
12 07 12.3 -14
11 08
V = 13.1; Size 1.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 135d
18"
(5/8/04): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:3 NW-SE, 1.0'x0.6'. Sharply concentrated with a small,
prominent core which increases to a quasi-stellar nucleus. The low surface
brightness halo requires averted to view.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4114 = H III-533 = h3381 on 27 Mar 1786 (sweep 548) and recorded
"vF, S, iF. Time uncertain to
5 or 6 seconds." JH noted "F;
S; R: gbM; 15"." and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4115
12 07 09.6 +14
24 24
=*?, Gottlieb.
Not found, RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4115 = h1090 on 3 Apr 1826 and simply noted "a suspected
neb. Extremely faint." There are no galaxies near his
position, though a mag 14.8 star is 30" away. So, either this number is lost or perhaps refers to this
faint star. See Harold Corwin's
notes.
******************************
NGC 4116 = UGC
7111 = MCG +01-31-022 = CGCG 041-041 = PGC 38492
12 07 37.2 +02
41 29
V = 12.0; Size 3.8'x2.2'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 155d
17.5"
(3/28/87): moderately bright, fairly large, elongated NNW-SSE. Appears brighter along the major
axis. NGC 4123 lies 14.1' NE.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 4116 on 6 Mar 1851 using LdR's 72" and noted "another
also E and vF, about 18' south-preceding [NGC 4123]." The actual separation is 14', but the
identification NGC 4116 = UGC 7111 is certain. On 18 Apr 1855, NGC 4116 was sketched "U" shaped
(open at one end) with the comment "a wedge-shaped division running
downwards?" Christian Peters
measured an accurate position and noted "RA and NPD in the GC [JH's
estimated position] not good."
******************************
NGC 4117 = UGC
7112 = MCG +07-25-027 = CGCG 215-029 = Holm 334a = LGG 269-018 = PGC 38503
12 07 46.1 +43
07 35
V = 13.0; Size 1.8'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 18d
24"
(5/30/16): fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, very elongated 3:1
SSW-NNE, 0.9'x0.3', well concentrated with a small bright elongated core with
faint extensions. Forms a pair with
NGC 4118 1.8' SE. NGC 4111, the
brightest member in a group, lies 8.6' SW and orange mag 8.1 HD 105288 (wide
pair) is 5' WSW.
17.5":
fairly faint, fairly small, oval SSW-NNE, weak concentration. Forms a close pair with faint NGC 4118
1.6' SE and NGC 4111 lies 8.5' WSW.
The double star h2596 = 8.2/10.7 at 34" is 5' WSW.
13"
(4/12/86): fairly faint, small, elongated SSW-NNE, broadly concentrated. Located on the opposite side of a mag 8
star from NGC 4111.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4117 = H III-708 = h1091 on 6 Feb 1788 (sweep 810) and logged
vF, vS. The foregoing nebula [NGC
4111], 2 stars [HJ 2598] and this are in a line from sp to nf."
******************************
NGC 4118 = MCG
+07-25-028 = CGCG 215-030 = Holm 334b = PGC 38507
12 07 52.8 +43
06 41
V = 14.6; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 150d
24"
(5/30/16): at 225x; very faint, very small, slightly elongated NW-SE,
~14"x10". Located just
1.5' SE of NGC 4117. Member of the
NGC 4111 group.
17.5":
extremely faint, very small, requires averted to glimpse. Forms a close pair with much brighter
NGC 4117 1.6' NW.
13": not
seen.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 4118 on 20 Apr 1857 using LdR's 72". He noted "about 60" or
70" sff [of NGC 4117] is an eF nebulous knot which I at first took for a
star." The 1880 publication
includes a sketch and this object is labeled "delta". Dreyer credited Lawrence Parsons, the
4th Earl of Rosse, with the discovery.
******************************
NGC 4119 = NGC
4124 = IC 3011 = UGC 7117 = MCG +02-31-036 = CGCG 069-058 = PGC 38527
12 08 09.7 +10
22 43
See observing
notes for NGC 4124
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4119 = H II-14 on 18 Jan 1784 (only object in short sweep 85)
and recorded "a nebula of a longish figure, not cometic; probably it consists
of stars." There is nothing at his position (using 59 Vir as the reference
star) and the galaxy could not be recovered by Bigourdan, Reinmuth or Frost
(Annals of Harvard College Observatory, Vol 88, No 1).
According to
Harold Corwin, NGC 4119 is likely another observation of NGC 4124 as originally
suggested by Dreyer in his 1912 revision of Herschel's catalogues: "WH's
final position is just 50 arcmin south of NGC 4124, and there are no other
bright galaxies nearby that he might have picked up."
******************************
NGC 4120 = UGC
7121 = MCG +12-12-001 = CGCG 335-004 = LGG 272-002 = PGC 38553
12 08 31.4 +69
32 35
V = 13.5; Size 1.8'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 166d
17.5"
(3/29/89): very faint, thin, very elongated NNW-SSE. A mag 15 star is at the south end 0.5' from center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4120 = H III-904 on 6 Apr 1793 (sweep 1036) and noted "eF,
vS, E from north to south."
CH's reduced position is 33 sec of RA west and 2.5' north of UGC 7121.
******************************
NGC 4121 = MCG
+11-15-026 = CGCG 315-018 = Holm 335b = PGC 38508
12 07 56.5 +65
06 50
V = 13.5; Size 0.5'x0.45'
17.5"
(3/20/93): fairly faint but very small, round, stellar nucleus surrounded by a
small round halo. Forms a pair
with bright galaxy NGC 4125 3.6' NE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4121 on 9 Sep 1866 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position, measured
on 3 nights, matches CGCG 315-018 = PGC 38508.
******************************
NGC 4122 = NGC
4113 = MCG +06-27-011 = CGCG 187-009 = PGC 38451
12 07 08.5 +32
59 46
V = 13.9; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 55d
17.5"
(2/24/90): very faint, very small, slightly elongated, small bright core. Located at the NW edge of Coma
Berenices border. IC 3003 lies 12'
SSE (not noticed).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4122 = h1093 on 29 Apr 1827 and recorded "eF; vS; R;
mbM." There is nothing near
his position, though 1.1 min of RA west is CGCG 187-009 = PGC 38451. JH found the galaxy again on 3 Apr
1831, but his position on this sweep was 1 degree too far south! See Harold Corwin's identification
notes for NGC 4113.
******************************
NGC 4123 = UGC
7116 = MCG +01-31-023 = CGCG 041-042 = Mrk 1466 = PGC 38531
12 08 11.2 +02
52 41
V = 11.4; Size 4.4'x3.2'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 135d
17.5"
(3/28/87): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 3'x2', small
bright core. NGC 4116 lies 14.1'
SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4123 = H V-4 = h1092 on 23 Feb 1784 (sweep 158) and recorded
"vF, of a considerable extent, being about 5 or 6' diameter. To the north of the nebula at a
distance of about 15' or more is a bright triangle of stars, the base where of
is towards the nebula." His
position and description matches UGC 7116 = PGC 38531.
R.J. Mitchell,
observing on 29 Mar 1856 at Birr Castle, noted "the n one [NGC 4123] is
however a spiral like an "S", the arms being faint."
******************************
NGC 4124 = NGC
4119: = UGC 7117 = MCG +02-31-036 = CGCG 069-058 = IC 3011 = PGC 38527
12 08 09.7 +10
22 43
V = 11.3; Size 4.3'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 114d
17.5"
(5/14/88): bright, fairly large, elongated WNW-ESE, bright elongated core.
17.5"
(5/10/86): fairly bright, moderately large, attractive system, very elongated
3:1 WNW-ESE, elongated large bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4124 = H I-33 = H II-60 = h1094 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 174) and
logged II-60 as "F, S, r."
CH's reduced position is 2' northeast of UGC 7117. He logged it again as I-33 exactly a
month later as "B, L, mE, mbM, r." A note was added "by description not the same as
[II-60]. Nevertheless, JH combined
both (correctly) H-designations in the GC.
William Herschel
probably first discovered this galaxy on 18 Jan 1784 and listed as II-14 = NGC
4119. See notes on this number.
Finally Schwassmann's Sn. 124 = IC 3011, found on a Heidelberg plate on 23 Feb
1900 is an exact match. So, NGC
3124 = NGC 4119 = IC 3011.
******************************
NGC 4125 = UGC
7118 = MCG +11-15-027 = CGCG 315-019 = Holm 335a = PGC 38524
12 08 05.7 +65
10 24
V = 9.7; Size 5.8'x3.2'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 95d
17.5"
(3/20/93): bright, moderately large, very elongated almost 4:1 E-W,
2.5'x0.7'. A very bright elongated
core and nearly stellar nucleus dominates the galaxy with much fainter
extensions but overall the surface brightness is high. A mag 10 star is 2.4' ESE of center. Forms a pair with NGC 4121 3.6' SW.
John Russell
Hind discovered NGC 4125 = Au 28 on 5 Jan 1850 with a 7-inch Dolland refractor
at George Bishop's private observatory in London and noted "tolerably
bright, but small." This was
the second deep sky object he discovered after NGC 6760. In the next issue of Astronomische
Nachrichten he adds "of an elliptical form with a strong nuclear
condensation." Hind's Crimson
star is mentioned in the same note!
Auwer listed this galaxy as #28 in his 1862 list of new nebulae.
******************************
NGC 4126 = UGC
7123 = MCG +03-31-047 = CGCG 098-065 = PGC 38565
12 08 37.4 +16
08 34
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 0d
17.5"
(5/11/02): faint, small, slightly elongated N-S, 0.6'x0.5', weak even
concentration to a faint, stellar nucleus. A mag 14 star lies 2' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4126 = H III-68 = h1095 on 21 Mar 1784 (sweep 182) and noted
"Two vS stars very near each other with suspected nebulosity between
them. 240x left it doubtful." CH's reduced position is 23 sec of RA
east of UGC 7123, though interestingly there are two nearby stars that could
possibly be WH's object. Nevertheless,
JH's position is within 30" of UGC 7123.
******************************
NGC 4127 = UGC 7122
= MCG +13-09-012 = CGCG 352-019 = PGC 38550
12 08 26.3 +76
48 15
V = 12.7; Size 2.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 140d
17.5"
(5/2/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, broad mild
concentration. A mag 14.5 star is
at the east end and second mag 14 star is close east. Forms the east vertex of an isosceles triangle with mag 5.8
SAO 7500 13' NW and mag 7.4 SAO 7497 13' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4127 = H I-279 = h1096 on 12 Dec 1797 (sweep 1068) and noted
"pB, cL, irr E, bM." His
RA is either 45 sec too large, or perhaps he reversed the polar distance of
this object and NGC 4133 as the RA order is reversed. In any case, JH measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4128 = UGC
7120 = MCG +12-12-002A = CGCG 335-003 = Holm 337a = LGG 272-003 = PGC 38555
12 08 32.4 +68
46 04
V = 12.0; Size 2.6'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 58d
17.5"
(3/20/93): moderately bright, fairly small, very elongated 4:1 WSW-ENE,
1.5'x0.4'. Contains a very bright
core and almost stellar nucleus that dominates the much fainter extensions.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4128 = H I-263 on 6 Apr 1793 (sweep 1036) and noted "cB,
lE." CH's reduced position is
2' north of UGC 7120. CGCG does
not label its 335-008 as NGC 4128.
******************************
NGC 4129 = NGC
4130 = MCG -01-31-006 = PGC 38580
12 08 53.3 -09
02 12
V = 12.5; Size 2.3'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 95d
17.5"
(2/28/87): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated ~E-W, weakly
concentrated. A mag 13 star is 3.0'
NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4129 = H II-548 = h1097 = h3382 on 3 Mar 1786 (sweep 536) and
recorded "F, pL, mE from np to sf, not far from the parallel." JH made two observations at Slough and
once at the Cape of Good Hope. On sweep 136 he noted "F; vgbM; E in
parallel; 30" l, 20" br."
NGC 4130, found
by Heinrich d'Arrest, is a duplicate observation with an erroneous
position. See that number.
******************************
NGC 4130 = NGC
4129 = MCG -01-31-006 = PGC 38580
12 08 53.3 -09
02 12
See observing
notes for NGC 4129.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4130 on 15 Mar 1866 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His description
mentions a mag 13 star precedes by 21.7 seconds of time, but there is nothing
at his position. Harold Corwin
found his description fits NGC 4129, which is located exactly 5¡ south of
d'Arrest's position, and a mag 13 star is exactly 21 sec of time west! So, NGC 4130 = NGC 4129.
******************************
NGC 4131 = UGC
7126 = MCG +05-29-019 = CGCG 158-029 = Holm 339c = WBL 382-001 = PGC 38573
12 08 47.3 +29
18 17
V = 13.2; Size 1.3'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 73d
17.5"
(3/20/93): fairly faint, small, fairly high surface brightness, elongated 2:1
~E-W, small prominent core, stellar nucleus. Located 4.0' NE of a mag 10.5 star. First of three on a line and second
brightest with NGC 4132 4.5' SE and NGC 4134 9' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4131 = H III-356 = h1098, along with NGC 4132 and 4134 on 11 Apr
1785 (sweep 396) and recorded the trio as "Three, the time and number
belongs to the largest [NGC 4134] which is F, irregular. I suspect a fourth, but could not stay
to ascertain it, though I am pretty sure.
The other two are vF, S, mE."
******************************
NGC 4132 = MCG
+05-29-020 = CGCG 158-030 = Holm 339a = WBL 382-002 = PGC 38593
12 09 01.4 +29
15 01
V = 13.9; Size 1.1'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 20d
17.5"
(3/20/93): faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE, small brighter
core. Second and faintest of three
with NGC 4134 4.5' SSE and NGC 4131 4' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4132 = H III-357 = h1099, along with NGC 4131 and 4134, on 11
Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and recorded the trio as "Three, the time and number
belongs to the largest [NGC 4134] which is F, irregular. I suspect a fourth, but could not stay
to ascertain it, though I am pretty sure.
The other two [NGC 4131 and NGC 4132] are vF, S, mE." JH made three observations and his mean
position is a good match with this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 4133 = UGC
7127 = MCG +13-09-013 = CGCG 352-020 = PGC 38578
12 08 49.9 +74
54 15
V = 12.3; Size 1.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 125d
17.5"
(5/2/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, irregular surface
brightness with one or two bright knots possibly including a substellar
nucleus. Forms the vertex of a
right angle with a mag 12 star 2.5' N and a mag 13 star 2.2' E of center. Located 18' NNW of mag 6.4 SAO 7512.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4133 = H I-278 = h1100 on 12 Dec 1797 (sweep 1068) and noted
"cB, cL, iR, mbM." His
position matches UGC 7127, though Dreyer thought that WH exchanged the PD with
this object and NGC 4127. JH
called it "F; R; gbM. Strong
twilight" and measured an accurate position. On a later sweep he logged "pB; R; gbM."
******************************
NGC 4134 = UGC
7130 = MCG +05-29-023 = CGCG 158-031 = Holm 339b = WBL 382-003 = PGC 38605
12 09 10.0 +29
10 37
V = 12.8; Size 2.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 150d
17.5"
(3/20/93): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 5:2 NW-SE, broad
concentration, NGC 4132 5' NNW.
Brightest and third of three spiral galaxies almost collinear in a NW-SE
direction!
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4134 = H II-371 = h1101, along with NGC 4131 and 4132, on 11 Apr
1785 (sweep 396) and recorded the trio as "Three, the time and number
belongs to the largest [NGC 4134] which is F, irregular. I suspect a fourth, but could not stay
to ascertain it, though I am pretty sure.
The other two [NGC 4131 and NGC 4132] are vF, S, mE." JH made three observations and measured
a fairly accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4135 = MCG
+07-25-032 = CGCG 215-034 = PGC 38601
12 09 08.9 +44
00 12
V = 13.9; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 90d
17.5": very
faint, small, elongated WSW-ENE, weak concentration. Brighter of a pair with NGC 4137 5.5' NNE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 4135 = St XI-16, along with NGC 4137, on 4 May 1881. His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 4136 = UGC
7134 = MCG +05-29-025 = CGCG 158-034 = PGC 38618
12 09 17.7 +29
55 39
V = 11.0; Size 4.0'x3.7'; Surf Br = 13.8
13.1"
(4/12/86): moderately bright, round, brighter core, stellar nucleus. NGC 4131/NGC 4132 pair lies 38' SSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4136 = H II-321 = h1108 on 13 Mar 1785 (sweep 387) and recorded
"pB, L, gbM." His
position matches UGC 7134. JH
called it "vF; vL; 5 or 6' diam."
******************************
NGC 4137 = UGC
7135 = VV 454 = MCG +07-25-033 = CGCG 215-036 = PGC 38619
12 09 17.6 +44
05 26
V = 14.1; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 100d
17.5": very
faint, small, slightly elongated ~E-W, even surface brightness. Forms a pair with NGC 4135 5.5' SSW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 4137 = St XI-17, along with NGC 4135, on 4 May 1881. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 4138 = UGC
7139 = MCG +07-25-035 = CGCG 215-037 = PGC 38643
12 09 29.9 +43
41 07
V = 11.3; Size 2.6'x1.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 150d
13.1"
(4/12/86): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated NW-SE, rises quickly
to a small bright core, possible stellar nucleus. A mag 11 star is 2.0' NNW of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4138 = H I-196 on 14 Jan 1788 (sweep 798) and recorded "cB,
cL, vgbM, iF."
******************************
NGC 4139 = IC
2989 = MCG +00-31-030 = CGCG 013-061 = WBL 372-013 = PGC 38213
12 04 34.0 +01
48 05
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 30d
17.5"
(5/10/86): faint, very small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, small bright core. Forms a close pair with NGC 4077 just
1.3' NW in a group. Located 6.0'
SSE of NGC 4073. Listed as
"not found" in RNGC and identified as IC 2989 in UGC, MCG and CGCG as
d'Arrest's RA is 5 minutes too large.
Heinrich
d'Arrest found NGC 4139 = IC 2989 = PGC 38213, along with NGC 4140, on 10 Apr
1863. He described a double
nebula, with the companion preceding by 4-5 seconds of time and somewhat
north. There is nothing at his
position but Corwin found he made a 5 minute error in RA. See NGC 4140 for the story.
David Todd
independently found this galaxy on 6 Jan 1878 during his search for a
trans-Neptunian planet and reported it as objects #16b and #14b. Finally Guilllaume Bigourdan found this
galaxy a third time on 29 Mar 1895, placed it correctly and Big. 287 became IC 2989. Both Dorothy Carlson and the RNGC
misclassify NGC 4139 as nonexistent.
CGCG labels this galaxy as IC 2989, though RC3 gives NGC 4139 as an
identity.
******************************
NGC 4140 = NGC
4077 = UGC 7063 = MCG +00-31-031 = CGCG 013-063 = PGC 38218
12 04 38.0 +01
47 16
See observing
notes for NGC 4077
Heinrich
d'Arrest found NGC 4140 on 10 Apr 1863, along with NGC 4139, which was
mentioned as 5 seconds of time preceding and somewhat north. There is nothing near his usually
accurate ring-micrometer position.
But Harold Corwin notes that exactly 5 minutes of RA west of d'Arrest's
position is the pair NGC 4077 and IC 2989, matching his description. So, NGC 4140 = NGC 4077 and NGC 4139 =
IC 2989. Dorothy Carlson
classifies NGC 4140 as nonexistent in her NGC corrections list and this is
repeated in the RNGC. Listed in my
RNGC Corrections #6.
******************************
NGC 4141 = UGC
7147 = MCG +10-17-152 = CGCG 292-074 = PGC 38669
12 09 47.3 +58
50 57
V = 14.5; Size 1.3'x0.9'; PA = 75d
17.5"
(5/13/88): very faint, small, round, even surface brightness. Two mag 15 stars are 1' W and 1' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4141 = H III-795 = h1102 on 17 Apr 1789 (sweep 923) and noted
"vF, S, r, iF." His RA
is 20 tsec too small. JH made a
single observation, logging "F; pL; lE; gbM; 40"." and his RA is
15 sec too small.
******************************
NGC 4142 = UGC
7140 = MCG +09-20-102 = CGCG 269-037 = LGG 258-037 = PGC 38645
12 09 30.2 +53
06 18
V = 13.3; Size 2.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 175d
16" LX200
(4/14/07): faint, moderately large, elongated 3:2 N-S, 1.0'x0.6', weak
concentration. Nearly collinear
with a wide pair of mag 11/13 stars ~4' SW. NGC 4181 is located 32' SE.
17.5"
(5/13/88): faint, moderately large, diffuse, weak concentration, oval ~N-S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4142 = H III-814 = h1103 on 26 Apr 1789 (sweep 929) and logged
"vF, S, easily resolvable."
His position is accurate. JH made a single observation, noting
""vF; irreg fig; vglbM; twilight."
******************************
NGC 4143 = UGC
7142 = MCG +07-25-036 = CGCG 215-039 = PGC 38654
12 09 36.1 +42
32 03
V = 10.7; Size 2.3'x1.4'; Surf Br = 11.8; PA = 144d
13.1"
(4/12/86): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated, very bright core,
stellar nucleus. Located 5.0' NE
of mag 7.6 SAO 44055.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4143 = H IV-54 = h1104 on 14 Jan 1788 (sweep 798) and noted
"cB, Nucleus with faint chevelure (halo)." His position is just off the east side of this galaxy. JH logged "R; sbM to
nucleus."
******************************
NGC 4144 = UGC
7151 = MCG +08-22-077 = CGCG 243-048 = PGC 38688
12 09 58.5 +46
27 28
V = 11.6; Size 6.0'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 104d
17.5"
(4/7/89): fairly bright, very large, edge-on 5:1 WNW-ESE, 5'x1', bright
core. Double star mag 13.5/13.5 at
8" separation is off the SE end 2.3' from center. Located between two mag 9 stars 8' N
(double) and SAO 44057 7.7' SW.
Member of the M94 Group (CVn I Cloud) or possibly the CVn II Group
(brightest member M106).
8": faint,
edge-on WNW-ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4144 = H II-747 = h1107 on 10 Apr 1788 (sweep 830) and recorded
"pB, E, about 3' long, from np to sf about 15 or 20¡." JH made two observation, logging on
sweep 255 "F; vmE in pos 109¡ by meaure; vgvbM; 4' long, 30 or 40"
br."
******************************
NGC 4145 = UGC
7154 = MCG +07-25-040 = CGCG 215-042 = Holm 342a = PGC 38693
12 10 01.6 +39
52 58
V = 11.3; Size 5.9'x4.3'; Surf Br = 14.6; PA = 100d
24"
(5/30/16): at 200x; fairly bright, very large, roughly oval 4:3 ~E-W, 4'x3',
contains a large brighter core and a noticeably patchy or irregular halo with a
strong impression of spiral structure.
Two arms were fairly confident; one extending east of the core on its
south side and another extending west of the core on its north side. Otherwise, it seemed like slightly
brighter HII patches in the low surface brightness halo were just resolving in
the outer halo. Located 9' due
west of mag 6.8 HD 105824.
NGC 4145A = UGC
7175 lies 12' SE. It appeared
faint to fairly faint, fairly small as often only the 20" slightly
elongated core was visible.
Sometimes very low surface brightness extensions E-W were seen,
increasing the size to ~35"x20", but the full extension of the arms
were not detected.
13.1"
(3/17/86): fairly faint, fairly large, very diffuse, weak broad concentration,
slightly elongated E-W. Located 9'
W of mag 6.9 SAO 44055, a distraction for the low surface brightness galaxy. NGC 4151 lies 30' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4145 = H I-169 = h1105 on 18 Mar 1787 (sweep 717) and noted
"cB, cL." His position
is within the halo on the northwest side.
JH called it "pB; vL; dilute; vglbM."
******************************
NGC 4146 = UGC
7163 = MCG +05-29-028 = CGCG 158-036 = PGC 38721
12 10 18.3 +26
25 51
V = 12.7; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(5/4/02): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter. Weak concentration in halo but direct
vision revealed a very small brighter core of ~10" (this is a Seyfert
galaxy). Located 22' ESE of mag
7.1 SAO 82152.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4146 = H III-327 on 6 Apr 1785 (sweep 393) and noted "vF,
pS." CH's reduction is 13 sec
of time preceding UGC 7163. There were
no observations made by JH or at Birr Castle.
******************************
NGC 4147 = NGC
4153?
12 10 06.2 +18
32 32
V = 10.4; Size 4.4'; Surf Br = 0.1
48"
(4/22/17): NGC 4147, a class IX globular, was well resolved and impressive at
488x. It appeared very bright,
fairly large, large bright core.
Over 100 stars were resolved including a number of relatively bright
14.5-15.5 stars. The stellar
density increases significantly towards the center where a large number of
resolved stars are packed over a hazy, mottled background. The loose halo was well resolved and a
bit scraggly around the edges, which extended to ~5' diameter. The superthin galaxy UGC 7170 lies 18'
NNE.
17.5"
(4/13/96): moderately bright, fairly small, irregular 2'-2.5' diameter, very
small bright core. A few faint stars
are resolved at 220x including one brighter star at the south edge. Appears on the verge of more extensive
resolution. At 280x, the halo
clearly has an irregular outline and several stars are resolved in extensions
or star lanes. The core is mottled
and intense but not resolved.
17.5"
(3/20/93): fairly bright, moderately large, round, 2.5' diameter. Approximately six faint stars are just
resolved around the edges of the halo including a single easy mag 14 star at
the SSW edge. The compact core is
mottled and clumpy but has no clean resolution. There is an impression of several star lanes in the halo
just below the limit of resolution.
A 2010 journal
article on the capture of globular clusters, mentions NGC 4147 may be
associated with SagDEG (in addition to Terzan 7, Terzan 8, Arp 2 and Pal 12).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4147 = H I-19 = h1106 on 14 Mar 1784 (sweep 170) and recorded
"a very brilliant nebula. Not
cometic. Brightest in the middle
but the brightness extends a good way towards the extremes; pS." His position is 20 sec of time too
large. The NGC position is
accurate (Engelhardt measured a micrometric position).
WH probably
discovered this globular a month earlier on 15 Feb 1784 (sweep 146) and
recorded it as I-11 = NGC 4153, but his position was poor (not unusual in his
early sweeps). See that number and
Harold Corwin's NGC identification notes.
******************************
NGC 4148 = UGC
7158 = MCG +06-27-018 = CGCG 187-016 = PGC 38704
12 10 08.0 +35
52 39
V = 13.3; Size 1.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 165d
17.5":
faint, small, slightly elongated ~E-W, small bright core, stellar nucleus. A mag 13 star is 1.4' SE and a mag 12
star 4' W.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4148 on 7 Feb 1866 with the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen. His position, measured twice, matches
UGC 7158 and he accurately places a mag 12 star at 3.8 seconds of time
following (and 1.3' south).
******************************
NGC 4149 = NGC
4154 = UGC 7167 = MCG +10-17-155 = CGCG 292-076 = PGC 38741
12 10 32.9 +58
18 14
V = 13.2; Size 1.3'x0.3'; Surf Br = 11.8; PA = 87d
17.5"
(5/13/88): fairly faint, small, thin edge-on WNW-ESE, weak concentration. This is a pretty system.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4149 = H II-802 = h1109 on 17 Apr 1789 (sweep 923) and noted
"F, S, E." His position
is 3' northwest of UGC 7167 = PGC 38741.
He swept it up a second time on 18 Mar 1790 (sweep 951), but thought it
was new and recorded it as III-845 and later as NGC 4154 (see notes). So, NGC 4149 = NGC 4154. JH made a single observation (no
description) and his position was 9 tsec west and 1' south of UGC 7167.
******************************
NGC 4150 = UGC
7165 = MCG +05-29-029 = CGCG 158-037 = PGC 38742
12 10 33.7 +30
24 06
V = 11.6; Size 2.3'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 147d
17.5"
(4/15/93): fairly bright, moderately large, small very bright core, stellar
nucleus, faint halo extends NW-SE to 2.0'x1.3'. Located 6' E of mag 9 SAO 62870.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4150 = H I-73 = h1110 on 13 Mar 1785 (sweep 387) and noted
"vB, S." His position is
close off the southwest side of UGC 7165.
JH made the single observation "B; R: pgmbM; 25"; a * 8m 5'
preceding."
******************************
NGC 4151 = UGC
7166 = MCG +07-25-044 = CGCG 215-045 = Holm 345a = WBL 383-001 = PGC 38739
12 10 31.4 +39
23 19
V = 10.8; Size 6.3'x4.5'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 50d
13.1"
(3/17/86): very bright, very small or stellar nucleus, fainter halo. A mag 11.5 star is 2.3' N and a closer
mag 13 star is 1.3' N of center.
Forms a optical pair with NGC 4156 5.1' NE (the companion is in the
background). NGC 4145 lies 29' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4151 = H I-165 = h1111, along with NGC 4156, on 17 Mar 1787
(sweep 714) and recorded "vB, A bright nucleus, but the nucleus not in the
middle, or perhaps two joined together, the northern on having the
nucleus." CH's reduction is
on the northwest side of the halo.
On 26 April 1851
at Birr Castle, Bindon Stoney logged "Has a B, R centre with nucleus, then
two dark spaces concentric with the nucleus and outside these faint nebulosity
as in figure." Two night
laters he noted "Previous observation rather confirmed. The dark spaces
certainly exist, but I cannot be sure that appendages are not parts of spiral
branches." The following year
he wrote "Last year's observation confirmed as to dark curved spaces
preceding and following centre and faint nebulosity outside them
again." A sketch was
included in the 1861 publication (Plate XXVII, Fig. 20).
NGC 4151 is one
of the 6 galaxies studied by Seyfert in his seminal 1943 paper "Nuclear
Emission in Spiral Nebulae".
******************************
NGC 4152 = UGC
7169 = MCG +03-31-052 = CGCG 098-077 = Mrk 759 = PGC 38749
12 10 37.5 +16
01 59
V = 12.2; Size 2.2'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 115d
17.5"
(4/25/98): moderately bright, round, ~1' diameter, moderately concentrated with
a brighter core ~20" in diameter.
Halo increases to nearly 1.5' diameter with averted vision. Transparency poor due to smoke.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4152 = H II-83 = h1112 on 21 Mar 1784 (sweep 182) and noted
"F, pL, r." JH and
d'Arrest both observed and measured this galaxy four times.
******************************
NGC 4153 = NGC
4147?
12 10 06.2 +18
32 32
See observing
notes for NGC 4147. Identification
uncertain.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4153 = H I-11 on 15 Feb 1784 (sweep 146) and recorded "a B
nebula, not very large, however of some extent, it not R; the greatest
brightness lies towards the middle but is not circular. The whitishness of this nebula is of
the milky kind of the unresolveable nebula such as that of [M42]." There is nothing near his position
(during an early sweep when his positions were much more prone to error) but 14'
northwest is the globular cluster NGC 4147, which he recored just a month later
(14 Mar 1784).
Harold Corwin
notes that Walter Scott Houston may have suggested in one his Deep Sky Wonders
columns that NGC 4133 might have been a comet, although offered no proof. See Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 4154 = NGC
4149 = UGC 7167 = MCG +10-17-155 = CGCG 292-076 = PGC 38741
12 10 32.9 +58
18 14
See observing
notes for NGC 4149.
William Herschel
rediscovered NGC 4154 = H III-845 on 18 Mar 1790 (sweep 951) and recorded
"vF, S, E in the parallel."
His offset from Delta UMa and description (elongated E-W) points to
within 1' of UGC 7167. He first
discovered this galaxy on 17 Apr 1789 and recorded it as II-802 (and later
became NGC 4149), but his position was 3' too far northwest. So, NGC 4154 = NGC 4149.
Interestingly,
Bigourdan was not able to recover this galaxy and using Heidelberg plates,
Reinmuth apparently was confused and noted "*12?; no neb seen; BD +59 1426
nff 3.7'." Because of
Reinmuth's description, Dorothy Carlson identifies NGC 4154 as a star in her
1940 NGC correction list and RNGC classifies NGC 4154 nonexistent. NGC 4154 is not equated with NGC 4149
in any major catalogue. See Harold
Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 4155 = UGC
7172 = MCG +03-31-058 = CGCG 098-082 = PGC 38761
12 10 45.7 +19
02 27
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 81d
17.5"
(5/11/02): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter, moderate
concentration to a small bright core.
Two mag 10 stars are 9'-10' SW near the edge of the 20' field. Located 31' NNE of gc NGC 4147.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 4155 = Sw I-21 on 6 Apr 1885. Although his description
"vvF, vS" is not very helpful, his position is just 6 sec of RA east
and 1' south of UGC 7172.
******************************
NGC 4156 =
"The Eye of Sauron" = UGC 7173 = MCG +07-25-045 = CGCG 215-047 = Holm
345b = WBL 383-003 = PGC 38773
12 10 49.5 +39
28 22
V = 13.2; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5
13.1"
(3/17/86): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated E-W, possible faint stellar
nucleus. Forms a pair with
brighter NGC 4151 5.1' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4156 = H II-642 = h1113, along with NGC 4151, on 17 Mar 1787
(sweep 714) and noted "pB, S."
JH logged "vF; lE; vgbM."
******************************
NGC 4157 = UGC
7183 = MCG +09-20-106 = CGCG 269-038 = FGC 1380 = PGC 38795
12 11 04.9 +50
29 07
V = 11.3; Size 6.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 66d
17.5"
(5/2/92): bright, moderately large, edge-on 7:1 WSW-ENE, 5.0'x0.7', elongated
bright core, extensions taper at ends.
Located 4.3' SE of mag 8.0 SAO 28277. Two mag 10/10.5 stars oriented N-S are 3.8' SW and 5.1' SW
and a mag 11 star lies 4.9' NE.
This is a striking galaxy with several bright stars near adding to the
view.
8"
(3/28/81): faint, very elongated WSW-ENE, bright core. A mag 8 star is close NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4157 = H I-208 = h1114 on 9 Mar 1788 (sweep 816) and recorded
"F, mE from sp to nf, nearer the parallel, about 3' l and 3/4'
broad." JH made the single
observation "B; vmE; vglbM; 4' long." and d'Arrest measured the
position twice.
******************************
NGC 4158 = UGC
7182 = MCG +03-31-060 = CGCG 098-084 = PGC 38802
12 11 10.2 +20
10 32
V = 12.1; Size 1.9'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(5/14/88): moderately bright, fairly small, broad concentration, slightly
elongated ~E-W. A mag 11 star is
1.7' SE of center. Located 25' SW
of 5 Comae Berenices (V = 5.6).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4158 = H II-405 = h1115 on 27 Apr 1785 (sweep 403) and noted
"F, S, lE. Preceding a pB
star." His position is 2'
south of UGC 7182. JH noted
"vF; has a * nf.", but the star is southeast.
******************************
NGC 4159 = UGC
7174 = MCG +13-09-015 = CGCG 352-022 = PGC 38777
12 10 53.6 +76
07 34
V = 13.4; Size 1.3'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 35d
17.5"
(5/2/92): faint, small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, low almost even surface
brightness. Two mag 13 stars are
1.4' ESE and 1.0' NE of center.
The galaxy is elongated in the direction of the star to the NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4159 = H III-941 = h1116 on 12 Dec 1797 (sweep 1068) and
recorded "vF, pS. It has two
stars nf making a triangle with it."
CH's reduced position is 1.7' southeast of UGC 7174 and the description
is accurate. JH called it
"eF; R; makes equilateral triangle with 2 stars."
******************************
NGC 4160
12 11 36 +43 45
=Not found,
RNGC.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 4160 = Big 51 on 27 May 1886 and described "a
star 13.3m accompanied by a little nebulosty." There is nothing at his position (roughly midway between NGC
4138 and NGC 4183) and no modern catalogues carries this NGC number. Harold Corwin was not able to recover
this object. See his
identification notes.
******************************
NGC 4161 = UGC
7191 = MCG +10-18-002 = CGCG 292-078 = PGC 38834
12 11 33.3 +57
44 14
V = 12.9; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 50d
17.5"
(5/13/88): fairly faint, fairly small, bright core, elongated SW-NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4161 = H II-803 on 17 Apr 1789 (sweep 923) and noted "F,
S." His re-reduced position with respect to Delta UMa on 18 Mar 1790
(sweep 951) matches UGC 7191.
******************************
NGC 4162 = UGC
7193 = MCG +04-29-046 = CGCG 128-051 = PGC 38851
12 11 52.5 +24
07 25
V = 12.2; Size 2.3'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 174d
17.5"
(5/11/02): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 ~N-S,
~2'x1.3'. Weak concentration
except for a faint but distinct stellar nucleus (this is probably a
superimposed star). Located nearly
midway between a mag 10.5 star 2.6' SW and a mag 12 star 2.2' NE. A mag 14.5 star is 1' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4162 = H II-353 = h1117 on 10 Apr 1785 (sweep 394) and recorded
"pB, cL, bM, irr." His
position matches UGC 7193. JH
noted "B; L; E; bM; 60"."
******************************
NGC 4163 = NGC
4167 = UGC 7199 = MCG +06-27-026 = CGCG 187-020 = PGC 38881
12 12 09.1 +36
10 09
V = 14.0; Size 1.8'x1.6'; Surf Br = 15.1
17.5":
faint, moderately large, slightly elongated, very diffuse, weak concentration,
low surface brightness. Located
between mag 8.7 SAO 62893 7.0' NE and a double star ·1607 = 9.3/9.8 at 27"
oriented N-S located 9' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4163 = H III-399 on 28 Apr 1785 (sweep 404) and noted "vF,
pL, R, r." His position is 10
sec of RA west of UGC 7199. He
observed this galaxy again the next sweep (1 May) and added "lE;
er." NGC 4167, found by JH,
is a duplicate observation. See
that number.
******************************
NGC 4164 = CGCG
069-076 = PGC 38877
12 12 05.4 +13
12 20
V = 14.7; Size 0.3'x0.3'; Surf Br = 11.9
17.5"
(1/23/88): extremely faint, very small, round, only visible with averted
vision. Faintest in a trio and
located 3' SSW of NGC 4165 and 2.9' W of NGC 4168.
Willhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 4164 = T I-37 (as well as paper V) and placed it 2.5' south of
d'Arrest's "nova" [NGC 4165]. He commented "but it is strange that he has not
seen the second companion", though I'm not surprised as this galaxy is
quite faint. Interesting, the LdR
observation of NGC 4168 on 17 Feb 1855 reads "vB, R, bM, 2 stars
preceding." One of the
"stars" preceding must be NGC 4164, but it was seen as stellar.
This galaxy is
mentioned in the UGC notes for NGC 4168, but not identified as NGC 4164.
******************************
NGC 4165 = IC
3035 = UGC 7201 = MCG +02-31-045 = CGCG 069-078 = WBL 386-002 = PGC 38885
12 12 11.8 +13
14 47
V = 13.5; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 160d
17.5"
(1/23/88): very faint, fairly small, round, slightly elongated, diffuse. Located 2.6' NW of NGC 4168 in a trio
with NGC 4164.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4165 on 8 Apr 1864 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His single position is
1.4' too far southwest, unusually poor for his micrometric positions. He mentions that LdR (or assistant)
missed this nebula when he observed NGC 4168 in 1855.
Arnold
Schwassmann found this galaxy again on 16 Nov 1900 on a plate taken by Wolf
with the 6" astrograph at the Kšnigstuhl Observatory in Heidelberg. He
measured an accurate position and reported Sn. 222 (later IC 3035) as new. So, NGC 4165 = IC 3035. CGCG misidentifies an extremely faint
companion at the northwest side as IC 3035.
******************************
NGC 4166 = UGC
7198 = MCG +03-31-068 = CGCG 098-096 = PGC 38882
12 12 09.6 +17
45 26
V = 13.1; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 20d
17.5"
(5/11/02): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter, moderate
concentration to a very small brighter core. Very symmetrical appearance.
Willhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 4166 = T IX-10 on 15 Mar 1885 with the 11-inch refractor at
Arcetri while searching for the periodic Comet 1867 II. Tempel's position is just 1' S of
UGC 7198.
******************************
NGC 4167 = NGC
4163 = UGC 7199 = MCG +06-27-026 = CGCG 187-020 = PGC 38881
12 12 09.1 +36
10 09
See observing
notes for NGC 4163
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4167 = h1118 on 11 Mar 1831 and recorded "F; pL; R; vgbM; a
double star south-preceding dist 10'.
The MS observation makes the polar distance decidedly 33'; but should it
be a mistake for 52', this nebula would be identical to [NGC 4163]." There is nothing at his position, but
30' south is NGC 4163, as he suspected, and 8.5' southwest of this galaxy is a
double star. So, NGC 4167 = NGC
4163. Reinmuth writes "no pL
neb with ** sp 10' found; NGC 4167 = NGC 4163? and Dorothy Carlson repeated
this equivalence in her 1940 monograph on NGC corrections.
******************************
NGC 4168 = UGC
7203 = MCG +02-31-046 = CGCG 069-081 = PGC 38890
12 12 17.2 +13
12 18
V = 11.2; Size 2.8'x2.3'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(1/23/88): brightest of a trio with NGC 4164 2.9' W and NGC 4165 2.6' NW. Fairly bright, moderately large, bright
core, slightly elongated, stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4168 = H II-105 = h1119 on 8 Apr 1784 (sweep 187) and noted
"pS but pB, roundish, resolvable, containing some stars
visible." CH's reduction is
4.7' southeast of UGC 7203. JH
called this galaxy "B; R; psbM; irreg fig; r" and measured an
accurate position. Both Herschels missed nearby NGC 4165, which was discovered
by d'Arrest.
In the IC 2
Notes section, Dreyer mentioned "not found by Frost on plates of 4 hr
exposure", although this is a bright galaxy and the NGC position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 4169 = HCG
61A = KTG 42A = UGC 7202 = MCG +05-29-032 = CGCG 158-041 = The Box = Rose 10 =
PGC 38892
12 12 18.8 +29
10 46
V = 12.2; Size 1.8'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 153d
48"
(4/20/17): extremely bright, moderately large, very elongated 5:2 NW-SE,
1.5'x0.6'. Sharply concentrated with
a relatively large bright core that increases to an intensely bright nucleus.
24"
(5/22/17): at 282x; bright, moderately large, oval 2:1 NNW-SSE, ~1.2'x0.6',
highly concentrated with an intense, elongated core that increases to a
quasi-stellar nucleus.
18"
(6/17/06): brightest member of HCG 61 = "The Box". Appears moderately bright, fairly
small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, 1.2'x0.7'.
Well concentrated with a 25" bright core that increases to the
center.
13.1"
(4/12/86): brightest in a small group of four galaxies = HCG 61. Moderately bright, fairly small,
slightly elongated NNW-SSE, very small bright core. Forms the west vertex of a nearly perfect rectangle with NGC
4173 1.7' NNE, NGC 4174 2.5' SE and NGC 4175 2.9' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4169 = H III-358 = h1120, along with NGC 4173, 4174 and 4175, on
11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and recorded "Four, the time and number belongs to
the largest [NGC 4170], which is F and S.
The other three are less and fainter; forming a small quartile, the largest
being the most north of the preceding side; all within 3 arc minutes."
******************************
NGC 4170
12 12 18 +29 12
= Not found,
Thomson. =*?, Corwin.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4170 and 4171 on 10 May 1864, while observing the NGC
4169 quartet = HCG 61. Under his
description for H. II-372 = NGC 4173, he noted "In addition, I think I see
two other nearby nebulae; clearer skies would help." There was no position or offset given
for these possible two nebulae and most likely he glimpsed a couple nearby eF
stars. The galaxy identified as
NGC 4170 in the RNGC is NGC 4173.
Other sources apply the designations NGC 4170 = NGC 4171 to NGC 4173.
******************************
NGC 4171
12 12 18 +29 11
= Not found and
NGC 4173, Thomson.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4170 and 4171 on 10 May 1864, while observing the NGC
4169 quartet = HCG 61. He did not
provide a position or offset, so it is impossible to assign these numbers to a
nearby faint star with any confidence. See notes for NGC 4170.
******************************
NGC 4172 = UGC
7205 = MCG +09-20-109 = CGCG 269-039 = CGCG 292-080 = PGC 38887
12 12 15.0 +56
10 38
V = 13.2; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(5/13/88): fairly faint, fairly small, bright core, stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4172 = H II-792 = h1123 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920) and noted
"F, S, R, bM." His RA is
45 sec too small. JH recorded
"pF; S; E; gbM; 15" l, 12" br." and measured an accurate
position (in the NGC).
******************************
NGC 4173 = HCG
61B = KTG 42B = Holm 346a = NGC 4171 = UGC 7204 = MCG +05-29-033 = CGCG 158-043
= FGC 1382 = The Box = Rose 10 = PGC 38897
12 12 21.4 +29
12 25
V = 13.0; Size 5.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 134d
48"
(4/20/17): fairly faint to moderately bright, very large, edge-on 6:1 NW-SE,
2.5'x0.4', fairly low surface brightness with only a modest central brightening
and no distinct core or nucleus.
24"
(5/22/17): at 282x; fairly faint, very large, very elongated ~6:1 NW-SE with
averted, 2.0'x0.35', low surface brightness. Only a broad weak concentration with no distinct
core/nucleus.
18"
(6/17/06): faint, fairly large, very elongated 4:1 NW-SE, 1.5'x0.4'. Overall, low surface brightness with a
very weak central brightening.
Faintest of the HCG 61 quartet and apparently in the foreground as its
recessional velocity is only 1/3 of the other three galaxies.
13.1"
(4/12/86): very faint, very elongated NW-SE, low even surface brightness. Faintest in the NGC 4169 group = HCG 61
and located just 1.7' NNE of NGC 4169.
Forms the north vertex of a rectangle with NGC 4174, and NGC 4175.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4173 = H II-372 = h1121 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396). See description under NGC 4169. The RNGC misidentifies this galaxy as
NGC 4170, which is nonexistent (possibly a star).
Although NGC
4173 appears perfectly lined up with NGC 4175, it is apparently in the
foreground with a redshift only 1/3 of the other three galaxies.
******************************
NGC 4174 = HCG
61D = UGC 7206 = MCG +05-29-034 = CGCG 158-044 = Mrk 761 = The Box = Rose 10 =
PGC 38906
12 12 26.9 +29
08 57
V = 13.3; Size 0.9'x0.35'; Surf Br = 11.7; PA = 50d
48"
(4/20/17): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 3:1 SW-NE, 0.9'x0.3'.
Sharply concentrated with a very small, very bright core that increases to an
intensely bright stellar nucleus!
24"
(5/22/17): at 282x; moderately bright, fairly small, oval 2:1 SW-NE,
0.6'x0.3'. Contains a very small
and very bright core with a sharp stellar nucleus (brighter than the nucleus of
NGC 4169).
18"
(6/17/06): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:1 SW-NE, 0.9'x0.3', sharply
concentrated with a bright 15"-20" rounder core with the extentions
much fainter. Smallest member of the
striking HCG 61 quartet.
13.1"
(4/12/86): fairly faint, prominent very small bright core. Slightly elongated halo is faint and
small. This galaxy is the smallest
in NGC 4169 group = HCG 61. Forms a small rectangle with NGC 4175 1.5' NE, NGC
4175 2.5' NW and NGC 4173 3.6'
NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4174 = H III-359 = h1122 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396). See notes under NGC 4169.
******************************
NGC 4175 = HCG
61C = KTG 42C = Holm 346b = UGC 7211 = MCG +05-29-036 = CGCG 158-045 = The Box
= Rose 10 = PGC 38912
12 12 31.0 +29
10 06
V = 13.2; Size 1.8'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 130d
48"
(4/20/17): fairly bright, fairly large, edge-on 5:1 NW-SE, ~1.5'x0.3', contains
a large, brighter bulging core.
The extensions taper at the ends giving a spindle appearance. This galaxy is parallel to NGC 4173 and
perpendicular to NGC 4174 to the southwest.
24"
(5/22/17): at 282x; moderately bright, fairly large, thin edge-on 5:1
NW-SE. 1.25'x0.25'. Contains a
brighter elongated core but not strongly concentrated and no nucleus. NGC 4174, 1.5' SW, is orientated
exactly perpendiculat to NGC 4175.
18"
(6/17/06): fairly faint, moderately large, edge-on 5:1 NW-SE, 1.3'x0.25', broad
weak concentration to a slightly brighter bulging core. Fades at the tips. Second of two edge-ons in HCG 61 =
"The Box" with NGC 4173 3' NW.
13.1"
(4/12/86): faint, edge-on NW-SE, bright core, similar in size to NGC 4173 but
fainter. Last of four in the NGC
4169 group = HCG 61 with NGC 4169 2.9' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4175 = H III-360 = h1124 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396). See notes under NGC 4169.
******************************
NGC 4176 = PGC
38928
12 12 36.8 -09
09 37
V = 14.8; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 70d
18"
(5/12/07): extremely faint, very small, round, 0.3' diameter, low even surface
brightness. A small group of stars
follows in the field. Located 12'
SW of mag 8.7 HD 106225.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 4176 = LM II-454 in 1886 and recorded "mag
16.0, 0.3' dia, R, slbMN, *10 follows 15 sec." His position matches PGC 38928. A mag 12 star is 12 sec following and is likely the one in
his description.
******************************
NGC 4177 = MCG
-02-31-021 = PGC 38937
12 12 41.2 -14
00 52
V = 12.5; Size 1.6'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 69d
18"
(5/8/04): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 3:2 WSW-ENE, 1.0'x0.7',
broad concentration. With averted
vision a very faint larger halo increases the size to perhaps 1.4'x1.0'.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4177 = H III-534 = h3383 on 27 Mar 1786 (sweep 548) and logged
"vF, pL, of unequal light."
His position is 12 sec of time too far west. JH recorded "vF; pL; R; vgbM; 60"." and
measured a fairly accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4178 = IC
3042 = UGC 7215 = MCG +02-31-050 = CGCG 069-088 = PGC 38943
12 12 46.4 +10
51 57
V = 11.4; Size 5.1'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 30d
17.5"
(5/14/88): fairly bright, large, very elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE. Gradually increases to a small bright
core and faint stellar nucleus.
17.5"
(5/10/86): very large but diffuse, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE, very little
central concentration but a brighter knot appears along the SW edge. Located 7.0' WNW of mag 7.6 SAO 99995.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4178 = h1125 on 11 Apr 1825 and recorded "vF; E nf to sp;
40"." On a later sweep
he noted "vF; vL; E; a * 7m follows 7' +/- distance." His position matches UGC 7215 and the
bright star follows by 7'
Arnold
Schwassmann found it again on 6 Sep 1900 on a plate taken with the 6" astrograph
at Heidelberg. Neither he nor
Dreyer noticed the equivalence in position with NGC 4178 and it was
recatalogued as IC 3042.
******************************
NGC 4179 = UGC
7214 = MCG +00-31-038 = CGCG 013-104 = Todd 15 = PGC 38950
12 12 52.1 +01
17 57
V = 11.0; Size 4.0'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 143d
17.5"
(3/24/90): bright, fairly small, very distinctive edge-on system oriented
NW-SE, very bright core, sharp light cut-off along the SW flank. A string of mag 11 stars trail off to
the NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4179 = H I-9 = h1126 on 24 Jan 1784 (sweep 118) and recorded
"F, vS, E." JH logged
"pB; S; mE; a ray with a nucleus pos 45¡ np to sf." The NGC position (from JH) matches UGC
7215.
David Todd found
this galaxy on 5 Jan 1878 during his search for a trans-Neptunian planet and
recorded it as object 15 in his list of suspected objects.
******************************
NGC 4180 = UGC
7219 = MCG +01-31-025 = CGCG 041-048 = PGC 38964
12 13 03.0 +07
02 20
V = 12.6; Size 1.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 22d
17.5"
(3/24/90): moderately bright, fairly small, pretty edge-on SSW-NNE, small
bright nuclear bulge, stellar nucleus.
NGC 4191 lies 15' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4180 = H II-133 = h1127 on 13 Apr 1784 (sweep 191) and noted
"not vF, S, E, r." His
position matches UGC 7219. NGC
4182 may be a duplicate observation (see Harold Corwin's identification notes).
******************************
NGC 4181 = MCG
+09-20-111 = CGCG 269-041 = PGC 38938
12 12 48.9 +52
54 11
V = 14.0; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 10d
16" LX200
(4/14/07): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. A mag 11 star lies 1.5' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4181 = H III-777 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920) and noted "eF,
S, stellar neb." His re-reduced
position is 1' south of MCG +09-20-111 = CGCG 269-041, so this identification
is certain. The RNGC data is
confusing. Based on the comment
"companion 1' N" (but not the position), the RNGC misidentifies NGC
4187 as NGC 4181.
******************************
NGC 4182
12 13 24 +04 03
=NGC 4180?, HC.
Not found, JS. =* or *'s, SG.
Christian Peters
discovered NGC 4182 around 1881 with the 13.5-inch refractor at the Hamilton
College Observatory. At his exact
position is a mag 12 star. Harold
Corwin comments "NGC 4182 may be NGC 4180, or it may simply be a star at
Peters's position".
******************************
NGC 4183 = UGC
7222 = MCG +07-25-051 = CGCG 215-053 = FGC 1386 = PGC 38988
12 13 17.0 +43
41 53
V = 12.3; Size 5.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 166d
17.5":
fairly faint, moderately large, edge-on about 7:1 NNW-SSE, 3.5'x0.5', broad
concentration without a nucleus. A
mag 13.5 star is superimposed at the SE edge of the core 0.8' from the center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4183 = H III-697 = h1128 on 14 Jan 1788 (sweep 798) and noted
"cF, mE from np to sf, 3 or 4' long, 3/4' broad." In his 1814 PT paper, he mentions
"several small stars are contained in faint nebulosity about 3 or 4' long
and 3/4' broad." His sketch
shows several stars, although only one star is evident on the DSS.
R.J. Mitchell,
observing with LdR's 72" on 6 Apr 1856, noted "F, bM, a bright star
in sf edge and a patch in np end which is the brighter. Neb is fully 4' long."
******************************
NGC 4184 = ESO
130-SC10 = Ru 102 = OCl 877 = vdB-Ha 128 = Lund 607
12 13 32 -62 43
18
Size 4'
14" (4/4/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x and 318x): about two dozen faint stars resolved in a 4'
circle. Flanked by a mag 10 star
~4' SW and a mag 10 star ~4' NE.
The richest part is a 30" clump on the east side with a half-dozen
stars resolved at 318x. Located
16' NNE of mag 6.0 HD 106068.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4184 = h3384 on 8 Mar 1837 and noted "Cluster class VI; vf,
almost nebulous". There is no
obvious clustering at his position on the DSS1.
Brian Skiff
comments "Looks like an absorption hole, and no more ridiculous than the
typical Ruprecht cluster. I make
it just 0'.8 diameter at: 12 13 37
-62 43.2." Ruprecht
gives a diameter of 5' to include a larger scattered group. RNGC classifies the number as
nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 4185 = UGC
7225 = MCG +05-29-038 = CGCG 158-047 = LGG 276-006 = PGC 38995
12 13 22.1 +28
30 40
V = 12.1; Size 2.6'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 165d
18"
(4/5/03): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 4:3 ~N-S, 1.5'x1.1', broad
concentration. Forms the southern
vertex of a triangle with mag 7.7 SAO 82189 8.5' NW and a mag 11.5 star 10' NE. NGC 4196 lies 16' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4185 = H II-373 = h1129 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted
"F, L, bM." CH's
reduction is 18 sec of time preceding UGC 7225. d'Arrest noted this object forms the western vertex of an
equilateral triangle with two mag 12 stars and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4186 = NGC
4192B = UGC 7240 = MCG +03-31-081 = CGCG 098-111 = Holm 348b = PGC 39057
12 14 06.5 +14
43 33
V = 13.8; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 60d
17.5"
(5/10/86): faint, small, slightly elongated. Located 11.0' SSE of M98.
13"
(4/29/84): faint, small, slightly elongated SW-NE, 11' SSE of M98.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 4186 = T I-38 in 1887.
His position in this paper is 10 seconds of RA preceding and 10' south
of M98. But in list V (AN 2439) he
states it is located 20 seconds of time east and 9.5' south of M98. Dreyer used the latter position, but
confused the direction of RA offset and placed NGC 4186 20 sec of RA preceding
of M98, instead of following. His
offset in list V establishes NGC 4186 = UGC 7240, but the RA in the NGC is 40
seconds of RA too small. The
correct position was measured by Kobold in 1901 (Strassburg Annales, Vol 3,
1907).
Because of
erroneous NGC position, UGC and MCG misidentify UGC 7223 (which lies 22 sec of
RA west of M98 and 7.4' south) as NGC 4186. Also, CGCG misidentifies CGCG
098-119 as NGC 4186. The correct identification was first given by
Dorothy Carlson in 1940 paper and also given in RNGC and RC3.
It's possible
NGC 4186 was first observed at Birr Castle on 10 Feb 1861. Samuel Hunter
noticed a "F, R neb with a * or Nucl in centre", which he described
as 1/2 field of finder [13'] north of M98. If he confused the direction, then the comment probably
applies to NGC 4186.
******************************
NGC 4187 = UGC
7229 = MCG +09-20-117 = CGCG 269-042 = Holm 347a = PGC 39004
12 13 29.2 +50
44 29
V = 13.2; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 145d
17.5":
faint, small, slightly elongated NW-SE, small bright core. A mag 13 star is 1.0' WNW of
center. A mag 15.5 is superimposed
on the south edge.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4187 = H II-813 on 26 Apr 1789 (sweep 929) and logged "pB,
S, lE." His position is just 1' south of UGC 7229.
RNGC
misidentifies a faint companion just north of NGC 4187 as NGC 4181. There are several faint companions with
a couple of arcminutes of NGC 4187.
******************************
NGC 4188 = MCG
-02-31-023 = PGC 39059
12 14 07.4 -12
35 10
V = 13.7; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8
18"
(5/8/04): faint, very small, round, 0.4' diameter. A mag 14 star lies 30" N of center, barely off the
north edge of the galaxy. The star
masks the galaxy a bit and it was not noticed initially.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 4188 = LM I-193 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory. His rough
position (nearest min of RA) is just 0.5 tmin W of MCG -02-31-023 = PGC
39059. Herbert Howe measured an
accurate position in 1899-00 (repeated in the IC 2 Notes).
******************************
NGC 4189 = IC
3050 = UGC 7235 = MCG +02-31-054 = CGCG 069-092 = LGG 285-003 = PGC 39025
12 13 47.5 +13
25 33
V = 11.7; Size 2.7'x2.2'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 85d
17.5"
(1/23/88): fairly bright, fairly large, slightly elongated WSW-ENE, broad
concentration. Located northeast
of the NGC 4164, NGC 4165, NGC 4168 group in Virgo. NGC 4193 lies 15' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4189 = H II-106 = h1131 on 8 Apr 1784 (sweep 187) and noted
"vF, pL, r." JH recorded
"pB; L; lE; vgvlbM; 2' diam" and measured an accurate position. Harold Corwin notes that WH's NGC 4209
(listed as lost) might be a duplicate observation, though both objects were
found on the same sweep.
Schwassmann
found NGC 4189 again on 16 Nov 1900 on a Heidelberg plate of the Virgo/Coma
cluster. His position for Sn. 227
(later IC 3050) matches NGC 4189, so its surprising Dreyer didn't catch the
equivalence, but IC 3050 = NGC 4189.
******************************
NGC 4190 = UGC
7232 = MCG +06-27-030 = CGCG 187-024 = VV 104 = PGC 39023
12 13 44.5 +36
38 05
V = 13.3; Size 1.8'x1.7'; Surf Br = 14.2
17.5":
fairly faint, moderately large, broad weak concentration, pretty diffuse,
slightly elongated N-S. Located 7'
S of mag 8.5 SAO 62902. Member of
the M94 Group (CVn I Cloud).
13"
(4/12/86): fairly faint, moderately large, round, diffuse. A mag 8 star lies 6' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4190 = H II-409 on 1 May 1785 (sweep 405) and logged "vF,
S, r." His summary description (including a later sweep) reads "pB,
pL, vgbM, r."
******************************
NGC 4191 = UGC
7233 = MCG +01-31-026 = CGCG 041-049 = PGC 39034
12 13 50.4 +07
12 03
V = 12.8; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 5d
17.5"
(3/24/90): fairly faint, fairly small, oval SSW-NNE, bright core, stellar
nucleus. A mag 12 star is 1.9'
NW. Forms a pair with NGC 4180 15'
SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4191 = h1130 on 19 Apr 1830 (sweep 251). On the next night he logged "F; R;
near a small star." and measured positions on four consecutive sweeps.
******************************
NGC 4192 = M98 =
UGC 7231 = MCG +03-31-079 = CGCG 098-108 = Holm 348a = PGC 39028
12 13 48.2 +14
54 01
V = 10.1; Size 9.9'x2.2'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 155d
17.5"
(5/10/86): bright, very large, very elongated 4:1 NNW-SSE, 6'x1.5', small
bright core, stellar nucleus. A
faint knot is highly suspected near the south tip. NGC 4186 lies 11' SSE.
Located 32' W of 6 Comae Berenices (V = 5.1).
13"
(4/29/84): bright, large, very elongated, small bright nucleus, impressive.
Pierre MŽchain
discovered M98 = NGC 4192 = h1132 on 15 Mar 1781. Messier made a confirmation a month later. WH observed M98 on 30 Dec 1783 (sweep
73) and recorded "A large, extended, fine nebula. It seems to be M98, but from the description
in Connoissance des Temps it appears that Mechain has not seen the whole of it,
for its feeble branches extend about 1/4¡, of which no notice is taken. Near the middle of it a few stars are
visible and more suspected; my field will not quite take it in." JH described M98 on 3 Apr 1826 as
" vmE; a ray pos 70¡ sf to np; mbM almost to nucleus; 10' long."
******************************
NGC 4193 = IC
3051 = UGC 7234 = MCG +02-31-053 = CGCG 069-091 = LGG 285-009 = PGC 39040
12 13 53.6 +13
10 22
V = 12.3; Size 2.3'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 93d
17.5"
(1/23/88): moderately bright, fairly large, oval E-W, brighter core. NGC 4189 lies 15' N over the border in
Coma Berenices.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4193 = H II-163 = h1134 on 17 Apr 1784 (sweep 199) and noted
"pS". JH made the single
observation "vF; pL; E; vgbM" and measured an accurate position.
Schwassmann
found this galaxy again on 16 Nov 1900 on plate taken of the Virgo/Coma cluster
with a 6" astrograph at Heidelberg.
His position for IC 3051 matches NGC 4193, so its surprising Dreyer
didn't catch the equivalence, but there are several similar cases with
Schwassmann's list of nebulae.
******************************
NGC 4194 =
Medusa Galaxy = Arp 160 = VV 261 = UGC 7241 = MCG +09-20-119 = CGCG 269-043 =
Mrk 201 = I Zw 33 = PGC 39068
12 14 09.6 +54
31 35
V = 12.5; Size 2.3'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 170d
48"
(4/20/17): at 697x; bright, fairly large, elongated ~2:1 NNW-SSE. Sharply concentrated with a very bright
elongated core enclosing an intensely bright nucleus. The main halo is roughly oval with a weak, elongated brightening
oriented SW-NW at the south end.
This low contrast feature is possibly the remnant of a past merger. A very low surface brightness tidal
plume was seen as an ill-defined haze spreading out to the north from the NNW
side of the main halo and increasing the N-S dimension to over 1.5'.
17.5"
(5/13/88): moderately bright, small, elongated NW-SE, very small bright core,
stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4194 = H II-867 = h1135 on 2 Apr 1791 (sweep 1001) amd noted
"pB, vS, stellar." JH called
it "F; vsmbM to a * 12m; 20"." His position is at the northwest edge of the galaxy.
The nickname
Medusa Galaxy was coined by V-V in his Atlas of Interacting Galaxies, Part II:
"Of this 'Medusa', the structure of the "head" is as yet
unresolved. In this case, three galaxies apparently are coalescent.
"Behind", the dwarfs begin to separate." William Keel repeats the nickname
"Medusa" in his April 1993 article "The real astrophysical zoo -
Colliding galaxies" in Mercury (ASP). Professional journal papers refer to
it as "Medusa" since 2000.
******************************
NGC 4195 = UGC
7244 = MCG +10-18-010 = CGCG 292-083 = CGCG 293-004 = PGC 39082
12 14 18.1 +59
36 55
V = 14.2; Size 1.7'x1.5'; Surf Br = 14.9
17.5"
(5/13/88): extremely faint, fairly small, very diffuse, round, averted
only. Collinear with two mag 14
stars to the NW. NGC 4199 lies 18'
NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4195 = H III-796 on 17 Apr 1789 (sweep 923) and simply noted
"eF". His position is
2.7' northwest of UGC 7244 (only galaxy nearby).
******************************
NGC 4196 = UGC
7245 = MCG +05-29-040 = CGCG 158-050 = LGG 276-007 = PGC 39098
12 14 29.7 +28
25 23
V = 12.8; Size 1.6'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 60d
18"
(4/5/03): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 SW-NE, 0.5'x0.35', fairly
well concentrated. Higher surface
brightness than larger NGC 4185 16' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4196 = H II-374 = h1136 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted
"F, S." His position is
20 sec of time too far west and 3' too far north but JH made 4 observations and
d'Arrest provided a micrometric position, so the NGC is accurate.
******************************
NGC 4197 = UGC
7247 = VV 520 = MCG +01-31-029 = CGCG 041-052 = FGC 1390 = LGG 278-002 = PGC
39114
12 14 38.6 +05
48 21
V = 12.8; Size 3.5'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 36d
17.5"
(3/24/90): fairly faint, moderately large, edge-on 5:1 SW-NE, low even surface
brightness. A mag 14 star is south
of the SW end 1.5' from the center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4197 = H II-134 = h1137 on 13 Apr 1784 (sweep 191) and noted
"F, mE." JH recorded
"pB; E; vgbM; 20"; like II. 133 [NGC 4180]." and measured an
accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4198 = IC
778 = UGC 7246 = MCG +09-20-123 = CGCG 269-045 = PGC 39090
12 14 22.0 +56
00 42
V = 13.6; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 130d
17.5"
(5/13/88): fairly faint, small, elongated NW-SE. Situated between two mag 12 and 13 stars.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4198 = H II-793 = h1139 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 920) and noted
"pF, pS, bM." JH logged
"pF; S; lE; gbM; like II. 792 [NGC 4172]." and measured an accurate
position.
Swift probably
found this galaxy again nearly a 100 years later, but his RA for Sw. VII-19
(later IC 778) is 5 minutes too large.
Once corrected Swift's position matches NGC 4198, which also is a good
match with his description.
******************************
NGC 4199 = VV
183a/b = UGC 7253 = MCG +10-18-011 = CGCG 292-084 = CGCG 293-005 = PGC 39135
12 14 48.6 +59
54 22
V = 14.5; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(5/13/88): very faint, very small.
A mag 15 star is involved at the north end just 16" from center and
a mag 16 star is involved at the east end 24" from the center. NGC 4195 lies 18' SSW. On the POSS, the mag 16 star I recorded
is actually an extremely faint and small companion (VV 183b)!
This is the
brightest galaxy in AGC 1507.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4199 = H III-797 on 17 Apr 1789 (sweep 923) and noted "eF,
S." His position is 17 tsec
west and 4' north of UGC 7253 = PGC 39135. He observed this object again on 19 Mar 1790 (sweep 953) and
his position (with respect to NGC 4036) was ~25 tsec too large.
******************************
NGC 4200 = UGC
7251 = MCG +02-31-057 = CGCG 069-096 = PGC 39124
12 14 44.2 +12
10 51
V = 13.0; Size 1.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 98d
17.5"
(1/23/88): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 3:2 E-W, brighter core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4200 = H II-164 = h1138 on 17 Apr 1784 (sweep 199) and noted
"pS, vmE." On 6 Apr
1831, JH logged "pB; R; pslbM; 40"."
******************************
NGC 4201 = MCG
-02-31-024 = PGC 39120
12 14 41.9 -11
34 58
V = 13.6; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 80d
18"
(5/8/04): faint, small, slightly elongated ~E-W, 0.5'x0.4', weak concentration
to a very small brighter core. An
extremely faint halo was suspected.
A mag 13.5 star lies 0.8' S of center.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 4201 = LM II-455 in 1886. His position is 0.5 min of RA east of MCG -02-31-024. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position in 1899-00 (repeated in the IC 2 Notes).
******************************
NGC 4202 = UGC
7337 = MCG +00-31-046 = CGCG 013-121 = Todd 18 = PGC 39495
12 18 08.6 -01
03 52
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 127d
17.5"
(3/20/93): very faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 WNW-ENE, low even surface
brightness. A mag 13.5 star is
2.0' NNE of center.
David Todd
discovered NGC 4202 = Todd 18 on 6 Feb 1878 during his search for a
trans-Neptunian planet (AN 2698).
Dreyer only included eight of the 30 objects which Todd sketched as many
were considered doubtful or near nebulae already catalogued. Todd's sketch of #18, which includes
several nearby field stars, clearly identifies NGC 4202 = UGC 7337 at 12 18 08.6
-01 03 52 (2000). This means that
Todd's rough position was 3 tmin too far west although a number of his entries
have large errors in RA.
The RNGC
misidentifies CGCG 013-109 as NGC 4202, located at 12 14.9 -02 27 (2000). Early versions of U2000.0 atlas have it
misplotted at this position. I
described this galaxy as nonexistent in RNGC Corrections #5 but corrected the
identification in #6. See Corwin's
notes.
******************************
NGC 4203 = UGC
7256 = MCG +06-27-040 = CGCG 187-029 = PGC 39158
12 15 05.0 +33
11 50
V = 10.9; Size 3.4'x3.2'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 10d
17.5":
bright, moderately large, round, sharp concentration with a prominent very
bright core (LINER nucleus) a much fainter halo, possible stellar nucleus. Located 3.7' SSE of mag 7.8 SAO 62912
8": fairly
bright, small, small bright nucleus.
A mag 5 star (SAO 62928) is 20' SE at the edge of the field.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4203 = H I-175 = h1140 on 20 Mar 1787 (sweep 722) and recorded
"vB, S, R, mbM." His
position is on the southwest side of the galaxy. On 6 Apr 1855, R.J. Mitchell, observing with LdR's 72",
logged "very like a distant Cl, vB Nucl with neby gradually fading off. Star involved preceding Nucl and other
stellar points suspected in the outlying faint neby."
******************************
NGC 4204 = UGC
7261 = MCG +04-29-051 = CGCG 128-060 = PGC 39179
12 15 14.3 +20
39 31
V = 12.4; Size 3.6'x2.9'; Surf Br = 14.8; PA = 130d
17.5"
(5/14/88): fairly faint, fairly large, elongated 2:1 NW-SE. Brighter along the major axis but no
distinct core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4204 = H III-397 = h1141 on 27 Apr 1785 (sweep 403) and recorded
"vF; vL, irr, about 5 or 6' from np to sf and 4 or 5' broad, unequally
bright but brightest towards the middle." JH noted "eF; L; vglbM; 45"." and measured an
accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4205 = UGC
7258 = MCG +11-15-038 = CGCG 315-027 = PGC 39143
12 14 55.3 +63
46 55
V = 12.9; Size 1.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 28d
17.5"
(4/15/93): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE, 1.4'x0.5',
brighter along major axis. A mag
13 star is just 20" west of the NNE tip.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4205 = Au 29 on 4 Oct 1861 with the 11-inch refractor
at Copenhagen. His position,
measured on 3 nights, matches UGC 7258 and he mentions the nearby mag 13 star
at the north edge. Auwers included
this object in his 1862 list of new nebulae.
******************************
NGC 4206 = IC
3064 = UGC 7260 = MCG +02-31-066 = CGCG 069-107 = Holm 353b = PGC 39183
12 15 16.7 +13
01 26
V = 12.2; Size 6.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 0d
17.5"
(1/23/88): fairly faint, edge-on 6:1 exactly N-S, 4'x0.7', fairly large, weak
concentration. A mag 12 star lies
2.9' SE of center. NGC 4216 lies
10' NE and NGC 4222 is 23' NE.
First of three edge-ons in a low power field!
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4206 = H II-165 on 17 Apr 1784 (sweep 199) and noted "F,
vmE." His position is poor --
30 tsec west and 9' N of UGC 7260.
NGC 4216, the next nebula in the sweep, also has a poor position. Wilhelm Tempel found NGC 4206 again in
1877 (as well as NGC 4222) while observing NGC 4216 and measured accurate
positions (list I-39), though he was unsure if they applied to H II-165 and
II-109.
Arnold Schwassmann
found the galaxy again on two Heidelberg plates taken with a 6" astrograph
(measured on 16 Nov 1900) of the Virgo/Coma cluster and reported Sn. 230 (later
IC 3064) as new. His position
matches NGC 4206, so this galaxy also carries the designation IC 3064.
******************************
NGC 4207 = UGC
7268 = MCG +02-31-069 = CGCG 069-107 = PGC 39206
12 15 30.4 +09
35 07
V = 12.5; Size 1.6'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 124d
17.5"
(5/14/88): fairly faint, fairly small, oval WNW-ESE, bright core. A mag 13.5 star at the WNW end 1.2'
from center.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4207 on 23 Mar 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position, measured
on 3 nights. matches UGC 7268 and he accurately placed the nearby mag 13.5 star
as preceding by 5 seconds of time.
******************************
NGC 4208 = NGC
4212 = UGC 7275 = MCG +02-31-070 = CGCG 069-110 = PGC 39224
12 15 39.3 +13
54 05
See observing
notes for NGC 4212.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4208 = H II-107 = h1142 on 8 Apr 1784 (sweep 187) and simply
noted as "pL". CH's
reduced position is 5' north of NGC 4212 = UGC 7275. Dreyer, in his 1912 revision of WH's catalogues, commented
for II-107 and II-108, "there is only one nebula here (NGC 4212)...We may
assume that H, after observing the star [6 Comae], again moved the telescope 1¡
south and took the nebula a second time without noticing it was the same
object."
Strangely, JH
also recorded this galaxy twice (h1142 and h1144) on different nights and
thought they were different objects because of his different positions and
descriptions! So, II-107 = II-108
= h1142 = h1144 = NGC 4208 = NGC 4212.
See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 4209
12 15 30 +28 31
=Not found,
Carlson. =NGC 4185?, Corwin. =*, WS
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4209 = H II-375 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted "F,
pS." Dreyer notes in his 1912
revision of WH's catalogues that this object was not found by JH, d'Arrest or
Bigourdan. With respect to NGC
4196, the previous object in the sweep, WH placed II-375 1 min 18 sec foll and
2' N, but there is no object at that position. This sweep was WH's most productive -- with 74
discoveries -- and this is the only object that cannot be identified with a
galaxy.
In an email
correspondence (Jul 15 1998) Harold Corwin commented: I've been unable to find
NGC 4209. I thought it might be a reobservation of NGC 4185, but both were
found by WH on the same night. It is still not a completely impossible identity
(e.g. N4208 = N4212, another nebula seen twice within a single sweep), but the
chances are against it. I don't see any object aside from N4185 (just over 2
arcmin west) at any reasonable systematic offset (e.g. +- 1 deg, +-10 min, etc)
from WH's position.
Wolfgang assigns
the number to a star 2 arcmin south-southwest of WH's position. That is
certainly possible, but I'd be happier with it if WH had left us a description
more complete than "F, pS".
******************************
NGC 4210 = UGC
7264 = MCG +11-15-039 = CGCG 315-028 = PGC 39184
12 15 15.9 +65
59 07
V = 12.5; Size 2.0'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 105d
17.5"
(4/15/93): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 4:3 NNW-SSE,
1.8'x1.4'. A mag 13.5 star is 1.0'
off the WNW edge. Located 11' SE
of mag 6.7 SAO 62870. NGC 4221 lies
16' NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4210 = H III-850 = h1143 on 20 Mar 1790 (sweep 954) and noted
"vF, pS." JH recorded
(single observation) "Not vF; pL; R; vgbM; 30"." and measured an
accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4211 = Arp
106 NED1 = VV 199a = UGC 7277 = MCG +05-29-042 = CGCG 158-053n = PGC 39221 =
PGC 39297
12 15 35.8 +28
10 39
V = 14.1; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 105d
24"
(5/30/16): NGC 4211 is an interacting system (Arp 106) oriented NW-SE
(separation 35"), with the brighter component (VV 196a) on the northwest
side. At 225x it appeared fairly
faint to moderately bright, round, 24" diameter, increases rapidly to a
very small brighter core and stellar nucleus. The fainter southeast component (NGC 4211A = VV 196b) is
faint, small, slightly elongated N-S, 15"x10", slightly concentration
at the center. The tidal tail to
the south was not seen. Situated
9' NW of mag 8.2 HD 106678.
UGC 7287 lies 8'
SE. It appeared faint, fairly
small, slightly elongated E-W, 24"x18", low even surface brightness.
18"
(4/5/03): faint, very small, round, 25" diameter. This is a double, interacting system
(Arp 106) with a small, faint companion 0.55' SE. At 300x, the companion (VV 196b) appeared extremely faint
and small (0.2' diameter) and just resolved from NGC 4211. A mag 12.4 star lies
2.8' NE. Third of three with NGC
4196 and NGC 4185 20' NW and 35'
NW, respectively.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 4211 = St XI-18 on 30 Apr 1881. His position matches UGC 7277 = Arp 106.
******************************
NGC 4212 = NGC
4208 = UGC 7275 = MCG +02-31-070 = CGCG 069-110 = PGC 39224
12 15 39.3 +13
54 05
V = 11.2; Size 3.2'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 75d
17.5"
(4/25/98): fairly bright, fairly large, 2.2'x1.4' oriented WSW-ENE. Moderate concentration to a large
bright core which appears mottled.
The nucleus is not well defined although the core is broadly
concentrated and at times a stellar center was glimpsed. A mag 11.5 star is 2.3' S. IC 3061 lies
11' NW. Poor transparency due to
smoke.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4212 = H II-108 = h1144 on 8 Apr 1784 (sweep 187) and noted "mE, resolvable." His position (CH's reduction) is 6.5'
too far northeast. He apparently
also recorded it as the previous object "pL" in the sweep. JH also recorded this galaxy twice
(h1142 = h1144) on different nights.
See notes for NGC 4208.
The LdR
observation on 8 Mar 1856 (by R.J. Mitchell) reads "Irregular shaped neb
with ncl excentric and some sort of knot or appendage following. Possibly another knot in preceding
end. The former one is likely
connected with the neb forming a sprial arm." The same month he logged "Much better seen. There are 4 knots or stars in the neb
besides the bright patch south-following."
******************************
NGC 4213 = UGC
7276 = MCG +04-29-054 = CGCG 128-065 = PGC 39223
12 15 37.6 +23
58 55
V = 12.5; Size 1.7'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(4/17/88): faint, fairly small, round, gradually brighter halo, small bright
core. Located 9.9' WNW of 7 Comae
Berenices (V = 4.9) which detracts from viewing.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4213 = H II-354 = h1145 on 10 Apr 1785 (sweep 394) and noted
"F, vS." His position
matches UGC 7276.
******************************
NGC 4214 = NGC
4228 = UGC 7278 = MCG +06-27-042 = CGCG 187-032 = PGC 39225
12 15 38.9 +36
19 50
V = 09.8; Size 8.5'x6.6'; Surf Br = 14.0
13.1"
(4/12/86): bright, large, slightly elongated NW-SE, bright core. There is a strong impression of
curvature at the ends of the major axis.
A mag 11 star lies 4.3' SE of center. Member of the M94 Group (CVn I Cloud).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4214 = H I-95 = h1146 on 28 Apr 1785 (sweep 404) and recorded
"cB, cL. A blunt
parallelogram, faintest towards the edges; from np to sf about 4'; the other
way about 3'. Position not above
15 or 20¡ from the meridian."
His position is on the northwest side of this Irregular-type galaxy. The next sweep (1 May) he noted
"Can hardly be called a parallelogram for want of corners; but rather
irregularly elongated."
JH reported it
as new on 27 Apr 1827 and logged h1157 as "vF, L, R, gbM,
90"." His RA, though,
was 1 minute too large and he didn't make the connection with his father's H. I
95, so Dreyer later catalogued this entry as NGC 4228. So NGC 4214 = NGC 4228. JH reobserved the galaxy 4 years later
on 11 Mar 1831, correctly placed it and logged "B, L, gbM, 50", has a
double nucleus very indistinct. The
diagram makes it a double neb, the two running together. See fig 71." The second "nucleus" is a
bright HII complex southeast of the core.
Kobold measured an accurate position for this knot in 1893 at
Strassburg. At Birr Castle it was
also noted in 1856, "Irreg shaped neb with Nucleus excentric and some sort
of knot or appendage following.
Possibly another faint knot in preceding end." Two weeks later, "Much better
seen. There are 4 knots of stars
in the neb besides the bright patch south-following."
******************************
NGC 4215 = UGC
7281 = MCG +01-31-031 = CGCG 041-055 = PGC 39251
12 15 54.5 +06
24 04
V = 12.1; Size 1.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 174d
17.5"
(3/24/90): fairly bright, moderately large, pretty system very elongated
NNW-SSE, small bright core, stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4215 = H II-135 = h1147 on 13 Apr 1784 (sweep 191) and noted
"S, E, pBM." JH made
three observations, recording on sweep 250 "vB; mE; vsbM to a * 11m."
******************************
NGC 4216 = UGC
7284 = MCG +02-31-072 = CGCG 069-112 = Holm 353a = PGC 39246
12 15 54.2 +13
08 59
V = 10.0; Size 8.1'x1.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 19d
18"
(6/17/06): very bright, very large, extremely thin edge-on 8:1 SSW-NNE,
7'x0.9'. Sharply concentrated with
a striking high surface brightness core, ~0.9'x0.3', that dominates the
extensions with a mag 14 star just following the core. A dust lane appears to run along the
eastern edge of the galaxy, mostly evident by a sharp light cut off along this
edge. Brightest of three edge-ons
in the field with NGC 4206 and NGC 4222!
17.5"
(1/23/88): very bright, very large, edge-on 5:1 SSW-NNE, small very bright
core. A mag 14 star is close east
of the core. This is a striking
galaxy and is the second of three edge-on galaxies in the same field with NGC
4206 11' SW and NGC 4222 12' NE in Coma Berenices!
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4216 = H I-35 = h1148 on 17 Apr 1784 (sweep 199) and recorded
"vmE, vbM and the brightness also elongated. The whole not less than 9 or 10' long." JH made 4 observations and recorded
(sweep 3) "A very remarkable long ray extended 70¡ nf to sp, 7 1/2' long,
smbM. It has a star nf the
nucleus."
Samuel Hunter,
LdR's assistant on 23 Apr 1860, recorded "a fine E neb, vBM like a
globular cluster (I think too it is resolvable?), small star following nucl,
where I also think there is very dilute nebulosity, parallel to neb [beyond the
dust lane]. The neb is either
twisted at n end in p direction or it has a faint companion there? Dark space around centre? perhaps only the contrast of the bright
centre. 15' long." The possible nebula Hunter mentions to
the north is likely CGCG 069-113.
******************************
NGC 4217 = UGC
7282 = MCG +08-22-087 = CGCG 243-053 = Holm 354a = PGC 39241
12 15 50.9 +47
05 30
V = 11.2; Size 5.2'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 50d
48" (4/23/17):
bright, very large, striking edge-on ~4.5'x1.0' SW-NE, large bright core that
bulges near the center but no distinct nucleus. The galaxy is bisected by a beautiful, relatively wide dust
lane that slices through the entire length of the galaxy, only losing contrast
at the very tips! The brightest
portion, including the core, is on the north side (northwest facing) of the
dust lane. The cut off section of
the galaxy on the south side (southeast facing) of the the dust lane is fairly
thin and low surface brightness, though slightly brighter at the
center/core. A mag 14.8 star is at
the southwest tip of the galaxy. A mag 11.6 star is at the edge of the halo on
the north side [50" from center] and a 9th magnitude star is 2.3' NNE of
center. The galaxy is situated 6'
E of mag 7.2 HD 106556, though this star was kept outside the field. NGC 4226 lies 7' SE.
13.1"
(4/12/86): moderately bright, pretty edge-on 4:1 SW-NE. A mag 9 star is off the NE edge 2.2'
from the center and a mag 11.5 star is just north of the core 0.8' from
center. Located 6.2' E of mag 7.3
SAO 44092. Forms a pair with NGC
4226 7' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4217 = H II-748 = h1149 on 10 Apr 1788 (sweep 830) and recorded
"pB, pL, sp and in a line with two stars." JH made 5 observations and logged (sweep 255) "pB, vmE
in pos = 225¡ by measure; 5' long, 1' br; 2 stars near and a large star
preceding." on 15 Mar 1849,
LdR or observing assistant George Stoney described it as a "Ray with split
[dark lane] in the direction of the major axis".
******************************
NGC 4218 = UGC
7283 = MCG +08-22-088 = CGCG 243-054 = PGC 39237
12 15 46.3 +48
07 53
V = 12.5; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 142d
13.1"
(4/12/86): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated NW-SE. Located 2.6' NW of mag 8.3 SAO
44096. NGC 4220 lies 16' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4218 = H III-718 on 9 Mar 1788 (sweep 816) and noted "vF,
vS." d'Arrest measured an
accurate position as well as noting the mag 9-10 star that follows by 15 sec
and 55" south.
******************************
NGC 4219 = ESO
267-037 = MCG -07-25-005 = PGC 39315
12 16 27.3 -43
19 26
V = 11.9; Size 4.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 36d
24"
(4/12/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 220x appeared bright, large,
elongated 5:2 SW-NE, broad concentration but no distinct core, ~2.5'x1'. Direct vision revealed a very faint
stellar nucleus. The arms
(extensions) dim towards the ends and seem irregular in surface brightness (DSS
shows an irregular, knotty appearance).
NGC 4219A lies 21' SE.
At 220x, NGC
4219A appeared moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 5:3 SSW-NNE,
0.6'x0.35', weak concentration, irregular surface brightness. Situated in a group of stars.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4219 = h3385 on 3 Jun 1834 and recorded "pF; pL; pmE; vgbM;
2' l, 45" br. His position
(measured on 4 nights) and description matches ESO 267-037.
******************************
NGC 4220 = UGC
7290 = MCG +08-22-089 = CGCG 243-055 = PGC 39285
12 16 11.7 +47
53 00
V = 11.4; Size 3.9'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 141d
13.1"
(4/12/86): moderately bright, edge-on 7:2 NW-SE, brighter core, stellar
nucleus. Located 12' S of mag 8.3
SAO 44096. NGC 4218 lies 15' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4220 = H I-209 = h1151 on 9 Mar 1788 (sweep 816) and noted
"cB, cL." JH made the
single observation "pB; pmE in pos 314.4¡; psbM. (Foggy)" His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 4221 = UGC
7288 = MCG +11-15-040 = CGCG 315-029 = PGC 39266
12 15 59.9 +66
13 51
V = 12.3; Size 2.2'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 25d
17.5"
(4/15/93): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated, prominent core,
stellar nucleus at moments, very faint larger halo slightly elongated SSW-NNE
extends with averted to 1.5'-2.0'.
NGC 4210 lies 16' SSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4221 = h1150 on 3 Apr 1832 and recorded "pB; S; R; psbM;
15"." His single position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 4222 = UGC
7291 = MCG +02-31-075 = CGCG 069-119 = FGC 1396 = Holm 353c = PGC 39308
12 16 23.0 +13
18 34
V = 13.3; Size 3.3'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 56d
17.5"
(1/23/88): faint, moderately large, very thin edge-on SW-NE. A mag 15 star is at the east end. Located 5' W of mag 8.7 SAO 100016. This is the third of three edge-ons with
NGC 4206 23' SW and NGC 4216 12' SW in Virgo.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4222 = H II-109 on 8 Apr 1784 (sweep 187) and simply noted
"resolvable". Dreyer
commented in his 1912 "Scientific Papers of WH" that the observation
was probably rushed as the polar distance is 20' too far south, though my
reduction is 10' south. Wilhelm Tempel corrected the position in his first list
(T I-40) and in paper V providing an offset from NGC 4216.
CGCG, UGC, MCG
and PGC incorrectly equate IC 3087 (from Schwassmann) with NGC 4222. IC 3087 refers to two stars to the
southeast of the galaxy.
******************************
NGC 4223 = IC
3102 = UGC 7319 = MCG +01-31-038 = CGCG 041-0653 = LGG 278-004 = PGC 39412
12 17 25.8 +06
41 24
V = 11.9; Size 2.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 128d
17.5"
(3/24/90): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated WNW-ESE, bright core,
larger faint extensions with averted.
Located 5' N of mag 7.9 SAO 119308.
The galaxy
described above is misidentified as NGC 4241 in modern catalogues. It forms a
pair with IC 3115 (the "real" NGC 4241) 8' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4223 = H II-137 = h1152 on 13 Apr 1784 (sweep 191) and simply
noted "r[esolvable]."
Although he was probably rushed (the nearby entries in the sweep were
rapidly found), his position is just 2' north of UGC 7319. He reobserved the
field on 28 Dec 1785 (sweep 498) and his position is 20 sec of RA too large,
but he also discovered III-480 = UGC 7333, which was missed on the earlier
sweep.
John Herschel
made two observations of H II-137 and one of H III-480. On 4 Apr 1830 (sweep 250) he recorded
"vF; vgbM; a *7m to south".
The description and position clearly points to II-137 = NGC 4223, but he
calls it III-480. JH made a second
observation on 24 Apr 1830 (sweep 254), recording both II-137 and III-480, and
here's where the problem occurs.
He catalogued the preceding object as h1152 = II-137, but the position
is about 1 tmin too far west. He
noted, though, that the position was only estimated from III-480. Unfortunately, his position for the
eastern galaxy (III-480) happens to be a close match (1.4' south) with
II-137. The result is that JH's
entry in the Slough catalogue for NGC 4241 = h1165 = III-480 contains two observations
-- one for II-137 and one for III-480, with a position matching II-137. Furthermore, his entry for h1152 = NGC
4223 = II-137 points to a blank part of the sky, 1 tmin of RA west of
II-137. In the NGC notes, Dreyer
mentions NGC 4223 was not found by d'Arrest, obviously because of the poor
position.
The two galaxies
were later picked up by Arnold Schwassmann in 1899 on a Heidelberg plate,
placed accurately, and catalogued as IC 3102 (brighter west-northwest galaxy)
and IC 3115 (fainter east-southeast galaxy). Modern catalogues generally identify the brighter
galaxy as NGC 4241 = H II-137 and the fainter galaxy as IC 3115 = H III-480,
leaving NGC 4223 = h1152 without an identification. Dreyer recommended "h1152 (rough place only) is to be
struck out" in his notes to "Scientific Papers of William
Herschel".
But, Harold
Corwin argues that since WH and JH observed both galaxies, the correct
assignment should be NGC 4223 = H II-137 = h1152 = h1165 (sweep 250) = IC 3102
and NGC 4241 = H III-480 = h1165 (sweep 254) = IC 3115. This changes, though, the long-standing
identification of NGC 4241 as the brighter western galaxy. See Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 4224 = UGC
7292 = MCG +01-31-034 = CGCG 041-060 = PGC 39328
12 16 33.8 +07
27 42
V = 11.8; Size 2.6'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 57d
17.5"
(3/24/90): moderately bright, fairly small, very elongated SW-NE, small bright
core, stellar nucleus. Forms a
pair with NGC 4233 13' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4224 = H II-136 = h1153 on 13 Apr 1784 (sweep 191) and logged
"F, S, iF, r." His
position matches UGC 7292. JH made
two observation and noted on sweep 251 "pB; pL; lE; gbM."
******************************
NGC 4225 = MCG
-02-31-027 = PGC 39337
12 16 38.4 -12
19 40
V = 14.0; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 60d
18"
(5/28/06): faint, very small, round, 15"-20" diameter. Located 1.6' N of a mag 10 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4225 = h1154 on 9 Mar 1828 and recorded "F; eS; R; 5";
has a * 8m 80¡ sf, dist 60"."
His position is 1' too far north and the bright star is 1.6' distant.
******************************
NGC 4226 = UGC
7297 = MCG +08-22-090 = CGCG 243-057 = Holm 354b = PGC 39312
12 16 26.3 +47
01 31
V = 13.5; Size 1.3'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 127d
13.1":
faint, small, elongated NW-SE.
Forms a pair with NGC 4217 7' WNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4226 = h1155 on 19 Mar 1828 and recorded "F; S; lE; the
second of 2 in field [with NGC 4217]."
******************************
NGC 4227 = UGC
7296 = MCG +06-27-043 = CGCG 187-033 = Holm 355a = PGC 39329
12 16 33.7 +33
31 19
V = 12.7; Size 1.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 70d
17.5":
fairly faint, small, strong bright core.
A mag 15 star is 0.9' NE of center. Forms the brighter of a pair with NGC 4229 2.6' NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4227 = H II-518 = h1156, along with NGC 4229, on 2 Jan 1786
(sweep 508) and recorded "Two, both eF, vS. The preceding [NGC 4227] is the largest, about 3 or 4'
distance from each other."
His position is accurate. JH made two observations, recording on sweep
131, "pF; R; psbM; the sp of 2."
******************************
NGC 4228 = NGC
4214 = UGC 7278 = MCG +06-27-042 = CGCG 187-032 = PGC 39225
12 15 38.9 +36
19 50
See observing
notes for NGC 4214
John Herschel
found NGC 4228 = h1157 on 27 Apr 1827 and recorded "vF; L; R; gbM;
90"." There is nothing
at his position and d'Arrest could not find this object. Karl Reinmuth questioned if NGC 4228 =
NGC 4214 and this is probably the case as JH's position is exactly 1.0 min of
RA east and the description applies.
The primary designation should be NGC 4214.
******************************
NGC 4229 = UGC
7299 = MCG +06-27-044 = CGCG 187-034 = Holm 355b = PGC 39341
12 16 38.8 +33
33 39
V = 13.2; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 3d
17.5": fairly
faint, very small, slightly elongated N-S, bright core, fairly faint stellar
nucleus. Fainter of a pair with
NGC 4227 2.6' SSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4229 = H II-519 = h1158, along with NGC 4227, on 2 Jan 1786
(sweep 508) and recorded "Two, both eF, vS. The preceding [NGC 4227] is the largest, about 3 or 4'
distance from each other." JH
made two observations, recording on sweep 131, "F; R; psbM; 65¡ nf the neb
[NGC 4227]."
******************************
NGC 4230
12 17 09 -55 17
12
Size 6'
14" (4/4/16
- Coonabarabran, 71x and 184x): roughly 40 stars are resolved in a 7'x5' region
(the outline is pretty arbitrary), roughly elongated SW-NE. Appears as an unimpressive asterism
with no rich subgroups. A mag
11.5/13 pair at 13" separation is southwest of center with several mag
13-14.5 stars to its northeast. A
mag 12 star 2' SW and a mag 11 star 4' SW of the central pair are all
collinear. Located 18' SW of mag 5
Delta Crucis.
Note the group
of stars described here is 12' S of ESO 171-SC14, the cluster identified as NGC
4230 in most sources including SIMBAD and ESO. ESO 171-SC14 is a cluster of roughly two dozen mag 13-14
stars in a 3' region just southeast of mag 8.4 HD 106826. A couple of mag 11 stars are 2' E and
3.5' NE of the mag 8.4 star, but these are detached.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4230 = h3386 on 5 Apr 1837 and described a "Cluster class
VI. F; pL; irreg; 6'; resolved
into stars 13, 14, 15m. Place of a
* 12m, chief and near the middle of cluster." At his position is an unimpressive 5' group of star that is
likely an asterism, with the brightest star 12th magnitude. This is the "cluster"
identified by Harold Corwin as NGC 4230.
Corwin notes that ESO (and SIMBAD) misidentify ESO 171-SC14 as NGC 4230. This group of stars is scattered southeast of a mag 8 star
-- too bright not to have been mentioned by JH. See Harold Corwin's identification notes for more on this
number.
******************************
NGC 4231 = UGC
7304 = MCG +08-22-094 = CGCG 243-060 = Holm 356a = PGC 39354
12 16 48.9 +47
27 27
V = 13.3; Size 1.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.4
13.1"
(4/12/86): faint, small, round.
Forms a very similar close pair with NGC 4232 1.1' S! NGC 4248 lies 10' E.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4231 = H III-719, along with NGC 4232, on 9 Mar 1788 (sweep 816)
and recorded both as "Two both vF, vS, from north to south about 1'
distance." CH's reduction is
20 sec of time following this pair.
******************************
NGC 4232 = UGC
7303 = MCG +08-22-093 = CGCG 243-059 = Holm 356b = PGC 39353
12 16 49.0 +47
26 20
V = 13.6; Size 1.4'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 155d
13.1"
(4/12/86): faint, small, almost round.
This galaxy is a close twin in brightness and size to NGC 4231 located
just 1.2' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4232 = H III-720, along with NGC 4231, on 9 Mar 1788 (sweep 816)
and recorded both as "Two both vF, vS, from north to south about 1'
distance."
******************************
NGC 4233 = UGC
7311 = MCG +01-31-037 = CGCG 041-063 = PGC 39384
12 17 07.6 +07
37 26
V = 11.9; Size 2.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 174d
17.5"
(3/24/90): moderately bright, small, slightly elongated, bright core, high
surface brightness. Forms a pair
with NGC 4224 13' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4233 = H II-496 = h1161 on 28 Dec 1785 (sweep 498) and simply
noted "F". Despite the
sparce description, his position falls on the north side of the galaxy. JH made the single observation
"pB; R; vsbM to a small nucleus; 20"."
******************************
NGC 4234 = UGC
7309 = MCG +01-31-035 = CGCG 041-061 = Holm 358a = PGC 39388
12 17 09.0 +03
40 58
V = 12.7; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(3/28/87): fairly faint, fairly small, round, even surface brightness.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4234 = h1160 on 7 Apr 1828 and recorded "pB; L; R; gbM;
60"." His single
position matches UGC 7309.
******************************
NGC 4235 = IC
3098 = UGC 7310 = MCG +01-31-036 =CGCG 041-062 = Holm 359a = PGC 39389
12 17 09.8 +07
11 28
V = 11.6; Size 4.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 48d
17.5"
(3/24/90): fairly bright, fairly large, almost edge-on SW-NE, broadly
concentrated halo. Cradled along
the north side by three mag 12-13 stars 2.2' NW, 1.8' N and 3.0' ENE of center. NGC 4246 lies 12' E.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4235 = H II-17 = h1159 on 23 Jan 1784 (sweep 104) and recorded a
"longish nebula, not cometic."
JH called it (sweep 253) "vB; pmE; vsbM; among small stars." Schwassmann found it again on a plate
taken with the 6" astrograph at the Kšnigstuhl Observatory on 30 Oct 1899
and listed it as new (Sn. 5), missing the earlier NGC identity, so it also
carries the designation IC 3098.
******************************
NGC 4236 = UGC
7306 = MCG +12-12-004 = CGCG 335-008 = Holm 357a = LGG 176-005 = PGC 39346
12 16 43.5 +69
27 34
V = 9.6; Size 21.9'x7.2'; Surf Br = 15.0; PA = 162d
18"
(4/26/08): this huge, low surface brightness galaxy extends roughly 12'x3',
oriented NNW-SSE. There is only a
very weak central brightening with no obvious core. A very faint star appears to be superimposed near the
geometric center and just to the south is a slightly elongated brightening
(possibly the core).
Another brighter
region is near the north end of the galaxy. This patch seems elongated at 45¡ to the major axis,
appearing to extend out to the west of the main glow on the north end. Images reveal this is a gigantic HII
complex and is catalogued in the Hodge-Kennicutt Atlas of HII regions (1983AJ,
88, 296) as NGC 4236:[HK83] 15, 16 and 17.
The south end is
also splotchy and at the very south tip are two very faint "stars"
that seemed slightly fuzzy. These
are also two small HII knots, listed as NGC 4236:[HK83] 02 and 03. One or both of the knots also carry the
designation VII Zw 446, described by Zwicky as a "blue patchy compact
[galaxy]".
17.5"
(3/29/89): faint, extremely large, edge-on 5:1 NNW-SSE. Appears as a ghostly streak about 20'
length with only a broad, weak concentration! Best at low power due to size and low surface brightness.
13.1"
(5/27/84): faint, very large, very elongated NNW-SSE, weak concentration. In a field with five mag 8-9 stars.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4236 = H V-51 = h1163 on 6 Apr 1793 (sweep 1036) and recorded
"vF, mE, lbM, about 25' long, and losing itself imperceptibly, about 6 or 7'
broad, from about 70¡ np to sf."
His position, measured again on the next sweep, is accurate. JH reported "immensely large; vF;
mE; vgbM; it fills more than a field, but is hardly distinguishable. Hazy."
******************************
NGC 4237 = UGC
7315 = MCG +03-31-091 = CGCG 098-130 = PGC 39393
12 17 11.4 +15
19 26
V = 11.6; Size 2.1'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 108d
17.5"
(4/25/98): moderately bright and large, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, 1.5'x1.0'. Moderate concentration to a 30"
irregular core which appears mottled.
Located 15' NE of mag 6.3 SAO 100023. Poor transparency due to smoke.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4237 = H II-11 = h1162 on 30 Dec 1783 (sweep 73) and recorded
"another nebula about full 1/2¡ nf 6 Coma Ber. pL, very feeble, almost round, but not cometic. It is not a Messier, for being too
feeble it could not be seen by an achromatic of 3 1/2 ft, which I suppose is
the maximum of his light." No
offsets in time and PD were measured, but the offset from 6 Com matches this
galaxy. JH logged "B; L; lE;
vgbM" and measured a fairly accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4238 = UGC
7308 = MCG +11-15-041 = CGCG 315-031 = PGC 39366
12 16 55.8 +63
24 37
V = 13.6; Size 1.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 36d
17.5"
(4/15/93): very faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE, 1.5'x0.5', low
even surface brightness, no central concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4238 = H III-851 = h1164 on 20 Mar 1790 (sweep 954) and logged
"eF, S, iF." His
position is 3.6' too far north. JH
recorded "vF; not vS; R; vglbM; 15"-20"." and measured an
accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4239 = UGC
7316 = MCG +03-31-092 = CGCG 098-129 = PGC 39398
12 17 14.9 +16
31 53
V = 12.8; Size 1.8'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 120d
17.5"
(5/23/98): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 0.9'x0.6', weak
concentration. Easy to locate as
situated between two mag 10.5 stars 2.9' WSW and 2.1' NE.
Carl Frederick
PechŸle discovered NGC 4239 in 1884 with an 11-inch refractor at the Copenhagen
Observatory. His position is 1.6' south of UGC 7316.
******************************
NGC 4240 = NGC
4243 = MCG -02-31-029 = PGC 39411
12 17 24.4 -09
57 06
V = 12.4; Size 1.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.7
18"
(5/28/06): fairly faint, small, round, 25" diameter. Contains a very small bright core
~10" diameter which increases to a bright substellar nucleus. Located just
east of a mag 13 star (24" from the center).
18"
(3/13/04): faint, small, round, 30" diameter, strongly concentrated with a
very small bright core and stellar nucleus. A mag 13 star is barely off the west edge. Observation made through thin clouds.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 4240 on 20 May 1875.
His micrometric position and description (mag 12 star 1/2' southwest) matches
MCG -02-31-029 = PGC 39411.
Andrew Ainslie
Common found the galaxy again in 1880, assumed it was new and recorded it as
#25 in his Copernicus discovery list.
He noted "Like a pair of stars 90¡; the f one is a nebulous
star." His RA is 11 sec too large
(estimated positions using setting circles) and his description is a perfect
match. Dreyer, who edited the
journal Copernicus, added a footnote that Common's #25 was identical to
Tempel's nebula.
Finally, Lewis
Swift probably found this galaxy again on 27 Apr 1886 and described it in list
III-62 as "pB; eS; pB * nr p; Looks a first like a double star. Curious object." There is nothing at his position but
1.4 degrees due north is the same galaxy found by Tempel and Common, and his
description fits (very similar to Common's!). Dreyer assumed Swift's object was new and catalogued it as
NGC 4243. So, NGC 4240 = NGC 4243.
******************************
NGC 4241 = IC
3115 = UGC 7333 = VV 431 = MCG +01-31-040 = CGCG 041-069 = PGC 39483
12 17 59.8 +06 39
16
V = 13.1; Size 1.7'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.9
17.5"
(3/24/90): extremely faint, oval, very low surface brightness. Forms a pair with NGC 4223 8' WNW. This galaxy is identified as IC 3115 in
modern catalogues and the brighter, western galaxy is usually catalogued as NGC
4241. My identification (NGC 4241
= IC 3115 = UGC 7333) follows the historical record.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4241 = H III-480 = h1165 on 28 Dec 1785 (sweep 498) and recorded
"vF, L. Would not have been seen if it had not been for the preceding [H
II-137 = UGC 7319]. His position
is just 1' from UGC 7333 = PGC 39483.
JH made a single observation on 24 Apr 1830 (sweep 254) and simply recorded
"vF." Unfortunately,
JH's position is poor, and lands very close to UGC 7319, causing much confusion
in modern catalogues.
Arnold
Schwassmann found both galaxies on a Heidelberg plate of the Virgo region in
1899 and measured accurate positions.
Schwassmann assumed they were new and Dreyer recatalogued the pair as IC
3102 and IC 3115. So, NGC 4241 =
IC 3115 = UGC 7333 and NGC 4223 = IC 3102 = UGC 7319. Modern catalogues, though, identify UGC 7319 as NGC 4241 and
UGC 7333 as IC 3115. See Harold
Corwin's identification notes on NGC 4223 for the full story.
******************************
NGC 4242 = UGC
7323 = MCG +08-22-098 = CGCG 243-061 = PGC 39423
12 17 30.1 +45
37 08
V = 10.8; Size 5.0'x3.8'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 25d
13.1"
(4/12/86): very large but very diffuse, 4' diameter, broad weak concentration,
large core appears offset to the west, almost round. A mag 11.5 star lies 3.2' E of center and a faint mag 14
star is at the south edge 2.0' from center. Member of the CVn II Group (brightest member
M106).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4242 = H III-725 = h1166 on 10 Apr 1788 (sweep 830) and recorded
"eF, cL, bM, iR." JH
made two observations and logged (sweep 256), "F; vL; R: vgbM; diam in RA
= 15s of time."
******************************
NGC 4243 = NGC
4240 = MCG -02-31-029 = PGC 39411
12 17 24.4 -09
57 06
See observing
notes for NGC 4240.
Lewis Swift
found NGC 4243 = Sw III-62 on 27 Apr 1886 and described "pB; eS; pB * near
preceding; Looks at first like a double star. Curious object."
There is nothing near his position, although the description implies a
relatively bright galaxy.
Harold Corwin
identifies NGC 4240, located 1¡ 21" due north of Swift's position, as his
intended object. Swift's "pB*
close p" applies to a mag 13 star 25" southwest of center. NGC 4240 was discovered earlier by
Wilhelm Tempel in 1875.
******************************
NGC 4244 =
"Silver Needle" Galaxy = UGC 7322 = MCG +06-27-045 = CGCG 187-035 =
FGC 1402 = PGC 39422
12 17 29.4 +37
48 24
V = 10.4; Size 16.6'x1.9'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 48d
18"
(6/4/05): beautiful, extremely large ray extends at least 3/4 across the 20'
field, ~15'x1' SW-NE. The galaxy
is broadly concentrated without a well-defined core or nucleus and bulges only
very slightly at the center. The
surface brightness is fairly low and only varies gradually over the entire
length, though it has a grainy texture.
A mag 13.5 star is near the NE end. Member of the M94 Group (CVn I Cloud).
13.1"
(4/12/86): fairly bright, extremely large edge-on about 10:1 SW-NE. Extends to 15' diameter (fades at the
ends of the extensions). Appears
as a narrow ray with only a weakly concentrated core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4244 = H V-41 = h1167 on 17 Mar 1787 (sweep 714) and recorded
"cB or vB, vgbM, 18 or 20' l, about 2' broad, from about 60 degrees sp to
nf." Member of the CVn I
cloud (distance ~15 million light years)
******************************
NGC 4245 = UGC
7328 = MCG +05-29-049 = CGCG 158-059 = PGC 39437
12 17 36.8 +29
36 29
V = 11.4; Size 2.9'x2.2'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 145d
17.5"
(4/25/98): fairly bright, elongated ~4:3 NW-SE, 1.5'x1.1', strong concentration
with a prominent roundish core.
The core steadily increases to a stellar nucleus with direct
vision. A string of mag 11 stars from
the SW leads to the galaxy.
Located 29' W of NGC 274 and 40' N of double star O· 245 = 5.7/9.8 at
9". Observed in poor
transparency.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4245 = H I-74 = h1168 on 13 Mar 1785 (sweep 387) and noted
"cB, R, mbM." JH made 3
observations and first logged "vB; R; sbM; 60"."
******************************
NGC 4246 = IC
3113 = UGC 7334 = MCG +01-31-041 = CGCG 041-070 = Holm 359b = PGC 39479
12 17 58.1 +07
11 08
V = 12.7; Size 2.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 83d
17.5"
(3/24/90): faint, moderately large, elongated ~E-W, very low surface
brightness. A mag 14 star is off
the east edge 2.0' NE of center.
Forms a pair with NGC 4247 5.4' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4246 = H III-91 on 13 Apr 1784 (sweep 191) and recorded
"Two, the first [NGC 4235] mE.
The second [NGC 4246] eF."
His position is 4' south of UGC 7334.
Arnold
Schwassmann found the galaxy again on 30 Oct 1899 using the 6-inch astrographic
refractor at Heidelberg and measured an accurate position. Schwassmann and Dreyer assumed it was
new and it was catalogued again as IC 3113.
******************************
NGC 4247 = MCG
+01-31-042 = CGCG 041-071 = Holm 359c = PGC 39480
12 17 58.0 +07
16 26
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(3/24/90): faint, very small, round, weak concentration, low surface
brightness. Forms a pair with NGC
4246 5.4' S.
George Searle
discovered NGC 4247 = HN 35 on 25 Feb 1868 using the 15-inch Merz Refractor at
the Harvard Observatory (Annals of Harvard Observatory, Vol 13, #265). His offset from GC 2821 = NGC 4235 is
just 4 sec of time preceding and 1' north of MCG +01-31-042.
******************************
NGC 4248 = UGC
7335 = MCG +08-22-099 = CGCG 243-064 = CGCG 244-001 = Holm 363b = LGG 290-020 =
PGC 39461
12 17 50.4 +47
24 31
V = 12.5; Size 3.0'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 108d
13.1"
(3/17/86): faint, very elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE, moderately large, 1.5'x0.5'. A mag 14.5 is at the NW edge. Located 10' W of NGC 4231 and NGC 4232
and 13' NW of M106. Member of the CVn II Group (brightest member M106).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4248 = H II-742 = h1169 on 9 Mar 1788 (sweep 816) and recorded
"F, S, E." CH's
reduction is 17 sec of RA following UGC 7335. JH made two observations and called it "vF; pmE;
psbM."
******************************
NGC 4249 = MCG
+01-31-039 = CGCG 041-068 = PGC 39481
12 17 59.4 +05
35 55
V = 13.8; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.2
24"
(4/28/14): fairly faint, small, round, 24" diameter, weak concentration to
the center. NGC 4252 lies 8.2' ESE
and CGCG 041-072 ("very faint, round, 12" diameter, low surface
brightness") is 5.5' NNE.
17.5"
(3/24/90): very faint, very small, slightly elongated N-S, low surface
brightness. Forms a pair with NGC
4252 7' ESE. Located at the west
edge of the large NGC 4261 group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 4249 = m 234 on 26 May 1864, along with NGCs 4252, 4266, 4282
and 4287. His position is an exact
match with CGCG 041-068 = PGC 39481.
******************************
NGC 4250 = UGC
7329 = MCG +12-12-005 = CGCG 335-009 = VII Zw 447 = PGC 39414
12 17 26.2 +70
48 09
V = 11.8; Size 2.7'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 168d
17.5"
(5/2/92): moderately bright, small, round, broad concentration with overall
high surface brightness. The halo
appears to extend further on the north side of the core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4250 = H I-264 = h1170 on 7 Apr 1793 (sweep 1037) and noted
"cB, S, bM." His
position is 1.0 tmin west of UGC 7329.
JH logged "pF S; R pgbM; 15"."
******************************
NGC 4251 = UGC
7338 = MCG +05-29-050 = CGCG 158-060 = PGC 39492
12 18 08.4 +28
10 31
V = 10.7; Size 3.6'x1.5'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 100d
17.5"
(5/23/98): bright, moderately large, elongated ~5:2 WNW-ESE, 2.2'x0.8'. Well concentrated with a roundish
prominent core within fainter extensions which dim towards the tips. At 280x the core contains a substellar
nucleus. A mag 13-13.5 star is
2.9' ESE of center and 9 Com (V = 6.3) follows by 18'. IC 777 lies 18' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4251 = H I-89 = h1171 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted
"vB, S, lE." His
position is just off the north side of the galaxy. JH made 3 observations and
noted on sweep 417 "vB; vsvsbM; has a *6.7 1.5 min (of time)
following."
******************************
NGC 4252 = UGC
7343 = MCG +01-31-045 = CGCG 041-076 = PGC 39537
12 18 30.9 +05
33 34
V = 14.1; Size 1.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 48d
24"
(4/28/14): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE,
42"x14". even surface brightness. NGC 4249 lies 8' WNW, NGC 4257 is 13' NE and NGC 4266 is 18'
E.
17.5"
(3/24/90): extremely faint, small, edge-on SW-NE, low surface brightness. Forms a pair with NGC 4249 7' WNW. Located at the west side of the large
NGC 4261 group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 4252 on 26 May 1864, along with NGCs 4249, 4266, 4282 and
4287. He noted "F, E."
and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4253 = UGC
7344 = MCG +05-29-051 = CGCG 158-061 = Mrk 766 = PGC 39525
12 18 26.5 +29
48 46
V = 13.1; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.7
17.5"
(4/25/98): fairly faint, very small, irregularly round, 20" diameter. Fairly high surface brightness,
quasi-stellar nucleus. A mag 14
star lies 1' N. Located 22' NW of
NGC 474. Observation in hazy
conditions. Contains a Sy 1
nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4253 = H III-702 = h1172 on 3 Feb 1788 (sweep 805) and noted
"vF, vS." CH's reduction
is 5 sec of time preceding and 2.5' north of UGC 7344. JH called this galaxy "vF; R;
20".", but did not measure a very accurate position either.
******************************
NGC 4254 = M99 =
UGC 7345 = MCG +03-31-099 = CGCG 098-144 = CGCG 099-011 = LGG 285-011 =
Pinwheel Galaxy = PGC 39578
12 18 49.6 +14
24 59
V = 9.9; Size 5.4'x4.7'; Surf Br = 13.2
48"
(4/1/11): stunning view of this beautiful, asymmetric two-armed spiral at
375x. The brighter, more open arm
is attached on the east side of the very bright core. It unwinds beautifully and expands counterclockwise for
~225¡ where it ends to the NW of center.
As the arm passes south of the core there is a bright, well defined knot
(sketched and later measured 0.9' S of the nucleus) with two additional diffuse
knots in this arm 1.2' SW of center and 1.9' W of center. The arm continues to sweep north on the
west side, where it is well separated from the main body. A second long sweeping fainter arm is
attached on the west side of the core and unfolds counterclockwise towards the
NE. It contains a diffuse knot
~1.2' NNW of center and terminates near an ill-defined knot 2' NE of center. The halo of the galaxy is more
extensive on this side and contains a prominent knot 1.8' E of center. This knot is at the end of another more
ill-defined arm on the north side of the core heading east that contains
additional mottled clumps. The
galaxy is sharply concentrated with a brilliant 1' core that increases to a
sharp stellar nucleus.
18"
(4/10/04): a fairly prominent arm is attached at the southeast end of the
large, bright core and winds along the south side towards the southwest. This arm is clearly detached from the
core with a dark gap between the arm and the core. The northern arm is ill-defined and appears more like a
couple of short "brush-strokes" close north of the core.
17.5"
(5/10/86): very bright, large, bright core, stellar nucleus. There is an obvious spiral arm attached
at the SE side of the core and winding along the south side towards the
west. There is a dark gap between
the spiral arm and the core along the south and west side. A second shorter, diffuse arm is visible
on the north side.
13"
(4/29/84): bright nuclear region.
A spiral arm is easily visible attached at the SE side of core and
winding almost 180¡ to the west.
Located 10' SW of mag 6.5 HD 10710.
Pierre MŽchain
discovered M99 = NGC 4254 = h1173 on 15 Mar 1781. WH observed M99 on 14
Jan 1787 (sweep 691) and recorded, "vB. vL. vgmbM, and the brightness
taking up a great space. JH logged on sweep 419, "B; R; gbM; r; 5'
diam."
William Parsons,
the third Earl of Rosse, discovered spiral structure in April of 1846 using the
72" Leviathan of Parsonstown. The observation was made a full year after
the spiral nature of M51 was discovered, as LdR's attention was diverted to the
Irish potato famine. On 11 Mar 1848, observing assistant William Rambaut
described M99 as a "Spiral with a bright star above; a thin portion of the
nebula reaches across this star and some distance past it. Principal
spiral at the bottom, and turning towards the right.Ó Lord RosseÕs
outstanding sketch showing at least 4 arms was published in the Philosphical
Transactions of 1850 (plate XXXV, figure 2), alongside his sketch of M51.
A good copy of the sketch is at
http://www.wsanford.com/~wsanford/exo/rosse/index.html.
******************************
NGC 4255 = UGC
7348 = MCG +01-31-047 = CGCG 042-004 = PGC 39592
12 18 56.1 +04
47 11
V = 12.8; Size 1.3'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 115d
17.5"
(3/24/90): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated WNW-ESE, small bright core,
stellar nucleus.
Auguste Voigt
discovered NGC 4255 in 1865 with the 31-inch silver-on-glass Marseille
reflector. C.H.F. Peters
independently found it with the 13.5-inch refractor at Hamilton College
Observatory (discovery date unknown) and listed it as a "nova" in his
1881 Copenicus article. Peters'
position matches UGC 7348. As
Voigt's discoveries weren't published, Peters is credited in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 4256 = UGC
7351 = MCG +11-15-045 = CGCG 315-032 = PGC 39568
12 18 42.9 +65
53 54
V = 11.9; Size 4.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 42d
17.5"
(3/20/93): bright striking galaxy, large, very thin edge-on 4.0'x0.5' SW-NE,
elongated bright core, almost stellar nucleus, thin tapering extensions. NGC 4210 lies 21' WNW and NGC 4332 25'
ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4256 = H II-846 = h1174 on 20 Mar 1790 (sweep 954) and logged
"pB, mE, BN, 5' long and 1/2' broad from sp to nf." JH recorded "pB; vmE in pos
218.2¡; 90" l." and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4257 = MCG
+01-31-049 = CGCG 042-006 = PGC 39624
12 19 06.5 +05
43 33
V = 14.0; Size 1.3'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 75d
24"
(4/28/14): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated nearly 3:1 WSW-ENE,
32"x12", pretty smooth surface brightness. Two mag 14/15 stars 1.2' S and 1.8' S are collinear with the
galaxy. Located 7' SW of NGC 4261
and 10' SW of NGC 4264 in a field with numerous NGCs.
17.5"
(3/24/90): very faint, small, edge-on WSW-ENE, low even surface
brightness. Located in a large
group with NGC 4261 7' NNE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4257 on 21 Apr 1862 with the 11" refractor at
Copenhagen Observator while observing nearby NGC 4261. His description mentions a mag 18 star
2' south, though the star is closer to mag 14-14.5.
******************************
NGC 4258 = M106
= UGC 7353 = VV 448 = MCG +08-22-104 = CGCG 243-067 = CGCG 244-003 = Holm 363a
= LGG 290-004 = PGC 39600
12 18 57.5 +47
18 15
V = 8.4; Size 18.6'x7.2'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 150d
18"
(6/4/05): two spiral arms are evident emerging from the large, very bright
core. On the west side of the
core, a thin, gently sweeping arm defines the western edge of the galaxy. At the southern end of this arm is a
brighter knot or HII region (identified as SDSS J121901.36+471525.0 in
NED). On the east side of the
core, a well-defined, thin arm juts out from the core towards the NNW as a
linear extension. The arm is
brightest at the root, where it attaches to the core. The core is concentrated to a fairly small, very bright
central nucleus and the extensions/arms have a slightly mottled or lively
appearance. This is a Seyfert 2 galaxy with a very active galactic nuclei. The standard model for the core assumes
a massive black hole.
17.5"
(4/7/89): very bright, very large, very elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, 14'x4', large
bright core concentrated to a very small brighter central region. A thin bright spiral arm attached at
the core extends towards the NNW on the following side of the galaxy. There is a sharp edge along the west
side of this arm.
13"
(4/12/86): bright, very large, bright core, substellar nucleus, mottling near
core. A large bright knot is at
end of the southern arm.
13"
(3/17/86): very bright, very large, impressive! Contains a nearly stellar core in a high surface brightness
oval disk.
8": bright,
very large, elongated, bright core.
Pierre MŽchain
discovered M106 = NGC 4258 = H V-43 = h1175 in July 1781. William Herschel found this galaxy on 9
Mar 1788 and recorded V 43 as "v brilliant. BN with much fainter branches from np to sf, about 15' long,
and the sf running out into vF nebulosity extending a great way." On 1 Apr 1788 (sweep 823) he logged
"vB, mE directly in the meridian [N-S] with faint branches 10 or 12' long,
BNM with the nucleus not ground."
JH made 4 observations and recorded (sweep 330) "vB; vL; vsvmbM to
an oval nucl; 8 or 9' long; 4 or 5' broad." The 20 Apr 1857 observation at Birr Castle (by R.J.
Mitchell) reads "a vL, B, E neb np sf, much mottled. The f edge is comparatively sharp and
well defined, but in the p and n edge there is a great inequality of light. Nucleus elongated, vB part to north of
nucleus."
******************************
NGC 4259 = UGC
7359 = MCG +01-31-051 = CGCG 042-012 = Holm 368e = WBL 397-001 = PGC 39657
12 19 22.2 +05
22 35
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 143d
24"
(4/28/14): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated nearly 5:2 NW-SE,
28"x12", fairly high surface brightness. A mag 15 star is off the NE flank, 0.4' from center. A number of galaxies are in the field
to the east, including IC 3513 3.9' ENE, NGC 4268 8.4' SE, NGC 4270 8.6' NE and
NGC 4273/4277 pair 9' ESE.
17.5"
(3/28/87): fairly faint, small, almost round, bright core. A mag 15 star is at the NE edge 0.5'
from center. First of seven in the
NGC 4273 group and forms a pair with IC 3153 3' ENE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4259 = h1178 on 27 Dec 1827 and noted as "precedes four
more, nearly in parallel."
His position is 2.3' south of UGC 7359, but the north polar distance was
marked as approximate. The four
galaxies are probably NGC 4268, 4273, 4277 and 4281 (nearly collinear).
******************************
NGC 4260 = UGC
7361 = MCG +01-31-054 = CGCG 042-015 = PGC 39656
12 19 22.2 +06
05 55
V = 11.8; Size 2.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 58d
24"
(4/28/14): bright or very bright, large, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 2'x1', sharply
concentrated with a very bright round nucleus. A mag 14.7 star is just off the NE edge of the halo. CGCG 042-007 lies 5.4' W ("very
faint, very small, round, 15" diameter, low even surface
brightness"), IC 3136 is 8' NW ("fairly faint, fairly small, elongated
5:2 SSW-NNE, 30"x12", even surface brightness") and NGC 4269/IC
3155 pair is 8' SE, just south of a mag 7.7 star.
17.5"
(3/24/90): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated SW-NE, broadly
concentrated halo. A mag 14.5 star
is off the NE end 1.4' from center.
Located 7' NW of mag 7.7 SAO 11933. NGC 4261 lies 17' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4260 = H II-138 = h1177 on 13 Apr 1784 (sweep 191) and simply
noted "F". His position
is 3.8' northwest of UGC 6361. JH
noted "B; E; psbM." and measured an accurate position (2 sweeps).
******************************
NGC 4261 = UGC
7360 = MCG +01-31-052 = CGCG 042-015 = 3C 270 = PGC 39659
12 19 23.2 +05
49 29
V = 10.4; Size 4.1'x3.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 160d
24"
(4/28/14): very bright, very large, oval 4:3 NNW-SSE, 2.4'x1.8'. Sharply concentrated with a large,
intensely bright core that brightens to a quasi-stellar nucleus. A mag 15 star is near the edge of the
halo on the ENE side. VCC 344 is
1.8' S, just outside the halo, and was logged as "faint, very small,
round, 12" diameter, high surface brightness." Forms a pair with NGC 4264 3.3' NE and
brightest of 30 galaxies viewed within 35'!
17.5"
(3/24/90): bright, fairly large, slightly elongated NW-SE, very bright core
with stellar nucleus embedded.
Brightest in a large group of 13 NGC galaxies. In a field with NGC 4264 3.4' ENE, NGC 4257 7' SSW and CGCG
042-014 5' N. NGC 4260 lies 17' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4261 = H II-139 = h1176 on 13 Apr 1784 (sweep 191) and recorded
"Two. The first [NGC 4261] is the largest. The 2nd [NGC 4264] very
faint." JH called the galaxy
"vB; pL; R; psmbM; 40"."
His single position is 10 sec of RA too far west, but Schšnfeld and
d'Arrest both measured accurate positions.
******************************
NGC 4262 = UGC
7365 = MCG +03-31-101 = CGCG 099-014 = PGC 39676
12 19 30.6 +14
52 39
V = 11.6; Size 1.9'x1.7'; Surf Br = 12.7
17.5"
(5/23/87): moderately bright, small, slightly elongated, strong bright core,
faint stellar nucleus. Forms a
pair with IC 781 9' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4262 = H II-110 = h1179 on 8 Apr 1784 (sweep 187) and noted
"S, r." In his 1811 PT
paper, he commented "this star with a bur is probably one that formerly a
planetary nebula with a pretty strong haziness on the borders." JH also called it "B; S; R; like a
* 11m with a burr."
******************************
NGC 4263 = NGC
4265 = MCG -02-32-001 = PGC 39698
12 19 42.2 -12
13 32
V = 12.6; Size 1.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 125d
18"
(5/28/06): fairly faint, moderately large, slightly elongated, roughly
1.2'x0.9', only a weak broad concentration. The halo is irregular with averted vision and appears
elongated 3:2, though at other times appears rounder. On the DSS there is a faint extension to the west and
perhaps I was picking up this section with averted.
18" (3/13/04):
faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE, 0.6'x0.3', low even surface
brightness. Observation made
through thin clouds.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4263 = H III-535 on 27 Mar 1786 (sweep 548) and recorded
"vF, pS, iF." His position (CH's reduction) is 1.5' southwest
of PGC 39698.
Lewis Swift
independently discovered the galaxy on 6 May 1886 and reported it in list
III-63, close to WH's position. Dreyer assumed it was new and catalogued NGC
4263 again as NGC 4265. Dreyer equated the two numbers in his 1912
version of WH's catalogues. By prior discovery, NGC 4263 should be the
primary designation.
******************************
NGC 4264 = UGC
7364 = MCG +01-32-001 = CGCG 042-020 = PGC 39687
12 19 35.8 +05
50 48
V = 12.8; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.4
24"
(4/28/14): moderately bright, fairly small, round, 30" diameter, broad
weak concentration. Forms a pair
with much brighter NGC 4261 3.5' WSW.
17.5"
(3/24/90): fairly faint, small, round, broad concentration. Located at the north edge of a large
galaxy group and 3.4' NE of NGC 4261.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4264 = H II-140 = h1180 on 13 Apr 1784 (sweep 191) and recorded
"Two. The first [NGC 4261] is the largest. The 2nd [NGC 4264] very
faint." JH called the galaxy
"pF; R; gbM; 30"." Henrich d'Arrest measured the position 6
times and noted the separation with NGC 4261 was 13 sec of time.
******************************
NGC 4265 = NGC
4263 = MCG -02-32-001 = PGC 39698
12 19 42.2 -12
13 30
See observing
notes for NGC 4263.
Lewis Swift
found NGC 4265 = Sw III-63 on 6 May 1886.
His position is only 2' south of NGC 4263 = H III-535 so I'm not sure
why Dreyer assumed it was a different object. In any case, he noted that NGC 4265 was identical to NGC
4263 in the IC 2 Notes section as "Howe saw only one." The primary designation should be NGC
4263.
******************************
NGC 4266 = UGC
7368 = MCG +01-32-002 = CGCG 042-021 = WBL 397-003 = PGC 39699
12 19 42.3 +05
32 18
V = 13.7; Size 2.0'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 76d
24"
(4/28/14): fairly faint, thin edge-on 6:1 WSW-ENE, 1.2'x0.2', even surface
brightness. Although this is a
nice streak, the galaxy is partially masked by mag 9.1 HD 107228 just off the
NW flank (40" from center).
In a rich region of galaxies, with NGC 4270 4.9' SSW, IC 4153 8.6' SSW,
NGC 4282 10' ENE, NGC 4259 11' SSW, NGC 4281 13' SE and more. Mag 7.3 HD 107258
lies 9' NNE.
17.5"
(3/24/90): very faint, small, edge-on WSW-ENE. The view is hampered by mag 8.5 SAO 119331 at the NW edge of
the galaxy! Faintest of 8 galaxies
in the field including NGC 4282, NGC 4270, NGC 4259, NGC 4268, NGC 4273, NGC
4281 and IC 3153.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 4266, along with NGCs 4249, 4252, 4282 and 4287, on 26 May
1864. His position matches UGC
7368.
******************************
NGC 4267 = UGC
7373 = MCG +02-32-004 = CGCG 070-013 = PGC 39710
12 19 45.2 +12
47 54
V = 10.9; Size 3.2'x3.0'; Surf Br = 13.3
24"
(5/29/14): very bright, moderately large, round, 1.3' diameter, sharply
concentrated with an intense core that gradually increases to a stellar
nucleus. Contains a much fainter outer halo.
17.5"
(4/25/87): bright, fairly small, very diffuse round halo. Sharp concentration as increases
suddenly to a small very bright core and stellar nucleus. NGC 4305/NGC 4306 pair lies 33' E.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4267 = H II-166 = h1181 on 17 Apr 1784 (sweep 199) and noted
"pB; vS." His position
at the north edge of the halo of UGC 7373. JH made two observations, calling this galaxy "pB, R,
vsmbM, almost to a star."
******************************
NGC 4268 = UGC
7371 = MCG +01-32-004 = CGCG 042-023 = Holm 368d = WBL 397-004 = PGC 39712
12 19 47.2 +05
17 01
V = 12.8; Size 1.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 48d
24"
(4/28/14): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 0.8'x0.4',
contains a small bright core. A
mag 14.5-15 star lies 0.8' NW of center.
NGC 4273 lies 4.2' NE, NGC 4277 5.4' NE and NGC 4281 10.6' NE with a
total of 8 galaxies (7 NGCs) in a 15' field.
17.5"
(3/28/87): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated SW-NE, brighter
core. A mag 14.5 star is 0.8' NW
of center. Third of seven in a
group with NGC 4273 4.3' NE.
Eduard Schšnfeld
discovered NGC 4268 on 1 Apr 1862 with the 6" Steinheil refractor at
Mannheim Observatory while observing the NGC 4273 group. JH must have missed the discovery
announcement in 1862 as he didn't include this nebula in the GC, but Dreyer
added to the GC Supplement. The NGC position is accurate (attributed to Schšnfeld,
d'Arrest and Engelhardt).
******************************
NGC 4269 = UGC
7372 = MCG +01-32-005 = CGCG 042-024 = Holm 365a = WBL 392-012 = PGC 39719
12 19 49.2 +06
00 54
V = 12.9; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 137d
24"
(4/28/14): moderately bright, small, round, 12" (core) surounded by a much
fainter elongated halo 20"x14" NW-SE. The core has a very high surface brightness and contains a
very bright stellar nucleus.
Located 1.6' SE of mag 7.7 HD 107238 and 8.4' SE of NGC 4260. Forms a close pair with fainter IC 3155
1.2' SW. IC 3155 appeared fairly
faint, fairly small, elongated 5:3 SW-NE, very weak concentration,
30"x18". Slightly larger
than NGC 4269, though a lower surface brightness.
17.5"
(3/24/90): fairly faint, very small, very small and bright core, slightly
elongated. Located 1.7' SSE of mag
7.7 SAO 119333 which interferes with viewing. Forms a pair with IC 3155 1.2' SW. NGC 4260 lies 10' WNW.
Located at the north edge of the NGC 4261 group.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4269 on 4 Mar 1862 with an 11" refractor. His position, measured on 2 nights,
matches UGC 7372 = PGC 39719 and he measured nearby mag 7.7 HD 107238 at 1.7
sec of time preceding and 85" north.
d'Arrest missed nearby IC 3155.
******************************
NGC 4270 = UGC
7376 = MCG +01-32-007 = CGCG 042-026 = Holm 368c = WBL 397-005 = PGC 39718
12 19 49.5 +05
27 48
V = 12.2; Size 2.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 110d
24"
(4/28/14): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE, 1.2'x0.6',
sharply concentrated with a very bright core increasing to a bright stellar
nucleus. Eight additional NGC
galaxies lie within 10'! NGC
4266 is 3.8' NNW, NGC 4273 7.3' SSE, NGC 4281 is 9' SE.
17.5"
(3/28/87): fairly bright, elongated WNW-ESE, bright core, fainter arms,
moderately large. Located 5.4' SSE
of mag 9 SAO 119335. Fifth of
seven in a group including NGC 4273 7.5' S, NGC 4266 4' NNW and NGC 4281 9.4'
SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4270 = H II-568 on 17 Apr 1786 (sweep 553) and recorded
"Four [NGC 4270, 4273, 4277 and 4281], the time and number is that of the
last. They are scattered
about." There is nothing near
his position (10 min 14 sec following and 34' north of 11 Virginis), but
exactly one degree south is NGC 4281, the last of the 4 bright galaxies. According to Wolfgang Steinicke, Eduard
Schšnfeld resolved the discrepancy and also discovered nearby NGC 4268, which
was missed by WH and JH.
******************************
NGC 4271 = UGC
7375 = MCG +10-18-025 = CGCG 293-010 = Holm 366a = PGC 39683
12 19 32.7 +56
44 12
V = 12.6; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 55d
17.5"
(5/13/88): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, sharp bright core, stellar
nucleus. A mag 14.5 star is off
the west edge 1.1' from center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4271 = H II-804 on 17 Apr 1789 (sweep 923) and recorded
"pB, pL, iF." His
position matches UGC 7375.
******************************
NGC 4272 = UGC
7378 = MCG +05-29-059 = CGCG 158-072 = PGC 39715
12 19 47.6 +30
20 20
V = 13.1; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(4/25/98): faint, small, round, 30" diameter, weak concentration. A nice wide pair of mag 11 stars
(47" separation) lie 5' SSE.
Observation in hazy conditions.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4272 = H III-299 = h1182 on 13 Mar 1785 (sweep 387) and simply
noted "eF". JH made the
single observation "eF; vS; R; 10"." and measured an accurate
position. The UGC declination is
10' too far south.
******************************
NGC 4273 = UGC
7380 = MCG +01-32-008 = CGCG 042-028 = Holm 368a = WBL 397-006 = PGC 39738
12 19 56.0 +05
20 35
V = 11.9; Size 2.3'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 10d
24"
(4/28/14): bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 N-S, 1.6'x0.8', well
concentrated, brighter along the major axis (bar?). Among numerous NGC galaxies including NGC 4277 2' E, NGC
4268 4' SW, NGC 4281 7' NE, NGC 4270 7.5' N and NGC 4259 9' WNW.
17.5"
(3/28/87): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 ~N-S, bright
core. Forms a close pair with NGC
4277 2' ESE. Brightest in a group
of 7 galaxies with NGC 4281 6' ENE, NGC 4268 3.8' SW and NGC 4270 7.5' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4273 = H II-569 = h1183 = h1189 on 17 Apr 1786 (sweep 553) and
recorded "Four [NGC 4270, 4273, 4277 and 4281], the time and number is
that of the last [NGC 4281]. They
are scattered about." There
is nothing near his position, but exactly one degree south is NGC 4281, the
last of the 4 bright galaxies.
Because of WH's error, JH recorded the nebula as a "nova"
(h1189) on 27 Dec 1827, but his RA was ~40 sec too large. On a later sweep, he recorded it as a
nova again (h1183) and measured an accurate position. Dreyer combined these identities together in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 4274 = UGC
7377 = MCG +05-29-060 = CGCG
158-071 = PGC 39724
12 19 50.6 +29
36 51
V = 10.4; Size 6.8'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 102d
17.5"
(4/25/98): bright, very large, elongated 5:2 ~E-W, ~5'x2' though difficult to
trace the full extent as the outer halo fades into background. Well concentrated with a bright
roundish core ~1' diameter which increases to a very small or stellar
nucleus. NGC 4253 lies 22' NW, NGC
4245 29' W and NGC 4278/NGC 4283/NGC 4286 ~20' SSE. Observation in hazy skies.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4274 = H I-75 = h1185 on 13 Mar 1785 (sweep 387) and simply
noted "vB". JH made the
single observation "vB; vL; E in parallel (E-W); 2' l, 1.5' br." On 24 Apr 1849, LdR or assistant George
Stoney suspected a "faint tail following". This probably refers to part of the ring surrounding the
core.
******************************
NGC 4275 = UGC
7382 = MCG +05-29-058 = CGCG 158-073 = PGC 39728
12 19 52.6 +27
37 16
V = 13.1; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.3
18"
(5/30/03): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.7' diameter, brighter core,
fairly high surface brightness. A
mag 13 star lies 1.1' E.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4275 = H II-376 = h1184 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted
"pF, S, almost R, bM."
JH made two observations and noted on sweep 417, "F; lE; near a *
15m."
******************************
NGC 4276 = UGC
7385 = MCG +01-32-010 = CGCG 042-032 = PGC 39765
12 20 07.4 +07
41 30
V = 12.4; Size 1.6'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(3/24/90): faint, fairly small, round, even surface brightness, no noticeable
core.
Christian Peters
discovered NGC 4276 around 1881 (Copenicus paper, 1881) with the 13.5-inch
refractor at Hamilton College Observatory. His position matches UGC 7385.
******************************
NGC 4277 = MCG
+01-32-009 = CGCG 042-029 = Holm 368f = WBL 397-007 = PGC 39759
12 20 03.7 +05
20 28
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1
24"
(4/28/14): fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, round, 30"
diameter, broad concentration. A
mag 14-14.5 star lies 1.2' S of center.
Forms a close pair with NGC 4273 2' W and nearly at the midpoint of NGC
4281 5' NE and NGC 4268 5' SW.
17.5"
(3/28/87): faint, small, diffuse.
A mag 14 star is 1.2' S of center.
Located just 2.1' E of NGC 4273.
Second faintest of 7 in the NGC 4273 group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4277 = H II-570 = h1190 on 17 Apr 1786 (sweep 553) and recorded
"Four [NGC 4270, 4273, 4277 and 4281], the time and number is that of the
last [NGC 4281]. They are
scattered about." There is
nothing near his position, but exactly one degree south is NGC 4281, the last
of these four galaxies. Because of
WH's error, JH recorded the nebula as a "nova" (h1190) on 27 Dec
1827, but his RA was 47 sec too large.
In addition, his descriptions for h1189 and h1190 are reversed.
******************************
NGC 4278 = UGC
7386 = MCG +05-29-062 = CGCG 158-077 = Holm 369a = WBL 399-001 = PGC 39764
12 20 06.8 +29
16 50
V = 10.2; Size 4.1'x3.8'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(4/25/98): bright, roundish, fairly large, the outer halo increasing to ~3.5'
diameter with averted vision. The
halo surrounds a well-defined very prominent core which increases to a
quasi-stellar nucleus. Forms a
pair with NGC 4283 3.5' NE. Poor
transparency.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4278 = H I-90 = H II-322 = h1186 on 13 Mar 1785 (sweep 387) and
recorded II-322 as "Three [with NGC 4283 and 4286], all in a row, but of
unequal size and brightness. The
most following [NGC 4286] vF."
His single position is 14 sec of time following NGC 4278. He found NGC 4278 again a month later
(11 Apr), assumed it was new and recorded I-90 as "Two [with NGC 4283],
the time is that of the brightest and preceding [NGC 4278], which is cB, pL,
nearly R. The other is sf, pB, S,
about 6' distance." JH made
two observations and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4279 = MCG -02-32-003
= PGC 39812
12 20 25.0 -11
40 00
V = 13.6; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 35d
18"
(5/8/04): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, very small brighter
core. Brighter of a close pair
with NGC 4285 4' NE. A couple of
faint stars are between the two galaxies (these are possibly Swift's NGC 4280).
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 4279 = Sw III-64, along with NGC 4280 and 4285, on 6 May
1886. His description reads
"eeF; vS; R; 1st of 3."
There are only two galaxies near his positions for these three objects
and only his position for NGC 4285 = Sw III-66 lands directly on a galaxy. His first two positions are both to the
south of MCG -02-32-003 = PGC 39812.
Modern catalogues assign NGC 4279 = PGC 39812. See NGC 4280.
******************************
NGC 4280
12 20 31 -11 39
06
18"
(5/8/04): this number may apply to a trio of mag 15 stars situated between NGC
4279 and NGC 4285. The two
brighter stars were noted, although I was not looking for the fainter third
star. This identification is
uncertain and listed as nonexistent in RNGC.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 4280 = Sw III-65, along with NGC 4279 and 4285, on 6 May
1886. There are only two galaxies
here and either NGC 4279 or 4280 is nonexistent or refers to a faint star(s). Assuming NGC 4279 = PGC 39812 , then
Swift's offsert to NGC 4280 falls close to a 45" string of 3 mag
14.5/15.5/16.5 stars. His
description "eeeF; vS; R; 2nd of 3" is not helpful in pinning down
the identification. So, this
number is lost or might apply to one of more of these stars.
******************************
NGC 4281 = UGC
7389 = MCG +01-32-012 = CGCG 042-034 = Holm 368b = WBL 397-008 = PGC 39801
12 20 21.5 +05
23 11
V = 11.3; Size 3.0'x1.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 88d
24"
(4/28/14): bright, fairly large, elongated 2:1 E-W, 1.8'x0.9', sharply
concentrated with an intensely bright core that increases to quasi-stellar
nucleus. NGC 4268, 4273 and 4277
in a 10' string to the SW and NGC 4270 and 4266 lie to the NW.
17.5"
(3/28/87): fairly bright, moderately large, bright core, elongated 2:1
E-W. This galaxy is the last of 7
in a 15' circle and the brightest in the group along with NGC 4273 6.9' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4281 = H II-571 = H II-573 = h1187 = h1194 on 17 Apr 1786 (sweep
553) and recorded "Four [NGC 4270, 4273, 4277 and 4281], the time and
number is that of the last [NGC 4281].
They are scattered about."
There is nothing near his position, but exactly one degree south is NGC
4281, the last of these four galaxies.
He swept the field again 6 days later and measured an accurate position
for NGC 4281, and simply noted (for II-573) "a nebula, but cloudy."
JH recorded the
nebula as a "nova" on 27 Dec 1827 with the description "vB; E;
bM; 60"." His RA was 47
sec too large (same error he made with NGC 4277 and 4273), so he didn't realize
the equivalence with II-573. On a
later sweep he observed H II-573 again, measured an accurate position and
reported "vB, vL, R, pgbM, 3', 3 more seen." So, errors were made by
both WH and JH, though Dreyer sorted things out pretty well in his 1912
publication of WH's catalogues.
******************************
NGC 4282 = MCG
+01-32-013 = CGCG 042-035 = WBL 397-009 = PGC 39809
12 20 24.3 +05
34 22
V = 13.9; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 100d
24" (4/28/14):
fairly faint, fairly small, elongated ~2:1 ~E-W, 0.7'x0.3', gradually increases
to a slightly brighter core, brighter along the major axis. On a line between NGC 4270 11' SW and
NGC 4287 7' NE. Also NGC 4266 lies
11' WSW.
17.5"
(3/24/90): very faint, very small, slightly elongated E-W, low even surface
brightness. A mag 13 star is 1.8'
S of center. Located in the large
NGC 4261 group with NGC 4287 6' NE and NGC 4270 10' SW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 4282 = m 237, along with NGC 4249, 4252, 4266 and 4287 on 26 May
1864. His position is 2' north of
CGCG 042-035 = PGC 39809.
******************************
NGC 4283 = UGC
7390 = MCG +05-29-063 = CGCG 158-080 = Holm 369b = WBL 399-002 = PGC 39800
12 20 20.8 +29
18 39
V = 12.1; Size 1.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(4/25/98): moderately bright, round, 1' diameter. Fairly well concentrated with a small, bright core and
stellar nucleus. Second of three
in trio with brighter NGC 4278 3.5' SW and NGC 4286 5' NE. Poor transparency due to smoke.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4283 = H II-377 = H II-323 = h1188 on 13 Mar 1785 (sweep 387)
and recorded II-323 as "Three [with NGC 4278 and 4286], all in a row, but
of unequal size and brightness.
The most following [NGC 4286] vF." His single position is 14 sec of time following NGC
4278. He found NGC 4283 again a
month later (11 Apr), assumed it was new and recorded II-377 as "Two [with
NGC 4283], the time is that of the brightest and preceding [NGC 4278], which is
cB, pL, nearly R. The other [NGC 4283]
is sf [error: should read nf], pB, S, about 6' distance." JH made two observations and measured
an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4284 = UGC
7393 = MCG +10-18-026 = CGCG 293-011 = Holm 373b = PGC 39775
12 20 12.6 +58
05 34
V = 13.5; Size 2.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.5; PA = 102d
17.5"
(5/13/88): faint, small, bright core, elongated NW-SE. Forms a right angle with two mag 13
stars 1.3' S and 1.1' E of center.
Forms a pair with NGC 4290 5' E.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4284 = H III-798 on 17 Apr 1789 (sweep 923) and recorded
"cF, lE, iF. The preceding of
two [with II-805 = NGC 4290]. His
re-reduced position is 2' northwest of UGC 7393.
******************************
NGC 4285 = MCG
-02-32-004 = PGC 39842
12 20 39.8 -11
38 31
V = 14.1; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 50d
18"
(5/8/04): very faint, small, elongated ~3:2 SW-NE, 35"x20", weak
concentration. Forms a pair with
slightly brighter NGC 4279 4' SW.
Between the galaxies are a couple of faint stars (possibly NGC 4280).
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 4285 = Sw III-66, along with NGC 4279 and 4280, on 6 May 1886
and recorded "eF; pS; R; 3rd of 3." There are only two galaxies here, but his position clearly
establishes NGC 4285 = MCG -02-32-004 = PGC 39842. See NGC 4280.
******************************
NGC 4286 = UGC
7398 = MCG +05-29-065 = CGCG 158-083 = IC 3181 = WBL 399-003 = PGC 39846
12 20 42 +29 20
48
V = 13.1; Size 1.6'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 150d
17.5"
(4/25/98): very faint, very low surface brightness. No details visible but appears as an elongated haze ~N-S,
located just north of a mag 15.5 star.
On a line with NGC 4283 5' SW and NGC 4278 8.5' SW. Transparency poor.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4286 = H III-300 on 13 Mar 1785 (sweep 387) and recorded
"Three [with NGC 4283 and 4286], all in a row, but of unequal size and
brightness. The most following
[NGC 4286] vF.
On 24 Apr 1849,
LdR (or observing assistant George Stoney), noted "a third nebula about
8.5' nf [NGC 4278]." Assuming
it was new, JH (who missed this galaxy) assigned it GC 2863, although Dreyer
realized the equivalence with NGC 4286 and combined the two GC designations in
the NGC. Henrich d'Arrest measured
an accurate micrometric position.
Max Wolf found
this galaxy again on a Heidelberg plate on 23 Mar 1903 and reported it in list
IV-28 (later IC 3181). His
position matches d'Arrest's, so it's surprising that Dreyer didn't catch the
equivalence. So, NGC 4286 = IC
3181.
******************************
NGC 4287 = MCG
+01-32-014 = CGCG 042-037 = PGC 39860
12 20 48.5 +05
38 23
V = 14.5; Size 1.1'x0.2'; PA = 75d
24"
(4/28/14): faint to fairly faint, fairly small, edge-on 4:1 or 5:1 WSW-ENE,
35"x8", fairly low even surface brightness. A mag 14.3 star is attached on the northwest side and
detracts from viewing. NGC 4282
lies 7' SW and IC 782 is 14' NE (the trio is collinear). In addition, NGC 4266 and 4270 are both
~18' SW.
17.5"
(3/24/90): extremely faint, very small, slightly elongated E-W, low surface
brightness. A mag 14.5 star on the
west edge slightly hampers the view.
NGC 4282 lies 6' SW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 4287 = m 238, along with NGC 4249, 4252, 4266 and 4282 on 26 May
1864. His position is 1' south of
CGCG 042-037 = PGC 39860.
******************************
NGC 4288 = UGC
7399 = MCG +08-23-006 = CGCG 244-006 = Holm 371a = PGC 39840
12 20 38.1 +46
17 31
V = 12.9; Size 2.1'x1.6'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 130d
17.5":
fairly faint, moderately large, oval NNW-SSE, gradually brighter halo. Located almost at the midpoint of a mag
13 star 3.3' NNW and a mag 13.5 star 3.7' SSE of center. Forms a pair with NGC 4288A 2.3'
S. The companion appeared
extremely faint, very small, round.
A mag 13.5 star is 1.3' S.
Member of the CVn II Group (brightest member M106).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4288 = H III-726 = h1191 on 10 Apr 1788 (sweep 830) and noted
"eF, pS." JH made 3
observations and reported on sweep 138 "pF; R; vgbM; 60"."
******************************
NGC 4289 = UGC
7403 = MCG +01-32-015 = CGCG 042-038 = FGC 1418 = LGG 281-010 = PGC 39886
12 21 02.3 +03
43 20
V = 13.8; Size 3.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 1d
18"
(5/8/04): very faint, thin edge-on 5:1 N-S, 1.0'x0.2', very weak
concentration. This delicate
sliver required some care in first acquiring. A mag 8.4 star (HD 107473) just 3.1' E detracts from
viewing. Located 47' SSW of M61.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 4289 = T I-42 in 1877.
His position and description (BD +4¡2606 follows by 12 sec of time)
matches UGC 7403.
******************************
NGC 4290 = UGC
7402 = MCG +10-18-029 = CGCG 293-012 = Holm 373a = PGC 39859
12 20 47.5 +58
05 33
V = 11.8; Size 2.3'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 90d
17.5"
(5/13/88): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated WSW-ENE, bright core,
faint stellar nucleus. Forms a
pair with NGC 4284 4.6' W. A wide
double star = M40 lies 15' E.
Located 15' N of 70 Ursa Majoris (V = 5.6).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4290 = H II-805 = h1193 on 17 Apr 1789 (sweep 923) and recorded
"pB, pL, mbM. The following of
two [with H III-798 = NGC 4284]."
His offset from NGC 4284 is an exact match with UGC 7402. JH observed this object on a single
sweep and noted "pB; L; R; gbM; 60"."
******************************
NGC 4291 = UGC
7397 = MCG +13-09-024 = CGCG 352-028 = PGC 39791
12 20 17.7 +75
22 15
V = 11.5; Size 1.9'x1.6'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 110d
13.1"
(2/23/85): fairly bright, small, round, small bright nucleus, possible stellar
nucleus at 312x. A mag 14 star is
at the west edge 25" from the center. Form a pair with NGC 4319 6' SE. Located 13' NNE of mag 5.4 SAO 7540. NGC 4386 lies 20' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4291 = H I-275 = h1192, along with NGC 4319, on 10 Dec 1797
(sweep 1066) and noted "cB, S, R." JH made four observations and logged on sweep 349 "pF;
R; gbM; 20"; followed and almost surrounded by 3 stars 10m, one of which
is double; has also a vS * sp dist 30"."
******************************
NGC 4292 = UGC
7404 = MCG +01-32-016 = CGCG 042-040 = Holm 375a = PGC 39922
12 21 16.4 +04
35 44
V = 12.2; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 7d
17.5"
(3/28/87): fairly faint, small, bright core, slightly elongated halo. Located 1.3' SSE of a mag 10 star. Forms a close pair with NGC 4292A 2' N. The companion appeared very faint, very
small, almost round, requires averted.
M61 lies 11' SE.
13"
(2/23/85): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated ~N-S, brighter core. A mag 9 star is 1' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4292 = h1196 on 7 Apr 1828 and logged "F; S; near a bright
star; precedes M61 about half a field." A few nights later he logged "F; R; vglbM; has a star
70¡ np; 1' dist. Taken for H
I-139, but this nebula does not exist, or is identical with M61." The latter is the case.
On 1 Mar 1851,
Bindon Stoney (LdR's assistant) recorded "bM and has a vF
companion". While compiling
the 1880 publication, Dreyer added the note "2' north by
diagram." At this offset from
NGC 4292 is NGC 4292A = PGC 213977, another pre-NGC discovery which should have
recieved a NGC designation.
******************************
NGC 4293 = UGC
7405 = MCG +03-32-006 = CGCG 099-023 = PGC 39907
12 21 13.0 +18
23 00
V = 10.4; Size 5.6'x2.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 72d
17.5"
(5/23/98): fairly bright, large, elongated 3:1 WSW-ENE, ~4.5'x1.5'. The core is more oval, ~1.2'
diameter. The galaxy has an
irregular surface brightness and there appears to be a dark band following the
core. A mag 13.5 star is just off
the following end 2.7' from center and a trio of mag 12-13 stars are off the NE
end as well as another mag 13 star 2' N of center. Located 36' N of 11 Comae Berenices (V = 4.7).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4293 = H V-5 = h1195 on 14 Mar 1784 (sweep 170) and recorded
"L, E, r, 6 or 7' in length."
JH made two observations and logged (sweep 61) "F; vL; E; bM; 5' l,
1.5' br." Bindon Stoney,
LdR's assistant on 10 Apr 1852, noted a "faint knot at end of the
preceding branch."
******************************
NGC 4294 = UGC
7407 = MCG +02-32-009 = CGCG 070-024 = Holm 376a = PGC 39925
12 21 17.8 +11
30 37
V = 12.1; Size 3.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 155d
17.5"
(4/18/87): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE,
2.0'x0.7', fairly weak concentration.
A mag 14.5 star is at the north end 1.1' from center. Forms a pair with NGC 4299 5.6' E.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4294 = H II-61 = h1197 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 174) and recorded
"Two [with NGC 4299] considerable, E, F nebula; their situation is in the
same parallel; and they are near fixed pB stars." CH's reduced position is about a min of
RA following UGC 7407 and the description fits. JH's description on sweep 242 is interesting: "F; vmE;
like a double neb composed of 2 R nebulae."
******************************
NGC 4295 = MCG
+05-29-068 = CGCG 158-085 = PGC 39906
12 21 09.8 +28
09 54
V = 13.6; Size 0.6'x0.5'
18"
(6/23/09): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, 30"x25",
increases gradually to a very small brighter core.
17.5"
(4/25/98): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, weak
concentration. A mag 13 star lies
3.3' NNE. Poor transparency due to
smoke.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4295 on 6 Apr 1864 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His single position is
just off the east side of CGCG 158-085 = PGC 39906.
******************************
NGC 4296 = UGC
7409 = MCG +01-32-017 = CGCG 042-041 NED2 = PGC 39943
12 21 28.4 +06
39 12
V = 12.7; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 15d
17.5"
(3/24/90): fairly faint, very small, bright core, very faint elongated halo N-S
mostly visible to the south of the core.
Forms a pair with NGC 4297 1.1' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4296 = H III-92, along with NGC 4297, on 13 Apr 1784 (sweep 191)
and recorded both as "vF, vS; and one still smaller and fainter suspected
just by." His single offset is
just 5 sec of RA following UGC 7409.
******************************
NGC 4297 = MCG
+01-32-018 = CGCG 042-041 NED1 = PGC 39940
12 21 27.4 +06
40 16
V = 14.2; Size 0.5'x0.2'; Surf Br = 11.5; PA = 175d
17.5"
(3/24/90): extremely faint and small, round, requires averted. Located 1.1' N of NGC 4296.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4297 = H III-93, along with NGC 4296, on 13 Apr 1784 (sweep 191)
and recorded both as "vF, vS; and one still smaller and fainter suspected
just by." His single offset is
just 5 sec of RA following UGC 7409 (taken as III-92 = NGC 4296) with fainter
CGCG 042-041 (taken as III-93 = NGC 4297) just 1.1' NNW.
But III-93 was
not seen by Heinrich d'Arrest or Guillaume Bigourdan and Frost missed it on a
Harvard plate, so he classified it as nonexistent (Annals of Harvard College
Observatory, Vol 88, No. 1). The
CGCG has a single entry and calls this a double system.
******************************
NGC 4298 = UGC
7412 = MCG +03-32-007 = CGCG 099-024 = Holm 377a = PGC 39950
12 21 32.8 +14
36 24
V = 11.3; Size 3.2'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 140d
48"
(4/7/13): very bright, large, oval 2:1 NW-SE, 2.5'x1.5'. Contains a very bright core, which
increases to a small bright nucleus.
The core is offset a bit to the NW side. The halo extends further to the southeast side and a weakly
defined spiral arm is evident in the outer halo on the west side, extending to
the southeast end. A mag 13.5 star
is at the east side, 0.8' from the core.
Forms a striking pair with NGC 4302 2' E. M99 lies 40' WSW.
17.5"
(5/23/87): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated NW-SE, broadly brighter
center. A mag 13 star is at the
east end 0.8' from center. Forms a
close pair with edge-on NGC 4302 2' E.
13"
(3/24/84): fairly faint, slightly elongated NW-SE. A mag 13 star is at the east end.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4298 = H II-111 = h1198, along with NGC 4302, on 8 Apr 1784
(sweep 187) and recorded "Two resolvable nebula. The first [NGC 4298] R. The second [NGC 4302] E. About 2' from each other. JH noted "F; L; E; vgbM; a star follows; the p of
2."
******************************
NGC 4299 = UGC
7414 = MCG +02-32-010 = CGCG 070-025 = Holm 376b = PGC 39968
12 21 40.8 +11
30 03
V = 12.5; Size 1.7'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 26d
17.5"
(4/18/87): moderately bright, moderately large, overall fairly diffuse with a
broad concentration, slightly elongated.
A group of mag 12-13 stars is SE.
Forms a pair with NGC 4294 5.6' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4299 = H II-62 = h1200 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 174) and recorded "Two [with NGC 4294]
considerable, E, F nebula; their situation is in the same parallel; and they
are near fixed pB stars." JH
made 3 observations and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4300 = UGC
7413 = MCG +01-32-021 = CGCG 042-044 = PGC 39972
12 21 41.5 +05
23 05
V = 12.9; Size 1.5'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 42d
24"
(4/28/14): moderately bright, elongated 5:2 SW-NE, 1.0'x0.4', fairly well
concentrated with a bright, elongated core. At the southern vertex of an isosceles triangle with two mag
9.2 stars 8.4' NNE and 9.2' NW.
17.5"
(3/28/87): fairly faint, elongated SW-NE, weak concentration. Located 20' E of NGC 4281 and 11' WNW
of 17 Virginis (·1636 = 6.6/9.4 at 21").
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4300 = H II-572 = h1201 on 17 Apr 1786 (sweep 553) and only
noted "a nebula, [position] very badly taken." Despite WH's comment just previously in
the sweep that "a slop occasioned by the same blundering person", his
position is just off the southwest end of the galaxy.
******************************
NGC 4301 = NGC
4303A = UGC 7439 = MCG +01-32-027 = CGCG 042-053 = Holm 379b = PGC 40087
12 22 27.2 +04
33 58
V = 13.0; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(3/28/87): fairly faint, fairly small, almost round, fairly even surface
brightness. Located 10' NE of
M61. NGC 4292 lies 11' NW.
13.1"
(2/23/85): faint, fairly small, diffuse, roundish.
13.1"
(5/26/84): very faint, small, diffuse, slightly elongated, no concentration.
Here are my
notes on UGC 7411, the galaxy identified as NGC 4301 in the MCG, PGC and RC3:
UGC 7411 = MCG
+01-32-019 = CGCG 042-042 = PGC 39951
12 21 34.1 +04
46 47
V = 13.6; Size 1.4'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 132d
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 4301 on 21 Apr 1851, while observing the field of M61 with LdR's
72". The short description in
the 1880 Monograph reads "Another neb 10' nf.", but there is no
reference object given to identify the object. A more complete description is given in his 1861
publication: "1202 [M61] is a
spiral, B. centre, and 2 knots.
There is another neb. 10' nf." This strongly suggests NGC 4301 is 10' northeast of M61,
which points to NGC 4301 = NGC 4303A = UGC 7439.
Heinrich
d'Arrest and Herman Schultz were unable to find NGC 4301 at the GC
position. Because of this, Dreyer
assumed the LdR discovery was 10' northeast of NGC 4292 (the other object
grouped together in the LdR publications) and modified the position of NGC 4301
in the NGC. As a result, UGC 7411
(located 12' NNE of NGC 4292) is misidentified as NGC 4301 in the MCG, PGC,
RC3, NGC 2000.0 and the RNGC (based on its rectangular coordinates). UGC 7439 is correctly identified as NGC
4301 in the UGC. Malcolm Thomson
investigated the identifications (WSQJ 10/92) and Harold Corwin has a complete
analysis.
******************************
NGC 4302 = UGC
7418 = MCG +03-32-009 = CGCG 099-027 = Holm 377b = PGC 39974
12 21 42.3 +14
35 59
V = 11.6; Size 5.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 178d
48"
(4/7/13): at 610x; beautiful, thin edge-on stretches at least 8:1 N-S,
~5.0'x0.5'. Contains a brighter,
elongated, mottled core. A very
thin dust lane extends along the major axis! The core is slightly brighter on the east side of the dust
lane. The northern tip extends
beyond a mag 14.2 star off the northwest end. A mag 14.3 star is just west of the southern tip. Forms a superb pair with NGC 4298 just
2' W.
17.5"
(5/23/87): fairly faint, large edge-on 7:1 N-S, 4.5'x0.6', low surface
brightness, weak concentration. A
mag 14 star is off the north edge 2.0' from center. Forms a close pair with NGC 4298 2.4' W.
13"
(3/24/84): faint edge-on streak N-S close following NGC 4298.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4302 = H II-112 = h1199, along with NGC 4298, on 8 Apr 1784
(sweep 187) and recorded "Two resolvable nebula. The first [NGC 4298] R. The second [NGC 4302] E. About 2' from each other." On 26 Apr 1832, JH noted "L; vmE nearly in the meridian
[N-S]; the f of 2."
******************************
NGC 4303 = M61 =
UGC 7420 = MCG +01-32-022 = CGCG 042-045 = Holm 379a = PGC 40001
12 21 54.9 +04
28 25
V = 9.7; Size 6.5'x5.8'; Surf Br = 13.4
48"
(4/5/13): at 375x and 488x, the visible structure was similar to photographic
detail! A bright bar extends
north-south and is sharply concentrated with a very small, round, intense
nucleus. A bright arm is attached
right at the north side of the bar and sweeps counterclockwise 180¡ to the
south end, along the east side. A
brighter region was visible in the arm east of the nucleus, which include HII
regions NGC 4303:[HK83] #35/39/41/45/49, from the Hodge-Kennicutt "Atlas
of H II regions in 125 galaxies".
The western arm
is attached at the southern end of the bar and sweeps north on the west
side. A bright, elongated patch is
on the southern end of this arm, which includes #155, ~45" SSW of the
nucleus. The arm extends inside a
mag 14 star in the west side of the halo [1.2' WSW of center] and then sharply
dims but extends towards #242, a nearly detached faint knot 1.2' WNW of center.
A partial outer
arm, not attached to the core, was easily visible on the north side, angling
southwest to northeast. This short
arms contains HII region #135, a very bright, 15" knot, 1.2' NNE of
center.
18"
(5/12/07): spiral structure is easily visible. One arm is attached at the north end and sweeps towards the
northeast and then hooks to the south along the east side. A bright knot ([HK83] 135) is within
the arm at the northeast end. A
second broader arm is attached at the south end and sweeps towards the
southwest and then hooks towards the north on the west side. The central region contains a bright,
stellar nucleus.
13.1"
(5/26/84): very bright, large, bright stellar nucleus. Two spiral arms are faintly visible;
one arm is attached south of the nucleus and winds towards the west and then
north. A slightly brighter arm is
attached north of the nucleus and winds along the east side towards the
south. In the field with NGC 4292
11' NW and NGC 4301 10' NE.
Barnaba Oriani
discovered M61 = NGC 4303 = H I-139 = h1202 on 5 May 1779 while observing the
Comet of 1779. It was
independently found by Messier six days later, on 11 May 1779. WH found M61 on 17 Apr 1786 (sweep
553), assumed it was new, and catalogued it as I-139 with the summary
description (2 observations) "eB; vBN; r, 6 or 7' dia."
Bindon Stoney
discovered spiral structure on 1 Mar 1851 and noted "spiral, 2 knots,
centre bright. There is another
neb. 10' nf." A sketch made
of M61 on 14 Apr 1852 was included in the 1861 publication, though
misidentified as h1196 [NGC 4292].
The neb 10' nf probably refers to NGC 4301 = NGC 4303A = UGC 7439. See that number.
******************************
NGC 4304 = ESO
380-020 = MCG -05-29-034 = LGG 280-003 = PGC 40055
12 22 12.7 -33
29 04
V = 11.6; Size 2.6'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.5
18"
(5/28/06): very faint, fairly large, round, 2' diameter, broad weak
concentration. Appears as a
diffuse glow of low surface brightness though seems mottled or one or more very
faint stars is superimposed. Located 6.9' NW of mag 8.2 SAO 203407.
On the DSS, this
galaxy is a face-on barred spiral similar to NGC 1300. A bright HII region lies on the south
side and this probably contributed to the appearance of "mottled" or
having a superimposed "star".
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4304 = h3387 on 28 Apr 1834 and logged "vF; pL; R; vgvlbM;
90"; r." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 4305 = UGC
7432 = MCG +02-32-013 = CGCG 070-031 = Holm 381a = PGC 40030
12 22 03.6 +12
44 27
V = 12.6; Size 2.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 32d
24"
(5/29/14): moderately bright, moderately large, oval 5:3 SW-NE, 1.0'x0.6'. Contains a brighter, elongated
core. Brighter of a pair with NGC
4306 2.8' N.
17.5"
(4/25/87): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated SSW-NNE, diffuse arms, weak
concentration. Forms a pair with
NGC 4306 2.8' N. NGC 4267 lies 33'
W.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4305 = h1203 on 2 May 1829 and simply noted "vF;
R." His position is just
45" south of center, though he missed nearby NGC 4306.
******************************
NGC 4306 = UGC
7433 = MCG +02-32-014 = CGCG 070-032 = Holm 381b = PGC 40032
12 22 04.1 +12
47 15
V = 13.2; Size 1.6'x1.3'; PA = 140d
24"
(5/29/14): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated NW-SE,
40"x32", weak concentration.
Fainter of a pair with NGC 4305 2.8' S.
17.5"
(4/25/87): faint, small, slightly elongated NW-SE, diffuse, no
concentration. Forms a pair with
NGC 4305 2.8' S.
George Johnstone
Stoney, LdR's assistant, discovered NGC 4306 on 13 Apr 1849, while viewing the
central region of the Virgo cluster.
He labeled the galaxy Beta on the diagram and recorded "Alpha [NGC
4305] and Beta [NGC 4306] nearly in merdian [N-S], both F, Alpha the
larger." Henrich d'Arrest
independently discovered NGC 4306 on 16 Apr 1865 and measured an accurate position. d'Arrest is credited with the discovery
in the NGC as no positions or offsets were determined at Birr Castle.
******************************
NGC 4307 = UGC
7431 = MCG +02-32-012A = CGCG 070-029 = Holm 380a = PGC 40033
12 22 05.6 +09
02 38
V = 12.0; Size 3.6'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 24d
17.5"
(3/24/90): moderately bright, large, edge-on SSW-NNE, broad moderate
concentration. Forms a pair with
IC 3211 3.2' S. The companion
(identified as NGC 4307A in the RNGC) appeared extremely faint and small,
round. NGC 4316 lies 20' NNE.
Christian Peters
discovered NGC 4307 around 1881 with the 13.5-inch refractor at Hamilton
College Observatory. He noted
"pL, not vF" and his position is 2.5' south of UGC 7431. Wilhelm
Temepel independently found NGC 4307 on 17 Mar 1882 and reported it in list VII
(AN 2522).
******************************
NGC 4308 = UGC
7426 = MCG +05-29-069 = CGCG 158-088 = PGC 40011
12 21 56.8 +30
04 27
V = 13.4; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(4/25/98): faint, small, round, 30" diameter, very weak
concentration. Located 13' NW of
NGC 4314. Observation hampered by
poor transparency.
Truman Safford
discovered NGC 4308 = Sf 107 on 11 Jun 1868 with the 18.5" refractor at
the Dearborn Observatory. The
discovery was not published until 1887, too late to be credited in the
NGC. Wilhelm Tempel independently
discovered the galaxy on 17 Feb 1882, recorded it in list V-16, and was
credited with the discovery in the main NGC listing. Tempel's and Safford's
position matches UGC 7426.
******************************
NGC 4309 = UGC
7435 = MCG +01-32-025 =CGCG 042-051 = Holm 382a = PGC 40051
12 22 12.4 +07
08 39
V = 12.7; Size 1.9'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 85d
17.5"
(3/24/90): faint, elongated E-W, diffuse, gradually increases to a small bright
core. A mag 13 star is 2.9'
E. Located 20' W of the NGC 4343
group.
Christian Peters
discovered NGC 4309 around 1881 with the 13.5-inch refractor at the Hamilton
College Observatory in New York.
Peters' position matches UGC 7435. The discovery was not published in
his two lists in Copernicus 1881 and 1882, so was probably communicated
directly to Dreyer.
******************************
NGC 4310 = NGC
4338 = UGC 7440 = MCG +05-29-074 = CGCG 158-092 = PGC 40086
12 22 26.3 +29
12 31
V = 12.2; Size 2.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 165d
17.5"
(5/23/98): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 1.2'x0.6', weak
concentration. A wide pair of mag
12 stars [1.3' separation] lies 4' S.
The nearer star has a mag 14 companion at 24".
17.5" (4/25/98):
fairly faint, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 1.4'x0.7', broad concentration. The trio of NGC 4278, NGC 4283 and NGC
4286 lies ~30' NW. Observation
affected by hazy skies.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4310 = H II-378 = h1205 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and recorded
"F, cL, lE." CH's
reduction is 2' northwest of UGC 7440.
There is only a single galaxy here, although on sweep 68, JH called it
"vB. The np of 2 [with h1206
= NGC 4611]."
d'Arrest made 3
accurate measurements of the positions, with a 4th exactly 1.0 min of time too
large. Dreyer assumed it was new
and catalogued it as NGC 4338. So,
NGC 4310 = NGC 4338.
******************************
NGC 4311
12 22 26 +29 12
24
=Not found,
Corwin.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4311 = h1206 on 19 Apr 1827 and recorded "F; the sf of two
[with NGC 4310]." There is
only a single galaxy here, so it is not clear what JH was referring to. Curiously, his position is a very close
match with NGC 4310. Harold Corwin
was unsuccessful in searching for other pairs that JH might have
misidentified. UGC, RNGC and MCG
label the single galaxy as NGC 4310 = NGC 4311.
******************************
NGC 4312 = UGC
7442 = MCG +03-32-014 = CGCG 099-029 = Holm 387b = PGC 40095
12 22 31.4 +15
32 16
V = 11.7; Size 4.6'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 170d
17.5"
(5/23/87): moderately bright and large, very elongated N-S, 2.5'x0.6', brighter
the along major axis. A pair of
mag 12.5/13 stars at 21" separation lies 2.5' ESE. Located 18' SSW of M100.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4312 = H II-628 = h1209 on 14 Jan 1787 (sweep 691) and logged
"pB, cL, E." CH's
reduced position is 6 sec of RA east of UGC 7442.
******************************
NGC 4313 = UGC
7445 = MCG +02-32-016 = CGCG 070-034 = PGC 40105
12 22 38.6 +11
48 04
V = 11.6; Size 4.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 143d
24"
(5/29/14): fairly bright, fairly large, very elongated 7:2 NW-SE, 2.1'x0.6',
bright, elongated core increases to a faint stellar nucleus, mottled
surface. The northwest extension
seems slightly brighter and longer and in addition is slightly tilted with
respect to the major axis of the core.
17.5"
(4/18/87): moderately bright, moderately large, very elongated NW-SE, very
small bright core. Located 22' NE
of the NGC 4294/NGC 4299 pair in the same low power field.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4313 = H II-63 = h1207 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 174) and noted
"E, resembling the former two [NGC 4294 and 4299]. His position on this sweep is 1.0 tmin
too large. A similar error was made on several nebulae discovered on that night
including NGCs 3810, 4067, 4294, 4313, 4352, 4371, and 4429. JH made two observations, recording on
his 3rd sweep "eF; E 45¡ np, r in middle." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 4314 = UGC
7443 = MCG +05-29-075 = CGCG 158-093 = PGC 40097
12 22 32.0 +29
53 44
V = 10.6; Size 4.2'x3.7'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(4/25/98): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated ~3:1 NNW-SSE, ~3'x1'. The halo fades at the tips and rises
fairly abruptly to an oval core. A
mag 13 star is at the northwest tip and a mag 14/15 star is embedded on the
southeast side. The observation
was hampered by poor transparency and the faint outer halo of this barred
spiral was not seen.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4314 = H I-76 = h1204 = Sf 20 on 13 Mar 1785 (sweep 387) and
recorded "cB, L, E." His
position matches UGC 7443. Truman Safford rediscovered this galaxy on 16 May
1886 with the 18.5" Clark refractor at the Dearborn Observatory, though
noted "vB, probably well known."
******************************
NGC 4315
12 22 39.5 +09
17 10
=*, Corwin. "Not found", Carlson.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 4315, along with NGC 4316, on 17 Mar 1882. He mentioned a fainter nebula to the
south 1.5' and 2 sec of RA west.
There is nothing at this offset, except a mag 15 star which is 2.8'
south and 3 sec of RA west or perhaps a mag 14 star 1.6' south and 2.5 sec of
RA east. Tempel apparently
confused one of these stars as being nebulous.
******************************
NGC 4316 = UGC
7447 = MCG +02-32-017 = CGCG 070-035 = PGC 40119
12 22 42.3 +09
19 56
V = 12.9; Size 2.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 113d
17.5"
(3/24/90): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated WNW-ESE, weak
concentration. A double star is
off the WNW end with components 13.2/13.5 at 19". NGC 4307 is 21' SW.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 4316, along with NGC 4315, on 17 Mar 1882. He noted the 20" pair of stars off
the northwest end so the identification with UGC 7447 is certain, although
there are only a couple of stars near his offset for NGC 4315. ƒdouard Stephan independently found NGC
4316 = St XIII-68 on 1 Apr 1884 and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4317
12 22 36 +31 02
=Not found,
Corwin. =*, Reinmuth and Carlson.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4317 = H II-324 on 13 Mar 1785 (sweep 387) and logged "F,
S." There is nothing at his
position and Corwin was not able to find a likely candidate.
Karl Renimuth
identifies NGC 4317 with a mag 13.7 star and this is repeated by Dorothy Carlson. But Corwin feels II-324 probably does
not refer to a star as the description would more likely be vS or eS. So, he calls it "lost".
******************************
NGC 4318 = UGC
7446 = MCG +02-32-015 = CGCG 042-059 = CGCG 070-033 = PGC 40122
12 22 43.3 +08
11 54
V = 13.3; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 65d
17.5"
(3/24/90): fairly faint, very small, slightly elongated SW-NE, bright
core. Located 4.4' S of mag 8.8
SAO 119363.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4318 = h1208 on 18 Jan 1828 and noted "eF; a star 8m 5'
dist, on meridian to north."
His position is within 30" of the center of UGC 7446 and HD 107744
is 4.4' due north. Schwassmann
reported (IC 2 Notes section) "it looks on the plate like a *11-12, not
nebulous". on a Konigstuhl-Heidelberg plate.
******************************
NGC 4319 = NGC
4345 =UGC 7429 = MCG +03-09-025 = CGCG 352-029 = PGC 39981
12 21 43.9 +75
19 20
V = 11.9; Size 3.0'x2.3'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 160d
13.1"
(2/23/85): fairly faint, small, bright core, stellar nucleus. The quasar Markarian 205 (controversial
quasar with an apparent discordant redshift) appears as a faint mag 14.5
stellar object 0.7' south of center.
Forms a pair with NGC 4291 6' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4319 = H I-276 = h1210, along with NGC 4291, on 10 Dec 1797
(sweep 1066) and recorded "cB, cL, mbM, iF." JH made three observations and recorded
(sweep 413) "pB; pL; bM.
Follows [NGC 4291]."
******************************
NGC 4320 = UGC
7452 = MCG +02-32-018 = CGCG 070-036 = VIII Zw 184 = PGC 40160
12 22 57.8 +10
32 55
V = 13.8; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 170d
17.5"
(3/24/90): very faint, very small, round, bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 4325 4.9' NNE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4320 on 15 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position, measured
on 4 nights, matches UGC 7452 and he mentions the mag 15 star (called mag 17)
which precedes by 5.6 sec of RA.
In the IC 2 Notes section, Dreyer mentions that Frost was unable to
identify this galaxy on a Harvard plate of 4 hours exposure.
******************************
NGC 4321 = M100
= UGC 7450 = MCG +03-32-015 = CGCG 099-030 = Holm 387a = WBL 401-001 = PGC
40153
12 22 55.0 +15
49 21
V = 9.3; Size 7.4'x6.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 30d
48" (4/18/15):
stunning view of this gorgeous spiral at 375x and 488x. M100 is sharply concentrated with an
intensely bright circular nucleus.
Two prominent, high contrast arms (fairly narrow) each rotate ~270¡ and
can be clearly traced to within 1' of the center. The south and north outer tips of the arms are between
5.5'-6' apart with the overall size ~6'x5'.
One arm begins
off the WNW side of the core with a bright mottled section angling nearly
north-south for ~25". This
section contains multiple HII sites NGC 4321:[HK83]220/223/229/230 from Hodge
and Kennicutt's 1983 "An Atlas of H II regions in 125 galaxies". The arm curls clockwise around the
south side. A small (~8"
dia.) HII knot (#160/171/172) is within this arm, 1.0' S of center. Just to the east [1.5' SE of center] is
a brighter, mottled section that contains a close pair [18" separation] of
compact HII knots (#110 and #69/87).
The surface brightness of the arm abruptly drops as it shoots due north
on the east side of the halo for ~3'.
The arm dims further as it curves west on the northeast side of the
outer halo and ends just southeast of mag 15 star situated 2.9' NNW of center.
The second arms
begins ~1' SE of center with a thicker, much brighter region. The Hodge-Kennicutt Atlas catalogues
numerous HII designations in this region, but none stood out individually. The arm sharply abruptly narrows and
rotates clockwise around the north side of the core towards the west. It passes just south of two mag 15.5
stars, where there is a slightly brighter mottled section containing HII
regions #252/253. The arm dims
significantly as it heads south on the west side of the halo. Finally, it weakens further and spreads
out at the end on the southwest side of the galaxy [2.6' from center].
18" (5/15/10):
very bright, large, ~4.0-4.5' diameter, sharply concentrated with a very bright
round core. Spiral structure was
evident at 220x with a spiral arm attached on the southwest side of the core
region. This arm sweeps east on
the south side, heading in the direction of a mag 14 star just off the
southeast end of the galaxy, but bending north. On the north side off of the core, a portion of the inner
spiral arm is visible oriented E-W and extending to the northwest of the core
region.
17.5"
(5/23/87): bright, very large, almost round, well-defined bright core
surrounded by a large, fainter halo.
Two faint galaxies NGC 4323 and NGC 4328 lie 5' N and 6' E,
respectively. This is the
brightest spiral in the Coma-Virgo cluster.
Pierre MŽchain
discovered M100 = NGC 4321 = h1211, along with M98 and M99, on 15 Mar 1781 and
Messier verified it a month later.
WH described "a vL nebula of about 10' in diameter, with a small
bright cluster of supposed stars in the middle. It is followed at the distance of 6 or 8' by another
distinct F, S, R, r nebula [NGC 4328] which is nearly in the same parallel with
the great one." His
description obviously refers to the sharply concentrated core, though he gave
this as an example in his 1814 publication of a nebula probably consisting of a
cluster of stars. LdR discovered
spiral structure in M100 on 9 Mar 1850 (or earlier) and included it in his list
of "Spiral or curvilinear" nebulae in the 1850 PT paper.
This is one of
the largest and brightest spirals in the Virgo cluster. M100 was the fist Virgo cluster member
that the HST observed Cepheid variables (1993) and derived a distance of 55
million light years (since revised to ~50 million light years).
******************************
NGC 4322
12 22 42.0 +15
54 13
24" (5/22/17):
this number *possibly* applies to a 13th magnitude star 5.7' NW of the center
of M100 and 4.8' due west of NGC 4323 (CGCG 099-031). This was clearly a single star at 200x-375x and is bright
enough that I'm surprised if Tempel would have confursed it with a nebulous
object, unless the seeing was very poor.
Most catalogues assign both NGC 4322 and 4323 to the single galaxy to
the north of M100.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 4322, along with NGC 4323 and NGC 4327, in 1882, during an
observation of M100. In the text
section of paper V (AN 2439) he mentions "on my drawing are three other
very faint nebula in the vicinity, two north and close to M100 and the third
south of [NGC 4328]." There
is only a single galaxy close north of M100 and none to the south of NGC
4328. RNGC and MCG equate NGC 4322
= NGC 4333 although Corwin suggests NGC 4323 should apply to the (single)
galaxy and NGC 4322 to a star further west, whose position is given here. This assignment for NGC 4322 is really
just a guess, though, so I've left the designation as "Not
Found". Of course, the galaxy
listed here could be identified as NGC 4322 with NGC 4323 left as "Not
Found".
******************************
NGC 4323 = MCG
+03-32-016 = CGCG 099-031 = Holm 387f = WBL 401-002 = PGC 40171
12 23 01.6 +15
54 20
V = 14.7; Size 1.1'x0.8'
24"
(5/22/17): at 375x; very faint, fairly small, roundish, ~0.4' diameter, very
low surface brightness with no structure.
Could often hold with averted but required concentration to pick up. Located 5.3' NNE of the center of
M100. A mag 13 star is 4.8' due
W. This galaxy was marginal in
Carter Scholz's 16", which makes me question if Wilhelm Tempel would have picked
it up in an 11" refractor.
18"
(5/15/10): this faint galaxy is located just 5.2' NNE of the center of the
face-on spiral M100. At 220x it
appeared very faint, fairly small, ~0.5'x0.4' (difficult to determine the
orientation), very low surface brightness with no central brightening. This galaxy is the fainter of two
companions of M100 with NGC 4328 6' E of center.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 4323, along with NGC 4322 and NGC 4327, in 1882, during an
observation of M100. He mentions
"on my drawing are three other very faint nebula in the vicinity, two
north and close to M100 and the third south of [NGC 4328]." But there is only a single galaxy north
of M100, namely CGCG 099-031 = PGC 40171.
RNGC and MCG equate NGC 4322 = NGC 4333 although Harold Corwin argues
that NGC 4322 is probably a star 4.8' west of the galaxy, which implies only NGC
4323 should be used for the galaxy (placing the numbers in order of RA). See Corwin's identification notes.
V = 14.7, B =
15.4
******************************
NGC 4324 = UGC
7451 = MCG +01-32-032 = CGCG 042-063 = Holm 388a = PGC 40179
12 23 06.2 +05
15 01
V = 11.6; Size 2.8'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 53d
17.5"
(3/28/87): moderately bright, small bright core, elongated WSW-ENE, fainter
extensions. Located 9' ESE of
double star 17 Virginis (·1636 = 6.6/9.4 at 21").
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4324 on 4 Mar 1862 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position (measured
on 4 nights) is accurate. Eduard
Schšnfeld independently found the galaxy less than a month later on 1 Apr 1862
with a 6-inch refractor at the Mannheim Observatory.
******************************
NGC 4325 = NGC
4368? = MCG +02-32-019 = CGCG 070-037 = PGC 40183
12 23 06.6 +10
37 16
V = 13.3; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 5d
17.5"
(3/24/90): faint, small, irregularly round, weak concentration. Forms a pair with NGC 4320 4.9' SSW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4325 on 15 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. He made 4 observations
and noted the mag 14.5 star (he called it mag 16) that follows by 7.6 seconds
of time.
WH's III-38 =
NGC 4368 is probably another observation, though this identification is
somewhat uncertain as his position is 1.5 minutes of RA further east. See that number.
******************************
NGC 4326 = UGC
7454 = MCG +01-32-033 = CGCG 042-064 = PGC 40192
12 23 11.6 +06 04
19
V = 13.3; Size 1.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 145d
16" LX200
(4/14/07): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3, 0.6'x0.45', small bright
core. Bracketed by a mag 10.5 star
3' N and a mag 11.5 star 2' S.
Located 5.8' W of NGC 4339 in a trio with NGC 4333 3.3' SE in the Virgo
cluster.
17.5"
(3/28/87): fairly faint, small, round, bright core. First of three and forms a right angle with NGC 4333 3.3' SE
and NGC 4339 5.7' E. A mag 11 star
is 3.0' N. Located within the NGC
4339 group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4326 = H II-141 = h1213 on 13 Apr 1784 (sweep 191) and recorded
"Three [with NGC 4333 and 4339], the last [NGC 4339] is the
largest." JH logged "vF;
S; R; bM; 10"; the first of 3 in a triangle." and measured an
accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4327
12 23 07.5 +15
44 11
= NF, Gottlieb
and Carlson. =*, Corwin.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 4327, along with NGC 4322 and 4323, in 1882, during an
observation of M100. In the notes
section of paper V (AN 2439) Tempel commented, "There are three other,
very subtle nebulae in the vicinity [of M100], two to the north, near to M100,
and the third to the south of NGC 2894." There is no nebula to the south
of NGC 2894 (and only one to the north of M100) and it was not found visually
or photographically by Bigourdan, Frost, Carlson and the RNGC. Corwin suggests a star that might have
been picked up by Tempel, but the magnitude (roughly 16.5) seems too faint, so
I've classified it as "not found".
******************************
NGC 4328 = MCG
+03-32-019 = CGCG 099-034 = Holm 387d = WBL 401-003 = PGC 40209
12 23 20.0 +15
49 13
V = 13.0; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 90d
18"
(5/15/10): faint, fairly small, very diffuse with just a weak concentration,
~0.8' diameter, no distinct core or zones. Located just 6' due east of the center of M100 and the
brighter of two companions in the field with NGC 4323.
18"
(4/5/03): very faint, fairly small, slightly elongated ~E-W, 0.8'x0.6', very
low surface brightness (although catalogued surface brightness is 13.1), very
weak concentration. A mag 14.5
star lies 1.4' NE. Located 6.0' E
of M100.
17.5"
(5/23/87): extremely faint, small, round.
A mag 14.5 star is 1.4' NE of center. Located 6' due east of M100!
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4328 = H II-84 on 21 Mar 1784 (sweep 182) and noted "It
[M100] is followed at the distance of 6 or 8' by another distinct F, S, R, r
nebula which is nearly in the same parallel with the great one." The NGC RA is 9 seconds too small, but
the identification is certain.
******************************
NGC 4329 = MCG
-02-32-009 = PGC 40212
12 23 20.7 -12
33 31
V = 11.5; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 11.5; PA = 45d
17.5"
(5/19/01): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated SW-NE, moderate surface brightness,
25" diameter. Seems fainter
than listed blue magnitude of 12.5.
MCG -02-32-006 lies 24' WNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4329 = h1214 on 9 Mar 1828 and recorded (single observation)
"F; sB; R; bM to nucleus. His position is 1.4' north of PGC 40212.
******************************
NGC 4330 = UGC
7456 = MCG +02-32-020 = CGCG 070-039 = FGC 1423 = PGC 40201
12 23 16.6 +11
22 07
V = 12.4; Size 4.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 59d
17.5"
(4/18/87): faint, fairly large, edge-on SW-NE, even surface brightness. NGC 4353 lies 14' SE.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 4330 on 14 Apr 1852 during an observation of NGC 4294 and 4299
with the 72" at Birr Castle.
He mentioned "another vF and thin ray about 30' following." JH
catalogued this object as GC 2909 ("R. nova"). Heinrich d'Arrest independently found
this galaxy on 15 Apr 1865 with the 11" refractor at Copenhagen and
measured an accurate position (3 nights).
Dreyer catalogued this observation as GC 5639 with the note
""Probably = [GC] 2909."
The two GC entries were combined in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 4331 = UGC
7449 = MCG +13-09-026 = CGCG 352-031 = VII Zw 451 = LGG 284-007 = PGC 40085
12 22 35.9 +76
10 21
V = 14.1; Size 2.2'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 2d
18"
(3/5/05): extremely faint, moderately large, edge-on 5:1 N-S. A mag 14-14.5 star is at the north tip
and the galaxy appears as a ghostly dagger hanging to the south.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4331 = H III-942 = h1220 on 12 Dec 1797 (sweep 1068) and noted
"eF, E near the meridian.
Verified with 320x."
CH's reduced position is 1.8' southeast of UGC 7449 and his description
applies to this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 4332 = UGC
7453 = MCG +11-15-048 = CGCG 315-033 = PGC 40133
12 22 46.8 +65
50 37
V = 12.2; Size 2.1'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 130d
17.5"
(3/20/93): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, weak
concentration. A mag 11.5 star is
2.1' ENE of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4332 = H II-847 = h1216 on 20 Mar 1790 (sweep 954) and logged
"pB; S; lE." JH recorded
(single observation) 'F; R; vgbM; 20"." and measured an accurate
position.
******************************
NGC 4333 = MCG
+01-32-034 = CGCG 042-065 = PGC 40217
12 23 22.2 +06
02 26
V = 13.6; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9
16" LX200
(4/14/07): fairly faint, small, round, faint stellar nucleus, 20"
diameter. Located 4' SW of NGC
4339 in a trio with NGC 4326 3.3' NW.
17.5"
(3/28/87): fairly faint, small, round, weak concentration. Forms a pair with NGC 4339 4' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4333 = H II-142 = h1215, along with NGC 4326 and 4329, on 13 Apr
1784 (sweep 191). JH logged
"F; pS; R; bM; 15"; the second of 3 in a triangle." and measured
an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4334 = UGC
7458 = MCG +01-32-035 = CGCG 042-066 = PGC 40218
12 23 24.0 +07
28 23
V = 13.0; Size 2.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 135d
17.5"
(3/24/90): faint, very small, small bright core, faint extensions NW-SE. A mag 11.5 star is just 0.7' SSE of
center. NGC 4365 lies 18' SE. The IC 3256/NGC 4343 group is located
30' S.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4334 = h1218 on 24 Apr 1830. His single observation reads "pF; R; S; close to a star
[on the south side]" and his position is very accurate.
******************************
NGC 4335 = UGC
7455 = MCG +10-18-035 = CGCG 293-015 = PGC 40169
12 23 01.9 +58
26 40
V = 12.4; Size 1.9'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 145d
17.5"
(5/13/88): first of four and brightest in the group. Moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated, bright
core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4335 = H II-806 = h1217 on 17 Apr 1789 (sweep 923) and simply
noted "pB". His
re-reduced position is 2.5' northwest of UGC 7455. JH made two observations, recording on sweep 345 "pB;
S; E; gbM; good obs of place."
******************************
NGC 4336 = IC
3254 = UGC 7462 = MCG +03-32-020 = CGCG 099-035 = Holm 389a = PGC 40231
12 23 29.8 +19
25 36
V = 12.5; Size 2.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 162d
17.5"
(5/23/98): fairly faint, elongated 4:3 NNW-SSE (PA 160¡) in the direction of a
mag 10 star 3.5' SSE, 60"x45".
Weak concentration to center but the surface brightness appears
irregular.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4336 = H II-406 = h1219 on 27 Apr 1785 (sweep 403) and recorded
"pF, pL, mbM. It either has a
small one almost joined to it to the north, or else the light of it is a little
brighter in that place, but not nearly so bright as the other part." No such structure was noted by JH or is
apparent on the DSS. JH measured a
fairly accurate position on sweep 61.
Royal Frost
found the galaxy on 7 May 1904 at Arequipa on a Bruce 24-inch plate (taken on
the night of 9 May 1904) and reported as number 884 in Harvard Annals 60. His position is 2' north of NGC 4336. So, NGC 4336 = IC 3254. See Harold Corwin's IC identification
notes for the full story.
******************************
NGC 4337 = ESO
131-SC2 = Cr 254
12 24 03.3 -58
07 26
V = 8.9; Size 4'
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): at 105x, ~15 stars are arranged in a striking 4.5'
diameter partial oval for ~270 degrees and open on the west side. A few stars are situated both in the
interior and outside of this three-fourth completed ring. In the center of the loop are a few mag
13-14 stars and a fairly bright background glow from a dense group of
unresolved stars in the core of the cluster. A gorgeous, equal mag double star Brs 8 = 7.6/7.9 at 5"
is located 6' E. The cluster is
located midway between Delta and Gamma Crucis along one side of the Southern
Cross. This group may be an
asterism an not a physical cluster.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4337 = h3388 on 1 Apr 1834 and reported "a p rich cl; not
much compressed in the middle; stars 12...14m, in curved branches. A fine double star follows [Brs
8]." His position is just west
of center of this cluster.
******************************
NGC 4338 = NGC
4310 = UGC 7440 = MCG +05-29-074 = CGCG 158-092 = PGC 40205
12 22 26.3 +29
12 31
See observing
notes for NGC 4310. Here are my
notes on IC 3247, often misidentified as NGC 4438 --
24"
(5/30/16): at 225x; extremely faint, thin edge-on ~5:1 N-S, very low surface
brightness, very slightly brighter elongated core, ~45"x9". Only visible part of the time, though
pops clearly and can hold for a few seconds.
Heinrich
d'Arrest found NGC 4338 on 19 May 1863 and described "vF, E, cometary,
quite difficult to see because of dusk. The place has not yet been
verified." There is nothing
at his position, but exactly 1.0 min of time west is NGC 4310, discovered by
WH. d'Arrest measured NGC 4310 on
3 other nights, but not the one he recorded NGC 4338. Harold Corwin equates NGC 4338 = NGC 4310.
RNGC, RC3,
SIMBAD and secondary sources such as WikiSky, Uranometria 2000. Atlas and
Megastar misidentify IC 3247 as NGC 4338.
IC 3247 is located 20' south of d'Arrest's position. Reinmuth also questioned if NGC 4338 =
IC 3247 but Malcolm Thomson feels this galaxy is too faint and would not have
been visible in d'Arrest's 11-inch refractor in twilight -- I agree.
******************************
NGC 4339 = UGC
7461 = MCG +01-32-036 = CGCG 042-068 = LGG 289-026 = PGC 40240
12 23 35.0 +06
04 54
V = 11.3; Size 2.4'x2.3'; Surf Br = 13.2
16" LX200
(4/14/07): fairly bright, moderately large, round, 1' diameter, bright core
increases evenly to center. A mag
11 star lies 1.5' S of center.
Brightest of three with NGC 4326 and NGC 4333. This Virgo cluster member harbors an active galactic
nucleus.
17.5"
(3/28/87): fairly bright, fairly small, round, small very bright core. Forms a trio with NGC 4333 4' SW and
NGC 4326 6' WSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4339 = H II-143 = h1222, along with NGC 4326 and 4333, on 13 Apr
1784 (sweep 191). JH logged (sweep
254) "B; R; pL; psbM; 30"; the third in a triangle."
******************************
NGC 4340 = UGC
7467 = MCG +03-32-021 = CGCG 099-036 = Holm 391b = PGC 40245
12 23 35.2 +16
43 21
V = 11.2; Size 3.5'x2.8'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 102d
17.5"
(5/23/87): moderately bright, almost round, fairly small, small well defined
core. Forms a pair with NGC 4350 5.6'
ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4340 = H II-85 = h1212, along with NGC 4350, on 21 Mar 1784
(sweep 182) and described both as "Two nebula, the following [NGC 4350] is
the brightest, both S and the last pB." Heinrich d'Arrest measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4341 = IC
3260 = UGC 7472 = MCG +01-32-042 = CGCG 042-076 = PGC 40280
12 23 53.5 +07
06 25
V = 13.2; Size 1.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 96d
17.5"
(3/28/87): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated ~E-W, even surface
brightness. Member of the NGC 4343
group and midway between IC 3259 4.9' NNW and IC 3267 5.0' SSW. NGC identification uncertain and
identified as IC 3260 in CGCG and MCG.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4341 = H III-95 on 13 Apr 1784 (sweep 191) and recorded
"Three [along with H. III 94 = NGC 4343 and H. III 96 = NGC 4342], all eF
and vS, R nebula." His single
position is between NGC 4343 and 4342. H III-95 = UGC 7472 is the faintest of
the three brightest galaxies (out of five) that WH likely viewed.
Bigourdan
observed the group on 23 Apr 1895 and measured the position of this galaxy (UGC
7472). Likewise, Arnold
Schwassmann measured a very accurate position (Sn. 17) on a Heidelberg plate on
27 Nov 1900. Dreyer assumed they
found a new object, but IC 3260 = NGC 4341.
Because of the
ambiguity with the identification of NGC 4341, the CGCG and MCG label this
galaxy IC 3260. UGC and RNGC use
both designations. See Harold Corwin's identification notes for the full story.
******************************
NGC 4342 = UGC
7466 = MCG +01-32-039 = CGCG 042-071 = IC 3256 = PGC 40252
12 23 39.1 +07
03 14
V = 12.5; Size 1.3'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 168d
17.5"
(3/28/87): moderately bright, very small, elongated NNW-SSE, bright core,
stellar nucleus. This galaxy has
the highest surface brightness of the members in the NGC 4343 group. NGC 4343 lies 6.0' S, NGC 4341 = IC
3260 4.8' NE, IC 3267 6.6' E, IC 3259 8.3' NNE. See notes on the identification.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4342 = H III-96 on 13 Apr 1784 (sweep 191) and recorded
"Three [along with III-94 = NGC 4343 and III-96 = NGC 4342], all eF and
vS, R nebula." His single
position is between NGC 4343 and 4342. As there are 5 galaxies in this group,
there has been considerable confusion on the correct identifications. Harold Corwin assumed WH observed the
three brightest galaxies here and suggests the identifications NGC 4341 = IC
3260 = UGC 7472, NGC 4342 = IC 3256 = UGC 7466 and NGC 4343 = UGC 7465, though
the CGCG (Herzog) argues the NGC designations should be dropped and the
unambiguous IC designations used.
Bigourdan found
this galaxy on 23 Apr 1895, measured an accurate position matching UGC 7466,
and Dreyer catalogued it again as IC 3256. So, NGC 4342 = IC 3256. CGCG and MCG label this galaxy IC 3256, instead of using an
NGC designation. The
identifications are discussed in CGCG Vol 5, the RC 2 notes, Webb Society
Quarterly Journal articles in Jan 1986 and Jan 1990, Herzog's 1967 paper
"On the Identification of Five Galaxies in the Virgo Cluster"
(1967PASP...79..627H), as well as Harold Corwin's identification notes!
******************************
NGC 4343 = UGC
7465 = MCG +01-32-038 = CGCG 042-070 = PGC 40251
12 23 38.8 +06
57 15
V = 12.1; Size 2.5'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 133d
17.5"
(3/28/87): moderately bright, moderately large, brighter core, elongated
NW-SE. Brightest member of a group
of five along with NGC 4342 = IC 3256 6.0' N. Nearby are IC 3259 14' NNE, IC 3267 8' NE and NGC 4341 = IC
3260 10' NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4343 = H III-94 = h1223 on 13 Apr 1784 (sweep 191) and recorded
"Three [along with III-95 = NGC 4341 and III-96 = NGC 4342], all eF and
vS, R nebul." His single
position is between NGC 4343 and 4342.
JH catalogued only a single nebula in the group that he called III-94,
noting "pB; E; or has a F neb on the s f side." His position matches UGC 7465. See Corwin's identification notes for
more on this group.
******************************
NGC 4344 = UGC
7468 = MCG +03-32-022 = CGCG 099-037 = Holm 390a = PGC 40249
12 23 37.5 +17
32 28
V = 12.3; Size 1.7'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(5/23/98): faint, small, round, 30" diameter. Appears as a diffuse glow with weak concentration forming an
isosceles triangle with two mag 13 and 14 stars 2.0' SE and 2.0' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4344 = H III-31 = h1224 on 14 Mar 1784 (sweep 170) and noted
"eF. It forms a triangle with
2 small stars." JH logged "F;
not vS; R; vglbM; 25"." and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4345 = NGC
4319 = UGC 7429 = MCG +03-09-025 = CGCG 352-029 = PGC 39981
12 21 43.9 +75
19 20
See observing
notes for NGC 4319.
Gerhard Lohse
found NGC 4345 in 1886 with the 15.5-inch refractor at Wigglesworth's
observatory near Scarborough, England.
There is nothing at his position, but 1.0 min of RA west is NGC 4319 = H
I-276. So, likely NGC 4345 = NGC
4319 with a 1 tmin error in RA.
Dorothy Carlson identifies NGC 4345 as a star near Lohse's position, but
since the description mentions "pL" this is very unlikely.
******************************
NGC 4346 = UGC
7463 = MCG +08-23-016 = CGCG 244-009 = PGC 40228
12 23 27.9 +46
59 38
V = 11.1; Size 3.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 99d
13.1"
(4/12/86): fairly bright, very elongated 3:1 E-W, rises sharply to a small very
bright core, stellar nucleus highly suspected. Located roughly 50' SE of M106.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4346 = H I-210 = h1225 on 1 Apr 1788 (sweep 823) and recorded
"cB, S, BN with irregular chevelure, lE near the parallel". CH's reduction is 8' north of UGC
7463. On 10 Apr 1788 (sweep 830)
he recorded "vB, vS, lE nearly in the parallel; a BN with eF
branches." JH made six
observations and d'Arrest made a single observation with a precise position.
******************************
NGC 4347
12 23 54 -03 14
=*?, SG and
HC. = NGC 4348??, HC. Not found, JS.
Christian Peters
discovered NGC 4347 around 1881 with the 13.5-inch refractor at the Hamilton
College Observatory. The only
objects close to his position are faint stars. Perhaps coincidentally, 13' south of his position is NGC
4348 (discovered by WH). He
expressly mentions in his description "this can hardly be GC 2911 [NGC
4348]", due to the discrepany in position. Assuming that's the case, this object is probably lost,
though may refer to one or more faint stars.
******************************
NGC 4348 = MCG
+00-32-003 = CGCG 014-023 = PGC 40284
12 23 53.9 -03
26 36
V = 12.5; Size 3.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 40d
17.5"
(3/24/90): moderately bright, fairly small, edge-on SW-NE, increases to a
brighter core. A mag 14 star is
located 1.2' W of center and a brighter mag 12 star lies 3.2' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4348 = H II-625 = h1226 on 29 Dec 1786 (sweep 674) and recorded
"F, E from sp to nf, about 2' long." His position is off the east side of CGCG 014-023 = PGC
40284. JH made two observations
and logged on sweep 21 "F; irreg R; a small star preceding."
******************************
NGC 4349 = ESO
131-SC3 = Cr 255 = Mel 110 = Lund 611
12 24 06 -61 52
12
V = 7.4; Size 16'
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): at 105x, ~150 stars are resolved in a 15' field. This cluster is rich and uniform in
magnitudes except for a single mag 8.4 star (HD 107944) on the SE side which
stands out over the large number of mag 10.5-12.5 stars. The outline is elongated NW to SE but
the stars are distributed fairly evenly within the boundaries. This is a very pleasing group and an
easy binocular object. Located
along the western side of the Southern Cross and 75' NNW of Alpha Crucis
(Acrux)!
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 4349 = D292 on 30 Apr 1826 and described "a pretty cluster
of extremely small stars, resembling a pretty large faint nebula, about 6' or
7' diameter: the compression is very gradual to the centre; a pretty bright
star is in the following side of the cluster, round figure." His position was quite accurate (about
4' SE of the center of the cluster near the brightest member). The position here corresponds with the
densest portion of the cluster.
JH observed the
cluster on three sweeps. On 14 Mar
1834 he logged "chief star 10m of a fine rich cluster which fills
field." Two weeks later (31
Mar 1834) he noted "a large loose cluster of small stars 12..14th mag;
irregularly round; not very rich; little compressed in the middle; diam.
10'." His final sweep three years later described a "cluster class
VI. Very large, very bright, A star about 8..9 mag taken but the brightest part
of the cluster is about 4' N.p. Fills field; not much compressed in the middle;
stars 12..13th mag; This cluster was found by Mr Maclear in this sweep made
with him, not being aware at the time of its having been seen in Sweep
432."
******************************
NGC 4350 = UGC
7473 = MCG +03-32-023 = CGCG 099-038 = Holm 391a = PGC 40295
12 23 57.8 +16
41 36
V = 11.0; Size 3.0'x1.4'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 28d
17.5"
(5/23/87): fairly bright, edge-on 4:1 SSW-NNE, fairly small, very small bright
core. Forms a pair with NGC 4340
5.6' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4350 = H II-86 = h1221, along with NGC 4340, on 21 Mar 1784
(sweep 182) and described both as "Two nebula, the following [NGC 4350] is
the brightest, both S and the last pB." Heinrich d'Arrest measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4351 = NGC
4354 = UGC 7476 = MCG +02-32-024 = CGCG 070-045 = PGC 40306
12 24 01.6 +12
12 16
V = 12.6; Size 2.0'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 80d
17.5"
(4/18/87): fairly faint, diffuse, fairly even surface brightness with only a
slight broad concentration, slightly elongated ~E-W. IC 3258 lies 16' NNW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4351 on 19 May 1863 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. He measured the
position on 5 different nights and estimated the size as 40"-45" in
diameter.
Lewis Swift
independently found the galaxy on 17 Apr 1887 and reported it as new in list
VI-42. His position is nearly
identical to d'Arrest's, so it's surprising that Dreyer recatalogued it as NGC
4354. In any case, NGC 4351 = NGC 4354.
See Corwin's identification notes for more.
******************************
NGC 4352 = UGC
7475 = MCG +02-32-023 = CGCG 070-044 = PGC 40313
12 24 05.0 +11
13 05
V = 12.6; Size 2.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 102d
17.5"
(4/18/87): fairly faint, small, oval ~E-W, small brighter core. NGC 4330 lies 14' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4352 = H II-64 = h1227 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 174) and logged
"F, vS." His RA was 1
min too large (roughly the same error was made on this sweep with several
others objects). JH measured an
accurate RA and logged "vF; S; lE.", though he used his father's
erroneous RA in the GC. Heinrich
d'Arrest independently found the nebula on 23 Mar 1865, measured an accurate RA
again and Dreyer catalogued it again as GC 5642. Bigourdan noted the equivalence and Dreyer combined the two
GC and GCS entries (2929 and 5642) into NGC 4352.
******************************
NGC 4353 = IC
3266 = MCG +01-32-043 = CGCG 042-077 = PGC 40303
12 24 00.2 +07
47 05
V = 13.6; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 67d
17.5"
(3/24/90): faint, oval SW-NE. A
mag 13 star is 1.2' NNW.
Christian Peters
discovered NGC 4353 around 1881 with the 13.5-inch refractor at the Hamilton
College Observatory. His position
in Copernicus (1861) is 0.1 min of RA east and 2' north of CGCG 042-077 = PGC 40303.
Arnold
Schwassmann found the galaxy again on 20 Nov 1899 using a Heidelberg plate
taken with the 6" astrograph and assumed Sn. 49 was new. In addition his Sn. 48 (later IC 3265)
refers to a single star 1.2' NNW of the galaxy (mentioned in my observation). So, NGC 4353 = IC 3266. Instead of calling the galaxy NGC 4353,
CGCG mislabels the galaxy as IC 3265 = IC 3266.
******************************
NGC 4354 = NGC
4351 = UGC 7476 = MCG +02-32-024 = CGCG 070-045 = PGC 40306
12 24 01.6 +12
12 16
See observing
notes for NGC 4351.
Lewis Swift
found NGC 4354 = Sw VI-42 on 17 Apr 1887 and described as "eeF; pL; in
vacancy; v diff." His
position is 1' from NGC 4351 = UGC 7476 (discovered by d'Arrest on 19 May
1863). It's surprising that Dreyer
didn't equate the two discoveries.
Dorothy Carlson states NGC 4354 = NGC 4351. See Corwin's notes for more.
******************************
NGC 4355 = NGC
4418 = UGC 7545 = MCG +00-32-012 = CGCG 014-039 = Todd 17 = PGC 40762
12 26 54.6 -00
52 40
See observing notes
for NGC 4418.
David Todd found
NGC 4355 = Todd 17 on 5 Feb 1878 with the 26" refractor at the U.S. Naval
Observatory during his search for a trans-Neptunian planet. This is one of the 8 galaxies in his
list that Dreyer credited to Todd.
His rough RA is 4.0 tmin too far west but his field sketch and offsets
match UGC 7545 = PGC 40762. WH
discovered this galaxy (III-492) on 1 Jan 1786 and it was catalogued as H
III-492 = NGC 4418, so NGC 4355 = NGC 4418.
******************************
NGC 4356 = IC 3273
= UGC 7482 = MCG +02-32-026 = CGCG 070-048 = FGC 1427 = PGC 40342
12 24 14.9 +08
32 16
V = 13.3; Size 2.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 40d
17.5"
(3/24/90): faint, edge-on SW-NE, low surface brightness. A mag 13 star is involved at the east
edge of the core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4356 = H III-481 on 28 Dec 1785 (sweep 498) and simply noted
"vF". CH's reduction is
at the southwest tip of UGC 7482, so there is not doubt about the
identification. Arnold Schwassmann
found it again in 1899 on a Heidelberg plate taken with a 6" astrograph
and measured an accurate position.
He assumed it was new and Dreyer recatalogued this edge-on as IC 3273,
although the NGC and IC positions are very close. So, NGC 4356 = IC 3273.
UGC, CGCG and
MCG label this galaxy as IC 3273 and ignore the NGC designation.
******************************
NGC 4357 = NGC
4381 = UGC 7478 = MCG +08-23-017 = CGCG 244-010 = PGC 40296
12 23 58.9 +48
46 47
V = 12.4; Size 3.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 77d
17.5":
fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 5:2 WSW-ENE, increases to a small
brighter core. Located 10' ESE of
mag 7.7 SAO 44149.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 4357 = Big 52 on 8 Mar 1886. His position matches UGC 7478. This galaxy was discovered earlier by WH on 9 Feb 1788
(II-743 = NGC 4381) but his position was 66 tsec too far east. So, NGC 4357 = NGC 4381.
******************************
NGC 4358 = UGC
7479e = MCG +10-18-038 = CGCG 293-017e = PGC 40309
12 24 02.1 +58
23 07
V = 13.4; Size 1.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(5/13/88): faint, small, round, small bright core. Brightest of a triple group with stellar MCG +10-18-037 just
40" WSW of center and NGC 4362 1.9' SE. MCG +10-18-037 = PGC 40314 appeared as a mag 15.5
"star" just 40" WSW of center of NGC 4364 and almost attached.
This galaxy
described above is identified as NGC 4364 in all modern catalogues.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4358 = H III-799 = h1230 on 17 Apr 1789 (sweep 923) and logged
"vF, vS." His re-reduced
position is just 11 sec of RA preceding UGC 7479. This is a double galaxy with a very faint companion off the
southwest edge -- too faint to have picked up by WH and JH certainly did not
see it. The next objects in the
sweep were H III-800 = NGC 4362 and H III-801 = NGC 4364, described together as
"two, both cF, cS, R".
There are only two galaxies here that were likely seen by WH, and Dreyer
notes in the 1912 Scientific Papers that "very probably the word 'two'
refers to III 799 and III 800, as nobody [including JH, Bigourdan and d'Arrest]
seems to have seen three nebulae in the place."
JH, Bigourdan
and d'Arrest only found two galaxies (h1230 and h1231) with his first position
matching III-799 = UGC 7479 and his second position clearly referring to CGCG
293-018 = PGC 40350. CGCG
identifies the two components to UGC 7479 as NGC 4358 + 4364 and MCG and RNGC
both identify the stellar western component as NGC 4358 and the main eastern
component as NGC 4364.
Corwin concludes
only the two brighter galaxies should receive NGC designations (and WH was
mistaken on the third nebula he reported). In which case, NGC 4358 = UGC 7479 and NGC 4362 = NGC 4364 =
CGCG 293-018 = PGC 40350. This
leaves the southwest component of UGC 7479 without a NGC designation. See Corwin's notes for the complete
story.
******************************
NGC 4359 = UGC
7483 = MCG +05-29-079 = CGCG 158-099 = PGC 40330
12 24 11.7 +31
31 20
V = 12.7; Size 3.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 108d
17.5"
(4/25/98): very faint, elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE, appears as large as 3'x1' at
times, low surface brightness with weak central brightening, fades at
tips. Located 34' NW of NGC 4414.
Transparency poor.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4359 = H III-648 = h1229 on 20 Mar 1787 (sweep 722) and logged
"vF, E, about 1' length in the direction of the parallel." JH made a single observation, noting
"F; pmE; nearly in parallel; vlbM; 25"." His position is just 25" south of
center.
******************************
NGC 4360 = UGC
7484 = MCG +02-32-028 = CGCG 070-052 = Holm 393a = WBL 404-009 = PGC 40363
12 24 21.7 +09
17 34
V = 12.3; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 145d
17.5"
(3/24/90): fairly faint, very small, slightly elongated, small bright
core. Located 1.3' SE of a mag 10
star. Forms a pair with IC 3274 2'
SW. The companion (identified
often as NGC 4360B) appeared very faint, extremely small, round, low surface
brightness, just non-stellar.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 4360 = T I-43 on 22 Mar 1878. His micrometric position in discovery list V places it +4.87
sec of RA and -47" dec from HD 107953 and matches UGC 7484. Stephan independently found the galaxy
on 1 Apr 1884 and included it in his discovery list XIII-69.
******************************
NGC 4361 = PK
294+43.1 = PN G294.1+43.6
12 24 30.8 -18
47 05
V = 11.0; Size 93"x37"
48"
(2/20/12): the unusual structure in this planetary shocked me at 488x as
previous views in my 17.5" and 18" had only showed a hint of
detail. The two main components
are large bulbous lobes or wings with an irregular surface brightness that jut
out of the central region in a WNW and ESE direction, with the WNW lobe
slightly brighter. More surprising
were two arms and loops, similar to spiral arms in a galaxy, that extend out to
the NE and SW and curve clockwise.
The arm to the southwest is very thin where it emerges from the central
portion, so it appeared partially detached! The arm on the NE side clearly bends south but is not as
sharply defined. Between the lobes
(WNW and ESE) and arms (SW and NE) are darker gaps or regions creating a
unique, basically symmetric shape that is elongated SW-NE (arms are longer),
~1.8'x1.4'. At the center is a
very bright mag 13 central star. A
fainter, more roundish halo envelops the brighter components.
17.5"
(5/15/99): 100x easily reveals the bright central star surrounded by a
moderately high surface brightness halo ~1' in size. At 220x, the central star
appears 13th magnitude and the halo gradually brightens towards the
center. With averted vision, the
halo increases to roughly 90"x60", extended SW-NE, with an
ill-defined edge. I had the strong
impression of an extension or hook on the southwest end of the PN, which was
confirmed on the DSS image (a similar extension is also on the NE end).
13":
moderately bright, fairly large, slightly elongated. The mag 13 central star is fairly easy at 165x.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4361 = H I-65 = h1231 on 7 Feb 1785 (sweep 368) and recorded
"vB, pL, mb<. The central
brightness not round but as if it had two nucleuses pretty closely joined; the chevelure
[halo] iR." John Herschel
described "vB, L, R, vsmbM to nucl = *11, 90" diameter. R[esolved] with power 320, and is no
doubt a globular cluster; fades away to nothing. So, JH was convinced it was a globular and surprisingly it
was misidentified as a galaxy in RC1!
Based on
Crossley photographs at Lick, Curtis described NGC 4361 as "central star
about mag 10; this is surrounded by an irregular oval mass whose brighter parts
are about 44"x39" in pa 103¡.
From this central portion tow arms (spiral whorls?) go out in pa 20¡ and
portions of a very faint ring 81" can just be made out." 1918PLicO..13...55C
******************************
NGC 4362 = NGC
4364? = MCG +10-18-039 = CGCG 293-018 = PGC 40350
12 24 11.3 +58
21 38
V = 14.3; Size 0.7'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.6
17.5"
(5/13/88): very faint, small, slightly elongated, even surface brightness. A mag 13.5 star is 0.8' S. Located 1.9' SE of NGC 4364. Possible identification mix-up.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4362 = H III-800 = h1233 on 17 Apr 1789 (sweep 923) and recorded
"Two [with III-801 = NGC 4364], both cF, vS, R." His position is 3 sec of RA following
and 1' north of III-799 = NGC 4358.
But there is only a single galaxy (CGCG 293-018 = PGC 40350), which is 9
sec of RA following and 1.5' south of NGC 4358. So, there was clearly some confusion with the orientation
and/or description. JH reported
"eF, the last of 2 [with h2914 = NGC 4358]."
Notes on the
identifications of NGC 4358, 4362 and 4364 are under NGC 4358.
******************************
NGC 4363 = CGCG
352-032 = PGC 40233
12 23 28.4 +74
57 08
V = 13.5; Size 1.4'x1.4'; Surf Br = 14.1
18"
(3/5/05): very faint, fairly small, round, very low surface brightness. Appears as a hazy disc with with no
evident concentration. Located 23'
SE of NGC 4319 and Markarian 205.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4363 = H III-938 on 10 Dec 1797 (sweep 1066) and noted "eF,
pL, iF." Dreyer
mentions an error in WH's reduction of the position though CH's position is
less than 1' from the center.
******************************
NGC 4364 = NGC
4362? = MCG +10-18-039 = CGCG 293-018 = PGC 40350
12 24 11.3 +58
21 38
See observing
notes for NGC 4362. Uncertain
identification.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4364 = H III-801 on 17 Apr 1789 (sweep 923) and recorded
"Two [with III-800 = NGC 4362], both cF, vS, R." There is only a single galaxy (h1233 =
CGCG 293-018 = PGC 40350) situated 2' southeast of III-799 = NGC 4358, so WH's
observation is clearly in error.
Dreyer suggest that perhaps "Two" should be interpreted as
"Two with III-799", as there are only two galaxies that were likely
seen.
See discussion
under NGC 4358 and Corwin's notes for the identifications of NGC 4358, 4362 and
4364. CGCG 293-018 is labeled NGC
4364 in all modern catalogues.
******************************
NGC 4365 = UGC
7488 = MCG +01-32-048 = CGCG 042-083 = PGC 40375
12 24 28.3 +07
19 03
V = 9.6; Size 6.9'x5.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 40d
17.5"
(3/28/87): very bright, large, elongated SW-NE, bright core, very small or stellar
nucleus. The NGC 4343 group is
close SW and NGC 4370 lies 10' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4365 = H I-30 = h1232 on 13 Apr 1784 (sweep 191) and recorded
"pB, pL, or an iR form, mbM, r." His position is within 1' east of UGC 7488.
******************************
NGC 4366 = MCG
+01-32-050 = CGCG 042-087 = PGC 40421
12 24 47.0 +07
21 11
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.6'; PA = 51d
17.5"
(3/28/87): very faint, small, diffuse, even surface brightness. Located 5' NE of NGC 4365.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4366 = H III-97 on 13 Apr 1784 (sweep 191) and recorded
"Two unequal nebula [the other is II-144 = NGC 4370]; one of them [III-97
= NGC 4366] eF." Dreyer notes
that III-97 was observed one only 1 sweep and not seen again when nearby II-144
= NGC 4370 was reobserved on 28 Dec 1785.
It was also not seen by JH, d'Arrest, or by Samuel Hunter with the
72". So, Dreyer suggested NGC
4366 = NGC 4370 and this was repeated by Dorothy Carlson in her 1940 list of
NGC errata.
But 5' northeast
of NGC 4365 is CGCG 042-087 = PGC 40421, a faint galaxy that WH might have
picked up. This galaxy is
identified as NGC 4366 in the RNGC, PGC and Deep Sky Field Guide though not in
CGCG or MCG. But this galaxy
is slightly further from NGC 4370 than NGC 4365, so it seems odd WH would
record it together with NGC 4370.
So, the identification NGC 4366 = PGC 40421 is very uncertain.
******************************
NGC 4367
12 24 35.1 +12
10 56
=**, Corwin. Not
found, Dreyer.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4367 on 19 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen and also measured 3 nights later. There is nothing at his position except a mag 15 star with a
mag 17.5 companion at 13" separation (likely too faint to have been seen
by d'Arrest). On the second
observation, he mentions this object follows NGC 4351 by 35 seconds of time, so
the identification with this star is nearly certain.
Royal Frost
reported NGC 4367 was not found on a 4-hour Bruce plate (Annals of Harvard
College Observatory, Vol 88, No. 1) .
Karl Reimuth equates NGC 4367 with IC 3311, neglecting the difference of
0.9 tmin in RA.
******************************
NGC 4368 = NGC
4325 = MCG +02-32-019 = CGCG 070-037 = PGC 40183
12 23 06.6 +10
37 16
See observing
notes for NGC 4325.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4368 = H III-38 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 174) and noted "vF,
vS." There is nothing at his
position and Bigourdan was unsuccessful in locating NGC 4368, and neither was
Frost photographically (Harvard College Observatory, Vol 88, No 1, Virgo-Coma survey). Dreyer notes in the 1912
"Scientific Papers of William Herschel" that the RA is possibly 1
tmin too great. Several nebulae
discovered by WH that night (including NGCs 3810, 4067, 4294, 4313, 4352, 4371,
and 4429) have comparable errors.
So, it's reasonable that NGC 4368 is a duplicate of NGC 4325 (located
1.5 min of RA west of WH's position) . See Corwin's identification notes for
more.
******************************
NGC 4369 = UGC
7489 = MCG +07-26-004 = CGCG 216-002 = Mrk 439 = PGC 40396
12 24 36.2 +39
22 58
V = 11.7; Size 2.1'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.1
13.1"
(4/12/86): moderately bright, fairly small, round, bright core with a distinct
stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4369 = H I-166 = h1234 on 17 Mar 1787 (sweep 714) and noted
"vB, S, R." CH's reduced
position is 1.4' north of this galaxy.
JH made two observations, calling it "pB; R; smbM almost to a
*."
******************************
NGC 4370 = NGC
4366: = UGC 7492 = MCG +01-32-051 = CGCG 042-089 = PGC 40439
12 24 55.0 +07
26 40
V = 12.6; Size 1.4'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 83d
17.5"
(3/28/87): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated ~E-W, weak
concentration. NGC 4365 lies 10.1'
SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4370 = H II-144 = h1236 on 13 Apr 1784 (sweep 191) and recorded
"Two unequal nebula; one of them [III-97 = NGC 4366] eF." His position is 14 sec of RA west of
UGC 7492 = PGC 40439.
******************************
NGC 4371 = UGC
7493 = MCG +02-32-033 = CGCG 070-057 = PGC 40442
12 24 55.4 +11
42 15
V = 10.8; Size 4.0'x2.2'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 95d
17.5"
(4/18/87): bright, small, sharp concentration with a very small very bright
core, stellar nucleus, diffuse outer halo elongated E-W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4371 = H I-22 = h1235 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 174) and noted
"pB, not vL." There is
nothing at CH's reduced position, but 45 sec of RA west is UGC 7493. Several
nebulae discovered that night including NGCs 3810, 4067, 4294, 4313, 4352, 4368
and 4429 have comparable errors so this identification is very likely. JH made 4 observations and measured an
accurate RA.
******************************
NGC 4372 = ESO
064-SC006
12 25 45.4 -72
39 32
V = 7.5; Size 18.6'; Surf Br = 1.2
24"
(4/12/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 260x, this is a
highly-resolved, low-concentration class globular. A mag 6.6 star just 5.5' NW of center is a bit distracting
but scores of stars are resolved over the 4' core, appearing to crisscross the
center in numerous lanes. The
outer halo is very large, nearly 15' in diameter, and resolved into a couple of
hundred stars. Except for the
brighter and denser core, this globular appears similar to a very large, fully
resolved open cluster.
18" (7/6/05
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 171x, this large, bright globular was an
impressive object and beautifully resolved into 150-200 stars mag 13 and
fainter within a 13'-14' diameter.
The unresolved background glow was relatively faint for such a
well-resolved globular. The large
4' core is only slightly brighter and there is no nucleus (class 12
concentration) although a close pair of brighter mag 12.5 stars is near the
center. Scores of stars appear
linked in chains and loops, particularly in the outer halo, which is quite
irregular and ragged. Mag 6.6 HD
107947 lies 5.5' NW of center at the edge of the halo and provides a striking
contrast although it detracts somewhat from viewing. A dust lane appears to pierce the cluster on the north side
for a few arc minutes (east of the bright star) and this dark intrusion may be
an extension of the "Dark Doodad" (see notes).
18" (7/7/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x, this large, loose globular was
well-resolved into ~100 stars mag 12-15 with a 12' diameter. The roundish core is ~4' in size with
many faint stars sprinkled across the core. The halo is elongated and irregular in shape. A starless
dark lane appears to wind into the cluster towards the core from the NW side
angling roughly NW-SE (later verified on the DSS). A mag 6.8 star lies 5' NW of the core and interferes with
viewing! Located 44' SW of mag 3.8
Gamma Muscae.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 4372 = D 67 = h3390 on 30 Apr 1826 using his 9-inch f/12
speculum reflector from Parramatta, NSW.
He described "a star of the 6th magnitude, with a beautiful
well-defined milky ray proceeding from it south following; the ray is conical,
and the star appears in the point of the cone, and the broad or south following
extremity is circular, or rounded off. The ray is about 7' in length, and
nearly 2' in breadth at the broadest part, near the southern extremity. With
the sweeping power this appears like a star with a very faint milky ray south
following, the ray gradually spreading in breadth from the star, and rounded
off at the broader end. But with a higher power it is not a star with a ray,
but a very faint nebula, and the star is not involved or connected with it: I
should call it a very faint nebula of a long oval shape, the smaller end
towards the star; this is easily resolvable into extremely minute points or
stars, but I cannot discover the slightest indications of attraction or
condensation towards any part of it. I certainly had not the least suspicion of
this object being resolvable when I discovered it with the sweeping power, nor
even when I examined it a second time; it is a beautiful object, of a uniform
faint light." Dunlop's
position is 24' too far WNW, but the bright star is off the northwest side as
described by Dunlop, so the identification is certain.
JH described it
on 1 Apr 1835 as "a globular cluster, very faint; large; very gradually
brighter in the middle; 6' diameter; resolved into stars of 15th magnitude;
rich in stars; a delicate and faint object; has a star 45 N.p., distance 5'
from centre. Almost perfectly insulated in a very large space almost entirely
devoid of stars, being the smaller and southern lacuna below the great 'coal
sack'."
******************************
NGC 4373 = ESO
322-006 = MCG -06-27-025 = LGG 298-002 = PGC 40498
12 25 17.8 -39
45 35
V = 10.9; Size 3.4'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 43d
18"
(3/28/09): fairly bright and large, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, 1.5'x1.0'. Contains a large bright center that
increases to a small, bright core.
A number of stars surround the galaxy.
NGC 4373 is the
brightest in a subgroup of at least 7 galaxies on the northwest side of the
Centaurus Cluster (AGC 3526), including IC 3290 and IC 3370. IC 3290, just 2' SW of NGC 4373,
appeared faint, fairly small, round, 25" diameter. It seems odd that John Herschel missed
this galaxy.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4373 = h3391 on 8 Jun 1834 and logged "pB; S; R;
pgvmbM." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 4374 = M84 =
UGC 7494 = MCG +02-32-034 = CGCG 070-058 = Holm 403b = PGC 40455
12 25 03.8 +12
53 13
V = 9.1; Size 6.5'x5.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 135d
24"
(4/28/14): extremely bright, large, slightly elongated, ~4'x3.5', sharply
concentrated with a very intense core that increases gradually to a nonstellar
nucleus. The large halo gradually
fades out. A mag 14.5 star is
superimposed on the SW side of the halo, 1.2' from center. In the 23' field (at 260x) is M86 17'
ENE, NGC 4438 17' SE, NGC 4387 10' ESE, IC 3303 11' SSE
18"
(6/12/10): at 175x, very bright, fairly large, slightly elongated, ~2.8'x2.4'
NW-SE. The halo gradually
brightens from the edge and then suddenly increases dramatically to a very
bright 45" core that increases to a sharp stellar nucleus. A faint star is just off the SW edge,
1.3' from center. At 280x the halo
appears slightly mottled.
17.5"
(4/25/87): very bright, moderately large, almost round, very bright core, very
small bright nucleus, halo gradually fades into background sky so there is no
sharp edge. Nearly an identical
twin of M86 17' ENE but rounder.
13"
(5/14/83): very bright, very bright core.
Located in the core of the Virgo cluster.
Charles Messier
is credited with the discovery of M84 = NGC 4374 = h1237 on 18 Mar 1781, along
with M86, and described a "Nebula without star, in Virgo; the center it is
a bit brilliant, surrounded with a slight nebulosity: its brightness and its
appearance resemble that of those in this Catalog, No.s 59 & 60." But Wolfgang Steinicke recently found
(email Oct '16) that Johann Gottfried Koehler made the original discovery on 5
May 1779 using a Dolland refractor of 6-ft focal length. WH only recorded it on sweep 199 from
17 Apr 1784 and simply noted "B.
Is No. 84 of the Connoissance des Temps." JH also recorded it only
a single sweep, noting "vB; R; psbM; 60"; r."
******************************
NGC 4375 = UGC
7496 = MCG +05-29-080 = CGCG 158-100 = PGC 40449
12 25 00.4 +28
33 31
V = 12.8; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 5d
17.5"
(4/13/02): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, 0.8'x0.6'. A mag 14.5 star lies 1.2' NE of
center. Located 30' NW of a mag
4.3 SAO 82313 in a field with very few stars.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4375 = H II-379 = h1238 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted
"F, S." JH made two
observations and logged (sweep 66) "F; R: has a small star 35¡ nf,
90" dist."
******************************
NGC 4376 = UGC
7498 = MCG +01-32-053 = CGCG 042-093 = LGG 289-027 = PGC 40494
12 25 18.2 +05
44 29
V = 13.4; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 157d
16" LX200
(4/14/07): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, 1.0'x0.5',
broad, weak concentration with no noticeable core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4376 = H II-530 on 2 Feb 1786 (sweep 521) and noted "F,
S." CH's reduction is 2'
southwest of UGC 7498.
The RNGC
misidentifies NGC 4378, located 50' south of UGC 7498, as NGC 4376. Listed in my RNGC Corrections #2.
******************************
NGC 4377 = UGC
7501 = MCG +03-32-025 = CGCG 099-041 = III Zw 65 = PGC 40477
12 25 12.4 +14
45 44
V = 11.9; Size 1.7'x1.4'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 177d
17.5"
(5/23/87): moderately bright, fairly small, almost round or slightly elongated
N-S, small very bright core, stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4377 = H I-12 = h1239 on 19 Feb 1784 (sweep 149) and recorded
"pB, but not vL; I saw it only through a very strong haziness and only a
single moment." JH made the
single observation "B; S; vsmbM" and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4378 = UGC
7497 = MCG +01-32-052 = CGCG 042-092 = PGC 40490
12 25 18.1 +04
55 30
V = 11.7; Size 2.9'x2.7'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 167d
17.5"
(3/28/87): fairly bright, fairly small, very bright core, very slightly
elongated. Forms an obtuse angle
with mag 9 stars SAO 119386 3.9' N and SAO 119388 3.5' ESE. NGC 4376 lies 49' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4378 = H I-123 = h1228 on 2 Feb 1786 (sweep 521) and noted
"F, S". CH's reduction
is at the south edge of the halo.
JH made the single observation "B; visible in strong twilight; has
a * 8-9 mag 20¡ sf dist 3'."
Heinrich d'Arrest measured an accurate position (single observation) and
noted the error in RA in the GC.
******************************
NGC 4379 = UGC
7502 = MCG +03-32-026 = CGCG 099-042 = PGC 40484
12 25 14.7 +15
36 27
V = 11.7; Size 1.9'x1.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 105d
17.5"
(5/23/87): moderately bright, small, round, strong bright core. NGC 4396 is located 11' ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4379 = H II-87 = h1240 on 21 Mar 1784 (sweep 182) and noted
"S, resolvable, brightest in the middle." There is nothing at his position, though UGC 7502 is 10'
northwest. JH independently
discovered this galaxy on 6 May 1826 and assumed h1240 was a new object. In the GC, he questioned the
equivalence with II-87. Heinrich
d'Arrest also observed NGC 4379 and discovered nearby NGC 4396. He was uncertain which one was WH's
II-87. In the NGC, Dreyer
concluded II-87 = h1240 and noted WH's early sweeps were often poor in
position.
******************************
NGC 4380 = UGC
7503 = MCG +02-32-037 = CGCG 070-061 = PGC 40507
12 25 22.1 +10
00 59
V = 11.7; Size 3.5'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 153d
17.5"
(4/18/87): moderately bright, fairly large, fairly diffuse but gradually
increases to a very small brighter core.
A mag 14 star is off the south end 2.4' from center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4380 = h1241 on 10 Mar 1826 and logged "vF; pL; R;
lbM." His position matches
UGC 7503, although Frost was not able to identify it on a Harvard plate.
******************************
NGC 4381 = NGC
4357 = UGC 7478 = MCG +08-23-017 = CGCG 244-010 = PGC 40296
12 23 58.9 +48
46 47
See observing
notes for NGC 4357.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4381 = H II-743 on 9 Mar 1788 (sweep 816) and logged "F,
S." There is nothing at his position, but 70 sec of RA west is NGC 4357 =
UGC 7478 and the equivalence was suggested by Dreyer in his 1912 revision of
WH's catalogues. NGC 4357 was
found again by Bigourdan (II-52) on 8 Mar 1886 and placed accurately. NGC 4381 should be the primary
designation by historical precedence.
******************************
NGC 4382 = M85 =
UGC 7508 = MCG +03-32-029 = CGCG 099-045 = Holm 397a = PGC 40515
12 25 24.0 +18
11 28
V = 9.1; Size 7.1'x5.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 5d
17.5"
(5/23/87): very bright, moderately large, small very bright core. A mag 13 star is superimposed near the
NNE edge and a mag 10 star is off the SE side 2.7' from center. Forms a pair with NGC 4394 7.6' ENE.
Pierre MŽchain
discovered M85 = NGC 4382 = h1242 on 4 Mar 1781. WH made an observation on 14 Mar 1784 (sweep 170) and recorded
"Two resolvable nebulae; the preceding is the largest and with 157 seems
to have another small nebula joining to it [NGC 4394], but with 240 it appears
to be a star." JH recorded on
sweep 61, "vB; R; bM; 2' diam; has a * 80¡ np dist 30" from edge."
******************************
NGC 4383 = UGC
7507 = MCG +03-32-030 = CGCG 099-044 = Mrk 769 = PGC 40516
12 25 25.4 +16
28 12
V = 12.1; Size 1.9'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 28d
17.5"
(5/23/87): moderately bright, very small, bright stellar nucleus, small faint
extensions SW-NE. A mag 12 star is
1.8' SW of center.
Eduard Schšnfeld
discovered NGC 4383 on 23 May 1862 with a 6" Steinheil refractor. This galaxy is not listed in the GC (JH
missed the discovery announcement in Schšnfeld's "Beobachtungen von
Nebelflecken und Sternhaufen") but Dreyer added it to the GSC (5644). Engelhardt measured an accurate
micrometric position.
******************************
NGC 4384 = UGC
7506 = MCG +09-20-168 = CGCG 269-055 = Mrk 207 = PGC 40475
12 25 12.0 +54
30 22
V = 13.0; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 90d
18"
(3/30/05): moderately bright, fairly small, irregularly round, 0.8'x0.7'. Fairly well concentrated to a small,
brighter core and a quasi-stellar nucleus with direct vision. Located 11' SW of mag 7.5 HD 108316.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4384 = H III-879 = h1243 on 2 Apr 1791 (sweep 1001) and logged
"cF, S, iF." His
position is 1' north of UGC 7506.
This is an active galaxy with a UV excess.
******************************
NGC 4385 = UGC
7515 = MCG +00-32-009 = CGCG 014-034 = Mrk 52 = PGC 40564
12 25 42.8 +00
34 21
V = 12.5; Size 2.2'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 82d
17.5"
(3/24/90): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated E-W, small bright core. Located 4' N of mag 9 SAO 119390.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 4385 = m 239 on 22 Mar 1865 and noted "vF, vS, alm
stell." His position is 1'
south of UGC 7515.
******************************
NGC 4386 = UGC
7491 = MCG +13-09-027 = CGCG 352-033 = LGG 284-006 = PGC 40378
12 24 28.3 +75
31 44
V = 11.7; Size 2.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 135d
18"
(3/5/05): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 NW-SE. Contains a small bright core which
increases to the center, surrounded by an oval halo 1.2'x0.8'. Third in an impressive trio with NGC
4291 and NGC 4319.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4386 = H I-277 = h1247 on 10 Dec 1797 (sweep 1066) and recorded
"cB, cL, mbM." JH made
two observations and logged (sweep 348) "pB; lE; psmbM; 25"." His position matches UGC 7491.
******************************
NGC 4387 = UGC
7517 = MCG +02-32-039 = CGCG 070-065 = PGC 40562
12 25 41.7 +12
48 38
V = 12.1; Size 1.8'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 140d
24"
(4/28/14): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 5:4 NNW-SSE,
25"x20", gradually increases to a stellar nucleus. A mag 13.5 star is 1.5' NNW and a mag
15.5 star is 50" S of center.
At the center of M84, M86 and NGC 4388, ~10' from each galaxy.
17.5"
(4/25/87): moderately bright, very small, slightly elongated NW-SE, brighter
core. A mag 13.5 star is 1.4'
NNW. This member of the Virgo
cluster is located in the center of the triangle formed by M84, M86 and NGC
4388 with NGC 4388 9' S, M84 10' NW and M86 11' NE.
13.1"
(5/14/83): fairly faint, slightly elongated N-S. A faint star is close north.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4387 = H II-167 = h1250, along with NGC 4388, 4413 and 4425, on
17 Apr 1784 (sweep 199) and recorded "Two nebulae [NGC 4388 and 4387]. The
most southern [NGC 4388] extended."
His position is between the two galaxies. Heinrich d'Arrest measured an accurate position on 4
different nights (#255 in AN 1537).
******************************
NGC 4388 = UGC
7520 = MCG +02-32-041 = CGCG 070-068 = Holm 403c = PGC 40581
12 25 46.7 +12
39 41
V = 11.0; Size 5.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 92d
24"
(4/28/14): fairly bright, large, edge-on 4:1 E-W, well concentrated with a
mottled, very bright core. Fairly
sharp light cutoff on the south side (dust lane) of the core. Faint, stellar knots are at the west
and east ends of the core.
17.5" (4/25/87):
moderately bright, edge-on streak E-W, fairly large, brighter core, thin
extensions. A faint mag 14.5 star
lies 1.3' NE of center. Located
16' SE of M84 in the core of the Virgo cluster. On a line between IC 3303 8.4' WNW and NGC 4413 11.4' ESE.
13.1"
(5/14/83): fairly bright, very elongated E-W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4388 = H II-168 = h1244, along with NGC 4387, 4413 and 4425, on
17 Apr 1784 (sweep 199) and recorded "Two nebulae [NGC 4388 and 4387]. The
most southern [NGC 4388] extended."
His position is between the two galaxies. JH noted "vF; E; the p of 2 [with NGC 4413], dist about
30s in RA." He didn't realize
this was the same as his father's II-168, so listed it as a "nova"
and included separate listings in the GC for II-168 and h1244. Dreyer combined the listings in the
NGC.
******************************
NGC 4389 = UGC
7514 = MCG +08-23-028 = CGCG 244-014 = PGC 40537
12 25 35.4 +45
41 03
V = 11.7; Size 2.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 105d
13.1"
(3/17/86): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE, brighter
along the major axis. A mag 13.5
star is off the SE edge 1.1' from center and a mag 12.5 star lies 2.1'
NNW. Similar view on 4/12/86.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4389 = H II-749 = h1245 on 10 Apr 1788 (sweep 830) and recorded
"pB, S, iF." JH made 3
observations, noting on sweep 255 "F; vL; E; vglbM; 2' l, 1.5' br."
On 30 Mar 1856,
R.J. Mitchell logged at Birr Castle "pB, E, Nucl, a bright streak runs
through the nucleus, growing broader at the preceding end, on either side of
this I suspect dark spaces and outside them again faint nebulosity, especially
to south side of the nucleus."
His sketch was included in LdR's 1861 publication.
******************************
NGC 4390 = IC
3320 = IC 3319? = UGC 7519 = MCG +02-32-040 = CGCG 070-067 = PGC 40597
12 25 50.7 +10
27 33
V = 12.6; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 95d
17.5"
(4/20/87): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated E-W, diffuse, even or
almost even surface brightness. Located
26' NNE of NGC 4380.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4390 = H III-39 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 174) and noted "vF;
near some bright stars." His
re-reduced position is 5' northeast of UGC 7519, though the nearest stars as
bright as mag 10 and 11 are roughly 10' away. Heinrich d'Arrest measured an accurate position on 3 nights
and noted the discrepancy of 20 sec in RA and 2.9' in declination, so he wasn't
certain if it was the same object.
Dreyer used d'Arrest's mean position in the NGC.
Schwassmann
"rediscovered" this galaxy on a Heidelberg plate in 1900 and it was
catalogued again as Sn. 155 (later IC 3320). Apparently he was unaware of the NGC identification (a
number of his objects have NGC designations) and Dreyer missed the equivalence.
******************************
NGC 4391 = UGC
7511 = MCG +11-15-053 = CGCG 315-037 = VII Zw 454 = PGC 40500
12 25 18.8 +64
56 00
V = 12.7; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(4/15/93): fairly faint, small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus. A fairly bright triple star is 2' WSW
consisting of three mag 10.5-12 stars with separations 34", 50" and
68". NGC 4441 lies 14' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4391 = H III-852 = h1248 on 20 Mar 1790 (sweep 954) and logged
"vF, stellar, north following a small triangle of B stars." JH made two observations, first
recording on sweep 411 "pB; S; bM; 12". Near a pB triple star." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 4392 = MCG
+08-23-023 = CGCG 244-012 = I Zw 35 = PGC 40499
12 25 18.8 +45 50
51
V = 13.7; Size 0.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6
13.1"
(3/17/86): fairly faint, small, elongated, bright core. Located 10' NNW of NGC 4389.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4392 = H III-729 = h1249 on 27 Apr 1788 (sweep 833) and noted
"vF, S." CH's reduction
is within 1' of CGCG 244-012 = PGC 40499.
JH made the single observation "F; S; R; vgbM. RA from II. 749 [NGC 4389], which it
follows 10 sec." But NGC 4392
is west of NGC 4389 by 17 sec of RA (3' north of JH's position), so there must
have been some confusion. JH used
his position in the GC and Dreyer followed, so the NGC position is poor.
******************************
NGC 4393 = UGC
7521 = MCG +05-29-083 = CGCG 158-104 = IC 3329 = PGC 40600
12 25 51.6 +27
33 43
V = 12.1; Size 3.2'x3.0'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 0d
18"
(5/30/03): faint, large, diffuse glow, approximately 2.5'x2.0' in diameter,
extended N-S, very low surface brightness with just a broad, weak
concentration. A neat string of 6
mag 11-12.5 stars running NNW-SSE passes 6'-7' W. Located 19' NNW of mag 4.9 14 Comae Berenices. NGC 4408 lies 19' NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4393 = H III-361 = h1246 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted
"vF, vL." CH's reduced
position is on the west edge of the galaxy. JH called it "F; irreg fig; has a line of bright stars
preceding."
Harold Corwin
notes that IC 3329 (found by Max Wolf on a Heidelberg plate) is an HII knot in
NGC 4393 and IC 3323 is a nearby star.
******************************
NGC 4394 = UGC
7523 = MCG +03-32-035 = CGCG 099-047 = Holm 397b = PGC 40614
12 25 55.6 +18
12 50
V = 10.9; Size 3.6'x3.2'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(5/23/87): moderately bright, fairly small, brighter core, slightly elongated
NNW-SSE. Forms a pair with M85
7.6' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4394 = H II-55 = h1251 on 14 Mar 1784 (sweep 170) and noted
"Two resolvable nebula. The
preceding [M85] is the largest and with 157 seems to have another small nebula
joining to it, but with 240 it appears to be a star." He only measured a single position
(matching M85). JH made two
observations and his mean position matches UGC 7523.
******************************
NGC 4395 = UGC
7524 = MCG +06-27-053 = CGCG 187-042 = PGC 40596
12 25 48.9 +33
32 51
V = 10.2; Size 13.2'x11.0'; Surf Br = 15.4; PA = 147d
17.5"
(5/15/99): this chaotic galaxy is dominated by several bright HII regions. At
100x, the large low surface brightness glow is clearly clumpy with a couple of
faint knots evident on the east side of the haze. At 220x, the glow of the
galaxy is more difficult to view and several nonstellar knots and a couple of
very faint superimposed stars are more prominent. The brightest HII region is
NGC 4401 located 2' SE of the core, ~25" in size, with a second smaller
15" knot (NGC 4400) close south. The core of the galaxy appears as an
ill-defined, low surface brightness glow, larger than the individual HII
knots. A mag 14.5 star is
superimposed NE of the core. On the SW side of the core is a third difficult
knot, about 15" in diameter (NGC 4399) requiring averted vision to
confirm. Member of the M94 Group
(CVn I Cloud).
17.5":
faint, very large, extremely low surface brightness, must use low magnification
to view. Three knots are involved
(one of these observed "knots" may be the core) within a very diffuse
glow. The brightest knot (NGC
4401) is at the SE end about 2' SE of center with NGC 4400 close SSW of NGC
4401. A mag 14.5 star is at the
north end. Also see description
for NGC 4399.
13"
(4/12/86): at 62x appears very large, diffuse, slightly elongated glow, broad
very weak concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4395 = H V-29.1 = h1252 on 2 Jan 1786 (sweep 508) and recorded
"eF, vL, vlbM, resolvable, about 10' long and 8 or 9' broad." JH made two observations, logging on 29
Apr 1827, "two nebulae running into one another; both eF, vL, the f rather
the brighter. Place that of the preceding." Dreyer catalogued the two components as NGC 4395 = V 29.1
and NGC 4401 = V 29.2. On a second
observation, JH wrote "vL; extremely ill defined, may perhaps be 10' l, 3'
br; pslbM to an irregular centre.
On closer inspection bicentral; pos of the nuclei 30¡ np; dist 2'."
This galaxy was
viewed on three occasions at Birr Castle by Bindon Stoney, who recorded "a
cluster of nebulae found" on 13 Apr 1850 and "there are 4
nebulae. The 3 f ones seem to be
inv in a mass of F neby."
Based on these observations, Dreyer included two additional entries: NGC
4399 and NGC 4400. The sketch of these condensations match up well with my own
observations with a 17.5" and can be identified on the POSS.
******************************
NGC 4396 = UGC
7526 = MCG +03-32-034 = CGCG 099-049 = Holm 400a = PGC 40622
12 25 58.9 +15
40 19
V = 12.6; Size 3.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 125d
17.5"
(5/23/87): faint, fairly small, edge-on NW-SE, even surface brightness. A mag 14 star is at the NW end
[probably IC 3310] 1.1' from center and a brighter mag 12 star is 1.4' NNE of
center. Located 11' S of mag 6.9
SAO 100095 which is at the north edge of a 220x field.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4396 on 20 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen and measured the position on 2 nights. He also observed NGC 4379 and
was uncertain which was H II-87 (likely NGC 4379, see that number).
******************************
NGC 4397
12 25 58.1 +18
18 04
=***, Carlson.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 4397 = T I-44 and placed "5 sec following, 6 arcmin north
of II 55 [NGC 4394]". Very
close to this offset is a triple star, including a 4"-5" close pair,
with the third component at 18".
Dorothy Carlson also identifies NGC 4397 as this triple star.
******************************
NGC 4398
12 26 07.5 +10
41 10
=*14.5,
Reinmuith and Corwin. =*, Carlson.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4398 on 19 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His single position
corresponds with a mag 13.8 star and his description of two mag 11/13 stars
(closer to mag 10/11.5) that precede by 11.6 sec and 16.35 sec of time is a
perfect match. d'Arrest was
uncertain if his object was the same as WH's III-39, and noted the descrepancy
in declination. Neither Bigourdan
(visually) nor Frost (on photographic plate) found NGC 4398, but Karl Reinmuth
identified it as a mag 14.5 star using a Heidelberg plate.
******************************
NGC 4399
12 25 42.8 +33 30
57
17.5"
(5/15/99): faintest of three HII knots observed in NGC 4395. Appeared extremely faint and small,
10"-15" in size and situated 2.3' SW of the ill-defined core on a
line with a mag 14.5 star to the NE of the core. Required averted vision to confirm.
George Johnstone
Stoney discovered NGC 4399, along with NGC 4400 and 4401, on 13 Apr 1850, while
observing NGC 4395 and recorded "a cluster of nebulae found". On 14 Apr 1855, R.J. Mitchell noted "there
are 4 nebulae. The 3 following
ones seem to be involved in a mass of faint nebulosity. A sketch shows 4 "nebulae"
along with a couple of stars. One
of these (furthest north on the sketch) is the core of NGC 4395 and the other
three (NGC 4399, NGC 4400 and NGC 4401) are HII knots in the galaxy. NGC 4401, the brightest of the knots,
was recorded by JH. Corwin lists
the position as 12 25 42.8 +33 30 57, which is just following a mag 15
star. RNGC classifies the number
as nonexistent with the description "Part of NGC 4395."
******************************
NGC 4400
12 25 55.9 +33
30 54
17.5"
(5/15/99): very small HII knot in NGC 4395 situated 0.9' SSW of brighter NGC
4401. Shows up well at 220x,
although only 15" in size and no other details.
17.5": one
of a pair of knots in the SE end of galaxy NGC 4395. The smaller and fainter of the pair (probably NGC 4400) is
very faint, fairly small and is close SSW of NGC 4401.
George Johnstone
Stoney, LdR's assistant, discovered NGC 4400, along with NGC 4399 and 4401, on
13 Apr 1850. See notes on NGC
4399.
******************************
NGC 4401
12 25 57.5 +33
31 42
17.5"
(5/15/99): this number refers to the brightest HII region in NGC 4395, located
~2' SE of the ill-defined core.
Fairly easy at 220x (the galaxy loses its identity at this power!),
appearing as an irregular 25" knot.
Off the south side is a second fainter knot (NGC 4400).
17.5":
brightest of three knots in the galaxy NGC 4395 along with NGC 4399 and NGC
4400. Appears fairly faint and
fairly small. Forms a close pair
with knot NGC 4400 just SSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4401 = h1252 on 29 Apr 1827, while observing NGC 4395
(discovered by WH). He described
"Two nebulae running into one another; both eF, vL, the following rather
the brighter." JH's
description applies to the core of NGC 4395 and the brightest of the HII knots
in this galaxy. Two additional
knots (NGC 4399 and NGC 4400) were sketched at Birr Castle.
******************************
NGC 4402 = UGC
7528 = MCG +02-32-044 = CGCG 070-071 = Holm 403d = PGC 40644
12 26 07.7 +13
06 48
V = 11.8; Size 3.9'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 90d
24"
(4/28/14): moderately bright, fairly large, very elongated 7:2 E-W,
2.1'x0.6'. Very mottled, patchy
appearance implying a dusty equatorial plane and HII regions, though individual
knots were not resolved. M86 is
10' N.
17.5"
(4/25/87): fairly faint, fairly large, very elongated 3:1 E-W, fairly even
surface brightness. Located 10' N of M86 in core of the Virgo cluster.
13"
(5/14/83): faint, fairly large, even surface brightness.
George Johnstone
Stoney, LdR's assistant, discovered NGC 4402 = Au 30 on 13 Apr 1849 and labeled
it Eta on the diagram of the central core of the Virgo cluster. He also noted "Eta hollow in the
middle [dust lane], probably a ring seen obliquely, faint star north of its
middle, seen best with the single lens."
Arthur Auwers
independently discovered NGC 4402 on 5 Mar 1862 with the 6.2-inch Fraunhofer
heliometer at the Kšnigsberg Observatory and recorded "faint, gradually
brighter in the middle, much elongated in the parallel [east-west], 3' long and
1.5' broad." Auwers is
credited with the discovery in the GC and NGC as no positions or offsets were
measured at Birr Castle.
******************************
NGC 4403 = MCG
-01-32-008 = Holm 402a = PGC 40656
12 26 12.8 -07
41 05
V = 13.0; Size 2.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 30d
17.5"
(5/19/01): NGC 4403 is the preceding and fainter member of close pair with NGC
4404 just 0.9' NE. Appears fairly
faint, very elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE, 1.2'x0.4' with a brighter core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4403 = H III-75, along with NGC 4404, 5 on 20 Mar 1789 (sweep
913) and recorded both as "Two, both vF, vS, E, within 1 1/2' of each
other." Neither galaxy was
observed by JH.
******************************
NGC 4404 = MCG -01-32-009
= Holm 402b = PGC 40666
12 26 16.2 -07
40 51
V = 11.2; Size 1.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 11.7
17.5"
(5/19/01): this is the following member of a close pair with NGC 4404 just 0.9'
SW. Moderately bright, round,
fairly small, 0.8'x0.6' SW-NE.
Contains a sharp, brighter core.
Although smaller than NGC 4403 this galaxy is the brighter of the pair
with a higher surface brightness.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4404 = H III-756, along with NGC 4403, on 20 Mar 1789 (sweep
913) and recorded both as "Two, both vF, vS, E, within 1 1/2' of each
other." His single position
is less than 1' from NGC 4404.
******************************
NGC 4405 = IC
788 = UGC 7529 = MCG +03-32-036 = CGCG 099-050 = LGG 289-059 = PGC 40643
12 26 07.1 +16
10 52
V = 12.0; Size 1.8'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 20d
17.5"
(5/23/87): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated N-S. IC 787 lies 11' WSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4405 = H II-88 = h1254 on 21 Mar 1784 (sweep 182) and noted
"S, resolvable, brightest in the middle." CH's reduced position is 11 sec of RA east of UGC 7529. JH called this galaxy "pB; R;
vsbM; 30"." and measured an accurate position.
Stephane Javelle
independently discovered this galaxy on 19 May 1893 with the 30-inch refractor
at the Nice Observatory, measured an accurate position and included it in his
second discovery list, #748 (later IC 788). Javelle's offset point directly to this galaxy. So, NGC 4405
= IC 788. See Harold Corwin's
identification notes.
******************************
NGC 4406 = M86 =
UGC 7532 = MCG +02-32-046 = CGCG 070-072 = Holm 403a = PGC 40653
12 26 11.7 +12
56 46
V = 8.9; Size 8.9'x5.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 130d
24"
(4/28/14): at 260x appeared extremely bright, very large, oval 3:2 NW-SE,
4.5'x3.0'. Sharply concentrated
with a very intensely bright core that increases down to the center. The halo increases in size with averted
and gradually fades out at the periphery.
Brightest galaxy in the central core of the Virgo cluster.
18"
(6/12/10): at 175x appears very bright, very large, elongated 4:3 or 5:3 NW-SE,
~4.3'x3.0'. The outer halo
gradually brightens then dramatically increases to a very intense 45" core
that increases down to a stellar nucleus.
The nucleus is fairly well defined as a 20" brighter inner zone. A mag 14.6 star is at the ENE edge of
the halo, 2.0' from center.
Brighter of a 17' pair with M84 in the core of the Virgo cluster.
17.5"
(4/25/87): very bright, fairly large, slightly elongated 4:3 NW-SE, 4'x3',
intense core, substellar nucleus, large diffuse halo. One of the two brightest galaxies in the core of the Virgo
cluster along with M84 17' W. NGC
4402 lies 10' N.
13"
(5/14/83): very bright, larger and more elongated than M84.
Charles Messier
is credited with the discovery of M86 = NGC 4406 = h1253 on 18 Mar 1781, along
with M84, and described a "Nebula without star, in Virgo, on the parallel
and very near to the nebula above, No. 84: their appearances are the same,
& both appear together in the same field of the telescope." But Wolfgang Steinicke recently found
(email Oct '16) that Johann Gottfried Koehler made the original discovery on 5
May 1779. WH only recorded it on
17 Apr 1784 (sweep 199) and simply noted "B. Is No. 74 of the Connoissance des Temps." JH listed M86
as a "Nova", probably due to the poor positions of his father. On sweep 22 he logged "vB; R; gbM
to nearly a star" and on sweep 243 "vB; L; pgmbM; r."
******************************
NGC 4407 = NGC
4413 = UGC 7538 = MCG +02-32-049 = CGCG 070-076 = Holm 403f = PGC 40705
12 26 32.2 +12
36 39
See observing
notes for NGC 4413.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4407 = h1255 on 4 May 1829 and simply noted "the following
of 2" with h1244 = NGC 4388.
There is nothing at his approximate position, but the description for
NGC 4388 mentions the second nebula follows by roughly 30 sec in RA. NGC 4413 follows by 47 sec in RA and is
the only reasonable candidate nearby.
This identification was suggested by Frost, based on Harvard plates and
Harold Corwin concurs NGC 4407 = NGC 4413. See Corwin's notes for more.
******************************
NGC 4408 = CGCG
158-107 = PGC 40668
12 26 17.2 +27
52 16
V = 13.9; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 30d
18"
(5/30/03): faint, small, elongated 4:3, 0.4'x0.25', brighter along the major axis. There appears to be a faint star at the
SE edge. Located 19' NNE of NGC
4393.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4408 on 21 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His single position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 4409 = NGC
4420 = UGC 7549 = MCG +01-32-064 = CGCG 042-106 = PGC 40775
12 26 58.5 +02
29 39
See observing
notes for NGC 4420.
William Herschel
found NGC 4409 = H III-17 on 23 Feb 1784 (sweep 158) and noted "vF, pS, it
seems to be resolveable."
There is nothing at his position, but 25 sec of RA east is NGC 4420 =
UGC 7549, which WH discovered just a month earlier and catalogued as H. II
23. JH suggested the equivalence
in his observation of this galaxy.
As WH's positions in his early sweeps were prone to errors and there are
no other nearby candidates, this equivalence is certain.
******************************
NGC 4410 = UGC
7535 = MCG +02-32-047 = CGCG 070-073 = Mrk 1325 = WBL 408-004 = PGC 40694/40697
12 26 28.9 +09
01 11
V = 12.8; Size 1.3'x0.8'; PA = 110d
24"
(6/4/16): at 225x; NGC 4410 is a merged, interacting pair at 20"
separation in a common halo. NGC
4410B, the brighter eastern component, appeared moderately bright, small,
round, 20"-25" diameter (the halos overlap), very small bright
core. NGC 4410A, the western
galaxy, appeared fairly faint, small, round, 15" diameter, weak
concentration, lower surface brightness than NGC 4410B.
IC 790 = NGC
4410C, located 1.8' ENE, appeared fairly faint, small, elongated 3:2 E-W,
24"x16", very small brighter nucleus. A very diffuse tidal plume (not seen) connects IC 790 with
NGC 4410A/B. CGCG 070-079, 2.3'
ENE of IC 790 (and also connected by a tidal plume), is faint, small, elongated
2:1 WNW-ESE, 24"x12".
17.5"
(3/24/90): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated E-W, weak concentration. This double system (NGC 4410A and
4410B) was not resolved. NGC 4410A
is the brightest in a quartet with IC 790 1.9' NE and CGCG 070-079 4' ENE (not
seen). NGC 4411A lies 9' S. IC 790 appeared very faint, very small,
elongated E-W.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4410 = h1256 on 18 Jan 1828 and recorded "eF; vL; R; gbM;
2.5' diameter." His position
is 7 sec if RA too far west.
******************************
NGC 4411 = NGC
4411A = IC 3339 = UGC 7537 = MCG +02-32-048 = CGCG 070-074 = WBL 408-006 = PGC 40695
12 26 30.0 +08
52 20
V = 12.7; Size 2.0'x1.9'; Surf Br = 14.1
24"
(6/4/16): at 225x; faint or fairly faint, moderately large, round, low surface
brightness, ~1.2' diameter. The
view is confused by a superimposed mag 13.5 star, slightly west of center. A diffuse but uneven glow encompasses
the star, with the very weak core just east of the star. The halo has a very low surface brightness
and it was difficult to estimate the diameter.
Forms a pair
with (similar) low surface brightness NGC 4411B 4.4' ENE. It appeared faint or fairly faint,
fairly large, round, low surface brightness, weak concentration, ~1.6'
diameter. The halo fades out
gradually with no distinct edge (increases in size with averted vision) but
doesn't reach a mag 13 star off the northwest edge (1.3' from center).
CGCG 070-087,
located 11' NE, appeared fairly faint, small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE,
24"x15", sharply concentrated with a brighter 15" core that
gradually increases to the center and very low surface brightness
extensions. A mag 9.5 star (HD
108384) is 1.2' NE.
17.5"
(3/24/90): very faint, round, fairly small, very diffuse glow. Unusual appearance as a mag 13 star is
superimposed on the core and the galaxy appears as a low surface brightness halo
surrounds this star. Forms a close
pair with NGC 4411B 4' ENE.
Christian Peters
discovered NGC 4411 around 1881 with the 13.5-inch refractor at Hamilton
College Observatory. His position
matches UGC 7537 (generally known as NGC 4411A). Arnold Schwassmann found the galaxy on a Heidelberg plate in
1900 and assumed it was new.
Although his position is nearly identical to Peters', Dreyer
recatalogued NGC 4411 as IC 3339.
When Bigourdan
observed the field, he found B. 298, which was described as "very large
and diffuse, about 2.5' dia, slbM.
Could be NGC 4411 with an error of 17 sec in RA." In the IC 2 notes Dreyer mentions this
is probably the same as NGC 4411, but B. 298 refers to NGC 4411B = UGC 7546,
situated 4.5' east-northeast.
Because of Dreyer's error, this galaxy did not receive an IC
designation. See Corwin's notes
for more on the story.
******************************
NGC 4412 = UGC
7536 = MCG +01-32-062 = CGCG 042-104 = LGG 281-017 = PGC 40715
12 26 36.1 +03
57 52
V = 12.4; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(2/28/87): fairly faint, moderately large, slightly elongated N-S, weak
concentration at center to a small brighter core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4412 = H II-34 = h1257 on 23 Feb 1784 (sweep 158) and noted
"vF, pS. Seems to be
resolveable and resembles the former [NGC 4409 = NGC 4420]." His position is 30 sec of RA east of
UGC 7536, the only nearby galaxy.
JH made two observations, calling it "; L; R; vgbM" on sweep
238 and measured an accurate RA.
******************************
NGC 4413 = NGC
4407 = UGC 7538 = MCG +02-32-049 = CGCG 070-076 = PGC 40705
12 26 32.2 +12
36 39
V = 12.3; Size 2.3'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 60d
24"
(4/28/14): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE,
0.9'x0.6'. Unusual appearance with
a brighter bar and a small, bright rounder nucleus. The bar and halo are not aligned along the same axis.
17.5"
(4/25/87): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE, slightly
brighter along major axis. A mag
12 star is off the north edge 1.4' from center and a mag 11 star is 2.9'
N. Located 12' ESE of NGC 4388 in
the core of Virgo cluster with NGC 4425 12.7' NE.
13"
(5/14/83): faint, small, slightly elongated, diffuse.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4413 = H II-169 = h1259, along with NGC 4387, 4388 and 4425, on
17 Apr 1784 (sweep 199). He noted
"S. It may be taken into the
field with other [NGC 4387 and 4388].
CH's reduction is 17 sec of RA east of UGC 7538. On 11 Apr 1825, JH recorded on sweep 3
"eF; gbM; has 2 stars, n and n p." His position is 2.8' too far south, although the description
clearly applies. Four years later
he recorded it again as h1255 = NGC 4407 and simply noted "the following
of 2 [with NGC 4388]. His position
was marked as very uncertain or approximate but was noted as as ~30 sec
following NGC 4388 (the actual RA difference is 47 sec). So, NGC 4413 = NGC 4407, with NGC 4413
the primary designation.
******************************
NGC 4414 = UGC
7539 = MCG +05-29-085 = CGCG 158-108 = PGC 40692
12 26 27.0 +31
13 23
V = 10.1; Size 3.6'x2.0'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 155d
17.5"
(4/25/98): bright, elongated NNW-SSE, ~3'x2'. Sharp concentration with a prominent rounder core which
increases to a stellar nucleus.
There appears to be a sharper light cutoff along the preceding edge and
an hint of spiral structure in the outer halo. Observation hampered by hazy skies.
8": fairly
bright, elongated NW-SE, small bright nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4414 = H I-77 = h1258 on 13 Mar 1785 (sweep 387) and recorded
"vB, L, E, broadly [concentrated] to a mbM." JH made two observations and logged
(sweep 342) "vB; L; pmE; first gb and the vsvmbM to a nucleus = 11m; 3' l,
90" br."
Spiral structure
was not described at Birr Castle, though on 12 Apr 1849, LdR or assistant
George Stoney recorded "uncertain whether double nucleus or nucleus and
star; neby decidely darker in middle, following the nucleus and rather brighter
outside this." The 7 Mar 1856
observation by R.J. Mitchell also mentions "Has a double nucl or a nucl
and a star which are excentric, being nearer the sp side; light uneven and
patchy. I suspect especially a
darkness north of the main nucleus."
******************************
NGC 4415 = UGC
7540 = MCG +02-32-052 = CGCG 070-078 = LGG 292-013 = PGC 40727
12 26 40.5 +08
26 08
V = 12.1; Size 1.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 0d
17.5"
(3/24/90): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated N-S, weak
concentration. A mag 13.5 star is
2.4' NNW of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4415 = H III-482 on 28 Dec 1785 (sweep 498) and simply noted
"eF". His position (CH's
reduction) is just 3 sec of RA too small.
******************************
NGC 4416 = UGC
7541 = MCG +01-32-063 = CGCG 042-105 = LGG 289-056 = PGC 40743
12 26 46.7 +07
55 08
V = 12.4; Size 1.7'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(4/21/90): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, gradually increases
to small bright core. Located 4'
NE of mag 8 SAO 119397. M49 lies
45' E and NGC 4434 20' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4416 = h1260 on 11 Apr 1825 and recorded "vF; L; R;
60"; has a * 7m, 5' sp."
His position and description matches this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 4417 = UGC
7542 = MCG +02-32-053 = CGCG 070-080 = LGG 292-019 = PGC 40756
12 26 50.6 +09
35 03
V = 11.1; Size 3.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 49d
17.5"
(4/18/87): bright, moderately large, elongated lens-shape SW-NE, bright bulging
core containing a bright stellar nucleus.
NGC 4424 lies 11' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4417 = H II-155 on 15 Apr 1784 (sweep 194) and logged "F,
pL, lE and lb towards the preceding side, r." CH's reduction is 3' northeast of UGC 7542.
******************************
NGC 4418 = NGC
4355 = UGC 7545 = MCG +00-32-012 = CGCG 014-039 = PGC 40762
12 26 54.6 -00
52 40
V = 13.1; Size 1.4'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 59d
17.5"
(3/24/90): fairly faint, small, oval SW-NE, broad concentration. A mag 15 star is just off the SW end
0.9' from center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4418 = H III-492 = h1261 on 1 Jan 1786 (sweep 507) and recorded
"vF, mE, cL, r." His
position is 3' south of UGC 7545 = PGC 40762. JH made two observations, noting on sweep 146 "F; S; R;
near a star" and measured an accurate position.
David Todd
independently discovered this galaxy on 5 Feb 1878 and recorded it as object
#17 in his search for a trans-Neptunian planet. Todd's rough RA is 4.0 tmin too far west but his field
sketch and offsets to nearby stars clearly match this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 4419 = UGC
7551 = MCG +03-32-038 = CGCG 099-054 = PGC 40772
12 26 56.3 +15
02 51
V = 11.2; Size 3.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 133d
17.5"
(5/23/87): fairly bright, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 NW-SE,
2.4'x0.8', bright core, stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4419 = H II-113 = h1262 on 8 Apr 1784 (sweep 187) and noted
"E, resolvable." JH
called this galaxy "B; E; np to sf; sbM" and measured an accurate
position.
******************************
NGC 4420 = NGC
4409 = UGC 7549 = MCG +01-32-064 = CGCG 042-106 = PGC 40775
12 26 58.5 +02
29 39
V = 12.1; Size 2.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 8d
17.5"
(3/24/90): moderately bright, moderately large, very elongated N-S, almost even
surface brightness, nuclear bulge.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4420 = H II-23 = h1263 on 24 Jan 1784 (sweep 119) and logged
"F, E." His position is
30 sec of RA east and 5' south (positions in his early sweeps often have larger
errors) of UGC 7549. He recorded
the galaxy again a month later as III-17 and it later received the designation
NGC 4409, although JH, who measured an accurate position, suspected it was a
duplicate observation. So, NGC
4420 = NGC 4409.
******************************
NGC 4421 = UGC
7554 = MCG +03-32-039 = CGCG 099-055 = PGC 40785
12 27 02.6 +15
27 41
V = 11.6; Size 2.7'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 20d
17.5"
(5/19/01): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated N-S. The 1.5' diameter halo is punctuated by
a 30" prominent core. Located
2.4' SE of mag 9.5 SAO 100101.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4421 = H II-89 = h1264 on 21 Mar 1784 (sweep 182) and noted
"S, resolvable, brightest in the middle, near a bright star." There is nothing at CH's reduced
position but 10' northwest (similar error as NGC 4379) is UGC 7554 as well as the bright star." JH made two observations and measured a
fairly accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4422 = MCG
-01-32-010 = PGC 40813
12 27 12.1 -05
49 52
V = 13.8; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.4
18"
(5/8/04): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter. Symmetric appearance as this round
galaxy increases steadily to a small brighter core and stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4422 = H III-114 = h1265 on 25 Apr 1784 (sweep 207) and recorded
"Two very small stars with nebulosity. 240 rather confirmed it, but there is too much moonlight to
see it perfectly. It makes a vS
nebula." On a later sweep
(706) he logged "vF, vS, stellar" and measured an accurate
position.
******************************
NGC 4423 = UGC
7556 = MCG +01-32-065 = CGCG 042-107 = LGG 292-108 = PGC 40801
12 27 08.9 +05
52 47
V = 13.5; Size 2.3'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 18d
17.5"
(4/21/90): faint, moderately large, very elongated 4:1 SSW-NNE, low even
surface brightness. NGC 4430/NGC
4432 pair lies 25' NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4423 = H II-145 = h1266 on 13 Apr 1784 (sweep 191) and noted
"eF, E." His position is
28 sec of RA east of UGC 7556. JH
logged "vF; vS; E" and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4424 = UGC
7561 = MCG +02-32-058 = CGCG 070-090 = LGG 288-008 = PGC 40809
12 27 11.7 +09
25 13
V = 11.7; Size 3.6'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 95d
17.5"
(4/18/87): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated E-W, bright core. NGC 4417 is at the edge of the 220x
field 11' NNW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4424 on 27 Feb 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position,
measured on 4 nights, matches UGC 7561 and he estimated the size as 80".
******************************
NGC 4425 = UGC
7562 = MCG +02-32-059 = CGCG 070-091 = Holm 403e = LGG 286-003 = PGC 40816
12 27 13.4 +12
44 05
V = 11.8; Size 3.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 27d
24"
(4/28/14): fairly bright, moderately large, very elongated 7:2 SSW-NNE,
~1.4'x0.4', small bright core. A
mag 13.8 star is 1.2' W of center and a mag 15.3 is 1.3' SE.
17.5"
(4/25/87): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 5:2 SW-NE, small brighter
core. A mag 13.5 star is 1.2' W
and a mag 11 star 4.4' ENE of center.
Located in the core of the Virgo cluster with NGC 4413 12.7' SW.
13"
(5/14/83): fairly faint, very elongated, weak concentration. A mag 13.5 star is 1' W and a mag 11
star to the east.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4425 = H II-170 = h1267, along with NGC 4387, 4388 and 4413, on
17 Apr 1784 (sweep 199). He simply
noted "F" and his position is ~18 sec of RA too far east (similar
offsets with the others nearby).
JH recorded "pB; S; R; bM" and measured an accurate position
(on a second sweep).
******************************
NGC 4426 = NGC 4427
12 27 10.5 +27
50 17
=**, Corwin and
Dreyer
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4426 on 21 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. At his position is a
14" pair of mag 14.5/15 stars.
Interestingly, Bigourdan independently found this pair again 21 years
later and also thought it was mixed with some nebulosity. Both measured nearly identical
positions and Dreyer realized the equivalence NGC 4426 = NGC 4427 = **, after
compiling the NGC.
******************************
NGC 4427 = NGC
4426
12 27 10.5 +27
50 17
=**, Corwin and
Dreyer
Guillaume
Bigourdan found NGC 4427 = Big 53 on 22 Apr 1886 and described "vF, 2 or 3
stars mixed with nebulosity."
At his position is pair of stars separated by ~14". The same pair was discovered earlier by
Heinrich d'Arrest on 21 Apr 1865 and both positions are nearly identical in the
NGC. Dreyer must have realized the
equivalence before publication of the NGC, as he added the note "These are
evidently identical (note added in press)."
******************************
NGC 4428 = MCG
-01-32-012 = Holm 407b = PGC 40860
12 27 28.3 -08
10 04
V = 12.6; Size 1.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 75d
17.5"
(2/28/87): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated ~E-W, broad
concentration. Forms a pair with
NGC 4433 7' SSE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4428 = h1269 on 16 Mar 1828 and logged "pL; vF; very ill
defined." His position is
close off the south side of MCG -01-32-012 = PGC 40860.
******************************
NGC 4429 = UGC
7568 = MCG +02-32-061 = CGCG 070-093 = LGG 292-009 = PGC 40850
12 27 26.4 +11
06 29
V = 10.0; Size 5.6'x2.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 99d
17.5"
(4/18/87): very bright, fairly large, very bright core, stellar nucleus, faint
extensions E-W. Located 2.0' SSW
of a mag 9.5 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4429 = H II-65 = h1271 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 174) and logged
"pB, not vS." His
position is 40 sec of RA east of UGC 7568 (a similar error as a number of
objects in the sweep). On sweep
191, JH recorded "B; L; pmE; psbM; has a *10m nf, 1' distance." He was uncertain if this was his
father's object and noted "Nova, or II 65" in the Slough catalogue.
******************************
NGC 4430 = UGC
7566 = MCG +01-32-067 = CGCG 042-111 = Holm 406a = LGG 289-033 = PGC 40851
12 27 26.2 +06
15 45
V = 12.0; Size 2.3'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 80d
17.5"
(4/21/90): fairly faint, fairly large, diffuse, elongated 3:2 E-W. There is a sharp light cut-off on the
east end. The surface brightness
is asymmetric with the brightest portion offset to the east of center with a
more extensive faint halo towards the north and west. Forms a close pair with NGC 4432 2.5' SE. Located 8' N of mag 7.9 SAO 119411.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4430 = H II-146 = h1270 on 13 Apr 1784 (sweep 191) and logged
"F, pL." He also logged
this galaxy just two objects
earlier in the sweep, though suspected they were the same object, so assigned a
single discovery number. JH noted
(sweep 253) "vF; L; R; gbM; 90"." Both missed nearby NGC 4432, which was discovered by Albert
Marth.
******************************
NGC 4431 = UGC
7569 = MCG +02-32-062 = CGCG 070-094 = Holm 408c = LGG 292-006 = PGC 40852
12 27 27.4 +12
17 24
V = 12.9; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 177d
24"
(5/29/14): fairly faint to moderately bright fairly small, elongated 3:2 N-S,
40"x25", broad concentration with a slightly brighter core. A mag 14.4 star is 1.2' E. First of three with fainter NGC 4436
3.8' NE and brighter NGC 4440 6.4' E.
13.1"
(5/14/83): faint, very diffuse, slightly elongated. This galaxy is slightly brighter and larger than NGC 4436
4.0' ENE. NGC 4440 lies 6.5' E.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4431 = H II-171 = h1268 on 17 Apr 1784 (sweep 199) and recorded
"Three F nebulae; the two first vS [NGC 4431 and 4436], the third [NGC
4440] S." His single position
is roughly 30 sec of RA too large, but the identifications are certain. JH noted "vF; oval gbM;
50"."
******************************
NGC 4432 = UGC
7570 = MCG +01-32-068 = CGCG 042-114 = Holm 406b = PGC 40875
12 27 33.0 +06
14 00
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(4/21/90): extremely faint, very small, slightly elongated N-S. A mag 15 star is 0.7' NW of
center. Forms a close pair with
NGC 4430 2.5' NW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 4432 = m 240 on 22 Mar 1865 with Lassell's 48-inch on Malta and
noted "2* in a F nebulosity."
His position matches NGC 4432 = UGC 7570, just 2.5' southeast of NGC
4430, though the brighter galaxy is not mentioned.
******************************
NGC 4433 = MCG
-01-32-013 = Holm 407a = PGC 40894
12 27 38.7 -08
16 45
V = 12.7; Size 2.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 5d
17.5"
(2/28/87): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated ~N-S, broad
concentration. Bracketed by two mag 14 stars at the north edge and 1.0' SW of
center. Forms a pair with NGC 4428
7' N.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4433 = h1273 on 16 Mar 1828 and noted "not vF; pL; lE; very
ill-defined." His position is
at the south edge of MCG -01-32-013 = PGC 40894.
******************************
NGC 4434 = UGC
7571 = MCG +01-32-069 = CGCG 042-115 = LGG 292-014 = PGC 40886
12 27 36.6 +08
09 15
V = 12.2; Size 1.4'x1.4'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(4/21/90): moderately bright, small, round, small very bright core dominates
small round halo, sharp stellar nucleus.
Located 35' WNW of M49. NGC
4416 lies 20' SW. UGC 7580 is 7'
SE but I didn't look for this faint galaxy.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4434 = H II-497 on 28 Dec 1785 (sweep 498) and noted "pF,
vS." Heinrich d'Arrest
measured an accurate micrometric position on two nights (used in the NGC).
******************************
NGC 4435 =
"The Eyes" = VV 188 = Arp 120 NED1 = UGC 7575 = MCG +02-32-064 = VV
188 = Holm 409b = PGC 40898
12 27 40.5 +13
04 44
V = 10.8; Size 2.8'x2.0'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 13d
24"
(4/28/14): very bright, moderately large, oval 3:2 N-S, ~1.5'x1.0', sharply
concentrated with an intensely bright core that increases to the center. Forms a prominent pair ("The
Eyes") with NGC 4438 4.4' SSE.
18"
(6/12/10): at 175x appears bright, moderately large oval, elongated at least
2:1 SSW-NNE, 1.6'x0.8'. Sharply
concentrated with a very bright, 20"x10" core and stellar
nucleus. This galaxy is the NW
member of the "Eyes" with highly disrupted NGC 4438 4.3' SSE.
17.5"
(4/25/87): bright, fairly small, oval SSW-NNE, bright core, stellar
nucleus. Forms a striking pair
called the "Eyes" with slightly fainter NGC 4438 4.5' SSE. Located 20' E of M86 in the central
core of the Virgo cluster.
13.1"
(5/14/83): bright, prominent small bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4435 = H I-28.1 = h1274, along with NGC 4438, on 17 Apr 1784
(sweep 199) and recorded "two bright, considerably large nebula. One is 86
of the Connois des Temps."
His single position matches the pair NGC 4435/4438 and was confused
about the position of M86. He made
the same mistake on 8 Apr 1784, though it that case his positions fall close to
NGC 4458/4461 (if he viewed NGC 4435/4438 instead, his position was 17' off). JH repeated this error in the Slough
catalogue, but in the GC JH split the pair into h1274 = H 1-28.1 (NGC 4435) and h1275 = H 1-28.2 (NGC 4438).
NGC 4435 and
4438 was nicknamed "The Eyes" by Leyland S. Copeland (first author of
the Deep Sky Wonders column) in a February 1955 article titled "Adventures
in the Virgo Cloud."; the likeness to a pair of eyes is emphasized by the
fact that NGC 4435 and 4438 are both elongated in a SSW-NNE direction.
******************************
NGC 4436 = UGC
7573 = MCG +02-32-066 = CGCG 070-096 = Holm 408a = LGG 289-010 = PGC 40903
12 27 41.2 +12
18 57
V = 13.2; Size 1.5'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 116d
24"
(5/29/14): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE,
30"x20", weak concentration.
A mag 12.5 star is off the NW side, 0.9' from center. Faintest of three with NGC 4440 3.4'
ESE and NGC 4431 3.8' SW.
13.1"
(5/14/83): very faint, diffuse, low even surface brightness. A mag 11.5 star is just off the NW edge
1.0' from center. Forms a pair
with NGC 4440 3' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4436 = H II-172 = h1272 on 17 Apr 1784 (sweep 199) and recorded
"Three faint nebulae; the two first vS [NGC 4431 and 4436], the third [NGC
4440] S." His single position
is roughly 30 sec of RA too large, but the identifications are certain. JH noted "vF; gbM; 40"."
******************************
NGC 4437 = NGC
4517 = UGC 7694 = MCG +00-32-020 = CGCG 014-063 = PGC 41618
12 32 45.6 +00
06 59
See observing
notes for NGC 4517.
John Herschel
found NGC 4437 = h1277 on 14 Apr 1828 and recorded "F; vmE; pos 15¡ nf to
sp; a long ray; it is south preceding a * 10m. The place is that of the star." There is nothing near
his position, but 5 min of RA east is NGC 4517 and his description is a perfect
match with this galaxy. Karl
Reinmuth may have first suggested the equivalence in his 1926 photographic
Heidelberg survey "Die Herschel Nebel". Various sources (including the RNGC) mistakenly equate NGC
4437 with NGC 4417, instead of NGC 4517.
******************************
NGC 4438 =
"The Eyes" = Arp 120 NED2 = VV 188 = UGC 7574 = MCG +02-32-065 = CGCG
070-097 = Holm 409a = PGC 40914
12 27 45.5 +13
00 32
V = 10.2; Size 8.5'x3.2'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 27d
24"
(4/28/14 and 5/29/14): very bright, very large, very elongated 5:2 or 3:1
SSW-NNE, 3.0'x1.0'. Contains a
large, bright elongated core that increases to a very small, very bright
nucleus. With averted vision, much
fainter irregular extensions (with an uneven surface brightness) significantly
increase the outer diameter. The
southwest "plume" is not aligned with the major axis of the galaxy
and spreads further towards the west.
18"
(6/12/10): bright, large, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE, 2.4'x1.0'. Contains a bright, elongated core that
increases to a small, very brighter, rounder nucleus. The outer halo appears warped with very faint extensions
that increase the overall size to nearly 5'x1.5'. The southwest extension is more noticeable and appears to
bend or curve to the southwest (counterclockwise). The NNE extension is extremely faint and slightly offset to
the axis of the core. This highly
disrupted galaxy forms an excellent pair with NGC 4435 4.3' NNW along
Markarian's Chain.
17.5"
(4/25/87): bright, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE, small bright core. Forms a striking pair with NGC 4435
4.5' NNW. The core is not as large
or bright as NGC 4435. Located in
the center of the Virgo cluster 23' E of M86.
13.1"
(5/14/83): bright, bright core, larger but more diffuse than NGC 4435.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4438 = H I-28.2 = h1275, along with NGC 4435, on 17 Apr 1784
(sweep 199) and recorded "two B, cL nebula." His single position matches the pair
NGC 4435 and 4438. See NGC 4435
for more on the confusion with the identifications. JH made 3 observations and
recorded (sweep 242) "pB; L; lE; 60".", along with an accurate
position.
******************************
NGC 4439 = Cr
259 = ESO 131-SC006
12 28 26 -60 06
12
V = 8.4; Size 4'
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): at 105x, 20 stars mag 10-13 are arranged in a perfect
semi-circle (180 degree arc) open towards the west, with the endpoints directly
N-S. A string of three collinear
stars, oriented WNW-ESE, sits right in the middle of the semicircle! A wide bright double (HJ 4524 = 8/9.5
at 30") situated less than 5' NW is aligned directly with the center of
the cluster! Situated in the
middle of the Southern Cross, 55' ENE of mag 3.6 Epsilon Crucis.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 4439 = D 300 on 30 Apr 1826 and described "a triangular
group of very small stars, about 3' long, resembling faint nebulae. A star of
the 9th magnitude near the north following extremity [the bright star is NW of
the cluster]." His position
is 7' too far east, but the identification is certain.
JH observed the
cluster on 31 Mar 1834 and noted "Cluster taken for Dunlop 300; a
semi-elliptic group of stars 11..12th mag, diameter 2'."
******************************
NGC 4440 = UGC
7581 = MCG +02-32-067 = CGCG 070-099 = Holm 408b = LGG 292-007 = PGC 40927
12 27 53.6 +12
17 36
V = 11.7; Size 1.9'x1.5'; Surf Br = 12.7
24"
(5/29/14): fairly bright, fairly small, slightly elongated, 0.8'x0.6'. Sharply concentrated with a small, very
bright core containing a bright stellar nucleus. Brightest in trio with NGC 4436 3.4' NW and NGC 4431 6.4'
W. Nearly at the midpoint of mag
9.2 HD 108469 5.7' SW and mag 9.6 HD 108577 6.5' ENE.
13.1"
(5/14/83): fairly faint, small, small bright core, diffuse fainter halo. Third of three with NGC 4436 3.2' NW
and NGC 4431 6.5' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4440 = H II-173 = h1276 on 17 Apr 1784 (sweep 199) and recorded
"Three faint nebulae; the two first vS [NGC 4431 and 4436], the third [NGC
4440] S." His single position
is roughly 30 sec of RA too large, but the identifications are certain. JH noted "B; R; bM; 50";
resolvable."
******************************
NGC 4441 = UGC
7572 = MCG +11-15-056 = CGCG 315-039 = PGC 40836
12 27 20.3 +64
48 06
V = 12.7; Size 3.2'x2.5'; Surf Br = 14.8
17.5"
(4/15/93): fairly faint, fairly small, round, broad concentration, faint
stellar nucleus. NGC 4391 lies 14'
NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4441 = H II-848 = h1278 = h1291 on 20 Mar 1790 (sweep 954) and
logged "F, bM, iF, stellar."
JH recorded h1278 "pF; R; vgbM; 25"." and measured an
accurate position. The next
night he viewed this galaxy again, but placed h1291 1 min of RA too far east
and was unsure if it was new. His
two h and GC designations were combined int he GC.
******************************
NGC 4442 = UGC
7583 = MCG +02-32-068 = CGCG 070-100 = LGG 288-001 = PGC 40950
12 28 03.8 +09
48 13
V = 10.4; Size 4.6'x1.8'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 87d
17.5"
(4/18/87): bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 WSW-ENE, bright core,
stellar nucleus. Two mag 14.5 star
are at the east end and just south of the core 1.5' E and 0.9' SSW of center. Located in the core of the Virgo
cluster with NGC 4417/NGC 4424 pair roughly 30' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4442 = H II-156 = h1279 on 15 Apr 1784 (sweep 194) and logged
"F, pL, lE, r." CH's
reduction is 28 sec of RA east of UGC 7583.
******************************
NGC 4443 = NGC
4461? = UGC 7613 = MCG +02-32-084 = PGC 41111
12 29 03.0 +13
11 02
See observing
notes for NGC 4461. NGC
identification very uncertain.
George Johnstone
Stoney discovered NGC 4443 on 13 Apr 1840 while observing the central region of
the Virgo cluster. He simply noted
"F, S" and labeled this object "Kappa" and on the diagram
of the field. No positions were
measured, but the sketch places this object close to the NGC 4458/4461 pair.
Frost reported
NGC 4443 not found in the Virgo-Coma survey (Harvard College Observatory, Vol
88, No 1) and Reinmuth also reported a negative result. Harold Corwin suggests NGC 4443 may be
a duplicate discovery of NGC 4461 (despite missing fainter NGC 4458), and I
agree. See Corwin's notes for
story.
******************************
NGC 4444 = ESO
268-010 = MCG -07-26-007 = PGC 41043
12 28 36.4 -43
15 43
V = 12.3; Size 2.5'x2.3'; Surf Br = 14.0
14" (4/2/16
- Coonabarabran, 160x): fairly faint, moderately large, round, ~1.4' diameter,
weak concentration with a very small brighter nucleus. A mag 13.2 star is just off the NE edge
[1.0' from center]. NGC 4444 forms
the northeast vertex of a triangle with a mag 8 star 4.8' ENE and a mag 10 star
4.6' S. In addition two mag 9.6
stars are 7' SW and 8' SSW!
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4444 = h3393 on 15 Mar 1836 and recorded "eF; L; R; vgbM;
3' diam." His single position
is very accurate.
******************************
NGC 4445 = IC
793 = UGC 7587 = MCG +02-32-072 = CGCG 070-104 = LGG 288-013 = PGC 40987
12 28 16.0 +09
26 11
V = 12.8; Size 2.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 106d
17.5"
(4/18/87): fairly faint but pretty edge-on WNW-ESE, moderately large, weak
concentration. NGC 4451 lies 12'
SE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4445 on 24 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position, measured
on 2 nights that he also observed NGC 4424, is accurate.
Lewis Swift
probably found this galaxy again on 6 May 1888 and reported it as new in this
8th list, #63 (later IC 793) with description "eF; S; eE; 3 others in
field." His position is 15
seconds of RA too far west, but his description "extremely elongated (or
extended)" matches. Dorothy
Carlson equates NGC 4445 = IC 793 in her 1940 list of NGC/IC corrections.
******************************
NGC 4446 = UGC
7586 = MCG +02-32-069 = CGCG 070-103 = PGC 40962
12 28 06.8 +13
54 43
V = 13.9; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 82d
24"
(5/29/14): faint, very small, slightly elongated E-W, 0.5'x0.4', low even
surface brightness. Fainter of a
pair(lower surface brightness) with NGC 4447 1.6' SE. Located 13' WSW of NGC 4459.
18"
(4/5/03): very faint, very small, elongated 3:2 E-W, 0.6'x0.4'. Forms a similar pair with NGC 4447 1.6'
ESE. Two mag 12.5/13 stars are 2'
and 3' N of the pair. Located 7'
WSW of a mag 9.6 star and 13' WSW of NGC 4459.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 4446 = Sw VI-43, along with NGC 4447 close southeast, on 17 Apr
1887 and recorded "eeF; pS; R; ee difficult; Double; triplicity suspected;
2 = mag stars range with it n and s; [NGC 4459] in field following." His position is 10 sec of RA following
and 1' north of UGC 7586. This
galaxy is single, though forms a pair with NGC 4447, so his comment
"triplicity suspected" is not valid.
******************************
NGC 4447 = MCG
+02-32-073 = PGC 40979
12 28 12.5 +13
53 57
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3
24"
(5/29/14): faint to fairly faint, small, round, 25" diameter, weak
concentration. Forms a pair with
NGC 4446 1.6' WNW. Located 12' WSW
of NGC 4459.
18"
(4/5/03): very faint, very small, round, 0.4'. Slightly smaller of a close pair with NGC 4446 1.6'
WNW. In a galaxy-rich area 12.5'
WSW of NGC 4459 and 6' SW of a mag 9.6 star.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 4447 = Sw VI-44, along with NGC 4446 close northwest, on 17 Apr
1887 and recorded "eeF; pS; R; ee difficult." His position is 7 sec of RA following
and 2' north of MCG +02-32-073 = PGC 40979 (comparable offset as NGC 4446).
******************************
NGC 4448 = UGC
7591 = MCG +05-29-089 = CGCG 158-113 = CGCG 159-002 = PGC 40988
12 28 15.4 +28 37
13
V = 11.1; Size 3.9'x1.4'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 94d
18"
(4/5/03): bright, large, elongated 5:2 ~E-W, 2.8'x1.2'. Sharply concentrated with a very
bright, well-defined 35"x25" oval core. Located 27' NE of mag 4.3 15 Gamma Comae Berenices.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4448 = H I-91 = h1280 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and recorded
"vB, E in the direction of the parallel [east-west]. It has a B, pL nucleus sending forth a
ray to each side." JH made 4
observations, describing it on sweep 343 "B; L; mE exactly in parallel;
smbM."
******************************
NGC 4449 = UGC
7592 = MCG +07-26-009 = CGCG 216-005 = LGG 290-017 = PGC 40973
12 28 11.2 +44
05 36
V = 9.6; Size 6.2'x4.4'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 45d
48"
(2/20/12): NGC 4449 is a boxy-shaped Magellanic-type Irregular containing
several bright, giant HII regions that are sites of active star formation. The galaxy has been intensively studies
as one of the strongest galaxy-wide starbursts in the nearby universe. The overall surface brightness of the
galaxy was unusually high at 375x.
The very bright central region is elongated SW-NE, irregular in surface
brightness and contains a small, intense "nucleus" described as a ~10
Myr old super star cluster in the 2001 study "The Star Clusters in the
Irregular Galaxy NGC 4449".
To the southwest is a fairly large, bright patch that mimics a second
core. This region is catalogued as
#27/28/30 in Hodge-Kennicutt's 1983 "Atlas of HII regions in 125
galaxies" [HK83]. Several
patches are on the north end of the galaxy. The largest and brightest is #15, a high surface brightness
irregular glow at the north end of the galaxy, 20"x12", with a
mottled surface and a stellar knot (#11) at the north tip. Roughly 35" SW is #25, a
moderately bright roundish knot of ~12" diameter. At the northeast tip of the galaxy is
#2, nearly 1' SE of #15. It
appeared as a moderately bright knot, ~15"-20" in size. A small knot (#16) was noted on the
southeast side of the galaxy. A mag 14 star is superimposed [44" ENE of the
nucleus]. Member of
the M94 Group (CVn I Cloud).
18"
(5/14/07): very mottled, irregular appearance, elongated ~2:1 SW-NE,
~5'x2.5'. The core is quite
splotchy in appearance with a couple of bright knots; the most prominent is
attached to the southwest of the core.
The main body is roughly rectangular with an extension at the northwest
"corner" that ends with a bright knot or knots ([HK83] #15). Another extension or knot ([HK83] #2)
is off the northeast corner. A mag
13 star lies 2.4' E of the core and 1 or 2 additional very faint stars or knots
are superimposed in the central region.
18"
(5/8/04): fascinating view of this "Magellanic" system at 323x! The galaxy is very irregular in
appearance and surface brightness with a large, bright, elongated core oriented
SW-NE. The core appears offset to
the south side of the galaxy.
Several knots
(giant HII regions) are visible outside the core. The brightest is a well-defined obvious patch on the north
edge of the galaxy, 1.5' from the center.
This object is #15 in Hodge-Kennicutt's 1983 "Atlas of HII regions
in 125 galaxies" ([HK83]) and it is nearly comparable in surface
brightness to the core. Roughly 1'
SE is #2, a smaller, faint knot that is collinear with #15 and a mag 13.5 star
2.4' E of the core. #25, a third
difficult knot, can sometimes be glimpsed about 40" SW of #15. Finally, attached on the south end of
the core is a larger, bright knot, although initially I thought this was just
part of the core.
13.1"
(4/12/86): very bright, very large, elongated SW-NE, bright core, stellar
nucleus. A knot is involved at the
north end and the galaxy generally appears brighter to the north of the
core. A star is superimposed close
east of the core.
8": bright,
moderately large, elongated, bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4449 = H I-213 = h1281 on 27 Apr 1788 (sweep 833) and recorded
"very brilliant, cL, E from sp to nf, difficulty r, seems to have 3 or 4 B
nuclei." His sketch at the end
of 1811 PT paper (reproduced in Stenicke's book) clearly shows 4 condensations
or HII knots within the glow, though one of these may be the nucleus. He published a sketch in his 1811 paper
(Fig. 5) as an illustration of "Nebulae which are brighter in more the one
Place." According to Wolfgang
Steinicke, Caroline Herschel was next to find the object on 8 Jul 1793 in her
4.2-inch reflector, "and assumed it to be a comet!"
On sweep 150,
John Herschel recorded "B; L; gbM; E in pos 75¡ nf to sp, a fine cluster;
well resolved; I see several of the stars; 3' l, 2' br." On sweep 248 (last of 4 observations),
JH wrote "vF; vL; vmE; it is either a double nebula or the nf end is
bifid. If double the companion is
F; R; bM; nearly north 1.5' or 2'.
A fine object." So,
clearly WH and JH resolved several HII regions in this galaxy. Lord Rosse or assistant Johnston Stoney
noted on 17 Mar 1849, "3 nuclei or 2 nuclei and star, and faint neb
outlying."
Based on
photographs taken with the 60-inch reflector at Mt Wilson, Francis Pease (1917)
described NGC 4449 as "..an irregular nebulous mass in which many nebulous
stars [HII regions] are distributed unevenly. The greater part of the nebula is roughly rectangular, about
4.5'x2.5', p.a. = 40¡, there being an assemblage of some dozen nebulous stars W
of the SW corner. On the original
negative there are 230 nebulous stars or patches...Two-thirds of them are in
the N half. The nebulosity proper
is weak toward the edge, gradually increases inward, and culminates along a
central ridge, where it is as strong as the stars themselves. A number of dark irregular rifts appear
here and there in it."
******************************
NGC 4450 = UGC
7594 = MCG +03-32-048 = PGC 41024
12 28 29.6 +17
05 06
V = 10.1; Size 5.2'x3.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 175d
17.5"
(5/23/87): bright, fairly large, elongated 2:1 N-S, 4'x2', diffuse halo,
increases suddenly to a high surface brightness core. Located 3.9' NE of mag 8.9 SAO 100115.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4450 = H II-56 = H II-90 = h1282 on 14 Mar 1784 (sweep 170) and
recorded "A resolvable nebula of an irreg shape of about 2 or 3'
diam. It is near a pB
star." CH's reduced position
is 30 sec of RA preceding and 2.4' north of UGC 7594. He recorded it again a week later on sweep 182 as "pL,
r, bM", measured an accurate position, and noted this nebula was observed
in sweep 170. But his next entry
(H II-90) was placed 1.0 min following and there is only one galaxy here, so he
must have recorded NGC 4450 a second time in the sweep! JH made 8 observations, apparently
looking for a second nebula, but found only one and combed the two
H-designations in the GC.
******************************
NGC 4451 = UGC
7600 = MCG +02-32-079 = PGC 41050
12 28 40.5 +09
15 33
V = 12.5; Size 1.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 162d
17.5"
(4/18/87): fairly faint, fairly small, oval NNW-SSE, weak concentration. A mag 13 star is 1.5' S of center. NGC 4445 lies 12' NW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4451 on 19 Mar 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. He measured the
position on 4 nights and noted the mag 13 star, measured at 83" south.
******************************
NGC 4452 = UGC
7601 = MCG +02-32-080 = PGC 41060
12 28 43.3 +11
45 18
V = 12.0; Size 2.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 32d
17.5"
(4/18/87): moderately bright, fairly small, thin pretty edge-on SW-NE, brighter
core. Located 8' SE of mag 7.7 SAO
100114. IC 3381, situated 7.1'
WNW, appeared faint, small, slightly elongated, weak concentration. The IC is located 2.2' S of a mag 7.7
SAO 10014 that detracts from viewing.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4452 = H I-23 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 174) and recorded a "B,
S, much E nebula, or bright dash."
CH's reduced position is 10 sec of RA east of UGC 7601.
******************************
NGC 4453 = MCG
+01-32-073 = PGC 41072
12 28 46.7 +06
30 42
V = 14.8; Size 0.5'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.2
17.5"
(4/21/90): very faint, extremely small, round. Unusual appearance with mag 14 star nvolved near the south
edge and also an extremely faint 16th magnitude star or companion superimposed. NGC 4430/NGC 4432 lie 25' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4453 = H II-26 = h1283? on 28 Jan 1784 (the only nebula
discovered on sweep 131) and recorded "pB, not vS. It is not cometic. The brightest part of it lies towards
the following side. I suppose it
to be resolveable." Dreyer
noted this sweep was problematic ("unsatisfactory") with possible
confusion with the offset star.
There is no object at WH's position and it was not found visually by
Bigourdan or photographically by Wolf.
Dreyer suggested that if WH made an error of 20' in PD, that II-26 might
be II-146 (NGC 4430).
JH, though,
found h1283 = PGC 41072 44 sec of RA east of II-26 and this may be the intended
object. However, Harold Corwin
argues that H II-26 cannot be h1283 due to the significant difference in
description (h1283 was called "eF"). He concludes "I'm leaning toward adopting NGC 4430 as
II 26, though with considerable uncertainty."
******************************
NGC 4454 = UGC
7606 = MCG +00-32-014 = PGC 41083
12 28 51.0 -01
56 27
V = 11.9; Size 2.0'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 100d
17.5"
(3/24/90): fairly faint, moderately large, slightly elongated, the large
diffuse halo has a gradual concentration down to a small bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4454 = H II-180 = h1284 on 22 Apr 1784 (sweep 204) and recorded
"pB, L, R, er, near some stars." On 6 Jan 1785 (sweep 353) he noted "F, pL,
lE." JH made the single
observation "F; R; gbM; 20"; a stellar point 18m in the centre; 2 B
stars precede, distant." and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4455 = UGC
7603 = MCG +04-30-001 = Kaz 390 = PGC 41066
12 28 44.1 +22
49 21
V = 12.3; Size 2.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 16d
18"
(4/5/03): moderately bright, fairly large, very elongated 7:2 SSW-NNE,
2.5'x0.7', broad concentration, bulging core, fades at the tips of the
extensions. A wide pair of mag 11
stars are 3' and 4' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4455 = H II-355 = h1285 on 10 Apr 1785 (sweep 394) and recorded
"pF, L, broadly elongated."
CH's reduction is 25 sec of RA following UGC 7603. JH made two observations, logging
"pB; pmE; gbM; two B stars nf" on sweep 424, and measured an accurate
position.
******************************
NGC 4456 = ESO
441-030 = MCG -05-30-002 = PGC 40925 = PGC 40922
12 27 52.4 -30
05 52
V = 13.3; Size 1.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 150d
16" LX200
(4/14/07): very faint, very small, round, 15" diameter. A mag 13-13.5 star is attached on the
west side, 22" from the center.
Located 5.1' E of mag 8.2 HD 108412.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4456 = h3394 on 30 Mar 1835 and recorded "eeF; vS; attached
to a * 13m. (no doubt of the
nebulous character of the object)."
There is nothing at this position, but 1.2 min of RA west is ESO 441-030
= PGC 40925 = PGC 40922, and the mag 13.7 at the southwest edge clinches the
identification.
******************************
NGC 4457 = UGC
7609 = MCG +01-32-075 = PGC 41101
12 28 59.0 +03
34 14
V = 10.9; Size 2.7'x2.3'; Surf Br = 12.7
17.5"
(2/28/87): bright, small, almost round, very bright core. A mag 13 star lies 2.6' W of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4457 = H II-35 = h1286 on 23 Feb 1784 (sweep 158) and recorded
"pB; mbM than towards the ends." JH made three observations, logging on sweep 143, "B;
R; psbM; 30"."
******************************
NGC 4458 = UGC
7610 = MCG +02-32-082 = Holm 411b = PGC 41095
12 28 57.6 +13
14 31
V = 12.1; Size 1.7'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.2
24"
(4/28/14): fairly bright, moderately large, round, 1.0' diameter, well
concentrated with a bright core that increases to a stellar nucleus. A mag 11 star is 2' ENE. Fainter of a
pair with NGC 4461 3.7' SSE.
18"
(6/12/10): at 175x and 280x appeared fairly faint, moderately large, round,
0.9' diameter. Contains a small,
bright core that increases to a stellar nucleus. A mag 11 star lies 2.2' ENE of center. Fainter of a pair with NGC 4461 3.7'
SE.
17.5"
(4/25/87): moderately bright, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter, small bright
core, faint stellar nucleus. A mag
11.5 star lies 2.1' E. Forms a
pair with NGC 4461 3.7' SSE.
Located in the core of the Virgo cluster.
13"
(5/14/83): faint, small, almost round, small faint nucleus. A mag 11 star is close east.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4458 = H II-121 = h1287 on 8 Apr 1784 and recorded (sweep 187)
"Two resolvable nebula at 4 or 5' dist." He assumed one of these was M86, so only added one new
discovery number. His position was
~5' west of NGC 4458 and 4461, the most likely pair. On 12 Apr 1784 he swept the field again (sweep 189) and
recorded "Two [NGC 4461 and 4458]. Both pF, S, bM." His single position on this sweep was
22 sec of RA following NGC 4458 and the identification is unambiguous. JH
logged "pB; R; psbM; the p of 2 [with NGC 4461] and measured an accurate
position.
On 17 Apr 1784
(sweep 199), WH recorded "two B, cL nebula" and assumed they were
pair from sweep 187 (one being M86), but his position matches NGC 4435 and NGC
4438!
******************************
NGC 4459 = UGC
7614 = MCG +02-32-083 = PGC 41104
12 29 00.0 +13
58 43
V = 10.4; Size 3.5'x2.7'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 110d
24"
(5/29/14): very bright, moderately large, slightly elongated 5:4 ~E-W,
~1.5'x1.2', sharply concentrated with a small intensely bright core, stellar
nucleus, appears mottled near the core.
The halo increases in size with averted. Mag 8.7 HD 108676 lies 2.2' SE of center.
17.5"
(4/25/87): bright, fairly small, slightly elongated ~E-W, bright intense
compact core, stellar nucleus.
Located 2.2' NW of mag 8.1 SAO 100121. NGC 4468 lies 8.7' NE and NGC 4474 is 14' NE. A close pair, NGC 4446 and NGC 4447
lies 13' WSW.
13"
(5/14/83): fairly bright, small, slightly elongated, small bright nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4459 = H I-161 = h1288 on 14 Jan 1787 (sweep 691) and recorded
"vB, pL, iR." His
position is accurate. JH logged
(sweep 23) "pB; R; bM; r; has a *8m 2' dist; 45¡ sf."
******************************
NGC 4460 = UGC
7611 = MCG +08-23-041 = CGCG 244-022 = PGC 41069
12 28 45.6 +44
51 52
V = 11.3; Size 4.0'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 40d
13.1"
(4/12/86): moderately bright, pretty edge-on 4:1 SW-NE, moderately large,
brighter core. A pretty double
star ·1645 = 7.5/8.1 at 10" is in the field 8.5' SW. Member of the CVn II Group (brightest
member M106).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4460 = H I-212 = H II-750 = h1289 on 10 Apr 1788 (sweep 830) and
noted for I-212 "cB, pL, E."
His position is poor -- CH's reduction places it 8.6' too far northwest
(all the preceding objects in the sweep are too far north). He found it again 17 days later (sweep
833) and logged II-750 as "pF, pL, E sp nf." His position was just 2' northeast of
center. JH realized the
equivalence and combined the two H-designations in the GC.
******************************
NGC 4461 = NGC
4443? = UGC 7613 = MCG +02-32-084 = Holm 411a = PGC 41111
12 29 03.0 +13
11 02
V = 11.2; Size 3.5'x1.4'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 9d
24"
(4/28/14): bright, fairly large, elongated 5:2 N-S, 2.0'x0.8', sharply
concentrated with a very bright core that gradually increases towards the
center. A mag 11 star lies 4'
NNE. Forms a pair with NGC 4458
3.7' NNW.
18"
(6/12/10): bright, fairly large, elongated nearly 3:1 N-S, 2.0'x0.7', extending
nearly on a line with a mag 11 star 4' NNE. Sharply concentrated with a small, intense core that
increases to a very bright, stellar nucleus. Brighter of a pair with NGC 4458 3.7' NW.
17.5"
(4/25/87): fairly bright, fairly small, elongated 5:2 ~N-S, very small bright
core possibly stellar. Form a pair
with NGC 4458 3.7' NW. The striking
NGC 4435/NGC 4438 pair lies 21' SW.
Located in core of the Virgo cluster.
13.1"
(5/14/83): fairly small, elongated N-S, small bright core. Forms a close pair with NGC 4458.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4461 = H II-122 = H II-174 = h1290 on 8 Apr 1784 (sweep 187) and
recorded "Two resolvable nebula at 4 or 5' dist." He assumed one of these was M86, so
only added one new discovery number.
On 12 April he swept the field again and recorded "Two [NGC 4461
and 4458]. Both pF, S, bM."
His single position on this sweep was 22 sec of RA following NGC
4458. On 17 April he swept through
the field a third time and logged NGC 4461 again as II-174 (apparently not
measuring NGC 4458). JH recorded
"pB; R; psbM; the f of 2 [with NGC 4458] and measured an accurate
position. See notes for NGC 4458.
NGC 4443 may be
a duplicate observation. See that
number.
******************************
NGC 4462 = ESO
506-013 = MCG -04-30-002 = PGC 41150
12 29 21.2 -23
10 01
V = 11.9; Size 3.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 124d
13.1"
(3/17/86): fairly faint, very elongated 3:1 streak WNW-ESE. Contains a bright core with fainter
extensions.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4462 = H III-764 = h3396 on 26 Mar 1789 (sweep 918) and recorded
"cF, R, pS, stellar." JH
made two observations from the Cape of Good Hope and logged (sweep 690)
"pB; E; sbM; pos of elongation 130¡ [NW-SE]."
******************************
NGC 4463 = Cr
260 = ESO 095-SC010
12 29 55 -64 47
24
V = 7.2; Size 5'
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 260x this is a fairly small but
fairly rich group with two bright mag 8.5 stars (HD 108719 and PPM 779024)
oriented N-S and separated by 1.3'.
The cluster is fairly rich along a curving E-W string that passes
through the northern of the two bright stars. Scattered outliers increase the size to perhaps 6'x3' and
include up to 60 stars. This
cluster is located just 1.7¡ SSE of Acrux on the SW edge of the Coalsack
Nebula.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4463 = h3395 on 2 May 1835 and noted "cl VIII. class; poor;
scattered. The northern of 2 stars
8m taken." His single
position is good.
******************************
NGC 4464 = UGC
7619 = MCG +01-32-078 = PGC 41148
12 29 21.3 +08
09 23
V = 12.5; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 0d
17.5" (4/18/87):
moderately bright but very small, irregularly round, high surface brightness,
small bright core, possible stellar nucleus. M49 is at the edge of the 220x field 11.5' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4464 = H III-483 = h1292 on 28 Dec 1785 (sweep 498) and simply
noted "vF". JH made the
single observation "pB; vS; pgbM; R; 10"." Julius Schmidt found the galaxy again
in June 1861, along with NGC 4470 and 4492, and reported them as new in AN 1513
(1866), although Heinrich d'Arrest quickly reported the earlier
discoveries. d'Arrest also
measured the position accurately on 4 nights.
******************************
NGC 4465 = CGCG
042-127 = Holm 413d = PGC 41157
12 29 23.5 +08
01 34
V = 14.6; Size 0.2'x0.2'; Surf Br = 11.0; PA = 108d
48"
(5/15/12): At 488x appeared fairly faint, small, slightly elongated WNW-ESE,
20"x15", weak concentration.
A mag 16.8 star is just off the NE side [12" from center]. This is one of several faint galaxies
outside the halo of M49 (situated 5.9' WNW of center) with brighter NGC 4467
2.6' SE. According to the
redshift, though, this galaxy lies in the background of the Virgo cluster at a
distance of ~330 million light years.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 4465 = Big 54 on 31 Mar 1886. The NGC position is just 3 sec of RA
too large, although it was not found by Arnold Schwassmann on a Heidelberg
plate (probably appeared stellar).
******************************
NGC 4466 = UGC
7626 = MCG +01-32-081 = Holm 412a = PGC 41170
12 29 30.6 +07
41 47
V = 13.5; Size 1.3'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 101d
17.5"
(4/18/87): faint, fairly small, very elongated ~E-W. Located 7.8' SSW of NGC 4470 and 18' SSW of M49.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 4466 on 26 Feb 1851, while observing the M49 field at Birr
Castle. He noted "a 3rd about
12' south of 2nd [NGC 4470] is elongated." The actual separation between NGC 4470 and NGC 4466 is 8',
but there are no other possible candidates. In the GC, JH added three numbers for what he assumed were
three new objects found at Birr Castle, although only a single very rough
position was given. Heinrich
d'Arrest independently discovered this galaxy on 24 Apr 1865 and measured an
accurate position. Dreyer assumed
it was new, adding it as GC(S) 5653.
The two GC designations were combined in the NGC and d'Arrest is
credited with the discovery.
But Wolfgang
Steinicke attributes WH with the discovery on 28 Dec 1787 (sweep 498, #44 =
II-18). On the sweep he apparently
found both NGC 4470 (seen earlier on 23 Jan 1784) and NGC 4466, although the
polar distances are only 2' apart.
******************************
NGC 4467 = MCG
+01-32-080 = CGCG 042-130 = Holm 413c = LGG 289-078 = PGC 41169
12 29 30.2 +07
59 34
V = 14.3; Size 0.6'x0.5'
48"
(5/15/12): moderately bright, small, slightly elongated, 24"x20",
small bright core. A mag 12.8 star
is 35" W. Located 5.2' W of
the center of M49. NGC 4465 lies
2.6' NW.
17.5"
(4/18/87): very faint, very small, almost round. Located 6' W of M49!
A mag 12.5 star is just off the west edge 34" from the center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4467 on 23 Jan 1784 (early sweep 105) and noted
"Nebula. Preceding [M49], and
not far from its parallel is a nebulous star or small nebula. His position is very uncertain and only
roughly given, but the description clearly applies to NGC 4467 and the nearby
star. On 28 Dec 1785, he assumed
he observed this nebula again (internal discovery #44), but the second
observation probably refers to H. II 18 = NGC 4466. As a result, NGC 4467 did not receive a H-designation.
Otto Struve
independently discovered NGC 4467 on 28 Apr 1851 with the 15-inch Merz
refractor at the Pulkovo Observatory while observing M49. He described "Near this last star
[preceding M49 by 17 seconds of time] , there is still another smaller nebula
at a distance of 2 to 3 seconds, located on the straight line joining the star
with the main nebula." Struve
is credited with the discovery in the NGC. d'Arrest measured an accurate position (3 nights) and
credited Struve with the discovery. The IC2 Notes mention Schwassmann couldn't
find NGC 4467 on a Heidelberg plate.
The RNGC incorrectly equates this number with NGC 4465.
******************************
NGC 4468 = UGC
7628 = MCG +02-32-090 = PGC 41171
12 29 30.9 +14
02 56
V = 12.8; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 73d
17.5"
(4/25/87): faintest of three with NGC 4474 5.5' ENE and NGC 4459 8.7' SW. Faint, fairly small, slightly elongated
~E-W, small weak concentration.
13.1"
(5/14/83): faint, small, diffuse, slightly elongated, no noticeable concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4468 = H II-630 on 14 Jan 1787 (sweep 691) and simply noted
"cL". His position is 5'
south and 14 tsec west of UGC 7628, but it was observed in the sweep between
NGC 4459 and NGC 4474, and this is the only galaxy between these two. Heinrich d'Arrest measured an accurate
position at Copenhagen as well as Rudolph Spitaler in 1891 at the Vienna
Observatory.
******************************
NGC 4469 = UGC
7622 = MCG +02-32-089 = PGC 41164
12 29 28.0 +08
45 00
V = 11.2; Size 3.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 89d
17.5"
(4/18/87): fairly bright, elongated 5:2 E-W, fairly large, 3.0'x1.2', faint
stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4469 = H II-157 on 15 Apr 1784 (sweep 194) and recorded "F,
pL, mE, r." His position is
4.5' north of UGC 7622. Stephan
measured an accurate position on 28 Apr 1884. He noted that the observation (XIII-70) referred to H II 157
= GC 3019, but that Herschel's position was off by 5' in polar distance.
******************************
NGC 4470 = NGC
4610 = UGC 7627 = MCG +01-32-082 = CGCG 042-132 = PGC 41189
12 29 37.9 +07
49 25
V = 12.1; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 0d
17.5"
(4/18/87): moderately bright, fairly small, oval N-S, pretty even surface
brightness. Located 14' SSW of
M49.
William Herschel
found NGC 4470 = H II-498 = h1293 on 28 Dec 1785 (sweep 498) and logged
"F, pL". He assumed it
was new and assigned the H-designation II-498. His position is a good match with UGC 7627. He discovered this galaxy on 23 Jan
1784 (sweep 105) and recorded II-19 = NGC 4610 as "south of and a
rectangles to the great Nebula [M49] and the small star near it; Is a nebula
incomparably more faint. My field
takes them both in together."
But his position was poorly determined (not uncommon in his early
sweeps_, so he did not realize the equivalence. JH made two observations, though his descriptions are so
disparate ("B" on sweep 117 and "vF" on sweep 251), they
may refer to NGC 4470 and NGC 4466, respectively. Julius Schmidt made an independent discovery on 29 Jun 1861
and announced it in AN 1513 (1866), but Heinrich d'Arrest noted the earlier
discovery and measured an accurate position (7 nights).
In the NGC,
Dreyer equated II-18 = II-498 = NGC 4470 and assigned II-19 = NGC 4610. But in his 1912 Scientific Paper of WH,
Dreyer correctly sorts out the identification based on WH's description and
sketch and concludes II-19 = II-498 = NGC 4470. So, NGC 4470 = NGC 4610.
******************************
NGC 4471
12 29 42.0 +07
53 45
V = 13.9
48"
(5/15/12): this number applies to one of two 14th magnitude stars at 1'
separation oriented NNW-SSE, situated ~6' SSW of M49. VCC 1203, a fairly faint galaxy (too faint to have been seen
by Schmidt), lies 1.5' NW of the NNW star.
Julius Schmidt discovered
NGC 4471 on 29 Jun 1861 near M49 with the 6.2" refractor at the Athens
Observatory. He also found NGC
4470, 4492 and 4464, which had all been discovered earlier by WH. There is nothing at his position in AN
1513 (1866) except a 14th magnitude star and neither Heinrich d'Arrest nor
Guillaume Bigourdan could recover Schmidt's object.
Karl Reinmuth
refers to a possible candidate as "vS, R, = neb *13.5; eF vs iR neb np
1.7', *13.5 ssf 1.0'." His
description applies to a faint star at 12 29 40.6 +07 54 40. Dorothy Carlson, in her 1940 paper on
Corrections to the NGC, identified NGC 4471 as a star (from Ames in Harvard
College Observatory, Vol 88, No 1 (Virgo-Coma survey) and this is repeated in
the RNGC. Corwin identifies NGC
4471 with one of two 14th magnitude stars near the NGC position. SIMBAD (and others) misidentify VCC
1203 = PGC 41185 as NGC 4471.
******************************
NGC 4472 = M49 =
Arp 134 = UGC 7629 = MCG +01-32-083 = CGCG 042-134 = Holm 413a = PGC 41220
12 29 46.8 +08
00 01
V = 8.4; Size 10.2'x8.3'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 155d
48"
(5/15/12): at 488x, M49 appeared extremely bright and large, slightly elongated
N-S, ~6'x5', fades gradually so the outer extent may be larger. Well concentrated with an intense core
that is sharply concentrated with a brilliant nucleus. A mag 12 star is superimposed 45"
E of center. A number of galaxies
(see below) surround the halo, including NGC 4467 4' W and NGC 4465 5.9'
WNW. A mag 13 star is 4.6' W of
center (close to NGC 4467).
VCC 1199, 4.5'
NW of center, appeared faint, very small, round, 10" diameter.
VCC 1203, 4.6'
SSW of center, is fairly faint, fairly small, round, 12" diameter,
slightly brighter core. VCC 1203
is misidentified as NGC 4471 in SIMBAD.
The NGC number probably applies to one of the two faint stars ~2' SE.
UGC 7636, 5.4'
SE of center, is very faint, fairly small, elongated patch, ~0.5'x0.3' N-S,
with a very low surface brightness and no concentration. This blue, dwarf irregular companion
(Arp called it a "fragment") has been disrupted by M49 with H I gas
stripped in a tidal tail.
17.5"
(4/18/87): very bright, fairly large, sharp concentration to a compact very
bright nucleus, large halo slightly elongated ~N-S fades at the edges. A mag 12 star is superimposed at the
east edge 0.8' from center. A
faint galaxy NGC 4467 lies 5' W.
Charles Messier
discovered M49 = NGC 4472 = H I-7 = h1294 on 19 Feb 1771 (first Virgo cluster
member discovered). Oriani
Independently found it on 22 Apr 1779 while following a comet that passed
through the Virgo cluster. Admiral
Smyth confused these discovery dates, causing later confusion on the primary
discoverer.
WH first
recorded M49 on 23 Jan 1784 (early sweep 105) and described I-7 as "A
beautiful nebula. Not
cometic. It is visible in the
finder and vB in the telescope", but his RA was 11 min too large. On 28 Dec 1785 (sweep 498) he called
M49 "vB, cL, gmbM, extended with F branches." JH made 5 observations, recording on
sweep 253, "eB; L; R psmbM; insensibly fading away, has a * 13m following;
by diag the star is just beyone the nebula." Heinrich d'Arrest claimed he
resolved the cluster and saw "countless groups of stars; at 147x, the
nebula periphery can be resolved into stars of the 13th and 14th
magnitudes."
******************************
NGC 4473 = UGC
7631 = MCG +02-32-093 = PGC 41228
12 29 48.8 +13
25 46
V = 10.2; Size 4.5'x2.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 100d
24"
(5/29/14): bright, fairly large, elongated 2:1 E-W, 2.0'x1.0', sharply
concentrated with an intensely bright core that increases to a quasi-stellar
nucleus.
18"
(6/12/10): bright, fairly large, elongated 5:2 E-W, 2.4'x1.0'. Sharply concentrated with a small,
intense core, ~30"x15" that increases smoothly to the center.
17.5"
(4/25/87): bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 ~E-W, small but intense core,
stellar nucleus. NGC 4477 lies 13'
N.
13"
(5/14/83): bright, elongated E-W, small very bright nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4473 = H II-114, along with NGC 4477 and NGC 4479, on 8 Apr 1784
(sweep 187) and simply noted "F, resolvable." His position (CH's reduction) is 10 sec
of RA too large.
Heinrich
d'Arrest independently found NGC 4473 and 4477 on 29 Mar 1856, unaware of WH's
prior discovery. JH responded in
an open letter to Hind that both of d'Arrest's "novae" were seen
earlier and that he was surprised d'Arrest missed NGC 4479. This caused some controversy whether
NGC 4479 was a "variable" nebula.
******************************
NGC 4474 = UGC
7634 = MCG +02-32-094 = PGC 41241
12 29 53.6 +14
04 07
V = 11.5; Size 2.4'x1.4'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 80d
17.5"
(4/25/87): second brightest of three in the field with NGC 4468 6' WSWand NGC
4459 14' WSW. Moderately bright,
fairly small, very small bright core, faint stellar nucleus, elongated WSW-ENE.
13"
(5/14/83): fairly faint, small, very elongated E-W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4474 = H II-117 = H II-629 = h1295 on 8 Apr 1784 (sweep 187) and
noted "r[esolvable]."
His position (CH's reduction) is 35 sec of RA too large. He observed this galaxy again on 14 Jan
1787 (sweep 691) and simply noted "F". His position is 12 sec of RA too far west, and assuming it
was new, catalogued it again as II-629.
JH realized the equivalence when he compiled the GC.
******************************
NGC 4475 = UGC
7632 = MCG +05-30-008 = CGCG 159-008 = PGC 41225
12 29 47.6 +27
14 36
V = 13.6; Size 1.7'x1.0'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 5d
18"
(5/30/03): faint, elongated 3:2 N-S, 0.9'x0.6', fairly low surface
brightness. Appears brighter along
a bar extending along the major axis.
Faint halo or extensions which are difficult to pin down the
orientation.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4475 = H III-362 = h1297 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and recorded
"eF, cL, the whole about 4 or 5' long and 2' broad." His size estimate is much too large and
JH, who only picked up the nucleus, called it "eF; R; 15"." JH's position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 4476 = UGC
7637 = MCG +02-32-096 = PGC 41255
12 29 59.1 +12
20 55
V = 12.2; Size 1.7'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 25d
24"
(5/29/14): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE,
28"x14", bright core gradually increases to the center. Fainter of pair with NGC 4478 4.6' ESE. Located 12.5' WSW of M87 in the core of
the Virgo Cluster.
17.5" (5/23/87):
fairly faint, small, elongated SSW-NNE, small brighter core. Forms a pair with NGC 4478 4.7'
ESE. Located 12' W of M87 in the
Virgo cluster.
13"
(5/14/83): faint, elongated, weak concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4476 = H II-123 = h1296 on 12 Apr 1784 (sweep 189) and described
"Two [along with NGC 4478] F, S and one B, L nebula [M 87]. His single position matches NGC
4478. On sweep 245, JH recorded
"F; R; S; bM."
******************************
NGC 4477 = UGC
7638 = MCG +02-32-097 = PGC 41260
12 30 02.0 +13
38 12
V = 10.4; Size 3.8'x3.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 15d
24"
(5/29/14): very bright, fairly large, round, 2.0' diameter, sharply
concentrated with an intensely bright core and stellar nucleus. Forms a pair with NGC 4479 5.3' SE.
18"
(6/12/10): very bright, fairly large, slightly elongated SSW-NNE,
2.5'x2.0'. The outer halo is very
weakly concentrated and then suddenly increases to an intense 40"x20"
core. At 275x the core appears
lively or mottled and increases to a stellar nucleus. Forms a pair with NGC 4479 5.3' SE.
17.5"
(4/25/87): fairly bright, moderately large, slightly elongated ~N-S, bright
core, stellar nucleus. Forms a
pair with NGC 4479 5.5' SE and NGC 4473 lies 12' SSW.
13"
(5/14/83): bright, slightly elongated N-S, small bright nucleus, NGC 4479 5.5'
SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4477 = H II-115 on 8 Apr 1784 (sweep 187) and recorded "Two
resolvable nebula [NGC 4477 and 4479]." His single position matches NGC 4477. Heinrich d'Arrest independently
discovered this galaxy along with NGC 4473 on 29 Mar 1856, apparently unaware
of WH's prior observation. See
notes for NGC 4473.
******************************
NGC 4478 = UGC
7645 = MCG +02-32-099 = PGC 41297
12 30 17.4 +12
19 43
V = 11.4; Size 1.9'x1.6'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 140d
24"
(5/29/14): bright, fairly small, elongated 5:4 NW-SE, 35"x28", high
surface brightness, contains a very small, very bright nucleus. A star is involved on the north side,
just 10" N of center.
Brighter of a pair with NGC 4476 4.6' WNW. Located 8.7' SW of M87.
17.5"
(5/23/87): fairly bright, fairly small, slightly elongated NW-SE, brighter
core. Forms a pair with NGC 4476
4.7' WNW. Located 9' WSW of M87.
13"
(5/14/83): fairly bright, slightly elongated NW-SE, weak concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4478 = H II-124 = h1298 on 12 Apr 1784 (sweep 189) and described
"Two [along with NGC 4476] F, S and one B, L nebula [M 87]. His single position matches NGC 4478. On sweep 245, JH recorded "B; S;
R; psbM; 30"; the f of 2 [with NGC 4476]." Kolbold measured the position for both the nucleus and the
superimposed star in 1893.
******************************
NGC 4479 = UGC
7646 = MCG +02-32-100 = PGC 41302
12 30 18.4 +13
34 39
V = 12.4; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.1
24"
(5/29/14): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 4:3 N-S,
45"x35", broad weak concentration with a slightly brighter core. Forms a pair with brighter NGC 4477
5.3' NW.
18"
(6/12/10): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 5:3 SSW-NNE, 1.0'x0.6',
weak concentration to an ill defined, slightly brighter core and an occasional
faint stellar nucleus. Fainter of
a pair with NGC 4477 5.3' NW.
17.5"
(4/25/87): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated N-S, weak
concentration. Located 6' SE of
NGC 4477.
13"
(5/14/83): faint, small, round, diffuse, even surface brightness.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4479 = H II-116 on 8 Apr 1784 (sweep 187) and recorded "Two
resolvable nebula [NGC 4477 and 4479] at 4' or 5' distance." His single position matches NGC
4477.
Heinrich
d'Arrest independently found NGC 4473 and 4477 on 29 Mar 1856, but missed NGC
4479. Wolfgang Steinicke states
these observations initiated an exchange of letters between John Herschel, who
was particularly surprised that d'Arrest missed NGC 4479 (possibly a variable
nebula). Jean Chacornac, Schšnfeld
and Lassell, reading about the supposed missing nebula, also confirmed the
visibility of NGC 4479. Eventually
d'Arrest observed this galaxy on 5 May 1862 using the 11-inch Copenhagen
refractor.
******************************
NGC 4480 = UGC
7647 = MCG +01-32-087 = PGC 41317
12 30 26.7 +04
14 48
V = 12.4; Size 2.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 175d
17.5"
(3/24/90): fairly faint, fairly small, oval NNW-SSE, weakly concentrated. A mag 13 star is 1.9' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4480 = H II-531 = h1299 on 2 Feb 1786 (sweep 521) and recorded
"pB, E, about 3' long, brighter towards the southern side." CH's reduction is 2' south of UGC 7647.
******************************
NGC 4481 = MCG
+11-15-057 = CGCG 315-040 = PGC 41222
12 29 48.8 +64
01 59
V = 14.0; Size 0.7'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.2
17.5"
(4/15/93): faint, small, very elongated 4:1 NW-SE, 0.6'x0.15'. Appears as a thin sliver 40" W of
a mag 13 star. NGC 4510 lies 17'
NE and NGC 4481 is 20' ESE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4481 on 7 Oct 1866 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His measured an
accurate position on 2 nights and accurately placed the mag 13 star that
follows by 7 or 8 seconds of time.
******************************
NGC 4482 = IC
3427 = UGC 7640 = MCG +02-32-098 = CGCG 070-130 = PGC 41272
12 30 10.4 +10
46 46
V = 12.7; Size 1.7'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 145d
17.5"
(4/21/90): faint, fairly small, oval 3:2 NW-SE, almost even surface brightness.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4482 = H III-40 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 174) and logged "eF,
pL, I was near overlooking it."
There is nothing at his position, but 28 sec of RA west and 2' north is
UGC 7640. Several nebulae
discovered that night have errors from 30 sec to 90 sec in RA too large, so
. this identification is very
reasonable. Bigourdan first noted the RA in the NGC was 29 seconds too large in
his 18 Jan 1897 Comptes Rendus paper.
Arnold
Schwassmann found this galaxy again on a Heidelberg plate in 1900 and reported
Sn. 158 (later IC 3427) as new.
NGC 4482 was photographed
as well as by Frost in 1904.
So NGC 4482 = IC 3427. UGC,
MCG and CGCG label this galaxy IC 3427, instead of NGC 4482.
******************************
NGC 4483 = UGC
7649 = MCG +02-32-103 = PGC 41339
12 30 40.6 +09
00 56
V = 12.2; Size 1.6'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 65d
17.5"
(4/18/87): moderately bright, small, oval SW-NE, small bright core, stellar
nucleus.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4483 on 19 Mar 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. He measured the
position on 2 nights and noted the nearby mag 10 star preceded by 26 seconds of
time.
******************************
NGC 4484 = MCG
-02-32-013 = PGC 41087
12 28 52.7 -11
39 08
V = 13.6; Size 1.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 14.3
18"
(5/8/04): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter, broad concentration
to a slightly brighter core. With
direct vision a small slightly brighter 10" nucleus is sometimes visible.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4484 = h1300 on 9 Mar 1828 and logged "Not vF; R; gbM;
20"." There is nothing
at his position, but exactly 2.0 min of RA west is PGC 41087. Herbert Howe was apparently the first
to note this error when he observed this galaxy in 1898 or 1899.
******************************
NGC 4485 = Arp
269 NED1 = VV 30b = UGC 7648 = MCG +07-26-013 = CGCG 216-007 = Holm 414b = PGC
41326
12 30 31.4 +41
42 01
V = 11.9; Size 2.3'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 15d
24"
(5/27/17): at 200x; moderately to fairly bright, moderately large, elongated
5:4 N-S, ~1.5'x1.2'. Contains a
very small brighter core/nucleus but not strongly concentrated. The surface brightness is fairly high
and patchy, but I didn't use high power to look for HII regions.
18"
(6/13/07): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 4:3 ~N-S, ~1.6'x1.2',
broad mild concentration. Extended
in the direction of the northwest arm structure in NGC 4490.
13.1"
(2/16/85): moderately bright, fairly small, brighter core, elongated
SSW-NNE. Forms a fascinating
interacting pair with NGC 4490 3.6' SSE of center. Located 40' NW of Beta Canum Venaticorum (V = 4.3). Member of the CVn II Group (brightest
member M106).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4485 = H I-197 = h1306 on 14 Jan 1788 (sweep 798) and recorded
"Two, the most south [NGC 4490] vB, vL, iE. That to the north B, pS, iF, about 1 1/2'
distance." JH logged "S;
R; is 70¡ np and 3' n of I. 198 [NGC 4490]."
R.J. Mitchell's
sketch with the 72" on 27 Mar 1856 shows a bright nucleus and a well
defined outer ring. The following
year, though, he could not see any sign of spirality. In addition, a small patch (HII region) is sketched on the
south side as well as a faint star, that's probably also a compact HII region.
******************************
NGC 4486 = M87 =
Arp 152 = UGC 7654 = MCG +02-32-105 = CGCG 070-139 = Virgo A = 3C 274 = PGC
41361
12 30 49.7 +12
23 28
V = 8.6; Size 7.2'x6.8'; Surf Br = 13.0
48"
(5/4/16): at 488x, 610x and 697x; M87's jet was almost continuously visible as
a small, very thin spike extending to the west-northwest of the core, perhaps
20"x2". When the seeing was sharp, there was a brighter, knot
(stellar) at the outer tip that sometimes appeared detached. There was a strong impression of a
second stellar knot within the spike.
48" (4/1/11):
at 488x, the jet in M87 was immediately noticed as a short, faint spike poking
out of the central core to the WNW and the position angle [290-300¡] was
accurately sketched without prior knowledge. The narrow jet brightened or there was a knot at the outer
tip.
In addition to
looking for the jet, I sketched three companions at the edge of the outer halo
on the southwest side. About 2' SW of the center of M87 is a pair of very
faint, roundish galaxies, both ~15" diameter. The pair forms UGC 7652 with the components separated by
40" and nearly aligned with the center of the galaxy as if they were
ejected. 2MASX J12303903+1222222,
an extremely faint companion (V = 17.9), lies 2.8' WSW of the core, just 20"
SE of a mag 15.5 star. The three
close "companions" to M87 are actually part of a distant, poor
cluster in the background of M87, with a redshift of 20x that of M87!
Virgo UCD 3 is
either one of the brightest globular clusters in M87 or a nucleated dwarf
galaxy, called a Ultra-Compact Dwarf (UCD). It is situated just 3.0' NE of the center of M87, directly
opposite the two small galaxies at the southwest edge of the halo of M87. A mag 14.5 star, just 20" SSW, is
a perfect reference to focus on the cluster. On 4/16/13 using 488x it was suspected as an 18th magnitude
"star", but I didn't feel confident of the observation. At 813x, though, it was confirmed as an
extremely faint, stellar object, glimpsed several times at the same position.
24"
(5/29/14): extremely bright, large, slightly elongated NNW-SSE, ~4'x3.5', well
concentrated with a large, intense core.
The core brightens but there was no distinct nucleus. The halo gradually fades and increases
in size with averted vision.
Several galaxies are nearby including NGC 4486B 7.2' NW, NGC 4486A 7.6'
SSE, NGC 4478 8.7' SW and NGC 4476 12.6' WSW.
17.5"
(5/23/87): very bright, fairly large, gradually increases to a very bright
core, no sharp nucleus. A very
compact galaxy NGC 4486A = UGC 7658 lies 7' S.
13"
(5/14/83): very bright, intense core, fairly smooth halo.
Charles Messier
is credited with the discovery of M87 = NGC 4486 = h1301 on 18 Mar 1781. But Wolfgang Steinicke recently found
(email Oct '16) that Johann Gottfried Koehler made the original discovery on 5
May 1779. On 17 Apr 1784 (sweep
199), WH logged "Three nebulae, the two first [NGC 4476 and 4478] vF, S,
the third [M87], B, L, mbM but diminishing very gradually in
brightness." JH made at least
5 observations, recording on sweep 245, "vB; vL; R; psmbM; r; 3'
diam."
M87 is one of the
most distant galaxies (~52 million light years) visible in binoculars. It contains a 6.4-billion-solar-mass
black hole (1,000 times more massive than Sgr A). The 20" jet was discovered by Curtis at Lick
Observatory in 1918 as a "curious straight ray lies in a gap in the
nebulosity in pa 20¡, apparently connected with the nucleus by a thin line of
matter. The ray is brightest at the inner end, which is 11" from the
nucleus."
******************************
NGC 4487 = MCG
-01-32-021 = PGC 41399
12 31 04.4 -08
03 15
V = 10.9; Size 4.2'x2.8'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 70d
17.5"
(2/28/87): moderately bright, fairly large, diffuse, brighter core, slightly
elongated. A mag 13 star is off
the north end 1.1' from center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4487 = H II-776 on 23 Mar 1789 (sweep 916) and logged "F,
vL, er." His position (CH's
reduction) is 7 sec of RA west and 1.5' south of MCG -01-32-021 = PGC
41399. JH did not make an
observation.
******************************
NGC 4488 = UGC
7653 = MCG +02-32-104 = PGC 41363
12 30 51.4 +08
21 36
V = 12.2; Size 3.7'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 5d
17.5"
(4/18/87): fairly faint, elongated NW-SE, small brighter core. A mag 13 star lies 1.3' SW of
center. Located 16' NNW of NGC
4492.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4488 = H III-484 = h1302 on 28 Dec 1785 (sweep 498) and noted
"vF". His position
matches UGC 7653. JH made the
single observation "vF; vS; lE."
******************************
NGC 4489 = UGC
7655 = MCG +03-32-054 = PGC 41365
12 30 52.3 +16
45 32
V = 12.0; Size 1.7'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(5/23/87): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, stellar
nucleus. A group of four stars mag
11-13 is about 4' NE. Forms a pair
with NGC 4498 12' NE. Located 9.3'
NNW of mag 7.8 SAO 100135.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4489 = H II-91 = h1303 on 21 Mar 1784 (sweep 182) and simply
noted "vS". He was
discovering new object very rapidly, so this and several following objects in
the sweep have very brief descriptions.
JH made three observations and measured an accurate RA.
******************************
NGC 4490 =
Cocoon Galaxy = Arp 269 NED2 = VV 30a = UGC 7651 = MCG +07-26-014 = CGCG
216-008 = Holm 414a = PGC 41333
12 30 36.1 +41
38 34
V = 9.8; Size 6.3'x3.1'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 125d
24" (5/27/17):
very bright, large, elongated ~5:2 WNW-ESE, ~5'x2.2', fairly high but irregular
surface brightness, brighter core, but seems offset from center. A long arm (somewhat detached from the
brighter central region), sweeps WNW and curls north near the end (bending
towards companion NGC 4485).
Fascinating unusual structure.
18"
(6/7/08): I viewed this interesting pair in my 15x50 IS binoculars (just a
faint blur), 18" Starmaster (disturbed arm on the WNW end extending
towards NGC 4490 easily visible) and the 33.4" f/5 (internal structure
visible).
18"
(6/13/07): very bright, large, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE, ~5'x2', with a very
bright oval core, ~45"x30".
The surface brightness is irregular or mottled but most interesting is a
small extension or arm that juts out of the WNW end and appears to bend or hook
north towards the companion NGC 4485.
There appears to be a smaller counterpart at the ESE end that slightly
protrudes from the main body. With
averted vision, the galaxy grows wider and appears ~5'x2.5'. Located 39' NW of mag 4.3 Beta
CVn. Member of the CVn II Group
(brightest member M106).
18"
(6/4/05): very bright, large, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, contains a large, bright
core. At the northwest end a faint
arm appears to emerge hooking sharply to the north for 1' towards NGC
4485. At the southeast end, there
appears to be slight extension without much curvature near a 16th magnitude
star. The central region is weakly
concentrated to the center.
Overall, the galaxy has a mottled, slightly splotchy appearance as if
was dusty or knotty with HII regions.
Located 40' NW of 4.2-magnitude Beta Canum Venaticorum.
13.1"
(2/16/85): very bright, large, striking, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 6'x3', large
bright core is elongated and grainy.
A very faint arm extends from the NW end in the direction of NGC 4485
3.6' NNW. A small extension (arm)
at the SE end is suspected.
Similar view and sketch made on 2/23/85. On 4/12/86, just a hint of curvature was noted towards NGC
4485.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4490 = H I-198 = h1308, along with NGC 4485, on 14 Jan 1788
(sweep 798) and recorded "Two, the most south [NGC 4490] vB, vL, iE. That to the north B, pS, iF, about 1
1/2' distance." JH logged
"vB; vL; mE; 40¡ np to sf; easily resolvable."
An accurate
sketch was made of NGC 4485 and 4490 at Birr Castle on 27 Mar 1856 (figure 23,
Plate XXVII in the 1861 publication).
It showed the northwest tip curling towards NGC 4485 and a faint streak,
corresponding to a string of HII regions, along the north edge of the galaxy.
******************************
NGC 4491 = UGC
7657 = MCG +02-32-107 = PGC 41376
12 30 57.1 +11
29 00
V = 12.6; Size 1.7'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 148d
17.5"
(4/25/87): fairly faint, elongated NW-SE, fairly small, brighter core. A mag 13.5 star lies 2.2' NE. Forms a pair with NGC 4497 12' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4491 = H III-41 = h1304 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 174) and noted
"vF". CH's reduced
position is 4' southeast of UGC 7657.
JH logged "pB; L; R; 40"." and measured a fairly accurate
position.
******************************
NGC 4492 = IC
3438 = UGC 7656 = MCG +01-32-089 = PGC 41383
12 30 59.7 +08
04 40
V = 12.6; Size 1.7'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(4/18/87): fairly faint, small, round, bright core. A mag 12.5 star is very close NE 45" from center and a
brighter mag 11.5 star is 1.8' SE.
Located 19' ENE of M49.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4492 = H II-499 = h1305 on 28 Dec 1785 (sweep 498) and simply
noted "F". His position
is within 1' of UGC 7656. JH made
the single observation "pB; pL; vglbM; near two small stars."
Julius Schmidt
independently found NGC 4492 in June 1861 with the 6" refractor at the
Athens Observatory and announced it (along with both NGC 4464 and NGC 4470) in
AN 1513 (1866). All three of these
objects, though, were found previously by Herschel. In addition, Arnold Schwassmann found this galaxy again in
1900 on a plate taken with the 6" astrograph at the Kšnigstuhl Observatory
in Heidelberg. He assumed Sn. 65
was new (on a different plate he correctly identified Sn. 64 as NGC 4492) and
Dreyer recatalogued Sn. 65 as IC 3438 although the NGC and IC positions are
virtually identical. So, NGC 4492
= IC 3438.
******************************
NGC 4493 = MCG
+00-32-017 = PGC 41409
12 31 08.3 +00
36 49
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 133d
24"
(5/20/17): at 200x and 260x; fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated
NW-SE, 30"x25". Contains
a small slightly brighter core and brighter nucleus with direct vision. Located 4.7' SE of mag 8.5 HD 108916.
At 200x an
extremely faint "knot" (companion) was suspected off the southeast
side [50" between centers].
The companion was definitely glimpsed at 260x and appeared extremely
faint, very small, round, 10" diameter, stellar nucleus. At 375x it was just visible
continuously with averted (V = 15.2, B = 16.1) and was round, 12"
diameter, possible stellar nucleus.
17.5"
(3/24/90): faint, small, oval NW-SE, even surface brightness. Located 4.7' SE of mag 8.6 SAO 119442.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 4493 = m 241 on 22 Mar 1865 and noted "vF, vS,
iR." His position is
accurate, though he didn't notice the faint companion off the southeast end.
******************************
NGC 4494 = UGC
7662 = MCG +04-30-002 = CGCG 129-005 = LGG 294-001 = PGC 41441
12 31 24.1 +25
46 30
V = 9.8; Size 4.8'x3.5'; Surf Br = 12.9
18"
(4/5/03): very bright, fairly large, slightly elongated ~N-S, ~3'x2.4', sharply
concentrated with a very bright 20" core which increases to center. The halo gradually fades and increases in
size with averted vision. Located
6' SSW of mag 7.9 HD 109030 and 35' ESE of the wide binocular pair 17 Coma.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4494 = H I-83 = h1307 on 6 Apr 1785 (sweep 393) and recorded
"cB, pL, mbM, iR." JH
noted "vB; R; vsmbM to a nucl; 40-50" dia."
******************************
NGC 4495 = UGC
7663 = MCG +05-30-012 = PGC 41438
12 31 22.9 +29
08 10
V = 13.2; Size 1.6'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 130d
18"
(4/5/03): faint, fairly small, elongated 5:3 NW-SE, 0.7'x0.4', weak concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4495 = H III-301 = h1310 on 13 Mar 1785 (sweep 387) and noted
"vF, vS, R." JH made two
observations and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4496 = NGC
4505 = (R)NGC 4496A = VV 76a = Holm 415b = UGC 7668a = MCG +01-32-090 = CGCG
042-144 = PGC 41471
12 31 39.3 +03
56 23
V = 11.4; Size 4.0'x3.2'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 70d
17.5"
(2/28/87): NGC 4496A is moderately bright, large, elongated WSW-ENE, low even
surface brightness. Forms a double
system with NGC 4496B = PGC 41473 superimposed at the SSE end. The companion is fairly faint, very
small, round, diffuse.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4496 = H II-36 = h1309 on 23 Feb 1784 (sweep 158) and recorded
"a faintish pL nebula. It
seems to be resolveable." JH
made three observations and resolved this double system on the 7 Apr 1828:
"A double nebula; vF; pL; both R; pos 45¡ sf by diag; the two are in
contact; unequal." The three
editions of the Reference Catalouge of Bright Galaxies label the two components
as NGC 4496A and 4496B.
R.J. Mitchell
sketched and described this system on 18 Apr 1855 at Birr Castle, "A
double neb, alpha [NGC 4496B] is vF, and its light flickering, the other [NGC
4496A] has F neby extending a good way downwards [north], and is much the
larger and brighter of the two."
Neither JH in the GC or Dreyer in the NGC assigned two designations for
the components, although the NGC description reads "bi-nuclear or double
nebula".
******************************
NGC 4497 = IC
3452 = UGC 7665 = MCG +02-32-113 = PGC 41457
12 31 32.5 +11
37 29
V = 12.5; Size 2.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 65d
17.5"
(4/25/87): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated WSW-ENE, broad
concentration. A mag 12.5 star is
2.4' E of center. Forms a pair
with NGC 4497 12' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4497 = H III-42 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 174) and simply noted
"vF" (he was recording objects very quickly on the sweep). CH's reduced position is 2.5' southeast
of UGC 7665 - a similar offset as NGC 4491, the previous object he discovered,
so this identification is nearly certain.
Schwassmann
"rediscovered" the galaxy on 8 Sep 1900 using a Heidelberg plate
taken by Wolf, measured an accurate position and recorded Sn. 199 (later IC
3452) as new. Both Schwassmann and
Dreyer missed the earlier NGC discovery, but IC 3452 = NGC 4497.
******************************
NGC 4498 = UGC
7669 = MCG +03-32-056 = PGC 41472
12 31 39.7 +16
51 10
V = 12.2; Size 3.0'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 133d
17.5" (5/23/87):
fairly faint streak NW-SE, diffuse, brighter core. Forms a trio with NGC 4489 12' SW and NGC 402 11' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4498 = H III-69 on 21 Mar 1784 (sweep 182) and simply noted
"S". His position is 30
sec of RA east and 6' south of NGC 4489, but the position should be 6'
north. Heinrich d'Arrest measured
the position twice, and questioned if it was same object as III-69. He noted "F, L, oval, 70"
mininum dia. The nucleus is very
faint. After repeated observation,
it was seen as 90" long. Question is whether this is a Herschel object or
not as differs in AR 22 sec and in Dec by
is Herscheliana, or not, the former is to stop. Differs from ours in AR
22s, on in Dec by 3 1/2'.
******************************
NGC 4499 = ESO 322-022
= MCG -07-26-008 = PGC 41537
12 32 05.0 -39
58 57
V = 13.2; Size 1.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 93d
18"
(5/15/10): at 220x appeared very faint, slightly elongated E-W,
0.8'x0.65'. Low even surface
brightrness with no core or zones, although view compromised by low
elevation. Probable outlying
member of the Centaurus cluster (AGC 3526). NGC 4507 lies 40' ENE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4499 = h3397 on 5 Jun 1834 and recorded "F; L; R; vglbM;
90"." His position
(measured on 2 sweep) is a close match with ESO 322-022 = PGC 41537.
******************************
NGC 4500 = UGC
7667 = Mrk 213 = MCG +10-18-062 = PGC 41436
12 31 22.1 +57
57 53
V = 12.5; Size 1.6'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 130d
18"
(5/8/04): moderately bright, small lens, elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE. Sharply concentrated with a very small
bright core and faint extensions.
Located 1' W of a mag 10.5 star!
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4500 = H I-234 = h1311 on 17 Apr 1789 (sweep 923) and recorded
"cB, vS, lE. Just preceding a
pL star." JH logged "pB;
E; pgbM; a * 9m foll 30" dist in parallel." His position is 1' southwest of UGC 7667.
******************************
NGC 4501 = M88 =
UGC 7675 = MCG +03-32-059 = CGCG 099-076 = PGC 41517
12 31 59.0 +14
25 10
V = 9.6; Size 6.9'x3.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 140d
48"
(4/5/13): a thin spiral arm was clearly visible extending along the entire
western flank of the halo and stretching 4.5' from NW to SE. This arm separates more cleanly from
the central region as it extends south, reaching a wide double star (13.7/14.3
that is superimposed on the southeast end. A fainter, very thin, straight arm was also visible along
the east side of the galaxy, extending towards the northwest. This arm hugs pretty close to the east
side of the core, and separates a bit on the north side.
17.5"
(4/25/87): very bright, very large, elongated 5:2 NW-SE, brighter core, intense
very small or stellar nucleus (Seyfert 2 galaxy). A faint double star is embedded at the SE end (mag 13.5/14.5
at 20"). A brighter double
star mag 11/12 at 30" is 5' S of center. Located at the NE end of "Markarian's chain" in
the core of Virgo cluster.
Charles Messier
discovered M88 = NGC 4501 = h1312 on 18 Mar 1781. WH described it on 14 Jan 1787 (sweep 691) as "vB, vL,
E." JH made 5 observations
and recorded on sweep 422 "B; vL; vmE; 8' l, 1' br. The northern half is brighter than the
southern." On two other
sweeps heaccurately measured the position angle as between 140¡-145¡. Listed as "Spiral or
curvilinear" in Lord Rosse's 1850 PT paper.
At Birr Castle,
R.J. Mitchell recorded on 9 Mar 1855 "Another spiral? dark spaces p Nucl, others also,
especially one sf Nucl. Six nights
later he logged "Thought I could trace a dark passage from south end down
past the Nucl. Saw but the one
branch f neby outside this passage."
******************************
NGC 4502 = UGC
7677 = MCG +03-32-060 = CGCG 099-076 = LGG 289-083 = PGC 41531
12 32 03.3 +16
41 16
V = 13.9; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 40d
18"
(4/5/03): very faint, small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 0.6'x0.4', low surface
brightness. NGC 4498 lies 11' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4502 = H II-92 = h1314 on 21 Mar 1784 (sweep 182) and noted
"vF, S." CH's reduced
position is 6' north of UGC 7677.
He was working quickly in the sweep and made several positional errors
on nearby objects. JH measured an
accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4503 = UGC
7680 = MCG +02-32-118 = CGCG 070-149 = PGC 41538
12 32 06.2 +11
10 35
V = 11.1; Size 3.5'x1.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 12d
24"
(5/20/17): bright, fairly large, oval 2:1 or 5:2 N-S, the halo increases to ~2'x0.8' with averted. Sharply concentrated with an extremely
bright core that increases to an intense stellar nucleus! IC 3460 lies 6.6' NE,
24"
(6/4/16): bright, large, elongated nearly 5:2 N-S, ~1.8'x0.7'. Sharply concentrated with a very large,
very bright elonagated core that increases to an even brighter nucleus and
stellar peak at the center. The
halo gradually fades out but the ratio of major to minor axis is higher in the
halo than the core. IC 3470 is
6.7' NE and IC 3483 (the third member of Zwicky's Triplet, along with IC 3481
and 3481A) is 19' NE.
17.5"
(4/25/87): fairly bright, fairly small, elongated ~N-S, very bright core, stellar
nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4503 = H II-66 = h1313 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 174) and noted
"pB". His descriptions
are very brief in this portion of the sweep as he was recording new nebulae
rapidly. CH's reduced position is
18 sec of RA too far east. JH made
two observations and measured an accurate position. Dreyer made an observation on 24 Mar 1878, though mistakenly
assumed he was observing GC 3077 = NGC 4528. He wrote, "pB, lE N-S, irr
figure, fades away more gradually on f[ollowing] side..."
******************************
NGC 4504 = MCG
-01-32-022 = PGC 41555
12 32 17.3 -07
33 50
V = 11.2; Size 4.4'x2.7'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 150d
17.5"
(2/28/87): fairly large, almost even surface brightness, slightly elongated,
very weakly concentrated core. Two
mag 14.5-15 stars are off following end 1.4' NE and 2.1' ESE of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4504 = H II-771 = h1398 on 20 Mar 1789 (sweep 913) and noted
"pB, iF, mbM, easily resolvable." JH made a single observation from the Cape of Good Hope and
logged "vF; Lp lEp gvlbM; 90"."
******************************
NGC 4505 = NGC
4496? = (R)NGC 4496A = UGC 7668a = MCG +01-32-090 = CGCG 042-144 = VV 76a = PGC
41471
12 31 39.3 +03
56 23
See observing
notes for NGC 4496.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4505 = H III-18 = h1315 on 23 Feb 1784 (sweep 158) and recorded
"vF of a considerable size; it seems to be resolvable, is more faint than
the foregoing [II-36 = NGC 4496] and rather larger. There is nothing at his position, exactly 1.0 min of time
following II-36 = NGC 4496, and the description applies to this galaxy! It appears he likely recorded the same
object twice.
JH has a single
observation on sweep 142: "eF, the following of 2 [with NGC 4496] in
fld." His position is roughly
the same as his father's (perhaps using his working list). Karl Reinmuth, in his photographic
survey "Die Herschel-Nebel", questions if it is a mag 14 star, and
this is very possible.
******************************
NGC 4506 = UGC
7682 = MCG +02-32-120 = CGCG 070-152 = PGC 41546
12 32 10.5 +13
25 10
V = 12.7; Size 1.6'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 110d
17.5"
(4/25/87): faint, small, slightly elongated E-W, diffuse, very weakly
concentrated core. A mag 11 star
is 2.1' W. Located 34' E of NGC
4473 near the Virgo border.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4506 = H II-631 = h1316 on 14 Jan 1787 (sweep 691) and noted
"F". His position is
2.5' south and 8 sec of time west of UGC 7682. JH recorded "vF; pmE in
parallel; gbM; a * 9m 8 sec following." His position and description matches this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 4507 = ESO
322-029 = MCG -07-26-011 = Shapley-Ames 2 = LGG 298-008 = PGC 41960
12 35 36.7 -39
54 34
V = 12.1; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 56d
18"
(4/25/09): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated, increases to a
small brighter core. Situated
within an oval group of ~8 stars (~9'x6') and 5' SW of mag 5.8 HD 109573 (on
the east end of the group).
17.5"
(4/7/89): fairly faint, oval, weak concentration. Located 5.2' SW of mag 5.8 SAO 203621 and the glare detracts
from viewing. This is a Seyfert
galaxy and possible member of the Centaurus galaxy cluster (AGC 3526).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4507 = h3399 on 5 Jun 1834 and recorded "pB; S; R: psmbM to
a * 16m." His position
(measured on two sweeps) is at the east edge of ESO 322-029 = PGC 41960. JH must have made an error precessing
the position to 1860 coordinates in the GC, as the position there (copied into
the NGC) is 3.0 min of RA too far west.
Perhaps as a result NGC 4507 was included as an "anonymous"
galaxy (New 2) in the Shapley-Ames Catalogue.
******************************
NGC 4508
12 32 17.4 +05
49 08
=**?, Gottlieb.
"Not found", Carlson.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4508 = h1317 on 19 Apr 1830 and noted "vF; R; a * 13m with
a burr." His position
corresponds with a close, faint double star. The stars are cleanly resolved on the SDSS. Karl Reinmuth also identifies a double
star at the NGC position, although he also mentions a possible nearby
candidate. This is object #1450 in
the Ames "Catalogue of 2778 Nebulae including the Coma-Virgo
Group". Ames felt this object
was too far from the NGC position and too faint.
******************************
NGC 4509 = UGC
7704 = MCG +05-30-018 = CGCG 159-015 = Mrk 773 = PGC 41660
12 33 06.8 +32
05 32
V = 13.5; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 155d
17.5":
faint, small, slightly elongated SW-NE, almost even surface brightness. Located 4.5' NW of a bright double star
·1653 = 8.7/9.2 at 8".
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4509 = h1318 on 11 Mar 1828 and noted "vF; S; R;
lbM." There is nothing at his
position but 1.0 min of RA east is UGC 7704 = PGC 41660. His position matches in dec, so this is
a reasonable identification, though CGCG does not label this galaxy as NGC
4509.
******************************
NGC 4510 = UGC
7679 = MCG +11-15-058 = CGCG 315-041 = PGC 41489
12 31 47.2 +64
14 01
V = 13.0; Size 1.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 153d
17.5"
(4/15/93): faint, very small, very small bright core, stellar nucleus, very
small halo. NGC 4441 lies 17' SW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4510 on 9 Sep 1866 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His single position is
an excellent match with UGC 7679.
He described it as sparkling and almost resolved, so Dreyer called it a
cluster in the NGC description.
Also see NGC 4521, which may be a duplicate observation.
******************************
NGC 4511 = MCG
+10-18-063 = CGCG 293-027 = PGC 41560
12 32 08.1 +56
28 16
V = 14.1; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 9d
18"
(5/8/04): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:3 ~N-S. A mag 14 star is close south, in the
direction of elongation. UGC 7691
lies 11' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4511 = H III-834 = h1319 on 17 Mar 1790 (sweep 947) and noted
"eF, S, iF." His
position matches CGCG 293-027. JH made a single observation, "Not eF; S;
R; vgbM; 12"."
******************************
NGC 4512 = NGC
4521? = UGC 7706 = MCG +11-15-061 = CGCG 315-046 = PGC 41621
12 32 47.6 +63
56 21
V = 12.2; Size 2.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 167d
See observing
notes for NGC 4521. Identification
uncertain; this number may be identical to NGC 4510.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4512 = h1321 on 3 Apr 1832 and recorded "pB; R: psbM;
20"." There is nothing
at his single position, though 10' north-northeast is UGC 7700, the galaxy
identified in all modern catalogues as NGC 4512. But this galaxy would not be described as "pB", as
it has a very low surface brightness.
In addition, JH made no mention of much brighter NGC 4521, just 4' north
of UGC 7770, which was seen on the previous sweep with a poor position.
Bigourdan was
unable to recover NGC 4512 and Reinmuth states "no pB neb found, =NGC
4521?" Corwin suggests
that NGC 4512 may be identical to NGC 4510 as this would require a 30' error in
declination. Furthermore this
galaxy is more likely than NGC 4521 to be called "round" and
"20" in diameter. So,
the identification with NGC 4521 is uncertain, but likely applies to either NGC
4521 or NGC 4510. See Corwin's
identification notes.
******************************
NGC 4513 = UGC
7683 = MCG +11-15-059 = CGCG 315-042 = LGG 277-007 = WBL 412-001 = PGC 41527
12 32 01.5 +66
19 57
V = 13.0; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 15d
24"
(5/30/16): at 225x; fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE,
0.6'x0.4', small bright core.
The triple
system VII Zw 467 = CGCG 315-044 (2 members seen) is 4' NNE and VII Zw 466 =
CGCG 315-043 (empty collisional RING galaxy) is 4' N. PGC 41549 appeared very faint to faint, very small, round,
12" diameter, visible continuously with averted vision. Both PGC 2686685 and VII Zw 466 were
challenging objects, only occasionally visible.
48"
(4/4/13): at 488x; VII Zw 466 appeared fairly faint, small, round with a slightly
brighter rim and darker center.
The ring was irregular lit and brighter on the west side with a couple
of slightly brighter knots north and south.
PGC 3441759, the
faintest member of triple system VII Zw 467, appeared very faint, extremely
small, round, 6" diameter.
PGC 41549, the brightest component, is fairly faint, small, round, high
surface brightness and PGC 2686685 is faint, small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE,
20"x10".
17.5"
(4/15/93): faint, small, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, very small bright core, stellar
nucleus.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4513 on 16 Oct 1866 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His single position is
an excellent match with UGC 7683, though he questioned if it consisted of stars
or was a genuine nebula.
******************************
NGC 4514 = UGC
7693 = MCG +05-30-015 = CGCG 159-011 = PGC 41610
12 32 43.0 +29
42 45
V = 13.2; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3
18"
(5/30/03): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.7' diameter, weak concentration
with no noticeable core. A mag 14
star lies 1.5' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4514 = H III-302 = h1320 on 13 Mar 1785 (sweep 387) and noted
"eF, vS". JH made two
observations and called this galaxy (sweep 342) "vF; R; bM;
15"."
******************************
NGC 4515 = UGC
7701 = MCG +03-32-065 = CGCG 099-086 = PGC 41652
12 33 05.0 +16
15 56
V = 12.3; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.6
17.5"
(5/23/87): fairly faint, very small, almost round, weak concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4515 = H II-93 = h1324 on 21 Mar 1784 (sweep 182) and noted
"F, vS." JH called it
"F; an extremely dilute nebulosity, with a centre almost stellar. His single position is 1' north of UGC
7701.
******************************
NGC 4516 = UGC
7703 = MCG +03-32-067 = CGCG 099-087 = PGC 41661
12 33 07.6 +14
34 30
V = 12.8; Size 1.7'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 0d
17.5"
(5/23/87): faint, small, very elongated N-S, small well defined core. Located 18' NE of M88.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4516 = H III-78 = h1323 on 8 Apr 1784 (sweep 187) and recorded
"A B, pL, r nebula [M88] with a small one [NGC 4516] after it. Moonlight so strong that I had nearly
overlooked the latter. JH logged
"F; R: vgbM; 40"." and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4517 = NGC
4437 = UGC 7694 = MCG +00-32-020 = CGCG 014-063 = FGC 1455 = PGC 41618
12 32 45.6 +00
06 59
V = 10.4; Size 10.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 83d
48"
(5/4/16): beautiful edge-on spiral, nearly 8:1 WSW-ENE, ~11'x1.5'. A mag 10.9 star is attached on the north
edge, just east of center. The
galaxy is broadly concentrated with a larger, brighter core region and small
brighter nucleus. A fairly
prominent, irregular dust lane extends ~5', unevenly slicing the galaxy along
the north edge of the core region.
The absorption lane is wides and most prominent near the core. A fairly thin strip of the galaxy is
visible to the north of the dust lane, passing through the bright star at the
north edge. The dust gives the
galaxy an irregular patchy appearance and along with some mottling, the view is
reminiscent of NGC 253 or NGC 55.
NGC 4517A,
situated 17' NNW, appeared moderately bright, large, oval 4:3 SSW-NNE,
~3'x2.2', broad concentration with a small brighter core, patchy, irregular
surface brightness. A mag 10 star
is 3.5' NW and a mag 11.5 star is 4.6' W.
17.5"
(3/24/90): moderately bright, very large edge-on 8:1 WSW-ENE, almost
10'x1.2'. This galaxy is an
impressive large narrow streak with fairly low surface brightness and fills 1/2
of the 21' field. There is no
well-define nucleus but central region slightly bulges. Appears brighter along the western
extension. A mag 9 star is
attached at the northeast edge of the core.
NGC 4517A,
located 17' NNW, appeared very faint, large, small brighter core. Appears as a very diffuse hazy region
elongated SSW-NNE with no distinct boundaries. Located 3.5' SE of a mag 10.5 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4517 = H IV-5 on 22 Feb 1784 (sweep 153) and recorded "A
pretty bright star with a milky ray on the south side of it, extending from
east to west, or rather from np to sf.
It does not seem to touch the star, and is about 10 or 12' in
length." On a second
observation (1 Jan 1786, sweep 507), he added "a pB star with a milky ray
to the south of it, and partly including it." WH commented this might suggest that the nebula had a
considerable proper motion, though differences in observing conditions might
account for the difference. The GC
and NGC position (from 3 observations) is 0.5 min of RA too far east and 2'
south.
JH found h1277 =
NGC 4437 on 14 Apr 1828 and recorded "F; vmE; pos 15¡ nf to sp; a long
ray; it is south preceding a * 10m.
The place is that of the star." There is nothing near his position, but 5 min of RA east is
NGC 4517 and his description is a perfect match with this galaxy. The equivalence may have first been
suggest by Karl Reinmuth in his 1926 photographic Heidelberg survey "Die
Herschel Nebel". Various
sources (including the RNGC) mistakenly equate NGC 4437 with NGC 4417, instead
of NGC 4517. So, NGC 4517 = NGC
4437.
******************************
NGC 4518 = MCG
+01-32-095 = CGCG 042-149 = Holm 417a = PGC 41674
12 33 11.7 +07
51 06
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 0d
24"
(5/20/17): at 375x; fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 N-S,
~25"x18", gradually increases to a small bright core and stellar
nucleus. Located 16' NW of NGC
4526 and 6.6' SSW of mag 7.6 HD 109270.
Forms a close
pair with NGC 4518B = CGCG 042-149 1.1' SSW. The companion appeared very faint, very small,
15"x10" SW-NE.
17.5"
(3/24/90): very faint, small, elongated NW-SE, bright core. Located to the west of a N-S line
joining mag 6.9 SAO 119466 12' SSE and mag 7.7 SAO 119465 7' NNE. NGC 4526 lies 17' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4518 = h1322 on 27 Dec 1827 and recorded "F; S; R; bM;
20"." His position
corresponds with CGCG 042-149 = PGC 41674 (double system with a fainter
companion close south). Karl
Reinmuth noted CGCG 042-149, as well as several fainter companions, in his
description of NGC 4518 based on a Heidelberg plate: "..eF neb sp
1.4'..."
******************************
NGC 4519 = UGC
7709 = MCG +02-32-135 = CGCG 070-167 = Holm 418a = PGC 41719
12 33 30.3 +08
39 16
V = 11.8; Size 3.2'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 145d
24" (6/4/16):
at 322x; bright, large, slightly elongated 5:4 SW-NE, at least 1.5'x1.2'. Contains a relatively large brighter
core. The halo is noticeably mottled with an uneven surface brightness
(probably due to HII knots in the arms).
Forms a pair
with NGC 4519A 2.6' NW. This
companion appeared very faint (V ~15.4), small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, low even
surface brightness. A mag 14.3
star is 35" SW.
17.5"
(4/18/87): fairly bright, moderately large, brighter core, slightly
elongated. A knot is superimposed
on the SW end.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4519 = H II-158 on 15 Apr 1784 (sweep 194) and recorded,
"F, pL, almost R, r."
His position (CH's reduction) is 3' northeast of UGC 7709. This galaxy was not observed by JH, but
d'Arrest measured an accurate position on 2 nights.
******************************
NGC 4520 = IC
799 = PGC 41748
12 33 49.9 -07
22 32
V = 14.0; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 101d
18"
(4/9/05): faint, small, elongated 2:1 ~E-W. A very faint star is at the western tip. The galaxy appears
to have a very faint stellar nucleus or a second star is involved. A mag 11.2 star is 3' NW. NGC 4504 lies 20' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4520 = H III-757 on 20 Mar 1789 (sweep 913) and logged "2
vF stars involved in nebulosity, vF, S." He made another observation with a similar description a few
nights later (sweep 916). The GC
and NGC has a typo, calling this galaxy II-757.
Lewis Swift
found this galaxy again on 21 Apr 1889 and assumed it was new. His description for #64 in his 8th
discovery list (later IC 799) states "? ef star is in contact on p
side.", which applies to PGC 41748, and clinches the identification IC 799
= NGC 4520.
******************************
NGC 4521 = NGC
4512? = UGC 7706 = MCG +11-15-061 = CGCG 315-046 = PGC 41621
12 32 47.6 +63
56 21
V = 12.2; Size 2.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 167d
24"
(5/30/16): at 225x; moderately bright and large, edge-on 4:1 NNW-SSE,
1.2'x0.3', sharply concentrated with a very small bright core. A mag 11 star is 2' NNW and a mag 15.2
star is 1.4' SSE. Forms a pair
with much fainter UGC 7700 4' SSW.
Brightest in a group including NGC 4510 19' NNW and NGC 4545 27' SSE.
UGC 7700
(misidentified in all modern catalogues and most online sources as NGC 4512)
appeared very faint, fairly small, 24" diameter (only the central region
seen), very low even surface brightness.
17.5"
(4/15/93): moderately bright and large, edge-on 4:1 NNW-SSE, very bright core,
faint stellar nucleus, very thin tapering extensions. Located 2.0' SSE of a mag 10 star. A mag 15 star is just 30" E of the southern
extension. NGC 4481 lies 20'
WNW. UGC 7700 = (R)NGC 4512
located 4' SW was not seen.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4521 = H II-849 = h1326 on 20 Mar 1790 (sweep 954) and logged
"pB, vS, lE, SN."
JH recorded "pB; pmE; pgbM; 20" long, 12" broad; a * 9m
near. His description matches NGC
4521, but his position is 20' too far south. Because of the discrepancy with his father's position, JH
listed it as a "Nova".
In the NGC notes, Dreyer notes that "h1326 = II 848, but h's P.D.
Is wrong; d'Arrest's adopted".
See notes for
NGC 4512 = h1321, which may be identical to NGC 4521.
******************************
NGC 4522 = UGC
7711 = MCG +02-32-137 = CGCG 070-168 = PGC 41729
12 33 39.5 +09
10 25
V = 12.3; Size 3.7'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 33d
17.5"
(4/18/87): fairly faint, fairly large, thin edge-on streak oriented SSW-NNE,
weak concentration.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4522 = h1325 on 18 Jan 1828 and recorded "eF; pL; lE;
vlbM." His single position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 4523 = UGC
7713 = MCG +03-32-068 = CGCG 099-089 = DDO 135 = PGC 41746
12 33 47.8 +15
10 02
V = 14.1; Size 2.0'x1.9'; Surf Br = 15.4
17.5"
(5/23/87): extremely faint, difficult, very diffuse, moderately large. Located 10' S of IC 800. Three stars are involved; a mag 12 star
is 0.4' NW of center and an evenly matched mag 13.5 double star at 21"
separation is 0.7' S of center.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4523 on 19 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His published position
is 10 sec of RA west of UGC 7713, though he mentions his first observation (of
2) differed to 10 sec. In any case, there is no question about the
identification as he mentions a double star on the south side of the nebula and
a brighter star on the north.
******************************
NGC 4524 = MCG
-02-32-014 = PGC 41757
12 33 54.4 -12
01 39
V = 13.7; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 80d
17.5"
(3/29/89): faint, small, oval WSW-ENE, low even surface brightness. Three mag 15 stars are just west.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4524 = h1327 on 9 Mar 1828 and recorded "vF; irreg R;
bM." His single position is
1' north of MCG -02-32-014 = PGC 41757.
******************************
NGC 4525 = UGC
7714 = MCG +05-30-020 = CGCG 159-016 = LGG 279-015 = PGC 41755
12 33 51.2 +30
16 39
V = 12.2; Size 2.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 47d
18"
(4/10/04): moderately bright, fairly large, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, broadly
concentrated to an ill-defined 0.8' core.
A low surface brightness halo increases the size to at least
2.0'x.1.0'. The halo is irregular
or patchy and fades into the background so is difficult to trace, though it is
a little brighter on the SW extension.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4525 = H II-325 = h1328 on 13 Mar 1785 (sweep 387) and noted
"F, pL, E, bM." JH made
the single observation "pF; L; R; 60"." and did not measure a
position.
******************************
NGC 4526 = NGC
4560? = UGC 7718 = MCG +01-32-100 = CGCG 042-155 = PGC 41772
12 34 03.1 +07
41 59
V = 9.7; Size 7.2'x2.4'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 113d
24"
(5/20/17): very bright, very large, very elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE,
~3.75'x1.25'. Contains a large,
rounder core with a small intense nucleus that seems slightly offset south of
center. The extensions gradually
fade out towards the tips.
Situated at the midpoint of mag 7.0 HD 109285 7.5' WSW and mag 6.8 HD
109417 7.3' ENE. NGC 4518 lies 15'
NW.
17.5"
(4/18/87): very bright, fairly large, very elongated WNW-ESE, bright core,
strong stellar nucleus. A mag 12.5
star is 1.3' S of center. Located
midway between mag 6.9 SAO 119466 7.6' W and mag 6.7 SAO 119479 7.2' ENE. Supernova 1994C observed at 12th
magnitude on 3/12/94 five days after discovery.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4526 = H I-31 = H I-38 = h1329 on 13 Apr 1784 (sweep 191) and
recorded I-31 as "vB, E, mbM, r." It is situated between two brilliant stars at a considerable
distance." There is nothing
at his position, but 17' north is UGC 7718 = PGC 41772 and his description
matches this bright galaxy. Five
nights later (sweep 202), he returned to the field and recorded I-38 as
"B, vL, mE, mbM." His
position was only 2' south of UGC 7718.
JH combined the two H-designations in the GC.
WH probably
found this galaxy a third time on 28 Dec 1785 (sweep 498) and recorded it as H
I-119 = NGC 4560, with another bad position. So, NGC 4526 = NGC 4560.
******************************
NGC 4527 = UGC
7721 = MCG +01-32-101 = CGCG 042-156 = PGC 41789
12 34 08.4 +02
39 11
V = 10.5; Size 6.2'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 67d
24"
(5/20/17): at 200x; bright; very large; very elongated ~4:1 WSW-ENE,
~4'x1',well concentrated with a very bright elongated core that contains a
fairly intense nucleus. Appears to
brighten slightly and curl south on the western end and spread out and curl a
bit north on the eastern ends, like the beginning of spiral arms (verified
later on the DSS). IC 3474 lies 23' due east.
17.5"
(3/24/90): fairly bright, very large, very elongated WSW-ENE, prominent core, small
bright nucleus. NGC 4536 is 30'
SSE with mag 8.8 SAO 119473 and mag 8.6 SAO 119474 near the midpoint. NGC 4533, a fainter galaxy, also lies
20' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4527 = H II-37 = h1330 on 23 Feb 1784 (sweep 158) and recorded
"pB, of an extended shape, from np to sf and mbM than at the
ends." His orientation should
read "sp to nf". On
sweep 143, JH logged "pB; pL; gmbM; E in pos 30¡ nf to sp."
******************************
NGC 4528 = UGC
7722 = MCG +02-32-140 = CGCG 070-172 = PGC 41781
12 34 06.1 +11
19 16
V = 12.1; Size 1.7'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 5d
17.5"
(4/25/87): fairly bright but small, oval ~N-S, nucleus bulge, small bright
core, stellar nucleus. Located 35'
WNW of the NGC 4567/NGC 4568 pair.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4528 = H II-67 = h1331 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 174) and noted
"vS but pB." His RA is
42 sec too small (several objects on this sweep have a poor RA). JH made four observations with the
brightness description varying from "F" to "pB".
******************************
NGC 4529
12 34 12 +20 32
=Not found,
Corwin. Very uncertain ID's UGC
7697 or MCG +04-30-003
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4529 = H III-26 on 12 Mar 1784 (sweep 167) and logged "I
suspected a L, eF nebula; but though I looked at it a good while I could not
verify the suspicion, nor could I convince myself that it was a
deception." The RA was only
taken approximately. He reported
it again on 16 Mar 1790 (sweep 944), and measured offsets from 26 Com (the
reduced position by CH was used in the GC and NGC). Dreyer discussed the difference between CH's reduction vs.
Auwers' reduction in the NGC Notes/Corrections section (based on the sweep
used). In any case, there is
nothing at either position.
RNGC
misidentifies MCG +04-30-003 = CGCG 129-006 as NGC 4529, although neither CGCG
or MCG uses this identification.
PGC lists the RNGC entry and the MCG/CGCG entry separately, so PGC 41482
= PGC 41463. Malcolm Thomson concurs this a probable misidentification if the
original NGC position is correct.
I send an e-mail
to Harold Corwin back in October 1999 about the identification and no
satisfactory candidate could be identified. See his identification notes.
******************************
NGC 4530 = Beta
CVn = 8 CVn
12 33 44.5 +41
21 27
V = 4.3
=*4.3 = Beta
CVn, Gottlieb. Not found, RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4530 = h1332 in May 1828 (sweep 150) and described "8
[Beta] CVn. Involved in a
considerable nebula 3' in diam, exactly R; vgbM." He made a total of four
observation and described the star as nebulous on each occasion. There is no nebulosity surrounding this
star. JH realized the observation
was uncertain. In the appendix of
the Slough catalogue, he noted "With regard to nebulous stars generally, I
ought to mention that it has frequently occurred to me to notice a peculiar
state of atmosphere in which all large stars (above the 7th magnitude) have
appeared surrounded with photospheres of 2' or 3' or more diameter, precisely
resembling that about some of the finer specimens of nebulous stars."
This is the
second brightest star (after NGC 771) with an entry in the NGC. Albert Marth wrote to Herschel in 1862
that the star "does not appear to me have any nebula or appendage about
it."
******************************
NGC 4531 = UGC
7729 = MCG +02-32-141 = CGCG 070-175 = PGC 41806
12 34 15.9 +13
04 31
V = 11.4; Size 3.1'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 155d
17.5"
(4/25/87): moderately bright, moderately large, slightly elongated NW-SE,
diffuse, broad concentration.
Located 37' W of M90.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4531 = H II-175 = h1333 on 17 Apr 1784 (sweep 199)and noted
"pF, L." JH made two
observations and recorded (sweep 339) "pF; pL; R; vgbM; 80"."
******************************
NGC 4532 = UGC
7726 = MCG +01-32-103 = CGCG 042-158 = PGC 41811
12 34 19.3 +06
28 07
V = 11.9; Size 2.8'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 160d
24"
(5/20/17): fairly bright, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 or 7:2
NNW-SSE. The surface brightness is
irregular; brighter and mottled on the NNW end and fainter on the SSE end,
giving an asymmetric appearance. A
mag 14.5 star is off the east side [0.6' from center]. Mag 8.0 HD 109402 lies 5.4' S.
Holmberg VII
lies 12' SE of NGC 4532. At 200x
this dwarf was just visible as a very faint patch with averted vision,
roundish, ~40" diameter (no distinct edge), very low even surface
brightness, no core or nucleus.
17.5"
(3/24/90): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 5:2 NW-SE, no central
condensation. Asymmetric
appearance as fainter at the SE end (dust?). Located 5.4' N of mag 8.3 SAO 119478. NGC 4543 lies 25' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4532 = H II-147 = h1334 on 13 Apr 1784 (sweep 191) and noted
"pB, pL, mE, r." His
position and description matches UGC 7726 = PGC 41811.
******************************
NGC 4533 = UGC
7725 = MCG +01-32-102 = CGCG 042-157 = PGC 41816
12 34 22.0 +02
19 31
V = 13.8; Size 2.1'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 161d
17.5"
(3/24/90): faint, moderately large, edge-on NNW-SSE, low surface brightness
narrow streak. Collinear with mag
8.6 SAO 119474 4.1' N and mag 8.8 SAO 119473 7.2' N. All of these are on line with bright galaxy NGC 4536 8.3'
SSE.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 4533 = T 1-45 and described a class III nebula, 7 sec of RA west
and 9' north of H V-2 = NGC 4536.
The exact offsets to this galaxy are -5 sec RA and +8' dec.
******************************
NGC 4534 = UGC
7723 = MCG +06-28-010 = CGCG 188-008 = Holm 419a = PGC 41779
12 34 05.4 +35
31 06
V = 12.3; Size 2.6'x2.1'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 125d
17.5":
fairly faint, moderately large, round, 2.0' diameter, low almost even surface
brightness, very small region of central brightening. A mag 15 star is 30" SW of the halo and 1.5' from
center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4534 = H II-410 = h1336 on 1 May 1785 (sweep 405) and noted
"F, cL, r." His position
is just off the north side of UGC 7723.
JH made two observations, reporting on sweep 331, "vF; L; R; vglbM;
45"."
******************************
NGC 4535 = UGC
7727 = MCG +01-32-104 = CGCG 042-159 = Lost Galaxy = PGC 41812
12 34 20.3 +08
11 52
V = 10.0; Size 7.1'x5.0'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 0d
48"
(4/4/13): NGC 4535 is a gorgeous face-on Sc spiral with two, long, very
prominent arms extending from a small, very bright central region. The small, very bright core is
elongated SSW-NNE and punctuated by an intense, stellar nucleus. The two main arms are clearly attached
right at opposite ends of the core.
At the northeast end, a beautiful thin arm winds clockwise to the west
with a mag 13.5 star pinned on the outer north edge. The arm contains NGC 4535:[HK83] #157 (several additional
entries including #141/145 are in Hodge & Kennicutt's "Atlas of HII
regions in 125 galaxies"), a small, bright, 15" knot and then dims as
it wraps to the south. A mag 14.5
star is situated midway between the nucleus and southern end of this arm
[47" SW of the nucleus].
The second main
arm is attached at the southwest end of the core and curves clockwise to the
southeast, where the arm brightens in an elongated 30" patch
(#51/52/72/78), which is symmetrically positioned opposite #157. A fainter arm segment, extending WNW to
ESE is visible on the south side, containing #84/90, a small, fairly faint
12" patch, located 1.5' SSE of center. This knot forms the vertex of a flat isosceles triangle with
a mag 15 star 0.5' NW and a mag 14 star 0.7' S. The arms are etched on the slightly fainter and larger
background glow of the disc, which extends 5.5'x4.0' N-S.
17.5"
(4/18/87): bright, fairly large, very small bright core, elongated SSW-NNE,
about 5.5'x4.0'. Appears slightly
darker on both sides of core (this is a gap between the spiral arms). A mag 13.5 star is superimposed on the
north side 1.0' from the center and a similar star is at the south end of the halo
2.2' from center. A faint mag 14.5
star is just 48" SW of the core.
NGC 4526 lies 30' SSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4535 = H II-500 on 28 Dec 1785 (sweep 498) and described
"very large, easily resolvable.
I see a few of the largest stars in it." In his 1814 PT paper, WH hypothesized this object may be a
cluster of stars mixed with nebulosity or a cluster seen at great distance
which contains no nebulosity. JH
did not make any observations, though d'Arrest made four observations and
described it as up to 5 or 6' in size.
He also noted the mag 15 star (called mag 17) just 48" preceding
the nucleus.
The nickname
"Lost Galaxy" is from Leland S. Copeland's February 1955 S&T
article "Adventuring in the Virgo Cloud". In his article, Copeland
described a star hop through the Virgo Cluster using his 8" Cave
reflector. He states, "North of the Diamond is a very dim spiral, here
called the Lost Galaxy, NGC 4535." Leland was probably referring to
NGC4535's difficulty to locate due to its low surface brightness. The a caption of a photograph states
that NGC 4535's "delicate structure shows only on long exposure
photographs".
******************************
NGC 4536 = UGC
7732 = MCG +00-32-023 = CGCG 014-068 = PGC 41823
12 34 27.1 +02
11 16
V = 10.6; Size 7.6'x3.2'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 130d
48"
(4/4/13): very bright, gorgeous showpiece spiral with two very stretched arms
extending northwest and southeast ~7'x2.5'. Contains a very bright, slightly elongated core that
increases to an intense stellar nucleus.
One long arm emanates from the west side of the core and shoots to the
northwest, extending over 3' from the nucleus. Close west of the core is a brighter, knotty region
identified as [HK 83] 66/67 in the Hodge-Kennicutt "Atlas of H II regions
in 125 galaxies". The second
arm is connected at the northeast side of the core and stretches to the
southeast. A small brightening (#53) is just north of the core where the arm is
attached. This arm contains a
brighter, elongated section which includes [HK 83] 23/33/35/36, opposite the
brighter region on the western arm.
17.5"
(3/24/90): fairly bright, very large, very elongated NW-SE, weak concentration,
stellar nucleus. Spiral structure
is suspected at the ends of the major axis. Forms a pair with NGC 4533 8' N. Located 12' WSW of mag 7.0 SAO 119485 and 12' S of mag 8.6
SAO 119474 (4' N of NGC 4533). NGC
4527 lies 30' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4536 = H V-2 = h1337 on 24 Jan 1784 (sweep 120) and noted
"F, L, cE. It is bright in
the middle in two or three places."
He recorded the galaxy on 4 different sweeps. JH reported "pB; vL; mE in pos 20¡ np; sbM."
R.J. Mitchell
sketched the galaxy on 29 May 1856 with LdR's 72" and clearly showed the
central bar and long arms forming an stretched "Z" shape. The sketch was included (Fig 24) in
LdR's 1861 publication.
******************************
NGC 4537 = NGC
4542: = UGC 7746 = MCG +09-21-021 = CGCG 270-011 = PGC 41909
12 34 48.9 +50
48 18
V = 13.9; Size 1.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 21d
See observing
notes for NGC 4542.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 4537 = Sw I-22 on 16 Mar 1884 and recorded "eeF; S; R;
nearly between 2 stars."
There is nothing at his position, but 49 sec of RA due east is NGC 4542
(discovered previously by JH), the brightest nearby candidate. Also in the vicinity is MCG +09-21-022
= PGC 41909, 3.2' northeast of NGC 4537 and with respect to Swift's position,
1.0 min of RA east and 2' north.
But this galaxy is substantially fainter (V = 15), and if it was Swift's
object, I would assume he would mention brighter NGC 4542. Either galaxy could be made to fit his
comment "nearly between 2 stars."
The RNGC and PGC
(and secondary sources such as Megastar) identify MCG +09-21-022 as NGC
4537. Both Malcolm Thomson and
Harold Corwin concur that NGC 4537 is more likely a duplicate of NGC 4542. See Harold Corwin's identification
notes for more.
******************************
NGC 4538 = MCG
+01-32-105 = CGCG 042-161 = PGC 41850
12 34 40.9 +03
19 25
V = 14.3; Size 0.7'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 80d
17.5"
(3/24/90): very faint, small, elongated 5:2 WSW-ENE, low even surface
brightness. NGC 4544 lies 22' SE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 4538 = m 242 on 22 Mar 1865 and noted "eF, vS, nearly
R." His position matches CGCG
042-161 = PGC 41850.
******************************
NGC 4539 = UGC
7735 = MCG +03-32-071 = CGCG 099-092 = LGG 289-054 = PGC 41839
12 34 34.8 +18
12 09
V = 12.0; Size 3.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 95d
17.5"
(4/13/02): fairly faint but fairly large, elongated 5:2 E-W, 2.4'x0.9'. Fairly uniform low surface brightness
but bulges slightly at the core.
Two mag 14 stars are 1.5' SE of center. Located 13' SW of the beautiful double 24 Comae (5.0/6.6 at
20").
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4539 = h1338 on 17 Mar 1831and logged "pB; pmE." His position and description matches
UGC 7735.
******************************
NGC 4540 = UGC
7742 = MCG +03-32-074 = CGCG 099-093 = Holm 421a = PGC 41876
12 34 50.8 +15
33 05
V = 11.7; Size 1.9'x1.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 40d
17.5"
(5/23/87): moderately bright, fairly small, even surface brightness. A mag 13.5 star is 1.2' W of
center. Forms a close pair with IC
3528 1.6' NE. The IC galaxy
(missed by the Herschels) appeared extremely faint and small, round.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4540 = H II-94 = H II-119 = h1335 on 21 Mar 1784 (sweep 182) and
noted H II-94 as "F, S."
CH's reduced position is 5' southeast of UGC 7742 and there are no other
nearby candidates. Several objects
in this relatively early sweep have poor positions. He found it again on 8 Apr
1784 (sweep 187) and noted H II-119 "pL, resolvable. Moonlight." JH made two observations but his RA was
30 sec too far west. Finally,
d'Arrest made 3 observations and measured an accurate position. Reinmuth says IC 3528 is 1' S and
questions whether the galaxy NE is IC 3519?
******************************
NGC 4541 = UGC
7749 = MCG +00-32-024 = CGCG 014-071 = PGC 41911
12 35 10.6 -00
13 17
V = 13.0; Size 1.6'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 91d
17.5"
(4/21/90): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated E-W, weak concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4541 = H III-493 = h1342 on 1 Jan 1786 (sweep 507) and noted
"eF, S, irregular." His
position (CH's reduction) is 3' too far south. JH made a single observation but did measure an accurate
position. The NGC dec is 1.5'
south (apparently this position is from Holden) of UGC 7749. The RNGC position is 6' too far south!
******************************
NGC 4542 = NGC
4537: = UGC 7746 = MCG +09-21-021 = CGCG 270-011 = PGC 41864
12 34 48.9 +50
48 18
V = 13.9; Size 1.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 21d
16" LX200
(4/14/07): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 0.8'x0.4', very
small slightly brighter core. A
near equilateral triangle of mag 11 stars lies to the NE (closest vertex 4'
NE).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4542 = h1341 on 17 Feb 1831 and noted "eF; pL; R;
30"." His position
matches UGC 7746.
******************************
NGC 4543 = MCG
+01-32-109 = CGCG 042-167 = PGC 41923
12 35 20.3 +06
06 54
V = 13.5; Size 0.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 11.8; PA = 0d
17.5"
(4/21/90): fairly faint, small, elongated 2:1 N-S, very small bright core. NGC 4532 lies 25' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4543 = h1340 on 27 Dec 1827 and recorded "pF; R; bM;
40"." His position
matches CGCG 042-167 = PGC 41923.
See NGC 4577.
******************************
NGC 4544 = UGC
7756 = MCG +01-32-110 = CGCG 042-168 = PGC 41958
12 35 36.6 +03
02 04
V = 13.0; Size 2.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 161d
17.5"
(3/24/90): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, weak concentration. A mag 13.5 star is 1.5' ENE of
center. NGC 4538 lies 22' NW and
NGC 4527 30' SW.
Edward Swift,
Lewis' 16 year-old son, discovered NGC 4544 = Sw VI-45 on 27 Apr 1887 and
recorded "eF; S; R; bet 2 stars." The Swifts' position is 14 sec of time preceding UGC 7756
and the comment "bet 2 stars" applies to this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 4545 = UGC
7747 = MCG +11-15-064 = CGCG 315-047 = PGC 41838
12 34 34.2 +63
31 30
V = 12.3; Size 2.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 8d
17.5"
(4/15/93): fairly faint, moderately large, round, about 2' diameter, broad weak
concentration. A mag 14.5 star is
just off the NNE edge of the halo 1.0' from center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4545 = H II-850 = h1346 on 20 Mar 1790 (sweep 954) and recorded
"pB, pL, iR, vgbM, r."
His position is 2' too far north.
JH made a single interesting description, "vF; L; wedge shaped, or
has a vF * nf, which gives it a distorted appearance."
******************************
NGC 4546 = MCG
-01-32-027 = UGCA 288 = PGC 41939
12 35 29.5 -03
47 38
V = 10.3; Size 3.3'x1.4'; Surf Br = 11.9; PA = 80d
17.5"
(3/24/90): bright, moderately large, elongated 5:2 WSW-ENE, very bright core,
bright stellar nucleus. A mag 11
star is 2.0' SE of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4546 = H I-160 = h1339 on 29 Dec 1786 (sweep 674) and recorded
"vB, cL, E from sp to nf but nearer the parallel [E-W] than the meridian,
a BN with faint branches, the nucleus very gradually diminishing." JH made four observations and recorded
(sweep 147) "vB; mE; vsmbM to a r nucleus; 2' long, 90" br."
******************************
NGC 4547 = MCG
+10-18-069 = CGCG 293-030w = PGC 41896
12 34 51.8 +58
55 00
V = 14.0; Size 0.7'x0.5'
18"
(5/12/07): this is a very small and close double system oriented NW-SE. The slightly brighter and larger NW
component is very faint, very small, round, 15" diameter while the SE
component is extremely faint and small, round, 10" diameter. The pair is cleanly resolved, though the
centers are just 27" apart.
MCG +10-18-68 lies 3' NW and NGC 4549 is 4.3' NE. Located 3.8' WNW of a mag 10.5 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4547 = H III-802 = h1344 on 17 Apr 1789 (sweep 923) and logged
"vF, lE." His re-reduced
position is just 1.3' northeast of MCG +10-18-069 = PGC 41896. This is a double system, with III-802
referring to the brighter northwestern component that was likely seen by
WH. A second observation a week
later (sweep 926), confirmed the position of III-802, and he also picked up
III-807 = NGC 4549 = PGC 41954. JH
made two observations, noting on sweep 345, "pF; pL; E; vgbM; precedes a *
9m."
RNGC and CGCG
misidentify the double system as NGC 4547 + NGC 4549. MCG misidentifies MCG +10-18-068 as NGC 4547 and MCG +10-18-069
as NGC 4549. See Harold Corwin's
identification notes for a thorough discussion of the identifications.
******************************
NGC 4548 = M91 =
UGC 7753 = MCG +03-32-075 = CGCG 099-096 = PGC 41934
12 35 26.4 +14
29 47
V = 10.2; Size 5.4'x4.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 150d
24"
(5/22/17): at 282x; very bright, large, strongly concentrated with a very
bright round core that elongates into a bar oriented WSW-ENE. The initial portions of spiral arms are
attached at both ends of the bar.
On the WSW end, a weak arm extends north, curving slightly
counter-clockwise and on the east end, a subtle arm starts to curl south. Both arms blend into a low surface
brightness outer halo that extends ~3.5'x2.5'.
CGCG 099-097 was
picked up 6.6' SE of the center of M91.
At 375x it was very faint, small, slightly elongated SW-NE,
~18"x14", low surface brightness.
17.5"
(5/23/87): bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 3'x2', gradually
increases to a bright core and a very small nucleus. M88 is 50' WSW.
Charles Messier
discovered M91 = NGC 4548 = H II-120 = h1345 on 18 Mar 1781. For a long time M91 was a missing
Messier object. In Owen
Gingerich's article "The Missing Messier Objects" in Sky & Tel
Oct 1960, he concludes that M91 is likely a duplicate observation of M58 (same
RA as Messier's position for M91 and differs by 2¡ in dec). Gingrich notes that
M91 had been previously proposed to have been a comet (suggested by Harlow
Shapley and Helen Davis). But Texas amateur William C. Williams of Fort Worth
figured out in 1969 that Messier had determined its position from M89 though he
thought it was from M58. Using
this correction, M91is identical with NGC 4548.
WH independently
found M91 on 8 Apr 1784 (sweep 187) and recorded "L, resolvable, but moonlight
[end of a long night]." JH
made 3 observations, first logging this galaxy as "pB; R; bM;
60"."
******************************
NGC 4549 = MCG
+10-18-072 = PGC 41954
12 35 21.2 +58
56 59
V = 15.2; Size 0.45'x0.2'
18"
(5/12/07): extremely faint and small, round, 10" diameter, required
averted vision to glimpse, though transparency was very mediocre. Located near the midpoint of a mag 14
star 2.3' N and a mag 11 star 2.7' S.
This galaxy is not identified as NGC 4549 in the RNGC or CGCG. Located 4.3' ENE of the double system
NGC 4547.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4549 = H III-807 = h1347 on 24 Apr 1789 (sweep 926) and recorded
"Two [with III-802 = NGC 4547], both eF, S, E different ways. The place is that of the first [NGC
4547], the 2nd [NGC 4549] is about 4' following and 3' more north, and still
fainter than the 1st." His
offset pretty clearly identifies NGC 4549 = MCG +10-18-072 = PGC 41954, and
this galaxy is certainly one of the faintest he discovered!
RNGC and CGCG
misidentify MCG +10-18-070 (fainter member of a double system wth NGC 4547) as
NGC 4549. The identifications of
NGC 4547 and 4549 are covered in Harold Corwin's identification notes and by
Malcolm Thomson in his correction lists.
******************************
NGC 4550 = UGC 7757
= MCG +02-32-147 = CGCG 070-182 = Holm 422a = PGC 41943
12 35 30.6 +12
13 14
V = 11.7; Size 3.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 178d
17.5"
(4/25/87): fairly bright, fairly small, pretty edge-on N-S, small bright core,
faint stellar nucleus. A mag 12 star
lies 2.9' SE. Forms a pair with
NGC 4551 3.2' NNE. Located 20' S
of M89.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4550 = H I-36 = h1343, along with NGC 4551, on 17 Apr 1784
(sweep 199) and recorded "Two small but bright nebula; both lE." JH made 3 observations and recorded
(sweep 245) "pB; R; bM; 20"; the sp of 2; pos of the other from this
by micrometer = 33.5¡."
******************************
NGC 4551 = UGC
7759 = MCG +02-32-148 = CGCG 070-183 = Holm 422b = PGC 41963
12 35 37.9 +12
15 50
V = 12.0; Size 1.8'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 70d
17.5"
(4/25/87): moderately bright, fairly small, oval 4:3 ~E-W, small bright core,
faint stellar nucleus. A mag 13
star lies 2.1' NW of center. Forms
a pair with NGC 4550 3.2' SSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4551 = H I-37 = h1349 on 17 Apr 1784 (sweep 199) and recorded
"Two small but bright nebula; both lE." JH made 2 observations and recorded (sweep 245) "pB; R;
bM; 25"; the nf of 2; place by comparison with the preceding."
******************************
NGC 4552 = M89 =
UGC 7760 = MCG +02-32-149 = CGCG 070-184 = PGC 41968
12 35 39.9 +12
33 20
V = 9.8; Size 5.1'x4.7'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(4/25/87): very bright, irregularly round, fairly small but high surface
brightness with an intense, very small bright core and substellar nucleus. Forms a pair with NGC 4550/NGC 4551
pair 20' S.
Charles Messier
discovered M89 = NGC 4552 = h1348 on 18 Mar 1781. WH made an observation on 17 Apr 1784 (sweep 199) and noted
"B, pS." JH made four
observations and recorded on 10 Apr 1825 (sweep 2) "F; R; gbM; 25";
has a * nf." On 4 May 1829
(sweep 192) he called M89 "B; R; gbM; 40...50" [diameter]."
******************************
NGC 4553 = ESO
322-030 = MCG -06-28-006 = LGG 298-032 = PGC 42018
12 36 07.5 -39
26 20
V = 12.2; Size 2.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 176d
17.5"
(4/7/89): fairly faint, oval NNW-SSE.
A mag 11.5/12.5 double star at 22" separation lies 3.6' NNE. This possible member of the Centaurus
galaxy cluster (AGC 3526) is located 10' SW of mag 6.8 SAO 203629.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4553 = h3400 on 22 Apr 1835 and recorded "F; R; or lE;
glbM." His single position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 4554
12 35 42 +11 11
=Not found,
Dreyer and Corwin.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 4554 in 1882 while observing NGC 4567/4568 (the "Siamese
Twins"). He noted in the text
portion of paper V "The double nebula is preceded by a very faint nebula,
about -50 sec in RA and -2 1/2' in dec, according to my drawing." There is
nothing at Tempel's offset and neither Bigourdan (visually) nor Royal Frost
(photographically at the Harvard College Observatory) could locate Tempel's
object. Both Dorothy Carlson, in
her 1940 list of NGC Corrections and RNGC classify the number nonexistent and
Harold Corwin was unsuccessful searching for a good candidate.
******************************
NGC 4555 = UGC
7762 = MCG +05-30-026 = CGCG 159-021 = IC 3545 = PGC 41975
12 35 41.2 +26
31 23
V = 12.1; Size 1.9'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 125d
17.5"
(4/13/02): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, 1.0'x0.7', very
small bright core. With averted
vision the major axis increases a little and the core seems irregular with a
fleeting impression of a knot on the preceding side of the core. Located 33' NNW of NGC 4565!
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4555 = H II-343 = h1350 on 6 Apr 1785 (sweep 393) and noted
"a nebula, not large."
CH's reduction is 7 sec of time preceding and 1.5' south of UGC 7762. JH
made two observations calling it (sweep 343) "B; irreg R; vsmbM to a *
12m.".
Max Wolf
mistakenly catalogued NGC 4555 in list IV-211 and labeled a much fainter nearby
galaxy as NGC 4555. As a result IC
3545 = NGC 4555. See Harold Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 4556 = UGC
7765 = MCG +05-30-027 = CGCG 159-022 = PGC 41980
12 35 45.6 +26
54 32
V = 13.1; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 80d
18"
(5/12/07): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated E-W, 0.6'x0.5',
bright core, very small brighter nucleus. A mag 14 star is just off the south
side. First in a group with NGC
4558, NGC 4563, IC 3556, IC 3559, IC 3561, IC 3585 and IC 3590. The group is located ~55' N of NGC
4565.
IC 3556, located
4.4' northeast of NGC 4556, appeared very faint, small, slightly elongated N-S,
20"x15". This galaxy is misidentified in CGCG, MCG, UGC, and PGC as
either NGC 4563 or NGC 4558.
IC 3561, located
4.2' east-southeast of NGC 4456, appeared very faint, very small, round,
20" diameter.
18"
(4/5/03): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, 0.7'x0.6'. A mag 13.5 star is just off the south
edge 0.7' from center. Forms a
pair with NGC 4558 5.2' NNE.
Several other faint galaxies are nearby but the sky conditions were
deteriorating and I wasn't able to search for these.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4556 = H II-380 = h1351 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted
"F, pL." His position
(CH's reduction) is 14 sec of time too large. JH made two observations and
measured a more accurate RA. There
are several identifications problems within this group. See NGC 4558 for more.
******************************
NGC 4557
12 35 49.8 +27
03 14
=***?, Corwin
and Thomson. Incorrect
identification in the RNGC.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 4557 = Big 55 on 22 Apr 1886 and simply noted a
"star accompanied by nebulosity." His position in Comptes Rendus (5 Dec 1887) is 1.5'
south of a faint triple star (mag 14.5/15/15.5) in a 30" line, and Harold
Corwin confirms his offset from nearby NGC 4558 points to this triple.
RNGC appears to
misidentify IC 3559 as NGC 4557, although the rectangular coordinates would
then be in error. MCG and PGC
misidentify NGC 4558 as NGC 4557 and IC 3556 as NGC 4558. Malcolm Thomson and Harold Corwin
sorted out the correct identifications.
******************************
NGC 4558 = MCG
+05-30-028 = CGCG 159-023 = PGC 41996
12 35 52.6 +26
59 31
V = 14.4; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.8
18"
(5/12/07): faint, very small, round, 20"-24" diameter, slightly
brighter core. Symmetrically
placed on the opposite side of a mag 13 located at the midpoint of NGC 4556 and
NGC 4558. Located 5.2' NNE of NGC
4556 in a small group. IC 3556
lies 2' SE and appeared very faint, small, slightly elongated N-S,
20"x15". IC 3559 is 2.4'
E, but with mag(B) = 16.6, it was only glimpsed knowing the exact location.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4558 = h1354 on 19 Apr 1827 and logged "vF; the nf of 2
(the p is II 380); a third suspected.
His offset is 10 sec of RA east and 3' north of NGC 4556 (measured the
same sweep). Unfortunately, his
position falls very close to IC 3556, though d'Arrest measured two good
positions so the NGC position is less than 1' off.
MCG and PGC
misidentify this galaxy as NGC 4557 and misidentify IC 3556 as NGC 4558. See Harold Corwin's identification
notes for more.
******************************
NGC 4559 = UGC
7766 = MCG +05-30-030 = CGCG 159-024 = Holm 423a = PGC 42002
12 35 57.7 +27
57 36
V = 10.0; Size 10.7'x4.4'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 150d
48"
(4/7/13): very bright, very large, very elongated 3:1 NW-SE, 9'x3', large
bright core that gradually increases to the center. The core is irregular, mottled and dusty. The inner portion of the disc shows
weak spiral structure. At 488x,
the outer halo is very patchy with several knots. Superimposed on the southeast side are three mag 12/12.5/13
stars between 1.5'-2' from center and the galaxy fades out rapidly beyond these
stars to the southeast. Near the
southeast end is IC 3563, a very compact HII region and IC 3564, a star
association attached on the east side.
Both objects were easily visible but not resolved as a fairly faint
20" patch, 3' SE of center.
The outer halo
fades out gradually and extends much further on the northwest side, extending
up to 5' NW of center. IC 3555 is
faint, 20"x10" HII region, extended NW-SE, and situated 1.8' NNW of
center in the halo. IC 3552, a
smaller HII region close NW, was not seen. IC 3551 is a faint, 10" HII knot on the west edge, 0.9'
WNW of center. IC 3554 is a mag 15
star 2.1' SSW of center (at the edge of the visible disc) and IC 3550 = NGC
4559C was seen as a faint, 8" knot, that appears as a small, detached HII
knot 0.8' WNW of the star. All of
the IC numbers were found by Max Wolf on a Heidelberg plate in 1903.
17.5"
(4/9/99): bright, large, elongated 5:3 NW-SE, ~7'x3'. Exhibits a striking, unusual appearance with a broad, weak
concentration to a large, elongated core.
The overall surface brightness is noticeably irregular with hints of
brighter and darker spots. The
outer halo has a low surface brightness, particularly on the SE end which is
wider than the NW side and shows no tapering. A trio of mag 12-12.5 stars cradle the galaxy at this end
and there appears to be mottling near the superimposed stars. NGC 4559 is located exactly 2.0¡ N of
NGC 4565.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4559 = H I-92 = h1352 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and recorded
"eB, vL, beautiful. Four
stars are scattered over it. pmE
from np to sf. The greatest
brightness is not in the middle but more towards the following part, where 3 of
the 4 stars are placed; the whole extent may be 10 or 12'. JH made 3 observations and logged
"vL; gbM, but not to a nucleus; mE; has 3 stars south following. By a diagram, the southern end is
broader than the norther, giving it a clubbed appeared."
IC 3550-52, IC
3555, and IC 3563 are HII regions and/or star clouds within NGC 4559 that were
discovered photographically by Max Wolf on a Heidelberg plate.
******************************
NGC 4560 = NGC
4526? = UGC 7718 = MCG +01-32-100 = CGCG 042-155 = PGC 41772
12 34 03.1 +07
41 59
See observing
notes for NGC 4526.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4560 = H I-119 = h1353 on 28 Dec 1785 (sweep 498) and noted
"vB, pS." There is
nothing near his position although his description implies a prominent nebula. But 2 min of RA preceding his
position is NGC 4526, which fits the description. JH made the single observation "B, L, R, gbM",
although the RA is marked +/-.
Bigourdan and
Winnecke (visually), and later Arnold Schwassmann and Karl Reinmuth
(photographically) were all unable to locate an object near WH's position. See Corwin's identification notes for
more.
******************************
NGC 4561 = IC
3569 = UGC 7768 = MCG +03-32-076 = CGCG 099-098 = VV 571 = LGG 289-055 = PGC
42020
12 36 08.2 +19
19 20
V = 12.5; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 30d
18"
(4/5/03): fairly faint, moderately large, round, 1.0' diameter, weak
concentration in halo, but suddenly contains a very small brighter core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4561 = H II-407 = h1355 on 27 Apr 1785 (sweep 403) and noted
"pB, pL, lE." His RA was
15 sec too large. JH made a total
of 4 observations and d'Arrest measured the position twice, so the NGC position
is an excellent match with UGC 7768 = PGC 42020.
Royal Frost
found the galaxy at Arequipa on a Bruce 24-inch plate (taken on the night of 9
May 1904) and reported as number 978 in Harvard Annals 60. His position is 11 sec of RA too far
east. Dreyer apparently thought it
was new, but NGC 4561 = IC 3569.
NGC 4336 = IC 3254 is another similar situation.
******************************
NGC 4562 = NGC
4565A = UGC 7758 = MCG +04-30-004 = CGCG 129-008 = Holm 426b = PGC 41955
12 35 34.8 +25
51 00
V = 13.5; Size 2.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 48d
17.5"
(5/13/88): faint, fairly small, elongated SW-NE, even surface brightness.
17.5"
(3/23/85): faint, small, elongated SW-NE, low even surface brightness, visible
with direct vision. Elongated at a
right angle to NGC 4565 13' NE.
Located just south of a string of five mag 10-12.5 stars of length 11'
oriented N-S.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 4562 in 1882 while observing NGC 4565. In the text portion of paper V (AN 2439) he simply mentions
another nebula found south preceding NGC 4565, with no offset mentioned. Dreyer gives a very rough position in
the NGC. The only galaxy in this
location that Tempel might have picked up is UGC 7758 = PGC 41955. The RNGC also calls this galaxy NGC
4565A.
******************************
NGC 4563 =
(R)NGC 4557 = MCG +05-30-033 = PGC 42030
12 36 12.8 +26 56
28
V = 14.7; Size 0.6'x0.4'; PA = 104d
18"
(5/12/07): faint, very small, round, 15" diameter, stellar nucleus. A very faint star appears to be at the
west edge. Comparable in
brightness to NGC 4558 located 5.4' NW.
Located in a small knot of galaxies with NGC 4556 6' WSW.
18"
(4/5/03): faint, extremely small, round, 10"-15" diameter. Appears to have a mag 14.5 star
superimposed on the west edge or a fairly bright offset stellar nucleus.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4563 on 13 Apr 1864 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His two micrometric
positions match MCG +05-30-033 = PGC 42030, so there is no question on the
identification.
RNGC
misidentifies this galaxy as NGC 4557.
Furthermore, CGCG and RNGC misidentify IC 3556 (located 3.5' west-northwest
of NGC 4563) as NGC 4563. Finally,
in the UGC notes for NGC 4556, IC 3556 is misidentified as NGC 4536.
******************************
NGC 4564 = UGC
7773 = MCG +02-32-150 = CGCG 070-186 = PGC 42051
12 36 27.0 +11
26 21
V = 11.1; Size 3.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 47d
17.5"
(4/25/87): fairly bright, fairly small, elongated SW-NE, sharp concentration;
increases suddenly to a small bright core with a stellar nucleus, fainter
extensions. The NGC 4567/NGC 4568
pair lies 11'S at the edge of the 220x field.
13.1"
(5/14/83): moderately bright, small, edge-on streak, fairly high surface
brightness.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4564 = H II-68 = h1356 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 174) and noted
"pB". JH made two
observations and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4565 =
Needle Galaxy = Berenice's Hairclip = UGC 7772 = MCG +04-30-006 = CGCG 129-010
= FGC 1471 = Holm 426a = PGC 42038
12 36 20.8 +25
59 16
V = 9.6; Size 15.8'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 136d
48" (2/19/12):
the view of the dust lane and structure along its edge was remarkable at 287x
and 375x. But we spent time
exploring the distant galaxy cluster (2.2 billion light years) that resides
just off the SE tip and detected 3-4 mag 17.7-18 (V) members. Also two nights later, we revisited the
cluster and I picked up SDSS J123631.45+255857.2, a mag 17.7 (V) galaxy just 2'
SE of the mag 13.5 star off the core of NGC 4565.
17.5"
(3/28/87): bright, very large, edge-on 12:1 NW-SE, dimensions approximately
16'x1.5'. A beautiful dark lane is
visible continuously with direct vision along most of major axis although more
prominent in the center. The
galaxy is split asymmetrically by the dust lane with the southern half both
larger and brighter. Subtle
scalloped structure is visible along the dust lane. Contains a small bright core with a stellar nucleus at the
south edge of the lane. A mag 13.5
star is 1.6' NE of the center.
13.1"
(5/26/84): the absorption lane is prominent at 100x and portion of the galaxy
beyond fairly easy. A stellar
nucleus is visible within the bright central bulge.
13.1"
(5/14/83): fairly bright, very large thin streak, bright core. The dust lane is clearly visible to the
north of the bright nucleus.
13.1"
(4/24/82): a faint dark lane splits central bulge into two unequal parts. The nucleus is brightest to the south
of the lane. The northern section
beyond the lane is fainter.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4565 = H V-24 = h1357 on 6 Apr 1785 (sweep 393) and recorded
"a lucid ray with a vB spot in the middle. The ray about 20' long and about 3 or 4' broad; extended
from np to sf, making an angle of about 35¡ with the meridian. The nebula makes a beautiful
appearance." JH made 4
observations are noted the fainter strip on the northeast side of the dust
lane. On sweep 407 he recorded
"vL; an immensely long ray; pos = 134.5¡ by micrometer. Both Lord Adare and Mr Hamilton, who
viewed it with me, agreed that a feeble parallel band extends below (north) of
the nucleus."
R.J. Mitchell,
observing on 17 Apr 1855 at Birr Castle, remarked "a beautiful object,
very well seen in finding eyepiece.
The whole neb is much broader (taking into account the appendage) at
Nucl than elsewhere, narrowing off suddenly and very symmetrically towards both
ends, and the Nucl projects forward into the dark space; and immediately
opposide this the faint appendage is broadest and brightest. The ray is 12' or 14' long."
******************************
NGC 4566 = UGC
7769 = MCG +09-21-024 = CGCG 270-012 = PGC 42007
12 36 00.1 +54
13 15
V = 13.1; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 80d
18"
(5/8/04): faint, small, slightly elongated, 0.5'x0.4'. Increases to a very small brighter core
and faint stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4566 = H III-880 = h1360 on 2 Apr 1791 (sweep 1001) and noted
"eF, S." His position is
poor - 4.5' north and 15 sec of RA west of UGC 7769. JH logged "pB; irreg R; gbM; 20"." and
measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4567 =
Siamese Twins = VV 219b = UGC 7777 = MCG +02-32-151 = CGCG 070-189 = Holm 427b
= PGC 42064
12 36 32.7 +11
15 29
V = 11.3; Size 3.0'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 85d
17.5"
(4/25/87): northern member of a double system with NGC 4568. Moderately bright, fairly small, elongated
3:2 ~E-W. Slightly smaller than
NGC 4568 attached at the east end but NGC 4567 has a slightly higher surface
brightness.
13"
(4/16/83): fairly faint, elongated E-W.
NGC 4568 is attached at the NE end.
8": faint,
moderately large, appears as a double nebula at moderately large to high power.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4567 = H IV-8 = h1358 = h1363 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 174) and
recorded a "double nebula [with NGC 4568], or two p. considerable nebula
apparently running into one another.
The foregoing nebula [NGC 4564] may be taken into the field of view
these two." CH's reduced
position is ~6' southeast of the Siamese Twins.
Because of his
father's poor position, JH recorded the pair as a Nova (h1358 and 1359) at the
correct position. He also made an
observation with a poor position (h1363) that he associated with IV-8 and
IV-9. The error was noted by
d'Arrest in a 1863 paper.
The nickname
"Siamese Twins" is from Leland S. Copeland and was mentioned in the
Feb. 1955 article "Adventuring in the Virgo Cloud".
******************************
NGC 4568 =
Siamese Twins = VV 219a = UGC 7776 = MCG +02-32-152 = CGCG 070-189 = Holm 427a
= PGC 42069
12 36 34.2 +11
14 25
V = 10.8; Size 4.6'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 23d
17.5"
(4/25/87): this is the southern member of a double system with NGC 4567. The NE end of this galaxy is nearly
attached to the east end of NGC 4567.
Moderately bright and large, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE, large brighter
core. Two mag 11/12 stars lie 3.5'
E.
13": fairly
faint, elongated SW-NE, two stars following.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4568 = H IV-9 = h1359 = 1363 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 174) and
recorded a "double nebula [with NGC 4567], or two p. considerable nebula
apparently running into one another.
The foregoing nebula [NGC 4564] may be taken into the field of view
these two." See NGC 4567 for
more.
******************************
NGC 4569 = Arp
76 = M90 = UGC 7786 = MCG +02-32-155 = CGCG 070-192 = PGC 42089
12 36 49.9 +13
09 44
V = 9.5; Size 9.5'x4.4'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 23d
17.5"
(4/25/87): bright, large, very elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE, sharply concentrated,
suddenly increases to a bright stellar nucleus (possibly a superimposed star),
fairly even surface brightness to halo.
IC 3583 lies 6' NNW.
Charles Messier
discovered M90 = NGC 4569 on 18 Mar 1781.
WH observed M90 on 8 Apr 1784 (sweep 187) and logged "pL, with a
nucleus, perhaps cometic, but moonlight permits not to give a proper
description." JH did not make
an observation.
******************************
NGC 4570 = UGC
7785 = MCG +01-32-114 = CGCG 042-178 = PGC 42096
12 36 53.4 +07
14 47
V = 10.9; Size 3.8'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 159d
17.5"
(3/24/90): bright, fairly large, very elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, 3:1x1.0', very
bright core, stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4570 = H I-32 = h1361 on 13 Apr 1784 (sweep 191) and recorded
"pB, not L, E, mbM." His
position matches UGC 7785. On 1
May 1786 (sweep 560) he called this galaxy "vB, E in the meridian, BN with
faint branches." JH made five
observations and recorded on sweep 117, "vB; mE; vsmbM; 2' long; pretty
bright arms and a resolvable centre."
******************************
NGC 4571 = IC
3588 = UGC 7788 = MCG +02-32-156 = CGCG 070-194 = PGC 42100
12 36 56.4 +14
13 02
V = 11.3; Size 3.6'x3.2'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 55d
17.5"
(5/23/87): fairly faint, moderately large, round, 2.5' diameter, diffuse, weak
concentration. Located 2.8' SE of
mag 8.5 SAO 100177.
48"
(2/18/12): Malin 1, a giant low surface brightness galaxy, lies 6.8' NNE of the
center of NGC 4571. At 287x, it
was immediately picked up as an extremely faint, non-stellar glow. At 488x, it was visible ~75% of the
time with averted vision as a very small, round, low surface brightness,
~10" diameter. With direct
vision, a faint stellar nucleus was occasionally visible.
Malin 1,
discovered in 1986 on an image by David Malin, has the most extended low
surface brightness outer halo of any known disk galaxy with a diameter of
650,000 light years. More recently
it was discovered that within 30,000 light-years of Malin 1's center lies a
normal barred spiral galaxy. The
galaxy lies at a distance of 1.1 billion light years.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4571 = H III-602 = h1362 on 14 Jan 1787 (sweep 691) and recorded
"vF, cL, vgbM. South of a cB
star." His position matches
UGC 7788. John Herschel called this galaxy "vF; pL; E; vgbM; attached like
a nail to a star (place that of the star.) He included a sketch in the Slough Catalogue. JH's
observation of h1367 may also apply to this galaxy.
Arnold
Schwassmann found this galaxy again on 12 Sep 1900 using a plate taken by Wolf
with the 6" astrograph at the Kšnigstuhl Observatory in Heidelberg. But he misidentified the nearby 14th
mag star to the west (Sn. 292) as NGC 4571 and listed Sn. 293 (later IC 3588)
as new. His position for IC 3588
is an exact match with NGC 4571, although both Schwassmann and Dreyer missed
the NGC designation, which has a good position.
Dreyer mentioned
this galaxy as a possible candidate for M91, though this is very unlikely due
to its faintness. See Corwin's
identification notes.
******************************
NGC 4572 = UGC
7775 = MCG +12-12-012 = CGCG 352-037 = PGC 41991
12 35 45.5 +74
14 34
V = 13.9; Size 1.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 170d
18"
(5/8/04): faint, moderately large, appears as a very low surface brightness
glow oriented NNW-SSE, ~1.2'x0.8', with just a weak concentration. Located 7.5' NW of brighter NGC 4589. This galaxy has an unusual
"integral sign" shape on the DSS.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4572 = H III-939 = h1364 on 10 Dec 1797 (sweep 1066) and noted
"eF, S." CH's reduction
is 3' south of UGC 7775, the same offset he made for nearby NGC 4589, so the
identification is certain. JH made
the single observation "eF, only to be seen with very long
attention." IC 802 (found by
Bigourdan) matches in RA but is 3' further north and probably refers to a star.
See Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 4573 = ESO
268-026 = MCG -07-26-014 = PGC 42167
12 37 43.7 -43
37 16
V = 13.0; Size 2.6'x2.0'; Surf Br = 14.6; PA = 150d
14" (4/2/16
- Coonabarabran, 160x): fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small,
slightly elongated E-W, ~0.8'x0.6', increases in size with averted. Using direct vision a stellar nucleus
was seen. A mag 10.5 star is 1' N,
close off the north edge. Located
16' SE of mag 7.6 HD 109638.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4573 = h3401 on 15 Mar 1836 and recorded "vF; S; almost
exactly south of a * 10m, 30" dist." His position and description matches ESO 268-026 = PGC
42167.
******************************
NGC 4574 = ESO
380-049 = MCG -06-28-007 = LGG 297-001 = PGC 42166
12 37 43.6 -35
31 04
V = 13.0; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 113d
18"
(3/28/09): very faint, moderately large, elongated 4:3 WNW-ESE, 1.2'x0.9', low
surface brightness, weak concentration and the halo fades into the background.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4574 = h3402 on 20 Apr 1835 and recorded "vF; L; lE; vglbM;
60" l, 40" br."
His position is just off the northeast side of ESO 380-049 = PGC 42166.
******************************
NGC 4575 = ESO
322-036 = MCG -07-26-015 = PGC 42181
12 37 51.2 -40
32 15
V = 12.6; Size 2.0'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 106d
17.5"
(4/7/89): very faint, very elongated ~E-W. A mag 12 star is at the west end 1.0' from center and a mag
11.5 star is 1.6' SW of center.
Member of the Centaurus cluster (AGC 3526).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4575 = h3403 on 8 Jun 1834 and recorded "F; pmE; 25"
l, 15" br; follows 2 stars."
His position and description matches ESO 322-036 = PGC 42181.
******************************
NGC 4576 = UGC
7792 = MCG +01-32-116 = CGCG 042-182 = PGC 42152
12 37 33.6 +04
22 03
V = 13.5; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 159d
17.5"
(4/21/90): very faint, small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, low surface
brightness. A mag 12.5 star is
1.8' N of center. Located 8' NW of
mag 6.9 SAO 119502. NGC 4586 lies
15' ESE.
Edward Holden
discovered NGC 4576 on 27 Apr 1881 with the 15.6-inch Clark refractor at the
Washburn Observatory and recorded "F; np a star 7th mag." A second observation on 20 Apr 1882
added "preceding GC 3125 [ NGC 4586] 55.5 sec and 3' north." His position and description matches
UGC 7792 = PGC 42152.
******************************
NGC 4577 = NGC
4591?? = UGC 7821 = MCG +01-32-125 = CGCG 042-191
12 39 12.4 +06
00 44
See observing
notes for NGC 4591. Identification
uncertain.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4577 = H III-13 on 28 Jan 1784 (sweep 132) and recorded "a
minute before [the transit of 24 Vir] I suspected a vS neb, but while I put on
a higher power to examine it, I lost it and would not stop too long to look for
it again." A very rough
position was noted.
Harold Corwin
notes the star 24 Vir is actually a duplicate entry for 5 Boo, so WH made an
error as his sweep is not near this star. "There are no galaxies in any of
the places that come from WH's observations, from GC/NGC, or from attempting to
correct WH's RAs using the idea that H II 26 = NGC 4453 (the only other nebula
found that night) is actually NGC 4430. However, the approximate RA that we do
have, along with the constraints on the declination, point to either NGC 4580
or NGC 4591 as probably being the object that WH saw. Since N4580 is H I 124,
and N4591 is III 504, the sparce description of N4577 strongly suggests that it
is N4591."
******************************
NGC 4578 = UGC
7793 = MCG +02-32-159 = CGCG 070-195 = Holm 429a = PGC 42149
12 37 30.6 +09
33 19
V = 11.5; Size 3.3'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 35d
17.5"
(4/18/87): moderately bright, fairly small, oval 3:2 SW-NE, 1.5'x1.0', small
bright core with possibly a stellar nucleus. A mag 10.5 star lies 4.1' W of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4578 = H II-15 = h1365 = h1366 on 18 Jan 1784 (sweep 86) and
recorded "F, S. It is not
cometic though pretty round; of the first class." JH made two observations
which differed by 5' in declination, so he was uncertain if they refered to the
same object. As a result, he
included two GC designations which Dreyer combined in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 4579 = M58 =
UGC 7796 = MCG +02-32-160 = CGCG 070-197 = PGC 42168
12 37 43.5 +11
49 06
V = 9.7; Size 5.9'x4.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 95d
17.5"
(4/25/87): bright, moderately large, slightly elongated 4:3 WSW-ENE, small very
bright core, stellar nucleus.
Located 7.6' E of mag 8.3 SAO 100179.
13":
bright, increase to a small bright core, slightly elongated E-W, diffuse halo.
Charles Messier
discovered M58 = NGC 4579 = h1368 (along with M59 and M60) on 15 Apr 1779. WH called it "pB, pL" on 15
Mar 1784 (sweep 174) and "F, L" on 17 Apr 1784 (sweep 199). JH made four observations, calling it "vB;
irreg R; gbM; a B * precedes 1/2 field." on his 4th sweep.
LdR apparently
discovered spiral structure in M58 before 1850 as it was included in the listed
of "Spiral or curvilinear" nebulae in Rosse's 1850 PT paper. The 1861 and 1880 monographs, though,
do not list an observation earlier than 1851.
******************************
NGC 4580 = UGC
7794 = MCG +01-32-117 = CGCG 042-183 = PGC 42174
12 37 48.4 +05
22 08
V = 11.8; Size 2.1'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 165d
17.5"
(4/21/90): moderately bright, moderately large, irregular shape though slightly
elongated NW-SE, broad concentration with an uneven surface brightness.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4580 = H I-124 = h1369 on 2 Feb 1786 (sweep 521) and noted
"pB, cL, R." CH's
reduction is 1.4' northwest of UGC 7794.
******************************
NGC 4581 = UGC
7801 = MCG +00-32-028 = CGCG 014-083 = PGC 42199
12 38 05.2 +01
28 39
V = 12.5; Size 1.9'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 173d
17.5"
(4/4/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 N-S, even concentration to
a small bright core.
Edward Holden
discovered NGC 4581 on 20 Apr 1882 with the 15.6-inch refractor at the Washburn
Observatory and recorded "F, S, bM, stell N" (Publications of the
Washburn Observatory, Vol II, p101).
His position is 1' north of UGC 7801.
******************************
NGC 4582
12 38 10.1 +00
10 57
=*, Carlson and
Corwin.
Sidney Coolidge
discovered NGC 4582 = HN 20 on 30 Apr 1859 with the 15-inch refractor of Harvard College Observatory
during the Zone Survey of equatorial stars. He simply noted "in a faint nebulosity" and at his
exact position is a single mag 13.4 star -- this mirrors his other 8
discoveries at HCO! Karl Reinmuth
and Harold Corwin also equate NGC 4582 with a star.
******************************
NGC 4583 = MCG
+06-28-017 = CGCG 188-011 = PGC 42198
12 38 04.4 +33
27 31
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5":
faint, small, round, bright core.
Two mag 15 star are 1' NW and 1' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4583 = H III-495 = h1370 on 2 Jan 1786 (sweep 508) and recorded
"eF, S, iF, r." His
position is within 1' of CGCG 188-011 = PGC 42198. JH made two observations and called this galaxy "F; S;
R; bM."
******************************
NGC 4584 = UGC
7803 = MCG +02-32-162 = CGCG 070-199 = LGG 286-007 = PGC 42223
12 38 17.9 +13
06 35
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 5d
18"
(4/10/04): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 40" diameter, weak
concentration.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4584 on 21 Apr 1862 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His measurements on 3
nights matches UGC 7803 and he noted a mag 15 star (called mag 18) that follows
by 16 seconds of time.
******************************
NGC 4585 = MCG
+05-30-042 = CGCG 159-037 = PGC 42215
12 38 13.3 +28
56 13
V = 14.1; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 114d
18"
(4/10/04): faint, small, round, 25" diameter, low even surface
brightness. Located 5.8' W of mag
10.3 SAO 82417.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4585 = Sf 21 on 21 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch refractor
at Copenhagen. His single
micrometric position is an excellent match with CGCG 159-037 = PGC 42215 and he
mentions the mag 10.3 star which follows by 27.3 sec in RA. Truman Safford independently discovered
the galaxy on 16 May 1866.
******************************
NGC 4586 = UGC
7804 = MCG +01-32-122 = CGCG 042-187 = PGC 42241
12 38 28.4 +04
19 08
V = 11.7; Size 4.0'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 115d
17.5"
(2/28/87): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 5:2 NW-SE. Contains a very bright core. Located 10' E of mag 6.9 SAO 119502. NGC 4576 lies 15' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4586 = H I-125 = h1371 on 2 Feb 1786 (sweep 521) and recorded
"pB, pL, E." His
position at the north edge of UGC 7804.
JH made two observations and logged "pB; pmE; psbM." on sweep
141.
******************************
NGC 4587 = UGC
7805 = MCG +01-32-123 = CGCG 042-188 = PGC 42253
12 38 35.4 +02
39 26
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 48d
17.5"
(4/21/90): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE, weak
concentration. Surrounded by seven
mag 13-14.5 stars within a 3' radius.
Johann Palisa
discovered NGC 4587 on 17 Apr 1882 with the 12-inch refractor at Vienna
University Observatory. His discovery position in AN 2520 matches UGC
7805. This was the first of 8 NGC
galaxies discovered by Palisa.
******************************
NGC 4588 = UGC
7810 = MCG +01-32-124 = CGCG 042-189 = PGC 42277
12 38 45.4 +06
46 05
V = 14.3; Size 1.3'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 57d
18"
(3/13/04): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 WSW-ENE, 0.8'x0.4'. Observations made through thin clouds.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4588 = H III-98 on 13 Apr 1784 (sweep 191) and recorded
"eF, eS. By a
misunderstanding the time & number [PD] was not taken; however at 12h 24m
the time was marked down, which was less than 1 min after the transit of the
nebula; so that the time of the nebula must be about 12h 23m or 12h 23m
30s. The number as far as I can
recollect might perhaps be about 40, which gives 45'; but is more uncertain
than the time. I saw the nebula very well." Though very possibly a coincidence, WH's rough position is
just 2.4' northeast of UGC 7810.
In the 1912 revision of WH's catalogues, Dreyer states "It may = IC
3591 or IC 3617. No object on
Wolf's plate in the place of NGC 4588."
******************************
NGC 4589 = UGC
7797 = MCG +12-12-013 = CGCG 352-038 = CGCG 335-017 = LGG 284-008 = PGC 42139
12 37 25.0 +74
11 31
V = 10.7; Size 3.2'x2.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 75d
18"
(5/8/04): bright, fairly large, elongated ~4:3 E-W, 2.5'x2.0'. Sharply concentrated with a very bright
prominent core and a fainter halo.
A mag 13 star is at the west edge of the core. Forms a pair with NGC 4572 7.5' NW and NGC 4648 lies 22' NE. A wide mag 8/10.5 double at 24"
lies 17' NE (in the field with NGC 4648).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4589 = H I-273 = h1374 on 22 Nov 1797 (sweep 1064) and logged
"vB, R, mbM, 3 or 4' dia."
His position is 4.5' southeast of UGC 7797. JH made 4 observations, recording on sweep 348 "B; R;
pgmbM; 30"; a S * np; dist 1'."
His position on this sweep was very accurate.
******************************
NGC 4590 = M68 =
ESO 506-SC30
12 39 28.0 -26
44 35
V = 7.7; Size 12.0'; Surf Br = 0.1
24"
(5/22/17): at 375x; very bright, well resolved globular with quite a number of
surprisingly bright stars [brightest stars Vtip = 12.6] spread over the central
region and around the edges, giving a fairly loose appearance [class X]. The unresolved central background glow
is large and bright. Perhaps 60-75
stars are resolved in the central region, but excluding the outer portion of
the halo, which also seems to contain a number of brighter stars out to at
least 8'.
17.5"
(2/28/87): 30-50 stars resolved including many fairly bright stars over
unresolved background haze.
13.1"
(3/24/84): about 20 stars resolved around edges of core and in halo. The core is mottled but unresolved.
8": few
stars resolved across disk.
Charles Messier
discovered M68 = NGC 4590 = h3404 on 9 Apr 1780. WH described "a beautiful cluster of stars, extremely
rich, and so compressed that most of the stars are blended together; it is near
3' broad and about 4' long, but chiefly round, and there are very few scattered
stars about." In his 1814
publication he noted "this oval cluster is also approaching to the
globular form, and the central compression is carried to a high
degree." JH made the single
observation "GC; irr R; gbM; diam in RA = 12...15 sec. All clearly
resolved into stars 12 m; very loose and ragged at the borders."
******************************
NGC 4591 = NGC
4577? = UGC 7821 = MCG +01-32-125 = CGCG 042-191 = PGC 42319
12 39 12.4 +06
00 44
V = 13.1; Size 1.6'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 37d
18"
(4/10/04): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 SW-NE, 0.7'x0.3', weak
concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4591 = H III-504 = h1372 on 2 Feb 1786 (sweep 521) and noted
"vF, vS." CH's reduction
is less than 1' south of UGC 7821.
NGC 4577 = H III-13 is possibly an earlier observation. See that number.
******************************
NGC 4592 = UGC
7819 = MCG +00-32-032 = CGCG 014-091 = PGC 42336
12 39 18.3 -00
31 53
V = 11.7; Size 5.8'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 97d
17.5"
(2/28/87): moderately bright, elongated 5:2 ~E-W, moderately large, 3.0'x1.2',
weak concentration. Located 1¡ NNW
of beautiful double Porrima = Gamma Virginis (3.6/3.7 at 4").
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4592 = H II-31 = h1373 on 22 Feb 1784 (sweep 153) and recorded
"a nebula; extended from east to west and also towards the north; it is
not cometic and seems to be resolvable." JH made a single observation "eF; L; pmE;
vglbM." JH made an error
precessing the coordinates for the GC, so the published position was 30' too
far north. As a result, when
Edward Holden found it again on 23 Apr 1881 he reported it as new (#8) in Publ. of the Washburn Observatory, Vol
I.
******************************
NGC 4593 = MCG
-01-32-032 = Mrk 1330 = PGC 42375
12 39 39.4 -05
20 39
V = 10.9; Size 3.9'x2.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 55d
17.5"
(2/28/87): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated WSW-ENE, very bright
core, stellar nucleus. First of
four within a 32' field including NGC 4602 19' NE. Contains a Sy 1 nucleus and also a Markarian object.
17.5"
(1/31/87): moderately bright and large, strong bright core, elongated WSW-ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4593 = H II-183 = h1375 on 24 Apr 1784 (sweep 205) and recorded
"pB, cL, E, mbM but the brightness confined to a small place." JH made two observations and first
logged (sweep 147) "vsbM, to a * 11-12m, with a faint chevelure."
******************************
NGC 4594 = M104
= MCG -02-32-020 = UGCA 293 = Sombrero Galaxy = PGC 42407
12 39 59.4 -11
37 23
V = 8.0; Size 8.7'x3.5'; Surf Br = 11.6; PA = 89d
48"
(2/20/12, 4/5/13): stunning view of the jet-black super high-contrast dust lane
at 375x. The fainter section of the
galaxy south of the dust lane was quite prominent and nearly as extensive as
the northern half and the central bulge region was noticeably thicker in
proportion to the major axis than views in smaller scopes. I also clearly noticed that although
the dust lane was very flat in the central region (oriented precisely E-W), it
bends slightly north and widens just a bit on both the east and west ends of
the disc, giving it a slightly warped appearance.
48"
(5/5/16): LEDA 962963 is just 8' SW of the center of M104, with both galaxies
fitting in the same eyepiece field.
It was easily seen as a fairly faint (V = 15.6, B = 16.4), small glow,
slightly elongated NNW-SSE, 18"x14", slightly brighter nucleus. Situated
1.3' SE of a mag 10.4 star.
17.5"
(3/12/94): very bright, very large, elongated 3:1 E-W, 7.5'x2.5'. Very prominent dust lane along the
entire length of the major axis and divides the core into two nonsymmetric
sections. The prominent section of
the core is just north of the dark lane.
Overall, the galaxy is brighter and much more extensive to the north of
the lane. The portion of the core
and halo south of the dust lane is much fainter, smaller and
unconcentrated. A mag 10 star lies
4' WSW.
13.1"
(4/24/82): very bright, large, very elongated, arms long and thin. A prominent dark lane is visible along
the length of the galaxy. Only a
faint glow is visible to the south of the dust lane.
15x50mm
binoculars (6/19/08 and 4/6/13): easily visible in binoculars as a elongated
glow with brighter center.
Pierre MŽchain
discovered M104 = NGC 4594 = H I-43 = h1376 on 11 May 1781. It was independently discovered by WH
on 9 May 1784 (sweep 210) and described as "E, vBM, about 5 or 6' long,
but daylight is too strong to see the whole extent of it. The bright place in the middle is prety
large, but breaks off abruptly." He made a second observation on 11 Mar
1788 (sweep 819) and logged "mE, from about 20¡ sp. to nf., BN, 4 or 5'
long."
JH was the first
to note the dust lane. On 9 Mar
1828, he recorded "vB, vmE, in pos 2¡ np to sf; vsmbM to a nucleus; 5' l,
30" br, a bright star sp.
There is a faint diffused oval light all about it, and I am almost
positive that there is a dark interval or stratum separating the nucleus and
the general mass of the nebula from the light above (south) of it. Surely no illusion." In his sketch (Fig 50) he adds the
remarks "The strong suspicion of a parallel appendage to the latter of
these, is almost converted into certainty by its undoubted existence in V. 24
[NGC 4565], in which it was seen by two other observers as well as by
myself."
Leland Copeland
called M104 the "Sombrero" in the June 1942 issue of S&T.
The back cover featured an image taken by the Mount Wilson 60-inch in
1916. The image is referred to as the "Sombrero nebula".
******************************
NGC 4595 = UGC
7826 = MCG +03-32-081 = CGCG 099-106 = LGG 292-124 = PGC 42396
12 39 51.9 +15
17 52
V = 12.1; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 110d
17.5"
(4/13/02): moderately bright and large, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, 1.0'x0.7', broad
concentration. Followed by two mag
12.5 stars which lie 2.5' E and 3.1' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4595 = H II-632 = h1377 on 14 Jan 1787 (sweep 691) and logged
"F, pL, R, vgbM." CH's
reduced position is 2.5' northeast of UGC 7826. JH made four observations and
measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4596 = UGC
7828 = MCG +02-32-170 = CGCG 070-206 = PGC 42401
12 39 56.0 +10
10 34
V = 10.4; Size 4.0'x3.0'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 135d
17.5" (4/18/87):
bright, elongated WSW-ENE, small bright core, possible substellar nucleus. A mag 12.5 star is 1.1' SSE of center
at the edge of the halo and two brighter mag 10/11 stars are 3' SE. NGC 4608 lies 19' E.
13.1"
(4/16/83): bright, moderately large, bright core, elongated ~E-W. Located about 30' W of mag 5 Rho
Virginis.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4596 = H I-24 = h1378 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 174) and noted
"pB". CH's reduced
position is 40 tsec following UGC 7828.
JH made 5 observations and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4597 = MCG
-01-32-034 = PGC 42429
12 40 12.8 -05
47 59
V = 12.1; Size 4.1'x1.9'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 30d
17.5"
(2/28/87): fairly faint, elongated SSW-NNE, very large but diffuse, smooth
surface brightness.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4597 = H II-636 on 22 Feb 1787 (sweep 706) and noted "F,
vL, bM." CH's reduced
position is 3' southwest of MCG -01-32-034 = PGC 42429.
******************************
NGC 4598 = UGC
7829 = MCG +02-32-171 = CGCG 070-207 = LGG 296-011 = PGC 42427
12 40 11.9 +08
23 02
V = 12.7; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1
18"
(4/10/04): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter, moderate
concentration to center with a small, brighter core and quasi-stellar nucleus. A mag 14.5 star is just off the south
edge (0.8' from center) and a mag 8.3 star lies 8.6' N near the edge of the
220x field.
18"
(3/13/04): fairly faint, fairly small, irregularly round, 0.9'x0.8'. Located 8.6' S of mag 8.3 HD 110184.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4598 = H III-105 on 15 Apr 1784 (sweep 194) and noted "eF
but vL." CH's reduction is 18
sec of RA east of UGC 7829.
******************************
NGC 4599 = UGC
7833 = MCG +00-32-034 = CGCG 014-099 = PGC 42453
12 40 27.1 +01
11 48
V = 12.6; Size 1.7'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 144d
17.5"
(4/21/90): fairly faint, small, elongated 3:1 SW-NE, small bright core, stellar
nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4599 = H III-509 on 22 Feb 1786 (sweep 527) and noted "vF,
vS." CH's reduction is 1.5'
northwest of UGC 7833 = PGC 42453.
JH did not make an observation.
******************************
NGC 4600 = UGC
7832 = MCG +01-32-128 = CGCG 042-198 = PGC 42447
12 40 22.9 +03
07 04
V = 12.7; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 60d
17.5"
(4/21/90): moderately bright, fairly small, oval 3:2 SW-NE, small bright
core. Forms the west vertex of a
right triangle with mag 8.8 SAO 119527 3.5' E and mag 8.6 SAO 119525 2.9' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4600 = H II-577 = h1379 on 30 Apr 1786 (sweep 558) and logged
"F, S, between 2 B stars; making a triangle with them." JH noted "F; S; R; precedes 2
stars 8-9 mag." Both descriptions
and positions match UGC 7832.
******************************
NGC 4601 = ESO
322-050 = MCG -07-26-026 = LGG 298-057 = PGC 42492
12 40 46.7 -40
53 36
V = 13.5; Size 1.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 16d
24"
(4/12/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 260x, this Centaurus cluster
member (AGC 3526) appeared moderately bright, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE, 1.2'x0.5',
broad concentration. Located 5.3'
NNW of NGC 4603.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4601 = h3405, along with NGC 4603 on 8 Jun 1834 and recorded
"eF; L; R; pslbM. The first
of 2." His position is 12 sec
east and 1.6' south of ESO 322-050 = PGC 42492. This is the same offset in RA as nearby NGC 4603, discovered
together.
******************************
NGC 4602 = MCG
-01-32-036 = PGC 42476
12 40 36.7 -05
07 55
V = 11.5; Size 3.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 105d
17.5"
(2/28/87): fairly bright, oval WNW-ESE, fairly large, bright core. A mag 14 star is just off the east end
1.3' from center. Second of four
in a group with MCG -01-32-037 11' S and NGC 4593 19' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4602 = H II-184 = h1380 on 24 Apr 1784 (sweep 205) and recorded
"not F, L, lE, not mbM, r."
His position is poor - 18
sec of RA too large. JH made the
single observation "F; L; E; vglbM; 50"." and measured an
accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4603 = ESO
322-052 = MCG -07-26-028 = LGG 301-001 = PGC 42510
12 40 55.4 -40
58 34
V = 11.6; Size 3.4'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 27d
24"
(4/12/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x appeared very bright, very
large, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 3'x1.5', broad concentration though the brightest
portion seems offset towards the a star embedded just west of of the core. A second superimposed star is near the
southwest end. NGC 4601 lies 5.3'
NNW and NGC 4603B is 7.8' SW. This
subgroup of AGC 3526 (Centaurus Cluster) is catalogued as Klemola 19.
17.5"
(4/7/89): extremely faint, moderately large, round, very low surface
brightness. Member of the
Centaurus cluster (AGC 3526).
Forms a pair with NGC 4601 5.3' NNW (not seen).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4603 = h3406 on 8 Jun 1834 and recorded "F; L R; vgbM;
r(?). The following of 2 [with NGC
4601].". His RA is 11 sec
east of ESO 322-052 = PGC 42510, a similar error as NGC 4601.
******************************
NGC 4604 = MCG
-01-32-037 = PGC 42489
12 40 44.9 -05
18 09
V = 13.8; Size 1.0'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 115d
17.5"
(1/31/87): faint, fairly small, edge-on WNW-ESE. Third of four in the field and located 11' SSE of NGC 4602.
Christian Peters
discovered NGC 4604 around 1881 with the 13.5-inch refractor at Hamilton
College Observatory. The discovery
was not published in either of his two Copernicus lists in 1881 and 1882, so
the discovery must have been communicated directly to Dreyer. The NGC position is 2' southeast of NGC
4602.
In her 1940 list
of NGC corrections, Dorothy Carlson states NGC 4604 was not found at Helwan
Observatory and RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent. RC3 identifies MCG -01-32-037 = PGC
42489 as NGC 4604. This galaxy is
nearly 10' south of the NGC position.
Although, there is no visual description in the NGC, this identification
is reasonable assuming a single digit error in declination by Peters. But perhaps NGC 4604 is simply a
duplicate observation of NGC 4603 as the positions are so close. So, this identification
is very uncertain. See Harold Corwin's
identification notes.
******************************
NGC 4605 = UGC
7831 = MCG +10-18-074 = CGCG 293-031 = PGC 42408
12 39 59.4 +61
36 33
V = 10.3; Size 5.8'x2.2'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 125d
18"
(5/14/07): very bright, large, nearly edge-on 3:1 NW-SE. The relatively large, bulging core is
mottled. The southeast extension
is brighter, mottled (HII regions) and tapers towards the tip. The very tip of
this extension appears to hook slightly towards the east. The fainter northwest
extension is much more diffuse, is broader and fades at the ends. The major axis of the two extensions
are slightly skewed with respect to each other as if they were bent at the
center or possibly the brighter southeast extension is warped or distorted.
18"
(5/8/04): very bright, large, quite elongated 5:2 ~NW-SE. Contains a relatively large, high
surface brightness elongated core.
This galaxy's structure is very unusual with careful viewing. The southeast extension is clearly
brighter and more tapered than the northwest end. The surface brightness of the southeast extension is
noticeably uneven with a mottled or splotchy appearance possibly from HII
regions and an irregular distribution of dust. Near the center there is a slight bend or kink to the major
axis, with the fainter northwest extension slightly misaligned. Also the northwest extension appears to
fan out somewhat at the northwest edge and fade into the background.
8": bright,
moderately large, very elongated NW-SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4605 = H I-254 = h1381 on 19 Mar 1790 (sweep 953) and recorded
"eB, E, about 5' long in the parallel, all over equally bright, except
just on the edges." JH made a
single observation (sweep 344): "B; L; vmE; in pos 118.6¡; glbM; 4' l and
1' br."
******************************
NGC 4606 = UGC
7839 = MCG +02-32-174 = CGCG 070-213 = Holm 436a = PGC 42516
12 40 57.5 +11
54 41
V = 11.8; Size 3.2'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 33d
17.5"
(4/25/87): fairly faint, very elongated SW-NE. A mag 13.5 star is superimposed on the SSW end 0.5' from
center and a mag 14 star is at the SSW edge 1.1' from center. Forms a pair with NGC 4607 3.8' ESE.
13"
(4/16/83): faint, small, very elongated SSW-NNE. Two stars are at the south edge. Located 20' NW of M59.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4606 = H III-43 = h1382 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 174) and simply
noted "a nebula". CH's
reduced position is 2.5' southwest of UGC 7842. JH made 3 observations and
commented on sweep 245 "vF; a curious object; 2 or 3 vF stars form a line
with an oblique ray of neb."
Nearby NGC 4607 was missed by the Herschels and discovered by LdR.
******************************
NGC 4607 = UGC
7843 = MCG +02-32-176 = CGCG 070-216 = Holm 436b = PGC 42544
12 41 12.4 +11
53 08
V = 12.8; Size 2.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 2d
17.5"
(4/25/87): extremely faint, edge-on streak N-S, low even surface
brightness. Located 3.8' ESE of
much brighter NGC 4606.
13.1"
(5/14/83): extremely faint, edge-on N-S, low surface brightness, requires
averted. Close following NGC 4606.
13"
(4/16/83): extremely faint, near visual threshold, very elongated N-S, low
surface brightness.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 4607 on 24 Apr 1854 while observing NGC 4606 with LdR's
72". He noted "about 3'
or 4' following there is also a F lenticular R, E np sf." The NGC RA is 0.2 min east of UGC
7843. Mitchell's note was not
included in the 1861 monograph (only the 1880 publication) so NGC 4607 was not
included in the GC and Dreyer missed it while compiling the GC Supplement.
******************************
NGC 4608 = UGC
7842 = MCG +02-32-177 = CGCG 070-214 = PGC 42545
12 41 13.6 +10
09 23
V = 11.0; Size 3.2'x2.7'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(4/18/87): bright, fairly small, oval SW-NE, very bright core, stellar
nucleus. A mag 12 star is 1.6' WNW
of center. Forms a wide pair at
low power with NGC 4596 19' W.
Located 11' SW of Rho Virginis (V = 4.9).
13.1"
(4/16/83): bright, fairly small, slightly elongated.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4608 = H II-69 = h1383 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 174) and recorded
"A nebula. It may be taken
into the field with 30 (Rho) Virginis and precedes that star, but is 8' more
south." The actual difference
in Dec is less than 5', but the identification is certain. JH called it "pB; R; psbM; has a
*12 1' np, and a *5.6 in field nf."
******************************
NGC 4609 = ESO
095-SC014 = Cr 263
12 42 20 -62 59
36
V = 6.9; Size 5'
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): at 166x, 30 stars mag 9.5-13 are resolved resolved in a
4'-5' region. Most of the stars
are arranged in a curving lane ~NNW-SSE with fainter stars trailing off to the
NNW. A few stars are scattered to
the east of this string which is oriented roughly N-S and which bends towards
the east on the north side. The
cluster includes some doubles and triples with a nice mag 10.5 star pair at
15" and a distinctive triple on the south end of the lane. Situtated just 7' NW of mag 5.3 BZ
Crucis = HD 110432. This star is
located within the Coal Sack, 1.8 degrees east of Acrux, and is the only easy
naked-eye star with the Coal Sack!
The cluster resides behind the Coal Sack and is dimmed accordingly.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 4609 = D 272 = h3407 on 12 May 1826 with his 9-inch f/12
homemade speculum reflector from Parramatta, New South Wales and recorded
"a group of five stars of the 8th or 9th magnitude, with a great number of
extremely small stars resembling faint nebulae. 3' or 4' diameter." His position is about 9' too far west. JH called it a "Cluster class VII.
Stars 11..13th mag; about 6' long and 4' broad; has 10 stars 11th mag, and some
20 or 30 smaller. It occurs in the midst of the black space following Alpha
Crucis, which is by no means void of stars."
******************************
NGC 4610 = NGC
4470 = UGC 7627 = MCG +01-32-082 = CGCG 042-132 = PGC 41189
12 29 37.9 +07
49 25
See observing
notes for NGC 4470.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4610 = H II-19 on 23 Jan 1784 (sweep 105) and recorded
"South of and at rectangles to the great Nebula [M61] and the small star
near it, is a nebula incomparably more faint. My field [15' dia] takes them both in together." Dreyer notes in the 1912 revision of
WH's catalogues that "there is no nebula in the place of GC 3147 [NGC
4610]" (Ann Harvard Coll Obs, xiii p 81 and Max Wolf, List II) and that
M49 is most probably H I-7 (assumed by WH to be M61). Dreyer further comments that M49 has a smaller nebula [H
II-498 = NGC 4470] 9 sec of RA west, 10.5' south and the sketch perfectly
agrees with M49, the star following it and NGC 4470 (found by WH on 28 Dec
1785). So, NGC 4610 = NGC 4470.
******************************
NGC 4611 = IC
805 = UGC 7849 = MCG +02-32-179 = CGCG 070-218 = PGC 42564
12 41 25.4 +13
43 46
V = 14.3; Size 1.2'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 126d
18"
(5/28/06): very faint, fairly small, elongated 2.5:1 or 3:1 NW-SE, nearly
0.6'x0.2', low surface brightness, no concentration. Forms the southern vertex of a triangle with two mag 12
stars 2.7' NNW and 3.3' NE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 4611 = St XII-49 on 17 May 1881 and recorded "eeF; S; lE SE
to NW; between 2 vF stars."
His position and description matches UGC 7849.
Lewis Swift
found this galaxy on 20 Apr 1889 and reported it as new in his 8th list, #65
(later IC 805) as "vF; pL; R; 2 pB stars n and nf." His position is
about 8 sec of RA west of UGC 7849, but close enough that I'm surprised Swift
or Dreyer didn't notice the equivalence.
Dorothy Carlson and Roger Sinnott's NGC 2000.0 equate NGC 4611= IC 805
although UGC, MCG, CGCG, PGC and HyperLeda only use the NGC 4611 designation.
******************************
NGC 4612 = UGC
7850 = MCG +01-32-134 = CGCG 042-205 = PGC 42574
12 41 32.7 +07
18 53
V = 10.9; Size 2.5'x1.9'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 145d
17.5"
(4/21/90): moderately bright, small, slightly elongated, sharply concentrated
with a very bright compact core.
Located at the SW end of a string of five bright stars mag 9-10.5
including a mag 10.5 star just 1.0' E.
The NE end is this string is a double star 10.5/12 at 20". NGC 4623 lies 25' NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4612 = H II-148 = H II-20 = h1384 on 23 Jan 1784 (sweep 105) and
simply noted II-20 as "vF".
The four nebulae found on this short, early sweep were not placed well,
and there is nothing at his position (CH's reduction). But 1 min 45 sec of RA west is NGC 4612
= UGC 7850. On 13 Apr 1784 (sweep
191) he found this galaxy again and noted II-148 as "not F, R, bM and
growing fainter by slow degrees."
His offset from 31 Vir points to NGC 4612 = UGC 7850. On 1 May 1786 (sweep 560) he recorded
"preceding the most south of a row of stars. cB, pL, mbM."
On this sweep he it was called II-20, and the internal designation (320)
is crossed out in CH's fair copy.
Nevertheless JH decided II-20 and II-148 were possibly different objects
because of the discrepancy in positions and assigned two GC designations,
though Dreyer combined both in the NGC.
He commented in his 1912 revision of WH's catalogues that a sketch of
II-20 "agrees perfectly with the the description of II-148 on 28 Dec 1785
(sweep 498) "preceding a row of considerable stars and near the south of
them, making a triangle."
******************************
NGC 4613 = Arp
34 Companion = KTG 45A = Holm 439c = MCG +04-30-011 = CGCG 129-016 = Mrk 780 =
WBL 419-002 = PGC 42570
12 41 28.9 +26
05 19
V = 14.6; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9
24"
(6/1/13): faintest in a trio (KTG 45).
At 282x appeared faint to fairly faint, small, round, 20"
diameter. NGC 4615 lies 2.1' SE
and NGC 4614 is 2.8' SSE.
17.5"
(4/6/91): extremely faint, very small, round, weak concentration. Located 2.5' NNW of NGC 4614. Faintest of a trio.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4613, along with NGC 4614 and NGC 4615, on 9 May 1864
with the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen.
His single position is exactly 1' south of PGC 42570.
******************************
NGC 4614 = Arp
34 Companion = KTG 45B = Holm 439b = UGC 7851 = MCG +04-30-012 = CGCG 129-015 =
WBL 419-001 = PGC 42573
12 41 31.5 +26
02 34
V = 13.3; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 175d
24"
(6/1/13): brightest in a triplet (KTG 45) with NGC 4615 2.2' NE and NGC 4613
2.8' NNW. At 282x appeared
moderately bright, fairly small, round, well concentrated with a very bright
core, overall fairly high surface brightness. A mag 11.5 star lies 1.8' W.
17.5"
(4/6/91): fairly faint, small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus. A mag 12 star is 1.9' WNW. Second brightest in a group with NGC
4615 2.5' NE and NGC 4613 2.5' NNW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4614 = Sf 11, along with NGC 4613 and NGC 4615, on 9
May 1864. His position (measured
on two nights) matches UGC 7851 = PGC 42573. He also measured the mag 11 star as 8 sec of time west and
23" north. Truman Safford
independently discovered NGC 4614, as well as NGC 4615, on 11 May 1866.
******************************
NGC 4615 = Arp
34 = KTG 45C = Holm 439a = UGC 7852 = MCG +04-30-013 = CGCG 129-018 = WBL
419-003 = PGC 42584
12 41 37.3 +26
04 22
V = 13.1; Size 1.6'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 125d
24"
(6/1/13): largest in a small triplet with NGC 4613 2.1' NW and NGC 4614 2.2'
SW. Fairly faint to moderately
bright, very elongated 3:1 NW-SE, 1.5'x0.5', weak concentration. This is a nice little trio forming a
small isosceles triangle with NGC 4615 at the eastern vertex. In Arp's category of "Integral
Sign" galaxies.
17.5"
(4/6/91): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, even surface
brightness. Third and largest of
three with NGC 4614 2.5' SW and NGC 4613 2' WNW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4615 = Sf 12, along with NGC 4613 and NGC 4614, on 9
May 1864 with the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen. His position (measured on two nights) matches UGC 7852. Truman Safford independently discovered
NGC 4615, as well as NGC 4614, on 11 May 1866.
******************************
NGC 4616 = ESO
322-056 = MCG -07-26-030 = LGG 305-003 = PGC 42662
12 42 16.4 -40
38 32
V = 13.4; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1
24"
(4/12/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): this member of the Centaurus
Cluster (AGC 3526) appeared moderately bright, fairly small, round, 25"
diameter, broad and weak concentration, perhaps an extremely faint halo. Located just 42" SW of a mag 12
star and 7' NW of NGC 4622.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4616 = h3408 on 5 Jun 1834, along with NGC 4622, and recorded
"eF; vS;R; sp a star at the edge.
His position is 1.7' south of ESO 322-056 = PGC 42662. Brightest in a group surrounding the
Centaurus cluster (in the Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster).
******************************
NGC 4617 = UGC
7847 = MCG +09-21-028 = CGCG 270-013 = PGC 42530
12 41 05.8 +50
23 36
V = 13.2; Size 3.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 179d
18"
(5/8/04): fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 4:1 N-S, 1.5'x0.4',
weak concentration. A mag 14 star
is close south. Located 2.7' SW of
mag 9.3 SAO 28477.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4617 = H II-744 on 9 Mar 1788 (sweep 816) and noted "vF,
S." CH's reduction is 6 sec
of RA east and 3.5' north of UGC 7847 (only nearby galaxy).
******************************
NGC 4618 = Arp
23 = VV 73 = Holm 438a = UGC 7853 = MCG +07-26-037 = CGCG 216-017 = IC 3667 =
PGC 42575
12 41 32.5 +41
09 02
V = 10.8; Size 4.2'x3.4'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 25d
48" (4/7/13
and 4/19/17): fascinating one-armed asymmetric spiral (Arp 23). At 488x the core region is offset to
the north side and appeared extremely bright, irregular, elongated 5:3 SW-NE,
1.6'x1.0'. A prominent, thick,
knotty arm is attached on the northeast end and sweeps counterclockwise to the
south and then west. It includes a
small, round knot (listed in NED as infrared source SSTSL2
J124136.60+410900.6), 0.8' due east of center. IC 3669 is a brighter arc or section of the arm, about 1'
southeast of the core. IC 3668
appears as a bright, elongated HII region(s) at the south end of the arm (1.7'
south of center), ~20"x10".
The arm continues to rotate towards the north on the west side of the
galaxy, but this feature has a very low surface brightness and ends roughly
west of the core. Only a faint,
diffuse glow was seen to north of the core on the opposite side of the core,
with no structure. The total size
of the galaxy extended 3.5'x2.5'.
NGC 4618 forms a pair with NGC 4625 8.3' NNE. Interestingly, both galaxies have single prominent arms,
though the arm in NGC 4625 was more subtle visually. Member of the CVn II Group (brightest member M106).
18"
(5/15/10): This is a very unusual, asymmetric Arp galaxy with a single massive
arm (similar to NGC 4027). At 220x
it appeared bright, fairly large, obviously irregular, with a slightly
elongated main body ~2'x1.5', extended 4:3 SW-NE. Within the main portion of the galaxy a brighter, elongated
bar was visible, roughly 1.5'x0.5'.
The central bar, though, is displaced to the NW side of entire glow as
extending mostly to the south side is a faint, beefy arm that often appears
detached and barely connected on the east end of the central region. This broad arm winds counterclockwise
from east to south roughly 100¡ with IC 3668, the brightest region or knot near
the south end of the arm, ~1.8' from the center of the bar. This single arm increases the overall
size to ~3'x2'. IC 3369 refers to
the brighter SE portion of the spiral arm.
13.1"
(4/12/86): moderately bright, fairly large, faint elongated halo with large
brighter core which appears displaced towards the north. This is an unusual one-armed spiral
galaxy with a more extensive halo on the south side. Forms a pair with NGC 4625 8.3' NNE. IC 3668 is a knot in the southern arm.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4618 = H I-178 = H I-179 = h1385 on 9 Apr 1787 (sweep 725) and
recorded "Two. The most north considerably or vB. The most south pB. Their nebulosities run into each other;
the most north vmbM." The
southern object may be IC 3668, the HII complex on the south end of the galaxy
. JH also called this galaxy
double. On 12 Apr 1830 he logged,
"Double; a B, L nebula, gbM, with a F one attached, 70¡ sf, so as to run
together into one; moonlight."
Two bright knots
in the southern portion were noted on several observations with LdR's
72". R.J. Mitchell sketched
the galaxy on 27 Mar 1856 (in LdR's 1861 monograph) and clearly revealed the
entire southern spiral arm.
Max Wolf found
this galaxy in 1903 on a Heidelberg plate and assumed it was new (list
VI-1). Although his position is
identical to the NGC, Dreyer recatalogued NGC 4618 as IC 3667. IC 3668 and IC 3669 refer to bright
knots or parts of the southern arm (probably observed at Birr Castle).
******************************
NGC 4619 = UGC
7856 = MCG +06-28-018 = CGCG 188-014 = PGC 42594
12 41 44.4 +35
03 46
V = 12.7; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5":
fairly faint, fairly small, round, broadly concentrated halo, fainter
halo. Located 1.9' WNW of mag 8.6
SAO 63141.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4619 = H II-411 = h1388 on 1 May 1785 (sweep 405) and recorded
"pF, S, R, just preceding a cB star." JH made three observations and described this galaxy as
"eF", "F" and "pB".
******************************
NGC 4620 = UGC
7859 = MCG +02-32-182 = CGCG 070-223 = LGG 292-023 = PGC 42619
12 41 59.3 +12
56 34
V = 12.2; Size 1.8'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 40d
18"
(4/10/04): moderately bright, round, 1.0' diameter, weak concentration to the
center with a small slightly brighter core. Forms the NW vertex of an obtuse triangle with two mag 11
stars 4.7' ENE and 5.3' SSW.
18"
(3/13/04): fairly faint, moderately large, round, 1.0' diameter, weak
concentration.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4620 = h1387 on 29 Mar 1830 and logged "vF; S; R; vgbM;
15"." His position
matches UGC 7859 = PGC 42619.
******************************
NGC 4621 = M59 =
UGC 7858 = MCG +02-32-183 = CGCG 070-223 = PGC 42628
12 42 02.4 +11
38 48
V = 9.6; Size 5.4'x3.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 165d
48"
(4/19/17): at 697x; extremely bright, very large, oval nearly 3:2 NNW-SSE. Contains a very bright elongated core
and an intensely luminous nucleus.
UCD 3, the
brightest ultra-compact dwarf in M59 (considered the remnant nucleus of a
recently accreted galaxy) was easily visible continuously as a mag 16.4
"star 2.2' E of the center of M59.
It forms a pair with a slightly fainter mag 16.5-17 star 20"
NW. This object was announced in
2015 as the densest known galaxy!
UCD 1, located
just 1.4' SW of the center of M59, appeared as a very faint, possibly
"soft" star, just visible continuously with averted vision. It forms a wide pair with a slightly brighter
mag 16.5 star 0.5' NW.
IC 809 = IC
3672, 6.6' NNE of M59, appeared moderately to fairly bright, fairly large,
slightly elongated 5:4 NW-SE, contains a large brighter core but no nucleus,
and a low surface brightness outer halo ~50"x40". A mag 10.9 star is 1.2' SSW.
24"
(5/22/17): at 200x and 375x; extremely bright, very large, oval 4:3 or 3:2
NNW-SSE. Strongly concentrated
with a very bright roundish core and an intensely bright quasi-stellar nucleus. The core/nucleus is within a brighter
central region, but then the surface brightness drops sharply with a very low
surface brightness outer halo that extends 3.5'x2.5' NNW-SSE. A mag 12 star is at the north edge of
the halo. IC 809 = IC 3672 lies
6.5' NNE, just north of an 11th magnitude star.
17.5"
(4/25/87): very bright, moderately large, oval NNW-SSE, 3'x2', small very
bright core, stellar nucleus. A
mag 15 star is at the SW edge and a brighter mag 13 star is off the north end
1.9' from center. The NGC 4606/NGC
4607 pair lies 20' NW.
13":
bright, slightly elongated N-S, bright core. M60 lies 25' E and NGC 4606/4607
is 20' NW.
Johann Koehler
discovered M59 = NGC 4621 = h1386, along with M60, on 11 Apr 1779. It was independently found by Charles
Messier 4 nights later. On 17 Apr
1784 (sweep 199), William Herschel recorded "pB, R, not S, mbM." John Herschel made 3 observations and
logged on 4 Apr 1831 (sweep 338), "vB; S; lE; vsvmbM; 2' l, 1 1/2'
br."
******************************
NGC 4622 = ESO
322-057 = MCG -07-26-031 = LGG 305-004 = PGC 42701
12 42 37.4 -40
44 44
V = 12.2; Size 1.7'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.2
24"
(4/12/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 260x this member of the
Centaurus cluster (AGC 3526) appeared bright, fairly large, round, sharply
concentrated with a very bright core, halo extends to 1.5'. NGC 4616 lies 7' NW and NGC 4603D is a
similar distance SW (both viewed).
17.5"
(4/7/89): very faint, small, round, low fairly even surface brightness. Located within the Centaurus cluster
(AGC 3526) with NGC 4622A/B 14' ENE.
Forms a trio with NGC 4616 7.3' NNW and NGC 4603D 7.3' SW (not seen on
this observation).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4622 = h3409, along with NGC 4616, on 5 Jun 1834 and recorded
"pF; S; R; pslbM; 15".
The following of 2."
His position matches ESO 322-057 = PGC 42701.
******************************
NGC 4623 = UGC
7862 = MCG +01-32-135 = CGCG 042-207 = PGC 42647
12 42 10.6 +07
40 36
V = 12.2; Size 2.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 176d
17.5"
(4/21/90): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:1 N-S, small bright
core. NGC 4612 lies 25' SSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4623 = H II-149 = h1389 on 13 Apr 1784 (sweep 191) and noted
"vF, irregular nebula."
His position is 4.5' too far south. JH called this galaxy "pB; E; psbM" and measured a
fairly accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4624 = NGC
4665 = NGC 4664 = UGC 7924 = MCG +01-33-005 = CGCG 043-018 = PGC 42734
12 45 06.1 +03
03 21
See observing
notes for NGC 4665. Uncertain
identification.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4624 = h1390 on 9 Apr 1828 and noted"B, E. RA ill
observed." and placed at 12 42 15.7 +03 03 32 (2000). There is nothing near his position,
though his description states this is a bright nebula. Karl Reinmuth, in his 1926 photographic
survey, notes "not found; NGC 4624 = NGC 4636?" NGC 4636 is 24' southeast of JH's
position , but certainly fits the description and was not seen on the same
sweep that NGC 4624 was observed.
Harold Corwin notes "During the same sweep, he [JH] made a
one-degree error in the polar distance for NGC 4636, an error that he himself
suggested, and that Dreyer finally rectified for the NGC. Thus, NGC 4624 cannot
be NGC 4636 as suggested by Reinmuth and adopted by RNGC." NGC 4600 is 2.0 min of RA west of JH's
position, though probably would not be described as "bright" (WH
called it "faint").
Harold Corwin
concludes "[NGC 4624] is most likely NGC 4665 [nearly 3 min of RA east of
JH's position] which JH described as "B, pL" in two other
sweeps. This, and the appearance
of the bright bar of the galaxy, matches his terse description for NGC 4624,
"B, E." In addition, his
declination is correct for all three observations. There is a faint possibility
that NGC 4624 is NGC 4600, but JH's two observations of that make it "F,
S" in contrast to his note on NGC 4624. In addition, the declination of NGC 4600 is off JH's
measured dec for NGC 4624."
******************************
NGC 4625 = Arp
23 Companion = IC 3675 = Holm 438b = UGC 7861 = MCG +07-26-038 = CGCG 216-018 =
PGC 42607
12 41 52.7 +41
16 26
V = 12.3; Size 2.2'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.8
48"
(4/7/13): at 488x, this companion to NGC 4618 appeared bright, fairly
large,~1.3' diameter, bright core that is offset to the north side. With careful viewing a low contrast
spiral arm is visible along the south side of the halo with a darker gap
between the arm and the south side of the core. Member of the CVn II Group (brightest member M106).
13.1"
(4/12/86): fairly faint, fairly small, round, brighter core. Forms a pair with NGC 4618 8.3' SSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4625 = H II-660 = h1392 on 9 Apr 1787 (sweep 725) and recorded
"pB, pL, R, mbM." R.J.
Mitchell, observing at Birr Castle on 10 Apr 1855, recorded "...the
brightest part [core] seems excentric, being nearer the nf edge. From this I suspect a branch [spiral
arm] round n to sp." A sketch (figure 25 in the 1861 publication) clearly
shows the spiral arm as a ring with the core embedded on the northeast
side.
Max Wolf found
this galaxy in 1903 on a Heidelberg plate and assumed it was new. Although the NGC position is accurate,
Dreyer recatalogued NGC 4618 as IC 3675.
******************************
NGC 4626 = MCG
-01-32-040 = Holm 441b = PGC 42680
12 42 25.3 -07
02 39
V = 11.9; Size 1.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 11.4; PA = 35d
17.5"
(5/22/93): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE. A mag 14 star is 1.5' SSE. Forms a similar pair (size, elongation
and position angle) with NGC 4628 5' N but has an almost even and lower surface
brightness.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4626 = H II-772 = h1393 = h3410, along with NGC 4628, on 20 Mar
1789 (sweep 913) and noted "F, S, E." JH made a single observation
from the Cape of the Good Hope and logged "vF; lE; glbM."
******************************
NGC 4627 = Arp
281 NED1 = UGC 7860 = MCG +06-28-019 = CGCG 188-015 = Holm 442b = PGC 42620
12 41 59.7 +32
34 26
V = 12.4; Size 2.6'x1.8'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 10d
13.1"
(5/26/84): faint, small, slightly elongated SSW-NNE. Located 2.6' NW of the center of the remarkable galaxy NGC
4631 and is completely overshadowed by its beauty.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4627 = H II-659 = h1391 on 20 Mar 1787 (sweep 722) and logged
"F, S, R, just np the large following one [NGC 4631]." JH's position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 4628 = MCG
-01-32-041 = Mrk 1333 = Holm 441a = PGC 42681
12 42 25.3 -06
58 17
V = 13.7; Size 1.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 46d
17.5"
(5/22/93): fairly faint, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE, 1.2'x0.4', even
concentration down to a small bright core. Two mag 11 stars are just 1.5' N and 1.5' NE and two mag 10
stars are in the field 7' E and 7' ESE.
This galaxy is the slightly brighter of a pair of very similar very
elongated systems with NGC 4626 4.4' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4628 = H II-773 = h1394 = h3411, along with NGC 4626, on 20 Mar
1789 (sweep 913) and noted "F, S, E." JH made a single observation from the Cape of the Good Hope
and logged "vF; R or lE; glbM."
******************************
NGC 4629 = UGC
7869 = MCG +00-32-037 = CGCG 014-109 = PGC 42692
12 42 32.7 -01
21 04
V = 13.3; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 80d
17.5"
(5/22/93): faint, round, 1.2' diameter, low surface brightness, weak
concentration, diffuse halo. Forms
a pair with UGC 7883 10' NE. Gamma
Virgo = Porrima is just out of the field 15' SW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4629 on 19 Feb 1863 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. There is nothing at
his position (measured only this night).
Reinmuth
describes NGC 4629 as a pair of mag 14 stars at 0.7' distance. These two stars are 4' due south of
d'Arrst's position, and a plausible candidate, though I would think would be
too easily resolved. RNGC classifies
the number as nonexistent and NGC 4629 is not plotted on the first edition of
the Uranometria 2000.0 Sky Atlas.
Harold Corwin identifies NGC 4629 = UGC 7869 = PGC 42692, located 27'
due north of d'Arrest's position.
UGC, MCG and CGCG do not identify this galaxy as NGC 4629, although NED,
HyperLeda and the NGC/IC Project use this identification.
******************************
NGC 4630 = UGC
7871 = MCG +01-32-136 = CGCG 042-208 = CGCG 043-001 = PGC 42688
12 42 31.2 +03
57 30
V = 12.7; Size 1.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 10d
17.5"
(2/28/87): moderately bright, fairly small, brighter core, oval ~N-S. CGCG 043-003 lies 18' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4630 = H II-532 = h1395 on 2 Feb 1786 (sweep 521) and noted
"vF, S, lbM." His
position is at the northwest edge of UGC 7871. JH made the single observation "vF; vS; R."
******************************
NGC 4631 = Whale
Galaxy = Arp 281 NED2 = UGC 7865 = MCG +06-28-020 = CGCG 188-016 = Holm 442a =
PGC 42637
12 42 06.5 +32
32 24
V = 9.2; Size 15.5'x2.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 86d
48"
(4/16/15): Although I've viewed NGC 4631 a few previous times in the 48-inch,
it is difficult to take notes as the amount of structure is overwhelming. At 375x with a 13mm Ethos (16' field),
the galaxy stretches across nearly the entire field and consists of numerous
bright luminous patches and irregular dark patches. The overall shape is
asymmetric; gradually tapering down to nearly a point on the west end, bulging
in the center and broader along the eastern side, only narrowing significantly
near the very tip.
A mag 13.5-14
star is just north of the western tip.
A relatively bright knot (NGC 4631:[HK83]#91-94, from Hodge and
Kennicutt's 1983 "An Atlas of H II regions in 125 galaxies") lies
0.6' SE of this star and 5.8' W of center. Several obvious bright knots and splotchy regions line the
western side of galaxy: #83 is 4.6' W of center, #79 is 3.9' W of center,
#72/74 (fainter spot) is 3.2' W of center, #63/64 (prominent region) is 2.2' W
of center.
A mag 12.5 star
is at the north edge near the geometric center. There is no obvious core to the galaxy, though several
bright patches are near the center.
#47 is a luminous patch 1' S of the mag 12.5 star and #39/41 is a very
bright patch 1.5' ESE of the star.
Additional HII patches are lined up on the east side, mostly along the
northern edge of the galaxy.
#33-36 is a large, very bright patch (star cloud?) 2.4' ENE of center
and #19/20 is a smaller knot 3.2' E of center. The galaxy bulges out (star association?) on the south side,
near the eastern end (3.3' from center) and contains #17/18/21/22. The dusty eastern tip of the galaxy has
a very faint HII knot (#5-7).
17.5"
(6/5/99): at 280x (14' field) this remarkable galaxy runs edge to edge across
the field! The surface brightness
is unusually irregular with bright and dark mottling across the surface. There is no well-defined core but a
prominent knot is close following (east) the geometric center along the north
side and a second weaker knot is along the west side. The north edge has an unusually "scalloped"
appearance particularly along the west side due to dust and brighter
splotches. The galaxy gradually
bulges towards the center and tapers at the tips, particularly along the west
end. A mag 13 star is situated
just north of the edge at the geometric center and NGC 4627 appears to hover
over this "starship" a couple of arc miinutes northwest of center.
13.1"
(5/26/84): stunning galaxy, very bright, unusually large and interesting
edge-on E-W, 15'x1.5'. A bright
knot is east of the core and a faint knot is west of core. Appears very mottled along the major
axis. A mag 13 star is just north
of the core. NGC 4627, a companion
galaxy, lies 2.6' NW of the center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4631 = H V-42 = h1397 on 20 Mar 1787 (sweep 722) and recorded
"vB, mE from sp to nf, but near the parallel. About 16' long and mbM. A little below the center of it is a small star, but
probably unconnected." John
Herschel made two observations and called it (sweep 74) "vmE; a long ray
which crosses the whole field, rather curved upwards (to south). Has a vF nucleus and a B * nearly in the
parallel." His sketch of the
pair is on plate XV, figure 76 of the Slough Observations.
Three
observations were made at Birr Castle and LdR (or assistant William Rambaut)
wrote in 1848 "A most extraordinary object with a B * near the centre, and
at the right [north] masses of light appear through it in knots." A detailed sketch by George Stoney on
19 Apr 1849 was published in the 1850 PT paper. William Lassell's sketch with his 48-inch is in his 1867
publication on plate V, figure 24.
To determine a position, Kobold measured two of the knots/star clouds -
one on the west side (#63/64) and the bright region east of the geometric
center (#33-36).
******************************
NGC 4632 = UGC
7870 = MCG +00-32-038 = CGCG 014-110 = PGC 42689
12 42 32.1 -00
04 57
V = 11.7; Size 3.1'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 63d
17.5"
(2/28/87): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, mildly
concentrated.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4632 = H I-14 = h1396 on 22 Feb 1784 (sweep 153) and recorded
"not cometic, seems to be resolvable and much like the foregoing [NGC
4592]. JH made a single
observation under poor conditions, but his position matches UGC 7870.
******************************
NGC 4633 = IC
3688 = UGC 7874 = MCG +03-32-085 = CGCG 099-111 = CGCG 100-001 = Holm 445b =
PGC 42699
12 42 37.2 +14
21 31
V = 13.1; Size 2.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 30d
17.5"
(5/22/93): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 1.2x0.8, no central
concentration, halo fades into background. A mag 13 star is just off the NW edge of halo 0.8' from
center. Forms a pair with NGC 4634
3.8' SSE.
Edward Swift,
Lewis' 16 year-old son, discovered NGC 4633 = Sw VI-46 on 27 Apr 1887 and
recorded "eeF; pS; R; F star close preceding.; [NGC 4634] nr
preceding." The Swifts'
position is 0.2 min of RA west of UGC 7874. The description should read "F star close
following". Both Herschels
missed this galaxy, although both observed nearby NGC 4634.
Arnold
Schwassmann found it again on a plate taken with the 6" astrograph at
Heidelberg at the turn of the century and assumed Sn. 295 (later IC 3688) was
new, possibly due to the discrepancy in RA, or not checking the NGC carefully.
In any case, NGC 4633 = IC 3688.
******************************
NGC 4634 = UGC
7875 = MCG +03-32-086 =CGCG 099-112 = CGCG 100-002 = Holm 445a = PGC 42707
12 42 41.0 +14
17 46
V = 12.4; Size 2.6'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 156d
17.5"
(5/22/93): moderately bright, edge-on 4:1 NNW-SSE, 3.0'x0.7', weak concentration. Forms a pair with NGC 4633 3.8'
NNW. This galaxy is fairly
striking.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4634 = H III-603 = h1398 on 14 Jan 1787 (sweep 691) and recorded
"vF, about 2 1/2' long, from np to sf." His position and description matches UGC 7874, though both
Herschel's missed nearby NGC 4633.
******************************
NGC 4635 = UGC
7876 = MCG +03-32-087 =CGCG 099-113 = CGCG 100=003 = PGC 42704
12 42 39.1 +19
56 44
V = 12.6; Size 2.0'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 170d
17.5"
(5/22/93): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 4:3 ~N-S, 1.6'x1.2', broad
weak concentration.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4635 = h1400 on 17 Mar 1831 and logged "eF L; bM; 3'
diam." The comment "an
over-estimation" was later added. His mean position (2 observations)
matches UGC 7876 = PGC 42704.
******************************
NGC 4636 = UGC
7878 = MCG +01-32-137 = CGCG 043-002 = PGC 42734
12 42 49.6 +02
41 18
V = 9.5; Size 6.0'x4.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 150d
17.5"
(3/24/90): very bright, large, slightly elongated NW-SE, very bright core,
substellar nucleus, extensive halo appears mottled. Located between two mag 12/13 stars 3.4' NNW and 3.1' S,
respectively.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4636 = H II-38 = h1399 = h1401 on 23 Feb 1784 (sweep 158) and
recorded "pB, pL. It seems to
be of the resolvable kind, and is of an irregular shape." JH measured two good positions under
h1399, logging "B; L; R; vgvmbM but not to a nucleus." in sweep
238. But on sweep 142, he listed
it again as h1401, a possible "Nova", this time with a 1¡ error in
declination (too far north).
******************************
NGC 4637 = UGC
7881 = MCG +02-32-188 = CGCG 071-007 = PGC 42744
12 42 54.1 +11
26 16
V = 14.5; Size 1.1'x0.5'; PA = 97d
24"
(5/25/14): at 225x, this companion to NGC 4638 appeared extremely faint, fairly
small, elongated 5:2 E-W, ~25"x10". Required averted vision and could not hold for fairly brief
intervals. Located 1.6' E of the
center of NGC 4638.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 4637 on 1 Mar 1854 using LdR's 72" and recorded a
"Double nebula [including II-70 = NGC 4638], faint nebulosity connects
them." No comment was made on
the relative brightnesses or orientation and there were no further observations
at Birr Castle or by any others.
RNGC identifies NGC 4637 with an extremely faint spindle-shaped galaxy
just following NGC 4638. Although this is identification is reasonable
(repeated by Carlson), the RNGC magnitude of 12.0 is greatly in error and the
identifications of NGC 4637/4638 are reversed in MCG.
But Dreyer
comments in the NGC notes "It is very possible that the Birr observer
mistook M60 and III 44 [NGC 4647] for h1402 and a nova." In his
photographic survey "Die Herschel Nebel", Karl Reinmuth notes
"not found, = NGC 4647?"
Adelaide Ames also states "not found" in the Virgo-Coma Survey
at Harvard College Observatory, Vol 88, No 1. See Harold Corwin's identification notes for further
analysis but the identification of NGC 4637 is uncertain - either applying to
the faint companion of NGC 4638 or the companion of M60.
******************************
NGC 4638 = NGC
4667? = UGC 7880 = MCG +02-32-187 = CGCG 070-230 = CGCG 071-006 = PGC 42728
12 42 47.4 +11
26 32
V = 11.2; Size 2.2'x1.4'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 125d
24"
(5/25/14): very bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 1.2'x0.6',
sharply concentrated with a very bright, very elongated core (bar or edge-on
S0?) and a much fainter oval halo.
NGC 4637, an extremely faint companion, is 1.6' E of center.
17.5"
(4/25/87): moderately bright, very elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE, fairly small, bright
core, substellar nucleus. Located
between M59 and M60.
13.1"
(5/14/83): fairly bright, small, bright core, elongated.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4638 = H II-70 = H II-176 = h1402 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 174) and
simply noted "a nebula."
His position is 5' south of UGC 7880, but fairly close in RA. JH recorded "F; R; gbM." His position was 2' south. NGC 4667 may be a duplicate observation
(see notes on that number).
MCG reverses the
identifications of NGC 4637 and 4638 (see NGC 4637 for more).
******************************
NGC 4639 = UGC
7884 = MCG +02-32-189 = CGCG 070-2310 = CGCG 071-008 = PGC 42741
12 42 52.3 +13
15 26
V = 11.5; Size 2.8'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 123d
17.5"
(4/13/02): moderately bright and large, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 1.5'x1.0', broad
concentration to a larger, brighter core.
The core increases sharply to a small bright nucleus. A mag 12.5 star is close following just
1.0' from center.
17.5"
(4/21/90): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 1.6'x1.0',
faint stellar nucleus. A mag 12
star is just off the SE side 1.0' from the center. NGC 4654 lies 17' SE and NGC 4659 is 28' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4639 = H II-125 = h1403 on 12 Apr 1784 (sweep 189) and noted
"not vF; S; r." His
position is 3.7' north of UGC 7884. JH noted "B; E; has a * 12m sf; 1'
dist."
R.J. Mitchell,
observing with LdR's 72" on 22 Apr 1854, recorded "a remarkable
object. Spiral? Suspected a twist to the left at the
preceding end." Five nights
later he logged "saw tonight the curve in p part previously
remarked."
******************************
NGC 4640 = UGC
7888 = MCG +02-32-190 = CGCG 071-009 = Holm 446a = PGC 42753
12 42 57.8 +12
17 12
V = 13.5; Size 1.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 45d
18"
(4/29/06): very faint, moderately large, elongated ~3:2 ~E-W, 0.9'x0.6', low
even surface brightness. Located
3.4' NE of a mag 10.5-11 star. NGC
4641 lies 14' S.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 4640 = Sw VI-47, along with NGC 4641, on 17 Apr 1887 and
recorded "eF; pL; lE; * nr p; np of 2 [with NGC 4641]." His position
is just 30" south of UGC 7888, although the nearest star he might have
picked up is 1.5' due south (a brighter one is 3.4' southwest).
******************************
NGC 4641 = UGC
7889 = MCG +02-32-191 = CGCG 071-011 = PGC 42769
12 43 07.6 +12
03 03
V = 13.2; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 170d
17.5"
(4/13/02): very faint, small, slightly elongated N-S, low surface brightness,
0.6'x0.45'. Located 1' NW of a mag
12.5 star. The declination in the
RNGC is one degree too far south.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 4641 = Sw VI-48, along with NGC 4640, on 17 Apr 1887 and
recorded "eF; pL; R; F * nr f; sf of 2 [with NGC 4640]." His position is 5 sec of RA west of UGC
7889 and the star he mentions is 1' southeast.
The RNGC
declination is exactly 1 degree too far south. Furthermore, this error is repeated in NGC 2000.0 and the
galaxy is misplotted on the first edition of Uranometria 2000 Sky Atlas. UGC, MCG, CGCG and RC3 all give the
correct declination. Listed in my
RNGC Corrections list #2.
******************************
NGC 4642 = UGC
7893 = MCG +00-33-004 = CGCG 015-007 = PGC 42791
12 43 17.7 -00
38 40
V = 12.9; Size 1.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 37d
17.5" (2/28/87):
fairly faint, elongated SSW-NNE, fairly small. A mag 15 star is involved at the NE end. Forms a pair with NGC 4653 10' NE near
the edge of the 220x field.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4642 = H III-494 on 1 Jan 1786 (sweep 507) and noted "eF, vS." CH's reduction is 1' south of UGC 7893.
******************************
NGC 4643 = UGC
7895 = MCG +00-33-005 = CGCG 015-008 = PRC D-22 = PGC 42797
12 43 20.2 +01
58 41
V = 10.8; Size 3.1'x2.3'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 130d
17.5"
(3/24/90): fairly bright, moderately large, oval NW-SE, prominent core. Three mag 11-14 stars lie northwest,
the closest is a mag 11.5 star 2.4' NW of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4643 = H I-10 = h1404 on 24 Jan 1784 (sweep 121) and noted
"pB, S." His summary description
from 4 observations is "vB, pL, lE, gmbM, 2' l, 1 1/2' br." JH called it "B; S; lE;
psbM." and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4644 = UGC
7887 = MCG +09-21-030 = CGCG 270-014 = Holm 447a = LGG 300-001 = PGC 42708
12 42 42.6 +55
08 43
V = 13.9; Size 1.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 53d
24"
(5/30/16): at 225x; fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE,
0.9'x0.3'. Contains a bright
elongated core. NGC 4644 is the
northernmost in a group of galaxies (LGG 300) including NGC 4669, 4675, 4686,
4695 and UGC 7905 (double).
NGC 4644 is the
western component of a close pair with much fainter NGC 4644B = MCG +09-21-032
1.4' E. The companion appeared
very faint, very elongated 3:1 NW-SE, 30"x10". Despite a low surface brightness, it
was easier than I expected based on the SDSS magnitudes (V ~15.0).
18"
(6/28/03): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 0.8'x0.3', weak
concentration with a slightly brighter core. Forms the north vertex of an isosceles triangle with two mag
12 star 6' SW and 6' ESE. First in
a group of 6 NGC galaxies (LGG 300) with 4 on a line stretching from NGC
4644/4669/4675/4686. A very faint
edge-on (NGC 4644B = PGC 42725) just 1.7' following was not noticed.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4644 = H II-794.1 = h1406 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 921) and noted
"F, S." His re-reduced
position (with respect to Epsilon UMa) is 2' west (12 sec of time) of UGC 7887. JH recorded "eF; vS; R; gbM;
10"." His position also
matches UGC 7887, although he thought it was a new discovery. H II-794.1 refers to NGC 4646. See that number.
On 25 Apr 1878,
Dreyer observed the field from Birr Castle, and described "3177 [NGC 4644]
is eF, vS, E sp nf, small companion or star 3/4' f." The "small companion or star"
is the nucleus of NGC 4644B = PGC 42725, which did not receive a NGC
designation. See notes for NGC
4646 for more on this observation.
******************************
NGC 4645 = ESO
322-066 = MCG -07-26-037 = PGC 42879
12 44 09.9 -41
45 01
V = 11.8; Size 2.2'x1.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 52d
17.5"
(4/7/89): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, sharp
concentration. Member of the
Centaurus cluster.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4645 = h3412 on 8 Jun 1834 and recorded "pB; S; psbM; 12".". His position is ~2' west of ESO
322-066, the only nearby galaxy.
******************************
NGC 4646 = UGC
7892 = MCG +09-21-031 = CGCG 270-015 = PGC 42740
12 42 52.1 +54
51 21
V = 13.4; Size 0.6'x0.3'; Surf Br = 11.4; PA = 18d
24"
(5/30/16): at 225x; moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1
SSW-NNE, 0.6'x0.3', bright
irregular core seems knotty. A mag
14.8 star is very close to the northeast edge. Four collinear mag 13-14.5 stars extending to the northwest
begins 2.5' W.
UGC 7905, a
disturbed, interacting system with tidal tails extending from both galaxies,
lies 8.5' ENE. The pair is
oriented SSW to NNE with centers separated by 35". At 225x, the southwest member (Mrk 220)
appeared fairly faint, small, high surface brightness, roundish, 18"
diameter. The northeast component
(Mrk 221) appeared faint, fairly small, 18", low surface brightness. Only
the central region was seen and I missed the tidal tail extending to the north and
east.
18"
(6/28/03): fairly faint, small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 0.5'x0.25', stellar
nucleus. There appears to be a
faint star at the NE tip (verified on DSS). A striking line of four mag 13-14 stars (total length 2.8')
is close NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4646 = H II-910 = H II-794.2 = h1407 on 2 Apr 1791 (sweep 1001)
and noted "F, S". His
position (CH's reduction) is within 1' of UGC 7891. WH incorrectly assumed this object was II-794 = NGC 4644,
located 16' north, and didn't assign a new internal number or include it
separately in his catalogues. JH
recorded "Has 4 vS stars south-preceding in a line." His position matches UGC 7891, though
the string of stars is north-preceding.
JH sorted out
the confusion with WH's two observations of II-794 in preparing the GC and
listed them as II-794.1 and II-794.2.
Dreyer concurs these are different objects in "Scientific Papers of
William Herschel" and introduced the new number II-910 for the second
observation.
Dreyer examined
the field at Birr Castle on 25 Apr 1878.
After observing NGC 4644, he moved 20' south and described NGC 4646 as
"pB, E 50¡, biN (Dist. 23"), 4 st nearly in a line p and a little n,
3'-4' from neb." The second "nucleus" is a very faint star at
the northeast edge of the galaxy.
Then he reported "A third nebula, biN in Pos. 16.5¡, Dist 44",
sp Nucl much the brighter, other one fainter and smaller, perhaps composed of
st. This nebula is in Pos 71.5¡, Dist 533" from [GC] 3179 [NGC
4646]." At this separation from NGC 4646 is the double galaxy UGC 7905,
which fits Dreyer's description. He assumed this nebula was [GC] 5668 = NGC
4669, so UGC 7905 did not receive a NGC designation.
******************************
NGC 4647 = Arp
116 NED1 = VV 206b = Holm 448b = UGC 7896 = MCG +02-33-001 = CGCG 071-015 = WBL
421-001 = PGC 42816
12 43 32.5 +11
34 56
V = 11.3; Size 2.9'x2.3'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 125d
17.5"
(4/25/87): forms a close double with M60.
Located just off the NW edge 2.8' from the center of M60. Fairly faint, pretty large diffuse
halo, small brighter core. Appears
slightly smaller than M60 but clearly less concentrated.
13.1"
(5/14/83): faint, moderately large, diffuse. Forms a close pair with M60.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4647 = H III-44 = h1405 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 174) and noted
"Two nebula, one of them [M60] vB." JH made 4 observations. NGC 4637 is possibly a reobservation
of this galaxy (see that number).
******************************
NGC 4648 = UGC
7868 = MCG +13-09-029 = CGCG 352-039 = Kaz 31 = PGC 42595
12 41 44.4 +74
25 16
V = 12.0; Size 2.1'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 70d
18"
(5/8/04): fairly bright, moderately large, strongly concentrated with a bright
30" core and a much fainter halo ~1' in diameter. Situated within a wedge-shaped group of
8 stars. A striking mag 8.1/10.5
pair 7' W is collinear with the galaxy (oriented E-W). NGC 4589 lies 22' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4648 = H I-274 = h1410 on 22 Nov 1797 (sweep 1064) and logged
"cB, vS, 6 or 7' following a coarse double star." JH made 5 observations and recorded
"F; S; bM", along with an accurate position, on sweep 348.
******************************
NGC 4649 = M60 =
Arp 116 NED2 = VV 206a = Holm 448a = UGC 7898 = MCG +02-33-002 = CGCG 071-016 =
WBL 421-002 = PGC 42831
12 43 39.8 +11
33 11
V = 8.8; Size 7.4'x6.0'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 105d
48"
(4/19/17): at 697x; M60 and NGC 4647 were viewed but my main target was UCD 1,
the brightest ultra-compact dwarf in M60.
It appeared as a very faint, possibly "soft" star, just
visible continuously with averted vision, and situated 1.4' SW of the center of
M60. The UCD forms a wide pair
with a slightly brighter mag 16.5 star 0.5' NW. CGCG 071-018 lies 6' SE of M60 and was logged as fairly
faint (V = 15.5), moderately large, very elongated 3:1 E-W, 0.6'x0.2', fairly
even low surface brightness.
17.5"
(4/25/87): very bright, fairly large, diffuse halo, slightly elongated ~E-W,
very bright core with a bright substellar nucleus. Forms a double system with NGC 4647 which is almost tangent
to M60 barely off the NW edge.
13":
bright, very bright nucleus, slightly elongated ~E-W.
Johann Koehler
discovered M60 and M59 on 11 Apr 1779 and noted "Two very small nebulae,
hardly visible in a 3-foot telescope: The one above the other." Koehler was tracking the comet of that
year. Oriani independently
discovered M60 on 12 Apr 1779, noting "Very pale and looking exactly like
the comet." Also, Messier
made an independent discovery on 15 Apr 1779 (along with M58 and M59).
WH first
recorded it on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 174) as "Two nebula [with NGC 4647], one
of them vB."
******************************
NGC 4650 = ESO
322-067 = MCG -07-26-038 = LGG 298-041 = PGC 42891
12 44 19.5 -40
43 55
V = 11.6; Size 3.2'x2.8'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 83d
48"
(4/21/17): at 488x; bright, moderately large, round, sharply concentrated with
an intense core surounded by a roundish, mottled halo ~1 diameter. A mag 15 star is 0.5' SW of center at
the edge of the halo and a mag 15.5 star is 0.3' NE of center in the halo.
PGC 42911,
situated just 1.8' E, appeared fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 5:2
E-W, 0.6'x0.25', low surface brightness.
NGC 4650A, a well-known polar ring galaxy 5.7' ENE, appeared fairly
faint to moderately bright, fairly small, oval 4:3 or 3:2 WSW-ESE, small
brighter core. The polar ring
extensions were extremely faint and difficult, though viewed in windy
conditions.
24"
(4/12/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x appeared bright, fairly
large, round, strong even concentration with a very bright core inceasing to a
small nucleus. A faint star is on
the west side of the halo. NGC
4650A, a famous polar-ring galaxy, lies 5.6' ENE and PGC 42911 is a mere 1.9' E
of center. The close companion
appeared fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 ~E-W, 0.6'x0.3', even
surface brightness.
48" (5/12/12):
NGC 4650A appeared moderately bright, fairly small, oval 3:2 WSW-ESE,
24"x16". The polar ring
was occasionally visible as faint, thin extensions oriented NNW-SSE. Need to reobserve as viewed through
thin clouds.
17.5"
(4/7/89): very faint, small, oval WNW-ESE, bright core. Appears slightly brighter than NGC
4622A 5.8' WNW. The unusual
polar-ring galaxy NGC 4650A lies 5.6' ENE (not recorded). Member of the Centaurus cluster (AGC
3526).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4650 = h3413 on 26 Jun 1834 and recorded "vF; R; bM;
r. Wind violent." He later added the note "Right
reduced. The degree of PD certainly
correct." His position is
accurate, though MCG does not label this galaxy as NGC 4650.
******************************
NGC 4651 = Arp
189 = VV 56 = UGC 7901 = MCG +03-33-001 = CGCG 100-004 = LGG 289-096 = PGC
42833
12 43 42.6 +16
23 36
V = 10.8; Size 4.0'x2.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 80d
18"
(4/10/04): bright, large, elongated 3:2 ~E-W. Well-concentrated with a very bright, elongated 1.0'x0.6'
core which increases to the center.
Surrounding the core is a large, low surface brightness halo increasing
the size to at least 2.5'x1.4' and perhaps 3'x2'.
13.1":
fairly bright, slightly elongated, broad moderate concentration, fainter
extensions ~E-W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4651 = H II-12 = h1409 on 30 Dec 1783 (sweep 74) and recorded
"vF, pL, almost R but not cometic, about 3/4 degree sp 27 Coma Ber. CH's reduction is a poor match (common
in his early sweeps), but his offset from 27 Com matches. JH
made 4 observations and measured a fairly accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4652 = MCG
+10-18-078 = CGCG 293-035 = PGC 42802
12 43 19.7 +58
57 54
V = 14.6; Size 1.1'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 40d
18"
(5/12/07): very faint, elongated 5:2 SW-NE, 0.8'x0.3', very weak
concentration. Located 5'-6' NNW
of a wide pair of mag 7.9 (HD 110762) and 9.6 (HD 238153) stars.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4652 = h1413 on 1 May 1831 and recorded "Not vF, pL,
gbM. It is almost 6' dist np two
stars sts 8 and 10m". His
position is 15 sec of RA preceding CGCG 293-035 = PGC 42802, but the two bright
stars are just where he placed them southeast. Interestingly, Dreyer insisted the two stars were northwest,
while observing at Birr Castle on 27 Apr 1875.
******************************
NGC 4653 = UGC
7900 = MCG +00-33-006 = CGCG 015-009 = PGC 42847
12 43 51.0 -00
33 40
V = 12.2; Size 3.1'x2.7'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 30d
17.5"
(2/28/87): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, fairly even surface
brightness. A mag 11 star is 2.7'
SE and a mag 13 star 1.4' SE of center.
In a group with NGC 4642 10' SW, NGC 4666 20' ENE and NGC 4668 25' ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4653 = H III-662 on 11 Apr 1787 (sweep 726) and recorded "vF,
pL." His position is 10 sec
of RA too large. JH did not make
an observation.
******************************
NGC 4654 = UGC
7902 = MCG +02-33-004 = CGCG 071-019 = IC 3708 = PGC 42857
12 43 56.5 +13
07 33
V = 10.5; Size 4.9'x2.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 128d
17.5"
(4/21/90): bright, large, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, bright core, mottled. Appears to have a dust lane along the
north side. Several bright stars
are in the field including a mag 10 star 3.2' WNW, a mag 11 star 6.1' NE and a
mag 12 star 2.1' N. NGC 4639 lies
17' NW.
IC 3708 is the
northwest arm of the galaxy or a knot in the middle of the arm.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4654 = H II-126 = h1411 on 12 Apr 1784 (sweep 189) and noted
"pF, pL, E, r." JH
recorded (sweep 192) "vF; vL; 2' l, 90" br; 3 stars near, one = 9th
mag." In sweep 245 he
questioned if "it is double nebula?".
Harold Corwin
identifies IC 3708, found by Schwassmann in 1900 using a plate taken by Wolf
with the 6" astrograph at Heidelberg, as the northwestern arm of NGC 4654.
******************************
NGC 4655 = MCG
+07-26-042 = CGCG 216-021 = PGC 42823
12 43 36.5 +41
01 07
V = 14.1; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.9
18"
(3/30/05): faint, small, round, contains a very small brighter core. A mag 13.5 star lies 0.9' E of
center. Forms a pair with IC 3713
10' NE (not looked for).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4655 = H II-661 = h1412 on 9 Apr 1787 (sweep 725) and recorded
"pB, vS, stellar. Just p a
smal star. Not verified, but not
much doubt. His position is just
1' southeast of CGCG 216-021 = PGC 42823.
******************************
NGC 4656 =
Hockey Stick Galaxy = UGC 7907a = MCG +05-30-066a = CGCG 159-065a = LGG 299-006
= PGC 42863
12 43 58.2 +32
10 13
V = 10.5; Size 15.1'x3.0'; Surf Br = 14.5; PA = 33d
48" (4/23/17):
this showpiece galaxy was viewed at 375x and 488x and the structure/details was
very comparable to the POSS2. The
galaxy extended ~8'x1' SW-NE, though it has a much lower surface brightness on
the SW end. It is well
concentrated with a very bright and large, elongated core on the south end of
the brighter half, giving a very asymmetric appearance. A bright stellar or quasi-stellar knot
is at the southwest edge of the core (this is a huge star cloud on the HST
image identified in SIMBAD as [BKD2008] WR 462, from a 2008 paper on Wolf-Rayet
features) and 2MASS J12435666+3210138.
A faint (17th mag?) stellar object is close east.
The low surface
brightness southwest portion of the galaxy to is broader than the northeast
section. It includes a faint,
quasi-stellar knot (identified in SIMBAD as CasHII N4656a, from a 1984 Case
University survey of HII regions in blue galaxies) along the western edge with
a SDSS magnitude of 17.8V.
At least 4 main
HII complexes are at the northeast end of the galaxy (NGC 4657), including a
separate detached section. On the
southwest edge is a bright knot, ~8" diameter, catalogued in SIMBAD as
CasHII N4656f and in NED as NGC 4656:[DBT2008] 85 from a 2008 paper on massive
clusters. A brighter 10"
knot, identified in NED as 2MASX J12440599+3212340, is ~20" N, also along
the west edge of the NE extension.
The northeast end of the galaxy (NGC 4657) has a sharp extension to the
east with a slightly brighter patch, identified in NED as 2MASX
J12440844+3212340. Finally a bright, elongated patch ~30"x15"
oriented NNW-SSE is detached to the east.
SIMBAD identifies this object as NGC 4657, though the NGC designation
should probably apply to the entire bent NE end of the galaxy.
18"
(5/14/07): this fascinating galaxy forms one of the most striking pairs in the
sky with NGC 4631 32' NW. At 220x,
the distorted shape extends ~9'x1.5' in a SW-NE orientation. On first glance, it appears the bulging
core is offset at the SW end, though with averted vision a very low surface
brightness broader extension continues to the the SW of the core for several
arcminutes before fading into the background. The core is very bright and mottled with a bright knot (HII
region) jutting out to the west at the southwest end of the core. The NE extension has a remarkable,
fairly bright 2' extension (NGC 4657), hooking to the east at a 45¡ angle from
the major axis (the "blade" of the hockey stick). There is a small, faint, detached knot
beyond the east end of the "blade" that appears to have broken off. The unusual bend and knot at the NE end
is a result of a prior tidal interaction with its more massive neighbor, NGC
4631.
13.1"
(4/10/86): striking!, fairly bright, very elongated SW-NE. Appears wider and brighter at the SW
end. The NE end hooks sharply east
to merge with NGC 4657 which may be a part of NGC 4656 and not a separate
galaxy. A star or knot is attached at the south end. Appears like a celestial hockey stick!
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4656 = H I-176 = h1414, along with NGC 4657, on 20 Mar 1787
(sweep 722) and recorded "Two, their nebulosity join; they are both
elongated and together form the shape of the letter "S". The most south [NGC 4656] cB, mbM. The most north [NGC 4657], pB from sp
to nf, but very near the meridian.
John Herschel made a total of 5 observations. In sweep 342 he noted, "a long nebulous ray pos = 34.3¡
(by micrometer). Its southern half
is fainter than its northern. It
meets and cuts? another nebula [NGC 4657]. A strange object." A sketch was published in plate 15, Figure 75 in his Slough
Observations.
Bindon Stoney
sketched the pair at Birr Castle on Apr 26 1851 (included in LdR's 1861
publication). The following year
he called this pair "like a caterpillar on a leaf."
******************************
NGC 4657 = UGC
7907b = MCG +05-30-066b = CGCG 159-065b = PGC 42863
12 44 08.2 +32
12 32
Size
1.1'x0.7'; PA = 90d
48"
(4/23/17): NGC 4657 consists of at least 4 main HII complexes at the northeast
end of NGC 4657, including a separate detached section. On the southwest edge is a bright knot,
~8" diameter, catalogued in SIMBAD as CasHII N4656f and in NED as NGC
4656:[DBT2008] 85 from a 2008 paper on massive clusters. A brighter 10" knot, identified in
NED as 2MASX J12440599+3212340, is ~20" N, also along the west edge of the
NE extension. The northeast end of
the galaxy (NGC 4657) has a sharp extension to the east with a slightly
brighter patch, identified in NED as 2MASX J12440844+3212340. Finally a bright,
elongated patch ~30"x15" oriented NNW-SSE is detached to the
east. SIMBAD identifies this
object as NGC 4657, though the NGC designation should probably apply to the
entire bent NE end of the galaxy.
18"
(5/14/07): The north end of NGC 4656 has a remarkable, fairly bright 2'
extension (NGC 4657), hooking to the east at a 45¡ angle from the major axis
(the "blade" of the hockey stick). There is a faint, small, detached knot beyond the east end
of the "blade" that appears to have broken off. This unusual bend and knot is likely a
starburst region of NGC 4656 and the result of a prior tidal interaction with
its more massive neighbor, NGC 4631.
13.1"
(4/10/86): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated NNW-SSE. NGC 4657 is attached at the NE end of
the remarkable galaxy NGC 4656 and elongated at nearly a right angle to the
curving section of NGC 4656 just west.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4657 = H I-177 = h1415 on 20 Mar 1787 (sweep 722). See descriptions under NGC 4656.
The UGC, MCG and
CGCG list a single entry for the pair and NGC 4657 may be a tidally disturbed
"tail" of NGC 4656 and not an independent galaxy. The primary designation for this object
in NED is NGC 4656 NED02, with NGC 4657 the second identification. The position is on NE warped section
(elongated E-W) of NGC 4656. The
position is SIMBAD, though, is on the partially detached section close east
with classification HII galaxy.
HyperLeda has a listing for 2MASXJ12440844+3212340, with secondary
designation NGC 4657 and object type "Part of galaxy". Corwin's position is on the brightest
patch on the west side of E-W tail.
******************************
NGC 4658 = MCG
-02-33-001 = PGC 42929
12 44 37.7 -10
05 03
V = 12.5; Size 2.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 0d
17.5"
(3/23/85): moderately bright, elongated ~N-S, appears mottled or irregular. Located 2.5' E of mag 8.6 SAO
138945. A faint mag 14.5 star is
off the NW edge 0.6' from center.
Forms a pair with NGC 4663 7.2' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4658 = H II-558 = h3414 on 25 Mar 1786 (sweep 546) and recorded
"F, E in meridian [N-S], nearly 3' l, following a cB star." NGC 4658 was discovered by WH (II
558). JH logged "eF; attached
like a wisp to a * 16m; a * 9m precedes."
******************************
NGC 4659 = UGC
7915 = MCG +02-33-007 = CGCG 071-024 = PGC 42913
12 44 29.4 +13
29 55
V = 12.1; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 173d
17.5"
(4/13/02): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:4 ~NNW-SSE, 1.0'x0.8'. Contains a small, bright round core
embedded in a fainter halo.
Located 1.4' NE of a mag 9.8 star.
NGC 4639 lies 28' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4659 = H II-127 = h1416 on 12 Apr 1784 (sweep 189) and recorded
"F, vS, R, lbM, r, stellar."
JH logged "F; R; bM; 30".", and measured an accurate
position.
******************************
NGC 4660 = UGC
7914 = MCG +02-33-006 = CGCG 071-023 = PGC 42917
12 44 32.3 +11
11 27
V = 11.2; Size 2.2'x1.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 100d
13.1"
(4/16/83): fairly bright, small, slightly elongated E-W, very small bright
core. Located 25' SSE of M60.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4660 = H II-71 = h1417 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 174) and simply
noted as "S". There is
nothing at CH's reduced position, but 40 sec of RA following and 3' south is
UGC 7914. There are no other
galaxies in the vicinity he might have picked up and several objects in the
sweep have a poor RA. JH listed
h1417 as a Nova in the Slough catalogue and described "vB; S; vsvmbM
almost to a star." His position
matches UGC 7914.
******************************
NGC 4661 = NGC
4650B = ESO 322-072 = MCG -07-26-040 = LGG 301-004 = PGC 42983
12 45 14.8 -40
49 27
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 116d
24"
(4/12/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x this Centaurus cluster
member (AGC 3526) was moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE,
0.8'x0.4'. Located just 1' S of a
45" pair of mag 12.5 stars and 11.7' SE of NGC 4661.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4661 = h3415 on 5 Jun 1834 and logged "F; R; pL;
gbM.". His position was not
measured accurately - the RA is given to the nearest minute of time and the RA
to the nearest min of arc and marked "+/-". There is nothing at his rough position, though 16' north is
ESO 322-072 = PGC 42983, often
referred to as NGC 4650B in the literature. The letter designation originated in the RC2. Corwin notes that ESO 322-072 is the
only reasonably candidate for NGC 4661, so the identification is fairly
certain.
******************************
NGC 4662 = UGC
7917 = MCG +06-28-025 = CGCG 188-018 = PGC 42904
12 44 26.3 +37
07 15
V = 12.7; Size 1.9'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 55d
17.5":
fairly faint, moderately large, round, gradually brighter halo, very small
brighter core. A mag 14.5 star is
3.1' NW and a mag 15 star 2.5' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4662 = H II-643 = h1418 on 17 Mar 1787 (sweep 714) and noted
"F, pL, gbM, r."
JH logged "pB; pL; R; bM; 40"."
******************************
NGC 4663 = IC
811 = MCG -02-33-002 = PGC 42946
12 44 47.1 -10
11 52
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 170d
17.5"
(3/23/85): faint, edge-on ~N-S, very small, brighter core, almost stellar
nucleus. Forms a pair with NGC
4658 7' NNW.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 4663 in 1883 with the 11-inch refractor at Arcetri in
Italy. In the narrative portion of
his fifth paper (AN 2439) he described a nebula that is 8' south-following NGC
4658, but he was unable to make a measurement using the circle micrometer. This
galaxy is 7.2' south-southeast of NGC 4663, so the identification is certain,
although the NGC position is a bit off.
Bigourdan found
this galaxy on 13 May 1888, assumed it was new, and reported it in his Comptes
Rendus discovery lists as #176. As
a result, Dreyer recatalogued NGC 4663 as IC 811. See Corwin's notes on IC 811
******************************
NGC 4664 = NGC
4665 = NGC 4624 = UGC 792 = MCG +01-33-005 = CGCG 043-018 = PGC 42970
12 45 06.1 +03
03 21
See observing
notes for NGC 4665.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4664 = H II-39 on 23 Feb 1784 (sweep 158) and recorded "pB.
It contains two stars in the center and is preceded by a small star at the
distance of 1/2 or 3/4 minute."
There is nothing at his position, but 10' south is NGC 4665. In the 1912 revision of WH's catalogues,
Dreyer comments "Neither H nor h nor d'Arrest saw more than one nebula
here, it is therefore = I-142 [NGC 4665] with an error of 10' in PD." The star mentioned in the observation
clinches the identification. So,
NGC 4664 = NGC 4665. Although NGC
4664 is an earlier observation (I-142 was found on 30 Apr 1786), the modern
designation is NGC 4665. NGC 4624
may be another observation of this galaxy (see that entry).
******************************
NGC 4665 = NGC
4664 = NGC 4624: = UGC 7924 = MCG +01-33-005 = CGCG 043-018 = PGC 42970
12 45 06.1 +03
03 21
V = 10.5; Size 3.8'x3.2'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(3/24/90): bright, moderately large, oval NNW-SSE, prominent core. A mag 15 star is at the NNW end 1.2'
from center. Located 1.7' NE of a
mag 10 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4665 = H I-142 = h1419 on 30 Apr 1786 (sweep 558) and recorded
"cB, pL, iR, gmbM. His
position matches UGC 7924 = PGC 42970.
JH logged (first of two sweeps) "B; not vL; vsbM; has a * 10m 45¡
sp at 1' distance." NGC 4664
= H II-30 is a duplicate (earlier) observation, but he made a 10' error in the
north polar distance. And JH's
h1390 = NGC 4624 may also be another observation of this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 4666 = UGC
7926 = MCG +00-33-008 = CGCG 015-015 = Holm 453a = PGC 42975
12 45 08.5 -00
27 42
V = 10.7; Size 4.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 42d
17.5"
(2/28/87): very bright, edge-on 4:1 SW-NE, fairly large, 4'x1', very bright
core, mottled and streaky appearance.
A close trio of mag 11-13 stars lies 5' SE. Forms a pair with NGC 4668 8' SE, which follows the triple
star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4666 = H I-15 = h1420 on 22 Feb 1784 (sweep 153) and recorded
"E from sp to nf, seems to contain bright places in the middle; it is not
cometic, but appears to be resolvable.
It resembles the two foregoing nebula [NGC 4666 and NGC 4592] but is
narrower." JH logged "pB; mE; psbM; pos 45¡ nf or sp." and
measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4667 = NGC
4638? = UGC 7880 = MCG +02-32-187 = CGCG 070-230 = CGCG 071-006 = PGC 42728
12 42 47.4 +11
26 32
See observing
notes for NGC 4638. Identification
suggested by Harold Corwin.
John Herschel
found NGC 4667 = h1421 on 23 Mar 1830 and logged "B; S; R; psbM;
15"." There are no bright galaxies near his position, but Harold
Corwin suggests NGC 4667 is probably a duplicate observation of NGC 4638, which
is 2 min 30 sec of RA west of JH's position. Due to its poor position, Reinmuth, Frost, d'Arrest and
Vogel all reported NGC 4667 as not found.
******************************
NGC 4668 = UGC
7931 = MCG +00-33-009 = CGCG 015-016 = Holm 453b = PGC 42999
12 45 31.9 -00
32 10
V = 13.1; Size 1.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 5d
17.5"
(2/28/87): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated N-S. Forms a pair with NGC 4666 7.4'
NW. A triple star is 3.0' due west
consisting of mag 11.5/13/13.5 stars at 20" separation between the closer
pairs.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4668 = H III-663 on 11 Apr 1787 (sweep 726) and logged "vF,
S, iF." d'Arrest made two
observations and mentioned the triple star that preceded by 12 sec in RA.
******************************
NGC 4669 = UGC
7925 = MCG +09-21-038 = CGCG 270-018 = LGG 300-002 = PGC 42942
12 44 46.8 +54
52 33
V = 13.2; Size 1.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 177d
24"
(5/30/16): fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 7:2 N-S, 1.0'x0.3',
small brighter core. Mag 9.7 HD
238159 is 3.0' ENE.
UGC 7905 = VV
708, located 8' WNW of NGC 4669, is a disturbed, interacting system with tidal
tails extending from both galaxies.
The pair is oriented SSW to NNE with centers separated by 35". At 225x, the southwest member (Mrk 220)
appeared fairly faint, small, high surface brightness, roundish, 18"
diameter. The northeast component (Mrk
221) appeared faint, fairly small, 18", low surface brightness. Only the
central region was seen and I missed the tidal tail extending to the north and
east. This pair was discovered by
Dreyer, but didn't receive an NGC designation due to a misidentification.
18"
(6/28/03): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 N-S, 0.7'x0.35', fairly low
nearly even surface brightness.
Located 3.0' W of mag 9.8 SAO 28505 in a group (LGG 300) of 6 NGC
galaxies. NGC 4675 lies 10.5' SE
and NGC 4646 is 16' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4669 = H III-778 = GC 5668 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 921) and noted
"cF, S, E." My
re-reduced position (with respect to 77 UMa) is 1.5' northeast of UGC
7925. He reobserved this galaxy on
24 Mar 1791 (sweep 1001). JH
mistakenly equated H III-778 with GC 3206 (NGC 4675). Dreyer observed NGC 4669 on 25 Apr 1878 at Birr Castle
(noting "F, S, E n-s"), but referred to it as GC 3206 and he repeated
this error in the NGC. In the same
observation, Dreyer clearly observed UGC 7905 (pair described as "biN in
pos 16.5¡, dist 44"), but UGC 7905 didn't receive a NGC designation as he
assumed it was NGC 4669!
Heinrich
d'Arrest independently discovered NGC 4669 on 10 Dec 1866 and noted a mag 10-11
star followed by 21.5 seconds of time, confirming the identification with UGC
7925. Although Dreyer attributed
d'Arrest with the discovery in the NGC, he equated H III-778 with NGC 4669 in
his 1912 NGC Correction list.
******************************
NGC 4670 = Arp
163 = UGC 7930 = Haro 9 = MCG +05-30-072 = CGCG 159-069 = PGC 42987
12 45 17.0 +27
07 31
V = 12.7; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 90d
17.5"
(3/20/93): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 E-W, bright core, almost
stellar nucleus. Located 4.5' W of
mag 9 SAO 82478. Forms a pair with
NGC 4673 5.6' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4670 = H III-328 = h1422, along with NGC 4673, on 6 Apr 1785
(sweep 393) and noted "F, S." JH made four observations, calling this
galaxy "B", "pB" and "F".
******************************
NGC 4671 = MCG
-01-33-004 = Mrk 1334 = PGC 43029
12 45 47.6 -07
04 11
V = 12.6; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 141d
18"
(4/9/05): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter. Gradually increases to a very small
brighter core, symmetrical appearance.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4671 = H II-774 = h1423 on 20 Mar 1789 (sweep 913) and logged
"pB, S, mbM, iR." His
position matches PGC 43029. JH
made the single observation "F; R; psbM."
******************************
NGC 4672 = ESO
322-073 = MCG -07-26-041 = PGC 43073
12 46 15.5 -41
42 23
V = 13.2; Size 2.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 134d
14" (4/2/16
- Coonabarabran, 160x): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE,
slightly brighter along the major axis, broad weak concentration. A group of
five stars is south and southwest including a mag 11.8 star 3.5' S and a mag
12.3 star 2.4' SE. NGC 4672 is a
member of the Centaurus Cluster (AGC 3526) with NGC 4677 11' NE, NGC 4645 24'
WSW and NGC 4696D 24' E.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4672 = h3416 on 8 Jun 1834 and recorded "eF; S; R;
vgbM." He later added the
noted "Right reduced. See No.
3413." His position matches
ESO 322-073 = PGC 43073, a polar ring galaxy.
******************************
NGC 4673 = UGC
7933 = MCG +05-30-073 = CGCG 159-070 = Mrk 656 = PGC 43008
12 45 34.6 +27
03 38
V = 12.9; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 170d
17.5"
(3/20/93): faint, small, round, bright core, faint stellar nucleus. Located 4.1' S of mag 8.9 SAO 82478
which forms the vertex of an isosceles right triangle with NGC 4673 and NGC
4670 5.6' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4673 = H III-329 = h1424, along with NGC 4670, on 6 Apr 1785
(sweep 393) and noted "vF, S.
Goes in the field with the former [NGC 4670]." JH made three observations, although his
positions were not very accurate.
******************************
NGC 4674 = MCG
-01-33-005 = PGC 43050
12 46 03.5 -08
39 19
V = 13.1; Size 1.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 119d
18"
(4/9/05): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 1.0'x0.5'. At first I only noticed the brighter
0.4' core, but with averted vision the fainter extensions were visible. Located 9' ENE of mag 9 HD 110901 at
the edge of the 225x field.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4674 = h3417 on 5 May 1836 and recorded "vF; R: glbM;
30"." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 4675 = UGC
7935 = MCG +09-21-039 = CGCG 270-019 = LGG 300-010 = PGC 42998
12 45 31.9 +54
44 15
V = 14.4; Size 1.3'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 97d
18"
(6/28/03): faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 E-W, 0.9'x0.3', weak
concentration. A mag 11 star lies
3.9' SE. Located between NGC 4669
10.5' NW and NGC 4686 15' SE in a large group of NGC galaxies (NGC
4644/69/75/86/95 are all collinear in a one degree string).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4675 = H II-795 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 921) and noted "vF,
vS." My re-reduced position (with
respect to 77 UMa) is 1' northeast of UGC 7935, so this identification is
certain. JH mistakenly identified
this galaxy as III-778 (which applies to NGC 4669) in the GC and Dreyer
followed in the NGC. d'Arrest also
measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4676 = The
Mice = Arp 242 = VV 224 = IC 819/820 = UGC 7938/7939 = MCG +05-30-076/077 =
CGCG 159-072 = Holm 459a/b = PGC 43062/43065
12 46 10.7 +30
43 38
V = 13.0; Size 2.3'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 0d
24"
(5/22/17): the interacting "Mice" duo (Arp 242 = VV 224) was observed
at 375. IC 819 = NGC 4676A is the
slightly fainter northwest component.
At 375x it appeared faint to fairly faint, small, slightly elongated,
15" diameter. The tidal tail
was easily seen as a straight thin extension due north, so the combined
galaxy/tail extended ~60"x10".
The tail has only a slightly lower surface brightness than the
"head" (core of the galaxy).
IC 820 = NGC 4676 is the slightly brighter southeast member. It appeared fairly faint, small,
slightly elongated, very small brighter nucleus, 20" diameter. With averted vision the there was a
strong hint of haze on the south side, but its tidal tail wasn't seen. The cores of the pair are separated by
just 38" between centers.
48" (4/6/13):
fascinating interacting pair consisting of IC 819 (NNW component) and IC 820
(slightly brighter SSE component), separated by 40" between centers. At 375x and 488x in soft seeing, IC 819
appeared fairly bright, small, elongated 3:2 N-S, 24"x16", high
surface brightness. IC 820 was bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE,
30"x20", high surface brightness, increased to a small, very bright
nucleus. The two galaxies are
connected or surrounded by a low surface brightness bridge. IC 819 has a remarkable bright, long
thin tidal tail shooting due north!
The tail has a high surface brightness (brightest feature of this type
I've observed in any galaxy) and extends roughly 80"x8", dimming at
the north end and ending just east of a mag 17.3 star. IC 820 has a small, low surface
brightness halo on its south side, but its tail to the south was not clearly
resolved.
17.5": the
northwest member (IC 819) of the interacting pair "The Mice" appeared
faint, small, low surface brightness, elongated N-S. NGC 4676B = IC 820, the southeast member of the pair was
slightly brighter and appeared faint, small, round with a small bright
core. The thin "tails"
of the the Mice extending north and south were not seen.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4676 = H II-326 = h1425 on 13 Mar 1785 (sweep 387) and noted
"F, mE in the meridian [N-S]."
JH made the single observation "eF; query if not bicentral; sky
perfectly clear". So he was
uncertain if there were two components and no observations were made at Birr
Castle. Rudolf Spitaler resolved
the two component, IC 819 and IC 820, on 20 Mar 1892 with the 27"
refractor at the Vienna observatory.
In a 1957 paper,
Vorontsov-Velyaminov named this class of objects "mice" and the
nickname was used in the Burbidge's 1959 paper "Some Interconnected
Multiple Extragalactic Nebulae".
******************************
NGC 4677 = ESO
322-078 = MCG -07-26-044 = LGG 298-043 = PGC 43127
12 46 57.0 -41
34 58
V = 12.8; Size 1.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 167d
18" (7/7/05
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): moderately bright, moderately large,
elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE, 1.0'x0.4'.
Gradually increases to a small bright core and quasi-stellar
nucleus. Located in the core of
the Centaurus cluster 26' SW of NGC 4696.
17.5"
(4/7/89): very faint, oval N-S, low even surface brightness. Member of the Centaurus cluster (AGC
3526).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4677 = h3418 on 8 Jun 1834 and recorded "eF; lE;
vgbM." His position is just
off the south end of ESO 322-078 = PGC 43127.
******************************
NGC 4678 = IC
824 = MCG -01-33-018 = PGC 43385
12 49 41.9 -04
34 46
V = 14.2; Size 1.0'x0.5'; PA = 85d
18"
(4/30/11): faint, but easily picked as a small glow, elongated 3:2 E-W,
25"x15". A mag 15 star
lies 30" ESE of center. I
kept having the impression that I was resolving a very faint star or nearly
stellar galaxy that was attached and the SDDS image reveals this is a double
system (oreinted E-W) with two nuclei encased in a common halo, comfirming my
impression.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 4678 = LM II-456 in 1886 and recorded "mag
15.5, 0.1' dia, R, neb?; * follows 2 sec." There is nothing anywhere near his position. But exactly 3.0 min of RA east is
IC 824 and a mag 15 stars follows by 2 sec, so despite the poor position, this
identification is certain. Stephane Javelle found IC 824 on 15 May 1893 and
placed it accurately.
Because of the
bad position, RNGC classifies NGC 4678 as nonexistent and MCG labels this
galaxy IC 824, though NGC 4678 should be the primary designation. This is either a merged double system
with two nuclei or a bright knot is at the west end.
******************************
NGC 4679 = ESO
322-082 = MCG -06-28-018 = LGG 305-014 = PGC 43170
12 47 30.1 -39
34 17
V = 12.4; Size 2.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 4d
18"
(3/28/09): at 175x appeared very faint, moderately large, elongated 3:2 N-S,
1.0'x0.7', low surface brightness.
Located 5.5' NNE of mag 8.8 HD 111142 and 21' NW of mag 8.1 HD 111373. A
distinctive group of stars including 3 in a string is in the field to the NW.
This galaxy resides 1.8 degrees north of NGC 4696 on the north end of AGC 3526.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4679 = h3419 on 22 Apr 1835 and recorded "eeF, pL, R,
60" (No doubt)." His position is 15 sec of RA west of ESO 322-082 = PGC
43170.
******************************
NGC 4680 = MCG
-02-33-007 = PGC 43118
12 46 54.7 -11
38 10
V = 12.6; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 45d
17.5"
(3/29/89): moderately bright, small, slightly elongated. Unusual appearance as the galaxy appears
to fan out from a mag 12 star embedded at the east edge.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4680 = h3420 on 27 May 1835 and recorded "eF; S; has one or
two small stars entangled in it."
His position and description matches MCG -02-33-007 = PGC 43118. Herbert Howe noted "a star of mag
11 follows the nebula 1 second, 0.1' south."
******************************
NGC 4681 = ESO
268-040 = MCG -07-26-046 = PGC 43166
12 47 28.7 -43
20 05
V = 12.6; Size 1.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.0
14" (4/2/16
- Coonabarabran, 160x): moderately bright, fairly small, oval 4:3 or 5:4 N-S,
~40"x32", fairly high surface brightness, gradually increases to a
very small bright core and stellar nucleus. A number of bright stars are scattered in the field: mag 7.8
HD 111073 is 6' NW, mag 8.8 HD 111266 is 10' E, mag 9.2 HD 111019 is 9.2' WNW,
a mag 10.2 star is 3' NE and more.
In addition a mag 13.8 star is just off the south side [50"
from center].
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4681 = h3421 on 15 Mar 1836 and recorded, "pF; S; R; gbM;
15"." His position
matches MCG -07-26-046 = PGC 43166.
MCG fails to label MCG -07-26-046 as NGC 4681.
******************************
NGC 4682 = MCG
-02-33-008 = PGC 43147
12 47 15.5 -10
03 48
V = 12.2; Size 2.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 85d
17.5" (3/23/85):
fairly large, very diffuse, elongated ~WSW-ENE, low even surface
brightness. A mag 14 star is off
the NE edge 1.5' from center. The
NGC 4658/NGC 4663 pair is located 35' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4682 = H III-523 = h3423 on 25 Mar 1786 (sweep 546) and recorded
"vF, E from sp to nf, 3 or 4' l, near 3' br." JH called this galaxy "pF; E;
gvlbM; 45" l." and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4683 = ESO
322-083 = MCG -07-26-047 = LGG 298-014 = PGC 43182
12 47 42.2 -41
31 42
V = 12.7; Size 1.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 130d
18" (7/7/05
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2
NW-SE, 0.5'x0.3', moderate concentration with a 10" core. A mag 14.5 star is off the SE end and a
mag 13 star lies 1.0' SW. Located
18' SW of NGC 4696 in the core of the Centaurus Cluster (AGC 3526).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4683 = h3422 on 8 Jun 1834 and recorded "eF; S; R; vgbM;
60"; nf a small stars. His
position is 1.7' due south of ESO 322-083 = PGC 43182.
******************************
NGC 4684 = UGC
7951 = MCG +00-33-011 = CGCG 015-019 = PGC 43149
12 47 17.5 -02
43 38
V = 11.4; Size 2.9'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 23d
17.5"
(2/28/87): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE, brighter
along the major axis, bright core.
A mag 14 star is off the NNE tip 0.8' from center and a mag 15.5 star is
following the SSW end.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4684 = H II-181 = h1426 on 22 Apr 1784 (sweep 912) and logged
"pF, pL, E, r." JH made
the single observation "B; not vL; pmE; pgbM." and measured a fairly
accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4685 = UGC
7954 = MCG +03-33-004 = CGCG 100-007 = PGC 43143
12 47 11.4 +19
27 51
V = 12.6; Size 1.6'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 158d
18"
(5/15/04): fairly faint, small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, 0.5'x0.3'. Sharply concentrated with a 0.3'x0.2'
core which increases to a stellar nucleus. The small, dim halo is very faint and required averted
vision. Situated between mag 10
SAO 10025 4.8' SW and a mag 13 star 3.8' NE.
18"
(4/10/04): fairly faint, very small (viewed core only), 20" diameter. Fairly high surface brightness with a
sharp, mag 14 stellar nucleus which easily stands out.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4685 = H III-398 = h1427 on 27 Apr 1785 (sweep 403) and noted
"vF, vS, r." JH made
three observations calling this object (sweep 61) "pB; S; resolved or
resolvable. Has a star in
centre." His mean position is
accurate and d'Arrest's is withing a few arcsec of center.
******************************
NGC 4686 = UGC
7946 = MCG +09-21-044 = CGCG 270-021 = LGG 300-003 = PGC 43101
12 46 39.8 +54
32 03
V = 12.6; Size 2.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 3d
18"
(6/28/03): fairly faint, very elongated 3:1 N-S, 1.0'x0.3', fairly sharp
concentration with a small bright core.
Two mag 14 stars close NE are collinear with the core. In a group of NGC galaxies and between
NGC 4695 15' NW and NGC 4695 12' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4686 = H II-795 = h1428 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 921) and logged
"pB, cL, BrN, lE." My
re-reduced position (with respect to 77 UMa) is within 1' of UGC 7946. JH called it "pB; pbE; vsbM."
On 2 Apr 1791
(sweep 1001), WH discovered NGC 4695, but assumed it was NGC 4686, so didn't
assign it a new internal number.
Dreyer, in his 1912 "Scientific Papers of WH" added the new
designation III-985 to refer to NGC 4695, which is referred to as II-795 (which
applies to NGC 4675!) by JH in the GC and by Dreyer in the NGC. See notes on
NGC 4675.
******************************
NGC 4687 = UGC
7958 = MCG +06-28-031 = CGCG 188-021 = Mrk 442 = LGG 302-002 = PGC 43157
12 47 23.8 +35
21 07
V = 13.2; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8
16" LX200
(4/14/07): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, 0.5'x0.4', slightly
brighter quasi-stellar nucleus.
Forms the SW vertex of an isosceles triangle with two mag 13 stars 5.7'
NE and 5.8' ENE. NGC 4711 lies 17'
E.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4687 = h1430 on 11 Mar 1831 and logged "vF; R; psbM;
15".". His single position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 4688 = UGC
7961 = MCG +01-33-013 = CGCG 043-028 = Holm 461a = PGC 43189
12 47 46.4 +04
20 10
V = 11.9; Size 3.2'x2.8'; Surf Br = 14.1
17.5"
(4/21/90): extremely faint, fairly large, round, very low surface brightness,
brighter core. Appears as a hazy
region without distinct borders.
Located 3.8' E of a mag 10.5 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4688 = H III-543 = h1429 on 17 Apr 1786 (sweep 553) and noted
"eF, pL." JH measured a
fairly accurate position and noted "10 sec following a * 9-10
mag." A bright knot on the
northwest end appears bright enough to be a visual object.
******************************
NGC 4689 = UGC
7965 = MCG +02-33-022 = CGCG 071-043 = PGC 43186
12 47 45.7 +13
45 45
V = 10.9; Size 4.3'x3.5'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(5/14/94): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 3:2 WNW-ENE, 3'x2', large
diffuse halo, weak concentration, ill-defined brighter core, possible
mottling. A pair of mag 11.5/12
stars with separation 1.2' (parallel to the major axis) are located 3.5'
N. At 280x, a 1.0' core is more
prominent and the outer halo become becomes difficult to view. At low power, forms the northern vertex
of a triangle with 28 Comae Berenices (V = 6.6) 14' SSE and mag 8.2 SAO 100258
14' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4689 = H II-128 = h1431 on 12 Apr 1784 (sweep 189) and logged
"L, R, bM, r." JH made 3
observations and measured an accurate (mean) position.
On 29 Apr 1851,
LdR assistant Bindon Stoney recorded "vF, gbM, edges fade off. I fancied a dark space p the central
portion." A few nights later
he noted "F, suspected spiral."
******************************
NGC 4690 = UGC
7964 = MCG +00-33-012 = CGCG 015-021 = PGC 43202
12 47 55.5 -01
39 22
V = 12.9; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 150d
17.5"
(4/21/90): faint, very small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, very small bright core is
possibly stellar.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4690 = H III-664 on 11 Apr 1787 (sweep 726) and logged "vF,
S." His position is 2.5'
south-southeast of UGC 7964. No
observations were made by JH but d'Arrest made a single observation with an
accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4691 = MCG
+00-33-013 = CGCG 015-023 = UGCA 299 = PGC 43238
12 48 13.6 -03
19 58
V = 11.1; Size 2.8'x2.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 75d
17.5"
(2/28/87): bright, fairly small, oval 2:1 WSW-ENE, brighter along the major
axis, small bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4691 = H II-182 = h1432 on 22 Apr 1784 (sweep 204) and recorded
"pF, pL, E, r." JH made
the single observation "B; pmE nearly in the parallel [E-W]; gmbM;
90" l, 60" br." and measured a fairly accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4692 = NGC
4702 = UGC 7967 = MCG +05-30-086 = CGCG 159-078 = PGC 43200
12 47 55.3 +27
13 20
V = 12.6; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(3/20/93): fairly faint, small, round, weak concentration. Located 7' NNW of mag 8.0 SAO
82502. Three mag 13.5-14 stars
forming an equilateral triangle cradle the galaxy off the SW, south and SE
sides. Outlying member of AGC
1656.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4692 = H II-381 = h1433 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and logged
"F, S." JH made three
observations and d'Arrest made two observations (and measured an accurate
position).
NGC 4702,
discovered by d'Arrest, is possibly another observation of this galax (see that
number). IC 823, found by
Bigourdan on 17 Apr 1885, is the star 1.3' southwest of NGC 4692. UGC, CGCG, MCG and PGC incorrectly
equate IC 823 with NGC 4692.
******************************
NGC 4693 = UGC
7962 = MCG +12-12-018 = CGCG 335-023 = Holm 460a = LGG 303-001 = PGC 43141
12 47 09.2 +71
10 34
V = 13.5; Size 2.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 34d
18"
(5/8/04): faint, moderately large, edge-on streak 5:1 SW-NE, 1.4'x0.3', broad
weak concentration. A mag 12.5
star is south of the SSW extension, 1.8' from the center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4693 = H III-906 on 7 Apr 1793 (sweep 1037) and logged "vF,
E, about 2' long and 1/2' br."
His RA is 40 tsec too small.
******************************
NGC 4694 = UGC
7969 = MCG +02-33-023 = CGCG 071-044 = PGC 43241
12 48 15.1 +10
59 01
V = 11.4; Size 3.2'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 140d
17.5"
(5/14/94): fairly bright, elongated 5:2 NW-SE, 2.5'x1.0', overall high surface
brightness, faint halo with an abrupt bright core and stellar nucleus. A mag 14.5 star lies 1.3' W of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4694 = H II-72 = h1434 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 174) and noted
"S, lE. The 2nd figure of the
minutes was in the great hurry forgot to put down; but I suppose it was
intended for 31 min." The
estimated RA is 1 min too small. JH made up for this by measuring the RA
accurately on 6 sweeps.
******************************
NGC 4695 = IC
3791 = UGC 7966 = MCG +09-21-048 = CGCG 270-023 = LGG 300-004 = PGC 43173
12 47 32.1 +54
22 29
V = 13.4; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 80d
18"
(6/28/03): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 WSW-ENE, 0.8'x0.4', low even
surface brightness. With averted
vision the size increases slightly and seems brighter along the major
axis. Located 8.5' SW of mag 8.9
SAO 28523 in a galaxy group (furthest SE). NGC 4686 lies 12' NW and last in a one degree chain of 5 NGC
galaxies.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4695 = H III-985 = h1435 on 2 Apr 1791 (sweep 1001) and noted
"eF, pS." CH's reduced
position is 9 sec of RA west of UGC 7966. He mistakenly assumed it was a
duplicate observation of NGC 4686 and didn't assign it a new internal number or
catalogue designation. The
GC and NGC position (from JH) is accurate, although JH and Dreyer mislabeled
this object H II-796, which applies to NGC 4686. To correct this mistake, Dreyer added the new designation
III-985 in his 1912 "Scientific Papers of WH".
Lewis Swift
found this galaxy on 23 May 1897, assumed it was new, and recorded it in
discovery list XI-141. His
position is 5' north of NGC 4695 and Dreyer recatalogued the galaxy as IC
3791. He mentions "NGC 4732
in field", which is impossible, but Harold Corwin notes he probably was
referring to NGC 4686 and NGC 4695 = IC 3791.
******************************
NGC 4696 = ESO
322-091 = MCG -07-26-051 = LGG 298-044 = PGC 43296
12 48 49.2 -41
18 40
V = 10.4; Size 4.5'x3.2'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 95d
18" (7/7/05
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated
3:2 WNW-ESE, 1.8'x1.2'. Gradually
increases to a brighter 30" core.
The halo reaches a mag 13.5 at the NW edge. This galaxy is the brightest member of the Centaurus cluster
and the surrounding rich star field is littered with faint galaxies (18
observed within just 25' and could have observed many more with larger finder
charts).
17.5"
(4/7/89): brightest galaxy in the Centaurus cluster (AGC 3526). Moderately bright, moderately large,
oval WNW-ESE, brighter core. A mag
13.5 star is at the NW edge. NGC
4709 lies 15' ESE and NGC 4706 12' E.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 4696 = D 511? = h3424 on 7 May 1826 and described a "pretty
large faint nebula." His
position is 12' too far southeast.
It's also possible that D 510 refers to NGC 4696. His description reads "faint
nebula, about 12" or 15" diameter, a little brighter to the centre,
very faint at the margin."
His published position is 15' too far northwest. Neither of these positional
discrepancies are unusually large, though one of these numbers may apply to NGC
4706.
JH made the
single observation on 5 Jun 1834, "pB; L; R; gbM; 2'
resolvable." His position is
accurate. JH discovered 16 other
galaxies in the Centaurus cluster.
******************************
NGC 4697 = MCG
-01-33-010 = UGCA 300 = LGG 314-003 = PGC 43276
12 48 35.8 -05
48 02
V = 9.2; Size 7.2'x4.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 70d
17.5"
(4/21/90): very bright, fairly large, elongated 2:1 WSW-ENE. Even concentration in halo, then a very
bright intense core. The large
halo gradually fades out at edges.
A mag 12 star is 2.7' NE of center. Located 35' NNE of mag 6.3 SAO 138967. Visible in the 16x80 finder. Brightest in a large, loose galaxy
group (LGG 314) with two dozen members including NGC 4731, 4941, 4948, 4951 and
4958.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4697 = H I-39 = h1436 on 24 Apr 1784 (sweep 205) and
described "vB, vL, iE, mbM
but the brightness breaks off abruptly [sharply concentrated] so as almost to
resemble a resolvable nucleus consisting of 4 or 5 bright stars. There is however too much moonlight to
describe the nebula completely."
On 20 Mar 1789 (sweep 913), he also logged "vB, lE from sp to nf,
vgbM, 3 or 4' long, but clouds coming on." He published a sketch in his 1811 paper (Fig. 23) as an
illlustration of "nebulae that are suddenly much brighter in the
middle."
******************************
NGC 4698 = UGC
7970 = MCG +02-33-024 = CGCG 071-045 = PGC 43254
12 48 23.0 +08
29 16
V = 10.6; Size 4.0'x2.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 170d
17.5"
(4/21/90): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 N-S, small very
bright core. Situated between a
mag 11 star at the north edge 2.1' from the center and a mag 10.5 star off the
south edge 2.7' from center. Mag
7.7 SAO 119597 lies 6.7' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4698 = H I-8 = H III-6 on 18 Jan 1784 (only object in sweep 87)
and simply called III-6 "a nebula of the first class." The RA was only roughly taken in this
early sweep and a two degree range for the polar distance. He observed this galaxy again on 15 Apr
1784 and logged "vB, not L, lE, mbM.
It is between some pB stars."
Again on 1 May 1786 (sweep 560) he noted "cB; cL; between 2 pB
stars, gmbM." and CH noted "See I.8."
In Dreyer's 1912
revision of William Herschel's catalogues, he notes "the place [of III-6]
agrees sufficiently with that of I-8 (found on 23 Jan 1784), and a sketch also
agrees with one of I-8. The
identity seems certain, and was assumed to be so by J.H. [in the
GC]". The NGC position is 10
tsec following UGC 9790.
Schwassmann's corrected RA (based on a Heidelberg plate) in the IC 2
notes is accurate.
******************************
NGC 4699 = MCG
-01-33-013 = UGCA 301 = PGC 43321
12 49 02.2 -08
39 52
V = 9.5; Size 3.8'x2.6'; Surf Br = 11.9; PA = 45d
17.5"
(4/21/90): very bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, very small
intense core with a bright stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4699 = H I-129 = h1437 = h3425 on 3 Mar 1786 (sweep 536) and
recorded "very brilliant, iR, vgmbM." From Slough, JH logged "vB; R; vsmbM to a fine
resolvable nucleus, 40" (doubtless a globular cluster)."
******************************
NGC 4700 = MCG
-02-33-013 = PGC 43330
12 49 07.8 -11
24 46
V = 11.9; Size 3.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 50d
17.5"
(3/23/85): moderately bright, thin edge-on 5:1 SW-NE. A mag 12 star lies 2' W of center. NGC 4708 lies 21' NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4700 = H III-524 = h1438 = h3426 on 25 Mar 1786 (sweep 546) and
noted "cF, 4' long and 3/4' broad." His position matches MCG -02-33-013 = PGC 43330. From the Cape of Good Hope, JH logged
"pB; mE; vlbM; 30" l; 15" br."
******************************
NGC 4701 = UGC
7975 = MCG +01-33-015 = CGCG 043-034 = PGC 43331
12 49 11.6 +03
23 19
V = 12.4; Size 2.8'x2.1'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 45d
17.5"
(2/28/87): moderately bright, fairly small, oval SW-NE, weakly
concentrated. A small trio of mag
13 stars lie 3.5' N (closest pair 21" separation).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4701 = H II-578 on 30 Apr 1786 (sweep 558) and noted "F,
S." His position matches UGC
7975.
******************************
NGC 4702 = NGC
4692 = UGC 7967 = MCG +05-30-086 = CGCG 159-078 = PGC 43200
12 47 55.3 +27
13 20
See observing
notes for NGC 4692.
Heinrich
d'Arrest found NGC 4702 on 4 Mar 1867 with the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen
and described (Latin translation from Corwin) as "Doubtless a very small,
very much compressed cluster."
There is nothing at his position but exactly 1 min of RA west is NGC
4692. d'Arrest observed and measured
this galaxy on two nights, but not on the night he logged NGC 4702. So, Corwin identifies NGC 4702 = NGC
4692.
******************************
NGC 4703 = MCG
-01-33-015 = FGC 1504 = PGC 43342
12 49 19.0 -09
06 31
V = 13.7; Size 3.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 156d
18"
(4/9/05): very faint edge-on, 4:1 NW-SE, 1.0'x0.25', low even surface
brightness. Located 8' NE of mag
7.6 HD 111384. On the DSS this
galaxy looks like a miniature version of NGC 4565 with a bisecting dust lane
and bulging core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4703 = H III-514 on 3 Mar 1786 (sweep 536) and recorded
"eF, vS, E." His
position is 5 sec of RA east and 1' south of MCG -01-33-015 = PGC 43342.
******************************
NGC 4704 = UGC
7972 = MCG +07-26-054 = CGCG 216-031 = PGC 43288
12 48 46.4 +41
55 16
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 105d
18"
(3/30/05): faint, fairly small, round, fairly low surface brightness with only
a very slightly brighter core which seems offset from the geometric
center. Located 6.4' SE of mag 8.6
SAO 44330 and 54' NW of M94.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4704 = H II-662 = h1439 on 9 Apr 1787 (sweep 725) and recorded
"F, S, R, bM." JH made
two additional observations.
******************************
NGC 4705 = MCG
-01-33-016 = PGC 43350
12 49 25.1 -05
11 46
V = 12.8; Size 3.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 125d
17.5"
(4/4/92): fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 WSW-ENE, brighter
middle but no core. A mag 14.5
star is involved at the east edge 0.9' SE of center. Located 5' SSW of mag 8.8 SAO 138982. NGC 4718 lies 19' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4705 = H III-610 = h1440 on 22 Feb 1787 (sweep 706) and noted
"cF, pL, E." JH made a
single observation, though his RA is 17 sec too large. Henrich d'Arrest made two observations
and measured an accurate position (given in the NGC).
******************************
NGC 4706 = ESO
323-001 = MCG -07-26-055 = LGG 308-001 = PGC 43411
12 49 54.1 -41
16 47
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 24d
18" (7/7/05
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly faint, fairly small, oval 3:2
SSW-NNE. Fairly well concentrated
with a bright 15" core. The
halo increases in size to 0.7'x0.4' with averted vision. Located 6.4' NNW of brighter NGC 4709
in the core of the Centaurus cluster.
PGC 43402 lies 3.2' NNW.
17.5"
(4/7/89): very faint, small, oval SSW-NNE, low surface brightness. Located 6.4' NNW of NGC 4709 and 12'
ENE of brightest member NGC 4696 in the central portion of the Centaurus
cluster (AGC 3526).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4706 = h3427 on 5 Jun 1834 and recorded "vF; vS; R; psbM;
10"." His position
is 1' southeast of E323-001 = PGC 43411.
******************************
NGC 4707 = UGC
7971 = MCG +09-21-050 = CGCG 270-025 = D150 = I Zw 43 = PGC 43255
12 48 23.2 +51
09 48
V = 12.9; Size 2.2'x2.1'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 25d
18"
(3/30/05): very unusual appearance to this magellanic spiral as all I could
detect was a moderately large (~1.5') very low surface brightness glow with no
concentration surrounding what appeared to be a mag 13 star.
On the DSS image
the galaxy is mostly offset to the west side of the star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4707 = H III-815 on 26 Apr 1789 (sweep 929) and noted
"small, stellar neb."
His position (CH's reduction) is 20 tsec east and 1' north of UGC 7971.
******************************
NGC 4708 = MCG
-02-33-016 = Holm 463a = PGC 43382
12 49 41.5 -11
05 35
V = 13.1; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 55d
18"
(4/9/05): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE,
~0.9'x0.7'. The surface brightness
is irregular and the elongation sometimes changes orientation using averted
vision. NGC 4700 lies 21' SSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4708 = H III-722 on 11 Mar 1788 (sweep 819) and logged "F,
S, E." His position is 1'
south of PGC 43382.
******************************
NGC 4709 = ESO
323-003 = MCG -07-26-056 = LGG 305-006 = PGC 43423
12 50 03.8 -41
22 56
V = 10.9; Size 2.4'x2.0'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 112d
18" (7/7/05
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): moderately bright, fairly small,
irregularly round, 0.8'x0.7' diameter.
This member of the Centaurus Cluster has a symmetrical appearance and
steadily increases to a small, bright core and quasi-stellar nucleus. NGC 4706 lies 6.4' NNW and ESO 322-102
is 5' W ("faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE, 0.6'x0.2', very
weak concentration".
NGC 4709 is
located 14' ESE of NGC 4696 in the core of the Centaurus cluster with many
faint galaxies within 10'. It is
the brightest member in a subgroup called Cen 45 with a significantly higher
recessional velocities, though these galaxies may be streaming and merging with
the main cluster.
17.5"
(4/7/89): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated ~E-W. Four mag 12-13 stars forming a parallelogram
are roughly 4' NE. Located 15' ESE
of NGC 4696 within the core of the Centaurus cluster (AGC 3526) and the second
brightest member. Forms a pair
with MCG -07-26-057 1.2' SE (not seen).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4709 = h3428 on 7 May 1826 and recorded "pB; R; gbM;
30"." (More nebulae hereabouts.)" His position is 1' too far northeast. JH attributed the discovery to James
Dunlop. Dunlop's position for D
511 is 6.7' southeast of NGC 4709, though his description "pretty large
faint nebula." seems more appropriate for NGC 4696, which is 12' northwest
of Dunlop's position.
******************************
NGC 4710 = UGC
7980 = MCG +03-33-009 = CGCG 100-011 = PGC 43375
12 49 38.8 +15
09 55
V = 11.0; Size 4.9'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 27d
18"
(5/14/07): bright, fairly large edge-on, nearly 7:1 SSW-NNE, ~3.5'x0.5' with
tapered extensions. The core is
small and round, ~25" in diameter.
The galaxy is irregular in surface brightness and mottled with a
brighter knot near the NNE end. A
dust lane appears to slash across the galaxy to the NE of the core. A mag 13 star lies 1.5' E of the core.
17.5"
(5/14/94): beautiful edge-on 5:1 SSW-NNE (PA 30¡), bright bulging core. Distinctly mottled with an irregular
surface brightness and clearly brighter along the NNE extension. A mag 13 star is 1.4' E of center. At 280x, the dimensions are 3.5'x0.6'
and the galaxy appears to have a sharper light cut-off along the preceding edge
possibly due to dust. Very mottled
with a couple of bright and dark patches along the major axis. IC 3806 lies 19'
SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4710 = H II-95 = h1441 on 21 Mar 1784 (sweep 182) and noted
"pB, vmE. The direction of
extent is nearly in the meridian or perhaps about 5 or more degree sp and
nf." His position was poor,
but JH observed the galaxy twice, noting "vB; vmE; pos = 28.5¡ by
micrometer; bM; 90" long" and measured an accurate position.
A total of 12
observations were made at Birr Castle.
On 16 Feb 1855, R.J. Mitchell wrote "vB ray, a dark band across on
each side of nucleus, separating it from the extremities." The dark lane was commented on in each
observation. On 13 Apr 1876,
Dreyer logged "cB, pL, bM, no very defined Nucl, E 28.2¡, about 230"
long. On both side of Nucl are
dark bands. The n end of neb is
brighter than s one and the maximum of brightness is about 40" from the
end. Maximum in s part is nearer
the nucleus. Centre looks a little
oval with higher power."
******************************
NGC 4711 = UGC
7973 = MCG +06-28-033 = CGCG 188-022 = IC 3804 = PGC 43286
12 48 45.9 +35
19 58
V = 13.4; Size 1.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 40d
16" LX200
(4/14/07): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, broad weak
concentration. NGC 4687 lies 17'
W. Located 6.2' W of a mag 7.8 star.
17.5":
fairly faint, elongated SW-NE, gradually brighter halo. Located 6.2' WNW of mag 7.7 SAO 63208.
17.5":
fairly faint, fairly small, elongated SSW-NNE, weak concentration. Located 7' W of mag 8 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4711 = H II-412 = h1443 on 1 May 1785 (sweep 405) and recorded
"F, S, E, er." His
position is only 4 sec of RA east of UGC 7973. JH's single position is 38 sec
of RA too large and he used this erroneous position in the GC as well as by
Dreyer in the NGC. Perhaps because
of this error, the UGC and CGCG do not label the entries as NGC 4711.
Max Wolf found
the galaxy on a Heidelberg plate on 21 Mar 1903, assumed it was new, and Dreyer
recatalogued it as IC 3804. So,
NGC 4711 = IC 3804. CGCG, UGC, and
MCG use the IC desgination, though the primary identity should by NGC
4711. This confusion was noted by
Malcolm Thomson as well as Harold Corwin.
******************************
NGC 4712 = UGC
7977 = MCG +04-30-021 = CGCG 129-025 = Holm 468b = PGC 43368
12 49 34.2 +25
28 12
V = 12.8; Size 2.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 160d
13.1"
(5/26/84): faint, diffuse, very elongated ~N-S, even surface brightness. Located 11.9' WSW of NGC 4725.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4712 = h1442 on 28 Mar 1832 and noted "vF; pL." His position matches UGC 7977 = PGC
43368.
On 9 Mar 1850,
George Stoney or LdR logged NGC 4725 as "another spiral. Another neb 15' p." The other nebula is NGC 4712,
though it was assumed to be new and received the designation GC 3241 (LdR
nova). Dreyer combined the two GC
designations in the NGC. R.J.
Mitchell sketched the galaxy on 17 Feb 1855 (included in LdR's 1861 monograph).
******************************
NGC 4713 = UGC
7985 = MCG +01-33-018 = CGCG 043-041 = PGC 43413
12 49 57.8 +05
18 39
V = 11.7; Size 2.7'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 100d
17.5"
(4/21/90): fairly bright, fairly large, oval 3:2 E-W, weak concentration. A mag 12.5 star is 2.5' SE and a
brighter mag 11.5 star 3.2' SSE.
Located 11' NE of mag 7.4 SAO 119609.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4713 = H I-140 = h1444 on 17 Apr 1786 (sweep 553) and recorded
"cB, pL, mbM." JH made 4 observations and recorded (sweep 153)
"pB; L; lE; 60" l, 50" br; two stars sf; 2' dist."
******************************
NGC 4714 = MCG
-02-33-018 = PGC 43442
12 50 19.2 -13
19 28
V = 12.7; Size 1.6'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 150d
18"
(5/16/09): moderately bright, moderately large, very bright core
20"x15" surrounded by a much fainter elongated halo elongated
NNW-SSE, 1.0'x0.6'. NGC 4722 lies
18' due east.
18"
(5/28/06): fairly faint, small, round, 25" diameter, fairly high surface
brightness. Even concentration to
center with a fairly faint stellar nucleus. Located 18' SSW of mag 7.3 HD 111581.
18"
(4/9/05): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, 0.5'x0.4'. There appears to be a small, much
fainter envelope so my description probably applies to a sharply concentrated
core with a very low surface brightness halo.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4714 = H III-536 = h1445 on 27 Mar 1786 (sweep 548) and noted
"eF, stellar." His
position matches MCG -02-33-018 = PGC 43442. JH made two observations and noted (sweep 352) "pF; S;
R; gbM; 12"."
******************************
NGC 4715 = UGC
7986 = MCG +05-30-096 = CGCG 159-085 = PGC 43399
12 49 57.8 +27
49 20
V = 13.1; Size 1.9'x1.7'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 20d
18"
(5/8/04): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter, weak even
concentration to a small brighter core.
A mag 13/14.5 double at 28" separation lies 4' S. Outlying member of AGC 1656.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4715 on 10 May 1863 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position (measured
twice) matches UGC 7986 = PGC 43399.
Listed as #266 in his AN 1537 discovery list.
******************************
NGC 4716 = MCG
-01-33-021 = KTS 46A = LGG 312-004 = PGC 43464
12 50 33.1 -09
27 04
V = 12.9; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 80d
18"
(4/9/05): fairly faint, small, round, 0.4' diameter. Sharply concentrated with a very small bright nucleus. Forms a double system with NGC 4717
just 0.8' SSE.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 4716 = T V-19, along with NGC 4717, on 12 Apr 1882 with the
11-inch Amici I refractor at Arcetri Observatory near Florence. His description in the main table reads
"Double nebula; the position is that of the brighter, north preceding [NGC
4716], has a definite stellar nucleus.
The small, fainter companion [NGC 4717] follows by 1 sec and is barely
3/4' south. A star 11-12m is 2' north." His micrometric position is an exact match with MCG
-01-33-021 = PGC 43464.
******************************
NGC 4717 = MCG
-01-33-023 = KTS 46C = LGG 312-002 = Holm 466a = PGC 43467
12 50 34.4 -09
27 47
V = 13.2; Size 1.5'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 12d
18"
(4/9/05): faint, fairly small, elongated N-S, 0.7'x0.3'. Forms an 0.8' double system with NGC
4716 off the north side. MCG
-01-33-022, a low surface brightness edge-on, lies 3.5' S (not noticed).
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 4717 = T V-19, along with NGC 4716, on 12 Apr 1882 . See his description under NGC 4716.
******************************
NGC 4718 = MCG
-01-33-020 = PGC 43463
12 50 32.6 -05
16 56
V = 13.9; Size 1.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 95d
17.5"
(4/4/92): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 E-W, low even surface brightness,
collinear with a mag 13.5 star 2.9' W and mag 12 star 2.0' E. NGC 4718 lies 19' WNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4718 = h1446 on 19 Feb 1830 and logged "eF; vS; between 2
stars 5' asunder." His
position and description matches MCG -01-33-020 = PGC 43463. See Harold Corwin's identification
notes for IC 825.
******************************
NGC 4719 = UGC
7987 = MCG +06-28-035 = CGCG 188-024 = Mrk 446 = PGC 43428
12 50 08.7 +33
09 33
V = 13.2; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5":
faint, small, round, sharp stellar nucleus, small halo.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4719 = H III-424 = h1448 on 3 May 1785 (sweep 407) and noted
"vF, stellar or a little larger." His position (CH's reduction) is 2.5' southeast of UGC 7987
= PGC 43428. JH called it
"eF; easily mistaken for a * 15m." and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4720 = MCG
-01-33-024 = PGC 43478
12 50 42.7 -04
09 21
V = 14.2; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 120d
17.5"
(4/4/92): fairly faint, small, round, weak concentration, fairly high even
surface brightness. Located 3.7'
SW of a mag 10 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4720 = H III-611 = h1447 on 22 Feb 1787 (sweep 706) and noted
"Suspected, vF, S. I did not
stop to verify it."
Nevertheless, his position is accurate and was verified on 11 Mar 1787
(sweep 709).
******************************
NGC 4721 = MCG
+05-30-097 = CGCG 159-086 = PGC 43437
12 50 19.9 +27
19 26
V = 14.5; Size 0.8'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 114d
18"
(4/10/04): faint, small edge-on WNW-ESE, 0.6'x0.2', very small brighter
nucleus. Forms a pair with
brighter NGC 4721, 6.8' NNE. A mag
11 star lies 3.6' NNE, midway between NGC 4721 and NGC 4728.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4721 on 24 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His single measurement
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 4722 = MCG
-02-33-031 = IC 3833 = PGC 43560
12 51 32.3 -13
19 48
V = 12.9; Size 1.5'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 35d
18"
(5/16/09): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE, 1.2'x0.5'. Contains a round bright core that
increases to the center with direct vision.
17.5"
(3/16/96): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 1.0'x0.4', small
bright core. A mag 14 star lies
1.1' E of center. In field with
NGC 4748 11' SE.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 4722, along with NGC 4723, in 1882, and reported it in the
narrative portion of paper V (AN 2439). He simply noted "Following [NGC
4714] are two class III nebulae that I sketched, but could not yet
measure." The position in the
NGC (estimated by Dreyer) is 0.7 min of RA west of MCG -02-33-031 = PGC 43560,
the brightest galaxy east of NGC 4714. So, this is very likely one of the two
galaxies seen by Tempel.
Bigourdan
independently discovered this galaxy on 15 Apr 1895 and reported it as B 302 =
IC 3833 with an accurate position, so the IC identification is certain. Herbert Howe searched the field in 1898
with the 20" refractor in Denver looking for NGC 4722/4723 and reported
finding only a single nebula. His
position (given in the IC 2 Notes section) matches IC 3833. See notes for NGC 4723 and Harold
Corwin's identification notes for the full story.
******************************
NGC 4723 = MCG
-02-33-026 = Holm 471a = PGC 43508 = PGC 43510
12 51 02.9 -13
14 13
V = 14.2; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 40d
18"
(5/15/10): at 220x appeared extremely faint, very small, round, 20"
diameter, requires averted to glimpse and too faint for any noticeable
structure. A mag 15 star lies
34" NW. Located 9' NW of NGC
4722 and 12' NE of NGC 4714.
18"
(5/16/09): not seen.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 4723, along with NGC 4722, in 1882, and reported it in the
narrative portion of paper V (AN 2439). He simply noted "Following [NGC
4714] are two class III nebulae that I sketched, but could not yet
measure." One of these is
likely IC 3833 = PGC 43560, which is 1.2 min of RA following NGC 4714, and NGC
4722 is equated with this galaxy.
Herbert Howe could only find this object when he searched the field, so
the identification of the second galaxy is very uncertain.
One possibility
is the second galaxy is MCG -02-33-026 (RNGC and PGC equate NGC 4723 with this
galaxy), located 9' northwest of IC 3833, though it may be too faint to have
been picked up by Tempel. MCG does
not label their catalogue entry as NGC 4723. Another possibility is the second galaxy is a reobservation
of NGC 4848, located 11' southeast of IC 3833. Finally, a third possibility is MCG -02-033-024, located 11'
southwest of IC 3833. As
The
identification here is the one used in the NGC and PGC, but as Harold Corwin
comments "It's clear, though, that we do not (yet) know which nebulae
Tempel found."
******************************
NGC 4724 = MCG
-02-33-022 = Holm 470b = PGC 43494
12 50 53.8 -14
19 54
V = 13.9; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 95d
18"
(5/16/09): faint, very small, round, faint stellar nucleus (or a star is
superimposed). Forms a contact
pair off the west side of brighter NGC 4727 (50" between center). Two mag 12 stars in an obtuse, isosceles
triangle to the north are collinear with the pair.
18"
(4/9/05): faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Contains a faint, quasi-stellar
nucleus. Located just off the west
side of larger and brighter NGC 4727!
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4724 = H III-280 = h1449 on 8 Feb 1785 (sweep 372) and recorded
"About half a minute preceding [NGC 4727] is a vS star which I strongly
suspect to be stellar, but could not verify it with 240." His position is
on NGC 4727. JH made the single
observation "F; R: the np of two, 1' distant."
******************************
NGC 4725 = UGC
7989 = MCG +04-30-022 = CGCG 129-027 = Holm 468a = PGC 43451
12 50 26.3 +25
30 03
V = 9.4; Size 10.7'x7.6'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 35d
18"
(5/12/07): very impressive spiral structure visible. Two arms emerge from the very bright oval core. One arm is
attached at the northeast end of the core and sweeps to the north before
hooking back to the west. Three
faint stars are superimposed along this arm. A second broader arm is attached at the southwest end of the
core. This arms heads south before
hooking towards the east. Both
arms have brighter patches or arcs near the ends of the major axis.
13.1"
(5/26/84): very bright, impressive, very small bright core, elongated SW-NE, large
halo. Structure is suspected with
the WSW edge possibly brighter.
NGC 4712 lies 12' WSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4725 = H I-84 = h1451 on 6 Apr 1785 (sweep 393) and recorded
"cB, iR, 7 or 8' the longest way, the brightness confined to a small spot;
the rest being milky nebulosity."
Spiral structure
was discovered at Birr Castle and NGC 4725 was included in the list of
"Spiral or curvilinear" nebulae in LdR's 1850 PT paper. On 9 Mar 1850, Johnstone Stoney noted
"Another spiral". The
following February, Bindon Stoney logged "Spiral, 2 arms and some stars in
following arm." AOn 15
Apr 1858, R.J. Mitchell wrote "vL and vB. The centre itself it like an E neb with Nucl; the centre is
enveloped is an irr ring or rings of nebulous light as in the accompaning rude
sketch, which does not contain all the details. On 3 May 1858, he added "The surrounding ring of
nebulosity is of irregular shape, it curves gently at delta (south preceding
end) but bends more sharply at gamma (north following end), where it is
brightest. The centre seems to reach up to and to blend with the nebulosity at
delta."
******************************
NGC 4726 = PGC
926789
12 50 46.1 -14
16 07
Size
1.0'x0.2'; PA = 76d
18"
(5/16/09): extremely faint, very small, slightly elongated,
15"x12". Based on this
description I only viewed the core region of this thin edge-on. Located 1.2' SSE of a mag 12 star and
4.5' NW of the NGC 4724/4727 duo.
The identification of this NGC number is uncertain and most other
sources equate it with IC 3834.
IC 3834 appeared
faint, small, round, low even surface brightness. A mag 15 star lies 43" W of center. Located 11' NE of the NGC 4727/4724
pair.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 4726 in 1882. In
the narrative portion of his fifth paper (AN 2439) he mentions "4' further
north of the beautiful double nebula [NGC 4724/4727] is a fainter
companion." Dreyer's position
is 4' north of the midpoint of NGC 4724 and 4727. PGC 926789 is situated 4.5' north-northwest of the
pair and the only galaxy in the vicinity.
But is it too faint to have been picked up by Tempel with the 11-inch
refractor at Arcetri Observatory?
Possibly, so this identification is uncertain.
Herbert Howe
searched unsuccessfully for this object at the NGC position in 1899 with the
20-inch refractor in Denver. But
on two nights he measured an object which I assumed was NGC 4726. His position (repeated in the IC
2 Notes) matches IC 3834 = PGC 43559, a much brighter galaxy discovered by
Bigourdan on 14 Apr 1895 and recorded as B. 303. This galaxy is nearly 11' northeast of NGC 4724/4727, so
certainly is not the object mentioned by Tempel. But based on Dreyer's erroneous "corrected"
position, modern catalogues (with the exception of NED) identify IC 3834 as NGC
4726.
******************************
NGC 4727 = NGC
4740: = MCG -02-33-023 = Holm 470a = PGC 43499
12 50 57.2 -14
19 58
V = 13.0; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 130d
18"
(5/16/09): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 4:3 WNW-ESE, 0.7'x0.5',
broad, weak concentration with no core but contains a quasi-stellar brighter
nucleus with direct vision. Forms
a close contact pair with NGC 4724 barely off the west side.
18"
(4/9/05): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated, 0.8'x0.6', broad
concentration with a slightly irregular surface brightness though no defined
core or nucleus. Forms a close,
striking pair with NGC 4724 just 50" between centers. The V magnitude appears brighter than
listed (13.6).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4727 = H II-298 = h1450, along with NGC 4724, on 8 Feb 1785
(sweep 372) and recorded "F, pL, lbM." His position is a very good match with the brighter, eastern
component of this close pair. JH
made a single observation, noting "F; R; the sf and brighter of 2, dist
1'."
NGC 4740, found
by Lewis Swift, is probably a duplicate observation. See that number for more.
******************************
NGC 4728 = MCG
+05-30-098 = CGCG 159-087 = Holm 469a = PGC 43455
12 50 28.0 +27
26 05
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 108d
18"
(4/10/04): faint, small, round, 20" diameter, no noticeable
concentration. Forms the north
vertex of a thin triangle with a mag 11 star 3.3' S and a mag 13 star 3.8' SSW. Another 3.6' S of the mag 11 star is
NGC 4721 (6.8' SSW). Located 18'
WSW of mag 4.9 31 Comae Berenices and a similar distance ESE of mag 5.8 30
Comae!
17.5"
(3/20/93): faint, small, round, even surface brightness. A mag 11 star is 3.3' SSW. This outlying member of AGC 1656 forms
a trio with NGC 4728A = UGC 7992 2' ESE and NGC 4728B 3.5' NNE. NGC 4745 lies 13' E. Located 18' SE of 30 Comae Berenices (V
= 5.8) and 17' SW of 31 Comae (V = 4.9).
The CGCG magnitude =15.6z is too faint.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4728 on 3 Mar 1867 with the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen.
His position, measured on two consecutive nights, is accurate. This is the brightest of three with
(R)NGC 4728A = UGC 7992 at 2.2' ESE and (R)NGC 4728C at 3.6' NNE.
******************************
NGC 4729 = ESO
323-016 = MCG -07-27-002 = A1248-40 = LGG 298-018 = PGC 43591
12 51 46.2 -41
07 57
V = 12.3; Size 1.5'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(4/7/89): very faint, small, oval NW-SE.
A mag 13 star is 1.0' N.
Forms a close pair with NGC 4730 2.8' ESE. Located within the Centaurus Cluster (AGC 3526). Misidentified in the RNGC as ESO
323-008.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4729 = h3430, along with NGC 4730 = h3431, on 8 Jun 1834. He only gave a single approximate
position (nearest min of RA and nearest min of dec, both marked as +/-),
although he mentions in his observation of NGC 4744 on the same sweep that this
pair was to its southwest. ESO
323-016 and ESO 323-017 are 5' and 8' southeast of JH's rough position, and
these are the two brightest galaxies southwest of NGC 4744. Harold Corwin mentions that Ron Buta
and Andris Lauberts first suggested NGC 4729 = ESO 323-016 and NGC 4730 = ESO
323-017 and these identifications are used in the ESO.
MCG does not
label its two entries as NGC 4729 and 4730. RNGC misidentifies ESO 323-008 as NGC 4729. See Corwin's identificiation notes for
the full story.
******************************
NGC 4730 = ESO
323-017 = MCG -07-27-003 = PGC 43611
12 52 00.5 -41
08 49
V = 12.9; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(4/7/89): very faint, small. A
star lies off the south edge.
Forms a close pair with NGC 4749 2.8' WNW. Member of the Centaurus Cluster (AGC 3526). Misidentified in the RNGC as ESO
323-009.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4730 = h3431, along with NGC 4729 = h3430, on 8 Jun 1834. See notes for NGC 4729.
******************************
NGC 4731 = MCG
-01-33-026 = UGCA 302 = Holm 472a = LGG 314-005 = PGC 43507
12 51 01.0 -06
23 33
V = 11.5; Size 6.6'x3.2'; Surf Br = 14.6; PA = 85d
48"
(4/2/11): this is an amazing stretched barred spiral with a long, thin central
bar oriented NW-SE and long extensions (spiral arms) at the northwest end
gently curving west, along with one at the southeast end of the bar extending
east. The entire galaxy forms a
very distinctive integral sign outline, stretching 5' E-W! The bar is very bright and very
elongated, ~4:1 NW-SE, 1.6'x0.4'.
The arm on the east side is slightly brighter and longer. It seems to fan out and become patchy
near the end. A 15th magnitude
star is at or just beyond the tip.
The western arm curves gradually to the south and faint haze extends
from the arm to the south increasing the total size. A mag 14 star is just south of the bar and a small triangle
of fainter stars is north of the bar.
A faint, very small HII knot (NGC 4731:[HK83] 21/22) is squeezed between
the triangle of stars and the bar.
NGC 4731A was
picked up 10' SSE and appeared moderately bright and large, irregularly round,
~0.6' diameter, broad concentration, brightens gradually to the center. A faint star or knot at the SW edge was
not noticed in a quick observation at 375x.
17.5"
(5/17/90): faint, fairly small, round, weak concentration, diffuse. A mag 10.5 star is 4' N. Pair with NGC 4731A 10' NNW.
17.5"
(5/17/90): fairly faint, large, very elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE, low even surface
brightness. A mag 14 star is just
south of the nucleus. Forms a pair
with NGC 4731A = MCG -01-33-027 10.5' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4731 = H I-41 = h1452 on 25 Apr 1784 (sweep 207) and recorded
"B, L, lbM, irr figure, resolvable." JH made the single observation
"vF; pL; E; third class; sky perfectly clear and fine." His position is accurate although
Dreyer was concerned about the discrepant descriptions and positions. In the IC I notes he remarked "H
in 1784 described it as "lbM" not "sb M: as in GC. There has apparently not been any
change; it is diffused, without concentration. The RA in NGC [from JH] is correct (Armagh, 2 observations)."
******************************
NGC 4732 = UGC
7988 = MCG +09-21-053 = CGCG 270-026 = PGC 43430
12 50 07.1 +52
51 00
V = 13.8; Size 1.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 8d
18"
(7/1/03): faint, small, elongated 2:1 ~N-S, 0.6'x0.3'. Contains a large, brighter middle with
faint extensions. A mag 12 star
lies 2.3' ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4732 = H II-814 on 26 Apr 1789 (sweep 929) and noted "F, S,
very suddenly mbM." CH's
reduced position is 2.5' north of UGC 7988.
******************************
NGC 4733 = UGC
7997 = MCG +02-33-028 = CGCG 071-054 = Holm 473a = PGC 43516
12 51 06.8 +10
54 43
V = 11.8; Size 1.9'x1.8'
17.5"
(3/28/92): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated E-W, weak
concentration. A mag 13.5-14 star
is 30" off the west edge and 1' from center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4733 = H II-73 = h1453 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 174) and noted
"F, not vS." JH made 5
observations, recording on sweep 22 "F; R: has a * 12m immediately
p."
******************************
NGC 4734 = UGC
7998 = MCG +01-33-019 = CGCG 043-045 = PGC 43525
12 51 12.9 +04
51 32
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 145d
18"
(4/29/06): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.5' diameter, weak
concentration. Appears brighter on the north edge or the core is asymmetrical
on the north side. Located 33' NE
of NGC 4713.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4734 = h1454 on 7 Apr 1828 and noted "vF; vS; R." His position is good.
******************************
NGC 4735 = MCG
+05-30-104 = CGCG 159-091 = PGC 43509
12 51 01.7 +28
55 40
V = 14.5; Size 0.6'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 95d
17.5"
(5/14/94): faint, small, elongated 2:1 E-W, 0.6'x0.3', very little central
brightening. The major axis is
collinear with a mag 13.5 star 2.2' W of center which has a mag 15 companion. On line with mag 8.5 SAO 82534 5.8' SE
and mag 9 SAO 82535 9.8' SE which detract from viewing. NGC 4738 in field 8.6' SSE.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 4735 = Big 56 on 9 May 1885. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 4736 = M94 =
UGC 7996 = MCG +07-26-058 = CGCG 216-034 = CGCG 217-001 = PGC 43495
12 50 53.0 +41
07 12
V = 8.2; Size 11.2'x9.1'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 105d
13.1"
(4/12/86): very bright, very impressive, fairly large, oval WNW-ESE, very
bright core containing a stellar nucleus.
Pierre MŽchain
discovered M94 = NGC 4736 = h1456 on 22 Mar 1781. William Herschel recorded (sweep 717 on 18 Mar 1787)
"very brilliant. A large,
luminous nucleus of more than 20" diameter with faint chevulure and
branches extending 6 or 8'."
Again on 9 Apr 1787 (sweep 725), he logged "Very brilliant, with
much F nebulosity on the sp and more on the following side." JH published 6 observations and noted
on sweep 150 "vB; R; psvmbM to a nipple; with 240, r; glimpses of stars
seen. A fine object. 90" or 2' in diam."
Bindon Stoney
reported it as a new spiral in his observation at Birr Castle on 9 Apr
1852. On 13 Apr 1855, R.J.
Mitchell logged "vlE pf, dark ring round the nucleus, the bright ring
exterior to this. The annulus,
however, is not perfect, but broken up and patchy, and the object will probably
run out to be a spiral.
******************************
NGC 4737 = MCG
+06-28-036 = CGCG 188-025 = PGC 43490
12 50 52.9 +34
09 24
V = 14.3; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5":
faint, very small, slightly elongated brighter core, faint stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4737 = H III-496 = h1457 on 2 Jan 1786 (sweep 508) and recorded
"eF, vS, pmE."
******************************
NGC 4738 = UGC
7999 = MCG +05-30-103 = CGCG 159-092 = FGC 1510 = PGC 43517
12 51 08.9 +28
47 17
V = 13.4; Size 2.1'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 34d
17.5"
(5/14/94): faint, small, very thin edge-on 6:1 SSW-NNE, 1.2'x0.2', slightly
brighter along major axis. Forms a
very close pair with a mag 14.5 star 50" SE of center. NGC 4735 lies 8.6' NNW. Forms the vertex of an isosceles
triangle with mag 8.4 SAO 82534 4.9' NNE and mag 9 SAO 82535 5.7' ENE.
Bindon Stoney,
LdR's assistant, discovered NGC 4738 = Big 57 on 1 Mar 1851 and simply noted
"nova, Nucl, E" and gave a rough position. Guillaume Bigourdan independently discovered this galaxy on
9 Mar 1885 and noted "elongated in PA 30¡." The NGC position from Bigourdan is accurate.
******************************
NGC 4739 = MCG
-01-33-029 = PGC 43571
12 51 37.1 -08
24 37
V = 12.6; Size 1.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5" (5/17/90):
fairly faint, fairly small, round, gradual central brightening, possibly
contains faint stellar nucleus.
Located 10' NW of mag 8.8 SAO 139005.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4739 = H III-515 = h1455 on 3 Mar 1786 (sweep 536) and reported
"vF, S, E." His position
is at the southeast edge of MCG -01-33-029 = PGC 43571.
******************************
NGC 4740 = NGC
4727: = MCG -02-33-023 = PGC 43499
12 50 57.2 -14
19 58
V = 13.0; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 130d
See observing
notes for NGC 4727.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 4740 = Sw VI-49 on 27 Apr 1887 and recorded "pF; pS; R;
mbM." There is nothing at
this position, but 50 sec of RA west is NGC 4727 and this relatively bright
galaxy is a good match in description.
The closest galaxy to Swift's position, though, is IC 3834, which is
located 6' north and 14 sec of RA preceding. So, there are two possible candidates.
Herbert Howe,
examining the area in 1899 with the 20-inch refractor at the Chamberlin
Observatory in Denver, commented "I cannot see anything in the NGC place
for NGC 4740. Under date of 1899
August 9 Dr. Swift writes, in reply to a query: "I have examined the
record of 4740, and find that it was made 1887 April 27, with position 12 46,
-13 41. The right ascension is for
1890, the declination for date of discovery. I have no recollection about it." This position agrees so well with NGC
4726 that I assume them to be identical." But Howe couldn't find NGC 4726 at Tempel's location 4' north of NGC 4724/4727 but found IC
3834, which he assumed was NGC 4726.
Malcolm Thomson
feels NGC 4740 is IC 3834, but Harold Corwin argues that NGC 4740 is more
likely a duplicate observation of NGC 4727.
******************************
NGC 4741 = UGC
8000 = MCG +08-23-098 = CGCG 244-045 = CGCG 245-003 = PGC 43504
12 50 59.5 +47
40 17
V = 13.7; Size 1.3'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 165d
18"
(7/1/03): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 ~N-S, broad
concentration. Form the west
vertex of an equilateral triangle with sides ~3' with a mag 14 star to the NE
and a mag 12.5 star to the SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4741 = H III-721 = h1458 on 9 Mar 1788 (sweep 816) and noted
"vF, S." JH made the
single observation "vF; R; psbM" and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4742 = MCG
-02-33-032 = UGCA 303 = PGC 43594
12 51 48.0 -10
27 17
V = 11.3; Size 2.6'x1.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 75d
17.5"
(3/23/85): moderately bright, small, bright stellar nucleus. A mag 12 star lies 1.3' SE of
center. Situated 9' SE of ·1682, a
bright unequal double star with components 6.4/9.7 at 30". In a group with NGC 4760 20' E and NGC
4781 38' E.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4742 = H I-133 = h3432 on 25 Mar 1786 (sweep 546) and logged
"cB, vS, BN." His
position matches MCG -02-33-032 = PGC 43594. JH described "A star 9m, with a strong burr about of
very small extent, diam 10".
It is the best specimen of the class of "stellar nebulae" that
I remember to have seen."
******************************
NGC 4743 = ESO
323-021 = MCG -07-27-005 = LGG 298-046 = PGC 43653
12 52 16.0 -41
23 26
V = 13.0; Size 1.3'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 176d
17.5"
(4/7/89): very faint, small, elongated N-S. Located 15' S of NGC 4729 and NGC 4744 within the Centaurus
cluster (AGC 3526).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4743 = h3429 on 8 Jun 1834 and logged "F; R; gbM." His
position is accurate, though MCG does not label its entry (MCG -07-27-005) as
NGC 4743.
******************************
NGC 4744 = ESO
323-022 = MCG -07-27-006 = LGG 298-019 = PGC 43661
12 52 19.5 -41
03 37
V = 12.6; Size 2.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 122d
17.5"
(4/7/89): extremely faint, small, very low surface brightness. Third of three and located about 7' NE
of the NGC 4729/NGC 4730 pair within the Centaurus cluster (AGC 3526).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4744 = h3433 on 8 Jun 1834 and recorded "F; L; E; gbM; has
two more nebulae preceding, a little to south [NGC 4729 and 4730]." His
position is is just off the southeast side of ESO 323-022 = PGC 43661.
******************************
NGC 4745 = MCG
+05-30-105A = CGCG 159-094 = Holm 474a = PGC 43539
12 51 26.1 +27
25 16
V = 14.3; Size 0.8'x0.8'
17.5"
(5/14/94): faint, small, round, well-defined edge to halo, no
concentration. A mag 14 star is
1.4' ENE of center. The view is
hampered by 31 Comae Berenices (V = 4.9) located 8.0' NNE and mag 9 SAO 82532
5.3' SSW. NGC 4728 is at the edge
of the field 13' W. There were
several brief impressions of an extremely faint companion galaxy 1.7' WNW (NGC
4745B). Outlying member of AGC
1656.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4745 on 24 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His mean position on two nights is at the northeast edge of CGCG
159-094 = PGC 43539. The RC3 mag
=15.1V appears too faint.
******************************
NGC 4746 = UGC
8007 = MCG +02-33-029 = CGCG 071-060 = PGC 43601
12 51 55.2 +12
04 59
V = 12.6; Size 3.8'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 120d
17.5"
(3/28/92): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE, weak
concentration with no well-defined nucleus. A mag 11 star lies 3.5' WSW and a mag 13 star is 2.3' N of
center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4746 = h1460 on 29 Mar 1830 and logged "pB; mE; r.' His position is just off the south side
of UGC 80007 and his description is appropriate.
******************************
NGC 4747 = Arp
159 = UGC 8005 = MCG +04-30-023 = CGCG 129-028 = Holm 468c = PGC 43586
12 51 45.5 +25
46 30
V = 12.3; Size 3.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 30d
13.1"
(5/26/84): fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE, 3'x1',
diffuse, low even surface brightness.
Located 22' NE of NGC 4725.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4747 = H II-344 on 6 Apr 1785 (sweep 393) and noted "F; pL;
lE." CH's reduction is 1' south of UGC 8005. Although JH recorded nearby NGC 4725, though either missed
or didn't look for this object.
******************************
NGC 4748 = MCG
-02-33-034 = PGC 43643
12 52 12.6 -13
24 49
V = 13.5; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.7
17.5"
(3/16/96): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 N-S, very small bright
core. Located 3' NNW of a mag 10
star. Pair with similar NGC 4722
11' NW. Appears double on the POSS
with smaller component at the north side.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4748 = H III-537 = h1459 on 27 Mar 1786 (sweep 548) and noted
" vF, vS, iF." His
position is less than 1' south of MCG -02-33-034 = PGC 43643. JH's position is at the northeast edge
of the galaxy.
******************************
NGC 4749 = UGC
8006 = MCG +12-12-020 = CGCG 335-026 = LGG 303-002 = PGC 43527
12 51 12.4 +71
38 05
V = 13.5; Size 1.8'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 158d
18"
(6/28/03): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE, 0.8'x0.3',
brighter core. A distinctive
"kite" asterism of mag 12-13 stars is close NW. Four mag 8-9 stars are in the 20' field
around the periphery including mag 7.9 SAO 7686 at 8.5' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4749 = H III-907 on 7 Apr 1793 (sweep 1037) and noted "vF,
E from np to sf, about 1 1/2' long and 1/2' br." His RA (CH's reduction) is ~ 1.0 tmin too small. Bigourdan measured an accurate position
used in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 4750 = UGC
7994 = MCG +12-12-019 = CGCG 335-025 = LGG 303-003 = PGC 43426
12 50 07.2 +72
52 28
V = 11.2; Size 2.0'x1.9'; Surf Br = 12.5
18"
(5/8/04): fairly bright, moderately large, slightly elongated, 1.4'x1.2', well
concentrated with a prominent 30" core which increases to a distinct
stellar nucleus with direct vision.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4750 = H IV-78 = h1463 on 8 Nov 1801 (sweep 1101) and recorded
"cB, R, bM, about 1 1/2' diam.
Somewhat approaching to a planetary nebula, with a strong hazy
border." JH (probably working
with his father's description) made the single observation "pF; L; R;
40"; the central portion up to diam 30" is nearly uniform, so as to
give an approach to th appearance of a planetary nebula." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 4751 = ESO
323-029 = MCG -07-27-011 = LGG 309-003 = PGC 43723
12 52 50.7 -42
39 36
V = 11.8; Size 3.0'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 175d
18"
(3/28/09): this member of AGC 3526 appeared fairly faint, moderately large,
elongated 2:1 N-S, 1.0'x0.5', small bright core. Located on the SE side of AGC 3526 (Centaurus cluster) 1.5
degrees SE of NGC 4696 and 30' NW of mag 5.5 HD 112213.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4751 = h3434 on 15 Mar 1836 and recorded "B; R; first vg,
then vsbM; 50"." His
position matches ESO 323-029 = PGC 43723, although MCG fails to label its entry
as NGC 4751.
******************************
NGC 4752 = CGCG
071-058 = PGC 43555
12 51 29.1 +13
46 55
Size
0.9'x0.3'; PA = 154d
18"
(5/12/07): very faint, very small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 0.3'x0.2', visible
continuously with averted vision.
Located 43' SE of 5.7-magnitude 29 Coma. The NGC identification with this galaxy is very uncertain
due to a poor position by William Herschel.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4752 = H III-82 on 12 Apr 1784 (sweep 189) and recorded
"vF, S, E, r." There is
nothing near his position -- 4.05 min of RA east and 15' south of NGC
4689. Bigourdan searched
unsuccessfully for this object.
Harold Corwin
suggests that NGC 4752 may refer to CGCG 71-058. This galaxy is 38 sec of RA west and 15' north of WH's
position, so this identification is very uncertain, although there are no other
good candidates. Karl Reinmuth,
using Heidelberg plates, notes "=*12; no nebulosity, *13.5 nf 2.8', S
double star sf 3.0'." This
mag 12 star is close to the WH's position. Dorothy Carlson, repeated this identification as a star in her
1940 NGC Correction paper, as well as the RNGC.
******************************
NGC 4753 = UGC
8009 = MCG +00-33-016 = CGCG 015-029 = LGG 315-003 = PGC 43671
12 52 22.0 -01
11 58
V = 9.9; Size 6.0'x2.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 80d
18"
(5/28/06): very bright, very large, the halo increases to a large bright
core. The halo appears irregular
in shape with averted vision with a strong impression of a low surface
brightness extension on the southeast side and a less-defined extension to the
northwest. On images, this
distorted galaxy has very unusual chaotic, twisted dust lanes and disc, with a
much fainter outer halo inclined to the main body.
17.5"
(4/21/90): bright, large, oval 2:1 E-W, the halo brightens down to a small very
bright core. Overall, an
impressive galaxy. Mag 9 SAO
139015 lies 8' ESE and mag 7.8 SAO 13910 is 16' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4753 = H I-16 = h1461 on 22 Feb 1784 (sweep 153) and recorded
"a fine nebula, brightest in the M; pL; 4 or 5' extent. It is not quite R, but a little
compressed. The middle though vB
does not resemble the nucleus of a comet." JH made a single obervation and measured an accurate
position.
******************************
NGC 4754 = UGC
8010 = MCG +02-33-030 = CGCG 071-062 = Holm 478b = PGC 43656
12 52 17.5 +11
18 50
V = 10.6; Size 4.6'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 23d
17.5"
(4/13/91): bright, fairly small, slightly elongated halo SSW-NNE, 3'
diameter. Sharply concentrated
with a very bright small round core containing a substellar nucleus. Located in the center of a group of six
faint mag 14 stars. A brighter mag
11 star lies 3.1' SW of center.
Forms a pretty pair with NGC 4762 11' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4754 = H I-25 = H II-74 = h1462 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 174) and
noted "B, S, in a line with two stars. CH's reduced position is 18 tsec preceding UGC 8010 and the
description nails the identification.
The next objects logged are NGC 4754 (again) and NGC 4762 as "Two
pB nebula; the preceding [NGC 4754] of them is almost R. The following [NGC 4762] vmE; they are
not far from the same parallel and about 8 or 10' distant." Hence the two H-designations.
JH made four
observations (noting the equivalence of I-25 and II-74) and six observations
were made at Birr Castle.
******************************
NGC 4755 = ESO
131-SC16 = Cr 264 = Jewel Box cluster = Kappa Crucis Cluster
12 53 37 -60 21
24
V = 4.2; Size 10'
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): at 105x, 120-150 stars are resolved in the Jewel Box
cluster with careful viewing as a huge number of mag 13-14 stars form a rich
carpet in the background of a half-dozen very bright stars in the cluster. Most prominent is a string of three
6-7th magnitude stars including orange-red DU Crucis (V = 7.2-7.7) with the
brightest stars forming a letter "A" asterism. The star distribution
is very irregular and a number of stars are arranged in strings, loops, pair
and triplets. This small naked-eye
cluster is just north of the Coalsack and roughly one degree SE of mag 1.3
Mimosa (Beta Crucis).
12"
(6/29/02 - Bargo, Australia): the Jewel Box cluster is a beautiful, naked-eye
cluster about a degree SE of Beta Crucis.
At 186x, the cluster includes a half-dozen very bright stars (mag 6-7.5)
set over a rich background of scores of mag 9-13 stars within a compact 10'
diameter. A line of three mag 6-7
crosses the center of cluster from NW to SE with a striking orange-red star (DU
Crucis = SAO 252073) near the center.
Other stars have blue-white and yellow-whites tints, though these are
more subdued. To the south of the
cluster is the remarkable 6¡x4¡ oval dark Coalsack which sits adjacent to the
SE side of the Southern Cross.
Nicolas-Louis de
Lacaille discovered NGC 4755 = Lac II-12 = D 301 = h3435 in 1751-1752, during
his expedition to the Cape of Good Hope.
James Dunlop described
"(Kappa Crucis, Bode) is five stars of the 7th magnitude, forming a
triangular figure, and a star of the 9th magnitude between the second and the
third, with a multitude of very small stars on the south side."
JH first observed
the cluster on 14 Mar 1834 and recorded "the central star (extremely red)
of a most vivid and beautiful cluster of from 50 to 100 stars. Among the larger
there are one or two evidently greenish; south of the red star is one 13th mag,
also red; and near it is one 12th mag, bluish." In preparation for his meticulous sketch of the cluster, he
drew up a catalogue of 110 stars, accompanied by the following explanation:
"Though set down by Lacaille as nebulous, and on that authority entered as
a nebula in Bode's Catalogue, no nebula is perceptible in any part of the
extent of this cluster, which though neither a large nor a rich one, is yet an
extremely brilliant and beautiful object when viewed through an instrument of
sufficient aperture to show distinctly the very different colour of its
constituent stars, which give it the effect of a superb piece of fancy
jewelery. The area occupied by it is about one-forty-eighth part of a square
degree, within which area I have laid down, partly from micrometric measures
(as regards the large stars) and partly from intertriangulation by the eye (as
respects the small ones) the stars (110 in number) of the following
catalogue." JH listed eight stars in which the "colour is
conspicuous"; 3 are described as "greenish-white, 2 are green, 1
blue-green, 1 red and 1 ruddy.
******************************
NGC 4756 = MCG
-02-33-039 = LGG 306-003 = PGC 43725
12 52 52.6 -15
24 48
V = 12.4; Size 1.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 50d
18"
(5/28/06): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 SW-NE, 1.0'x0.7', broad
mild concentration. A mag 14.5-15
star is at the NE edge. Brightest in a cluster superimposed on AGC 1631. A total of 10 galaxies in both clusters
were tracked down.
18"
(4/29/06): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 5:3 SW-NE, 1.3'x0.8',
broad concentration. Brightest
galaxy in a galaxy group superimposed on AGC 1631 and situtated near the center
of the cluster. Several faint
galaxies are visible in the field including a trio ~8' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4756 = H III-281 = h1464 on 8 Feb 1785 (sweep 372) and noted
"vF, pS, resolvable."
CH's reduction is less than 2' southwest of PGC 43725.
******************************
NGC 4757 = MCG
-02-33-040 = PGC 43715
12 52 50.0 -10
18 37
V = 14.3; Size 1.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 58d
17.5"
(5/17/90): faint, small, round. An
extremely faint star is at the NW edge.
Forms a pair with NGC 4766 5' SE.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 4757, along with NGC 4766, in 1882. In the narrative portion of his fifth paper (AN 2439) he
mentions finding two nebulae about 10' north of Winnecke's GC 5674 [NGC
4760]. Although no positions are
given here, they were probably measured and communicated later to Dreyer, as the
NGC position is 1.6' south of MCG -02-33-040 = PGC 43715. This galaxy lies 12' north-northwest of
NGC 4760.
******************************
NGC 4758 = UGC
8014 = MCG +03-33-015 = CGCG 100-015 = PGC 43707
12 52 44.1 +15
50 54
V = 13.1; Size 3.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 160d
18"
(5/30/03): fairly faint, fairly large, very elongated ~3:1 NNW-SSE,
2.2'x0.6'. Fairly low surface
brightness, but appears irregular or slightly mottled. A mag 14 star is 40" N of center,
just off the eastern flank.
Located 17' SSE of mag 6.3 SAO 100312.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4758 = H III-70 = h1465 on 21 Mar 1784 (sweep 182) and noted
"vF, not S." CH's
reduced position is 6 sec of RA too far west. JH made three observations and his mean position matches UGC
8014.
******************************
NGC 4759 = NGC
4776 + NGC 4778 = MCG -01-33-036/037 = Holm 477a/b = HCG 62a/b = PGC 43754
12 53 05.2 -09
12 08
V = 12.0; Size 1.8'x1.8'
18"
(6/17/06): NGC 4759 is a striking double system consisting of the two brightest
members of HCG 62. The southeast
component (NGC 4778 = HCG 62A) is slightly larger and brighter of the duo and
appears fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter. Contains a small bright core surrounded
by a lower surface brightness halo.
Located 1.5' N of a mag 9.5 star that detracts somewhat. Nearly tangent to the northwest edge is
slightly fainter NGC 4776 = HCG 62B, which appeared fairly faint but very
small, round, 20"-24" diameter. NGC 4761 = HCG 62c lies just 1.3'
following.
17.5"
(4/13/96): the brightest object in HCG 62 is a double system with southeast
component HCG 62A = NGC 4759e = NGC 4778 and northwest component HCG 62B = NGC
4759w = NGC 4776. The southeast
galaxy is the brighter of the pair and appears fairly faint, round, 1.0'
diameter, increases to a small bright core. Virtually attached at the northwest edge is a slightly
fainter and smaller galaxy, round, 20" diameter, faint stellar
nucleus. Mag 9 SAO 139019 is just
1.5' SSW of the pair.
17.5"
(5/17/90): double system consisting of NW component NGC 4759a = NGC 4776 and SE
component NGC 4759b = NGC 4778 with 28" separation between centers. The NW member appears faint, very
small, slightly elongated N-S, bright core. The contact companion NGC 4759b is attached at the SE
end. The SE member is the slightly
larger and brighter of the double system and appears faint, small, slightly
elongated E-W, bright core.
Located 2' N of mag 9.1 SAO 139019. Second of four with NGC 4761 1' ENE and NGC 4764 4' S. The SE component is incorrectly listed
in the RNGC as NGC 4761.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4759 = H II-559 on 25 Mar 1786 (sweep 546) and simply noted
"F, S". His position
corresponds with this double system.
JH resolved the pair and assigned them two designations - h3437 = NGC
4776 and h3438 = NGC 4778, although his RA was 1.0 tmin too large. In the GC, JH equated II-559 with h3437
(assuming his father's position was poor).
Heinrich
d'Arrest measured an accurate position with the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen
on 30 Mar 1867 and noted a mag 10 star 1.5' south and 1-2 tsec precding, but
only saw a single (unresolved) nebula.
Wilhelm Tempel, later using an 11-inch refractor at Arcetri Observatory,
confirmed d'Arrest's position but described it as double. Dreyer gave II-559 = NGC 4759 a
separate (accurate) designation in the NGC, noting it as double, assuming
II-559 must be different from JH's pair.
RNGC and MCG
misidentify the components of the double system as NGC 4759 and NGC 4761, while
ESGC identifies the pair as NGC 4776 and 4778.
******************************
NGC 4760 = MCG
-02-33-041 = PGC 43763
12 53 07.3 -10
29 40
V = 11.4; Size 2.0'x1.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 10d
17.5"
(3/23/85): moderately bright, moderately large, fairly weak broad
concentration, irregularly round.
Located between mag 8.7 SAO 157565 4' SSW and a mag 9.5 star NNE. NGC 4742 lies 20' WNW.
August Winnecke
discovered NGC 4760 on 30 Mar 1876 with a 6.5" refractor at
Strausberg. The NGC position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 4761 =
(R)NGC 4764 = MCG -01-33-039 = HCG 62C = Holm 477b = PGC 43768
12 53 09.8 -09
11 52
V = 13.8; Size 0.4'x0.3'; Surf Br = 11.6; PA = 80d
18"
(6/17/06): faint, small, this small spindle in HCG 62 is elongated 3:1 N-S,
30"x10". Contains a
faint stellar nucleus with direct vision.
Located just 1' following the double system NGC 4759.
17.5"
(4/13/96): HCG 62C appears very faint, very small, elongated 3:2 N-S,
25"x15". Located just
1.2' ENE of the NGC 4759 double system (HCG 62A/B).
17.5"
(5/17/90): very faint, very small, slightly elongated N-S. Located 1' ENE of the double system NGC
4759. Fourth of four in a group.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 4761, along with NGC 4764, in March 1882 and reported it in list
V, near NGC 4776 and 4778. The NGC
description reads "eF, eS, 1' f D neb II 559 [NGC 4759]". As Tempel
didn't mention any direction in the AN paper, this information must have been
communicated directly to Dreyer.
At his position, is MCG -01-33-039 = PGC 43768 = HCG 62C.
RNGC and MCG
mislabel this galaxy NGC 4764 and also misidentify the eastern component of NGC
4759 as NGC 4761. The
identifications are discussed in Malcolm Thomson's "Catalogue
Corrections" as well as in Harold Corwin's NGC identifcation notes.
******************************
NGC 4762 = UGC
8016 = MCG +02-33-033 = CGCG 071-065 = Holm 478a = PGC 43733
12 52 55.9 +11
13 50
V = 10.3; Size 8.7'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 32d
48"
(4/4/13): extremely bright, stunning thin edge-on SW-NE, ~6.0'x0.6'. An extremely thin bright streak extends
along the major axis, brightening at the center to a remarkably bright core and
stellar nucleus. Beyond the tips
of the very high surface portion of the edge-on disc, the galaxy has diffuse
extensions at both ends that flare out and appear like water being sprayed out
the end of a hose. The extensions
increase the length to at least 8'.
The bright disc has a sharp edge, particularly on the west side, but a
low surface brightness glow is visible on both sides, increasing the width to
at least 1' and the overall dimensions to 8'x1'. The southern side of the galaxy is flanked by two mag 9.5
stars and a mag 10.5 star is directly south. NGC 4754 lies 11' NW.
17.5"
(4/13/91): very bright, fairly large, beautiful edge-on 12:1 SW-NE, 6.0'x0.5',
small intensely bright core, stellar nucleus. The unusually thin arms taper at the ends. The galaxy appears to have a sharper
light cut-off, possibly due to a dust lane, along the west side. Located almost midway between two 9th
magnitude stars (SAO 100313 3.9' WSW and a mag 9.5 star 2.8' E). Forms a pair with NGC 4754 11' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4762 = H II-75 = h1466 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 174) and logged
"Two pB nebula; the preceding [NGC 4754] of them is almost R. The following [NGC 4762] vmE; they are
not far from the same parallel and about 8 or 10' distant." His position is between the two
galaxies. Using LdR's 72" in
1852, Samuel Hunter noted "I strongly suspect the ends to be
twisted."
******************************
NGC 4763 = MCG
-03-33-013 = PGC 43792
12 53 27.2 -17 00
20
V = 12.6; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 130d
18"
(4/29/06): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated NW-SE,
1.0'x0.8', broad concentration. A
mag 11.5 star lies 2.5' NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4763 = H III-489 on 31 Dec 1785 (sweep 503) and recorded
"vF, S, lbM." Not
observed by JH. His position is 9
sec of time preceding and 1' north of MCG -03-33-013 = PGC 43792.
******************************
NGC 4764 = HCG
62D = PGC 43760
12 53 06.6 -09
15 27
V = 15.0; Size 0.8'x0.4'
18"
(6/17/06): extremely faint and small, round, 10"' diameter. Located 1.9' SSE of mag 9.5 HD 111960
that hampers the view and 3.4' SSE of the double system NGC 4759. Requires averted to view.
17.5"
(4/13/96): HCG 62d appears extremely faint and small, round, requires averted
but once located can hold at least 50% of time. Located 1.9' SSE of a mag 9 star. A mag 13.5 star lies 1.3' SW. Faintest of four in HCG 62.
17.5"
(5/17/90): extremely faint and small, round, almost stellar, glimpsed for
moments only. Located in a compact
galaxy group 3.5' S of double system NGC 4759 and 2' S of mag 9.1 SAO
139019. A mag 14 star is 1.5' SW.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 4764, along with NGC 4761, in March 1882, and reported it in
list V near NGC 4776 and 4778. The
NGC description reads "eF, eS, sf Dneb 4759." As Tempel didn't
mention any direction in the AN article, this information must have been
communicated directly to Dreyer.
NGC 4764 is
probably HCG 62D = PGC 43760, located 3.5' due south of the double system NGC
4759 = NGC 4776/NGC 4778. If this
identification is correct, HCG 62D would be the faintest galaxy Tempel
discovered (V = 15.0). RNGC and
MCG identify HCG 62C = NGC 4761 as NGC 4764. The identifications are discussed by both Malcolm Thomson
and Harold Corwin.
******************************
NGC 4765 = UGC
8018 = VV 366 = MCG +01-33-020 = CGCG 043-054 = PGC 43775
12 53 14.6 +04
27 48
V = 13.0; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 80d
17.5"
(4/4/92): moderately bright but fairly small, elongated 4:3 WSW-ENE, 1.2'x0.9',
broad concentration with no nucleus, fairly high surface brightness.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4765 = H III-544 = h1467 on 17 Apr 1786 (sweep 553) and noted
"vF, vS." JH made the
single observation "pB; S; R: gbM; 20"." Both positions are reasonably accurate.
******************************
NGC 4766 = MCG
-02-33-042 = PGC 43766
12 53 08.1 -10
22 41
V = 14.5; Size 0.7'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 130d
17.5"
(5/17/90): faint, very small, slightly elongated NW-SE, small bright core. A mag 12 star is 1.0' ENE. Forms a close pair with an anonymous
galaxy 1' NW.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 4766, along with NGC 4757, in 1882. In the narrative portion of his fifth paper (AN 2439) he
mentions finding two nebulae about 10' north of Winnecke's GC 5674 [NGC
4760]. Although no positions are
given here, they were probably measured and communicated later to Dreyer, as
the NGC position is 20 sec of RA west of MCG -02-33-042 = PGC 43766. This galaxy lies 7' due north of NGC
4760.
******************************
NGC 4767 = ESO
323-036 = MCG -06-28-023 = LGG 2989-051 = PGC 43845
12 53 52.9 -39
42 52
V = 11.5; Size 2.6'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 130d
17.5"
(2/28/87): moderately bright, fairly small, oval NW-SE, bright core. Located 26' N of n Centauri (V = 4.3)
in the Centaurus cluster (AGC 3526).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4767 = h3436 on 21 Apr 1835 and recorded "B; S; lE; psmbM;
25"."
******************************
NGC 4768
12 53 17.2 -09
31 54
18"
(4/29/06): appears as a mag 13 star located 3.7' W of NGC 4770. Forms a 20" pair with a mag 13
star (this is NGC 4769) to the SE.
These two NGC entries are from Tempel while observing the field of NGC
4770.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 4768, along with NGC 4769, in 1882. He simply noted in paper V (AN 2439) finding two faint
nebula close preceding III 525 [NGC 4770]." Dreyer gives only a rough position in the NGC due west of
NGC 4770. The only object
preceding NGC 4770 is a 20" pair of mag 13.5 stars. Harold Corwin assigns NGC 4768 to the
northwestern component and NGC 4769 to the southeastern component (which is
probably a merged double star).
******************************
NGC 4769
12 53 18.0 -09
32 10
18"
(4/29/06): this is a close double star 3.5' W of NGC 4770. In poor seeing it appeared as a single
mag 13 star. Forms a pair with NGC
4768, a mag 13 star 20" NW.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 4769 along with NGC 4768 in 1882. These two numbers probably apply to a 20" pair of mag
13.5 stars. See NGC 4768.
******************************
NGC 4770 = MCG
-01-33-040 = PGC 43804
12 53 32.1 -09
32 29
V = 13.0; Size 1.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 90d
18"
(4/29/06): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 E-W, 0.8'x0.5'. Contains a moderately bright, round core,
~20" diameter with faint extensions.
Located 12' W of mag 5 Psi Virginis.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4770 = H III-525 on 25 Mar 1786 (sweep 546) and simply noted
"vF, eS." His position
is 1' north of MCG -01-33-040 = PGC 43804.
******************************
NGC 4771 = UGC
8020 = MCG +00-33-017 = CGCG 015-031 = PGC 43784
12 53 21.2 +01
16 10
V = 12.3; Size 3.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 133d
17.5"
(2/28/87): moderately bright, fairly large, elongated 3:1 NW-SE, only a weak
concentration. Located 2.7' E of a
mag 10 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4771 = H II-535 = h1468 on 24 Feb 1786 (sweep 532) and recorded
"F, mE, 2' l and 3/4' br from np to sf." JH made the single observation "F; mE; follows a * 9m
in parallel; sky not quite clear." and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4772 = UGC
8021 = MCG +00-33-018 = CGCG 015-032 = PGC 43798
12 53 29.1 +02
10 06
V = 11.0; Size 3.4'x1.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 147d
17.5"
(2/28/87): moderately bright, elongated NW-SE, fairly small. Contains a bright core with faint
extensions.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4772 = H II-24 = h1469 on 24 Jan 1784 (sweep 122) and recorded
"F, pL." His position is
about 1 min of RA east of UGC 8021 (same error as NGC 4643, the previous object
viewed) but he measured an accurate position on 30 Apr 1786 (sweep 558) and
noted "pB, pL, bM." JH
made 3 observations, logging "B, smbM, R, 1' diam." on sweep 142.
******************************
NGC 4773 = MCG
-01-33-041 = PGC 43810
12 53 36.0 -08
38 21
V = 14.1; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 95d
17.5"
(5/17/90): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated E-W, small bright core. Forms a contact pair with MCG
-01-33-042 on the south edge. The
companion appeared very faint, very small, round. Located 6' NNW of mag 8.8 SAO 139029. First and brightest of four with NGC
4780 7.3' ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4773 = H III-516 on 3 Mar 1786 (sweep 536) and noted "vF,
S." CH's reduction is 2'
south-southeast of MCG -01-33-041 = PGC 43810. No observations were made by JH.
******************************
NGC 4774 =
Kidney Bean Galaxy = VV 789 = I Zw 45 = MCG +06-28-037 = CGCG 188-026 = PGC
43759
12 53 06.6 +36
49 06
V = 14.3; Size 0.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.5
48"
(4/7/13): at 488x this collisional ring galaxy appeared fairly bright, fairly
small, slightly elongated E-W, irregular.
It appeared slightly brighter on the north side, which contained a faint
stellar nucleus, but I didn't resolve the darker center. Forms a close pair with PGC 2087677,
about 30" N of center. The
companion, which is identified as the collider in Madore's collisional ring
catalogue, appeared very faint (V = 16.7), very small, round, 9" diameter.
NGC 4774 is
nicknamed the "Kidney Bean Galaxy" by Zwicky in his red book (I Zw
45). It was first mentioned as a
ring galaxy in 1970 by Cannon, Lloyd, Penston in "Ring galaxies" (The
Observatory, Vol. 90, p. 153-154) and it is listed as a collisional ring in
Madore, Nelson and Petrillo's 2009 "Atlas and Catalog of Collisional Ring
Galaxies" (ApJS, Vol 181, p. 572-604).
17.5": very
faint, small, round, even surface brightness. Appeared fainter than the CGCG mag of 14.6p.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4774 = H III-618 = h1471 on 17 Mar 1787 (sweep 714) and noted
"eF, vS." JH logged
"eF; S; R: bM. Sky perfectly
clear" and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4775 = MCG
-01-33-043 = UGCA 306 = PGC 43826
12 53 45.8 -06
37 20
V = 11.1; Size 2.1'x2.0'; Surf Br = 12.5
17.5"
(5/17/90): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, weak
concentration, mottled appearance.
A mag 13.5 star is off the SW edge 1.3' from center. NGC 4786 lies 18.4' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4775 = H II-186 = h1470 on 25 Apr 1784 (sweep 207) and logged
"rather F, cL, R, r." JH
made the single obwervation "vF; L; R; 90"; vglbM. Its companion [NGC 4786] looked for but
not seen." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 4776 = NGC
4759nw = HCG 62B = MCG -01-33-036 = Holm 477a NED1 = PGC 43754
12 53 04.5 -09
12 00
V = 13.0; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.7
18"
(6/17/06): NGC 4776 = HCG 62B is the northwest component of the striking double
system NGC 4759. At 225x it
appeared fairly faint but very small, round, 20"-24" diameter. NGC
4761 = HCG 62c lies just 1.3' following.
Nearly tangent to the southeast edge is slightly brighter NGC 4778 = HCG
62A, just 28" between centers.
17.5"
(4/13/96): NGC 4776 is virtually attached to the northwest edge of NGC 4778 and
is slightly fainter smaller, round, 20" diameter, faint stellar
nucleus. Mag 9 SAO 139019 is just
1.5' SSW of the pair.
17.5"
(5/17/90): the northwest component of this double system appears faint, very
small, slightly elongated N-S, bright core. The contact companion NGC 4778 = HCG 62A is attached at the
SE end (see notes). Located 2' N
of mag 9.1 SAO 139019. Second of
four with NGC 4761 1' ENE and NGC 4764 4' S.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4776 = h3437, along with NGC 4778, on 5 May 1836 and recorded
"vF; S; R; vlbM; the preceding of a double nebula [with NGC
4778]." This is an unusual
situation as his father's H II-559 = NGC 4759 refers to this double system,
though WH did not resolve the two galaxies. JH resolved the pair, and each
component has its own GC and NGC designation, although his RA is exactly 1.0
tmin too large. See Harold
Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 4777 = MCG
-01-33-044 = PGC 43852
12 53 58.5 -08
46 32
V = 13.7; Size 1.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 8d
17.5"
(5/17/90): faint, fairly small, elongated SSW-NNE, small bright core. Located 4' SE of mag 8.8 SAO
139029. Third of four in a group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4777 = H III-517 on 3 Mar 1786 (sweep 536) and noted "vF,
S." CH's reduction is 6 sec
of RA following MCG -01-33-044 = PGC 43852. No observations were made by JH.
******************************
NGC 4778 = HCG
62A = NGC 4759se = MCG -01-33-037 = Holm 477a NED2 = PGC 43757
12 53 05.7 -09
12 17
V = 12.5; Size 1.8'x1.4'
18"
(6/17/06): NGC 4778 = HCG 62A is the southeast component of the striking double
system NGC 4759 and the slightly larger and brighter of the duo. At 225x it appeared fairly faint,
fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter.
Contains a small bright core surrounded by a lower surface brightness
halo. Located 1.5' N of a mag 9.5
star that detracts somewhat. NGC
4776 = HCG 62B is nearly tangent to the northwest edge (28" between
centers).
17.5"
(4/13/96): this is the brighter southeast component of the double system NGC
4759 (see notes) and listed as HCG 62A.
At 220x, it appears fairly faint, round, 1.0' diameter, increases to a
small bright core. HCG 62B is
virtually attached to the northwest edge.
Mag 9 SAO 139019 is just 1.5' SSW of the pair.
17.5"
(5/17/90): the southeast member of this double system is slightly larger and
brighter and appears faint, small, slightly elongated E-W, bright core. Located 2' N of mag 9.1 SAO
139019. Second of four with NGC
4761 1' ENE and NGC 4764 4' S.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4778 = h3438, along with NGC 4776, on 5 May 1836 and recorded
"vF; S; R; vlbM; 15"; has a * sf; the following of two [with NGC
4776]." He later added the
note "II 559 is not noticed as double in Sir W. Herschel's
description." See notes for
NGC 4476. RNGC and PGC misidentify
this galaxy as NGC 4761.
******************************
NGC 4779 = UGC
8022 = MCG +02-33-034 = CGCG 071-068 = Mrk 781 = PGC 43837
12 53 50.9 +09
42 36
V = 12.4; Size 2.1'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 70d
17.5"
(3/28/92): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, broad concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4779 = H III-106 = h1472 on 15 Apr 1784 (sweep 194) and logged
"vF, pL, rather bM, r."
CH's reduction is within 1.5' of UGC 8022. JH made two observations and
measured a fairly accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4780 = MCG
-01-33-045 = Holm 482a = PGC 43870
12 54 05.1 -08
37 16
V = 13.8; Size 1.9'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 10d
17.5"
(5/17/90): faint, small, slightly elongated, low even surface brightness. Unusual appearance as a mag 14 is at
the west edge and the galaxy extends to the east of this star. Forms a close pair with NGC 4780B 2' S
(not seen).
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 4780 in 1880 and reported it in the narrative portion of list V
(AN 2439). He mentions there
are two nebula in the field to the north of NGC 4777, the western object being
NGC 4773 and the following one new.
He also gives a position in the table 2' too far south but correctly
places this object 27.5 sec of RA following and 1' 10" north of NGC 4773.
******************************
NGC 4781 = MCG
-02-33-049 = Holm 483a = PGC 43902
12 54 23.6 -10
32 11
V = 11.1; Size 3.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 120d
17.5"
(3/23/85): bright, large, very elongated ~E-W, high surface brightness but weak
concentration. A mag 12.5 star is
embedded in the preceding side 1.0' W of center and two comparable stars lie
2.0' W and 3.6' ESE of center.
Forms a pair with NGC 4784 5.7' SSE. NGC 4790 lies 18' NNE and NGC 4760 20' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4781 = H I-134 on 25 Mar 1786 (sweep 546) and logged "cB, 7
or 8' long, about 3' broad."
His position matches MCG -02-33-049 = PGC 43902.
******************************
NGC 4782 = VV
201a = Holm 485a = MCG -02-33-050 = 3C 278 = PGC 43924
12 54 35.7 -12
34 07
V = 11.7; Size 1.8'x1.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 155d
48"
(4/21/17): at 813x; bright, moderately large, slightly elongated, ~45"
diameter, well concentrated with a small bright core. Forms a striking N-S contact pair (halos form a dumbbell or
dogbone outline) with NGC 4783 [39" between centers]. A mag 14.5 star is 30" NW, barely
outside the halo. A 16th magnitude
star is within the northeast side of the halo.
17.5"
(3/23/85): moderately bright, very small, round. Forms an extremely close contact pair with NGC 4783 in a
common halo 0.6' NNE of center.
8"
(3/28/81): faint, very small.
Contact pair with NGC 4783 oriented SSW-NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4782 = H I-135, along with NGC 4783, on 27 Mar 1786 (sweep 548)
and recorded "Two, both cB, R, cS, mbM in the direction of the meridian.,
nearly within 1' of each other, and the chevelure [halo] mixisng." His position is accurate (landing on
the southern galaxy). See Harold
Corwin's NGC notes on problems with the identifications of the two components.
******************************
NGC 4783 = VV
201b = Holm 485b = MCG -02-33-051 = 3C 278 = LGG 316-001 = PGC 43926
12 54 36.6 -12
33 28
V = 11.5; Size 1.8'x1.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 105d
48"
(4/21/17): NGC 4783 is the northern galaxy of a striking contact pair with NGC
4783 [39" between centers].
The merged halos of the two galaxies form a dogbone or dumbbell outline.
At 813x, it appeared bright, moderately large, round, ~40" diameter, well
concentrated with a small bright nucleus. A mag 14.5 star is 30" SE of
center (just outside the combined halos).
An extremely faint "knot", roughly 5" diameter, is at the
northwest edge of the halo.
Checking later, I found this is a nearly stellar galaxy, catalogued in
HyperLeda as PGC 5065968 and in NED as [QRW96] 073.
17.5"
(3/23/85): moderately bright, very small, round. Forms an interesting contact pair with NGC 4782 0.6' SSW
within a common halo.
8": faint,
very small, pair elongated SSW-NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4783 = H I-136, along with NGC 4782, on 27 Mar 1786 (sweep
548). See notes on NGC 4782.
******************************
NGC 4784 = MCG
-02-33-053 = Holm 483b = PGC 43929
12 54 37.0 -10
36 47
V = 14.2; Size 1.2'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 101d
17.5"
(3/23/85): faint, small, slightly elongated. Fainter of pair with NGC 4781 5.7' NNW. Forms the SE vertex of an isosceles
triangle with two mag 11/12 stars 2.1' W and 2.0' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4784 = H III-526 on 25 Mar 1786 (sweep 546) and noted "eF,
eS, some little doubt."
Despite the doubt, his position is a good match with MCG -02-33-053 =
PGC 43929.
******************************
NGC 4785 = ESO
219-004 = PGC 43791
12 53 27.4 -48
44 58
V = 12.4; Size 1.9'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 81d
14" (4/2/16
- Coonabarabran, 160x): moderately bright, elongated 3:1 ~E-W, 0.9'x0.3', high
surface brightness. Contains a
small bright core and a bright stellar or quasi-stellar nucleus (this is a Sy2
galaxy). A mag 13.8 star is just
off the west side [58" from center] and a mag 15 star is 1.3' SW. Several brighter stars are to the north
of the galaxy including a mag 10.8 star 4.5' NW, a mag 10.6 star 6' N and a mag
11 star 4.3' NNE. Located 12' NNE
of mag 4.3 HD 111915. It helped to
place this annoyingly bright star outside the field. NGC 4785 is situated 2¡ NW of the large spiral NGC 4945.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4785 = h3439 on 1 Mar 1835 and recorded, "vF; S; R;
glbM." There is nothing at
his single position, but 1.75 min of RA west is ESO 219-004 = PGC 43791, the
only nearby galaxy, and his declination matches. ESO/Uppsala calls the NGC designation uncertain.
******************************
NGC 4786 = MCG
-01-33-046 = PGC 43922
12 54 32.4 -06
51 34
V = 11.7; Size 1.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 170d
17.5"
(5/17/90): moderately bright, fairly small, oval 3:2 N-S, increases to a small
bright core. A mag 12 star is 2.5'
N. Forms a pair with NGC 4775
18.4' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4786 = H II-187 on 25 Apr 1784 (sweep 207) and recorded
"pF, pL, r." JH noted in
his observation of NGC 4775 that he looked for this nebula without success.
******************************
NGC 4787 = UGC
8026 = MCG +05-30-121 = CGCG 159-111 = CGCG 160-006 = PGC 43875
12 54 05.5 +27
04 06
V = 14.4; Size 1.1'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 2d
17.5"
(3/20/93): very faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 N-S, low but uneven
surface brightness. A mag 10 star
lies 2.9' WSW. Forms a pair with
NGC 4789 3.0' E. Member of AGC
1656.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4787 on 3 Apr 1867, measured an accurate position and
noted it was 13.6 sec of RA preceding NGC 4789. This galaxy was missed by both WH and JH while viewing
nearby NGC 4789.
******************************
NGC 4788 = MCG
+05-30-123 = CGCG 159-112 = CGCG 160-007 = PGC 43874
12 54 16.0 +27
18 12
V = 14.3; Size 0.8'x0.3'; PA = 140d
17.5"
(5/14/94): faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Located 1.3' E of a mag 10.5 star. NGC 4798 lies 10.9' NE. Member of AGC 1656.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4788 on 23 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position is 4 sec
of RA west of CGCG 159-112 = PGC 4387 and he mentions the mag 10 star that
precedes by 6 sec of RA.
******************************
NGC 4789 = UGC
8028 = MCG +05-30-124 = CGCG 159-113 = CGCG 160-008 = PGC 43895
12 54 18.9 +27
04 04
V = 12.1; Size 1.9'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 0d
17.5"
(3/20/93): fairly faint, very small, slightly elongated N-S. A mag 10 star is just 40" N of
center. Forms a pair with close
NGC 4787 3.0' W. Located 18' NNE
of mag 6.9 SAO 82554. Outlying
member of AGC 1656.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4789 = H II-345 = h1473 on 6 Apr 1785 (sweep 393) and noted
"F. Just south of a pB
star." Both Herschels missed
nearby NGC 4787, which was discovered by d'Arrest.
******************************
NGC 4790 = MCG
-02-33-056 = PGC 43972
12 54 51.8 -10
14 52
V = 12.1; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 85d
17.5"
(3/23/85): moderately bright, fairly large, broad and pretty weak
concentration, elongated ~E-W. NGC
4781 lies 18' SSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4790 = H II-560 on 25 Mar 1786 (sweep 546) and noted "pF,
pS, iR." His position is a
good match with MCG -02-33-056 = PGC 43972.
******************************
NGC 4791 = MCG
+01-33-021 = CGCG 043-060 = PGC 43950
12 54 44.0 +08
03 12
V = 13.5; Size 0.5'x0.35'; PA = 70d
17.5"
(4/4/92): very faint, very small, round, broad concentration. A wide double star is 2' SE (mag
11/12.5 at 39" separation N-S).
The double system NGC 4795/NGC 4796 is just 5' E.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 4791 = m 243 on 25 Mar 1865 and noted "eF, vS, lE,
vlbM." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 4792 = PGC
43999
12 55 03.6 -12
29 50
V = 14.2; Size 0.7'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 140d
17.5"
(3/23/85): faint, extremely small, slightly elongated NW-SE. Forms an equilateral triangle with NGC
4794 7' SSE and the NGC 4782/NGC 4783 duo 8' SW.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 4792 in 1882. I
can't find his description in paper V (AN 2439), but the NGC description reads
"vS, R, 7' n np of II 538 [NGC 4794] and at this position is PGC
43999. The NGC position is 2' too
far south. Herbert Howe reported
he huntet for NGC 4792 while measuring NGC 4794, but "I could not be sure
of it. Possibly it is a
suspiciious-looking star of mag 11."
******************************
NGC 4793 = UGC
8033 = MCG +05-31-003 = CGCG 159-116 = CGCG 160-011 = PGC 43939
12 54 40.6 +28
56 17
V = 11.6; Size 2.8'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 50d
17.5"
(5/14/94): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 2.0'x1.0',
fairly high irregular surface brightness, broad concentration with no
well-defined core. A mag 15 star
lies about 1' off the SW edge and 1.7' WSW of center. Located 1.8' S of a mag 9.5 star which detracts from
viewing. At 280x, a very small
bright nucleus is visible and there is an impression of a dark patch or dust
along the NE extension.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4793 = H I-93 = h1475 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted
"cB, pL, about 1.5' south of a [mag 9-10] star." JH made two observations and measured
an accurate positon.
******************************
NGC 4794 = MCG
-02-33-060 = PGC 44012
12 55 10.5 -12
36 30
V = 13.7; Size 1.5'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 150d
17.5"
(3/23/85): very faint, small. A
mag 14 star is at the WSW edge 33" from center and a mag 13 star is at the
ENE end. In a group with NGC 4792
7' NNW and the NGC 4782/NGC 4783 pair 9' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4794 = H III-538 on 27 Mar 1786 (sweep 548) and recorded "2
or 3 small stars with vF nebulosity." His position (CH's reduction) is 1'
southeast of MCG -02-33-060 = PGC 44012, and the description applies. The H-designation of II-538 in the NGC
is a typo.
******************************
NGC 4795 = UGC
8037 = MCG +01-33-024 = CGCG 043-064 = PGC 43998
12 55 02.8 +08
03 56
V = 12.1; Size 1.9'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 115d
17.5"
(4/4/92): moderately bright, fairly small, round, slightly elongated NW-SE,
bright core, high surface brightness.
Forms a contact pair with NGC 4796 attached at the east end, 27"
from center. Located 3.9' S of a
mag 10 star. NGC 4791 lies 4.7' W
and NGC 4803 13' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4795 = H II-21 = h1474 on 23 Jan 1784 (sweep 107) and recorded
"A nebula, vF and of an irregular shape. 1/2¡ sp the following star [HD 112503]." JH made three observations, noted
"a vS * included, f[ollowing]" and measured an accurate
position. The "vS *"
applies to NGC 4796!
******************************
NGC 4796 = PGC 93119
12 55 04.6 +08
03 58
Size 0.2'x0.2'
17.5"
(4/4/92): contact pair with brighter NGC 4795. Very faint, extremely small, slightly elongated, faint
stellar nucleus. This object is
attached at the east side of the halo of NGC 4795.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 4796 = m 244 on 25 Mar 1865 and noted "eF, eS, alm stell,
close to [NGC 4795]." The
SDSS shows an extremely compact galaxy with extensions WSW-ENE, superimposed on
the eastern arm of NGC 4795. The Deep Sky Field Guide to the Uranometria 2000
Atlas refers to this object as "star or very bright patch 0.5' E of
center", but does not refer to this object as NGC 4796.
******************************
NGC 4797 = NGC
4798 = UGC 8038 = MCG +05-31-004 = CGCG 159-118 = CGCG 160-013 = PGC 43981
12 54 55.2 +27 24
44
See observing
notes for NGC 4798.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4797 on 21 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. There is nothing at
his position, but 4.8' north is NGC 4798, discovered earlier by WH. d'Arrest observed and accurately
measured NGC 4798 on two nights, but not the one in which he recorded NGC 4797
as new. As a result, Corwin
equates NGC 4797 = NGC 4798.
Because of d'Arrest's poor position, Karl Reinmuth or Max Wolf reported
that NGC 4797 was not found on Heidelberg plates.
******************************
NGC 4798 = NGC
4797 = UGC 8038 = MCG +05-31-004 = CGCG 159-118 = CGCG 160-013 = PGC 43981
12 54 55.2 +27
24 44
V = 13.2; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 30d
17.5"
(5/14/94): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated N-S, very weak
concentration. A mag 14 star is
1.0' S of center and a mag 10 star 7.5' E. Member of AGC 1656 with NGC 4788 10.9' SW, NGC 4807 9.9' NE and
IC 3900 14.5' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4798 = H II-382 = h1477 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted
"F, pS." WH was rapidly
on his way to discover 74 galaxies in this sweep, so for the next several
objects he gave very brief descriptions.
JH made two observations and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4799 = UGC
8043 = MCG +01-33-025 = CGCG 043-066 = PGC 44017
12 55 15.5 +02
53 47
V = 13.3; Size 1.3'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 91d
17.5"
(4/4/92): fairly faint, small, elongated 2:1 E-W, weak concentration. A mag 13 star is attached at the south
edge 1' from center. Located 9' S
of mag 7.9 SAO 119665.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4799 = H III-548 = h1476 on 30 Apr 1786 (sweep 558) and recorded
"vF, cS, near a vS star. 240x
confirmed, and showed it lE."
His position matches UGC 8043.
JH called this galaxy "F; S; close to a *."
******************************
NGC 4800 = UGC
8035 = MCG +08-24-004 = CGCG 245-005 = PGC 43931
12 54 37.8 +46
31 52
V = 11.5; Size 1.6'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.0; PA = 25d
13.1"
(4/12/86): fairly bright, fairly small, fainter halo with large bright core
containing a stellar nucleus. A
mag 13.5 star is just 0.8' WNW from center. Located 15' SE of mag 7.6 SAO 44376.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4800 = H I-211 = h1478 on 1 Apr 1788 (sweep 823) and recorded
"pF, vS, bM." On 29 Apr
(sweep 836) he logged "pB, pS, R, bM, following a small star." JH made two observations but the
position was only measured once.
d'Arrest noted the mag 13 star, which he measured 4.7 sec of RA
preceding and the mag 13 star 19.6 sec of RA following and a little south.
******************************
NGC 4801 = MCG
+09-21-060 = CGCG 270-030 = PGC 43946
12 54 37.7 +53
05 24
V = 14.4; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 138d
18"
(6/27/03): very faint, very small [core only viewed], irregularly round,
0.5'x0.4', low surface brightness.
A fairly even pair [47"] of mag 12/13 stars lie 7' WSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4801 = H III-816 = h1479 on 26 Apr 1789 (sweep 929) and noted
"eF, S, lE." His
position (CH's reduction) is 2.5' northeast of CGCG 270-030 = PGC 43946. JH made a single observation and
measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4802 = NGC
4804 = MCG -02-33-061 = PGC 44087
12 55 49.8 -12
03 19
V = 11.8; Size 2.3'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 20d
17.5"
(3/23/85): fairly faint, very small, weak concentration to a virtually stellar
nucleus. A mag 11 star is just off
the SE edge. Located 30' NE of the
NGC 4782/NGC 4783 pair.
Wilhelm Tempel
found NGC 4802 = T V-21 on 20 Apr 1882.
His micrometric position is an exact match with MCG -02-33-061 = PGC
44087. Herbert Howe examined the
field in 1899-00 and reported "this was searched for in vain one
night. Its description is so
similar to that of 4804 that they may be identical, if the declination is of
4802 is just 1¡ in error."
This galaxy was
probably discovered earlier by WH on 27 Mar 1786 and recorded as H IV-40 = NGC
4804, but his position was exactly 1 degree too far south. Corwin notes that is also possible that
WH mistook a double star for a nebula.
******************************
NGC 4803 = MCG
+02-33-036 = CGCG 043-069 = CGCG 071-073 = PGC 44061
12 55 33.7 +08
14 25
V = 14.4; Size 0.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.7
17.5"
(4/4/92): very faint, very small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE. Overpowered by a mag 9.5 star at a SE
edge 0.7' from center. The NGC
4795/NGC 4796 pair is 13' SW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 4803 = m 245 on 25 Mar 1865 and noted "eF, eS, R,
lbM." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 4804 = NGC
4802 = MCG -02-33-061 = PGC 44087
12 55 49.8 -12
03 19
See observing
notes for NGC 4802.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4804 = H IV-40 on 27 Mar 1786 (sweep 548) and recorded
"suspected a pB star, with a seeming brush to the np. May be a small
nebula close to it, but there was no time to verify it." There is nothing near his position,
except an easily resolved pair of stars (about 20" separation).
But exactly 1¡
north is NGC 4802 (found later by Tempel) and Harold Corwin suggests NGC 4804 =
NGC 4802. Because of the poor
position, NGC 4804 was not recovered by Bigourdan.
******************************
NGC 4805
12 55 24.2 +27
58 48
=*, Corwin
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 4805 = Big 59 on 11 May 1885. There is nothing at his position, and
Harold Corwin states "NGC 4805 is a star positively identified by
Bigourdan's two observations. In
spite of the accuracy of his measurements, he comments that "... near it
is a star 13.4-13.5, but it's impossible to tell which direction it is from the
nebula's center.'' This must be
the object itself as there is nothing else in the area that he could have
seen."
RNGC and LEDA
misidentify extremely faint galaxies 2' to 3' southeast of this star, as NGC
4805. Both galaxies are too faint
to have been seen by Bigourdan.
******************************
NGC 4806 = ESO
443-012 = MCG -05-31-003 = PGC 44116
12 56 12.5 -29
30 11
V = 12.7; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 50d
18"
(5/16/09): faint, diffuse glow, moderately large, irregularly round,
45"x40". A kite-shaped
asterism of 4 stars (one is a double) is close SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4806 = h3440 on 30 Mar 1835 and recorded "F; R; gvlbM;
40"." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 4807 = UGC
8049 = MCG +05-31-006 = CGCG 160-017 = Holm 488a = WBL 426-006 = PGC 44037
12 55 29.1 +27
31 15
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(5/14/94): fairly faint, round, 0.8' diameter, bright core. A mag 13 star is 3.2' NNW. Member of AGC 1656 with NGC 4798 9.9'
SW and MCG +05-31-008 8.1' N.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4807 on 23 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position, measured
3 times, matches UGC 8049.
******************************
NGC 4808 = UGC
8054 = MCG +01-33-028 = CGCG 043-071 = LGG 315-012 = PGC 44086
12 55 49.0 +04
18 15
V = 11.7; Size 2.8'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 127d
18"
(5/29/05): moderately bright, fairly large, elongated 5:2 NW-SE,
2.0'x0.8'. Broadly concentrated
with a mottled nuclear region but no well-defined core or nucleus. A mag 14 star is off the NW side, 1.9'
from center. Located 54' N of mag
3.4 Delta Virginis. Picked up
while viewing Comet Tempel (9P) 30' S.
The Comet will be impacted by a spacecraft in just over one month! (July
4).
17.5"
(4/4/92): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 2.5'x1.2', broadly
concentrated with no nucleus, tapered ends. A mag 14 star lies 1.9' WNW of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4808 = H I-141 = h1480 on 17 Apr 1786 (sweep 553) and recorded
"vB, cL, E from np to sf."
His position is at the southeast end of UGC 8054 = PGC 44086.
******************************
NGC 4809 = Arp
277 NED1 = VV 313a = Holm 486a = UGC 8034 = MCG +01-33-022 = CGCG 043-062 = LGG
292-055 = PGC 43969
12 54 51.0 +02
39 15
V = 13.8; Size 1.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 68d
48"
(5/4/16): at 610x; moderately bright, elongated 7:2 WSW-ENE, ~1.2'x0.35'. This galaxy has an unusual irregular
"banana" shape with a patchy appearance; it bends slightly south on
the east-northeast end and has a blunter west-southwest end that also twists
slightly south. There is a slightly brighter patch that is offset just north of
the geometric center. I assumed
this was the core region, but on the SDSS it appears to be a large HII region
and there is no central core. A second
slightly brighter patch is at the west-southwest end and this is clearly an
active star-forming complex on the SDSS.
NGC 4809 is the larger member of an interacting pair with NGC 4810 just
0.8' S.
18"
(3/30/05): very faint, very small, slightly elongated. This galaxy is nearly attached to the
north side of NGC 4810. Although
smaller (must have viewed only a portion as the size is larger on the DSS), it
may have a higher surface brightness.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 4809, along with NGC 4810, on 18 Apr 1855 while looking for
h1509 [NGC 4900] with LdR's 72".
He described a "faint, double nebula, elongated at right angles to
each other." and a rough position of 12 48.5 (1860) and "a little
north of [NGC 4900]."
Mitchell's
description pins down the identification of the pair, but JH and Dreyer could
only list a single (rough) position in the GC and NGC. The identification of
NGC 4809 with the northern component is from the RC2 and repeated in the NGC
2000.0 and RNGC. But UGC reverses
these identifications and has a typo with the RA (1 min too large). The data (size, PA and possibly
magnitudes) listed under NGC 4810 in the RC3 applies to NGC 4809. The position angle listed under NGC
4809 probably applies to NGC 4810.
******************************
NGC 4810 = Arp
277 NED2 = VV 313b = Holm 486b = MCG +01-33-023 = CGCG 043-061 = LGG 292-056 =
PGC 43971
12 54 51.2 +02
38 25
V = 14.3; Size 1.3'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 162d
48"
(5/4/16): at 610x; moderately bright and large, elongated 2:1 ~N-S, 0.8'x0.4',
irregular surface brightness with only a slightly brighter core. This galaxy is the southern member of
an interacting pair of dwarf irregulars (Magellanic types) with NGC 4809 just
45" N.
18"
(3/30/05): very faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 ~N-S, 0.8'x0.4'. Forms a double system with NGC 4809,
which is nearly attached at the north end. Located 10' E of mag 8.4 HD 112130. There is disagreement in catalogues
regarding the identifications of these galaxies as the NGC gave only one
position for both galaxies.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 4810, along with NGC 4809, on 18 Apr 1855. See notes on NGC 4809.
******************************
NGC 4811 = ESO
323-047 = MCG -07-27-019 = AM 1254-413 NED01
= PGC 44201
12 56 52.3 -41
47 51
V = 13.0; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 35d
14" (4/2/16
- Coonabarabran, 160x): slightly brighter of a close pair with NGC 4812 1'
S. Fairly faint to moderately
bright, fairly small, sharply concentrated with a small bright core and stellar
nucleus, elongated 3:2 N-S, 30"x20". A distinctive trio of mag 10/10/12 stars lies 3'-4' NE. Located 7' N of mag 8.2 HD 112404 in a
busy star field.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4811 = h3441, along with NGC 4812, on 8 Jun 1834 and recorded
"eF; R; gbM; 40". The
preceding of 2 [with NGC 4812].
His position is accurate.
MCG doesn't label MCG -07-27-019 as NGC 4811.
******************************
NGC 4812 = ESO
323-048 = MCG -07-27-018 = AM 1254-413 NED02
= PGC 44204
12 56 52.7 -41
48 49
V = 13.1; Size 1.1'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 36d
14" (4/2/16
- Coonabarabran, 160x): slightly fainter of a close pair with NGC 4811 1'
N. Fairly faint to moderately
bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 0.6'x0.3', sharply concentrated with
a small bright core and stellar nucleus.
Located 6' N of mag 8.2 HD 112404 in a fairly rich star field.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4812 = h3442, along with NGC 4811, on 8 Jun 1834 and recorded
"eF; R; gbM; 30"; 90" dist from the foregoing [NGC 4811] pos =
170.9¡." MCG doesn't
label MCG -07-27-018 as NGC 4812.
******************************
NGC 4813 = IC
833? = MCG -01-33-055 = Holm 385a = PGC 44160
12 56 36.1 -06
49 04
V = 13.7; Size 1.3'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 35d
17.5"
(5/17/90): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, small bright core,
stellar nucleus. Located 11' NE of
a mag 9.5 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4813 = H II-777 = h1482 on 23 Mar 1789 (sweep 916) and recorded
"F, S, R, bM." JH
reported "S; R: bM; wind violent." but measured an accurate position. Harold Corwin suggests IC 833 may
be a duplicate observation (see his IC identification notes).
******************************
NGC 4814 = UGC
8051 = MCG +10-19-003 = CGCG 293-044 = CGCG 294-003 = PGC 44025
12 55 22.0 +58
20 39
V = 12.0; Size 3.1'x2.3'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 135d
17.5"
(5/19/01): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 NW-SE,
1.6'x1.2'. Increases to a brighter
core and quasi-stellar nucleus. A
pretty 19" pair of mag 9/10 stars (oriented E-W) lies 11' S. A third mag 9.5 star is just 2'
following the closer pair.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4814 = H I-243 = h1483 on 17 Mar 1790 (sweep 947) and recorded
"cB, S, R, gbM." JH made
two observations, recording on sweep 323 "pB; L; lE; vgbM; 90" l, 75"
br."
******************************
NGC 4815 = ESO
096-SC1 = Cr 265 = Lund 628 = OCL-893
12 57 58 -64 57
42
V = 8.6; Size 3'
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): at 105x, two mag 10 stars are surrounded by a number of
very faint stars within 3'. The
cluster is superimposed on a fairly bright milky background of unresolved
stars. A third mag 10 star is
apparently outside the border off the SW edge. At 200x, the unresolved glow is
most prominent at the following end and 12-15 mag 13 stars are sprinkled over
the backround glow (the cluster was viewed at a very low elevation which
probably detracted from the view).
This reddened cluster is heavily obscured and is located just within the
SE border of the Coalsack and barely over the border into Musca, 1.1 degrees
ENE of the bright double star Theta Muscae (5.9/7.7 at 5"). The two brighter mag 10 stars
(separated by 1.3') may be foreground stars and not actual cluster members.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4815 = h3443 on 13 Mar 1834 and recorded "Class VI, p rich,
irregular fig, gbM, 3', stars vS, comparatively insulated; has two bright stars
8-9th mag and 9-10th mag." On
a second observation he described a "Cluster, R, pS, resolved; irreg; gbM,
3', stars 13..18th mag."
Innes was unable to resolve the cluster in 1901 using a 7-inch refractor
from the Cape of Good Hope (MN, 62, 469).
******************************
NGC 4816 = UGC
8057 = MCG +05-31-010 = CGCG 160-021 = PGC 44114
12 56 12.2 +27
44 43
V = 12.8; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1
18"
(5/12/07): faint, small, elongated 4:3 ~E-W, 0.4'x0.3', broad weak
concentration. A mag 13.5-14 star
is just off the NE end. The
brighter of a close pair with CGCG 160-023 1.8' E.
17.5"
(5/14/94): fairly faint, small, elongated 4:3 E-W, brighter core, diffuse
halo. Confusing appearance at low
power as a mag 13.7 star is close off the NE edge 34" from center creating
the appearance of elongation. Also
forms a close pair with CGCG 160-023 1.8' ENE. The three objects are well resolved at 280x. This member of AGC 1656 is located 14'
E of mag 8 SAO 82565.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4816 = H II-383 = h1481 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted
"F, pL." His position is
10 sec of time west of UGC 8057.
JH made a single observation and his position is further off -- 15
seconds of time too far west.
******************************
NGC 4817 = PGC
83663
12 56 29.8 +27
56 23
V = 14.8; Size 0.6'x0.6'
18"
(5/12/07): very faint and small, round, 20" diameter. A mag 14 star lies 1.5' NE. Located on the west side of AGC 1656
about 45' W of the core. A similar
galaxy, NGC 4828, lies 5.6' NE.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 4817 = Big 60 on 11 May 1885. There is nothing at his position, but
Harold Corwin notes his Comptes Rendus position (repeated in the NGC position)
is incorrect and Bigourdan's offsets point to PGC 83663.
Max Wolf
reported NGC 4817 was not found on a Heidelberg plate (IC 2 notes) and RNGC
classifies the number as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 4818 = MCG
-01-33-057 = PGC 44191
12 56 48.9 -08
31 32
V = 11.1; Size 4.3'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 3d
17.5"
(5/17/90): fairly bright, fairly large, very elongated 4:1 N-S, broad
concentration. A mag 13 star is
just off the south edge and a fainter mag 14 star is 1.4' E of center. A double star lies 5' SW (mag 11/13 at
19" separation). A mag 10
star lies 6.5' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4818 = H II-549 = h1484 = h3445 on 3 Mar 1786 (sweep 536) and
recorded "pB, vL, lbM, iF." JH logged from Slough "pB; pL; lE in
meridian; vgbM." and from the Cape of Good Hope, "B; L; mE in
meridian; gpmbM; 3' length."
******************************
NGC 4819 = UGC
8060 = MCG +05-31-014 = CGCG 160-025 = Holm 490a = WBL 426-013 = PGC 44144
12 56 27.9 +26
59 14
V = 13.2; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 160d
17.5" (5/14/94):
brighter of pair with NGC 4821 2.0' S.
Fairly faint, slightly elongated, 1.0'x0.8', broad concentration,
brighter center but no nucleus. A
mag 13.5 star is 3.6' SW. NGC 4819
lies 12' NNE. Outlying member of
AGC 1656.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4819 = H II-346 = h1487 on 6 Apr 1785 (sweep 393) and logged
"vF, pS, irr." CH's
reduction is 6 sec of RA preceding and 2.5' south of UGC 8060. JH measured a more accurate NPD, but
his RA is off by nearly 30 sec too far east. d'Arrest measured an accurate position (on 3 nights), so the
NGC position is good.
******************************
NGC 4820 = MCG
-02-33-067 = PGC 44227
12 57 00.5 -13
43 10
V = 14.8; Size 1.0'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 105d
17.5"
(5/17/90): very faint, fairly small, very elongated 4:1 WNW-ESE. Forms a pair with NGC 4825 4.3' NE.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 4820 in 1882, along with NGC 4823 and 4829, while observing
nearby NGC 4825. No position was
given in the discovery note (list V), but the NGC position (communicated
directly to Dreyer?) matches MCG -02-33-067 = PGC 44227. See notes for NGC 4823.
******************************
NGC 4821 = MCG
+05-31-015 = CGCG 160-024 = Holm 490b = WBL 426-012 = PGC 44148
12 56 29.2 +26
57 25
V = 14.5; Size 0.5'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.4
17.5"
(5/14/94): fainter and smaller of pair with NGC 4819 2.0' N. Faint, small, slightly elongated 4:3
N-S, no concentration. A mag 14.5
star is 1.5' WSW and a mag 13.5 is 3.5' W (this star forms the western vertex
of an isosceles triangle with NGC 4821 and NGC 4819). NGC 4827 lies 13.8' N.
Outlying member of AGC 1656.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4821 on 6 Apr 1864 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen while observing and measuring nearby NGC 4819. His position is fairly accurate.
******************************
NGC 4822 = MCG
-02-33-069 = PGC 44236
12 57 03.7 -10
45 43
V = 13.3; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 90d
18"
(5/28/06): faint, small, round, 25" diameter, weak concentration. A mag 13 star lies 2' NE and a similar
mag star is 3.4' WNW. Located 7.5'
NNE of mag 8.9 HD 112464.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 4822 = T V-22 on 21 Apr 1882 and recorded "class III,
stellar nucleus, +6 sec [of time] and +7.5' [dec] from Lamont 1239 [mag 9
star]." His micrometric
position in the main table is accurate.
******************************
NGC 4823 = PGC
44305 = (R)NGC 4829
12 57 25.5 -13
41 56
V = 16.6; Size 0.8'x0.2'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 175d
24"
(5/25/14): extremely or very faint, small, elongated 3:1 N-S, 20"x6",
low even surface brightness.
Located 3.8' SE of NGC 4825.
NGC 4829 lies 2.4' S.
Observed at 27¡ elevation (nearly 3 hrs past the meridian).
17.5"
(5/17/90): not found.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered the trio of NGC 4820, 4823 and 4829 in 1882, just south of NGC 4825.
In Tempel's list V (AN #2439), he
only mentions "three more faint nebulae south of 3320 [NGC 4825]"
found with the 11" refractor at Arcetri and no positions are given. The NGC position (probably communicated
directly to Dreyer) for NGC 4820 matches MCG -02-33-067, and the position for
NGC 4829 matches PGC 44299.
The position for
NGC 4823, though, is close southwest of NGC 4820 and must be erroneous. Harold Corwin assigns NGC 4823 = PGC
44305, which is 18 sec of RA east and 1'-2' south of the NGC position.
The PGC reverses
the identifications of NGC 4829 and 4823.
RNGC misclassifies NGC 4823 as nonexistent and misidentifies NGC 4823 as
NGC 4829. See my RNGC Corrections
#5 and Harold Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 4824
12 56 36.4 +27
25 57
=*, Corwin. Incorrect ID in the RNGC.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 4824 = Big 61 on 19 Apr 1885. His Comptes Rendus position is
close to a single mag 14-15 star at 12 56 36.4 +27 25 57 (J2000) and Harold
Corwin verifies that Bigourdan's offsets point to this star.
PGC, RNGC and
the first edition of the Uranometria 2000 Atlas misidentify PGC 44162 as NGC
4824. This error was listed in my
RNGC Corrections #7.
******************************
NGC 4825 = MCG
-02-33-070 = PGC 44261
12 57 12.2 -13
39 54
V = 11.7; Size 1.9'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 135d
17.5"
(5/17/90): moderately bright, fairly small, oval 3:2 NW-SE, large prominent
core, faint halo. Forms a trio
with NGC 4820 5' SW and NGC 4829 5.3' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4825 = H II-563 on 27 Mar 1786 (sweep 548) and recorded
"pB, bM, iF." JH did not
make an observation. Wilhelm
Tempel discovered 3 "novae" to the south (NGCs 4820, 4823 and 4829).
******************************
NGC 4826 =
Black-eye Galaxy = M64 = UGC 8062 = MCG +04-31-001 = CGCG 130-001 = PGC 44182
12 56 43.6 +21
40 57
V = 8.5; Size 10.0'x5.4'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 115d
13.1"
(4/29/84): very bright, large, oval 2:1 WNW-ESE, 6'x3', small bright core,
almost stellar nucleus. The famous
curved dark patch = "Blackeye" located northeast of the core is quite
prominent and visible with direct vision.
Located 55' NE of the tight double star 35 Comae.
Johann Bode is
generally considered the discoverer of M64 = NGC 4826 = h1486 on 4 Apr 1779, but
Edward Pigott discovered the Black-Eye galaxy a few days earlier on 23 Mar
1779. Charles Messier
independently rediscovered it on 1 Mar 1780. Pigott's discovery was announced in Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. LXXI (1781), p. 82-83, but
was generally missed until 2002.
See http://www.seds.org/messier/more/m064_pigott.html for more of the
story.
The nickname
"Black-eye" is from WH's description on 13 Feb 1787 (sweep 699):
"A very remarkable object, mE about 12' long, 4 or 5' broad, contains one
lucid spot like a star with a small black arch under it, so that it gives one
the idea of what is called a black eye, arising from fighting." His earlier observation on 13 Apr 1785
(sweep 398) reads "vB, E from np to sf, about 7 or 8' long and 2'
broad. A vB nucleus in the middle,
but moonlight and haziness probably lessen its appearance considerably. The nucleus is very small in proportion
to the rest and is not round, but irreg elongated in the same direction."
JH described a
sketch as "The dark semi-elliptic vacancy (indicated by an unshaded or
bright portion in the figure) which partially surrounds the condensed and
bright nucleus of this nebula, is of course unnoticed by Messier. It was
however seen by my Father, and shown by him to the late Sir Charles Blagden,
who likened it to the appearance of a black eye, an odd, but not inapt
comparison. The nucleus is somewhat elongated, and I have a strong suspicion
that it may be a close double star, or extremely condensed double
nebula." So perhaps Blagden
first mentioned the term and William liked the analogy used it in his
description. At least 18
observations of the "black eye" were made at Birr Castle.
******************************
NGC 4827 = UGC
8065 = MCG +05-31-016 = CGCG 160-028 = PGC 44178
12 56 43.6 +27
10 43
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(5/14/94): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, sharply concentrated
with a faint halo and a very small bright core. The NGC 4819/NGC 4820 pair is 12.0' SSW. Outlying member of AGC 1656.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4827 = H II-384 = h1485 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted
"F, pL." JH made a
single observation and his position is 6 sec of RA preceding UGC 8065.
******************************
NGC 4828 = MCG
+05-31-017 = CGCG 160-029 = PGC 44176
12 56 42.9 +28
01 13
V = 14.2; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7
18"
(5/12/07): very faint and small, round, 20" diameter. Located on the west side of AGC 1656
about 45' W of the core. Forms a
similar pair with NGC 4817, located 5.6' SW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4828 on 22 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His single position is
accurate. d'Arrest's mentioned
there are others nearby to the southwest -- so perhaps he noticed NGC 4817,
although it was not measured.
******************************
NGC 4829 = PGC
44299
12 57 24.4 -13
44 15
Size 0.5'x0.3'
24"
(5/25/14): very faint, extremely small, round, 12" diameter. Located 5.3' SE of NGC 4825 and second
brightest of 3 faint companions, with NGC 4823 2.4' N and NGC 4820 6.0' WNW.
Observed at 27¡ elevation (nearly 3 hrs past the meridian).
17.5"
(5/17/90): extremely faint and small, glimpsed for moments with averted. A mag 13.5 star is 1.8' S and a mag
12.5 3.6' SSW. Third of three and
5.3' SSE of NGC 4825. NGC 4823 is
2.4' N but was not seen.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 4829 in 1882, along with NGC 4820 and 4823. In list V (AN 2439), he mentions
"Quite close to the south [of N4825] are three more faint nebulae.",
although no positions were measured.
The NGC position matches PGC 44299 at 12 57 24.4 -13 44 15 (2000), so
the position may have been communicated directly to Dreyer.
The PGC reverses
the identifications of NGC 4829 and 4823.
RNGC misidentifies NGC 4823 (2.3' north) as NGC 4829. This error was listed in my RNGC
Corrections #5.
******************************
NGC 4830 = ESO
575-037 = MCG -03-33-024 = PGC 44313
12 57 27.9 -19
41 29
V = 12.1; Size 1.9'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 157d
18"
(5/15/04): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 4:3 NNW-SSE,
1.0'x0.7'. Well-concentrated with a small, high surface brightness core which
increases to a well-defined, bright stellar nucleus. Forms the NW vertex of a trapezoid with three mag 8-10
stars! The closest is a mag 10.5
star 2' S with mag 8.3 HD 112528 4' SE.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 4830 = T IV-9 = T V-23 on 26 May 1880. His micrometric position is an exact match with ESO 575-037
= PGC 44313.
******************************
NGC 4831 = ESO
507-055 = MCG -04-31-010 = LGG 310-011 = PGC 44340
12 57 36.7 -27
17 32
V = 12.5; Size 1.7'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 178d
18"
(4/29/06): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 N-S, 0.8'x0.4', weak
concentration, very small slightly brighter nucleus. Located 13' NE of mag 7.2 HD 112403.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4831 = h3447 on 22 Mar 1836 and logged "F, R, gbM,
25"." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 4832 = ESO
323-051 = MCG -06-29-001 = LGG 298-027 = PGC 44361
12 57 48.5 -39
45 40
V = 12.2; Size 1.9'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 25d
17.5"
(4/7/89): fairly faint, small, oval NW-SE, bright core. Located 7.6' ENE of mag 8 SAO
203967. Member of the Centaurus
cluster (AGC 3526).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4832 = h3446 on 5 Jun 1834 and recorded "pF; vS; R; sbM to
a * 17m; pos from * 10m (distant 60") = 250.3¡." His position is 1' northeast of
ESO 323-051 and the description matches, but he made a typo in the GC and
placed this galaxy one degree too far south. Dreyer copied this error into the NGC. MCG does not label this galaxy as NGC
4832. RNGC misclassifies this
number as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 4833 = ESO
065-SC004
12 59 34.9 -70
52 28
V = 7.0; Size 13.5'; Surf Br = 1.0
24"
(4/12/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 260x this is a gorgeous highly
resolved globular with several hundred stars splashed across the core and
within a loose, well-resolved halo.
The center is strongly compressed with a very bright 3' core surrounded
by a large halo, roughly 10' in diameter.
Beyond 5' or 6' out from the center the halo becomes scraggly but
continues to extend out in loops and strings. A brighter mag 8.7 is superimposed in the halo, 2.5' N of
center.
18"
(7/10/02 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): This was a surprising find for a
little known globular! At 171x, it
appeared as a bright, fairly large globular of low concentration class. The loose halo was highly resolved and
numerous stars were splashed across the brighter core. Many of the stars formed large loops
and chains. A single bright star
(mag 8.7 SAO 256996) is superimposed on the northern side of the halo. The core spans roughly 3', while outliers
increase the overall halo to at least 10' [John Herschel gave similar
dimensions]. Located 42' NNW of
mag 3.6 Delta Muscae and 3¡ NE of gc NGC 4372 which is a comparable cluster.
Nicolas-Louis de
Lacaille discovered NGC 4833 = Lac I-4 = D 164 = h3444 in 1751-1752 with a
1/2-inch telescope at 8x during his expedition to the Cape of Good Hope . He included it in his 1755 catalogue as
I-4, classifying it as a nebula, and noting it resembled "a small faint
comet."
James Dunlop
observed this globular with his 9-inch f/12 speculum reflector on 29 Apr 1826
from Parramatta, New South Wales and described "a pretty bright round nebula, about 4'
diameter, moderately condensed to the centre. This, with the sweeping power,
has the appearance of a globe of numerous matter with very small stars in the
north following margin. But with a power sufficient to resolve it, the globular
appearance vanishes in a very considerable degree; and the brightest and most
condensed part is to the preceding side of the centre, with the stars
considerably scattered on the N.f. side. Resolvable into stars of mixt small
magnitudes. A small nebula precedes this." He observed the cluster on 5
nights.
JH first
recorded "globular cluster, B, L, R, gbM, stars 14th mag, and one 7th mag
north-preceding the centre; a fine object." On a second sweep he logged
"globular cluster, pB, L, p rich, at first gradually, then vspmbM;
diameter of the bright part 3', of the loose stars 10'; stars 12..16th mag, and
one large one 7th mag, 3' or 4' north of the centre."
******************************
NGC 4834 = MCG
+09-21-067 = CGCG 270-034 = PGC 44136
12 56 25.3 +52
16 45
V = 14.5; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 110d
18"
(6/27/03): faint, small, slightly elongated, 0.5'x0.4'. Forms the east vertex of an equilateral
triangle with two mag 12/12.5 stars 4' SW and 4' WNW. Either contains a very faint stellar nucleus or a faint star
may be superimposed.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4834 = H III-817 = h1488 on 26 Apr 1789 (sweep 929) and noted
"cF, S, iF." CH's
reduced position is 1' north of CGCG 270-034 = PGC 44136. JH logged "eF; R S; bM."
******************************
NGC 4835 = ESO
269-019 = PGC 44409
12 58 07.8 -46
15 51
V = 11.7; Size 4.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 150d
13.1"
(2/19/04 - Costa Rica): at 166x, appears fairly bright, fairly large, very
elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, 2.5'x0.7', slightly brighter bulging core. A mag 13 star is at the SSE tip. Located 5.4' NW of a mag 9.6 star and
10' N of mag 7.5 SAO 223791.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4835 = h3448 on 3 Jun 1834 and recorded "B; L; mE; glbM; 2
1/2' or 3' l, 1' br; pos = 157¡ +/-." On 20 Apr 1836, a second observation reads "F;
mE; vgbM; 90" l, 25" br."
******************************
NGC 4836 = MCG
-02-33-072 = PGC 44328
12 57 34.3 -12
44 39
V = 12.5; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 5d
17.5"
(3/29/89): faint, very small, round.
Located 4.1' N of mag 8.4 SAO 157621! This galaxy has a very low surface brightness on the POSS.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 4836 = T V-24 on 19 Apr 1882 and recorded a "L, vF nebula
class III; 4' north of Lamont 1421 [HD 112546]." His position and description matches PGC 44328.
******************************
NGC 4837 = UGC
8068 = MCG +08-24-011/012 = CGCG 245-006 = I Zw 46 = PGC 44188
12 56 49.1 +48
17 55
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 70d
18" (7/1/03):
fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 WSW-ENE, 1.0'x0.4', nearly even
surface brightness. This is a
double system (not resolved). The
identification of NGC 4837 with UGC 8068 is uncertain.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4837 = h1489 on 7 Mar 1831 and recorded "a rather doubtful
object; haze". There is
nothing near his position, but 30' south is UGC 8026, a reasonable candidate
assuming a digit error in recording the North Polar Distance. Note a 1 degree error in declination
was apparently made 4 nights later.
Malcolm Thomson
feels this number is best left "Not Found", although Harold Corwin
equates NGC 4837 with UGC 8068.
CGCG and RNGC identify UGC 8068 as NGC 4837, but not MCG or UGC.
******************************
NGC 4838 = MCG
-02-33-074 = PGC 44383
12 57 56.1 -13
03 37
V = 12.7; Size 1.7'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 45d
17.5"
(3/29/89): faint, small, round, weak concentration, faint stellar nucleus. Located 5' NNE of a mag 9 star (double
star mag 8.8/9.0 at 2"). NGC
4847 lies 9.3' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4838 = h1490 on 9 May 1831 and recorded "vF; has 3 small
stars south-preceding." His
position is 7 sec of time too large.
Wilhelm Tempel found it again on 19 Apr 1882 and reported it in list
V-25 (AN 2439). In the same observation,
he also mentions a small nebulous star follows on the same parallel. Dreyer catalogued this object as NGC
4844 (see that number).
******************************
NGC 4839 = UGC
8070 = MCG +05-31-025 = CGCG 160-039 = PGC 44298
12 57 24.4 +27
29 52
V = 12.1; Size 4.2'x2.1'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 65d
17.5"
(5/14/94): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 WSW-ENE, 1.0'x0.7', weak
even concentration to a brighter core.
Lies exactly midway between a mag 11.5 star 2.5' NE and a mag 14 star
2.4' SW. Forms a close pair with
NGC 4842 (double system) 2.6' E.
In the field are NGC 4840 7.0' N and MCG +05-31-023 3.8' SW. An anonymous galaxy was picked up 11.4'
WNW. This member of AGC 1656 is a
double system with a companion superimposed 0.4' SW of center (not resolved).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4839 = H II-386 = h1494 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and simply
noted "F, pL". His
position is 3' south of UGC 8070.
Heinrich d'Arrest measured the position on 5 nights and noted the
discrepancy in position (he calls it 5' in declination).
******************************
NGC 4840 = MCG
+05-31-029 = CGCG 160-042 = PGC 44324
12 57 32.9 +27
36 37
V = 13.7; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(5/14/94): faint, small, round, 0.4' diameter, symmetrical appearance with an
even concentration. Member of the
AGC 1656 with NGC 4839 7.0' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4840 = H II-385 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and simply noted
"F, pL." His position is
17 sec of RA west of CGCG 160-042 = PGC 44324. JH accidentally skipped this nebula when he compiled the GC
so Dreyer added it to the GC Supplement as 5684. d'Arrest measured an accurate position over 4 nights.
******************************
NGC 4841 = UGC
8072 = MCG -05-31-026 = CGCG 160-044sw = Holm 492a = PGC 44323
12 57 32.0 +28
28 37
V = 12.8; Size 1.7'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.8
17.5"
(5/14/94): very close double system located 3.1' NNE of mag 9.5 SAO 82582. The SW component (NGC 4841A) is fairly
faint, small, round, 35" diameter.
Even concentration with a bright core and faint stellar nucleus.
In contact with
NGC 4841B at the NE end (separation of 34"). Faint, small, round, 30" diameter. Similar size as NGC 4841A but lower
surface brightness with a very weak concentration and no core although a faint
stellar nucleus is visible. Member of AGC 1656.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4841 = H II-387 = h1493 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted
"F, pL." On 13 Apr 1831,
JH recorded "pF; double, nf, dist 20"." The fainter northeastern component (MCG
+05-31-027 = PGC 44329) did not receive a NGC designation. NED lists the two components as NGC
4841A and NGC 4841B.
******************************
NGC 4842 = MCG
+05-31-030 = CGCG 160-046n = PGC 44337
12 57 35.9 +27
29 35
V = 13.9; Size 0.4'x0.3'
17.5" (5/14/94):
very faint, very small, very small bright core, possible stellar nucleus. Forms a close pair with NGC 4839 just
2.6' W. At 280x, this galaxy is
resolved into a double system with an extremely faint, nearly stellar companion
(NGC 4842B) 30" S of center.
The close double ·1699 = 8.6/8.6 at 1.6" separation lies 14.4'
E. Member of AGC 1656.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4842 on 24 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen, while observing and measuring NGC 4839. With respect to NGC 4839 his position is 11-12 sec of RA
east and 0.4' north. The actual
offset is 11.5 sec east and 0.3' south (to the brighter northern component), so
he apparently reversed the offset sign in declination. As a result the NGC position is off
from d'Arrest's usual accuracy. The two components are listed separately in the
MCG.
******************************
NGC 4843 = MCG
+00-33-024 = CGCG 015-048 = PGC 44388
12 58 00.9 -03
37 18
V = 13.0; Size 2.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 87d
17.5"
(4/4/92): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 ~E-W, small bright
core seems offset to the east side.
A mag 13 star is just south of the east end.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4843 = H III-613 = h1492 on 11 Mar 1787 (sweep 709) and noted
"vF, E, easily resolvable."
CH's reduction is 4' south of CGCG 015-048 = PGC 44388.
******************************
NGC 4844
12 58 08.2 -13
04 49
=* superimposed
3.2' ESE of NGC 4838, Corwin.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 4844 = T V 25b on 19 Apr 1882 near NGC 4838, which he apparently
didn't realize was discovered earlier by JH. He recorded "following on the parallel with [NGC 4838]
is another faint, nebulous star."
No position or even offset was mentioned, so the NGC position must have
been communicated directly to Dreyer, but only faint stars are near this
position. Harold Corwin suggests
NGC 4844 may apply to a mag 14 star 3.2' ESE of the center of NGC 4838, but
this is uncertain as it is still 1' from the NGC position.
******************************
NGC 4845 = NGC
4910?? = UGC 8078 = MCG +00-33-025 = CGCG 015-049 = PGC 44392
12 58 01.3 +01
34 33
V = 11.2; Size 5.0'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 89d
17.5"
(2/28/87): very bright, very large, very elongated 3:1 E-W, bright core,
mottled and dusty appearance (due to equatorial dust lane). A mag 11.5 star is north of the east
edge 2.0' from center and a mag 13 star is 1.3' SSE of center. Located 12' NE of mag 7.0 SAO 11968.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4845 = H II-536 = h1491 on 24 Feb 1786 (sweep 532) and recorded
"pB, mE, about 2 1/2' l and 1' br; mbM." His position is pretty accurate. JH made the single observation "F; pL; E; has a *
30" dist, 45¡ sf, 12m."
NGC 4910 = H V-3 may be a duplicate observation. See that number.
******************************
NGC 4846 = UGC
8079 = MCG +06-29-002 = CGCG 188-032 = CGCG 189-004 = PGC 44362
12 57 47.7 +36
22 15
V = 13.5; Size 1.3'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 62d
17.5":
faint, small, elongated SW-NE, almost even surface brightness.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4846 = h1495 on 11 Mar 1831 and simply noted
"eF". There is nothing
near his position. The nearest
possible candidate is NGC 4868, which is 1 min 24 sec of time east and 4'
south. But, this galaxy would not
be described as "eF" and would require errors in both directions. Exactly 1 degree south, but matching in
RA, is UGC 8079. Max Wolf was the
first to makes this identification (IC 2 Notes).
******************************
NGC 4847 = PGC
44464
12 58 29.0 -13
08 26
V = 16.7; Size 0.2'x0.2'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(6/11/88): extremely faint and small or stellar. This galaxy hides on the SW side of mag 13.5-14 star which
makes detection very difficult and just suspected several times. Located 10' E of a mag 9 star (double
star 8.8/9.0 at 2" separation).
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 4847 on 19 Apr 1882.
The NGC position matches PGC 44464 and the description mentions "*9
p 40 sec on parallel", which confirms this identification. Dreyer references Tempel's fifth
discovery list, which includes several nearby objects, but I can't find a
reference to NGC 4847.
******************************
NGC 4848 = UGC
8082 = MCG +05-31-039 = CGCG 160-055 = PGC 44405
12 58 05.6 +28
14 32
V = 13.7; Size 1.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 158d
17.5"
(4/21/90): faint, small, very elongated 4:1 NW-SE, even surface
brightness. Member of AGC 1656.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4848 on 21 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position, measured
3 times, is accurate.
******************************
NGC 4849 = IC 3935
= UGC 8086 = MCG +05-31-044 = CGCG 160-056 = Holm 495a = PGC 44424
12 58 12.7 +26
23 49
V = 12.8; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 175d
24"
(5/22/17): at 375x; moderately bright and large, slightly elongated. Sharply concentrated with a 25"
core containing a small bright nucleus.
The very low surface brightness halo is slightly elongated N-S and
extends perhaps 1.0'x0.8'. Forms a
close double (Holmberg 495) with IC 838 1.8' NNE. The companion appeared extremely faint and small (V = 15.0),
just 10" diameter.
17.5"
(5/14/94): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, weak even
concentration down to a brighter core.
A faint double star is 7' N with components mag 12.3 and 13.6 at
16". Forms a close pair with
IC 838 1.9' NNE (not seen). Outlying
member of AGC 1656.
Truman Safford
discovered NGC 4849 = Sf. 23 = Spitaler 61 on 16 May 1866 and noted
"pB". His RA is 8
seconds east of UGC 8086 = PGC 44424, but the declination matches. Heinrich d'Arrest independently
discovered the galaxy again on 4 Mar 1867 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. There is nothing at
his position, but 3.5' north is UGC 8086.
Dreyer used d'Arrest's position in the NGC.
Rudolph Spitaler
also found this galaxy in 1891 with the 27-inch refractor at Vienna and wasn't
sure if it was new. He noted,
"Brightness and appearance like Nova 58. Probably identical with the Nova d'Arrest . Northeast of
this nebula, at 1.5', there is still another nebula, but much faint; Both
together form a pretty double nebula." Spitaler's position for NGC 4849 (given in the IC 1 notes)
is still 1.5' too far south!
Finally,
Stephane Javelle found the galaxy again on 12 Jun 1895 with the 30-inch
refractor at Nice and reported it as new in list 3-1230. Dreyer overlooked Spitaler's position
and recatalogued it as IC 3935.
So, NGC 4849 = IC 3935.
CGCG mislabels this galaxy as IC 838 (a companion galaxy 1.9'
north-northeast mentioned by Spitaler).
******************************
NGC 4850 = MCG
+05-31-040 = CGCG 160-063 = PGC 44449
12 58 21.8 +27
58 04
V = 14.2; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(4/28/90): very faint, very small, round, very small bright core. Forms pair with MCG +05-31-048 3.5'
NE. The companion appeared very
faint, very small, elongated N-S, broad concentration, very faint stellar
nucleus. Member of AGC 1656.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4850 on 22 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His single position is
6 sec of time too small, a relatively large error, but matches in declination.
******************************
NGC 4851 = CGCG
160-061 = PGC 44439
12 58 21.7 +28
08 55
V = 14.2
17.5"
(4/21/90): very faint, very small, elongated N-S. This is a double system (not resolved although the
components are oriented NNE-SSW) in AGC 1656. IC 839 is a separate galaxy 2.0' SW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4851 on 21 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His single position is
less than 3 sec of time west of CGCG 160-061. This is a close double system (faint companion close northeast),
which CGCG calls NGC 4851 + IC 839.
But Bigourdan observed both galaxies on the same night and IC 839 = CGCG
160-057, located ~2' southwest of NGC 4851. See Harold Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 4852 = ESO
131-SC17 = Cr 266 = Mel 116 = Lund 629
13 00 04 -59 36
36
Size 11'
24"
(4/12/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): I'm surprised I didn't look for
this cluster previously from Australia or Costa Rica as it is located just 1.1¡
NE of the Jewel Box and 1.6¡ east of mag 1.3 Beta Crucis! At 200x it was a pretty impressive
collection of ~150 stars mag 10-16 in a 10' region including several mag
10-10.5 stars. One subgroup makes
a neat "zig-zag" or "M" outline while another set of stars
forms a "V" shaped group.
There are no real rich subgroups but still it forms a nice cluster.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 4852 = D 311 = h3449 on 30 Apr 1826 with his 9-inch reflector
from Parramatta, New South Wales, and recorded "a very faint pretty large
nebula about 6' or 8' diameter, round figure, resolvable into very minute
stars. Several stars of some considerable magnitude appear scattered among the
minute stars of the nebula, but they are only the continuation of a branch of
small stars which run over the place where the nebula is; the stars in the
nebula are very gradually, but not much, compressed to the centre." He
observed the cluster of 4 times and his catalogued position is ~8' SE of the
center of the cluster.
On 31 Mar 1834,
JH recorded "a very poor cluster of about 70 stars 11..15th magnitude,
very loosely scattered over a space about 15' long and 8' br." His second
observation reads "Cluster VII. p rich, L, irr R, 10' diameter, 80 or 100
stars, 10, 11, 12 mag, with a stippling of much smaller ones."
******************************
NGC 4853 = UGC
8092 = MCG +05-31-048 = CGCG 160-068 = II Zw 67 = PGC 44481
12 58 35.2 +27
35 47
V = 13.6; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(4/28/90): fairly faint, small, round, bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 4854 5.2' NE. Located 8' NNW of ·1699 = 8.6/8.6 at
1.6". Located within AGC
1656.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4853 = h1496 on 13 Apr 1831 and recorded "vF; R; pslbM;
20"." His two
observations match UGC 8092. JH
equated this object with his father's II-385, although that number probably
applies to NGC 4840.
******************************
NGC 4854 = MCG
+05-31-049 = CGCG 160-070 = PGC 44502
12 58 47.4 +27
40 29
V = 13.9; Size 0.7'x0.4'; PA = 40d
17.5"
(4/28/90): very faint, small, slightly elongated SW-NE. Member of AGC 1656 with NGC 4853 5.2'
SW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4854 on 24 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His RA from a single
position is 6 seconds too small.
******************************
NGC 4855 = MCG
-02-33-077 = PGC 44572
12 59 18.4 -13
13 52
V = 12.3; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 5d
17.5"
(6/11/88): fairly faint, small, round, bright core, fairly bright stellar
nucleus.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 4855 = T V-26 on 19 Apr 1882. His micrometric position in the main table is accurate.
******************************
NGC 4856 = MCG
-02-33-078 = UGCA 313 = PGC 44582
12 59 21.2 -15
02 32
V = 10.5; Size 4.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 37d
17.5"
(5/17/90): bright, fairly large, dominated by a very bright core, fairly large
faint halo elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE.
A mag 13 star is superimposed on the halo just east of the core 0.4'
from center.
8"
(5/21/82): fairly bright, bright core, slightly elongated. A mag 7.5 is in the field 20' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4856 = H I-68 = h1497 on 8 Feb 1785 (sweep 372) and logged
"cB, mbM, irr R." JH
made two observations, recording on sweep 352 "pB; R; psbM; 20"; a *
13m pos 140¡ [southeast]; dist 1 diam by diagram."
******************************
NGC 4857 = UGC
8077 = MCG +12-12-022 = CGCG 335-029 = PGC 44284
12 57 18.3 +70
12 13
V = 13.8; Size 1.3'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 110d
18"
(6/28/03): faint, small, slightly elongated ~E-W, 0.7'x0.5', broad
concentration to a brighter middle.
A mag 13 star lies 3' ESE (with a mag 15 companion).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4857 = H III-908 on 7 Apr 1793 (sweep 1037) and noted "eF,
vS, iR, vlbM." CH's reduced
position is just 1' northwest of UGC 8077.
******************************
NGC 4858 = MCG
+05-31-051 = CGCG 160-213 = PGC 44535
12 59 02.0 +28
06 55
V = 15.2; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.6
18"
(4/20/12): very faint, extremely small, round, 12"-15" diameter. Fainter of a close pair with NGC 4860
in the Coma cluster.
17.5"
(4/21/90): extremely faint and small, round, requires averted. Forms a very close pair with NGC 4860
34" NE. Member of AGC 1656.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4858, along with NGC 4860, on 21 Apr 1865 with the
11-inch refractor at Copenhagen and described as a double nebula. This is the faintest of the 34 members
in the Coma cluster that d'Arrest discovered.
******************************
NGC 4859 = UGC
8097 = MCG +05-31-053 = CGCG 160-071 = PGC 44534
12 59 01.8 +26
48 56
V = 13.6; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 95d
17.5" (5/14/94):
faint, small, slightly elongated E-W, 0.6'x0.5', very weak concentration. A mag 13.5 star is 1.8' SE. Outlying member of AGC 1656.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4859 on 21 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His single position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 4860 = MCG
+05-31-054 = CGCG 160-215 = PGC 44539
12 59 03.9 +28
07 25
V = 13.5; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.1
18"
(4/20/12): at 322x appeared fairly faint, fairly small, oval 4:3 NW-SE, small
bright core, 0.4'x0.3'. Very close
pair with NGC 4858 38" SW.
Located 12' NW of NGC 4874 and 7' NW of mag 7.1 HD 112887.
17.5"
(4/21/90): faint, small, round, bright core. Forms a close pair with NGC 4858 34" SW within AGC
1656. IC 4943 lies 5' W and NGC
4865 4.2' SE almost at the midpoint on line with mag 7.2 SAO 82595 7.2' SE.
13"
(5/14/83): faint, very small, round.
Located 4' NW of NGC 4865.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4860, along with NGC 4858, on 21 Apr 1865 with the
11-inch refractor at Copenhagen.
His single position is 25" northwest of center.
******************************
NGC 4861 = Arp
266 = IC 3961 = UGC 8098 = MCG +06-29-003 = CGCG 189-005 = VV 797 = Mrk 59 = I
Zw 49 = LGG 334-010 = PGC 44536
12 59 01.8 +34
51 39
V = 12.3; Size 4.0'x1.5'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 15d
48"
(4/7/13): very unusual appearance at 488x as the galaxy is dominated by a very
high surface brightness HII region (Mrk 59) at the SSW end, about 15" in
diameter and 13th magnitude. The knot appeared extremely bright, roundish,
sharp-edged. The main glow of the
galaxy is very elongated to the NNE, 3.0'x 0.6', extending just past a mag 13
star near the opposite end. The
core is a somewhat brighter, elongated, knotty region, offset closer to the
giant HII region. The glow of the
galaxy dims as it extends to the star at the opposite end and fades out just
beyond. PGC 101479, a compact
galaxy, is exactly in line with the major axis of NGC 4861, 3.5' NNE of the mag
12 star. It appeared faint or
fairly faint (B = 16.8), round, 12"-15" diameter. Member of the NGC 5033 Group (LGG 334).
17.5"
(1/23/93): faint, very elongated SSW-NNE, even low surface brightness. Located between two mag 12 stars at low
power. The "star" at the
SSW end is slightly nebulous at 166x and appears as a definite nonstellar knot
at 332x. UGC and CGCG misidentify
this HII region as NGC 4861 (and the galaxy as IC 3961). This is one of the few extragalactic
HII regions which responds to OIII filtration.
13.1"
(2/23/85): faint, elongated streak SSW-NNE. Stretches between two 12th magnitude "stars". The star at the south end is actually a
giant HII region and it appears slightly fuzzy at 166x and clearly nonstellar
at 312x.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4861 = H IV-30 = h1499 on 1 May 1785 (sweep 405) and logged,
"two stars at about 3' distance connected with a vF narrow
nebulosity." His position
matches Arp 266 and the "star" at the south end is the unusually
bright HII knot. JH made three
observations and on sweep 131 reported "a vF neb; E nf to sp, between 2
stars, the southern of which is ill-defined. Both seem to belong to the nebula." So, he felt the HII knot was perhaps
non-stellar. R.J. Mitchell, using
LdR's 72" on 17 Apr 1855, recorded "vF, mE sp nf, has a plain star in
the north extremity and either a star or what looks more like a bright little
knot involved in the south end."
Max Wolf found
the galaxy in 1903 on a Heidelberg plate and his position for W. V-103 is on
the center of the galaxy. Despite
an accurate position and description, Dreyer recatalogued NGC 4861 as IC 3961.
UGC and CGCG
identify the main galaxy as IC 3961 and the bright HII knot as NGC 4861 (Webb
Society Quarterly Journal #45, July 1981). Although LdR noted a "bright little knot" at the
south end, the HII complex was not given a separate designation in the NGC or
IC.
******************************
NGC 4862 = MCG
-02-33-079 = IC 3999 = PGC 44610
12 59 30.8 -14
07 56
V = 14.9; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 14.8; PA = 120d
24"
(6/1/13): extremely faint to very faint, small, round, 20" diameter, low
surface brightness, no details though no difficult. A mag 14 star lies 1.8' NW. Located 6.8' SW of NGC 4862
(exactly on a line with the major axis of this edge-on) and 4.7' E of mag 9.8
HD 112771.
18"
(5/15/10): not found.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 4862 = LM I-194, along with NGC 4863, on 26 Feb
1886. His rough position (nearest
min of RA) is a good match with MCG -02-33-079 = PGC 44610 and his sketch
(examined by Harold Corwin) confirms this identification. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position with the 20-inch refractor at the Chamberlin Observatory in Denver at
the turn of the century (listed in the IC 2 Notes section). In MN Vol LXI #I, he also mentioned "Another
was suspected perhaps 5 arcmin south of this one." There is nothing at this position, but
5' north is NGC 4863, probably the suspected object.
IC 3999, found
by Bigourdan in 1895, may be a duplicate observation. See Harold Corwin's identification notes on IC 3999 for the
story.
******************************
NGC 4863 = MCG
-02-33-081 = PGC 44650
12 59 42.3 -14
01 47
V = 13.9; Size 1.8'x0.4'; PA = 23d
24"
(6/1/13): at 282x appeared fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 7:2
SSW-NNE, 1.1'x0.3', well concentrated with a very small, well-defined, small
bright nucleus. NGC 4862 lies 6.8'
SW.
18"
(5/15/10): at 285x appeared faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE,
40"x18", fairly low evens surface brightness. A mag 15 star lies 1' SE of center.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 4863 = LM I-195, along with NGC 4862, on 26 Feb
1886. His rough position (given to
the nearest min of RA) is a good match with MCG -02-33-081 = PGC 44650, and his
comment "vE 45¡" (as well as sketch examined by Corwin) clinches this
identification, though the PA is 23¡.
******************************
NGC 4864 = MCG
+05-31-058 = CGCG 160-221 = PGC 44566
12 59 13.2 +27
58 36
V = 13.6; Size 0.6'x0.3'; Surf Br = 11.8
18"
(4/20/12): fairly faint to moderately bright, small, round, 24" diameter,
well concentrated with a bright core that increases to a stellar nucleus. On the DSS there is a faint star
superimposed, so perhaps this is the stellar nucleus I noted. Forms a very close double with NGC 4867
just 36" SE.
17.5"
(4/21/90): faint, very small, round.
Forms a double system with NGC 4867 off the SE edge just 40" from
center and IC 3955 is 2' NW.
Located in the core of AGC 1656, 5.0' WNW of NGC 4874.
13"
(5/14/83): faint, very small, round, very close pair with NGC 4867.
William Herschel
probably discovered NGC 4864 = H II-388 = h1500 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and
recorded "Two [along with NGC 4874], the time taken between
them." His single position is
2.5' northwest of NGC 4874, which is certainly one of these two. JH assigned WH's second object (II-388)
to NGC 4869 in the GC and Dreyer followed suit in the NGC. Harold Corwin argues that NGC 4864 is a
better match in position and probably visibility. See his identification notes.
JH independently
discovered this galaxy on 13 Apr 1831, and noted "The first of 5 south of
a * 7m. Place by configuration
with the others." His
position is noted as very rough, but his sketch (emailed by Wolfgang Steinicke)
verifies h1500 = NGC 4864.
Heinrich d'Arrest first observed NGC 4864 on 10 May 1863 and measured
the position on 3 nights. He
marked the equivalence with h1500 as uncertain.
******************************
NGC 4865 = UGC
8100 = MCG +05-31-064 = CGCG 160-224 = PGC 44578
12 59 19.8 +28
05 03
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 115d
18" (4/20/12):
fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, 27"x18". Contains a relatively high surface
brightness core that has a modest concentration to the center and faint
extensions. Located just 3.1' NW
of mag 7.1 HD 112887 in the Coma cluster.
Forms a pair with CGCG 160-223 1.4' WSW. The fainter companion was faint, small, round, 20"
diameter, low even surface brightness.
17.5"
(4/21/90): faint, small, slightly elongated. Located in the core of AGC 1656 3.1' WNW of mag 7.1 SAO
82595 which detracts from viewing.
Nearby are MCG +05-31-063 1' SW and NGC 4860 4.2' NW.
13"
(5/14/83): very faint, small.
Located 3' NW of a mag 7 star in AGC 1656. NGC 4860 lies 3' NW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4865 on 22 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen. His single position is 5 sec of time
west of UGC 8100, but his offset of 12.6 seconds of time from mag 7 HD 112887
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 4866 = UGC
8102 = MCG +02-33-045 = CGCG 071-092 = PGC 44600
12 59 27.1 +14
10 16
V = 11.2; Size 6.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 87d
48"
(4/2/11): extremely bright, very large, beautiful edge-on 7:1 E-W,
~4'x0.6'. Sharply concentrated
with a small extremely bright nucleus.
The central region bulges slightly (spindle-shaped). A bright star (mag 12?) is superimposed
on the NW edge, ~50" from the center. GR 8 = UGC 8091, a low surface brightness Local Group
member, lies 12' WNW. At 375x, GR
8 appeared fairly faint, moderately large, round, ~1.2' diameter. It contains a very small brighter core
and stellar nucleus.
17.5"
(3/20/93): fairly bright, large, edge-on 5:1 E-W, 5.0'x1.0', prominent core,
stellar nucleus. A mag 13 star is
embedded on the west side 0.8' WNW of center. The core appears slightly offset towards the star or the
extension west of the core may appear less prominent due to the glare.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4866 = H I-162 = h1498 on 14 Jan 1787 (sweep 691) and recorded
"vB, E from sp to nf. A small
star in the extent of it, near the brightest part, preceding it about
1/2'." His position and
description matches UGC 8102. JH
made 6 observations and recorded very similar descriptions.
******************************
NGC 4867 = MCG
+05-31-062 = CGCG 160-222 = PGC 44568
12 59 15.2 +27
58 14
V = 14.5; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.6
18"
(4/20/12): faint, small, round, 16" diameter. Fainter of a close pair with NGC 4864 36" NW. The pair is located about 5' WNW of NGC
4874 in the core of the Coma cluster.
17.5"
(4/21/90): very faint, extremely small, round. Forms a double system with NGC 4864 off the NW edge 40"
from center. Located 4.5' W of NGC
4874 in the core of AGC 1656.
13"
(5/14/83): very faint, small, round, very close pair with NGC 4864. Located 5' WNW of NGC 4874, AGC 1656.
Heinrich d'Arrest
discovered NGC 4867 = Big 62 on 10 May 1863 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. In d'Arrest's
description of NGC 4864, he mentions it forms a close double, though no
position was given. Bigourdan
independently found this galaxy on 28 Apr 1885 and noted it was very close to
GC 3343 [NGC 4864] but easily distinguishable. Bigourdan's Comptes Rendus position is 1.4' too far north
and as a result the position is northeast of NGC 4864 in the NGC, instead of
southeast. Harold Corwin proposes
that the NGC 4864/4867 may have been discovered first by WH. See his notes for NGC 4864.
******************************
NGC 4868 = UGC
8099 = MCG +06-29-004 = CGCG 189-008 = PGC 44557
12 59 09.0 +37
18 37
V = 12.2; Size 1.6'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.0
13.1"
(2/16/85): moderately bright, small, almost round. A mag 12 star is on the north edge 1.2' from center. Forms a pair with NGC 4919 19' E.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4868 = H II-644 on 17 Mar 1787 (sweep 714) and recorded "pB
or cB, S, R, mbM. Among some scattered
star." CH's reduced position
is 9 sec of RA west of UGC 8099.
******************************
NGC 4869 = MCG
+05-31-065 = CGCG 160-225 = PGC 44587
12 59 23.3 +27
54 41
V = 13.8; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1
18"
(4/20/12): fairly faint, small, round, 20" diameter. A mag 14.4 star is attached at the NW
edge. This Coma cluster member is situated 4' SW of NGC 4874, on a line with a
mag 12.3 star that is 2' SW the center of NGC 4874.
17.5"
(4/21/90): faint, small, round, weak concentration. A mag 14 star is attached at the NW edge 16" from the
center and a mag 12 star is 2.0' NNE.
Located in the core of AGC 1656 4.0' SW of NGC 4874 with a number of
galaxies near including NGC 4875 3' ESE, IC 3973 3' SE and NGC 4872 3.2' NE.
13"
(5/14/83): faint, small, round. A
mag 13 star is attached at the NW edge.
Located 5' SW NGC 4874 in AGC 1656.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4869 = h1501 on 13 Apr 1831 and noted "The second of 5,
south of * 7m." Although only
a very rough polar distance was given, his sketch (emailed by Steinicke)
verifies h1501 = CGCG 160-225 = PGC 44587. This is the second of the five brightest galaxies in the
core of the cluster (with NGC 4864, NGC 4874, NGC 4889 and NGC 4898). The first observation under h1501 on
sweep 64 and 65 probably applies to NGC 4874.
Heinrich
d'Arrest measured the position of NGC 4869 accurately on 6 nights, first
recording it on 10 May 1863. He
questioned if this object was equivalent to II-388 = h1501, but II-388 more
likely applies to NGC 4864.
******************************
NGC 4870 = PGC
44569
12 59 17.8 +37
02 54
V = 14.6; Size 0.9'x0.3'; PA = 1d
16" LX200
(4/14/07): extremely faint, very small, slightly elongated N-S, 0.4'x0.3'. Situated between two mag 11 stars 1' NW
and 1.9' ESE. Located 12' SE of
NGC 4893 and 23' SE of NGC 4914 in a small group of galaxies ~80' SE of Cor
Caroli.
Lawrence
Parsons, the 4th Earl of Rosse, discovered NGC 4870 on 1 Apr 1878 during the
observation of the NGC 4914 field.
He noted "About 10' p and 10' s of last [NGC 4893] is a third neb,
pF, lE ns, bet 2 st 10m, one about 1.5' npp and the other 2' f." His description is an exact match with
this faint edge-on. The PGC
declination is 3' too small.
******************************
NGC 4871 = MCG
+05-31-066 = CGCG 160-227 = PGC 44606
12 59 29.9 +27
57 23
V = 14.1; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 174d
18"
(4/20/12): this close companion of NGC 4874 is located just of the west side of
the halo, 1.3' between centers. At
322x it appeared faint, very small, round, 15" diameter, very small bright
nucleus. One of the swarm of small
galaxies hovering around NGC 4874.
17.5"
(4/21/90): very faint, extremely small, round. Located 1.3' W of the center of NGC 4874 in the core of AGC
1656. A mag 12 star lies 1.2' S. Numerous galaxies are nearby including
NGC 4873 1.8' NNE and NGC 4872 1.1' SE.
13"
(4/29/84): very faint, very small, round, very close companion of NGC 4874 just
1' W of center.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4871 = Big. 62 on 10 May 1863 and placed it 5 sec of
time preceding NGC 4874, in the same parallel. This offset matches CGCG 160-227 = PGC 44606. Bigourdan independently discovered this
galaxy on 16 May 1885 and recorded "mag 13.4; 10" dia, faint stellar
nucl."
******************************
NGC 4872 = MCG
+05-31-068 = CGCG 160-230 = PGC 44624
12 59 34.1 +27
56 48
V = 14.4; Size 0.8'x0.6'; PA = 115d
18"
(4/20/12): this is the closest of the swarm of small galaxies surrounding NGC
4874, situated just 48" SSW of center at the edge of the halo. At 322x it appeared similar to NGC 4871
(1.1' NW); faint, very small, round, 12"-15" diameter, very small
brighter nucleus.
17.5"
(4/21/90): this is the closest companion of NGC 4874 just off the SW edge of
NGC 4874 in the core of AGC 1656.
Very faint, very small, irregularly round, small bright core. A mag 12 star lies 1.3' SW. Located just 52" SW of the center
of NGC 4874. A swarm of galaxies
in the field with NGC 4871 1.1' NW, NGC 4873 2.2' N and NGC 4875 2.5' SSE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4872 on 21 Apr 1865. In his description of NGC 4874, he mentioned finding another
nebula 45" to the south and preceding, which matches the offset to CGCG
160-230 = PGC 44624. On 5
May 1864 he recorded an object 3 sec of RA following NGC 4874 and 0.3' north
(measured the same night) but there is nothing at this offset, although Dreyer
may have assumed this referred to NGC 4872.
Dreyer equated
WH's II-389 and JH's h1502 with NGC 4872, but these two designations apply to
much brighter NGC 4874.
******************************
NGC 4873 = MCG
+05-31-069 = CGCG 160-229 = PGC 44621
12 59 32.8 +27
59 01
V = 14.1; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1
18"
(4/20/12): this member of the Coma cluster is located just 1.6' NNW of NGC
4874, within the halo of faint galaxies surrounding the giant elliptical. At 322x appeared faint, small, round,
18" diameter, very small brighter nucleus. Just slightly larger than nearby NGC 3871 and 3872.
17.5"
(4/21/90): close companion of NGC 4874 in the core of AGC 1656. Very faint, very small, slightly
elongated, very small bright core.
Located 1.6' NNW of NGC 4874.
Nearby galaxies include NGC 4871 1.7' SSW and NGC 4864/NGC 4867 pair
4.3' W.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4873 = Big 64 on 10 May 1863 with the 11-inch refractor
at Copenhagen and placed it 1 1/2' north of NGC 4874 and about 1 sec of time
preceding. This offset matches
CGCG 160-229 = PGC 44621.
Guillaume
Bigourdan independently discovered this galaxy on 16 May 1885 with the 12-inch
refractor at Paris and recorded "mag 13.4-13.5; 20" dia, no
nucleus." His position is
accurate, but because of the confusion with the identifications in the densely
packed Coma Cluster, NGC 4873 wasn't included in the GC or GC Supplement and
first appeared in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 4874 = UGC
8103 = MCG +05-31-070 = CGCG 160-231 = PGC 44628
12 59 35.7 +27
57 33
V = 11.7; Size 1.9'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.1
18"
(4/20/12): at 322x this giant elliptical cD appeared moderately to fairly
bright, moderately large, round, ~1.2' diameter, sharply concentrated with a
very bright core and fainter halo.
Surrounded by a dense swarm of faint companions; 16 have been observed
within a 5' radius! Located 6.4' S
of mag 7.1 HD 112887. NGC 4889,
the brightest member in the central region, is 7.3' ENE.
17.5"
(4/21/90): second brightest galaxy in the core of AGC 1656. Fairly faint, fairly small, slightly
elongated, bright core. Located
6.4' S of mag 7.2 SAO 82595. A mag
12 star lies 2.5' WSW. Surrounded
by a halo of faint galaxies including NGC 4872 52" SSW, NGC 4871 1.3' W,
NGC 4873 1.6' NNW, IC 3998 2.3' ENE.
13"
(5/14/83): fairly faint, round, fairly small, 2nd brightest in AGC 1656. A mag 7 star lies about 6' N and a mag
12.5 star 2' SW. Numerous
companions are nearby in the field.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4874 = H II-389 = h1502 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and recorded
"Two [along with NGC 4864], the time taken between them." His position (CH's reduced position) is
2.5' northwest of NGC 4874, in line with his offset of 3.5' northwest for NGC
4889. Dreyer misassigned II-389 =
h1502 to nearby NGC 4872, but this is a much fainter companion that was
discovered by Heinrich d'Arrest.
JH simply noted "The third of 5; place by configuration", but
he associated it with II-389 and his sketch confirms h1502 = NGC 4874. Also, his first two observations under
h1501 on sweeps 64 and 65 probably apply to NGC 4874.
Heinrich
d'Arrest made 7 observations of this galaxy and questioned if it was
II-389? Dreyer credited d'Arrest
with the discovery in the NGC.
d'arrest discovered 34 galaxies in the Coma cluster with an 11"
refractor and Steinicke mentions that d'Arrest was the first to recognize the
Coma assemblage of galaxies as a cluster, although Max Wolf is generally given
credit in the literature based on his photographic survey.
******************************
NGC 4875 = CGCG
160-232 = PGC 44640
12 59 37.9 +27
54 26
V = 14.7; Size 0.4'x0.3'
18"
(4/20/12): at 322x this member of the Coma cluster appeared very faint, very
small, round, 15" diameter.
Forms a similar pair with NGC 4876 1.5' ENE. IC 3973 lies 2.1' SW. Situated 3.1' S of NGC 4874 in the core
of the Coma cluster.
17.5"
(4/21/90): companion of NGC 4874 in the core of AGC 1656. Located 3.1' S of NGC 4874. Appears extremely faint and small,
slightly elongated. Second of
three and located between IC 3973 2.1' SW and NGC 4876 1.5' E. A mag 12 star is 2.7' NW.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 4875 = Big. 65, along with NGC 4876, on 16 May
1885. His Comptes Rendus position
is 1' north of CGCG 160-232 = PGC 44640.
******************************
NGC 4876 = MCG
+05-31-073 = CGCG 160-234 = PGC 44658
12 59 44.4 +27
54 44
V = 14.4; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9
18"
(4/20/12): very faint, very small, slightly elongated, 18"x14". Forms a similar pair with NGC 4875,
just 1.5' WSW. Situated 3.4' SE of
NGC 4874 in the core of Coma cluster.
A mag 14.9 star is 0.9' NW.
17.5"
(4/21/90): very faint, very small, elongated N-S. Located in the core of AGC 1656 3.4' SE of NGC 4874. Third of three with NGC 4875 1.5' WSW
and IC 3973 3.4' SE.
13"
(4/29/84): extremely faint, very small, round. Located 4' SE of NGC 4874 in AGC 1656.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 4876 = Big. 66, along with NGC 4875, on 16 May
1885. His Comptes Rendus position
is 1' northeast of CGCG 160-232 = PGC 44640 (similar offset as NGC 4875).
******************************
NGC 4877 = MCG
-02-33-086 = PGC 44761
13 00 26.3 -15
17 00
V = 12.4; Size 1.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 6d
17.5"
(5/17/90): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 N-S, bright
core. Located 2.8' SE of mag 9 SAO
157648. Forms a pair with MCG
-02-33-082 7.2' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4877 = H III-299 on 8 Feb 1785 (sweep 372) and logged "pB,
pL, mbM." There is nothing
near his position, but 54 sec of RA due east is MCG -02-33-086 = PGC 44761 and
the description fits. Wilhelm Tempel measured an accurate micrometric position
(list V), which was used in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 4878 = MCG
-01-33-064 = PGC 44747
13 00 20.1 -06
06 14
V = 13.7; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 10d
48"
(4/2/11): this bright galaxy forms a prominent pair with NGC 4888, which is
located 4.3' NE. Fairly large,
elongated 4:3 ~N-S, 1.2'x1.0'.
Sharply concentrated with a slightly elongated very bright core. A mag 12 star is 2' NW and a bright
double star just west of NGC 4888 lies 3.5' NE. NGC 4879 may be a mag 14.5-15 star 1.4' ESE. The DSS shows a weak ring structure in
the halo but I didn't see this feature.
17.5"
(5/22/93): fairly faint, small, round, prominent core, almost stellar nucleus,
small halo. Forms a close pair
with NGC 4888 4.3' ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4878 = H III-758, along with NGC 4879, on 23 Mar 1789 (sweep
916) and recorded "Two, both vF, vS." His single position is 7 sec of RA west of MCG
-01-33-064. Harold Corwin suggests
NGC 4879 may be a star about 1.5' east-southeast of the galaxy. MCG identifies NGC 4878 as a double
galaxy (with -064a) but Corwin says this is a plate defect on the POSS1. Karl Reinmuth identifies a star
northeast of the galaxy as NGC 4878 and the galaxy, itself, as NGC 4879. See Corwin's NGC identification notes
for more.
******************************
NGC 4879
13 00 25.6 -06
06 40
48"
(4/2/11): this number may refer to a mag 14.5-15 star located 1.4' ESE of NGC
4878.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4879 = H III-759, along with NGC 4878, on 23 Mar 1789 (sweep
916) and recorded "Two, both vF, vS." There is only a single galaxy at his position (NGC 4878 =
MCG -01-33-064 = PGC 44747) and Harold Corwin suggests NGC 4879 may apply to a
faint star 1.5' southeast of NGC 4878.
RNGC classifies NGC 4878 as nonexistent and misidentifies NGC 4888 as
NGC 4879.
******************************
NGC 4880 = UGC
8109 = MCG +02-33-047 = CGCG 071-094 = Holm 497a = PGC 44719
13 00 10.5 +12
29 00
V = 11.4; Size 3.2'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 165d
17.5"
(4/4/92): moderately bright, fairly large, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, 3.0'x2.0',
broad weak concentration with no core or nucleus, fairly low surface
brightness.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4880 = H III-83 = h1503 on 12 Apr 1784 (sweep 189) and noted
"vF, S, irr, resolvable."
JH's mean position (two sweeps) matches UGC 8109.
******************************
NGC 4881 = UGC
8106 = MCG +05-31-075 = CGCG 160-238 = PGC 44686
12 59 57.7 +28
14 48
V = 13.6; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(4/21/90): faint, very small, round, bright core. Located 5' E of mag 8.1 SAO 82596. Forms a pair with NGC 4895 5.2' SE. Located 15' N of the central core
region of AGC 1656.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4881 on 22 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position (measured
on two consecutive nights) is accurate and he mentions that mag 8 HD 112886
precedes by 24 seconds (also accurate).
******************************
NGC 4882 = NGC
4886 = MCG +05-31-076 = CGCG 160-239 = PGC 44698
13 00 04.4 +27
59 15
See observing
notes for NGC 4886.
Heinrich
d'Arrest found NGC 4882, along with NGC 4884, on 22 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch
refractor at Copenhagen. The
offsets for these two objects - +3 sec in RA and -0.3' in dec, matches the
differences between NGC 4886 (discovered by d'Arrest a year earlier) and NGC
4889 (discovered by WH). But his
RA was 7 sec too small for both galaxies.
So, NGC 4882 = NGC 4886 and NGC 4884 = NGC 4889.
The RNGC places
NGC 4882 is 0.2 min of RA west of NGC 4886 but there is no galaxy near that
position. This error was mentioned
in my RNGC Corrections #1 and the Webb Society Observer's Handbook #5, p158.
******************************
NGC 4883 = CGCG
160-237 = PGC 44682
12 59 56.0 +28
02 04
V = 14.3; Size 0.5'x0.3'; PA = 93d
18"
(4/20/12): this member of the Coma cluster is relatively isolated, roughly
halfway between NGC 4889 (4.4' SE) and the mag 7.2 star (5.4' NW) in the core
of the cluster. At 322x it
appeared faint to fairly faint, small, oval 5:4 E-W, 18"x14",
slightly brighter core. The bright
star is somewhat of a nuisance.
17.5"
(4/21/90): located in the central core of AGC 1656 4.4' NW of NGC 4889 and 6.4'
NE of NGC 4874. Very faint, very
small, round. Mag 7.2 SAO 82595
5.4' WNW hinders observation of this galaxy.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 4883 = Big. 67 on 16 May 1885. His Comptes Rendus position (nearest
min of dec) is 45" too far northeast. Dreyer (as well as Wolfgang
Steinicke) credits d'Arrest with the discovery (on 22 Apr 1865), but I can't
identify his observation in his compilation Siderum Nebulosorum.
******************************
NGC 4884 = NGC
4889 = UGC 8110 = MCG +05-31-077 = CGCG 160-241 = PGC 44715
13 00 08.1 +27
58 37
V = 11.5; Size 2.9'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 80d
See observing
notes for NGC 4889.
Henrich d'Arrest
found NGC 4884, along with NGC 4882, on 22 Apr 1865 and noted "principal one
of multiple nebulae. One precedes
[NGC 4882] by 2 or 3 sec."
His position is 7.5 sec of RA preceding NGC 4889, the only bright galaxy
in the immediate vicinity, and his position for NGC 4882 is 7 sec of RA
preceding NGC 4886. So, NGC 4884 =
NGC 4889 and NGC 4882 = NGC 4886.
d'Arrest listed 7 observations of NGC 4889, so NGC 4884 was an 8th
observation. Karl Reinmuth, in his
photographic survey based on Heidelberg plates, states "not found; = NGC
4889".
******************************
NGC 4885 = MCG -01-33-065
= PGC 44781
13 00 33.8 -06
51 11
V = 14.0; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.1
18"
(5/16/09): faint, small, round, 24" diameter, very weak concentration.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4885 = h1504 on 19 Feb 1830 and logged "vF; vS;
E." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 4886 = NGC
4882 = MCG +05-31-076 = CGCG 160-239 = PGC 44698
13 00 04.4 +27
59 15
V = 13.9; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.0
18"
(4/20/12): this galaxy is the closest NGC galaxy (1.0' NW) to NGC 4889 in the
core of the Coma cluster. At 282x
it appeared faint or fairly faint, small, round, 15" diameter, contains a
small bright nucleus.
17.5"
(4/21/90): close companion to NGC 4889 in the central core of AGC 1656. Very faint, very small, slightly
elongated. Located just 1.0' NW of
the core of AGC 1656. Nearby
galaxies surrounding NGC 4889 includes IC 4011 1.1' NNE, NGC 4883 3.4' NW and
IC 4021 4' NE.
13"
(4/29/84): very faint, very small, round.
Close companion 1' NW of NGC 4889 in the central core of AGC 1656.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4886 on 6 Apr 1864 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen and measured it on two nights.
His position, 4-5 sec of time preceding NGC 4889, matches CGCG 160-239. This is the closest NGC companion to
NGC 4889. NGC 4882 is a third
observation by d'Arrest of this galaxy on 22 Apr 1865, but with a relatively
poor position (1.6' too far southwest), so he and Dreyer assumed it was new. See that number.
******************************
NGC 4887 = MCG
-02-33-087 = PGC 44796
13 00 39.1 -14
39 58
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 155d
17.5"
(5/17/90): faint, oval 2:1 NW-SE, small bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 4902 10' NNE.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 4887 = T V-27 on 21 Apr 1882. His micrometric position in the main table is an exact match
with MCG -02-33-087 = PGC 44796.
He also noted this object was -20 sec of time and -9' in dec from [NGC
4902].
******************************
NGC 4888 = MCG
-01-33-066 = VV 680 = PGC 44766
13 00 36.3 -06
04 31
V = 14.2; Size 1.2'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 110d
48"
(4/2/11): very bright, moderatly large, very elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE, brighter
along the major axis. Well
concentrated with a very bright core.
A bright, wide double star is 1' W of center (separation of
~35"). A mag 15 star is
between the pair and the galaxy, ~30" WSW of center.
17.5"
(5/22/93): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE, small bright
core. Almost exactly collinear
with a nice double star mag 12/13 just 1' WNW of core. The double star has the same position
angle as the galaxy. Forms a pair
with NGC 4878 4' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4888 = H II-778 = h1505 on 23 Mar 1789 (sweep 916) and noted
"F, S, south following a double star." JH recorded "pF; vS; E; psbM." and measured a good
position.
RNGC mislabels
NGC 4888 as NGC 4879.
******************************
NGC 4889 = NGC
4884 = UGC 8110 = MCG +05-31-077 = CGCG 160-241 = PGC 44715
13 00 08.1 +27
58 37
V = 11.5; Size 2.9'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 80d
18"
(4/20/12): this is the dominant cD galaxy in the Coma cluster, although NGC
4874 is surrounded by a much richer retinue of small companions. At 282x appeared fairly bright,
moderately large, slightly elongated E-W, ~1.5'x1.2'. Strongly concentrated with a very bright, slightly elongated
core that increases to the center. The closes NGC companion is NGC 4886,
situated 1.0' NW. A mag 13.5 star
is a similar distance SE. With
careful viewing, I caught glimpses of PGC 44708, a thin edge-on superimposed at
the edge of the core just 27" from the center.
17.5"
(4/21/90): largest and brightest galaxy in AGC 1656 = Coma I galaxy
cluster. NGC 4889 and NGC 4874
9.2' W are both surrounded by a cloud of faint galaxies. Moderately bright, fairly small, oval
E-W, bright core. Several
companions near including NGC 4886 1.0' NW, NGC 4894 1.9' ESE, NGC 4898 2.4' SE
which are all collinear with NGC 4889 and IC 4011 1.6' N.
13"
(5/14/83): fairly bright, fairly small, oval E-W. Largest and brightest in AGC 1656 = Coma I. NGC 4874 lies 7' W and several
companions are near.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4889 = H II-391 = h1507 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and simply
not "vF". His position
is 3.4' northwest of NGC 4889, close to the same offset he made in the sweep with
NGC 4874.
JH made two
observations under h1507 (sweep 64 and 343) with his RA is marked as very
uncertain. On sweep 343, he
recorded "B; pmE; bM. The
fourth of 5, south of * 7m. His
position is 4 sec of RA too large but his sketch verifies the identity. Also, his observation listed under
h1510 on sweep 65 refers to NGC 4889.
Heinrich
d'Arrest's NGC 4884 is a duplicate observation. See that number for details. d'Arrest commented that "the nebulae are numerous
and dense and despite being small, so crowded one cannot imagine."
******************************
NGC 4890 = MCG
-01-33-067 = PGC 44793
13 00 39.0 -04
36 11
V = 11.9; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 11.5; PA = 100d
17.5"
(4/4/92): fairly faint, fairly small, round, fairly high almost even surface
brightness, weak concentration.
Forms a vertex of an isosceles triangle with two mag 12.5 stars 2.7' NW
and 2.5' SW. NGC 4915 lies 12'
ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4890 = H III-614 = h1506 on 11 Mar 1787 (sweep 709) and noted
"cF, S, irr R." His
position is less than 2' south of MCG -01-33-067 = PGC 44793. JH made a single observation accurate
to less than 1'.
******************************
NGC 4891
13 00 47.0 -13
25 35
=* 2' NW NGC
4897, Corwin. Incorrectly
identified as NGC 4897 in the RNGC and SC 2000.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 4891 on 21 Apr 1882.
In the listing under NGC 4897 = T V-28 in his main table, Tempel
mentions a nebulous star is 2'-3' northwest. At this offset is only a 14th magnitude star. See NGC 4897.
NGC 4897 is
misidentified as NGC 4891 in many modern sources. See notes on NGC 4897.
******************************
NGC 4892 = UGC
8108 = MCG +05-31-078 = CGCG 160-081 = PGC 44697
13 00 03.5 +26
53 53
V = 13.9; Size 1.3'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 13d
17.5" (5/14/94):
very faint, thin edge-on SSW-NNE, 1.0'x0.2'. Followed by two mag 14-14.5 stars with separation 39"
oriented SSW-NNE and parallel to the major axis (closer star is 0.6' E of
center). NGC 4859 lies 14.6'
SW. Outlying member of AGC 1656.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4892 = H II-390 = h1508 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and simply
noted "F". His position
is accurate, although JH's RA is 11 sec too large.
******************************
NGC 4893 = IC
4015/4016 = VV 222a/b = Holm 498a/b = UGC 8111 = MCG +06-29-008/009 = CGCG
189-010 = PGC 44690/44696
12 59 59.6 +37
11 36
V = 14.6; Size 0.5'x0.4'; PA = 3d
24"
(6/4/16): the two close components (IC 4015 and IC 4016) of NGC 4893 were
resolved at 322x. The brighter
northern component (IC 4015) appeared faint to fairly faint, small, round,
15"-18" diameter. The
southern member (IC 4016) is faint, extremely small, round, 6"
diameter. The centers of the two
galaxies are separated by just 19".
A mag 13.5 star is 44" E and a mag 15.0 star is just under 1'
SSW. IC 4027, located 4' SE, is
extremely faint, very small, round, 12"-15" diameter.
16" LX200
(4/14/07): faint, very small, round, 15"-20" diameter. A mag 13 star lies less than 1' E. This is a contact double system (IC
4015 + 4016 with a separation of 0.35'), though the components were not
resolved. Located 11' SW of NGC
4914 and 82' SE of Cor Caroli (Alpha CVn).
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4893 on 24 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His single position
matches UGC 8111 and he noted it was between a mag 20 star south-preceding and
a mag 17 star north following. On
the modern scale, both stars are mag(V) = 15-16. Dreyer independently discovered this double galaxy on 1 Apr
1878 at Birr Castle. While
observing NGC 4914, he remarked, "about 7' p and 10' s is another; F, irr
R, elongated north-south, *11-12m 1' nff and *14m 1' ssp." These are the two stars noted by
d'Arrest.
Max Wolf gave
separate entries for the two components, which Dreyer catalogued as IC 4015 and
IC 4016 (essentially at d'Arrest's position). The two components were apparently seen by Dreyer
("elongated n-s") but not resolved. Corwin notes that the object Wolf
identified as NGC 4893 is actually a plate defect, so he assumed the two
separate components were new objects.
******************************
NGC 4894 = NGC
4898 = MCG +05-31-082 = CGCG 160-248 = PGC 44736
13 00 17.8 +27
57 20
See observing
notes for NGC 4898.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4894 = h1510 on 13 Apr 1831 and recorded "the last of 5,
south of a * 7m; more suspected to the south." Since his 4th of 5 in the sweep (h1507) refers to NGC 4889,
and he gave the declination as 1' south, Harold Corwin concludes that NGC 4894
is likely the earliest observation of NGC 4898, and not fainter CGCG 160-247
just 1' northwest. All modern
sources take CGCG 160-247 as NGC 4894, but there does not appear to be a
pre-NGC observation of this galaxy.
JH listed a
second observation of h1510 on 30 Mar 1827, but that observation applies to NGC
4889. JH also attached his
father's III-363 to h1510 in the GC (3354), but H III-363 likely applies to NGC
4908 (Dreyer assigned it to IC 4051 in his 1912 Correction list).
Because of the
density of galaxies in the Coma cluster, there was a great deal of confusion on
the identities! Bigourdan and
d'Arrest later measured an accurate position for NGC 4898 and both are credited
in the NGC, so its identity is not in doubt.
******************************
NGC 4895 = UGC
8113 = MCG +05-31-081 = CGCG 160-249 = PGC 44737
13 00 17.9 +28
12 08
V = 13.2; Size 1.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 153d
18"
(4/20/12): this is one of the brightest galaxies in the Coma cluster and the
middle of three in a near line with NGC 4881 5' NW and NGC 4907 7' SE. At 322x it appeared moderately bright,
fairly large, very elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, 60"x20", sharply
concentrated with a very bright core and much fainter, thinner extensions. NGC 4895A, located 2.8' SW, appeared
very faint, round, 15" diameter.
17.5"
(4/21/90): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 NW-SE. Nearby companions are NGC 4881 5.2' NW
and NGC 4895A 2.7' SW. Located
just north of the central core of AGC 1656 and 14' N of NGC 4889.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4895 on 5 May 1864 with the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen. His position (measured on 3 nights)
matches UGC 8113 and he noted the mag 14-14.5 star (called mag 16) that follows
by 8 sec of time. The position in
the UGC is 7' too far south.
******************************
NGC 4896 = UGC
8117 = MCG +05-31-084 = CGCG 160-087 = PGC 44768
13 00 30.8 +28
20 47
V = 13.9; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 5d
18"
(6/4/05): faint, small, round, 30" diameter. Weak, even concentration to a very faint stellar
nucleus. Located just north of the
core of AGC 1656 with CGCG 160-089 3.0' ESE and MCG +05-31-095 4.8' ENE.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 4896 = Big 68 on 12 May 1885. There is nothing at his Comptes Rendus
position, but 15 sec of time east and 2' north is UGC 8117 and this galaxy is
assumed to be NGC 4896 in modern catalogues. There are other nearby candidates
including brighter NGC 4895 6.4' due south of his position.
******************************
NGC 4897 =
(R)NGC 4891 = MCG -02-33-089 = UGCA 316 = PGC 44829
13 00 52.9 -13
26 58
V = 11.8; Size 2.6'x2.3'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 150d
17.5"
(5/22/93): fairly faint, fairly small, round, halo gradually brightens, faint
stellar nucleus. A mag 15 star is
2' NW (= NGC 4891). Incorrectly
identified as NGC 4891 in modern catalogues.
Wilhelm Tempel discovered
NGC 4897 = T V-28 on 21 Apr 1882.
His micrometric position in the main table matches MCG -02-33-089 = PGC
44829. The description mentions
that 2' to 3' northwest is a fainter nebulous star, which Dreyer catalogued as
NGC 4891. Only a mag 14 star is at
the position of NGC 4891.
Shapley-Ames,
RC1, RC2, RNGC, MCG, UGCA and PGC mislabel NGC 4897 as NGC 4891, but it is
correctly identified in RC3. The
RNGC RA is also 42 min too small.
See Harold Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 4898 = NGC
4894 = MCG +05-31-082 = CGCG 160-248 = PGC 44736
13 00 17.8 +27
57 20
V = 13.5; Size 0.4'x0.3'
18"
(4/20/12): this double galaxy is the brightest close-in companion to NGC 4889
in the heart of the Coma cluster.
At 282x it appeared fairly faint to moderately bright, small, oval 4:3
E-W, mild concentration to center.
Occasionally, the companion (NGC 4898B = PGC 3098454) popped as a
stellar or nearly stellar knot on the east end of the galaxy. Located 2.5' SE of NGC 4889.
CGCG 160-247,
just 45" NNW, is identified as NGC 4894 in modern sources. At 282x, this challenging galaxy
appeared extremely faint, very small, round, 10" diameter. The small dimensions imply I only
picked up the brighter core and missed the extensions SW-NE.
17.5"
(4/21/90): located in the central core of AGC 1656 cluster 2.5' SE of brightest
member NGC 4889. Faint, very
small, slightly elongated. This is
the last of four on a line with NGC 4894 just 45" NW, NGC 4889 2.5' NW and
NGC 4886 3.5' NW.
13" (5/14/83):
faint, small, slightly elongated.
Located 3' SE NGC 4889 in AGC 1656.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4898 = h1510 = Big 69 on 13 Apr 1831 and simply noted "the
last of 5, south of a * 7m; more suspected to the south." He did not measure the RA and the dec
is marked as very uncertain (nearest min), but his sketch (emailed by
Steinicke) confirms the identity.
An earlier observation on 30 Mar 1827, listed under h1510, appears to
describe NGC 4889 instead: "B; S; R; in parallel with another which is follows.
Heinrich
d'Arrest found NGC 4898 on 6 Apr 1864 and measured the position on 3
nights. He questioned if it was
the same as h1510. Bigourdan also
found NGC 4898 on 15 May 1885.
Because of the confusion with the identifications due to the Herschels'
poor positions, Dreyer equated h1510 with NGC 4894 and NGC 4898 was credited to
d'Arrest and Bigourdan.
******************************
NGC 4899 = MCG
-02-33-090 = PGC 44841
13 00 56.5 -13
56 39
V = 11.9; Size 2.6'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 15d
24"
(6/1/13): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 5:3 SSW-NNE, ~1.7'x1.0', broad
concentration, large slightly brighter middle but no distinct core or
nucleus. The central region
increases to a vaguely defined nucleus.
Hint of spiral structure in the halo. Located 8.2' WSW of mag 7.5 HD 112945. NGC 4863 lies 19' WSW.
17.5"
(6/11/88): fairly faint, fairly large, oval ~N-S, fairly low surface
brightness. Appears brighter at
the south end.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4899 = H II-300 on 8 Feb 1785 (sweep 372) and noted
"Faintish, cL." CH's
reduction is at the west edge of MCG -02-33-090 = PGC 44841. In the Slough catalogue, JH mistakenly
assumed his two observations of h1517 = NGC 4924, were the same as H II-300 =
NGC 4899, and that his father made a 1¡ error in polar distance. JH listed both objects correctly in the
GC. Dreyer notes the NGC
description should read "cL" instead of "eL".
******************************
NGC 4900 = UGC
8116 = MCG +01-33-035 = CGCG 043-093 = PGC 44797
13 00 39.1 +02 30
00
V = 11.4; Size 2.2'x2.1'; Surf Br = 12.9
48"
(4/7/13): this unusual galaxy visually appears like a barred ring. At 488x a bright nucleus is embedded
with a weak bar, extending NW-SE.
A slightly brighter knot is situated close northwest of the nucleus. A mag 11 star is attached at the
southeast end of the galaxy, collinear with the "bar". A large, round halo extends 1.7' and is
slightly brighter along portions of the outer edge, forming a weak ring with a
slightly darker interior on either side of the bar.
17.5"
(5/22/93): fairly bright, moderately large, round, 1.5' diameter. A mag 10.5 star is attached at the SE
edge 41" from center. Even
surface brightness except for a faint slightly elongated "knot" just
NW of center which may be the central bar or an offset nucleus.
8"
(5/21/82): fairly bright, small.
Unusual appearance with a mag 10 star attached at the east edge and the
galaxy extends to the west.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4900 = H I-143 = h1509 on 30 Apr 1786 (sweep 558) amd recorded
"cB, just np a pB star and joining it as to appear like a brush to
it." In his 1814 PT paper he
used this example and others to demonstrate a supposed union or attraction
between the star and the nebula. JH made three observations and one description
notes a "star 11m, with a fan or brush."
R.J. Mitchell,
observing with LdR's 72" on 18 Apr 1855, recorded "Looks sometimes
like the owl nebula when badly seen, with a B, E patch in centre and dark spots
on each side of this; sometimes dark ring is seen all the way round, but
blackest to [sp and nf]. Neby round is mottled." On 24 Apr 1857 he logged "B centre is elongated in the
direction of the star on edge and on either side of centre there certainly
exist dark spaces as before remarked, giving it the look of the owl-neb. Yet I sometimes thought I saw it as a
sprial with a break in outer annulus npp." The barred-ring structure in his sketch can be verified on
the SDSS!
******************************
NGC 4901 = UGC
8112 = MCG +08-24-019 = CGCG 245-009 = PGC 44684
12 59 56.4 +47
12 20
V = 14.4; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.4
18"
(6/27/03): faint, small, round, 0.6' diameter, low surface brightness.
Increases slightly to a very small brighter core. Located 6.8' NNE of a mag 10 star. NGC 4917 lies 10' E.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4901 = h1512 on 7 Mar 1831 and recorded "vF; vS; E."
His position is at the northwest edge of this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 4902 = MCG
-02-33-092 = UGCA 315 = PGC 44847
13 00 59.6 -14
30 48
V = 10.9; Size 3.0'x2.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 70d
17.5"
(5/17/90): moderately bright and large, round, weak even concentration to a
bright core. Forms the eastern
vertex of an equilateral triangle with two mag 10 stars 2.0' NW and 2.2' WSW of
center. NGC 4887 is at the edge of
the 220x field 10.4' SSW.
8"
(5/21/82): fairly faint, moderately large, round, diffuse.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4902 = H I-69 = h1511 on 8 Feb 1785 (sweep 372) and noted
"cB, pL, iR." CH's
reduction is 10 sec of RA west of MCG -02-33-092 = PGC 44847.
******************************
NGC 4903 = ESO
443-030 = MCG -05-31-013 = LGG 324-005 = PGC 44894
13 01 22.7 -30
56 06
V = 13.0; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 73d
18"
(3/17/07): largest of trio with NGC 4905 and ESO 443-034, but the lowest
surface brightness. Appears fairly
faint, moderately large, round, 1.0'-1.2' diameter, halo fades into the
background, very weak concentration.
Three stars are close south including a pair of mag 14.5-15 star just
off the south side. NGC 4905 lies
4.3' NNE and ESO 443-034 the same distance ENE. The ESO galaxy appeared fairly faint, fairly small, slightly
elongated SW-NE, 0.6'x0.5' (large low surface brightness halo not seen). A mag
10 star lies 2.3' E. ESO 443-039
lies 18' NE. It's odd that John
Herschel missed this galaxy when he picked up the other two.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4903 = h3450, along with NGC 4905, on 30 Mar 1835 and recorded
"vF; R; 30"; attached to a star; the preceding of 2 [with NGC
4905]." His dec was
1.3' too far south.
******************************
NGC 4904 = UGC
8121 = MCG +00-33-026 = CGCG 015-055 = Mrk 1341 = PGC 44846
13 00 58.5 -00
01 39
V = 12.0; Size 2.2'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 15d
17.5"
(5/22/93): moderately bright, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 1.5'x1.0', brighter bar
along major axis, very small brighter core, slightly mottled. A mag 12 star is 1.8' NNW and a mag 14
star 2.2' WSW. On the POSS a very
faint outer halo is elongated roughly N-S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4904 = H II-517 on 1 Jan 1786 (sweep 507) and noted "pB, S,
R, bM." A few minutes later
he commented in his logbook "twilight pretty strong." His position is 2' southwest of UGC
8121.
******************************
NGC 4905 = ESO
443-031 = MCG -05-31-015 = PGC 44902
13 01 30.7 -30
52 06
V = 13.2; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 26d
18"
(3/17/07): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.7' diameter, weak concentration
with a slightly brighter core. In
a trio with NGC 4905 4.3' SSW and E443-034 3.5' SE. Located 4.3' SW of mag 7.4 HD 113129 which detracts from
viewing. ESO 443-039 lies 20' ENE
and NGC 4396 is 41' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4905 = h3451, along with NGC 4903 = h3450, on 30 Mar 1835 and
logged "vF; vS; R; slbM. The
following of 2 [with NGC 4903]. His
position is 3.3' south of ESO 443-031 and actually falls closer to ESO 433-034,
but the difference of 7 sec in RA is accurate.
******************************
NGC 4906 = CGCG
160-253 = PGC 44799
13 00 39.7 +27
55 26
V = 14.1; Size 0.5'x0.5'
18" (4/20/12):
at 322x appeared faint, small, round, 18" diameter. A mag 14 star is close west, just
25" from the center. Located
7.7' SE of NGC 4889 in the Coma cluster.
17.5"
(4/21/90): very faint, very small, round.
A mag 14 star is just 25" W of center. Located 7.6' SE of NGC 4889 in the core of AGC 1656. IC 4041 lies 4.4' due north and IC 4042
2.9' NNE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4906 on 6 Apr 1864 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position (measured
twice) matches CGCG 160-253 = PGC 44799 and he noted the mag 14-15 star that
precedes by 25" (d'Arrest gives the separation as 17" to the edge).
******************************
NGC 4907 = MCG
+05-31-089 = CGCG 160-257 = PGC 44819
13 00 48.8 +28
09 29
V = 13.6; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.5
18"
(4/20/12): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated SSW-NNE, even surface
brightness (face-on barred spiral).
A mag 13 star is close off the SW end. CGCG 160-251 lies 3.0' WSW. Located 14' NE of NGC 4889 in the central portion of the
Coma cluster.
17.5"
(4/21/90): faint, small, slightly elongated SSW-NNE, even surface
brightness. A mag 13 star is just
off the south end. Nearby galaxies
include CGCG 160-251 3' WSW and IC 4045 5' S. Located NE of the central core of AGC 1656.
Heinrich d'Arrest
discovered NGC 4907 on 5 May 1864 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His single position is
accurate and he noted the mag 13 star close south.
******************************
NGC 4908 = UGC
8129 = MCG +05-31-090 = CGCG 160-259 = PGC 44832
13 00 54.3 +28
00 26
V = 13.2; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0
18"
(4/20/12): fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated,
25"x22", broad concentration.
Just slightly brighter than IC 4051 2.2' WNW. Located 10' ENE of NGC 4889 in the Coma cluster. The identifications of NGC 4908 and IC
4051 are likely reversed in most catalogues.
17.5"
(4/21/90): faint, small, slightly elongated, small bright core. Located in the central region of AGC
1656 with NGC 4908 2.5' N and IC 4042 2.5' SW. This galaxy is identified as IC 4051 in most modern
catalogues (except MCG).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4908 = H III-363 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and simply noted
"vF". CH's reduction
matches UGC 8129. This galaxy was
probably found by d'Arrest on 22 Apr 1865, though his position is between NGC
4908 and slightly fainter MCG +05-31-090 = PGC 44828, located 2.3'
north-northwest. Dreyer used
d'Arrest's position for NGC 4908, assuming it was more accurate.
Kobold and
Bigourdan later observed both galaxies, but the position from Kobold for IC
4051 matches the brighter galaxy as he assumed the fainter galaxy was NGC
4908. To further confuse the
issue, JH misassigned III-363 to h1510 = NGC 4894 -- see that number for
additional problems! -- and this was copied into the GC.
Since WH picked
up the slightly brighter south-southeast galaxy (and presumably d'Arrest), NGC
4908 should apply to this galaxy, though modern catalogues reverse the
identifications. See
Corwin's notes for more on this confusing story.
******************************
NGC 4909 = ESO
269-035 = MCG -07-27-028 = AM 1259-423 = PGC 44949
13 02 01.8 -42
46 18
V = 12.7; Size 1.9'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 28d
14" (4/2/16
- Coonabarabran, 160x): faint to fairly faint, small, round, 25" diameter
(this is the central core region on images). With averted vision increases to ~40" diameter. A number of stars are nearby including
a pair of mag 13 stars [11" separation] 1.6' SE and a mag 11.5 star
is 2.3' E. In addition, a mag 12/13 pair at a
similar separation is 2.9' SW. The
latter is part of a distinctive arc of stars that begins 2.5' SW and sweeps
clockwise, ending at mag 10 HD 113176 7.7' SSE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4909 = h3452 on 5 Jun 1834 and recorded "eF; precedes 3 or
4 stars, 11..12m." His
position and description matches ESO 269-035.
******************************
NGC 4910 = NGC
4845? = UGC 8078 = MCG +00-33-025 = CGCG 015-049 = PGC 44392
12 58 01.3 +01
34 33
See observing
notes for NGC 4845. Identification
very uncertain.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4910 = H V-3 on 24 Jan 1784 (sweep 123) and recorded "vL
but eF, or I believe they are very close and vS stars." The PT summary description reads
"eF, vL, er, R, 7 or 8' dia."
In the NGC notes, Dreyer mentioned that Auwers' reduction is 10 min of
RA too large. This observation is
from an early sweep (prone to errors) and in the 1912 revision of WH's
catalogues, Dreyer also mentioned the following note from WH, "The place
of this neb is not determined with accuracy" and there were no subsequent
sightings by other observers.
Harold Corwin
suggests that NGC 4910 may possibly be a duplicate observation of NGC 4845
(about 2.5 min of RA and 4' south of WH's rough position) as it is the
"only reasonable candidate."
******************************
NGC 4911 = UGC
8128 = MCG +05-31-093 = CGCG 160-260 = Holm 499a = PGC 44840
13 00 56.1 +27
47 27
V = 12.8; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.3
18"
(4/20/12): fairly faint, moderately large, oval NW-SE, 45"x35", broad
concentration. A mag 14.5 star
lies 52" SE. Forms a close
pair with NGC 4911A = PGC 83751, just 36" SW of center. The companion was just visible as an
extremely faint and small knot, ~12" diameter. NGC 4919 lies 4.9' NE.
NGC 4911 is one of the two giant spirals in the Coma cluster.
17.5"
(4/21/90): fairly faint, fairly small, oval WNW-ESE, weak concentration. A mag 12 star is 2' NW.
13"
(5/14/83): faint, small, round. A
mag 13 star is close west. First
of three in the field. Located 18'
SE of core of AGC 1656.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4911 = H II-392 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and recorded
"Three, the two following [NGC 4921 and 4923] pretty near each other; the
south preceding [NGC 4911] about 8' distance; the time was near that of the
two." d'Arrest measured an
accurate position (on 4 nights) and questioned if it was identical to II-392.
******************************
NGC 4912 = NGC
4922: = UGC 8125 = MCG +06-29-014 = CGCG 189-013 = PGC 44807
13 01 24.9 +29
18 40
V = 13.0; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 129d
See observing
notes for NGC 4922.
Lawrence
Parsons, the 4th Earl of Rosse, found NGC 4912, along with NGC 4913, NGC 4916
and IC 4088, on 24 Apr 1865. He
assumed he was on the NGC 4914 field, but the discovery sketch, which shows 4
nebulae (and one suspected neb) is clearly a different field.
Sue French
suggested that Parsons' field is 8¡ south of NGC 4914, where a very similar
configuration of 4 galaxies is found, including a wide pair of stars that
matches the diagram. This implies
NGC 4912 (labeled delta) = NGC 4922, NGC 4913 (labeled gamma) = IC 843, NGC
4916 (labeled epsilon) = CGCG 160-107 and the galaxy he assumed was NGC 4914
labeled beta) was IC 4088. Harold
Corwin notes some errors with his descriptions (epsilson is called the
brightest) but the configuration strongly suggests these identifications.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4922 = UGC 8135 just 5 days earlier than Parsons'
observation, but the other three galaxies should be credited to Parsons. See Harold Corwin's identification
notes.
******************************
NGC 4913 = IC
843 = UGC 8137 = MCG +05-31-100 = CGCG 160-099 = PGC 44908
13 01 33.6 +29
07 50
V = 13.6; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 134d
18"
(4/30/11): fairly faint, very elongated 7:2 NW-SE, 45"x12", contains
a very small brighter nucleus. IC
4088 lies 5.6' SSE, NGC 4916 is 10' NE and NGC 4922 is 11' NNW. This galaxy is identified as IC 843 in
all modern catalogues. See
identification notes for NGC 4912.
Lawrence
Parsons, the 4th Earl of Rosse, found NGC 4913, along with NGC 4912, NGC 4916
and IC 4088, on 24 Apr 1865.
Parsons assumed he was observing the NGC 4914 field, but the discovery
sketch, which shows 4 nebulae (and one suspected neb), is a reasonably good
match with a field 8¡ further south.
NGC 4913, labeled as Gamma in the diagram, matches IC 843. Sue French originally suggested this
identification.
Truman Safford
independently discovered this galaxy on 3 May 1866. The discovery list was not published until 1887 so Dreyer
added this discovery in an appendix to the NGC and later included it as IC 843
= Sf 3.
******************************
NGC 4914 = NGC
4912: = UGC 8125 = MCG +06-29-014 = CGCG 189-013 = PGC 44807
13 00 42.9 +37
18 54
V = 11.6; Size 3.5'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 155d
16" LX200
(4/14/07): bright, fairly large, elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE, very bright core increases to a stellar
nucleus. Brightest in a small
group of galaxies ~80' SE of Cor Caroli.
13.1"
(2/16/85): moderately bright, small, slightly elongated, stellar nucleus. NGC 4868 lies 19' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4914 = H II-645 = h1514 on 17 Mar 1787 (sweep 714) and noted
"pB, S, R, mbM." JH made
two observations, described it as "pB" and "eF". MCG labels the galaxy NGC
4912/4914. See identification
notes for NGC 4912.
******************************
NGC 4915 = MCG
-01-33-069 = UGCA 318 = PGC 44891
13 01 28.2 -04
32 48
V = 12.1; Size 1.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 55d
18"
(6/4/05): fairly bright, moderately large, round. Contains a sharply concentrated 0.6' core that increases to
a bright, stellar nucleus. With
caref viewing, the core appears to be surrounded by a 1.2' very low surface
brightness halo, doubling the initial estimate of size. NGC 4918 lies 6.2' NE (see
observation).
17.5"
(4/4/92): fairly bright, fairly small, round, bright core, high surface
brightness. NGC 4890 lies 12'
WSW. Forms a pair with NGC 4918
6.5' NE (not seen).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4915 = H IV-47 = h1513 on 11 Mar 1787 (sweep 709) and recorded
"pB, stellar, resembles a star with a bur all around." CH's reduction is 2' south of PGC
44891. JH made two observations, first calling it "pB; R; gbM; nothing
very remarkable."
******************************
NGC 4916 = MCG
+05-31-106 = CGCG 160-107 = PGC 44973
13 02 04.2 +29
15 12
V = 14.5; Size 0.9'x0.25'; PA = 159d
18"
(4/30/11): fairly faint, very elongated 7:2 NNW-SSE, ~0.75'x0.25', contains a
very small brighter nucleus.
Overall this edge-on has a high surface brightness. NGC 4922 lies 9' NW and NGC 4914 = IC
843 is 10' SW.
This galaxy was
probably discovered and sketched by Lawrence Parsons on 24 Apr 1865 along with
NGC 4912 and NGC 4913 while observing the NGC 4914 field. It is not identified as NGC 4916 in any
modern catalogue
Lawrence Parsons
discovered NGC 4916, along with NGC 4912, 4913 and IC 4088, on 24 Apr 1865 at
Birr Castle. His diagram,
purportedly of the NGC 4914 field with NGC 4916 labeled epsilon, is a good
match with CGCG 160-107 = PGC 44973, located roughly 8¡ south of the intended
object. He called this object
"vF" and the faintest of the quartet. Sue French suggested this identification. The RNGC misidentifies PGC 44801,
located 4.7' NNW of NGC 4914, as NGC 4916. See NGC 4912.
******************************
NGC 4917 = UGC
8130 = MCG +08-24-023 = CGCG 245-011 = PGC 44838
13 00 55.6 +47
13 19
V = 13.8; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 160d
18"
(6/27/03): very faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE. Initially appeared only 0.4'
diameter. But with averted vision,
very low surface brightness extensions were glimpsed increasing the dimensions
to 0.8'x0.4' with a rounder, brighter core. Located 10' E of NGC 4901.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4917 = h1515 on 20 Mar 1828 and recorded "eF; S; E;
bM." His RA (marked as
approximate) was 9 sec too small.
******************************
NGC 4918 = PGC
44934
13 01 50.6 -04
30 02
V = 14.4; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 71d
18"
(6/4/05): extremely faint, small, elongated 3:2? Requires averted and only glimpsed intermittently. A mag 10.8 star 1.8' NNW detracts from
viewing. Located 6' NE of NGC
4915.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 4918 = LM II-457 in 1886 and noted "mag 15.7,
0.1' dia, R, bMN, GC 3366 [= NGC 4915] sp 4'." His position matches PGC 44934, though the separation to NGC
4915 is 6'.
******************************
NGC 4919 = UGC
8133 = MCG +05-31-097 = CGCG 160-094 = PGC 44885
13 01 17.6 +27
48 32
V = 14.1; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 140d
18"
(4/20/12): this Coma cluster member is located 18' SE of NGC 4889, near two
spirals -- NGC 4911 4.9' WSW and NGC 4921 5' NNE. At 322x it appeared faint, fairly small, oval 4:3 NW-SE,
27"x20", nearly even surface brightness. Two small faint companions, CGCG 160-092 and 160-093 lie 2'
WNW and 1.6' WSW, respectively.
17.5"
(4/21/90): situated between NGC 4911 4.8' WSW and NGC 4921 5.1' NNE within AGC
1656. Very faint, very small,
elongated NW-SE. In a close trio
with CGCG 160-093 = MCG +05-31-094 1.6' W and MCG +05-31-096 1.9' WNW.
13" (5/14/83):
very faint, second of three with NGC 4911/4921. Located in the core of AGC 1656.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4919 on 5 May 1864 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position (also
measured on the next night) matches UGC 8133.
******************************
NGC 4920 = IC
4134 = MCG -02-33-094 = PGC 44958
13 02 04.2 -11
22 42
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 170d
18"
(6/4/05): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, 0.7'x0.5'. MCG -02-33-097 lies 9' N.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 4920 around 1882 while observing NGC 4933. In the narrative
portion of list V, he remarked that several years earlier he found that NGC
4933 was double with the two components oriented southwest and northeast. In a later observation he found another
nebula, 1min 53s preceding and a little north of NGC 4933. At this exact offset west and 7' north
is MCG -02-33-094 = PGC 44958.
Guillaume
Bigourdan found the galaxy on 16 Apr 1895, but misidentified his offset
star. Once corrected (see Harold
Corwin's notes for the details), his position matches NGC 4920. So, NGC 4920 = IC 4134.
******************************
NGC 4921 = UGC
8134 = MCG +05-31-098 = CGCG 160-095 = PGC 44899
13 01 26.1 +27
53 09
V = 12.2; Size 2.5'x2.2'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 165d
18"
(4/20/12): fairly faint, moderately large, irregularly round, ~1.5' diameter,
sharply concentrated with a fairly faint, slightly elongated core,
~24"x20", surrounded by a very low surface brightness unconcentrated
halo. NGC 4923 lies 2.7' SSE. This is the largest spiral (face-on) in
the Coma Galaxy cluster.
17.5"
(4/21/90): fairly faint, fairly small, bright core, large low surface
brightness halo surrounded core.
This is one of the brighter members of AGC 1656 but it appears fainter
than the integrated V magnitude suggests.
Nearby are NGC 4923 2.7' SSE and NGC 4919 5.1' SSW.
13"
(5/14/83): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 3rd of 3 in AGC 1656.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4921 = H II-393 = h1516 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and recorded
"Three, the two following [NGC 4921 and 4923] pretty near each other; the
south preceding [NGC 4911] about 8' distance; the time was near that of the
two." JH made two
observations and measured a fairly accurate position. d'Arrest made 6 observations.
******************************
NGC 4922 = UGC
8135 = MCG +05-31-099 = CGCG 160-096 = VV 609 = PGC 44896
13 01 24.9 +29
18 40
V = 13.0; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 129d
18"
(4/30/11): fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 N-S,
~50"x30", irregular shape, small bright core. After careful viewing this interacting
galaxy consists of a brighter component on the south side, perhaps 30"
diameter and punctuated by a bright core. A very faint low surface brightness glow
is attached on the north side (PGC 86794), extending perhaps 20". A string of stars extends to the
southeast with a mag 12 star 1.4' ESE.
NGC 4916 (see identification notes) lies 9' SE
18"
(3/30/05): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 ~N-S, 0.7'x0.4'. On sustained viewing, what appears to
be the core or a compact galaxy, ~0.3' diameter, is on the SSW end. A much lower surface brightness glow
extends to the NNE, mimicking the appearance of a tiny comet. Member of AGC 1656 (Coma Galaxy Cluster). A mag 12 star lies 1.4' E.
Checking at home
I found this was a double system (NGC 4922A = southern member, NGC 4922B =
northern member) in a common halo with the brighter component on the south end
so the visual description is fairly accurate.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4922 on 19 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen and noted the mag 11-12 star that follows by 6 sec of RA. His mean position (3 observations) is
accurate. The northern component
of this double system is listed in NED as NGC 4922 NED02 and PGC 86794 in
HyperLeda. The position given here
is on the SW component of this double system.
Sue French found
that Lawrence Parsons, the 4th Earl of Rosse, probably independently discovered
this galaxy just 5 days later, while looking for NGC 4912. His field sketch does not match NGC
4912, but a quartet of galaxies 8¡ further south, including NGC 4922, IC 843,
IC 4088 and CGCG 160-107. NGC 4912
(labeled delta) matches NGC 4922.
See NGC 4912 for more.
******************************
NGC 4923 = MCG
+05-31-101 = CGCG 160-097 = PGC 44903
13 01 31.8 +27
50 51
V = 13.7; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1
18"
(4/20/12): this Coma cluster member appeared fairly faint, fairly small,
slightly elongated, ~28"x24", sharply concentrated with a small
bright core. Located 2.6' SSE of
NGC 4921 (giant spiral).
17.5"
(4/21/90): very faint, very small, round, weak concentration. Forms a trio with brighter NGC 4921
2.7' NNW and NGC 4919 is 3.9' SW.
Located within AGC 1656.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4923 = H II-394 = h1518 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and recorded
"Three, the two following [NGC 4921 and 4923] pretty near each other; the
south preceding [NGC 4911] about 8' distance; the time was near that of the
two." JH made a single observation
and his position is 1.3' too far southwest. d'Arrest made two accurate measurements.
******************************
NGC 4924 = MCG
-02-33-096 = PGC 44977
13 02 12.8 -14
58 11
V = 12.8; Size 1.5'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 60d
18"
(6/4/05): fairly faint, small, 0.5' diameter, irregularly round, slightly
brighter corre. With direct vision
a very faint stellar nucleus is intermittently visible or an extremely faint
star is superimposed. A small
triplet of mag 13/14 stars lies 3.5'-4' SE and a mag 10.2 star is in the same
direction 6.2' SE. Forms a pair
with MCG -02-33-093 5.7' NNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4924 = h1517 on 8 May 1831 and recorded "vF; R;
bM." He confirmed the
observation the next night and logged "vF; irreg R; vglbM." Because his position was 1¡ south of
his father's H II-300 = NGC 4899, he initially assumed h1517 was identical, but
realized his error when compiling the GC.
******************************
NGC 4925 = MCG
-01-33-074 = PGC 44967
13 02 07.4 -07
42 39
V = 13.1; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 135d
17.5"
(5/22/93): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated ~E-W, 1.0'x0.8',
broad concentration, moderate surface brightness. Forms a pair with IC 4071 6.8' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4925 = H II-779 = h1519 on 23 Mar 1789 (sweep 916) and noted
"F, S." JH's position is at the south edge of this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 4926 = UGC
8142 = MCG +05-31-103 = CGCG 160-103 = PGC 44938
13 01 53.7 +27
37 28
V = 13.0; Size 1.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1
24"
(5/20/17): at 375x; fairly faint to moderately bright, round, ~40"
diameter, fairly high surface brightness, small bright core increases to a
stellar nucleus. Two 12th
magnitude stars lie 4' W and 4' WSW.
NGC 4926A lies 3.5' NE.
This companion (both are members of the Coma galaxy cluster) appeared
faint to fairly faint, small, slightly elongated E-W, 25"x20",
slightly brighter core, quasi-stellar nucleus.
13.1"
(5/14/83): faint, small, round.
Located 17' SSE of NGC 4921 and 16' SE of NGC 4911 in AGC 1656.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4926 on 6 Apr 1864 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position (measured
4 times over 3 nights) is accurate and he noted the two mag 12 stars ~4'
preceding.
******************************
NGC 4927 = MCG
+05-31-104 = CGCG 160-105 = PGC 44945
13 01 57.5 +28
00 20
V = 13.7; Size 0.6'x0.4'; PA = 10d
17.5"
(4/28/90): very faint, very small, slightly elongated N-S, very small bright
core. A mag 15 star is at the
north edge 25" from center and a mag 13 star is 1.4' NE. CGCG 160-101 lies 6' NNW. Located 24' E of NGC 4889 in AGC 1656.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4927 = H III-364 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and simply noted
"vF". His position is
poor but d'Arrest's position (used in the) matches CGCG 160-105 = PGC 44945.
******************************
NGC 4928 = MCG
-01-33-075 = PGC 45052
13 03 00.5 -08
05 06
V = 12.5; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 50d
17.5"
(5/22/93): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 1.0'x0.7',
broad mild concentration. On a
line with two mag 12-13 stars 1.5' ESE and 3' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4928 = H II-190 = H III-760 = h3453 on 25 Apr 1784 (sweep 208)
and recorded "not vF, cL, E, r." He did not measure a position, only noting "it precedes
the supposed 39 Vir 3 min in time and is 56' more north." He observed it again on 3 Mar 1786
(sweep 536) and measured an accurate position. He found it again on 23 Mar 1789, assumed it was new and
logged H III-760 as "cF, vS, R." His position was 3' too far southeast. JH assigned two GC designations, which
Dreyer combined in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 4929 = MCG
+05-31-111 = CGCG 160-113 = PGC 45027
13 02 44.4 +28
02 43
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(5/19/01): faint, small, roundish, 25"x20", even surface
brightness. Located 1' following a
mag 13.5 star within AGC 1656. NGC
4931 lies 3.7' ESE and NGC 4934 7.1' ESE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4929 on 20 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His single position is
accurate and he mentioned the mag 13.5 star (called 16th mag) less than 1'
preceding.
******************************
NGC 4930 = ESO
323-074 = MCG -07-27-029 = LGG 325-004 = PGC 45155
13 04 05.3 -41
24 42
V = 11.1; Size 4.5'x3.7'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 40d
17.5"
(4/7/89): faint, fairly small, oval SW-NE. Forms a thin isosceles triangle with mag 8 SAO 223876 3.1'
SE and a mag 9.5 star 3.3' ESE!
Possible member of the Centaurus cluster (AGC 3526).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4930 = h3454 on 8 Jun 1834 and recorded "vF; R; precedes 2
stars 8-9th mag and 9th mag (with which it makes nearly an equilateral triangle
by diagram." His
position and description matches ESO 323-074. MCG does not label their number as NGC 4930.
******************************
NGC 4931 = UGC
8154 = MCG +05-31-114 = CGCG 160-118 = PGC 45055
13 03 00.8 +28
01 56
V = 13.5; Size 1.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 78d
17.5"
(5/19/01): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 ~E-W, 0.5'x0.15'. Contains a small bright core that
occasionally appears stellar. A
mag 13.5 star lies 1.6' NE.
Situated nearly at the midpoint of NGC 4927 3.7' WNW and NGC 4934 3.4' E
within AGC 1656.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4931 on 10 May 1863 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position matches
UGC 8154. On 20 Apr 1865 he
measured the position again and discovered NGC 4934, just 17 sec of RA
following.
The RA in the
RNGC is poor and this galaxy is misplotted in the first edition of the Uranometria
2000.
******************************
NGC 4932 = UGC
8150 = MCG +09-21-089 = CGCG 270-040 = PGC 45015
13 02 37.7 +50
26 18
V = 13.6; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.2
18"
(6/27/03): very faint, small, round, 0.6' diameter, very weak concentration with
no noticeable core. A mag 10.7
star lies 1.6' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4932 = H III-818 on 26 Apr 1789 (sweep 929) and noted "cF,
S, R, vglbM." His position
matches UGC 8150.
******************************
NGC 4933 = IC
4176 = Arp 176 NED 2 = Holm 502a = (R)NGC 4933A = MCG -02-33-102 = PGC 45146
13 03 57.2 -11
29 52
V = 11.7; Size 1.8'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 45d
48"
(4/21/17): NGC 4933 is a double system consisting of compact NGC 4933A = IC
4173 on the southwest side and NGC 4933B = IC 4176 on the northeast end,
separated by 45" between centers.
At 488x, NGC 4933B appeared bright, moderately large, elongated 4:3 or
3:2 SW-NE, ~1.0'x0.7'. Sharply
concentrated with an intensely bright nucleus. The north side has a sharper light cut off [due to
dust]. Located 7' NE of mag 7.9 HD
113425.
NGC 4933A on the
southwest end appeared bright, fairly small, round, 15" diameter. Strongly concentrated with a very small
bright nucleus and thin halo. A
tidal tail extension (either from NGC 4933A or 4933B) juts out towards the
southwest an additional 20".
The combined glow of A and B extends at least 1.5' SW-NE. NGC 4933C = PGC 45143, a third
component 1' NE of 4933B, appeared very faint, small, round, ~15"
diameter, very low surface brightness.
17.5"
(5/17/90): moderately bright, moderately large, dominated by a bright core,
faint extensions 2:1 SW-NE. Forms
a contact pair with IC 4173 at the west edge in a common halo (Arp 176). IC 4173 appeared very faint, extremely
small, round. Located 7.1' NE of
mag 7.5 SAO 157687.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4933 = H II-191 on 9 May 1784 (sweep 210) and recorded "pF,
pS, R, r. Near some small
stars. Too much daylight to
describe it fully." CH's
reduced position is ~9 sec of RA west of this double system. In his fifth discovery paper, Wilhelm
Tempel remarked that GC 3377 [NGC 4933] was certainly double, with a bright
northeast component and a fainter stellar nebula on the southern edge, with a
separation of 1'.
On 16 Apr 1895,
Bigourdan claimed he searched unsuccessfully for NGC 4933, but reported finding
Big. 315 = IC 4173 and Big. 316 = IC 4176, which he noted were in PA 225¡
(SW-NE) and a separation of 1'.
His positions are wrong (over 2 min of RA too far east) as he
misidentified his offset star, but once corrected they match the two components
(nuclei) of NGC 4933! These IC
identifications were resolved in an e-mail correspondence between Malcolm
Thomson and Harold Corwin in April 1998.
The RC3 labels IC 4173 = NGC 4933A and IC 4176 = NGC 4933B, with the two
components first resolved by Tempel.
NGC 4933C was not discovered visually.
******************************
NGC 4934 = UGC
8160 = MCG +05-31-115 = CGCG 160-120 = PGC 45082
13 03 16.3 +28
01 48
V = 14.4; Size 1.0'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 104d
17.5"
(5/19/01): faint, small, very elongated 4:1 WNW-ESE, 0.4'x0.1', low even
surface brightness. Slightly
smaller and fainter than NGC 4931 3.4' W.
Third of three on a line with NGC 4929 7' WNW within AGC 1656.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4934 on 20 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. He noted this object
was situated 16 sec of RA following NGC 4931, which he also discovered, so the
identification is certain.
******************************
NGC 4935 = UGC
8159 = MCG +03-33-023 = CGCG 100-023 = PGC 45093
13 03 21.2 +14
22 40
V = 13.0; Size 1.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 75d
18"
(3/30/05): fairly faint, small, round, 0.6' diameter, small bright core. Near the NE edge of the 19' field is a
nice group of 5 stars with the three brightest stars forming a collinear string
oriented NW-SE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 4935 = Sw VI-50 on 17 Apr 1887 and recorded "vF; vS; R; 3
st. like belt of Orion nf." His position is 6 sec of RA east and 1.6'
north of UGC 8159 and his comment "3 stars like belt of Orion nf"
applies to this galaxy (the stars are 8' northeast).
******************************
NGC 4936 = ESO
443-047 = MCG -05-31-028 = LGG 328-002 = PGC 45174
13 04 16.9 -30
31 36
V = 10.8; Size 2.7'x2.3'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 168d
18"
(5/3/11): bright, moderately large, slightly elongated ~N-S, ~1.4'x1.1' , well
concentrated with a large very bright core that increases to an intense
nucleus. A mag 12 star is 1.3' E
of center.
Brightest in a
group with ESO 443-055 7.5' ENE, ESO 443-043 10' NNW and IC 844 13' W. ESO 443-055 appeared very faint, very
small, roundish, ~20"x15", Requires averted vision to glimpse. A mag 15.3 star is just off the south
edge, 35" from center. ESO
443-043 is faint to fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, 25"x20",
weak concentration. A pair of mag
14 stars 2.3' and 3' SE are nearly collinear with the galaxy. FInally IC 844 is fairly faint to moderately
bright, fairly small, elongated ~2:1 E-W, 30"x15", slightly brighter
core.
18"
(3/17/07): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 4:3 NNW-SSE,
1.2'x0.9'. Contains a bright core
that is moderately concentrated and a faint halo.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4936 = h3456 on 6 May 1834 and recorded "pB; R; S; bM;
15"; has a * 6 seconds following." His position and description
matches ESO 443-047 = PGC 45174.
Brightest in a
group of at least 12 members (Sandage 1975b, 1978) including IC 844 12' W with
a mean redshift of ~3000 km/sec.
******************************
NGC 4937 = ESO
269-?40
13 04 50.7 -47
13 11
Size 0.3'
14" (4/2/16
- Coonabarabran, 160x): this knot of faint stars appeared as a very faint, very
small glow (20").
Occasionally two extremely faint mag 15.2 and 15.7 stars "pop"
within the glow. Located 2' NW of
NGC 4940.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4937 = h3455 on 3 Mar 1837 and recorded "eeF; S; R; the
preceding of 2 [with NGC 4940]; a * 7m, just at the northern edge of the
field." There is only a single galaxy here (NGC 4940), but just 1' east of
his position and 2' NW of NGC 4940 is a small knot of faint stars within
20". ESO lists the number as
"Not Found". RNGC calls
it a "close double star".
See Harold Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 4938 = MCG
+09-21-091 = CGCG 270-042 = PGC 45044
13 02 57.6 +51
19 07
V = 14.3; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 39d
18"
(6/27/03): very faint, small, irregularly round, 0.6'x0.5', low nearly even
surface brightness.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4938 = h1521 on 17 Feb 1831 and recorded "eF; R;
psbM." His position matches
CGCG 270-042 = PGC 45044.
******************************
NGC 4939 = MCG
-02-33-104 = PGC 45170
13 04 14.3 -10
20 24
V = 11.3; Size 5.5'x2.8'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 5d
17.5"
(5/17/90): moderately bright, fairly large, large low surface brightness oval
halo 2:1 SSW-NNE, increases to a brighter core. A mag 15 star is 1.4' NW of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4939 = H II-561 = h3458 on 25 Mar 1786 (sweep 546) and recorded
"pB, pL, R, vgmbM." His
position matches MCG -02-33-104 = PGC 45170. JH reported "pF; L; R; gpmbM; 60"."
******************************
NGC 4940 = ESO
269-042 = PGC 45235
13 05 00.2 -47
14 12
V = 13.1; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2
14" (4/2/16
- Coonabarabran, 160x): fairly faint to moderately bright, round, well-defined
halo with a 30" diameter, moderately high even surface brightness. Situated 7.4' SSW of mag 6.4 HD
113537. NGC 4937, a small knot of
3-5 stars (asterism), is 2' NW.
See that number.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4940 = h3457 on 3 Mar 1837 and recorded "F; S; R;
15". The following of 2 [with
NGC 4937]." There is only a
single galaxy here, which his position matches. See notes for NGC 4937.
******************************
NGC 4941 = MCG
-01-33-077 = UGCA 321 = LGG 314-013 = PGC 45165
13 04 13.0 -05
33 06
V = 11.1; Size 3.6'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 15d
17.5"
(5/17/90): moderately bright, moderately large, oval 2:1 SW-NE. Dominated by a small bright core with a
stellar nucleus (Sy 2 galaxy), moderately large halo. A mag 11.5 star lies 2.6' S of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4941 = H I-40 = h1520 on 24 Apr 1784 (sweep 205) and recorded
"cL, r. It contains a vB
small spot in the middle but the rest is pF. The nebula is near some stars." JH made two
observations and logged on sweep 234 "pF; L; vgbM; E; 60" long."
******************************
NGC 4942 = MCG
-01-33-078 = IC 4136 = PGC 45177
13 04 19.1 -07
38 59
V = 13.8; Size 1.9'x1.4'; Surf Br = 14.7; PA = 145d
17.5"
(5/17/90): very faint, fairly small, round, very low surface brightness, weak
concentration, no distinct edge.
NGC 4948 lies 20' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4942 = H III-761 on 23 Mar 1789 (sweep 916) and noted "vF,
S." His position is 2'
southeast of MCG -01-33-078 = PGC 45177.
Harold Corwin
suggests IC 4136, found by DeLisle Stewart in 1899 on an plate taken at
Arequipa, is identical to NGC 4942.
See his IC identification notes.
******************************
NGC 4943 = CGCG
160-122 = PGC 45129
13 03 44.9 +28
05 03
V = 14.6; Size 0.5'x0.3'; PA = 100d
17.5"
(5/19/01): very faint, very small, round, just 15" diameter, low surface
brightness. This faint member of
AGC 1656 is situated 6' S of NGC 4944.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4943 on 20 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen. His single position is accurate and he
mentioned that h1522 [NGC 4944] was visible in the same field to the north.
******************************
NGC 4944 = UGC
8167 = MCG +05-31-118 = CGCG 160-124 = PGC 45133
13 03 49.9 +28
11 08
V = 12.9; Size 1.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 89d
17.5"
(5/19/01): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 E-W, 1.0'x0.4', very small
bright core. Situated between two
mag 11 stars 2' NE and 4' SW with NGC 4943 6' S. This is one of the brighter members of AGC 1656.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4944 = H II-395 = h1522 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted
"F, S." JH recorded
"F; R; bM; has * 9m 45¡ nf; 1' dist."
******************************
NGC 4945 = ESO
219-024 = LGG 344-001 = PGC 45279
13 05 27.5 -49
28 06
V = 8.6; Size 20.0'x3.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 43d
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): remarkable spiral at 200x,
extending southwest to northeast across 2/3 of the 30' field. I didn't take detailed notes on this
observation but there was just a broad concentration with no defined core
region. The galaxy is very
slightly wider through the center and only tapers towards the tips. Along the south edge, just southwest of
center, is a brighter linear streak forming a sharp edge (the dust lane is just
beyond). The main body of the
galaxy fades a bit in this area and then brightens again further
southwest. The major axis appears
slightly warped or bent towards the north near the northeast tip. On the south side of the northeast end,
some very faint haze is visible.
The DSS image reveals this is a portion of the galaxy beyond the dust
lane. Member of the M83/Centaurus
A galaxy group and situated 18' ENE of mag 4.8 Xi 1 Centauri.
13.1"
(2/19/04 - Costa Rica): beautiful, huge edge-on spiral oriented SW-NE. At 166x,
appears ~15'x2' with tapering tips that fade out towards the ends of the
extensions. There is only a broad
concentration with gently bulging core, although the surface brightness is
somewhat irregular or mottled due to dust. The galaxy fades a bit to the southwest of the core and then
brightens slightly further southwest.
The northeast extension seems a bit splotchy or mottled. I was very surprised that the view from
Costa Rica was a bit better than from Bargo, outside of Sydney, with a similar
aperture.
12"
(6/29/02 - Bargo, Australia): this long edge-on spiral is fairly bright and
broadly concentrated with a slightly bulging core, extending SW-NE
~14'x2.5'. The surface brightness
is relatively uniform with a weak central brightening and dimming towards the
tips. Set in a rich star field
peppered with faint stars. Located
just north of a line connecting mag 4.8 Xi 1 Centauri 18' ESE and mag 4.3 Xi 2
31' SE. NGC 4976 is situated 30'
E. Member of the Centaurus Group that includes both M83 and NGC 5128 and
reddened by dust within our galaxy.
NGC 4945 is comparable in dimensions to NGC 4565 although the dust lane
was not evident.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 4945 = D 411 = h3459 on 29 Apr 1826. This is one of the first
objects observed by Dunlop and the first galaxy he discovered, along with NGC
5128 the same night. His
description reads "a beautiful long nebula, about 10' long, and 2' broad,
forming an angle with the meridian, about 30 south preceding and north
following; the brightest and broadest part is rather nearer the south preceding
extremity than the centre, and it gradually diminishes in breadth and
brightness towards the extremeties, but the breadth is much better defined than
the length. A small star near the north, and a smaller star near the south
extremity, but neither of them is involved in the nebula. I have strong
suspicions that the nebula is resolvable into stars, with very slight
compression towards the centre. I have no doubt but it is resolvable. I can see
the stars, they are merely points. This is north following the first zeta
Centauri." Dunlop sketched the galaxy and observed it seven times.
JH observed the
galaxy on 31 Mar 1835 and recorded "B; vL; vmE; vglbM. Length much more
than a diameter of the field, or than 15'. Its light extends to a star 14th mag
beyond the parallel of Brisbane 4299. Position of elongation 38.7¡." His declination is exactly 10' too far
north.
******************************
NGC 4946 = ESO
269-045 = MCG -07-27-030 = LGG 339-010 = PGC 45283
13 05 29.3 -43
35 29
V = 12.4; Size 1.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 131d
24"
(4/12/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): bright, moderately large, slightly
elongated, well concentrated with a very bright core that increases to the center
and a fainter 1.5' halo. Forms a
pair with NGC 4946 5.6' NNE.
Outyling member of the Centaurus cluster (AGC 3526).
13.1"
(2/19/04 - Costa Rica): moderately bright, moderately large, irregularly round,
1.2' diameter. Contains a large,
bright core and a fairly low surface brightness irregular halo. It was difficult to pin down the
orientation as the halo fades into the background. NGC 4950 lies 5.6' NNE but was not seen. Located 1.4 degrees WSW of NGC 5011.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4946 = h3460 on 3 Jun 1834 and recorded "pB; S; R; bM;
20"." On a later
observation he logged "B; R: gpmbM; 60". The preceding of two [with NGC 4950]. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 4947 = ESO
382-005 = MCG -06-29-006 = IC 3974 = PGC 45269
13 05 20.2 -35
20 17
V = 11.8; Size 2.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 10d
18"
(3/17/07): moderately bright, fairly large, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, 1.3'x0.9',
broad concentration. Collinear
with a mag 9 star 8' NNE and a mag 7.8 star (HD 113678) 14' NNE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4947 = h3461 on 1 May 1834 and recorded "pL; F; R; vglbM;
50"." His position
matches ESO 382-005. Lewis Swift
probably found it again on 28 Mar 1898 and reported it as new in list
XI-146. There is nothing near his
position and his description "eeF; pS; lE" doesn't help, but exactly
5 min of RA east is NGC 4947 and Harold Corwin suggests IC 3974 is most likely
a duplicate observation of NGC 4947.
******************************
NGC 4948 = IC
4156 = MCG -01-33-079 = Holm 505a = LGG 314-005 = PGC 45224
13 04 55.7 -07
56 46
V = 14.4; Size 2.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 14.9; PA = 130d
17.5"
(5/17/90): very faint, fairly small, edge-on 4:1 NW-SE, low surface
brightness. A mag 15 star (Holm
505b) is at the southeast end, 1.1' from center. NGC 4958 lies 14' ESE and NGC 4942 20' NNW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 4948 = Sw VI-51 on 25 Mar 1887 and recorded "eeF; pS; lE;
[NGC 4958] follows 54 sec."
His position and description matches MCG -01-33-079 = PGC 45224.
Harold Corwin
found that DeLisle Stewart probably recorded the galaxy again in Jul 1899 on a Harvard plate at Arequipa. There is nothing at his position for IC
4156, but +5 sec in RA and +100' in dec, is NGC 4948. This wasn't an isolated random error - apply the same offset
to his position for IC 4136 and you arrive at NGC 4942.
******************************
NGC 4949 = PGC
45161
13 04 17.9 +29
01 46
V = 14.9; Size 0.8'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 108d
18"
(5/15/10): at 285x appeared faint, small, round, 20" diameter. Two mag 15 stars lie 2' E and 1.5'
SE. Outlying member of AGC 1656
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4949 on 19 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His single position
matches PGC 45161, one of his faintest discoveries (not catalogued in CGCG or
MCG).
******************************
NGC 4950 = ESO
269-047 = MCG -07-27-031 = PGC 45294
13 05 36.4 -43
30 02
V = 13.9; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3
24"
(4/12/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly faint, fairly small,
35"x25". With direct
vision contains a small bright core surrounded by a slightly elongated
halo. Located 5.6' NNE brighter
NGC 4946. Outlying member of the
Centaurus cluster (AGC 3526).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4950 = h3462 on 3 Jun 1834 and recorded "eF; S; R. The following of 2 [with NGC 4946];
barely perceptible, but a sure observation." His position is less than 1' south of ESO 269-047. MCG does not identify this galaxy as
NGC 4950.
******************************
NGC 4951 = MCG
-01-33-081 = LGG 314-014 = PGC 45246
13 05 07.7 -06
29 43
V = 11.9; Size 3.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 90d
17.5"
(5/22/93): fairly bright, very elongated 3:1 E-W, 2.1'x0.7', broad
concentration, faint extensions.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4951 = H II-188 = h1523 on 25 Apr 1784 (sweep 207) and recorded
"F, cL, E, r." His position is 13 sec of RA west and 1' south of MCG -01-33-081 = PGC
45246. Heinrich d'Arrest measured
a fairly accurate position (single observation) and noted the error in RA.
******************************
NGC 4952 = NGC
4962: = UGC 8175 = MCG +05-31-121 = CGCG 160-129 = PGC 45233
13 04 58.3 +29
07 19
V = 12.4; Size 1.8'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 23d
18"
(4/5/03): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:3 SSW-NNE, 0.6'x0.35'. A small brighter core stands out but no
nucleus was visible. A mag 11 star
lies 4.8' SSE. NGC 4966 is 17'
ESE. Outlying member of AGC 1656.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4952 = H II-396 = h1524 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted
"F, S." JH made 5
observations and his brightness estimates ranged from "very faint" to
"bright". NGC 4962 may
be a duplicate observation (a month earlier). See that number.
******************************
NGC 4953 = ESO
382-008 = MCG -06-29-009 = VV 671 = PGC 45349
13 06 10.4 -37
35 11
V = 13.1; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 46d
18"
(3/17/07): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated 0.8'x0.6'. In a group of three stars with a mag 13
star 0.8' NE and a mag 14 star a similar distance NW. A brighter mag 11 star lies 1.6' NW.
On the DSS, this
galaxy appears to be the brightest in a multiple system and described in the
Southern Galaxy Catalogue as "Center of group. 6 objects with bridges and
plumes in common envelope".
The companions appear to be members of ACO S721 at z = .05, but NGC 4953
has a redshift of only z = .016.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4953 = h3463 on 26 Jun 1834 and recorded "Viewed; a diagram
made representing it as round, with 3 small stars, one distant about 1
semi-diameter from border; pos about 293¡ [WNW]; another distant 2/3 diameter;
pos = 75¡ [ENE]; the third dist 1 1/2 diam; pos = 300¡ [NW]. His position is 1.5' north of the
multiple system ESO 382-008 = VV 671.
******************************
NGC 4954 = NGC
4972 = UGC 8157 = MCG +13-09-044 = CGCG 352-053 = CGCG 353-008 = Kaz 248 = PGC
44988
13 02 20.1 +75
24 15
V = 13.4; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 62d
18"
(6/28/03): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 SW-NE, 0.7'x0.5', fairly
sharp concentration with a small bright core. A distinctive group of 4 mag
12-13 stars is close west with three of the stars nearly collinear and equally
spaced. Located 14' ESE of mag 6.0
SAO 7714.
John Herschel
found NGC 4954 = h1527 on 5 May 1831 and noted "vF; S; R; gbM;
12". (The place is within
barely possible limits of III. 937.)" His mean position (two observations) match UGC 8157.
WH discovered
this galaxy on 5 May 1831 (sweep 1064) and catalogued it as III-937 = NGC 4972,
but CH's reduced position was poor.
But using offsets from different stars in the sweep, Dreyer gives two
corrected positions in his notes to WH's third catalogue, and they match UGC
8157. So, NGC 4954 = NGC
4972. See Harold Corwin's
identification notes.
******************************
NGC 4955 = ESO
443-062 = MCG -05-31-034 = PGC 45340
13 06 04.8 -29
45 15
V = 12.2; Size 1.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 10d
17.5"
(4/13/96): faint, fairly small, irregularly round, 1.0' diameter, broad
concentration with no well defined core.
A mag 12 star is 1.5' SW of center. Forms a pair with ESO 443-066 2.1' NE (not seen).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4955 = h3464 on 30 Mar 1835 and logged "F; R; gbM;
35"." His position
is an exact match with ESO 443-062.
******************************
NGC 4956 = UGC
8177 = MCG +06-29-025 = CGCG 189-017 = PGC 45236
13 05 00.9 +35
10 40
V = 12.4; Size 1.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.1
18"
(3/30/05): moderately bright, small, round, 0.6' diameter. Sharply concentrated with a bright
15" core and stellar nucleus.
Located 38' SSW of 5.2-magnitude 14 Canum Venaticorum.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4956 = H II-413 = h1525 on 1 May 1785 (sweep 405) and logged
"pF, S, R, mbM." CH's
reduction is 2' northwest of UGC 8177.
******************************
NGC 4957 = UGC
8178 = MCG +05-31-124 = CGCG 160-130 = PGC 45253
13 05 12.4 +27
34 11
V = 13.0; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 100d
18"
(3/30/05): fairly faint, small, round, 25" diameter, smooth surface
brightness. Situated between a mag
12.5 star 2.2' NW and a mag 14 star 1.9' SE. Member of AGC 1656.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4957 = H II-397 = h1526 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted
"F, S." JH measured an
accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4958 = MCG
-01-33-084 = UGCA 323 = LGG 314-017 = PGC 45313
13 05 48.9 -08
01 13
V = 10.7; Size 4.1'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 15d
17.5"
(5/17/90): bright, moderately large, edge-on 4:1 SSW-NNE, dominated by a small
very bright core. A mag 13.5 star
is off the west edge 1.4' WSW of center.
NGC 4948 lies 14' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4958 = H I-130 = h3465 on 3 Mar 1786 (sweep 536) and noted
"vB, S, lE." JH called
it "vB; pL; pmE; psmbM; 90" long" and measured an accurate
position.
******************************
NGC 4959 = MCG
+06-29-029 = CGCG 189-018 = PGC 45301
13 05 41.0 +33
10 44
V = 14.5; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.8
18"
(6/4/05): faint, very small, round, 0.4' diameter. Contains a faint stellar nucleus with direct vision in good
seeing.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4959 = h1528 on 29 Apr 1827 and recorded "eF; S;
R." His position matches CGCG
189-018 = PGC 45301.
******************************
NGC 4960 = NGC
4961? = UGC 8185 = MCG +05-31-126 = CGCG 160-134 = PGC 45311
13 05 47.5 +27
44 02
See observing
notes for NGC 4961. Identification
uncertain.
Heinrich d'Arrest
discovered NGC 4960 on 23 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. There is nothing at
his single position, though 6 sec of RA east and 4' north is PGC 45312 (not in
CGCG or MCG), which is identified as NGC 4960 in RNGC and PGC. At mag B = 16.0-16.5, this galaxy may
be too faint too have been picked up by d'Arrest and requires error in both RA
and Dec, though Malcolm Thomson feels this identification is reasonable.
Bigourdan was
unsuccessful in finding an object near d'Arrest's position. Karl Reinmuth and Max Wolf
(Kongistuhl-Nebel List #9) also couldn't identify this object on Heidelberg
plates and Wolf felt that NGC 4960 was a duplicate of NGC 4961 (discovered by
WH). Harold Corwin also concludes NGC 4960 is most likely NGC 4961 with a 15'
error in the declination as d'Arrest recorded NGC 4960 "only once, on a
night when he did not record NGC 4961 (he observed that on four other
nights)."
******************************
NGC 4961 = NGC
4960? = UGC 8185 = MCG +05-31-126 = CGCG 160-134 = PGC 45311
13 05 47.5 +27
44 02
V = 13.6; Size 1.6'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 100d
13.1"
(5/14/83): faint, fairly small, round, diffuse with low surface
brightness. Located 15' NE of 41
Comae Berenices (V = 4.8).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4961 = H II-398 = h1529 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted
"F, S." CH's reduced
position is 2.4' northwest of UGC 8185 = PGC 45311. JH logged "F; irr fig; bM" and measured an
accurate position. See notes for
NGC 4960, which may a duplicate observation.
******************************
NGC 4962 = NGC
4952: = UGC 8175 = MCG +05-31-121 = CGCG 160-129 = PGC 45233
13 04 58.3 +29
07 19
See observing
notes for NGC 4952. Identification
uncertain.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4962 = H III-303 on 13 Mar 1785 (sweep 387) and recorded
"eF, vS, 240x just verified."
There is nothing at his position, which is 43 sec of RA preceding and 4'
N of III-304 = NGC 4966, the next object in the sweep. Bigourdan (visually), Max Wolf and Karl
Reinmuth (on Heidelberg plates) reported not finding III-303.
Harold Corwin
suggests NGC 4962 is identical to NGC 4952 (found again a month later by
WH). This galaxy is 4' north of
NGC 4966, though an additional 30 sec of RA west of WH's offset from III-304.
See his identication notes.
******************************
NGC 4963 = UGC
8190 = MCG +07-27-030 = CGCG 217-010 = PGC 45315
13 05 52.0 +41
43 19
V = 13.2; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.7
18"
(7/1/03): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.7' diameter. Symmetrical appearance increasing
steadily to the center using direct vision. A mag 13 star lies 0.8' S of center. Located 5.2' NE of mag 8.6 SAO 44460
which has a close, faint companion.
NGC 4985 lies 26' E.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4963 = H II-663 = h1530 on 9 Apr 1787 (sweep 725) and recorded
"pB, vS, stellar, very near a small star, and to the north of it."
very small stellar nebula."
His position is 3.5' north-northwest of UGC 8190, but the description
clinches the identification. JH made two observations and measured an accurate
position.
******************************
NGC 4964 = UGC
8184 = MCG +09-22-007 = CGCG 294-011 = PGC 45278
13 05 24.8 +56
19 22
V = 13.2; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 134d
18"
(6/27/03): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 0.8'x0.4', weak
concentration to a slightly brighter, round core. A mag 11.5 star lies 4.1' SW. Located 1.6 degrees ENE of Alioth.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4964 = H III-779 = h1532 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 921) and noted
"vF, S." JH made a
single observation ("eF; S; lE; a sure obs") and measured an accurate
position.
******************************
NGC 4965 = ESO
443-070 = MCG -05-31-036 = UGCA 326 = PGC 45437
13 07 09.2 -28
13 41
V = 12.2; Size 2.6'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.8
17.5"
(4/13/96): very faint, fairly large, irregularly round, Appears as a 3'
ill-defined glow of low surface brightness (face-on spiral) with very little
concentration. A nice evenly
matched pair of mag 12 stars lies 6' S.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4965 = h3466 on 5 May 1834 and recorded "vF; vL; oval;
vglbM; 3' l; 2' br." His mean
position from two observations is a perfect match with ESO 443-070.
******************************
NGC 4966 = UGC
8194 = MCG +05-31-131 = CGCG 160-137 = PGC 45358
13 06 17.3 +29
03 47
V = 13.3; Size 1.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 143d
18"
(4/5/03): faint, small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, 0.5'x0.25'. Located 2.5' NE of mag 6.5 SAO 82648,
which detracts from viewing. This star has a faint, 14th magnitude companion. NGC 4952 lies 17' WNW. Outlying member of AGC 1656 and
classified as a Seyfert galaxy.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4966 = H III-304 = h1531 on 13 Mar 1785 (sweep 387) and recorded
"eF, vS, lE. 240 verified it
just north following a vB star about 8 or 9 m." His position (CH's reduction) is 19 sec of RA east and 3'
south of UGC 8194, but his comment aboout the bright star clinches the
identification. JH measured an
accurate position and recorded on sweep 342, "F; lE; vglbM; pos from the
double star h2626 = 34.9¡ by micrometer."
******************************
NGC 4967 = MCG
+09-22-005 = CGCG 270-050 = CGCG 271-006 = PGC 45281
13 05 36.4 +53
33 51
V = 14.2; Size 0.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3
18"
(6/27/03): very faint, fairly small, round, very low surface brightness glow,
~0.8' diameter. A mag 14 star is
at the SW edge. Located 7' S of
NGC 4973 in a compact group of 5 galaxies.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4967 = H III-783 = h1533 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 921) and noted
"vF, S, E." There is
nothing at his offset but ~1.0 min of RA west and 2.5' north is CGCG 270-050 =
PGC 45281. This is a similar
offset error as H III-782 = NGC 4974, the previous object in the sweep, so this
identification is fairly secure.
JH recorded "either a vF neb and star attached, or a nebulous
double star, a doubtful object.
The RA differs materially from that of my Father's III. 783." JH's position (used in the NGC) matches
CGCG 270-050 and the star is at the southwest edge. Dreyer equated III-783 = h1533 in his notes to WH's third
catalogue.
******************************
NGC 4968 = ESO
508-006 = MCG -04-31-030 = PGC 45426
13 07 06.0 -23
40 37
V = 12.8; Size 1.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 56d
17.5"
(4/13/96): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 1.2'x0.6', broad
concentration to a slightly brighter core. Located south of a 6' collinear string of 4 mag 13 stars
that is parallel to the major axis of the galaxy. NGC 4970 lies 20' SSE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4968 = h3467 on 25 Mar 1836 and recorded "F; pL; R; glbM;
60"." His position is at
the east edge of ESO 508-006.
******************************
NGC 4969 = MCG
+02-33-055 = CGCG 074-004 = PGC 45425
13 07 03.0 +13
38 13
V = 13.9; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.4
24"
(5/20/17 and 5/22/17): at 375x; faint to fairly faint, small, round, 18"
diameter. Contains a slightly
brighter, very small nucleus. A
faint mag 15.5 star is 25" N.
NGC 4969 is a
difficult double system in a common halo.
At 375x, the nucleus of the fainter companion was barely visible as a
"bulge" on the east side of the main galaxy. It was easier at 450x and occasionally appeared as a
distinct quasi-stellar "knot" at the east edge of the glaaxy. The centers of the pair are separated
by only 10"-12"!
CGCG 072-005,
the brightest in a faint trio, lies 4' E.
It appeared very faint, small, round, 18" diameter, very small
brighter nucleus..
18"
(5/16/09): faint, small, round, 22" diameter, fairly low even surface
brightness. A mag 15.5 star is
just off the north edge.
Edward Swift,
Lewis' 17 year-old son, discovered NGC 4969 = Sw VI-52 on 27 Apr 1887 and
recorded "eeeF, S, R, ee diff."
The Swifts' position is 26 sec of RA west of CGCG 074-004. Neither CGCG nor MCG label this galaxy
as NGC 4969. The SDDS reveals this
is a double galaxy within a common halo.
******************************
NGC 4970 = ESO
508-009 = MCG -04-31-033 = IC 4196 = PGC 45466
13 07 33.7 -24
00 31
V = 12.2; Size 1.8'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 137d
17.5"
(4/13/96): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 1.0'x0.5'. Well concentrated with a small, bright,
rounder core. NGC 4968 lies 20'
NNW and IC 4197 14' NNE (unfortunately did not look for).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4970 = H III-765 on 26 Mar 1789 (sweep 918) and noted "vF,
pL, iF." JH missed this
galaxy although he discovered nearby NGC 4968, about 20' to the north. Lewis Swift later
"rediscovered" this galaxy on 27 Feb 1898 and recorded it in list
XI-149. His RA was 10 sec too
large and he noted it as the second of three [with NGC 4968 and IC 4197]. Despite the fairly close match in
position, Swift assumed it was new and Dreyer recatalogued NGC 4970 as IC 4196.
******************************
NGC 4971 = MCG
+05-31-134 = CGCG 160-140 = PGC 45406
13 06 54.9 +28
32 53
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.4
18"
(7/1/03): faint, small, irregular round, 0.6'x0.5', weak concentration with a
faint stellar nucleus or a very faint star may be superimposed. This galaxy is collinear with a pretty
pair of mag 11 stars [18" separation] located 3' NNW. NGC 4983 lies 24' SE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4971 on 23 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His single position is
6 sec of RA west of CGCG 160-140 = PGC 45406 and he mentioned the double star
to the north.
******************************
NGC 4972 = NGC
4954 = UGC 8157 = MCG +13-09-044 = CGCG 352-053 = CGCG 353-008 = PGC 44988
13 02 20.1 +75
24 16
See observing
notes for NGC 4954.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4972 = H III-937 on 5 May 1831 (sweep 1064) and noted "vF,
S, iR, bM." There is nothing
at CH's reduced position. But
using offsets from different stars in the sweep, Dreyer gives two corrected
positions in his notes to WH's third catalogue, and they match UGC 8157. CH's reduced position was ~10' from
this galaxy.
JH found this
galaxy on 5 May 1831 and noted "The place is within barely possible limits
of III. 937". He repeated
these suspicions in the notes to the GC, but added "they may be different,
and are therefore separately listed." Dreyer followed suit and added JH's observation as NGC 4954,
though later realized the equivalence NGC 4954 = NGC 4972. The primary designation of this galaxy
is NGC 4954, although by historical precedence it should be NGC 4972.
******************************
NGC 4973 = IC
847 = MCG +09-22-006 = CGCG 270-049 = CGCG 271-005 = PGC 45280 = PGC 45299
13 05 32.2 +53
41 07
V = 13.9; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2
18"
(6/27/03): faint, small, slightly elongated, 25"x20", weak
concentration to a slightly brighter core and a ver faint stellar nucleus. In a small, rich group with MCG
+09-21-101 4.7' WSW and NGC 4974 3.8' SE
Located 2.6' E of a mag 11 star.
A mag 13 star lies 2' SE midway between NGC 4973 and NGC 4974.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4973 = H III-781 = Ho. 3-19 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 921) and
recorded "Two [along with III-782 = NGC 4974], both vF, S. The place is that of the 2nd [NGC
4974], the other is 3 or 4' sp."
Caroline Herschel's reduced position is 1.0 minute of time east of PGC
45280, but I re-reduced his offset with respect to NGC 4964 = H. III-779, the
previous object in the sweep, and it is only 16 sec of RA east and 2' south of
CGCG 270-051 = PGC 45321. The only
error is that NGC 4973 is 3.8' north-preceding, not south-preceding as WH
stated. In any case, the positions for NGC 4973 and NGC 4974 were corrected by
RŸmker and repeated in the IC 2 Notes, so NGC 4973 = PGC 45280 = PGC 45299 and
NGC 4974 = PGC 45321.
Lewis Swift
found NGC 4973 again on 11 May 1890, reported Sw. IX-36 with a good position
and Dreyer catalogued it again as IC 847 (though the IC position is closer to
NGC 4974). So, NGC 4973 = IC
847. Herbert Howe found NGC 4973
again on 29 Jun 1900 and included it in his list 3-19, assuming NGC 4973 and
4974 were further east. He stated
in his notes that 3-19 was near IC 847, so Corwin concludes Howe probably
misidentified NGC 4974 as IC 847.
The RNGC, RC3
and CGCG all misidentify NGC 4974 as NGC 4973. MCG misidentifies MCG +09-22-011 as NGC 4973. NGC 2000.0 and Dorothy Carlson
incorrectly equate NGC 4974 = IC 847, instead of NGC 4973 = IC 847. See Corwin's notes for more on this
confusing situation!
******************************
NGC 4974 = MCG
+09-22-009 = CGCG 270-051 = CGCG 271-007 = PGC 45321
13 05 55.9 +53
39 33
V = 13.3; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 130d
18"
(6/27/03): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, ~25"x20" NW-SE,
moderate concentration with a 10" brighter core. The halo increases in size with averted to 0.6' in diameter. In a rich group with similar NGC 4973
3.8' SE and fainter. A mag 13 star
lies 1.9' WNW close to midpoint with NGC 4973.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4974 = H III-782 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 921) and recorded
"Two [along with III-781 = NGC 4973], both vF, S. The place is that of the 2nd [NGC
4974], the other [NGC 4973] is 3 or 4' sp." Caroline Herschel's reduced position is 1.0 tmin east of PGC
45280, but I re-reduced his offset with respect to NGC 4964 = III-779, the
previous object in the sweep, and it is only 16 sec of RA east and 2' south of
CGCG 270-051 = PGC 45321. WH made
an error when noting "the other is 3 or 4' sp". NGC 4973 is 3.8' northwest.
Rumker
independently discovered NGC 4974 in preparation for the Hamburg star catalogue
(marked as a "nebula" on the chart). The NGC position was corrected by Rumker and mentioned in
the IC 2 notes and in Dreyer's 1912 Scientific Papers.
CGCG, RNGC, RC3
and DSFG all mislabel NGC 4974 as NGC 4973 and MCG mislabels NGC 4974 as IC
847. In addition, CGCG 270-052 is
misidentified as NGC 4974 in CGCG, RNGC, PGC and Deep Sky Field Guide. See notes for NGC 4967 and NGC
4973 for more on this confusing situation. Malcolm Thomson and Harold Corwin also analyze the
identification in their lists.
******************************
NGC 4975 = MCG
-01-34-002 = PGC 45492
13 07 50.1 -05
01 03
V = 13.9; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 46d
18"
(5/16/09): faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, slightly brighter
quasi-stellar nculeus. The galaxy
is nearly collinear with two mag 14.5/15 stars to the SSW (closer star is 2'
SSW). Located 44' NW of Theta
Virginis (4.0/9.5 at 7").
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4975 = h1534 on 19 Feb 1830 and recorded "vF; vS; R; psbM;
10"." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 4976 = ESO
219-029 = LGG 330-003 = PGC 45562
13 08 37.3 -49
30 20
V = 10.0; Size 5.6'x3.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 161d
13.1"
(2/19/04 - Costa Rica): at 166x, fairly bright, moderately large, slightly
elongated NNW-SSE, 2.0'x1.7'.
Sharply concentrated with a very bright 25" core increasing to a
bright stellar nucleus. Located
31' E of NGC 4945 and 5' W of mag 7.8 HD 114102. Also 29' NE of mag 4.3 Xi 2 Centauri. Member of a galaxy group (LGG 330)
along with NGC 4945A in the background of NGC 4945.
12"
(6/29/02 - Bargo, Australia): at 140x, fairly bright, moderately large,
slightly elongated, 2'x1.5', sharply concentrated with a prominent core. Located 30' E of NGC 4945 and 4.6' W of
mag 7.8 SAO 223931.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4976 = h3468 on 31 Mar 1835 and recorded "B; R; gmbM;
80"." His RA was 12 tsec
too large.
******************************
NGC 4977 = UGC
8196 = MCG +09-22-010 = CGCG 270-053 = CGCG 271-009 = PGC 45339
13 06 04.4 +55
39 21
V = 13.3; Size 1.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 14.1
18"
(6/27/03): fairly faint, fairly small, 0.8' diameter, very weak
concentration. Located at the
midpoint of a mag 12.5 star 4' W and a mag 14 star 4' E.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4977 = H III-780 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 921) and noted "cF,
S." His position (re-reduced with respect to NGC 4964) is 21 sec of time
east of UGC 8196. Bigourdan
measured an accurate RA.
******************************
NGC 4978 = UGC
8212 = MCG +03-34-002 = CGCG 101-004 = PGC 45494
13 07 50.5 +18
24 56
V = 13.1; Size 1.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 142d
18"
(4/29/06): fairly faint, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, 0.7'x0.3', weak
concentration. A faint stellar
nucleus was intermittently visible in moments of better seeing. Forms the
vertex of a flat isosceles triangle with two mag 13 stars 2' S and 2' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4978 = h1535 on 23 Mar 1827 and recorded "vF; R; sbM;
stellar." His mean position
(two observations) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 4979 = IC
4198 = UGC 8209 = MCG +04-31-007 =CGCG 130-009 = PGC 45484
13 07 42.8 +24
48 38
V = 13.9; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 100d
24"
(5/20/17): at 375x; fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated ~E-W,
0.5'x0.4'. Contains a sharp,
nearly stellar nucleus. Located
only 4.6' WSW of distractingly bright mag 6.8 HD 114093. Best view with star kept outside the
field. IC 4202, an extreme
edge-on, lies 13' SE.
16" LX200
(4/14/07): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated ~E-W, 0.6'x0.45', low even
surface brightness. Located 4.6'
WSW of mag 6.8 HD 114093. This
bright star forms the vertex of a right triangle with NGC 4979 and a mag 10
star 3.6' to its SE. Situated
about 4¡ SE of the core of Abell 1656.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4979 = H III-346 on 10 Apr 1785 (sweep 394) and noted "eF,
pL, lE, 240 verified it." His
position is 12 sec of RA east and 3' south of UGC 8209.
Stephane Javelle
rediscovered this galaxy on 20 Jun 1891 with the 30" refractor at the Nice
Observatory and it received the designation IC 4198. Javelle claimed in the description "III 346 near",
implying he observed two distinct objects, but the only other nearby object is
IC 4202, which he also found. In
his 1912 NGC correction paper, Dreyer states "III 346 must = IC 4198, as
Wolf's ninth list has ony one object here." Dorothy Carlson, CGCG, UGC, MCG, PGC and NGC 2000 all equate
IC 4198 with NGC 4979.
******************************
NGC 4980 = ESO
443-075 = MCG -05-31-037 = PGC 45596
13 09 10.2 -28
38 30
V = 12.6; Size 1.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 168d
18"
(3/17/07): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, 0.8'x0.5', very
weak concentration. A mag 11.5
star lies 1.8' WSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4980 = h3469 on 30 Mar 1835 and logged "eF; R;
30"." His position is
just off the west side of ESO 443-075.
******************************
NGC 4981 = MCG
-01-34-003 = PGC 45574
13 08 48.7 -06
46 44
V = 11.3; Size 2.8'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 150d
17.5"
(5/17/90): moderately bright, moderately large, oval 3:2 NNW-SSE, 2.2'x1.5',
sharp stellar nucleus, almost smooth halo. A mag 10 star is in contact at the SSE edge 1.1' from
center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4981 = H II-189 = h1537 on 25 Apr 1784 (sweep 207) and recorded
"pB, R, mb in a small place in the middle, near a B star." On 20 Mar 1789 (sweep 913) he also
recorded "cB, R, vgbM, about 3' diameter" and measured an accurate
position. JH made the single observation "F; pL; R; 50"; has a * 9m,
80" dist sf."
******************************
NGC 4982
13 08 46.1 -10
35 19
=4*, HC.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 4982 around 1878.
There is nothing at the NGC position except an asterism consisting of a
small square (0.4' each side) of stars mag 13.7/14.7/15.8/16.4. Corwin suggests this asterism may have
appeared nebulous to Tempel.
Dreyer references his fifth discovery list (AN 2439) in the NGC, but
Corwin was unable to find this object mentioned in the paper (I was also
unsuccessful), so this identification is uncertain.
******************************
NGC 4983 = MCG
+05-31-138 = CGCG 160-147 = PGC 45542
13 08 27.3 +28
19 13
V = 13.9; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 130d
18"
(7/1/03): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, 0.7'x0.5'. Weak, even concentration to the
center. Located 7.5' NE of mag 10
SAO 82669. NGC 4971 lies 24' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4983 = H III-365 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted
"vF". CH's reduction is
13 sec of time preceding CGCG 160-147 = PGC 45542.
******************************
NGC 4984 = MCG
-02-34-004 = PGC 45585
13 08 57.2 -15
30 59
V = 11.3; Size 2.8'x2.2'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 90d
17.5"
(5/22/93): bright, moderately large, round, very bright prominent core 30"
diameter, embedded within large faint halo of 2.0' diameter. A mag 15 star is at the west edge. A pair of mag 12/13 stars are 2.5' NE.
8"
(5/21/82): fairly bright, small, round, small bright nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4984 = H II-301 = h1536 on 8 Feb 1785 (sweep 372) and recorded
"pB, pL, mbM, iR." JH
made observations on two consecutive sweeps, logging on 8 May 1831, "B; R;
psbM; 30"."
******************************
NGC 4985 = UGC
8218 = MCG +07-27-032 = CGCG 217-012 = PGC 45522
13 08 12.1 +41
40 35
V = 13.7; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 135d
18"
(7/1/03): faint, small, irregularly round, 0.6'x0.5', moderate concentration to
a brighter core. A mag 14 star
lies 2' ESE. NGC 4963 lies 26' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4985 = H III-654 = h1539 on 9 Apr 1787 (sweep 725) and logged
"vF, vS, lbM." JH made
the single observation "vF; vS; R; 10"." and measured a fairly
accurate position.
******************************
NGC 4986 = UGC
8221 = MCG +06-29-044 = CGCG 189-027 = LGG 329-003 = PGC 45538
13 08 24.5 +35
12 23
V = 13.2; Size 1.7'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 70d
18"
(6/4/05): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, 0.7'x0.6'. A mag 14.5 star is superimposed just
south of the nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4986 = H III-401 = h1538 on 1 May 1785 (sweep 405) and logged
"vF, stellar. 240 showed the
same." JH made two
observations and his position matches UGC 8221.
******************************
NGC 4987 = UGC
8216 = MCG +09-22-015 = CGCG 271-013 = PGC 45502
13 07 59.1 +51
55 45
V = 13.5; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 35d
18"
(6/27/03): fairly faint, elongated 5:2 SW-NE, 0.9'x0.35'. Sharply concentrated
with a fairly prominent 15" core.
Located 8.5' N of mag 8.0 SAO 28644. MCG +09-22-020 lies 8.5' NE.
William Herschel
discovered H II-815 on 26 Apr 1789 (sweep 929) and recorded "F, vS,
stellar." Re-reducing his
position with respect to either 82 UMa (his reference star) or NGC 4998 (the
previous object in the sweep), lands 2' southwest - within his typical errors -
of CGCG 271-017 = MCG +09-22-020 = PGC 45564.
When JH examined
the field, he recorded a nova (h1542) at the position of UGC 8216, which lies
8.5' southwest of CGCG 271-017, and logged "pF; S; R;
8-10"." But when
compiling the GC, he mistakenly decided h1542 was the same as his father's
II-815 and combined both as GC 3424, using his position of h1542. The GC description, "vF; vS;
stellar", was probably meant to read "pF; vS; stellar", a
synthesis of both descriptions.
Since Dreyer
followed the GC, we are left with NGC 4987 = h1542 = UGC 8216. Unfortunately, his father's H II-815 =
CGCG 271-017 is left without a NGC designation. Both Harold Corwin and Wolfgang Steinicke agree with my
analysis in an email exchange on 10 Jun 2014. See Harold Corwin's full write-up.
******************************
NGC 4988 = ESO
269-055 = MCG -07-27-037 = PGC 45671
13 09 54.2 -43
06 22
V = 12.8; Size 1.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 26d
13.1"
(2/19/04 - Costa Rica): at 166x appears fairly faint, moderately large, very
elongated 4:1 SSW-NNE, 1.2'x0.3', broad weak concentration. Forms the southern vertex of a thin
isosceles triangle with two mag 9-10 stars 2.8' NNW and 2.8' N. Located 32' W of NGC 5011 and 23' NW of
mag 5.2 HD 114474 in the NGC 5011 cluster (outlying member of the Centaurus
cluster or in a group surrounding the Centaurus cluster = AGC 3526).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4988 = h3470 on 3 Jun 1834 NGC 4988 and recorded "vF; S; E;
possibly a small group of stars, but I think it is nebulous." His position
matches ESO 269-055 = MCG -07-27-037.
The MCG does not identify it, though, as NGC 4988.
******************************
NGC 4989 = MCG
-01-34-005 = PGC 45606
13 09 16.0 -05
23 47
V = 12.8; Size 1.7'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 165d
17.5"
(5/17/90): moderately bright, very small, round, compact, high surface
brightness, small bright core.
Located 12' NW of Theta Virginis (V = 4.4/9.5 at 6"). Forms a pair with NGC 4990 7.4' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4989 = H II-185 = Au 31 on 24 Apr 1784 (sweep 205) and recorded
"F, S, irr, near a pB star."
His position is 20 sec of RA west and 3' north of PGC 45606. The "pB star" is probably a
mag 11.5 star 2.5' south. Edward
Cooper also found this galaxy at the Markree Observatory on 9 Apr 1852 and
assumed it was new. Auwers listed
it in his 1862 catalogue of new nebulae, so it received a GC number
(3426). Heinrich d'Arrest measured
an accurate position (on 4 nights) and discovered NGC 4990 7' north. Dreyer combined the two GC entries in
the NGC.
******************************
NGC 4990 = MCG
-01-34-004 = Mrk 1344 = PGC 45608
13 09 17.2 -05
16 22
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5" (5/17/90):
faint, extremely small, round, fairly high surface brightness, stellar
nucleus. Forms a pair with NGC
4989 7.4' S.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 4990 on 23 Mar 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen, while observing NGC 4989 located 7.5' south. His position (measured on two nights)
matches PGC 45608 and he mentions the mag 12-13 star that follows by 9 sec of
RA.
******************************
NGC 4991 = CGCG
044-013 = PGC 45604
13 09 15.1 +02
20 51
V = 14.7; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0
18"
(5/16/09): extremely faint, very small, round, 15" diameter, requires
averted vision to view. A nice
elongated group of 4 brighter stars (including mag 8.2 HD 114191) and some
fainter stars lies ~12' S.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 4991 = m 246 on 30 Apr 1864 and noted "vF, vS." His
position is within 1' of CGCG 044-013 = PGC 45604.
******************************
NGC 4992 = UGC
8232 = MCG +02-34-001 = CGCG 072-006 = PGC 45593
13 09 05.6 +11
38 03
V = 13.4; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 10d
18"
(5/28/06): fairly faint, small, elongated 5:3 ~N-S, 0.7'x0.4', very weak
concentration. Located 51' W of
mag 5.8 HD 114780.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4992 = h1541 on 4 Apr 1831 and recorded "vF; S; lE; north
of two small stars." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 4993 = NGC
4994: = ESO 508-018 = MCG -04-31-039 = PGC 45657
13 09 47.7 -23
23 02
V = 12.3; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.6
17.5"
(4/13/96): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter. Pretty symmetrical appearance
increasing to a 30" brighter core and a 10" nucleus. Located 5.3' WNW of mag 8.5 SAO 181423
and 20' SE of mag 5 Psi Hydrae.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4993 = H III-766 on 26 Mar 1789 (sweep 918) and noted "vF,
vS." His position is at the
west edge of ESO 508-018 = PGC 45657.
NGC 4994, found by JH, is probably a duplicate observation with a 50'
error in declination. See that
number.
******************************
NGC 4994 = NGC
4993: = ESO 508-018 = MCG -04-31-039 = PGC 45657
13 09 47.7 -23
23 02
See observing
notes for NGC 4993.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 4994 = h3471 on 25 Mar 1836 and recorded "pF; R; slbM;
35"; among stars." There
is nothing near his position that he might have picked up. ESO and PGC misidentify ESO 575-065,
which is 0.4 min of RA west and 4' north of JH's position, as NGC 4994. Although this is the closest galaxy, it
is much too faint to be described as "pF".
Harold Corwin
notes that NGC 4993 (discovered by WH) is exactly 50' south of JH's position and
a much better match in description.
So, NGC 4993 = NGC 4994.
******************************
NGC 4995 = MCG
-01-34-007 = UGCA 329 = PGC 45643
13 09 40.6 -07
50 01
V = 11.1; Size 2.5'x1.6'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 92d
17.5"
(5/17/90): fairly bright, moderately large, oval 3:2 E-W, weak concentration,
faint stellar nucleus. Located
3.4' SSE of mag 8.3 SAO 139185 and 10.8' S of mag 7.3 SAO 139187.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4995 = H I-42 = h1540 = 3472 on 25 Apr 1784 (sweep 207) and
recorded "cB, pL, bM and diminishes gradually towards the ends; near a vB
star." On 20 Mar 1789 (sweep 913) he also recorded "pB almost cB,
mbM, about 2' dia." From the
Cape of Good Hope, JH logged "pB; R; vgpmbM; 60"."
******************************
NGC 4996 = UGC
8235 = MCG +00-34-009 = CGCG 016-011 = PGC 45629
13 09 31.9 +00
51 25
V = 12.6; Size 1.8'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 40d
18"
(5/28/06): faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter. Unusual appearance with a very low surface brightness halo
surrounding a faint stellar nucleus.
Located 7' N of mag 9.1 HD 114266.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 4996 = m 247 on 28 Mar 1864 and noted "pB, S, R,
bM." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 4997 = MCG
-03-34-005 = PGC 45667
13 09 51.7 -16
30 56
V = 12.7; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 95d
17.5"
(5/17/90): fairly faint, small, high surface brightness, stellar nucleus. Located 2.3' E of mag 6.7 SAO
157759! Forms a pair with MCG
-03-34-004 6' SSW.
Sherburne
Burnham discovered NGC 4997 on 28 Mar 1878 with the 18.5-inch Clark refractor
at Dearborn Observatory. It was reported in Memoirs of the Astr Soc, Vol 44,
p169 and his position with respect to nearby mag 6.7 SAO 157759 is
accurate. Burnham may have shown
the galaxy to Edward Holden while visiting Washburn Observatory in 1881, as
Holden included this object as #9 in his 1882 discovery list (Publ. of the
Washburn Observatory, Vol I) though he noted "This nebula was first
discovered by S. W. Burnham at the Dearborn Observatory, 1878, March
28." Holden called it was
"S, R, stellar nucleus."
Only Burnham was credited in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 4998 = MCG
+09-22-017 = CGCG 271-015 = PGC 45537
13 08 10.3 +50
39 50
V = 14.1; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.6
18" (6/27/03):
very faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, 0.7'x0.5', low even surface
brightness. A mag 15 star lies
45" NW. Three mag 10 stars
are in the field between 6'-7.5' SW, SSW and SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4998 = H III-819 on 26 Apr 1789 (sweep 929) and simply noted
"vF". CH's reduced
position is 14 tsec following CGCG 271-015 = PGC 45537 (only nearby galaxy).
******************************
NGC 4999 = UGC
8236 = MCG +00-34-010 = CGCG 016-012 = PGC 45632
13 09 33.1 +01
40 23
V = 11.8; Size 2.5'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(5/19/01): fairly faint, moderately large, round, 2.0' diameter. Contains a very small brighter core
surrounded by a low surface brightness halo. A mag 14 star is barely off the east edge 1.1' from
center. Located 8' E of a mag 10
star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 4999 = H II-537 = h1543 on 24 Feb 1786 (sweep 532) and recorded
"F, pL, iR, er." His
position is just northeast of the core of UGC 8236. JH made the single observation "eF; R; lbM; sky not
perfectly clear." and his RA is further out.
******************************
NGC 5000 = UGC
8241 = MCG +05-31-144 = CGCG 160-152 = VV 460 = Holm 510a = PGC 45658
13 09 47.5 +28
54 25
V = 13.2; Size 1.7'x1.4'; Surf Br = 14.0
18"
(7/1/03): fairly faint, fairly small, irregularly round, 0.8'x0.7', very weak
concentration. Nestled in a group
of mag 12-14 stars. Located 6.5'
NNW of mag 8.6 SAO 82685 in the outer region of the AGC 1656. This is a barred-spiral starburst
galaxy.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5000 = H III-366 = h1544 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted
"vF, pS." CH's reduction
is 17 sec of RA west and 1.5' north of UGC 8241. JH's position matches UGC 8241 = PGC 45658.
******************************
NGC 5001 = UGC
8243 = MCG +09-22-022 = CGCG 271-020 = PGC 45631
13 09 33.2 +53
29 39
V = 13.8; Size 1.2'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 160d
18"
(6/27/03): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, oval 0.8'x0.4', weak
concentration. A mag 13.5 star
lies 1.5' NE. Located 20'
following a group of a half-dozen galaxies including NGC 4967/73/74.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5001 = h1545 on 1 May 1831 and recorded "not vF; S; irr R;
gbM." His position is
1' north of UGC 8243. C.E. Burton,
the observing assistant on LdR's 72" on 23 Apr 1868, reported "Patchy,
suspect eF patch np [spiral arm?}, annular? lE ns."
******************************
NGC 5002 = UGC
8254 = MCG +06-29-051 = CGCG 189-034 = LGG 334-002 = PGC 45728
13 10 38.3 +36
38 04
V = 13.9; Size 1.7'x1.0'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 173d
17.5": very
faint, very small, faint stellar nucleus.
Member of the NGC 5033 Group (LGG 334).
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 5002 on 27 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His single position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 5003 = UGC
8228 = MCG +07-27-033 = CGCG 217-013 = PGC 45559
13 08 37.9 +43
44 15
V = 14.8; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 145d
18"
(7/1/03): faint, small, round, 0.5' diameter, fairly low surface
brightness. Collinear with two mag
12.5 stars 2.6' NNE and 6' NNE.
This galaxy is not identified as NGC 5003 in RNGC, UGC, MCG, CGCG or
PGC. See identification notes.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5003 = H III-655 on 9 Apr 1787 (sweep 725) and recorded
"vF, pS, lbM". There was
confusion in the transit time and he gave a range of 3 minutes in RA (offset
5-7 min 26 sec preceding and 2¡ 57' north of 19 CVn). UGC 8228 is located 7 min preceding the offset and 3' south,
and Harold Corwin found that additional systematic errors account for the other
differences. UGC 8228 is not
labeled NGC 5003 in the UGC, MCG (+07-27-033) or CGCG (217-013). RNGC and PGC misidentify MCG +07-27-037
= PGC 45732 as NGC 5003.
******************************
NGC 5004 = UGC
8260 = MCG +05-31-149 = CGCG 160-157 = Holm 511a = WBL 434-003 = PGC 45756
13 11 01.5 +29
38 12
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 170d
24"
(5/20/17): at 375x; moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated N-S,
~40"x30", high surface brightness. Contains a relatively large very bright core and a thin halo
that quickly fades out.
Brightest in a
trio with NGC 5004A 3.5' S and IC 4210 5.3' NW. NGC 5004A appeared faint, small, elongated 2:1 N-S,
0.5'x0.25', low even surface brightness.
A mag 12 star is off the southeast side [46" from center]. IC 4210 appeared very faint to faint,
small, elongated ~4:3 N-S, ~24"x18", low surface brightness, very
weak nucleus. A mag 15.2 star is
0.8' SSE.
18"
(7/1/03): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated ~N-S, 0.7'x0.5',
well concentration with a very small bright core. NGC 5004A = UGC 8259 lies 3.5' S' and appeared very faint,
fairly small, elongated 2:1 ~N-S, 0.6'x0.3', low even surface brightness. A mag 12 star is just off the SE tip,
45" from center. IC 4210 =
NGC 5004B is 5.3' NW. Member of AGC 1656.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5004 = H III-305 = h1546 on 13 Mar 1785 (sweep 387) and logged
"vF, vS, lE."
******************************
NGC 5005 = UGC
8256 = MCG +06-29-052 = CGCG 189-035 = LGG 334-003 = PGC 45749
13 10 56.5 +37
03 32
V = 9.8; Size 5.8'x2.8'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 65d
24"
(5/27/17): extremely bright edge-on 3:1 WSW-ENE, nearly 5'x1.8' with
averted. Sharply concentrated with
a very bright thin, elongated core punctuated by a sharp stellar nucleus. A thin dust lane is evident hugging the
north side of the core (creating a sharp light cut-off) and is more easily seen
on the west side. Spiral structure
can be picked out on both ends of the outer halo. On the WSW end, a broad outer portion of a spiral arm sweeps
south (clockwise) and on the ENE end another ill-defined arm curls north.
17.5": very
bright, large, elongated 5:2 WSW-ENE, 4.8'x2.0'. Strong concentration with a small very bright elongated core
and stellar nucleus. NGC 5002 lies
26' SSW and NGC 5033 (the brightest in the group and a physical companion) is
40' SE.
13"
(4/12/86): very bright, elongated WSW-ENE, bright core with a stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5005 = H I-96 = h1547 on 1 May 1785 (sweep 405) and recorded
"vB, mE nearly in the parallel.
The faint rays included, about 5' long; the vB part of it, about 1.5'
long; the brightness decreasing very suddenly." JH made two observations, described on sweep 73 "vB;
vL; mE; 4' l, 1' br; vsbM to a nucleus, pos by diagram = 30¡ nf to sp." A dark lane north of the nucleus was
suspected during several observations at Birr Castle. On 4 May 1861: "Nucleus elongated and perhaps not in
direction of major axis of nebula.
Dark lane suspected north and perhaps on the other side also, coming slightly
preceding nucleus?"
******************************
NGC 5006 = ESO
576-006 = MCG -03-34-011 = PGC 45806
13 11 45.7 -19
15 42
V = 12.3; Size 2.0'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 170d
17.5"
(4/13/96): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 N-S, 1.2'x0.8'. Contains a round 30" brighter core
with faint extensions. A mag 14
star is less than 1' NW of center.
Two mag 10 stars lie 4' and 5' SW.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 5006 on 31 Mar 1881, while observing NGC 5018. In the narrative portion of list V, he
noted a new nebula 1 min of time preceding and 16' north of NGC 5018. Although the difference in RA is 1 min
15 sec, his declination offset is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5007 = UGC
8240 = MCG +10-19-042 = CGCG 294-021 = PGC 45605
13 09 14.4 +62
10 30
V = 13.3; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 135d
18"
(6/27/03): faint, small, round, 0.5' diameter, slightly brighter core. A mag 14.5 star lies 0.9' NW. Located 5.3' SW of mag 6.5 SAO 15999,
which detracts from viewing. In an
interesting group with three UGC galaxies in the field of a bright star! UGC 8234 6.5' NW, UGC 8237 8' NW and
U8214 11.5' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5007 = H III-848 on 19 Mar 1790 (sweep 953) and noted "vF,
vS." CH's reduced position is
15 sec of time east of UGC 8240.
******************************
NGC 5008 = IC
4381 = HCG 71A = UGC 9073 = MCG +04-33-042 = CGCG 132-078 = CGCG 133-001 = Holm
598a = PGC 50629
14 10 57.2 +25
29 51
V = 13.7; Size 1.6'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 135d
17.5"
(6/8/96): NGC 5008 is the brightest member of HCG 71, along with IC 4382 = HCG
71B 1.8' NE and HCG 71C 2.0' SE.
At 220x it appeared faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter, almost
even surface brightness. Located
1.5' N of a mag 10 star, which is the southeast of three stars in a 2.5' string
with two mag 12 stars. This galaxy
is generally identified as IC 4381.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 5008 on 18 May 1862 and noted a mag 10 star preceded by
1.1 seconds of time and 95" north.
There is nothing at his position and his object was not recovered by
Bigourdan or Reinmuth. Harold
Corwin found that UGC 9073 = PGC 50629 is exactly 1 hour of RA east of
d'Arrest's position and a mag 10.5 star precedes by 1.2 seconds, but it is just
under 90" south (not north).
So NGC 5008 = UGC 9073.
Stephane Javelle
independently discovered this galaxy, along with a nearby companion to the
northeast, on 15 Jun 1895 and listed them as J. 1294 and J. 1295 in his
discovery papers. Dreyer, of
course, assumed they were new objects and catalogued the pair as IC 4381 and
4382. So, NGC 5008 = IC 4381.
Because of the poor NGC position, this galaxy is known as IC 4381 in modern
catalogues and RNGC classifies NGC 5008 as "Not Found".
******************************
NGC 5009 = UGC
8258 = MCG +08-24-061 = CGCG 245-025 = PGC 45739
13 10 47.0 +50
05 31
V = 14.5; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 75d
18"
(7/1/03): faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 SSW-NNE, 0.7'x0.5', broad
concentration to a brighter core.
A mag 14 is close off the north side, 40" from the center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5009 = H III-820 = h1550 on 26 Apr 1789 (sweep 929) and recorded
"2 vS stars with vF nebulosity between them, less than 1' distance."
CH's reduced position is 45 sec of time east of UGC 8258. JH logged "eF; R; south-preceding
a * 15m" and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5010 = MCG
-03-34-015 = PGC 45868
13 12 26.3 -15
47 52
V = 12.6; Size 1.4'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 120d
17.5"
(4/13/96): faint, fairly small , elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE, 1.2'x0.6', fairly even
surface brightness. Contains a
bulging core with thinner extensions.
A mag 14 star is 1.4' N of center. Located 5' NE of mag 9.5 SAO 157790.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5010 = h1548 on 9 May 1831 and recorded "vF; R: bM; a * 10m
45¡ np, distance 5'." His
position is 10 sec of RA too far west and the star is 45¡ north-preceding.
******************************
NGC 5011 = ESO
269-065 = MCG -07-27-042 = LGG 339-012 = PGC 45898
13 12 51.9 -43
05 47
V = 11.4; Size 2.4'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 154d
13.1"
(2/19/04 - Costa Rica): fairly bright, fairly large, oval 4:3 NNW-SSE. Moderate even concentration to a
brighter core and a faint stellar nucleus. NGC 5026 lies 17' NE.
Located 12' WNW of mag 6.2 HD 114873 and 23' NE of mag 5.2 HD 114474.
17.5"
(2/28/87): fairly faint, small, round, weak concentration. The following three brighter stars are
equidistant to the E; mag 9.1 SAO 223985 7.4' NE and two mag 11 stars 7.8' ESE
and 7.3' SE. Located 12' WNW of
mag 6.2 SAO 223989. Outlying
member of the Centaurus cluster or in a group surrounding the Centaurus cluster
(AGC 3526).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5011 = h3473 on 3 Jun 1834 and recorded "pB; pS; R; gbM;
15"; in a curve of 3 or 4 stars." His mean position (3 nights) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5012 = UGC
8270 = MCG +04-31-012 = CGCG 130-016 = LGG 336-001 = PGC 45795
13 11 37.0 +22
54 56
V = 12.2; Size 2.9'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 10d
18"
(7/1/03): moderately bright, fairly large, elongated 5:3 SSW-NNE, 2.0'x1.2',
fairly well concentrated with a very small bright core. A mag 13-14 star is
superimposed on the north end. The
surface brightness is uneven and the galaxy appears slightly mottled.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5012 = H I-85 = h1549 on 10 Apr 1785 (sweep 394) and noted
"cB, pL." CH's reduction is 11 sec of RA preceding UGC 8270. JH made two observations and recorded
(sweep 409) "vF; L; double or wedge-formed bicentral; pos 17¡ per
micrometer. Each neb vglbM; a
large star (the first of a trapezium) 25s following." JH confused the superimposed star with
another nucleus.
******************************
NGC 5013 = MCG
+01-34-007 = CGCG 044-024 = PGC 45838
13 12 07.3 +03
11 57
V = 14.9; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 140d
18"
(5/28/06): extremely faint, very small, slightly elongated,
20"x15". Forms the
eastern vertex of a near equilateral triangle with a mag 12 star 3.8' WNW and a
mag 11 star 4.2' SW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 5013 = m 248 on 30 Apr 1864 and noted "vF, vS." His
position is less than 1' south of CGCG 044-024 = PGC 45838.
******************************
NGC 5014 = UGC
8271 = MCG +06-29-055 = CGCG 189-037 = Mrk 449 = LGG 334-006 = PGC 45787
13 11 31.3 +36
16 55
V = 12.8; Size 1.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 102d
24"
(5/20/17): at 200x and 375x; moderately bright and large, fairly nice edge-on,
~1.0'x0.3', small bright core, occasional stellar nucleus (possibly offset from
geometric center?). The surface
brightness is not smooth (dust?) near the center.
UGC 8303 =
Holmberg VIII lies 22' ESE. At
200x it appeared faint to fairly faint, roundish, low even surface brightness,
no core or distinct zones. Roughly
1' diameter, though the edge of the halo was difficult to pin down because of
its diffuse appearance.
Located 23' S of NGC 5033, of which it's considered a satellite.
13.1"
(4/12/86): faint, fairly small, edge-on WNW-ESE, brighter core. Located 46' SSE of NGC 5005. Member of the NGC 5033 Group (LGG 334).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5014 = H II-414 = h1551 on 1 May 1785 (sweep 405) and noted
"F, S, lE." His position
matches UGC 8271. JH called it
"pB; S; pmE; psbM."
******************************
NGC 5015 = MCG
-01-34-012 = PGC 45862
13 12 22.8 -04
20 12
V = 12.1; Size 2.1'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 40d
17.5"
(4/4/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, weak
concentration, low surface brightness.
A mag 11 star is 4.3' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5015 = H II-637 = h1552 on 11 Mar 1787 (sweep 709) and logged
"F, cL, iR, lbM. The time not
accurate." Interestingly, his
position (CH's reduction) is accurate in RA and 4' too far south (previous
nebulae in the sweep are also offset 2'-4' too far south).
******************************
NGC 5016 = UGC
8279 = MCG +04-31-013 = CGCG 130-019 = PGC 45836
13 12 06.6 +24
05 42
V = 12.8; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 50d
17.5"
(4/13/96): moderately bright, roundish, moderately large, 2.0' diameter, broad
concentration. A mag 13.5 star is
1.3' N of center.
8"
(5/21/82): fairly faint, round, moderately large. Located 10' S of mag 6.3 SAO 82707 that interferes with
viewing.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5016 = H II-356 on 10 Apr 1785 (sweep 394) and recorded
"pB, S." His position is
15 sec of RA too far west and 3' too far south. d'Arrest's micrometric position (used in the NGC) matches
UGC 8279.
******************************
NGC 5017 = MCG
-03-34-016 = PGC 45900
13 12 54.4 -16
45 57
V = 12.6; Size 1.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 140d
17.5"
(4/13/96): fairly faint, round, 1.0' diameter. Well-defined halo with crisp edges. Gradually increases to a nearly stellar
nucleus. Overall moderate surface
brightness. A well-matched pair of
mag 11 stars lies 6' WNW. Located
at the SW end of the NGC 5044 group (~40' SW of center of group).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5017 = H III-669 = h1553 on 7 May 1787 (sweep 732) and simply
noted as "vF". JH made the single observation "vF; R; bM"
and measured an accurate
position.
******************************
NGC 5018 = ESO
576-010 = MCG -03-34-017 = UGCA 335 = PGC 45908
13 13 01.0 -19
31 05
V = 10.8; Size 3.3'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 112d
17.5"
(4/13/96): fairly bright, moderately large, slightly elongated WNW-ESE, roughly
2.5'x2.0'. Very bright core
dominates much fainter halo.
Located 6' SE of mag 9.3 SAO 157792. Forms a pair with NGC 5022 7.2' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5018 = H II-746 = h1554 on 8 Apr 1788 (sweep 826) and recorded
"pB, S, pBN." His
position is within the halo of ESO 576-010 = PGC 45908. JH made the single observation "B;
R; pgmbM; 30"." and measured an accurate position. Nearby NGC 5022 was discovered by
Wilhelm Tempel.
******************************
NGC 5019 = UGC
8288 = MCG +01-34-009 = CGCG 044-027 = PGC 45885
13 12 42.4 +04
43 47
V = 13.6; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 105d
18"
(5/28/06): very faint, very small, round, 0.4' diameter, very weak
concentration. A 20' string of a
half dozen mag 11 stars oriented NW to SE passes to the south of the galaxy.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5019 = H III-545 = h1555 on 17 Apr 1786 (sweep 553) and logged
"eF, cS, er." JH
measured a fairly accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5020 = UGC
8289 = MCG +02-34-003 = CGCG 072-024 = PGC 45883
13 12 39.9 +12
35 59
V = 11.7; Size 3.2'x2.7'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 85d
17.5"
(5/19/01): this face-on barred spiral appears as a fairly large, round 2' glow
of fairly low surface brightness.
Contains a sharply defined, bright 20" core and a stellar
nucleus. Located 15' SE of mag 8.4
SAO 100454.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5020 = H II-129 = h1556 on 12 Apr 1784 (sweep 189) and recorded
"F, pL, lbM, r, of a roundish figure." JH made three observations, first logging "F; pL; E; 30"
long."
R.J. Mitchell,
observing on 16 Feb 1855 at Birr Castle, recorded "S, R, pB Nucl, with (I
suspect) straggling arms of F neby branching out, perhaps spiral."
******************************
NGC 5021 = UGC
8284 = MCG +08-24-084 = CGCG 245-030 = PGC 45834
13 12 06.2 +46
11 46
V = 13.4; Size 1.5'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 78d
18"
(7/1/03): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 WSW-ENE, 0.8'x0.5',
brighter along a fairly thin major axis.
A mag 11 star is off the ENE tip, 1.2' from center.
18" (7/1/03):
fairly faint, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 0.9'x0.6', broad concentration. A mag 11.5 star is at the NE tip
(inadvertently observed twice on the same evening).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5021 = h1557 on 26 Apr 1830 and recorded "pF; R; 40";
has a *12 north-following by 1 1/2'." R.S. Ball, LdR's assistant on 28 Mar 1867, noted
"Possibly double, at least there seems to be two B portions to
it." The SDSS image reveals
either a brighter region south of the core, or a superimposed companion, which
is likely Ball's second object.
******************************
NGC 5022 = ESO
576-014 = MCG -03-34-021 = FGC 1581 = PGC 45952
13 13 30.7 -19
32 47
V = 12.9; Size 2.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 21d
17.5"
(4/13/96): faint, moderately large, thin edge-on 5:1 ~N-S, 2.0'x0.4', even
surface brightness. A mag 12 star
lies 2.3' N of center. Forms a
pair with NGC 5018 7' WNW.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 5022 on 31 Mar 1881, while observing NGC 5018. Ormond Stone independently discovered
this galaxy in 1886 and reported it as #196 in the first discovery list at the
Leander McCormick Observatory.
Stone noted it was 8' following GC 3448 [NGC 5018] in PA 110¡ (ESE).
******************************
NGC 5023 = UGC
8286 = MCG +07-27-043 = CGCG 217-017 = FGC 1578 = PGC 45849
13 12 11.8 +44
02 20
V = 12.3; Size 6.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 28d
17.5"
(4/21/01): moderately bright, large, thin edge-on streak SSW-NNE, 4.0'x0.4',
slightly brighter center. Member
of nearby group LGG 347 along with M51!
A 1' pair of mag 10/11 stars lies 9' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5023 = H II-664 = h1559 on 9 Apr 1787 (sweep 725) and recorded
"pB, mE from sp to nf, about 5' l and 3/4' br." JH made two
observations and his mean position is accurate. NGC 5023 is one of the flattest NGC galaxies.
******************************
NGC 5024 = M53
13 12 55.2 +18
10 09
V = 7.5; Size 12.6'; Surf Br = 0.1
17.5"
(5/27/00): at 220x this moderately bright GC appears 6'-7' diameter with a very
bright 2' core and ~50-60 stars resolved. At 380x, perhaps 75 stars are resolved, mostly in the outer
halo and the edges of the small, bright, concentrated core. A brighter mag 12 star is just NE of
the core, but most of the resolved stars are mag 13.5-15. The halo is fairly rich, but unevenly distributed
with more stars resolved on the north side. Towards the edges of the halo the globular thins out and is
straggly with a maximum diameter 8'-9'.
17.5"
(5/10/86): at least 50 stars resolved mostly in the outer halo which reaches 6'
diameter. Contains a very bright
core that is very mottled. Many
stars are superimposed over the core.
13"
(5/21/82): outer halo of faint stars resolved.
Johann Elert
Bode discovered M53 = NGC 5024 = h1558 on 3 Feb 1775. Charles Messier independently discovered it on 26 Feb 1777.
WH, made his
first observation on 30 May 1783 with his 6-inch and noted "more than a
suspicion of stars." On 14
Mar 1784 he described M53 as "one of the most beautiful objects I remember
ever to have seen in the heavens; The cluster appears under the form of a solid
ball consisting of small stars quite compressed into one blaze of light, with a
great number of loose ones surrounding it and distinctly visible in the general
mass."
Wilhelm Struve
again found it in 1825 or 1826 and included it as · 3 in his list of 9
"Nebulae dectae" in an appendix to his main catalogue of double
stars. In his 1844 Bedford
Catalogue, William Smyth calls M53 a "brilliant mass of minute stars"
and a "ball of innumerable worlds."
******************************
NGC 5025 = UGC
8292 = MCG +05-31-155 = CGCG 160-162 = PGC 45887
13 12 44.7 +31
48 33
V = 13.4; Size 2.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 57d
18"
(7/1/03): faint, fairly small, edge-on 4:1 SW-NE, 1.1'x0.25', low even surface
brightness. A mag 13.5 star is
barely off the NE tip [37" from center]. Located 19' SE of mag 6.7 SAO 63396.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5025 = H III-649 = h1560 on 20 Mar 1787 (sweep 722) and noted
"vF, S, lE." JH made 3
observations and noted (sweep 131) "vF; E; S; 30" south of a *
13m." His mean position
matches UGC 8292.
******************************
NGC 5026 = ESO
269-073 = MCG -07-27-048 = LGG 339-006 = PGC 46023
13 14 13.5 -42
57 40
V = 11.5; Size 3.2'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 52d
13.1"
(2/19/04 - Costa Rica): moderately bright, moderately large, oval 3:2 NNW-SSE,
1.5'x1.0', broad concentration.
NGC 5011 lies 17' SW.
Located 6.7' S of a mag 7 star.
17.5"
(4/7/89): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated NNW-SSE, large brighter
core. Part of an outlying group in
the Centaurus cluster.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5026 = h3474 on 5 Jun 1834 and recorded "pB; pL; R; gbM;
50"." His mean position
(3 nights) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5027 = UGC
8297 = MCG +01-34-010 = CGCG 044-028 = PGC 45936
13 13 21.0 +06
03 40
V = 13.4; Size 1.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 63d
18"
(5/28/06): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. A mag 14 star is off the SE side 1.0'
from the center. Located 1.2¡ NW
of mag 4.8 Sigma (60) Virginis.
John Herschel discovered
NGC 5027 = h1561 on 17 Apr 1830 and recorded "eF; R; vgbM." His position (measured on two nights)
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5028 = MCG
-02-34-011 = PGC 45976
13 13 45.8 -13
02 33
V = 12.7; Size 1.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 130d
17.5"
(4/13/96): faint, small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 1.0'x0.7', slightly brighter
core. A mag 11.5 star is attached
on the west side [22" from center].
A brighter mag 10.5 star lies 2.5' due south.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 5028 = T V-29 in 1882.
His micrometric position (on the mag 11 star at the west edge) matches
MCG -02-33-104 = PGC 45170.
******************************
NGC 5029 = UGC
8293 = MCG +08-24-087 = CGCG 245-032 = PGC 45880
13 12 37.6 +47
03 48
V = 13.1; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 150d
18"
(7/1/03): fairly faint, fairly small, sharply concentrated with a bright
30" core and a much fainter halo which increases the size to perhaps
1.0'. The outer halo appears
irregular with a hint of structure.
Collinear with two mag 10 stars to the east. Collinear with a mag 11 star 3.4' ESE and mag 9.5 SAO 44516
a similar distance further ESE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5029 = h1562 on 13 May 1830 and logged "F; R; gbM;
15"; twilight." His
position is just off the north side of UGC 8293.
******************************
NGC 5030 = MCG
-03-34-023 = PGC 45991
13 13 54.1 -16
29 27
V = 12.4; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 0d
17.5"
(5/17/90): fairly faint, small, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, bright core. A mag 13 star is 1.2' NW. Located 5.4' NW of mag 8.2 SAO 157805
(close double star with components 9.5/9.5 at 1.2"). Member of the NGC 5044 group.
Edward Holden
discovered NGC 5030, along with NGC 5031 and 5035, on 17 May 1881 with the
15.6-inch Clark refractor at the Washburn Observatory. He noted "vF,
S. GC 3465 [NGC 5044] follows 1m
28s." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 5031 = MCG
-03-34-024 = PGC 46006
13 14 03.1 -16
07 23
V = 13.6; Size 1.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 110d
17.5" (4/13/96):
fairly faint, fairly small. On
first glance appeared as a 30" round glow (core) but faint extensions were
noticed extending the major axis to 1.3' WNW-ESE. A mag 13.5 star is 1.5' E of center. Member of the NGC 5044 group (NW of
center).
Edward Holden
discovered NGC 5031, along with NGC 5030 and 5035, on 17 May 1881 with the
15.6-inch Clark refractor at the Washburn Observatory. He noted "vF, like
a nebula star 10-11 mag. GC 3465
[NGC 5044] follows 2 min." His position is accurate. RC3 and Deep Sky Field Guide give an
incorrect PA of 70¡.
******************************
NGC 5032 = UGC
8300 = MCG +05-31-160 = CGCG 160-166 = Holm 513a = PGC 45947
13 13 26.9 +27
48 09
V = 12.8; Size 2.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 22d
24"
(6/4/16): at 375x; moderately bright and large, oval 3:2 ~N-S, 1.2'x0.8'. Contains a bright elongated core or bar
and a small bright nucleus. A mag
14 star is 1.2' E and a slightly fainter star is 1.3' SW. Located 21' ESE of mag 4.3 Beta Comae.
Forms a physical
pair with NGC 5032B = CGCG 160-165 2.4' S. The companion appeared faint, fairly small, elongated 5:3
WNW-ESE, 20"x12", contains a very small brighter nucleus.
18"
(6/4/05): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 4:3 SW-NE, 0.8'x0.6',
increases to a small, bright core.
Bracketed by two similar stars 1.2' the SW and a similar distance to the
NE. Forms a close pair with NGC
5032B = MCG +05-31-159 at 2.4' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5032 = H III-367 = h1563 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and noted
"vF, pL." CH's reduction is 2' south of UGC 8300.
******************************
NGC 5033 = UGC
8307 = MCG +06-29-062 = CGCG 189-043 = PGC 45948
13 13 27.8 +36
35 40
V = 10.2; Size 10.7'x5.0'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 170d
48"
(4/20/17): at 488x; very bright, very large, elongated 5:2 N-S, some spiral
structure is evident. Very well
concentrated with an extremely bright, elongated core roughly 1'x0.5'. A low surface brightness spiral arms
extends from the core on the north side and hooks sharply south on the west side
of the halo. It brightens and
appears to end just west of a superimposed mag 14.5 star, situated 1.3' NNW of
center. A detached section of this
arm was also seen due west of the core, just west of a superimposed mag 15.7
star [0.9' WSW of center].
Although arm
structure was not distinguishable on the south side, a brighter knot was
visible (at the sharp bend of an arm) 2.4' due S of center. It was roughly 15" and aligned
with the major axis of the core.
This HII complex is listed in NED as NGC 5033:[EKS96] 229, from the 1996
"An Atlas of H II Regions in Nearby Seyfert Galaxies" by Evans et al.
24"
(5/22/17 and 5/27/17): at 124x and 282x; very bright and large impressive
spiral, elongated 5:2 N-S, ~7'x2.8'.
Sharply concentrated with a very bright, very elongated core region and
an enhanced central axis or bar that increases to a sharp, intense
nucleus. There is a strong
impression of spiral structure in the halo with slightly brighter and darker
regions. A very weak enhancement
or HII region is 2.4' due south of center with an hint of an arm segment
curving through this patch. An
extremely faint, nearly stellar knot (only identified with a DSS image) is 1.3'
W of center just northwest of a dim mag 15.7 star in the halo. A brighter mag 14.5 star is
superimposed 1.4' NNW of center.
17.5":
fairly bright, fairly large, very elongated 3:1 N-S, small very bright core,
stellar nucleus. A mag 15 star is
superimposed. Brightest in a group
with NGC 5005 40' NW (physical pair).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5033 = H I-97 = h1564 on 1 May 1785 (sweep 405) and recorded
"vB, pL, E, mbM and the brightness diminishing gradually; the extension
not far from the meridian [N-S]."
Bindon Stoney,
LdR's assistant on 1 Mar 1851, noted "an appendage [arm] preceding." The arm was mentioned again on 19 Apr
1862: "The patch p[receding] is vF, yet distinctly seen as far as in
sketch, but I suspect it joins n end of neb." R.J. Mitchell, observing on 3 May 1858, noted "I
also think I see a neb knot sf, in the direction of major axis of neb, but was
interrupted by clouds." This
"knot" is mostly likely the HII complex NGC 5033:[EKS96] 229,
situated 2.4' south of center.
******************************
NGC 5034 = UGC
8295 = MCG +12-13-001 = CGCG 336-003 = PGC 45859
13 12 19.0 +70
38 58
V = 13.2; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 15d
18"
(6/27/03): very faint, small, irregularly round, 0.5'x0.4', low even surface
brightness. Requires averted
vision although viewed nearly 6 hrs passed the meridian with the galaxy fairly
low. Forms the east vertex of a
triangle with mag 12/13 stars 2.7' WNW and 4' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5034 = H III-909 on 7 Apr 1793 (sweep 1037) and noted "vF,
vS, R." His RA is 30 sec too
small (most objects on this sweep have similar errors).
******************************
NGC 5035 = MCG
-03-34-028 = PGC 46068
13 14 49.2 -16
29 34
V = 12.8; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 30d
17.5"
(5/17/90): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated N-S, weak
concentration. Bracketed by mag
9.4 SAO 157810 1.8' S and a mag 10 star 2.1' NNE of center. First of six in field with NGC 5037 7'
SE and brightest member NGC 5044 10.5' NE.
Edward Holden
discovered NGC 5035, along with NGC 5030 and 5031, on 17 May 1881 with the
15.6-inch Clark refractor at the Washburn Observatory. His description reads
"F, S, R, bN. GC 3465 [NGC 5044] follows 34sec [of time]." His
position is 1' south of MCG -03-34-028 = PGC 46068.
******************************
NGC 5036 = PGC
46057
13 14 42.8 -04
10 43
V = 14.8; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(6/1/02): very faint, very small, round, 0.4' diameter. With direct vision a slightly brighter
5" core is visible. Forms a
pair with difficult NGC 5039 2.6' NE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 5036 = LM II-458, along with NGC 5036, on 25 Jan
1887. He noted "mag 15.5,
0.2' dia, R, gbM, 1st of 2." and his position matches PGC 46057. Dorothy Carlson classifies this number
as nonexistent. NGC 5036 and NGC
5039 were the last Leander McCormick discoveries that made it into the NGC.
******************************
NGC 5037 = MCG
-03-34-029 = PGC 46078
13 14 59.6 -16
35 27
V = 12.2; Size 2.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 40d
17.5"
(5/17/90): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, bright
core. A mag 13.5 star is perched
at the NE tip. Second of six in
the NGC 5044 group with NGC 5035 6.2' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5037 = H II-510 = h1565 on 31 Dec 1785 (sweep 503) and noted
"F, lE, 1 1/2' long."
His position is an excellent match with MCG -03-34-029 = PGC 46078. JH recorded "pF; R; bM;
25". A * 12m 1'
np." The mag 12 star is
instead at the north-following end.
******************************
NGC 5038 = MCG
-03-34-031 = PGC 46081
13 15 02.1 -15
57 06
V = 12.3; Size 1.3'x0.3'; Surf Br = 11.1; PA = 95d
17.5"
(5/22/93): fairly faint, edge-on 4:1 E-W, 0.9'x0.2', very small bright
core. A mag 11 star is 4.3'
SSW. Located roughly 30' N of the
center of the NGC 5044 group.
Edward Holden
discovered NGC 5038 on 28 May 1881 with the 15.6-inch Clark refractor at the
Washburn Observatory. He recorded
"cB, E 90¡ +/-, stellar nucleus.
Follows Lalande 24460 4min 28sec and is 3' north." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 5039 = PGC
46064 = 2MASXi J1314520-040929
13 14 52.0 -04
09 29
V = 15.5; Size 0.7'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 40d
17.5"
(6/1/02): extremely faint and small, round, 0.2' diameter. Requires averted and only
intermittently visible between a mag 12.5' 1.5' SSW and a mag 13 star 1.6' NNE. DSFG lists a V magnitude of just 16.1!
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 5039 = LM II-459, along with NGC 5036, on 25 Jan
1887, and recorded "mag 15.8, 0.1' dia , E 45¡, 2nd of 2 [with NGC
5036]." His position is
accurate and Corwin notes his sketch clearly shows it in relation to NGC 5036.
******************************
NGC 5040 = MCG
+09-22-031 = CGCG 271-024 = PGC 45945
13 13 32.6 +51
15 31
V = 14.1; Size 1.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 70d
17.5"
(6/1/02): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, 0.6'x0.5', contains a small
brighter core with a stellar nucleus or a faint star is superimposed. Located 8.3' NNE of mag 9 SAO 28675.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5040 = H II-816 on 26 Apr 1789 (sweep 929) and logged "F,
S, iR, vgmbM." CH's reduced
position is 15 sec of RA east and 1.5' north of CGCG 271-024 = PGC 45945. Sir Robert Ball noted "vS,
stellar, bM" at Birr Castle on 1 Mar 1867.
******************************
NGC 5041 = UGC
8319 = MCG +05-31-162 = CGCG 160-168 = PGC 46046
13 14 32.4 +30
42 20
V = 13.3; Size 1.7'x1.5'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 150d
17.5"
(5/27/00): faint, fairly small, irregular round, relatively low surface
brightness, 1' diameter, weakly concentrated. The core appears to be elongated NW-SE within a slightly
fainter rounder halo. Located 26'
SW of NGC 5056 in a group.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 5041 on 19 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position (measured
on 3 nights) matches UGC 8319, although Dreyer made a digit error and the NGC
declination is exactly 10' too small.
Max Wolf noted this error in Konigstuhl-Nebel List #9 (the correct
position is given under #215).
******************************
NGC 5042 = ESO
508-031 = MCG -04-31-043 = UGCA 340 = PGC 46126
13 15 31.0 -23
59 01
V = 11.8; Size 4.2'x2.2'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 22d
18"
(5/16/09): very large, diffuse galaxy with a fairly low surface brightness,
elongated 5:3 SSW-NNE. At 175x
there was a broad, weak central brightening but no core or nucleus and appeared
nearly 3.0'x1.8' in size. Located
2.4' NE of mag 8 HD 115123 that detracted from viewing. A faint pair of mag 15 stars is at the
NNE end.
17.5"
(6/1/02): large, low surface brightness galaxy situated just 2.4' NE of mag 8.1
SAO 181487 with a broad concentration.
Picked up at 100x and 200x was nearly too high a power for a good view
(in fairly poor seeing). Appears
elongated at least 2:1 SSW-NNE and perhaps 3'x1.5' although the halo smoothly
fades into the background and the nearby bright star detracts from a good view
of the halo.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5042 = h3477 on 25 Mar 1836 and recorded "F; L; R; vgvlbM;
a star 9m; 1' north, precedes 10s."
His position is accurate, although the nearby star is southwest, not
northwest.
******************************
NGC 5043 = ESO
132-SC002
13 16 16 -60 04
Size 15'x8'
14" (4/4/16
- Coonabarabran, 71x and 184x): very bright scattered cluster extending over a
14'x7' region from SW to NE.
Contains ~25 brighter mag 10.5-12 stars and an equal number of faint
stars. Three mag 10-10.5 stars are
on the southwest end. Many of the
stars appear to be connected in loose, curving chains. There is no concentration towards the
center or denser subgroups and the outline is quite irregular. Still, at low power the group stands
out well enough. Located 30' SE of
a mag 4.5 star (V831 Cen).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5043 = h3476 on 7 Jun 1837 and recorded, "Cluster VIII;
oblong, 10' by 7', of loose sc st 11m." His position corresponds with a mag 10.7 star at the center
of a scattered group of mag 11/12 stars.
Harold Corwin moves the center of the group 30 sec of RA west of JH's
position. The RNGC description is "NOCL?".
******************************
NGC 5044 = MCG
-03-34-034 = UGCA 341 = PGC 46115
13 15 24.0 -16
23 06
V = 10.8; Size 3.0'x3.0'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(5/17/90): fairly bright, round, 2.0' diameter, moderate concentration. Brightest in a group and third of six
in a 20' circle with NGC 5049 8' E, NGC 5046 7' NE, NGC 5047 10' SE, NGC 5035
10' SW and NGC 5037 14' SSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5044 = H II-511 = h1566, along with NGC 5049, on 31 Dec 1785
(sweep 503) and noted "pB, R, bM." Another observation on 7 May 1787 (sweep 732) reads
"pB, pL, R. I believe I saw a
very faint one preceding."
His position is accurate. Interestingly,
there is a very faint galaxy, PGC 83851, less than 5' west, but at B = 16.2, it
may be too faint to have been picked up by WH. JH made the single observation "pF; pL; R;
30"."
******************************
NGC 5045 = ESO
096-SC005
13 17 06 -63 25
Size 45'
14" (4/5/16
- Coonabarabran, 71x, 142x and 230x): at the NGC position is a very rich Milky
Way collection of stars; at least 150 stars were counted in a 15' to 18'
region, including mag 6.8 HD 115400 at the southeast edge. The other stars are mag 10 and fainter,
except for a mag 9.4 star on the southwest side. At lowest power, another 15'x5' (elongated NW-SE) bright,
scattered group also caught my attention.
It is situated to the southwest of the NGC star cloud and contains many
more brighter stars. Mag 7 HD
114886 is on its southeast end, along with at least a half-dozen additional mag
8-9 stars.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5045 = h3475 on 16 Jun 1835 and reported "A great cluster
or a surprisingly rich portion of the milky way. It contains 34 stars 11m, and perhaps 150 or 200 of less
magnitudes in the field." At
his position (given here) is a rich milky way field, but no distinct
cluster. The RNGC description is
"NOCL?". SIMBAD gives a
position 3 min of RA further west, though there is no cluster there
either. Harold Corwin suggests NGC
5045 might be a duplicate observation of NGC 5155, nearly 10 min of RA
following. JH's descriptions are quite
similar, however both objects were recorded on the same sweep, so this would
require some kind of mix-up on his part.
******************************
NGC 5046 = MCG
-03-34-035 = PGC 46141
13 15 45.1 -16
19 37
V = 12.9; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.1
17.5"
(5/17/90): faint, very small, slightly elongated. Located 3.2' SSW of mag 8.9 SAO 157821. Fourth of six in the NGC 5044 group
with NGC 5044 7' SW.
Edward Holden
discovered NGC 5046 on 17 May 1881 with the 15.6-inch Clark refractor at the
Washburn Observatory. He recorded "F, vS, R, stellar nucleus. GC 3465 [NGC 5044] precedes 21 sec." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5047 = MCG
-03-34-036 = PGC 46150
13 15 48.4 -16
31 08
V = 12.7; Size 2.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 70d
17.5"
(5/17/90): fairly faint, fairly small, edge-on 4:1 ENE-WSW, very small bright
core. Fifth of six in the NGC 5044
group with NGC 5044 13' NW, NGC 5049 8' NNE and NGC 5046 11.6' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5047 = H III-670 on 7 May 1787 (sweep 732) and simply noted
"vF". CH's reduction is
NGC dec is 3' north of MCG -03-34-036 = PGC 46150. d'Arrest made a single observation and measured an accurate
position.
******************************
NGC 5048 = ESO
443-087 = MCG -05-31-041 = PGC 46179
13 16 08.3 -28
24 38
V = 12.8; Size 1.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 48d
18" (3/17/07):
fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 0.6'x0.4', weak even
concentration to the center. NGC
5051 lies 8' NNE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5048 = h3478, along with NGC 5051, on 30 Mar 1835 and recorded
"pF; R; has another nebula nf; Delta RA = 20s +/-; Delta PD; 5'
+/-." His position is just
off the south side of ESO 443-087 = PGC 46179.
******************************
NGC 5049 = MCG
-03-34-037 = UGCA 343 = PGC 46166
13 15 59.3 -16
23 52
V = 13.0; Size 1.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 122d
17.5"
(5/17/90): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, small bright core. Last of six in a 20' field with NGC
5044 8.5' W and NGC 5047 7.8' SSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5049 = H II-512, along with NGC 5044, on 31 Dec 1785 (sweep 503)
and noted "F, S." His
position is 1.4' northwest of MCG -03-34-037 = PGC 46166.
******************************
NGC 5050 = UGC
8329 = MCG +01-34-012 = CGCG 044-043 = PGC 46138
13 15 41.7 +02
52 44
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 35d
17.5"
(6/1/02): fairly faint, small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 0.6'x0.4'. Contains a very small bright 15"
core. Collinear with two mag 13/14
stars less than 2' N. Located 10'
SSE of mag 7.3 SAO 119834.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 5050 = m 249 on 30 Apr 1864 and noted "F, vS,
stell." His position is 1.5'
southwest of UGC 8329, the only nearby galaxy.
******************************
NGC 5051 = ESO
444-001 = MCG -05-31-042 = PGC 46194
13 16 20.0 -28
17 09
V = 13.3; Size 1.5'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 50d
18"
(3/17/07): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 0.8'x0.4'. Appears to have a brighter slightly
brighter bulging core and narrower extensions.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5051 = h3479, along with NGC 5048, on 30 Mar 1835 and noted
"The following of 2 [with NGC 5048]." In his description for h3478 = NGC 5048 he gave the
separation as roughly 20s of RA and 5' in PD. The actual figures are 12s of RA and 7.5' in Dec. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position in 1899-00.
******************************
NGC 5052 = UGC
8330 = MCG +05-31-165 = CGCG 160-171 = PGC 46131
13 15 34.9 +29
40 33
V = 13.2; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 160d
17.5"
(6/1/02): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated 4:3 NNW-SSE, 0.9'x0.7',
fairly bright stellar nucleus. A
mag 13 star lies 1.6' SE of center.
Located 7' SE of mag 9.3 SAO 63428. Probable outlying member of AGC 1656 (core is 4¡ SE) with a similar redshift as the
cluster.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5052 = h1567 on 10 Apr 1831 and simply noted "vF". His position (single observation) is 1'
north of UGC 8330 = PGC 46131.
******************************
NGC 5053
13 16 26.9 +17
41 52
V = 9.9; Size 9'; Surf Br = 0.0
17.5"
(5/10/86): about two dozen faint stars resolved at 286x over a faint background
haze. Very weak concentration with
no core. Appears similar to a
faint, resolved open cluster. A
mag 9.5 star is off the east side 6.5' from the center.
8": faint,
fairly large, pale, no resolution.
Likely
associated with the tidal stream of the Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
according to Law, Majewski (2010).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5053 = H VI-7 = h1569 on 14 Mar 1784 (sweep 170) and recorded
"an excessively faint cluster of stars intermixed with resolvable
nebulosity 8 or 10' diameter. The
stars are so small that they cannot be seen without the greatest attention. 240
verified it beyond all doubts."
There is nothing at his position, but 2 min of RA west is this low
surface brightness globular.
JH described
"vL; eF; a cluster of stars 19 or 20m, with 4 or 5 = 15m; irreg R, vgvlbM;
diam at least 8 or 10'. A most
curious and interesting object.
The stars are just discernable.
So faint, might easily be overlooked." He also mentioned the RA of his father was "very much
out" so he nearly lost the observation. Dreyer used JH's position in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 5054 = MCG
-03-34-039 = UGCA 344 = PGC 46247
13 16 58.3 -16
38 07
V = 10.9; Size 5.1'x3.0'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 155d
48"
(4/21/17): at 488x and 697x: very bright, large, very irregular 3-armed
spiral. Strongly concentrated with
an intensely bright core and quasi-stellar nucleus. A thin strong arm is attached to the core on the west
side. It shoots nearly straight
north, aiming east of a mag 14 star 2.3' NW of center and quickly dimming as it
heads towards MCG -03-34-040, a companion 2.6' NNW of center. A second arm begins on the north
side of the core. It curls east
towards a mag 13.5 star, 1.3' NE of center, and separates from the core. It then dims to a very low surface
brightness and curves south, ending ~2' SE of center. A third arm starts on the east side of the core and extends
south, ending at a brighter patch or HII region [1.2' SSE of center]. NGC 5044, the brightest of a fairly
rich group, lies 27' NW.
MCG -03-34-040
appeared fairly faint, moderately large, thin edge-on 6:1 NNW-SSE, 0.6'x0.1',
fairly low even surface brightrness.
The major axis of the axis "points" towards the core of NGC
5054. The northwestern spiral arm
of NGC 5054 heads towards this galaxy, but fades out before reaching it
24"
(6/1/13): bright, large, elongated nearly 2:1 NNW-SSE, ~3.5'x2'. Contains a large, bright core with a
sharp, bright nearly stellar nucleus.
The overall outline and surface brightness is irregular with spiral
structure evident. A relatively
thin, straight arm is attached on the west side of the core and shoots ~1.2'
NNW, separating well from the central region. A second, lower contrast arm is attached
at the NE side of the central region and hugs tightly along the eastern side of
the core. This arm was not
resolved until it extended south of the central region. A small, brighter knot (~10") is visible
just north of the central region [~40" N of center]. A mag 13.5 star is
just off the NE side, 1.3' from center and a mag 14 star lies NW of the western
arm, 2.2' from center. Forms a
pair with MCG -03-34-040 2.6' NNW. The companion appeared faint, small, very
elongated 7:2 N-S (major axis aligned with the nucleus of NGC 5054),
22"x6", even surface brightness. The NGC 5044 group (7 NGCs) lies 20'-30' NW.
8"
(5/26/84): fairly faint, contains a brighter middle with a diffuse outer halo
of low surface brightness; the edge of the halo is difficult to define. One or two faint stars are involved. NGC 5017, NGC 5037 and NGC 5044 all lie
to the west.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5054 = H II-513 = h1568 on 31 Dec 1785 (sweep 503) and logged
"cF, iR." A second
observation on 7 May 1787 (sweep 732) reads "pB, almost cB, pL, iF, but
mbM." JH noted "vF; R;
20"."
******************************
NGC 5055 =
Sunflower galaxy = M63 = UGC 8334 = MCG +07-27-054 = CGCG 217-023 = PGC 46153
13 15 49.2 +42
01 49
V = 8.6; Size 12.6'x7.2'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 105d
48"
(4/20/17): This gorgeous spiral is sharply concentrated with a bright, mottled
oval core that increases to an intensely bright nucleus. Several low contrast dust lanes
surround the core, particularly on the south side of the core, separated thin sections
of spiral arms. A long, relatively broad dust lane crosses the halo E-W,
roughly 2' south of center. A very
low surface brightness arm or section of the outer halo is visible beyond
(south) of this dust lane. A mag
9.3 star is superimposed in the outer halo [3.7' WNW of center].
48" (4/7/13):
The "Sunflower Galaxy" is a classic example of a floccelent spiral
with many short fragments forming the arms. At 375x it appeared extremely bright and large, elongated
2:1 WNW-ESE, 8'x4'. A large,
intense, mottled core increases to a small, brilliant nucleus. The outer halo was resolved into
several tightly wrapped spiral arcs that are separated by thin dust lanes. The arm structure is most evident along
the south side of the galaxy with the easiest arm at the outer edge,
particularly where it separates at the western end. The galaxy extends just beyond a mag 9.3 star (HD 115270) at
the northwest edge.
UGCA 342,
probably a detached section of the outer halo of M63, lies 8' WSW of center and
1.2' S of a mag 10.7 star. It
appeared extremely faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 E-W, 20"x10",
very low surface brightness.
17.5": very
bright, large, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE, 6'x3'. There is a faint outer extension to the WNW (outer spiral
arms?) that reaches extremely close to mag 8.7 SAO 44530 just 3.7' from the
center.
13"
(5/26/84): very bright, elongated NNW-SSE, broad moderate concentration,
stellar nucleus. The southern edge
is more sharply defined while the northern side is more diffuse and extensive. A mag 8.5 star is off the NW edge.
Pierre MŽchain
discovered M63 = NGC 5055 = h1570 on 14 Jun 1779. On 18 Mar 1787 (sweep 717), William Herschel recorded
"E from np to sf., 5 or 6' long and near 4' broad, a bright nucleus, very
brilliant." On 9 Apr 1787
(sweep 725) he logged "vB, 9 or 10' long, considerably broad, the
brightness confined to a small place." JH logged "B; pmE; vsmbM, almost to a *, pos 30¡ np to
sf. The sf end more diffused. Has a bright star np and a double star
following."
On 9 Mar 1850,
LdR (or observing assistant George Johnstone Stone) noted M63 was "another
fine and bright spiral."
Later observations couldn't confirm the spirality, though the galaxy is
included in the list of 14 "Spiral or curvilinear" nebulae in LdR's
1850 PT paper.
Basen on Mt
Wilson 60-inch photographs, Pease (1918) described M63 as a "bright,
beautiful spiral 8' x 3' in p.a. 98¡. Has an almost stellar nucleus. The whorls
are narrow, very compactly arranged, and show numerous almost stellar
condensations."
******************************
NGC 5056 = UGC
8337 = MCG +05-31-166 = CGCG 160-173 = PGC 46180
13 16 12.3 +30
57 00
V = 13.1; Size 1.7'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 0d
17.5"
(5/27/00): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 N-S, broad
concentration. The extensions
appear mottled with a hint of clumpiness.
Two mag 14.5 star are close following with the closer star 1.0' SE of
center. Located 3.3' N of mag 8.8
SAO 63436. Brightest in a group
including NGC 5057 6' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5056 = H III-306 = h1571, along with NGC 5057, on 13 Mar 1785
(sweep 387) and recorded "Two, the time is that of the first [NGC
5056]. Both vF and S. The second [NGC 5057] about 7 or 8'
north following the first."
JH made the single observation "F; S; R; bM. The first of 2." and measured an
accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5057 = UGC
8342 = MCG +05-31-169 = CGCG 160-176 = PGC 46202
13 16 27.8 +31
01 53
V = 13.0; Size 1.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(5/27/00): fairly faint, small, round, 0.4' diameter, very small bright core, stellar
nucleus at moments. Probably
viewed the core only (halo very faint on DSS). Smaller but higher surface brightness than NGC 5056 6' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5057 = H III-307 = h1572, along with NGC 5056, on 13 Mar 1785
(sweep 387) and recorded "Two, the time is that of the first [NGC
5056]. Both vF and S. The second [NGC 5057] about 7 or 8'
north following the first."
JH made the single observation "F; S; R; bM. The second of 2." and measured an
accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5058 = UGC
8345 = MCG +02-34-006 = CGCG 072-042 = Rose 30 = Mrk 786 = PGC 46241
13 16 52.3 +12
32 54
V = 13.8; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(6/1/02): faint, small, slightly elongated, 0.5'x0.4', weak concentration to
center but no defined core.
Located 8' N of mag 8.4 SAO 100490.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 5058 on 2 Jun 1883 while observing to the north of a comet. Dreyer references Tempel's discovery
list V, but it is mentioned in AN 2522 (paper VII).
******************************
NGC 5059 = UGC
8344 = CGCG 044-050 = FGC 1589 = PGC 46244
13 16 58.5 +07
50 40
V = 14.8; Size 0.9'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 8d
17.5"
(6/1/02): extremely faint, very small, elongated ~N-S, ~0.4'x0.1', requires
averted vision to glimpse. Located
1.5' NW of a mag 13.5 star.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 5059 = m 250 on 25 Mar 1865 and noted "eF, S,
lE." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 5060 = UGC
8351 = MCG +01-34-015 = CGCG 044-053 = PGC 46278
13 17 16.3 +06
02 15
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 55d
17.5"
(6/1/02): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE, 0.9'x0.7'. The halo appears to change orientation
with averted vision. Weak
concentration to a slightly brighter 15" core. Forms an equilateral triangle with mag 9.0 SAO 119848 10' SW
and mag 9.3 SAO 119852 10' NW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 5060 on 17 Apr 1863 and reported it as #168 in his AN
1500 list. His position (measured
on 3 nights) is an excellent match with UGC 8351 and he noted a mag 15 star
that precedes by 11-12 sec of time (the actual separation is 10 sec). In his 10th discovery list, Lewis Swift
claimed he discovered 4 nebulae in the field of NGC 5060, though only one (IC
872) can be associated with a galaxy.
******************************
NGC 5061 = ESO
508-038 = MCG -04-31-048 = PGC 46330
13 18 04.8 -26
50 11
V = 10.4; Size 3.5'x3.0'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(4/6/91): fairly bright, fairly small, round, small very bright core. A mag 13 star is embedded in the NE
portion of the halo. Located 2.5'
WNW of mag 8.5 SAO 181534.
8"
(5/21/82): fairly faint, small, round, small bright nucleus. A mag 10 star is 3' E.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5061 = H I-138 = h3480 on 28 Mar 1786 (sweep 550) and recorded
"cB, R, mbM in a pretty small place." His position is accurate. From the CGH, JH logged "vB;
R; bM; has a *10m 11s following; 30" south."
******************************
NGC 5062 = ESO
382-035 = MCG -06-29-026 = LGG 340-003 = PGC 46351
13 18 23.6 -35 27
32
V = 12.2; Size 2.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 132d
18"
(3/17/07): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:1 NW-SE,
0.6'x0.2'. A mag 11 star lies 1.7'
SW. Forms a pair with NGC 5063 6'
N. Located 1.3 degrees NNW of mag
2.8 Iota Centauri.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5062 = h3482, along with NGC 5063, on 1 May 1834 and recorded
"eF; vS; E. (? if really a nebula)" His position is 1.5' too far
north (similar offset as NGC 5063).
******************************
NGC 5063 = ESO
382-036 = MCG -06-29-027 = LGG 340-004 = PGC 46357
13 18 25.6 -35
21 09
V = 12.3; Size 2.0'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 145d
18"
(3/17/07): fairly faint, moderately large, round, 1' diameter. Unusual appearance with a faint star at
the north edge of the halo, a slightly brighter star at the west edge of the
halo and third fainter star superimposed closer to the center. Forms a pair with NGC 5062 located 6.4'
S.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5063 = h3481, along with NGC 5062, on 1 May 1834 and recorded
"eF; vS; R; near one or two stars." His position is 1.5' too far north.
******************************
NGC 5064 = ESO
220-002 = PGC 46409
13 19 00.0 -47
54 33
V = 12.1; Size 2.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 38d
14" (4/2/16
- Coonabarabran, 160x): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 SW-NE
(with averted), ~1.4'x0.7'.
Sharply concentrated with a bright, high surface brightness core that
increases to a bright stellar nucleus.
The extensions (spiral arms) were much fainter. A mag 9.4 star lies 6' SW. Located 1.4¡ WSW of Omega
Centauri! Brightest member of a
group
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5064 = h3483 on 3 Mar 1837 and recorded "pB; S; R; pslbM;
25"." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 5065 = UGC
8356 = MCG +05-31-170 = CGCG 160-181 = PGC 46293
13 17 30.6 +31
05 30
V = 13.6; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 90d
17.5"
(5/27/00): faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 E-W, 0.9'x0.7', pretty smooth
surface brightness. A mag 14.5-15
star is at the north edge, 26" from the center. Follows a wide pair of mag 10/12 stars (SAO 63455) by
5'. Located 19' NE of NGC 5056 in
a group. Forms a pair with CGCG
160-180 2.8' SW. The companion was
extremely faint and small, round, 15" diameter.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5065 = H III-308 = h1573 on 13 Mar 1785 (sweep 387) and noted
"vF, S." JH made a
single observation and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5066 = NGC
5069 = MCG -02-34-020 = PGC 46360
13 18 28.4 -10
14 01
V = 12.4; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 11.6; PA = 0d
17.5"
(6/1/02): faint, small, irregularly round, low even surface brightness,
0.6'x0.5'. A thin triangle of mag
11 stars is SW (vertex star is 6' SW).
Located 2¡ NW of Spica.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 5066 = m 251 on 30 May 1864 and noted "vF, vS." His position matches MCG -02-34-020 =
PGC 46360. Ormond Stone
independently discovered the galaxy in 1886 at the Leander McCormick Observatory
and reported it in list I-197 (later NGC 5069). His very rough position (nearest min of RA) is 18 sec of RA
following this galaxy and essentially matches. So, NGC 5066 = NGC 5069, with
discovery priority to Marth.
******************************
NGC 5067
13 18 28.1 -10
08 39
=**, Carlson.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 5067 = m 252, along with NGC 5066, on 30 May 1864 and noted
"vF, vS." Less than
30" south of his position is a 12" pair of mag 15 stars. Based on a Heidelberg plate, Karl
Reinmuth described NGC 5067 as a "double star 15.5 and 16 conn 45¡; neb?,
very doubtful; *14 n 1.1'."
Dorothy Carlson follows Reinmuth and also classifies NGC 5067 as a
double star.
******************************
NGC 5068 = ESO
576-029 = MCG -03-34-046 = UGCA 345 = PGC 46400
13 18 54.6 -21
02 20
V = 10.0; Size 7.2'x6.3'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 110d
13.1" (7/5/83):
fairly large, diffuse, no definite edges, almost round. NGC 5087 lies 32' NE. Member of the M83/Cen A group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5068 = H II-312 on 10 Mar 1785 (sweep 709) and recorded "F,
L, iR, brightest in the middle, but very gradually." JH never observed this galaxy but
Johann Palisa found it on 20 Mar 1884 as well as Julius Schmidt on 21 Jan 1865,
while searching for comet Bruhns.
******************************
NGC 5069 = NGC
5066 = MCG -02-34-020 = PGC 46360
13 18 28.4 -10
14 01
See observing
notes for NGC 5066.
Ormond Stone
found NGC 5069 = LM I-197 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander
McCormick Observatory. Stone's
rough position (nearest min of RA) is just 17 sec of RA east and 1' south of
NGC 5066, discovered two years earlier by Albert Marth on 30 May 1864. In the
NGC description, Dreyer questions if NGC 5066 = NGC 5069 as the positions are
fairly similar, and Harold Corwin equates the numbers.
******************************
NGC 5070 = NGC
5072 = MCG -02-34-022 = PGC 46437
13 19 12.4 -12
32 21
See observing
notes for NGC 5072.
Lewis Swift
found NGC 5070 = Sw III-67 on 3 Jun 1886 and recorded "eeF, eS, vf * v
close, looks like a D* at first; another nr; 6 in field., H.III.117 [NGC 5076],
II.193 [NGC 5077], III.118 [NGC 5079], R nova [NGC 5088] and GC 5730 [NGC
5072]." Swift's position for
NGC 5070 is 19 tsec of RA preceding and 2' south of NGC 5072 and falls in an
empty section of sky.
The only galaxy
nearby that matches this description is NGC 5072, which has a 14th magnitude
star superimposed on the south end, giving the initial impression of a faint
double star. So, based on Swift's description, NGC 5070 = NGC 5072. This galaxy was discovered earlier by
d'Arrest on 26 Apr 1867 and placed accurately.
The RNGC
misidentifies MCG -02-34-023 as NGC 5070.
This faint edge-on is located 3' NNE of NGC 5072. The RNGC misidentification is listed in
my RNGC Corrections #3, although misstated that the RNGC reversed the
identifications of NGC 5070 and NGC 5072.
******************************
NGC 5071 = CGCG
044-062 = PGC 46375
13 18 37.2 +07
56 08
V = 14.5; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 14.5; PA = 144d
17.5"
(6/1/02): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Located 3.5' W of mag 9.8 SAO 119870,
which detracts from viewing. NGC
5075 lies 9.5' SE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 5071 = m 253 on 25 Mar 1865 and noted "eF, eS, stell."
His position is just off the north edge of CGCG 044-062 = PGC 46375.
******************************
NGC 5072 = NGC
5070 = MCG -02-34-022 = PGC 46432
13 19 12.4 -12
32 21
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 90d
17.5"
(6/11/88): fairly faint, very small, round. A mag 13.5 star is in contact at the south-southwest
end. Forms a pair with (R)NGC 5070
= MCG -02-34-023 3.6' NNE in the NGC 5077 group.
MCG -02-34-023
appeared extremely faint, very small, oval ~N-S. A mag 14.5 is just off the east edge 40" from the
center. This galaxy is misidentified as NGC 5070 in the RNGC.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 5072 on 26 Apr 1867 (his last deep sky discovery),
while observing the NGC 5077 group.
His single position matches PGC 46432. NGC 5070, found by Lewis Swift on 3 Jun 1886, is a duplicate
entry. See that number. Herbert Howe, observing in moonlight in
1899-00, noted "it looked almost like a double star of mag 12-13, angle
30¡ and distance 15"."
******************************
NGC 5073 = MCG
-02-34-025 = UGCA 346 = FGC 1594 = PGC 46441
13 19 20.9 -14
50 41
V = 12.3; Size 3.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 151d
17.5"
(5/27/00): nice edge-on 7:1 NW-SE, slightly brighter core, very thin
extensions, 2.4'x0.3'. Three MCG
galaxies follow (MCG -2-34-028/032/033) by 5'.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5073 = H III-282 = h1574 on 8 Feb 1785 (sweep 372) and recorded
"vF, mE, very narrow from np to sf." JH made a single observation and
noted "vF; pL; E."
******************************
NGC 5074 = MCG
+05-31-172 = CGCG 160-183 = CGCG 161-001 = PGC 46354
13 18 25.7 +31
28 08
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(6/1/02): faint, small, round, 0.4' diameter. Fairly low even surface brightness. Located 10' S of mag 8.0 SAO
63458. Possible outlying member of
AGC 1656.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5074 = H III-309 = h1575 on 13 Mar 1785 (sweep 387) and noted
"eF, vS." JH made a
single observation and measured a fairly accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5075 = CGCG
044-065 = PGC 46424
13 19 06.3 +07
49 52
V = 14.6; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(6/1/02): faint, small, round, 30" diameter. Located 1.4' SW of a mag 13.5 star. Slightly fainter NGC
5071 is in the field 9.5' NW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 5075 = m 254 on 25 Mar 1865 and noted "vF, eS,
stell." His position is less
than 1' north of CGCG 044-065 = PGC 46424.
******************************
NGC 5076 = MCG
-02-34-026 = Holm 514c = PGC 46453
13 19 30.4 -12
44 27
V = 13.2; Size 1.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 15d
17.5"
(6/11/88): first of three in a group with NGC 5079 3.1' NE and NGC 5077 5'
N. Moderately bright, small,
irregularly round, even concentration down to a bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5076 = H III-117 = h1576 = h3489, along with NGC 5077 and NGC
5079, on 11 May 1784 (sweep 211) and recorded "three nebulae; the most
north [NGC 5077] pB, vS, bM. The
next [NGC 5079] eF, vS. The most
south [NGC 5076] excessively faint, 240 verified it. The 3 nebulae form an obtuse triangle, the base of which
direction from about 30¡ south-preceding to 30¡ north-following and vertex
follows the base." His
position matches NGC 5077. From
Slough, JH logged "vF; S; R: 15"; the sp of 3." His position is less than 1' north of
MCG -02-34-026 = PGC 46453.
d'Arrest also observed the trio on two nights and measured accurate
positions.
******************************
NGC 5077 = MCG -02-34-027
= UGCA 347 = Holm 514b = PGC 46456
13 19 31.6 -12
39 24
V = 11.3; Size 1.9'x1.5'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 10d
17.5"
(6/11/88): second of three and brightest in a group with NGC 5079 3.0' SSE and
NGC 5076 5.0' S. Fairly bright,
fairly small, oval ~N-S, bright core, stellar nucleus. A mag 14 star is 0.9' SE and an
extremely faint mag 15 "star" is at the southeast end. The mag 15 "star" mentioned
above is actually a very faint companion in contact.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5077 = H II-193 = h1577 = h3490, along with NGC 5076 and NGC
5079, on 11 May 1784 (sweep 211).
See his description under NGC 5076. From Slough, JH recorded "B; R; sbM; 30"; the
northern and second of 3."
d'Arrest made two observations and measured a very accurate position
with respect to the mag 7.3 star 33 sec of time preceding.
******************************
NGC 5078 = ESO
508-048 = AM 1317-270 = MCG -04-32-001 = PGC 46490
13 19 50.9 -27
24 28
V = 11.0; Size 4.0'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 148d
24"
(5/25/14): at 282x, appeared bright, fairly large, elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE,
2.0'x0.8', sharp concentration with a bright, thin elongated core that looks
like a bar. Although the equatorial dust lane immediately southwest of the bar
was not noticed at a low elevation, the galaxy was brighter and more extensive
on the following side of the bar.
Forms a pair with IC 879 2.5' SW.
Mag 7.8 HD 115890 lies 9' E.
Also nearby are IC 874, 17' SW and NGC 5101 25' E. The Arp-Madore atlas describes NGC 5078
as an "edge-on Sa with interacting companion [IC 879] + dust."
13.1"
(3/17/86): moderately bright, very elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, bright core. This pretty system is located 10' W of
mag 7.7 SAO 181564. NGC 5101 lies
27' E. Forms a close pair with IC
879 2.5' WSW (not seen).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5078 = H II-566 = h3484 on 28 Mar 1786 (sweep 550) and recorded
"F, pS, E." His position
is accurate. From the Cape of Good
Hope, JH logged "pB, S, pmE, psbM; has a star 7-8th mag
following." Both Herschels
missed nearby IC 879.
******************************
NGC 5079 = MCG
-02-34-030 = Holm 514a = PGC 46473
13 19 38.0 -12
41 54
V = 13.0; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 35d
17.5"
(6/11/88): third of three in a group with NGC 5077 3' NNW. Fairly faint, fairly small, oval
SSW-NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5079 = H III-118 = h1578 = h3491, along with NGC 5076 and NGC
5077, on 11 May 1784 (sweep 211).
His description is given under NGC 5076. JH made the single observation "vF; pL; lE; 40";
the following of 3." and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5080 = MCG
+02-34-007 = CGCG 072-046 = PGC 46440
13 19 19.2 +08
25 45
V = 13.6; Size 0.8'x0.8'
18"
(5/15/04): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.6' diameter, moderate
concentration to a 15" brighter core and quasi-stellar nucleus. Located 10' WSW of mag 7.1 HD
115885. A mag 14 star lies 1.7'
NW.
Edward Holden
discovered NGC 5080 on 27 Apr 1881 at the Washburn Observatory and recorded
"F, S. In field with Lalande
24735. The next night he added
"south preceding Lalande 24735 (7th mag) by 38 sec [of time]." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5081 = UGC
8366 = MCG +05-31-174 = CGCG 160-192 = CGCG 161-010 = PGC 46427
13 19 08.2 +28
30 25
V = 13.0; Size 2.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 103d
18"
(5/30/03): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 5:2 E-W, 1.6'x0.6', weak
concentration. A mag 14 star is
30" N of center. Located 4'
SSE of mag 7.2 SAO 82777, which detracts from viewing.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 5081 on 19 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position (measured
on 3 nights) matches UGC 8366 and he noted Lalande 24724 [HD 115782] precedes
by 5 sec and 203" north.
******************************
NGC 5082 = ESO
269-089 = MCG -07-27-053 = LGG 348-001 = PGC 46566
13 20 40.0 -43
42 00
V = 12.8; Size 1.7'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 23d
13.1"
(2/19/04 - Costa Rica): fairly faint, fairly small, oval 3:2 SSW-NNE,
1.0'x0.7', broad weak concentration.
A nice double star (11.1/11.7) lies 2.8' NNE and the striking pair of
galaxies NGC 5090/5091 is 6' E!
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5082 = h3485 on 3 Jun 1834 and recorded "vF; S;
R." On a second observation
(sweep 788), he added a size estimate of 20" and noted it was 1st in a
group of 4.
******************************
NGC 5083 = UGC
8367 = MCG +07-27-059 = CGCG 217-028 = PGC 46413
13 19 03.0 +39
35 21
V = 14.2; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 130d
17.5"
(6/1/02): faint, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter. Low surface brightness with little or no concentration. Collinear with a mag 10 star 4.5' NNE
and mag 9.3 SAO 63470 8' NE (nearly equally spaced).
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5083 = Sw I-23 on 14 Jun 1885 and recorded "pF; R; pL; DM
+2644/5 point to it." His position
is just 7 sec of RA west of UGC 8367 and the description matches. Bigourdan was unable to find this
galaxy.
******************************
NGC 5084 = ESO
576-033 = MCG -04-32-004 = LGG 345-001 = PGC 46525
13 20 16.6 -21
49 39
V = 10.5; Size 9.3'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 80d
13.1"
(7/5/83): fairly bright, very elongated 4:1 E-W, fairly large, small bright
nucleus with thin faint extensions.
Brightest in a group (LGG 345) that includes NGC 5087 and NGC 5134.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5084 = H II-313 = h1579 on 10 Mar 1785 (sweep 709) and recorded
"pB, lE in the parallel, the greatest brightness is towards the following
side, which is also the thickest; the preceding part being more like a ray
proceeding from it." JH made
a single observation, logging "B; R: psbM; 35"."
******************************
NGC 5085 = ESO
508-050 = MCG -04-32-005 = UGCA 349 = PGC 46531
13 20 17.9 -24
26 18
V = 11.3; Size 3.4'x3.0'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 38d
13.1"
(3/17/86): large, diffuse, weak concentration, slightly elongated. Located 4.2' N of mag 8.5 SAO 181562
and 10.8' WNW of mag 7.1 SAO 181577.
13.1"
(7/5/83): fairly faint, moderately large, very diffuse, very little or no
concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5085 = H II-780 on 26 Mar 1789 (sweep 918) and recorded "F,
L, vglbM, about 4' dia." His
position is 2' north of ESO 508-050 = PGC 46531, the only nearby large
galaxy. JH did not observe this
galaxy.
******************************
NGC 5086
13 20 59 -43 44
00
=**, Corwin.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5086 = h3486 on 7 Apr 1837 within a group including NGC 5082,
NGC 5090 and NGC 5091. He
described NGC 5086 as "eF, R, 15", the 2nd of a group of 4" and
placed it 10 sec of RA west and 50" south of NGC 5090, the brightest in
the group. There is no galaxy at
this offset, though very close to his position is a pair of mag 14-15 stars at
17" separation that Harold Corwin identifies as NGC 5086.
The RNGC
misidentifies ESO 270-003 as NGC 5086.
This galaxy is located 3.4' due south of NGC 5090. This error was noted in my RNGC
Corrections #5. ESO likely
misidentifies ESO 270-001 as NGC 5086.
This galaxy is 12 sec of time west of NGC 5090 and 2' south.
******************************
NGC 5087 = ESO
576-035 = MCG -03-34-050 = UGCA 350 = LGG 344-002 = PGC 46541
13 20 24.9 -20
36 40
V = 11.4; Size 2.3'x1.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 10d
17.5"
(4/4/92): fairly bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, prominent bright
core, stellar nucleus. Five fairly
bright mag 9.5-11 stars are at the west edge of the 220x field including a pair
9' due west.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5087 = H III-724 on 8 Apr 1788 (sweep 826) and noted "cF,
vS, iF." CH's reduced
position is 5 sec of RA east of ESO 576-035 = PGC 46541.
******************************
NGC 5088 = MCG
-02-34-034 = Holm 515a = PGC 46535 = LEDA 950842
13 20 20.1 -12
34 18
V = 12.4; Size 2.6'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 178d
17.5"
(6/11/88): moderately bright, fairly large, very elongated 3:1 N-S, broad
concentration. In a group with NGC
5077 13' WNW. Located 8' SE of mag
9.3 SAO 157863.
R.J. Mitchell,
using LdR's 72", discovered NGC 5088 on 18 Apr 1855. After reporting observations of NGC
5076, 5079 and 5077, he found another "12' nf (Pos 25¡ +/- from the north
one [NGC 5077], pB, S, lE ns, pgmbM." At this offset is PGC 46535. Heinrich d'Arrest found this galaxy on 26 Apr 1867,
questioned if it might be LdR's nebula, and measured an accurate position. Truman Safford found it again on 20 May
1868 (he also questioned if his object was GC 3489 [NGC 5088]) with the 18-inch
refractor at the Dearborn Observatory.
******************************
NGC 5089 = UGC
8371 = MCG +05-31-175 = CGCG 160-194 = CGCG 161-012 = PGC 46477
13 19 39.3 +30
15 23
V = 13.0; Size 1.7'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 120d
18"
(5/30/03): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, 0.7'x0.5'. A mag 15 star is at the SW edge
(16" from center). Another
faint star is off the NE side ~1' from the galaxy. UGC 8377 lies 9' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5089 = H II-327 = h1580 on 13 Mar 1785 (sweep 387) and noted
"F, pS." JH made two
observations and logged (sweep 65) "pB; pL; gbM." His position on
this sweep is within 30" of UGC 8371.
******************************
NGC 5090 = ESO
270-002 = MCG -07-27-054 = LGG 339-008 = PGC 46618
13 21 13.4 -43
42 20
V = 11.6; Size 2.9'x2.4'; Surf Br = 13.7
13.1"
(2/19/04 - Costa Rica): moderately bright, moderately large, slightly elongated
E-W, 1.6'x1.3', broad concentration.
Forms a close, interesting pair with NGC 5091 1.4' SE of center. NGC 5082 lies 6' W. Located 1¡ SW of
Centaurus A and 4.8' SW of mag 4.8 HD 115988.
17.5"
(4/7/89): fairly faint, moderately large, slightly elongated, even surface
brightness. Located 4.8' SSW of
mag 6.7 SAO 224083.
17.5" (2/28/87):
very faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, low even surface brightness. Located south of a mag 7 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5090 = h3487 on 3 Jun 1834 and recorded "B; pL; R;
60"." His position
(measured on two nights) is accurate.
Brightest in a group east of the Centaurus cluster.
******************************
NGC 5091 = ESO
270-004 = MCG -07-27-055 = PGC 46626
13 21 18.6 -43
43 19
V = 13.1; Size 1.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 130d
13.1"
(2/19/04 - Costa Rica): fairly faint, very elongated 4:1 NW-SE, ~1' in length
and up to 1.4'x0.3' with averted vision.
The major axis is collinear with the center of NGC 5090 just 1.4'
NW! NGC 5082 lies 7' WNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5091 = h3488 on 3 Jun 1834 and recorded "F; lE; The last of
group; attached to the preceding one [NGC 5090]."
******************************
NGC 5092 = UGC
8376 = MCG +04-31-023 = CGCG 130-030 = CGCG 131-001 = PGC 46493
13 19 51.5 +23
00 00
V = 13.3; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3
18"
(5/30/03): fairly faint, small, round, 0.6' diameter, weak concentration. A mag 14.5-15 star lies 50" SSE of
center.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 5092 on 12 Apr 1867 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His mean position
(measured twice) is just off the southeast side of UGC 8376. He noted the mag
14.5-15 star just off the southern edge, though called it mag 17.
******************************
NGC 5093 = UGC
8373 = MCG +07-27-060 = CGCG 217-029 = PGC 46472
13 19 37.8 +40
23 10
V = 13.7; Size 1.4'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 143d
18"
(5/30/03): fairly faint, fairly small, 0.6' diameter. Appears to have a large, prominent core with a very faint
extensions increasing size to 0.9'x0.6'.
Located 16' NNW of mag 5.6 23 CVn and 26' ESE of mag 4.7 20 CVn.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5093 = H III-633 = h1583 on 18 Mar 1787 (sweep 717) and noted
"vF, S, lbM." CH's
reduced position is 1.5' south of UGC 8373. JH logged "vF; R; bM; 12"."
******************************
NGC 5094 = MCG
-02-34-037 = PGC 46580
13 20 46.8 -14
04 50
V = 13.0; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 105d
18"
(5/15/04): fairly faint, small, irregularly round, 25"x20". Forms a close pair with MCG -02-34-036
1.4' SW. The companion appeared
faint, very small, elongated 3:2 ~N-S, 20"x12". A mag 14 star lies
1.2' SE with a mag 15.5 companion close southwest. A third mag 15 star lies 1' E of the galaxy.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5094 = H III-539 = h1581 on 27 Mar 1786 (sweep 548) and noted
"vF, vS." His position
(CH's reduction) is within 1' of MCG -02-34-037 = PGC 46580.
******************************
NGC 5095 = UGC
8381 = MCG +00-34-029 = CGCG 016-054 = PGC 46561
13 20 36.7 -02
17 22
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 126d
17.5"
(4/4/92): very faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE, low even surface
brightness. A mag 11.5 star is
just off the SW edge 1.8' from center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5095 = h1582 on 15 Apr 1828 and recorded "vF; R; gbM. It is 40¡ nf a * 11m." His position is 1' too far south and
the mag 11 star is placed correctly.
******************************
NGC 5096 = MCG
+06-29-076 = CGCG 189-051 = VV 633 = PGC 46506
13 20 08.5 +33
05 19
V = 13.8; Size 0.8'x0.8'
17.5"
(5/23/98): very faint, small, round, 25" diameter. Situated between a mag 10 star 3.1' SSW
and a mag 11 star 2.4' NE. In a
group with double system NGC 5098 3.5' NNE. An extremely faint companion 1' following was glimpsed
several times. NGC 5096, itself,
is a very close triple system that was not resolved.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5096 = H III-650 = h1584 on 20 Mar 1787 (sweep 722) and logged
"eF, vS." CH's reduction
is 22 sec of RA west and 1.4' north of CGCG 189-051 = PGC 46506. Nearby is NGC 5098 to the north, though WH's position is a
bit further off from this galaxy (pair).
JH made two observations, first calling h1584 (sweep 74) "F; S; R;
bM; the sp of 2 [with NGC 5098].
NGC 5096 is a triple, connected system with fainter components attached
on the northwest and northeast side.
The MCG
misidentifies the western component of the double system NGC 5098 as NGC 5096.
******************************
NGC 5097 = PGC
46602
13 20 59.7 -12
28 17
Size
0.5'x0.3'; PA = 45d
17.5"
(6/11/88): fairly faint, small, round, bright core. Located within the NGC 5077 group.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5097 = Sw III-68 on 3 Jun 1886 and recorded "eF; eS; R;
stellar; nearly bet. 2 stars."
His position is 4 sec of RA east and 2.5' south of PGC 46602.
******************************
NGC 5098 = MCG
+06-29-078 = CGCG 189-052 = PGC 46529 = PGC 46515
13 20 17.7 +33
08 41
V = 14.6; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(5/23/98): Both components of this close double system (separated by 38")
appeared very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. A mag 11 star lies 2.0' S. In a group with NGC 5096 3.5' SSW and
MCG +06-29-079 9' NNE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5098 = h1585 on 29 Apr 1827 and logged "F; S; between 2
stars; the nf of 2 [with NGC 5096]."
Although the two components of this double system are fairly equal in
brightness, JH only reported a single object and his position is just south of
the midpoint. Harold Corwin notes
the comment "between 2 stars" fits the western component better,
though they are close enough that either may have been his object.
MCG
misidentifies the western component (PGC 46515) as NGC 5096. See Harold Corwin's notes for further
discussion.
******************************
NGC 5099 = PGC
46627
13 21 19.5 -13
02 32
V = 14.6; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(4/21/01): extremely faint, small, round, 20" diameter. Located 12' NW of NGC 5105 and
symmetrically placed on opposite side of a 1' pair of mag 13 stars.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5099 = Sw III-69 on 3 Jun 1886 and logged "eF; eS;
R." His position is 2.7'
south of PGC 46627, a very similar error as NGC 5097 = Sw III-68, observed the
same night.
******************************
NGC 5100 = NGC
5106? = UGC 8389 = MCG +02-34-009 = CGCG 072-050 = PGC 46599
13 20 59.6 +08
58 42
V = 14.1; Size 1.3'x0.9'
18"
(5/15/04): faint, small, irregularly round, 25"x20", slightly
brighter core. Located 6' NE of
mag 9 SAO 119888. A mag 13.5 star
lies 1.8' NE of center.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 5100 = m 255 on 22 Mar 1865 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and
logged "vF, vS, lbM." His position matches UGC 8389. William Herschel probably first
discovered this galaxy on 23 Jan 1784 and recorded it as H II-22 (later NGC
5106), but his position was poor.
See NGC 5106 for the details.
******************************
NGC 5101 = ESO
508-058 = MCG -04-32-008 = UGCA 351 = PGC 46661
13 21 46.1 -27
25 47
V = 10.6; Size 5.4'x4.6'; Surf Br = 13.9
13.1"
(3/17/86): moderately bright, elongated WNW-ESE, gradually increases to a small
bright core. A mag 12.5 star is
1.6' W of center. NGC 5078 lies
27' W.
8"
(5/21/82): fairly faint, small, elongated NW-SE. A mag 12 star is close W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5101 = H II-567 = h3493 on 28 Mar 1786 (sweep 550) and recorded
"pB, pL, gbM; iF." His
position is 46 tsec preceding ESO 508-058. JH made two observations from the CGH and measured an
accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5102 = ESO
382-050 = MCG -06-29-031 = PGC 46674
13 21 56.6 -36
37 53
V = 9.6; Size 8.7'x2.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 48d
13.1"
(2/19/04 - Costa Rica): bright, fairly large, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE,
4.5'x1.5'. Sharply concentrated
with a small very bright core that increases to a sharp stellar nucleus. The extensions are much fainter and
require averted vision to see the full extent. Located 17' ENE of Iota Centauri and 6.1' SE of mag 8.3 HD
116049. This is a luminous
starburst S0 galaxy and a member of the M83/Cen A group.
13.1"
(3/17/86): fairly bright, small, very small bright core, elongated SW-NE. Located 17' ENE of Iota Centauri (V =
2.8) and 6.1' SE of mag 8 SAO 204385.
8": fairly
faint, fairly large, elongated.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5102 = h3492 on 21 Apr 1835 and recorded "vB; R; svmbM;
50"."
******************************
NGC 5103 = UGC
8388 = MCG +07-27-062 = CGCG 217-031 = CGCG 218-001 = LGG 346-002 = PGC 46552
13 20 30.1 +43
05 02
V = 12.6; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 143d
18"
(5/30/03): this is a pretty, fairly small spindle-shaped lenticular, elongated
2:1 NW-SE, 0.6'x0.3'. Located 1.8'
S of mag 8.2 SAO 44572. A
distinctive string of mag 11/12/13 star is to the NE of the bright star. NGC 5123 lies 29' E.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5103 = H II-665 on 9 Apr 1787 (sweep 725) and recorded "pB,
S, E, 300x showed it like a star with pretty strong burs." His position is 8 sec of RA too far
west. Engelhardt measured an
accurate micrometric position.
******************************
NGC 5104 = UGC
8391 = MCG +00-34-031 = CGCG 016-057 = PGC 46633
13 21 23.1 +00
20 32
V = 13.7; Size 1.2'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 170d
18"
(5/29/05): faint, small, elongated 2:1 ~N-S, 0.7'x0.3'. Contains a very small,
brighter core. This is a an
edge-on starburst galaxy.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 5104 = m 256 on 12 Apr 1864 and noted "F, S, lE." His position is within 1' of UGC 8391.
******************************
NGC 5105 = MCG
-02-34-039 = PGC 46664
13 21 49.0 -13
12 24
V = 11.8; Size 2.0'x1.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 140d
17.5"
(4/21/01): very faint, moderately large, round, 1.5' diameter, very low surface
brightness, weak concentration. In
a group with NGC 5099 12' NW and NGC 5111 22' NE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5105 = Sw III-70, along with NGC 5099, on 3 Jun 1886 and
recorded "eF; pS; lE; double star [ADS 12506] in field." His position is just 1' south of PGC
46664.
******************************
NGC 5106 = NGC
5100? = UGC 8389 = MCG +02-34-009 = CGCG 072-050 = PGC 46599
13 20 59.6 +08
58 42
See observing
notes for NGC 5100. The
equivalence with NGC 5100 is uncertain and Reinmuth and Carlson identify NGC
5106 with a star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5106 = H II-22 on 23 Jan 1784 (sweep 108) and recorded a "a
vS and F neb, sp 59 Vir. Its A.R.
is about 13h 06 1/4m [No polar distance recorded]. While I looked into the finder to determine its situation I
lost it, but shall endeavor to find it another night." Dreyer noted in "Scientific Papers
of William Herschel" there is no nebula in WH's place and this number
probably refers to NGC 5100 (found by Marth), which is 35 sec preceding and 30'
north of the assumed place of II-22." In his NGC correction list, Dreyer repeats "II.22 must
be = 5100." Harold
Corwin notes there are inconsistencies with this identification, so the
identity NGC 5106 = NGC 5100 is "provisional". See his notes for more.
Karl Reinmuth
probably looked for NGC 5106 at the NGC position and reported "=*14.0; 13
14.3 +09 15 (1860) neb susp."
This was repeated by Dorothy Carlson and by the RNGC.
******************************
NGC 5107 = UGC
8396 = MCG +07-28-001 = CGCG 218-003 = CGCG 218-003 = Mrk 1346 = LGG 334-011 =
PGC 46636
13 21 24.9 +38
32 17
V = 13.2; Size 1.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 128d
17.5"
(6/6/86): fairly faint, edge-on streak NW-SE, weak concentration. A faint star is off the NW edge. Located 13' SSW of NGC 5112. Member of the NGC 5033 Group (LGG 334).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5107 = H III-619 = h1586 on 17 Mar 1787 (sweep 714) and logged
vF, S, E near the meridian."
His position matches UGC 8396.
******************************
NGC 5108 = ESO
444-020 = MCG -05-32-005 = PGC 46774
13 23 18.8 -32
20 32
V = 14.0; Size 1.2'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 2d
18"
(6/4/05): marginal observation. An
extremely faint star was sometimes visible at the plotted position. Once or twice this "star"
(core of galaxy?) definitely appeared hazy and perhaps elongated. Located 9' E of NGC 5114 and 3.4' WNW
of a mag 10.9 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5108 = h3494 on 3 Jun 1836 NGC 5108 and noted "eeF. The preceding of 2 [with NGC
5114]." He noted the RA as
approximate and his position is 16 sec of time too far west.
******************************
NGC 5109 = NGC
5113? = UGC 8393 = MCG +10-19-061 = CGCG 294-032 = PGC 46589
13 20 52.7 +57
38 32
V = 12.8; Size 1.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 153d
18"
(5/30/03): fairly faint, nearly edge-on 7:2 NNW-SSE, 1.2'x0.35', broad
concentration with a slightly brighter core.
William Herschel
found NGC 5109 = H II-826 = h1588 on 17 Mar 1790 (sweep 947) and noted "F,
S, E." There is nothing at
his position, but 70 sec of RA preceding is UGC 8393. This galaxy was discovered by WH on 24 Apr 1789 (sweep 926)
and catalogued as III-808 = NGC 5113.
Dreyer comments
in his notes to WH's third catalogue, that "[III-808] is no doubt
identical with II 826 [NGC 5109], both observed once only and in different
sweeps. Harold Corwin also
concludes that NGC 5113 = NGC 5109.
But Malcolm Thomson argues that NGC 5113 = CGCG 294-034, a fainter
edge-on 5' northeast of NGC 5109.
******************************
NGC 5110 = NGC
5111: = MCG -02-34-041 = PGC 46737
13 22 56.5 -12
57 53
V = 11.7; Size 1.9'x1.6'; Surf Br = 12.8
See observing
notes for NGC 5111. As far as RNGC
5111 = PGC 46719, it appeared very faint, small, slightly elongated E-W,
25" diameter, low even surface brightness. A mag 13 star lies 1' NE. Located 8' SW of NGC 5111 and a similar distance north of
mag 7.8 SAO 157895. The NGC
identification is uncertain as Swift's position was poor and NGC 5110 may be a
duplicate observation of NGC 5111.
Lewis Swift
found NGC 5110 = Sw III-71 on 3 Jun 1886 and recorded "eF, pS, R, in line
with 2 pB stars". His
position is 6 sec of RA west and 2.4' south of NGC 5111 (discovered by
WH). This galaxy is collinear with
two mag 12 and 13.5 stars to the northwest, matching Swift's description.
RNGC and PGC
misidentify PGC 46719 as NGC
5110. This galaxy is 13 sec of RA
west and 3.5' south of Swift's position.
More importantly, it is not in line with "2 pB stars" as Swift
noted. But Malcolm Thomson feels
this galaxy is still a reasonable match.
Harold Corwin
equates NGC 5110 with NGC 5111 as this galaxy is in a line with two mag 12-13
stars to the northwest. In this
case, Swift's position is 12 tsec E and 4' too far south. Based on the description, NGC 5111 is a
better match, though I'm surprised Swift would call this galaxy "eF"
as the V magnitude is 11.7.
******************************
NGC 5111 = NGC
5110: = MCG -02-34-041 = PGC 46737
13 22 56.5 -12
57 53
V = 11.7; Size 1.9'x1.6'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(4/21/01): moderately bright, round, 1.5' diameter, small bright core, stellar
nucleus. Collinear with two mag 14
and 12 stars 1.2' W and 2.7' NW.
Forms a pair with PGC 46719 (possibly NGC 5110) 8' SW. The NGC 5077 group lies ~50' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5111 = H III-119 = h1587 on 11 May 1784 (sweep 211) and recorded
"eF, vS, stellar; 240 verified it; it is in a row with 2 vF stars and
south-following them." JH
made two observations and his position on sweep 352 is a good match with MCG
-02-34-041. NGC 5110 = Sw III-71,
found by Lewis Swift on 3 Jun 1886, is probably a duplicate observation. See that number.
******************************
NGC 5112 = UGC
8403 = MCG +07-28-003 = CGCG 218-005 = LGG 334-012 = PGC 46671
13 21 56.6 +38
44 07
V = 12.1; Size 4.0'x2.8'; Surf Br = 14.6; PA = 130d
17.5" (6/6/86):
this unusual galaxy appears moderately bright, generally elongated NW-SE but
the brighter core is offset east of center. A mag 12.5 star is at the southeast edge, 1.1' from the
center. Located 9.8' SSE of mag
7.2 SAO 63494. NGC 5107 lies 13'
SSW. Member of the NGC 5033 Group
(LGG 334).
8"
(5/21/82): diffuse, elongated NW-SE.
Located 10' S of a mag 7 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5112 = H II-646 = h1589 on 17 Mar 1787 (sweep 714) and recorded
"pB, L, iF; unequally bright, among scattered stars, 3 or 4' dia."
R.J. Mitchell
sketched the galaxy in 1856 and 1857 (see LdR's 1861 publication) and noted
"sf branch doubtful." On
19 Apr 1857 he added "the bend in p end quite easily seen, the F neby
towards the star sf is not nearly so certain."
******************************
NGC 5113 = NGC
5109? = UGC 8393 = MCG +10-19-061 = CGCG 294-032 = PGC 46589
13 20 52.7 +57
38 32
See observing
notes for NGC 5109. PGC, CGCG and
RNGC identify NGC 5113 as CGCG 294-034.
My notes for CGCG 294-034 are below.
18"
(5/30/03): extremely faint, small, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE, 0.5'x0.15. A mag 14 star is south of the SW
tip. Requires averted to glimpse.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5113 = H III-808 on 24 Apr 1789 (sweep 926) and recorded
"cF, S, E." There is
nothing at his position, but 30 sec of time preceding and 2' north is UGC 8393
and his comment "elongated" is appropriate. He probably found this galaxy again on 17 Mar 1790
(sweep 947) and recorded II-826 as "F, S, E." His position on sweep 947 was about 70
sec of RA following UGC 8393 and both JH and WH catalogued this galaxy a second
time as II-826 = GC 3509 = NGC 5109.
Dreyer comments
in his notes to WH's third catalogue that "[III-808] is no doubt identical
with II 826 [NGC 5109], both observed once only and in different sweeps. Harold Corwin also concludes that NGC
5113 = NGC 5109.
Malcolm Thomson
has a long discussion of III-808 and II-826 in his Catalogue Corrections
monograph and he concludes that H II-826 = NGC 5113 = CGCG 294-034, a fainter
edge-on 5' northeast of NGC 5109.
CGCG and PGC (as well as secondary sources such as Megastar) identify
CGCG 294-034 as NGC 5113.
******************************
NGC 5114 = ESO
444-024 = MCG -05-32-006 = LGG 353-001 = PGC 46828
13 24 01.7 -32
20 38
V = 12.4; Size 1.7'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 80d
18"
(6/4/05): fairly faint, moderately large, slightly elongated ~E-W, roughly
1.2'x0.9'. Contains a relatively
large brighter core that increases to a faint stellar nucleus. The halo has a low surface brightness
and the edge is difficult to determine as it fades into the background. A mag 11 star lies 5.8' WSW and very
difficult NGC 5108 is 9' W.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5114 = h3495 on 3 Jun 1836 and recorded "F; lE; psbM. The following of 2 [with NGC
5108." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 5115 = UGC
8408 = MCG +02-34-010 = CGCG 072-057 = PGC 46754
13 23 00.4 +13
57 02
V = 13.7; Size 1.4'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 97d
17.5"
(5/23/98): very faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter with a low, even
surface brightness. A mag 14 star
follows by 2.0' and a very close double star is 6' E. Located 17' W of NGC 5129 in a group.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5115 = Sw VI-54 on 24 Apr 1887 and recorded "eeeF; S; R; *
nr f; more distant double star follows 25s; ee diff." His RA is 10 sec too large but his
description of the nearby stars confirms that NGC 5115 = UGC 8408.
******************************
NGC 5116 = UGC
8410 = MCG +05-32-009 = CGCG 161-036 = PGC 46744
13 22 55.6 +26
58 51
V = 12.7; Size 2.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 40d
18"
(6/21/03): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 3:1 SW-NE, 1.3'x0.4'. Broad concentration with a brighter
core and fainter, tapering extensions.
A mag 12 star lies 2' NW.
Forms a pair with IC 4234 8' N at 215x in the 18' field (10.5 Pentax
XL).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5116 = H III-368 = h1590 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and remarked
"vF, mE, about 1.5' long, r.
I stopped to gage otherwise I might perhaps have overlooked
it." JH made two observations
and noted "not vF; pmE; lbM; 30" l; pos 40¡ inclined to the parallel.
******************************
NGC 5117 = UGC
8411 = MCG +05-32-010 = CGCG 161-037 = PGC 46746
13 22 56.5 +28
18 59
V = 13.2; Size 2.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 154d
18"
(6/21/03): faint, moderately large, elongated ~5:2 NNW-SSE, 1.0'x0.4'. Forms the southern vertex of a near
equilateral triangle with a two mag 12.5 stars 3.0' NNE and 3.6' NW. Very weak concentration but no
noticeable core.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5117 = h1592 on 30 Mar 1827 and recorded "vF; L; makes an
equilateral triangle with two stars 11m, np." His position and description matches UGC 8411.
******************************
NGC 5118 = UGC
8413 = MCG +01-34-019 = CGCG 044-078 = IC 4236 = PGC 46782
13 23 27.5 +06
23 33
V = 13.7; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 100d
18"
(5/29/05): faint, small, round, 0.6' diameter, weakly concentrated with an
irregular surface brightness. UGC
8427 lies 18' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5118 = H III-925 = h1591 on 12 May 1793 (sweep 1043) and noted
"eF; S." JH made two
observations, logged "F; R; gbM; 20".", and measured an accurate
position (sweep 152). Lewis Swift
probably found the galaxy again on 22 May 1897 and reported it as new in list
XI-156 = IC 4236. There is nothing
at his position, but exactly 10' north is NGC 5118. So, likely IC 4236 is a duplicate of NGC 5118. See Harold Corwin's notes for some
discrepancies with Swift's published data.
******************************
NGC 5119 = MCG
-02-34-042 = PGC 46826
13 24 00.3 -12
16 35
V = 13.0; Size 1.3'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 19d
18"
(5/29/05): fairly faint, small, elongated at least 2:1 SSW-NNE, 0.5'x0.2',
fairly high surface brightness (possibly viewed core only). Increases to a sharp stellar
nucleus. Located 70' SSW of Spica.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5119 = h3497 on 6 May 1836 and recorded "pB; S; R: or lE;
definition bad; doubted at first if it really was a nebula, but remained
satisfied." His position is
just off the south edge of PGC 46826.
In the Cape catalogue, JH equated this object with H III-115, but NGC
5146 = H III-115.
******************************
NGC 5120 = ESO
096-SC11 = Ru 166 = OCL-899
13 25 41 -63 27
30
V = 10.8; Size 3'
18" (7/7/05
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): picked up at 228x as a rich, compact swarm
of faint stars to the south of two mag 9.5 stars. About two dozen mag 13-14.5 stars are resolved in a 2.5'
circular region over haze. A
single brighter mag 11 star is near the east end of this small group. Located just 2.5' SE of mag 9.5 HD
116492 and 5' SW of mag 9.5 HD 116628.
NGC 5155, a very rich and large Milky Way field, is immediately
northeast.
Listed as
"no cl?" in RNGC although shows up quite nicely at the eyepiece. See identification notes.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5120 = h3496 on 16 Jun 1835 NGC 5120 and recorded "Cl class
VI; oval; 4' l by 3' br; stars 12...16; an extremely rich clustering patch in
the milky way, which is here superb." About 3' southwest of JH's position is a fairly rich group
of stars. This cluster is identified as Ru 166 in Lynga #5 and the Sky
Catalogue 2000, and RNGC says "no cl?". But ESO labels this group NGC 5120.
******************************
NGC 5121 = ESO
382-057 = MCG -06-29-035 = PGC 46896
13 24 45.5 -37
40 57
V = 11.5; Size 1.9'x1.5'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 36d
13.1"
(3/17/86): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated ~E-W, brighter
core. Located 21' N of mag 7.4 SAO
204431.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5121 = h3498 on 26 Jun 1834 and recorded "B; R: psvmbM;
30"; r; probably a dim seen globular cluster."
******************************
NGC 5122 = MCG
-02-34-043 = PGC 46848
13 24 14.9 -10
39 15
V = 13.4; Size 0.9'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.0; PA = 115d
48" (4/19/17):
at 610x; bright, moderately large, very elongated spindle WNW-ESE, 0.8'x0.3',
tapers at the tips. Contains a
very bright core and a sharp stellar nucleus. A mag 14.5 star is barely off the WNW tip. An extension bulges out perpendicular
to the major axis at the core towards the SSW. This is the beginning of an edge-on polar ring, which
extends out 1' from the center SSW and NNE, but only a small section to the SSW
was noticed.
18"
(5/29/05): fairly faint, very small, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE, 0.4'x0.2'. Contains a sharp, stellar nucleus or a
faint star is superimposed.
Confusing the situation is a similar mag 14 star that is just off the
WNW extension and in line with the major axis of the galaxy. Located 35' NNW of Spica. NGC 5130 lies 27' N.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5122 = Sw VI-56 on 24 Apr 1887 and recorded "vF; S; R; in
finder field with Alpha Virginis."
His position is just off the northeast side of the galaxy. NGC 5122 is a relatively nearby and
well-known polar-ring galaxy. The
faint ring is very nearly perpendicular to the disc, and both are seen nearly
edge-on.
******************************
NGC 5123 = UGC
8415 = MCG +07-28-005 = CGCG 218-006 = PGC 46767
13 23 10.5 +43
05 10
V = 12.8; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1
18" (5/30/03):
fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter. Just a broad, weak
concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5123 = H II-666 = h1594 on 9 Apr 1787 (sweep 725) and recorded
"pB, S, mbM, iR." JH made the single observation "F; R: gbM;
35"." and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5124 = ESO
444-027 = MCG -05-32-009 = IC 4233 = LGG 351-002 = AM 1322-300 = PGC 46902
13 24 50.4 -30
18 27
V = 12.1; Size 2.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 9d
18"
(6/4/05): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated ~5:2 N-S, 1.2'x0.5', fades at
the tips. Fairly well concentrated
with a small, brighter round core ~15" diameter and fainter
extensions. Three mag 8.5-10 stars
to the SE with mag 8.4 HD 116623 6.4' SE. Forms a close pair with NGC 5126 1.6'
SSE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5124 = h3499 on 5 May 1834 and recorded "eF; S;
lE." His position (also
measured the next night when he also noticed NGC 5126) is accurate. Lewis Swift probably found this galaxy
again on 31 Dec 1897 and recorded Sw XI-155 = IC 4233 as "eeF; pS; R;
trapezium near sf." There is
nothing at his position, but 50 sec of RA east is NGC 5124 and his description
matches. So, NGC 5124 = IC 4233.
******************************
NGC 5125 = UGC
8421 = MCG +02-34-011 = CGCG 072-062 = PGC 46827
13 24 00.7 +09
42 37
V = 12.4; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 170d
17.5"
(5/27/95): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated N-S, 50"
diameter. Even concentration to a
bright core and very small nucleus.
At steady moments, the nucleus appears stellar.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5125 = h1593 on 18 Jan 1828 and logged "not vF; S; R;
gbM."
******************************
NGC 5126 = ESO
444-028 = MCG -05-32-010 = AM 1322-300 = PGC 46910
13 24 53.6 -30
20 01
V = 13.1; Size 1.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 57d
18"
(6/4/05): extremely faint, small, elongated 5:2 SW-NE, 0.8'x0.3'. Low surface brightness and requires
averted to confirm. Located 1.6'
SSE of brighter NGC 5124. A group
of four brighter stars lie southeast including mag 8.4 HD 116623 4.9' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5126 = h3500 on 6 May 1834 and noted "vF; vS." The previous night he discovered
brighter NGC 5124. This galaxy has
two very faint, close companions making this group a quadruple.
******************************
NGC 5127 = UGC
8419 = MCG +05-32-013 = CGCG 161-042 = LGG 350-003 = PGC 46809
13 23 45.1 +31
33 57
V = 11.9; Size 2.8'x2.2'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 75d
17.5"
(5/19/01): fairly faint, fairly small, roundish but slightly irregular outline,
1.0' diameter. The bright core
appears offset to the geometric center.
A neat group of four mag 13-14 stars lies 3'-4' NW. Forms a pair with difficult CGCG 161-41
6' N. NGC 5127 is the
second-brightest galaxy in Zwicky cluster 1319.6+3135 and brightest in LGG 350.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5127 = H II-328 = h1596 on 13 Mar 1785 (sweep 387) and recorded
"pB, pS, nearly R, mbM."
His position is very poor.
JH made three observations and first logged "pB; R; gbM. No other near." His position on this sweep is
excellent.
******************************
NGC 5128 =
Centaurus A = Arp 153 = ESO 270-009 = MCG -07-28-001 = PGC 46957
13 25 27.6 -43
01 09
V = 6.8; Size 25.7'x20.0'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 35d
48"
(4/13/10): at 330x there was a fascinating amount of structure in the wide,
equatorial dark lane that bisects the galaxy. The dust lane varied in width with fine structure along its
ragged, crenated edge. The
interior of the dust lane also varied in brightness with a bright patch close to
the center, just following a bright, mag 12 star near the south edge of the
lane. This patch is elongated with
some structure and may be the visible portion of the obscured core. Clouds interrupted this brief
observation.
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): I didn't take detailed notes with
the 24", but the appearance was mesmerizing at 200x. The equatorial dust lane was more full
of contrast and exhibited finer texture and scalloped detail at the edges than
I've observed previously in smaller scopes from Australia.
20"
(6/29/02 - Bargo, Australia): at 230x, Cen A nearly fills the 15' field. The 15'x1' dark rift is fascinating
with a scalloped, wavy edge and a thin streak is easily visible near the center
within the rift. This was easily
the most detailed view I've ever had of Centaurus A.
12"
(6/29/02 - Bargo, Australia): at 186x, Centaurus A appeared very bright with a
large, prominent dust lane cutting a dark swath through the center from
NW-SE. The SW hemisphere is a bit
larger and more prominent and contains a bright star. There is a mag 12 star within the dust lane (west of center)
with two very faint stars at both NW and SW borders of the lane. Some faint haze is superimposed near
the center of the dark rift, following the star superimposed on the lane.
17.5"
(3/12/88): bright, large, very large prominent dust lane oriented NW-SE. The SW hemisphere is larger and
brighter. A star is superimposed
at the south edge of the dust lane (west of center) and a bright star is
superimposed on the SW hemisphere (south of center).
13"
(4/24/82): wide dust lane bisects galaxy with the southwest hemisphere
dominating in terms of size and brightness. A very faint star is at the SW edge of the dust lane.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 5128 = D 482 = Centaurus A = h3501 on 29 Apr 1826 . Cen A was
discovered on the second night he started recording deep sky objects with his
9-inch f/12 speculum reflector -- NGC 4945 was found on the same night. He reported "A very singular
double nebula, about 2.5' long and 1' broad, a little unequal: there is a
pretty bright small star in the south extremity of the southernmost of the two,
resembling a bright nucleus: the northern and rather smaller nebula is faint in
the middle, and has the appearance of a condensation of the nebulous matter
near each extremity. These two
nebulae are completely distinct from each other, and no connection of the
nebulous matters between them.
There is a very minute star in the dark space between the preceding
extremities of the nebula; they are extended in the parallel of the equator
nearly." His sketch (Fig 20)
shows two parallel bands with a star between at one end.
JH made several
observations: on 1 Jun 1834 he logged "A most wonderful object; a nebula
vB; vL; lE; vgmbM; of an elliptic figure, cut away in the middle by a perfectly
definite straight cut 40" broad; pos = 120.3 ; dimensions of the nebula 5'
by 4'. The internal edges have a gleaming light like the moonlight touching the
outline in a transparency." On his next sweep he describing "[Two
nebulae, or two portions of one separated by a division or cut.] The cut is
broad and sharp. The two nebulae are very nearly alike. Perhaps the slit is
larger towards the N.p. end, where there is a star between them. There is certainly
a very feeble trace of nebula, an island as it were, running from this star
between the sides of the slit." (Sketch on plate IV, figure 2).
In 1922, Hubble
included NGC 5128 in a list of diffuse nebula with emission spectra, along with
M42, the Veil, M8, M16, M17, etc.
It wasn't until 1947 that Harlow Shapley classified it as an irregular
galaxy.
******************************
NGC 5129 = UGC
8423 = MCG +02-34-012 = CGCG 072-065 = PGC 46836
13 24 10.0 +13
58 35
V = 12.1; Size 1.7'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 10d
17.5"
(5/23/98): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated N-S,
1.0'x0.8'. Well-defined core with
a stellar nucleus at 280x.
Precedes a coarse pair of mag 10.5 star oriented N-S (closer star is
1.8' E). Brightest in a group with
NGC 5132 7' NE, NGC 5136 18' SE, NGC 5115 17' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5129 = H II-653 = h1595 on 19 Mar 1787 (sweep 720) and recorded
"pB, vS, mbM, just preceding a pretty considerable star. JH made three observations and noted
"a (coarse) double star follows 7.5 secs."
******************************
NGC 5130 = MCG
-02-34-044 = PGC 46866
13 24 27.3 -10
12 36
V = 13.4; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 40d
18"
(5/29/05): faint, small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 0.5'x0.3'. Sharply concentrated with a small,
bright core and a very low surface brightness halo. A wide 44" pair of mag 13/14 stars lie 2' SSW. Located 1 degree NNW of Spica and 27' N
of NGC 5122.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 5130 = LM I-198 in 1886 and noted "mag 14.0, 0.2' dia,
gbM." His very rough position
(nearest min of RA) is 20 sec east of MCG -02-34-044 = PGC 46866.
******************************
NGC 5131 = UGC
8422 = MCG +05-32-014 = CGCG 161-043 = PGC 46819
13 23 57.1 +30
59 19
V = 13.5; Size 2.1'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 81d
18"
(6/21/03): unusual appearance as initially only noticed a very small, bright
core ~15" diameter with a stellar nucleus. But extending ~E-W are very dim, thin extensions increasing
the size to 45"x15".
Forms a pair with IC 4239 6.3' ESE. Extremely faint IC 4238 3.3' S was not seen.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 5131 on 24 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His single measurement
is very accurate and he noted a nearby mag 13 star, which he placed 9.7 sec of
time preceding and 1 3/4' north.
******************************
NGC 5132 = UGC
8428 = MCG +02-34-014 = CGCG 072-068 = PGC 46868
13 24 28.9 +14
05 34
V = 12.9; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 75d
17.5"
(5/23/98): faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 SW-NE, 0.9'x0.6', very weak even
concentration but no visible core.
Forms an equilateral triangle with two mag 13 stars 2.2' E and 2.5'
NNE. NGC 5137 lies 5.8' ESE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 5132 on 8 Apr 1866. His single position is just off the north side of UGC 8428 =
PGC 46868.
******************************
NGC 5133 = MCG
-01-34-015 = PGC 46909
13 24 52.9 -04
04 55
V = 11.6; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 11.5; PA = 30d
17.5"
(6/7/97): faint, very small, round, 20" diameter (much smaller than listed
dimensions). Nearly even surface
brightness except for a faint stellar nucleus with direct vision. Located 15' NNE mag 7.1 SAO 139322. HCG 64 lies 19' NE. PGC magnitude (12.6) appears too
bright.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5133 = St XI-19 on 23 Apr 1881. His position matches MCG -01-34-015 = PGC 46909.
******************************
NGC 5134 = ESO
576-052 = MCG -03-34-073 = LGG 345-003 = LGG 344:003 = PGC 46938
13 25 18.5 -21
08 04
V = 11.3; Size 2.8'x1.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 155d
17.5" (5/19/01):
fairly large oval 3:2 NNW-SSE, 2.0'x1.3'.
Contains a very small bright core and a stellar nucleus with direct
vision. The halo has a mottled
texture with some stellaring similar to the surface of an unresolved
globular. Brightest in a group
(LGG 345) with IC 4237 11' W at the edge of the 220x field. ESO 576-055 is situated 13' ENE and ESO
576-60 21' ENE. The IC galaxy
appeared as a faint but moderately large glow, elongated 4:3 NW-SE, no central
concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5134 = H II-314 = h1597 on 10 Mar 1785 (sweep 709) and logged
"F, S, bM, irr. Time
uncertain to 5 or 6 sec." JH
made a single observation, noting "F; pL; lE; vgbM." and measuring an
accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5135 = ESO
444-032 = MCG -05-32-013 = PGC 46974
13 25 44.5 -29
49 59
V = 12.1; Size 2.6'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.6
13.1"
(5/26/84): fairly faint, small, elongated WNW-ESE, fairly bright stellar
nucleus. The NGC 5150/NGC 5153
pair lies 30' NE. This is a
Seyfert 2 galaxy with an active starburst nucleus.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5135 = h3502 on 8 May 1834 and logged "pB; S; E." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5136 = IC
888: = MCG +02-34-015 = CGCG 072-070 = PGC 46905
13 24 51.4 +13
44 16
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x0.8'
17.5"
(5/23/98): faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, no concentration. Located 18' SE of NGC 5129 in a group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5136 = H III-84 = h1598 on 12 Apr 1784 (sweep 189) and noted
"eF, vS, stellar. 240 confirmed
it." His position is less
than 1' north of CGCG 072-070.
Lewis Swift
probably found this galaxy on 3 May 1889 and recorded it in his 8th list,
#74. There is nothing at Swift's
position but 1.0 min of RA west is NGC 5136. Dreyer, of course, assumed it was a new object but Harold
Corwin suggests IC 888 = NGC 5136.
******************************
NGC 5137 = CGCG
072-071 = PGC 46907
13 24 52.5 +14
04 38
V = 15.1; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 120d
18"
(6/12/10): at 300x, required extended viewing to repeatedly glimpse a 15",
very low surface brightness glow.
Visible ~20% of the time.
Located 5.8' ESE of NGC 5132 and 12' NE of NGC 5129.
17.5"
(5/23/98): not found, though there was heavy dew affecting the observation.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5137 = Sw VI-57 on 17 Apr 1887 and recorded "eeeF; pL; ee
diff; [NGC 5132] preceding; [NGC 5129] south-preceding." His position is 17 sec of RA east of
CGCG 072-071 and the description fits.
******************************
NGC 5138 = ESO
132-SC007 = Cr 270
13 27 15 -59 02
30
V = 7.6; Size 8'
18"
(7/11/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x, roughly 100 stars are
visible in a 12' region, though the group is not detached well enough at this
power to recognize as a cluster.
At 76x (27 Panoptic), barely stands out as a distinct group as it
resides in a very rich star field. Includes over two dozen mag stars roughly
11th magnitude. Two mag 8.5/9.5 stars (HD 116721 and 116689) to the NW by 6'
and 9' are collinear with the center of the cluster.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 5138 = D 312 = h3503 on 26 May 1826 with his 9-inch f/12
reflector at Parramatta. He
recorded "a pretty large faint nebula, about 5' diameter, irregular
branched figure, resolvable, with considerably compression of the stars towards
the central point. This precedes a star of the 7th mag, and a group of small
stars follows, about 10' north of the nebula." His catalogued position was 14' too far south but Glen
Cozens found a transcription error from the original position, which was 6' too
far north.
JH tentatively
identified his h3503 as Dunlop 312.
He observed the cluster twice; on 3 May 1835 he recorded "General
middle of cluster VIII. class. pB; L; irr; scattered, 30 or 40 stars 11..12 mag
and many smaller; pretty well insulated, though on a ground rich in very small
stars." On a second sweep he logged "Cluster VII class; rather a fine
cluster; rich, but loose and straggling. Fills field. Stars 11 and 12th
mag."
******************************
NGC 5139 = Omega
Centauri Cluster = ESO 270-SC11
13 26 45.8 -47
28 36
V = 3.7; Size 36.3'; Surf Br = 0.4
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x in excellent seeing, the
view was absolutely stunning as the field was packed with thousands of pinpoint
stars to the edge of the 30' field!
I noted the circular ring of stars near the center mentioned previously,
but the large number of brighter, densely packed stars in the core and halo,
superimposed on an incredibly rich mat of fainter stars was the real show. The cluster is only broadly
concentrated with very large, brighter core ~10' in diameter and the star
density thins out very slowly all the way to 35' diameter.
20"
(7/08/02 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 208x with a 24' field, the
cluster overfilled the field with edge to edge stars mag 11.5 and fainter and
was a breathtaking sight. Broadly
concentrated with large, brighter core of at least 10' in diameter. The core is extremely densely packed
with layers of stars. The
elongated halo gradually thins but has no definite border out to 30'! This is the largest and brightest
globular in the sky (V = 3.7) and an obvious naked-eye blur, but lacks the
strong central condensation of NGC 104 = 47 Tucana.
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): although I've mentioned this
feature on previous observations I was surprised to be drawn to a 1' circular
ring of stars just north of the geometric center which is mainly filled with
unresolved glow and appears like a darker "hole" near the center. A second smaller and less distinct
30" ring of stars and darker center is adjacent to the south with the two
rings externally tangent in the middle.
After the
observation I checked John Herschel's description and found these comments on
the star rings in the center: "One of these rings, 1.5' in diameter, is so
marked as to give the appearance of a comparative darkness like a hole in the
centre. My attendant (J.S.) called
up, who saw the hole and darkness, and described it as I have done above. On
further attention the hole is double, or an oval space crossed by a bridge of
stars. Position of axis = 150."
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): at 105x in excellent seeing, the view was absolutely
breathtaking with wall-to-wall pinpoint stars in the 37' field! There was a clear 3-dimensional effect
with the 11.5-12.5 magnitude stars seemingly floating over a dense mat of
fainter stars with the streamers in the halo reaching the edges of the field. I
don't recall a more impressive view in the 12" from Australia, where the cluster
was higher in the sky.
13.1"
(2/19/04 - Costa Rica): In very good seeing early in the morning of the 20th,
Omega Cen was a mesmerizing sea of a couple of thousand stars at 200x. I set Omega just outside the field and
let it drift through the field a few times. The outer halo was an amazingly dense swarm of 12-13th
magnitude stars over a background of fainter pinpoints of lights spilling over
the edge of the field. Very
broadly concentrated to a large, brighter center although there is no
well-defined core.
12"
(6/29/02 - Bargo, Australia): this was the first object I viewed at Bargo with
Les Dalrymple's 12" and was not disappointed. At 140x, it filled 2/3 of the field (over 25') and resolved
into perhaps a few thousand stars down to the center. The cluster seemed almost 3-dimensional with a lattice of
brighter mag 12 stars superimposed on a dense background layer of mag 13-14
stars. The density was generally
uniformly high in the elongated halo except near the edge although the core
shows more non-uniformity with a couple of darker patches.
17.5"
(3/12/88): very large, very bright, fantastic at 220x with several hundred
stars resolved in excellent seeing from east of Mt. Hamilton. Very faintly visible to the naked eye
in good conditions near the horizon from northern California.
13.1"
(3/24/84): large, mottled disc covered with faint stars, well resolved outer
halo. Similar view but even better
resolution on 2/23/85.
8" (7/13/91
- Southern Baja): very bright, very large, very broadly concentrated, about 25'
diameter, over 100 stars resolved mag 12-13, many in curving streams over the
entire disc. Visible naked-eye.
Edmond Halley
discovered Omega Centauri = NGC 5139 = Lac I-5 = D 440 = h3504 telescopically
by 1677 from St Helena.
Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille reported "Naked eye, a 3rd mag star [10
Cen] in a fog. Telescope, [Half-an-inch aperture, 8x magnification] like a big
diffuse comet." James Dunlop
resolved the cluster on 7 May 1826 with his 9-inch speculum reflector and
described "a beautiful large bright round nebula, about 10' or 12'
diameter, easily resolvable to the very centre; it is a beautiful globe of
stars very gradually and moderately compressed to the centre; the stars are
rather scattered preceding and following, and the greatest condensation is
rather north of the centre: the stars are of slightly mixed mags, of a white
colour. This is the largest bright nebula in the southern hemisphere." Of
course, the cluster is an easy naked-eye object and Ptolemy included it in the
Almagest and Johann Bayer catalogued it as a 4th magnitude star (Omega) in the
early 17th century.
On 20 Apr 1836
JH recorded "Globular; Omega Centauri; diameter full 20'. It much more
than fills the field. When the centre is on the edge of the field, the outer stars
extend fully half a radius beyond the middle of it. The stars are singularly
equal, and distributed with the most exact equality, the condensation being
that of a sphere equally filled. - Looking attentively, I retract what is said
about the equal scattering and equal sizes of the stars. There are two sizes
12th mag and 13th mag, without greater or less, and the larger stars form rings
like lace-work on it. One of these rings, 1.5' in diameter, is so marked as to
give the appearance of a comparative darkness like a hole in the centre. There
must be thousands of stars. To the naked eye it appears as a star of 5th mag or
5.4, rather hazy. There is a * 9m on the S.p. border of it, about 4' or 5'
south of centre, and several 8th mag are scattered far away. My attendant (J.S.) called up, who saw
the hole and darkness, and described it as I have done above. On further attention the hole is
double, or an oval space crossed by a bridge of stars. Position of axis = 150¡. Altogether this object is truly astonishing."
******************************
NGC 5140 = ESO
382-065 = MCG -05-32-016 = LGG 353-002 = PGC 47031
13 26 21.7 -33
52 07
V = 11.8; Size 2.0'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 33d
18"
(6/4/05): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, 0.8'x0.6', weak
concentration to center. A mag
13.5 star is close off the east edge.
Located 8.5' N of mag 7.0 HD 116788. Outlying member of AGC 3565 and LGG 353 (part of the
Centaurus-Hydra supercluster).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5140 = h3505 on 1 May 1834 and recorded "eF; S; R; gbM;
12"." His position
(measured on two sweeps) matches ESO 382-065. The RA in the RC2 and Sky Catalogue 2000 is 1 min too large.
******************************
NGC 5141 = UGC
8433 = MCG +06-30-004 = CGCG 189-065 = CGCG 190-006 = PGC 46906
13 24 51.7 +36
22 42
V = 12.8; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 80d
18"
(6/4/05): moderately bright, small, slightly elongated E-W, 0.6'x0.5'. Sharply concentrated with a very small
bright core and stellar nucleus. A
mag 13 star lies 1.2' W. Forms a
similar pair with NGC 5142 2.3' NE and a trio with extremely faint NGC 5143.
18"
(7/22/03): fairly faint, small, round, strong concentration with a small bright
core and stellar nucleus. The core
is surrounded by a low surface brightness halo ~0.8' diameter. A mag 13 star lies 1.4' WSW. First of trio with NGC 5142 2.3' NE and
NGC 5143 4' NNE.
17.5":
fairly faint, small, small bright core, stellar nucleus, slightly elongated
E-W. A mag 13 star is 1.4'
WSW. Forms a pair with NGC 5142
2.3' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5141 = H III-402 = h1599, along with NGC 5142, on 1 May 1785
(sweep 405) and noted "Two, vF.
The time is that of the preceding [NGC 5141]; the second about 3' nf,
both cS." JH made two
observations, reporting on sweep 331 "pF; R; vsmbM to a star. Has a * 12m preceding. The sp of 2 nebulae [with NGC
5142]."
******************************
NGC 5142 = UGC
8435 = MCG +06-30-006 = CGCG 189-066 = CGCG 190-007 = Mrk 452 = PGC 46919
13 25 01.3 +36
23 58
V = 13.3; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 5d
18"
(6/4/05): moderately bright, small, slightly elongated N-S, 0.5'x0.4'. Sharply concentrated with a very small
bright core and stellar nucleus.
Forms a similar pair with NGC 5142 2.3' SW with NGC 5143 2.3' N.
18" (7/22/03):
fairly faint, small but fairly high surface brightness with a bright stellar
nucleus and a slightly elongated faint halo N-S, 0.5'x0.4'. Forms a fairly similar pair with NGC
5141 2.3' SW and difficult NGC 5143 is just 2.3' N.
17.5":
faint, small, small bright core, stellar nucleus, elongated ~N-S. Forms a pair with NGC 5141 2.3'
SW. NGC 5143 2.3' N was not seen.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5142 = H III-403 = h1600, along with NGC 5141, on 1 May 1785
(sweep 405). JH made two
observations and recorded on sweep 331 "pF; R; vsbM to a star."
******************************
NGC 5143 = MCG
+06-30-005 = CGCG 189-067 = CGCG 190-008 = PGC 46918
13 25 01.2 +36
26 15
V = 14.6; Size 0.5'x0.2'; Surf Br = 11.9
18"
(6/4/05): extremely faint, very small, very low surface brightness, 0.2'
diameter. Required averted vision
and concentration. Located 2.3' N
of NGC 5142 and faintest in a trio with NGC 5141.
18"
(7/22/03): extremely faint and small, round, 10" diameter. Located 2.3' N of NGC 5142 in a small
trio with NGC 5141. Required
averted vision and only visible for moments (repeatedly glimpsed and verified
by sketch).
17.5": not
seen in thin clouds.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 5143 with LdR's 72" on 17 Apr 1855 and noted "a third
vF neb [with NGC 5142 and 5143], nearly north of the following one [NGC
5142]." His sketch clearly
matches this trio of galaxies, although offsets were not measured.
******************************
NGC 5144 = UGC
8420 = MCG +12-13-005 = CGCG 336-008 = Mrk 256 = VII Zw 511 = PGC 46742
13 22 54.2 +70
30 52
V = 13.1; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 150d
24"
(6/4/16): at 375x; moderately bright, irregularly round, fairly small,
0.7'x0.6', mottled or uneven surface brightness but no distinct core. Situated at the midpoint of a mag 11.8
star 1.9' NNW and a mag 13.7 2.0' SSW.
NGC 5144
apparently has a merged companion at the south edge, identified as NGC 5144
NED01 = LEDA 200298. It appeared
as a quasi-stellar knot (less than 6" diameter) at the south edge of the
halo, just 18" from the center of the main galaxy!
18"
(6/21/03): fairly faint, slightly elongated, fairly small, 0.8'x0.7'. Broad, weak concentration. Five or six mag 11.5-12 stars are in
the field with the closest 1.9' N. Located 25' NW of mag 7.4 SAO 7817.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5144 = H IV-70 on 6 May 1791 (sweep 1005) and recorded "pB,
R, almost equally bright throughout, resembling a very ill defined planetary
nebula, about 0.5' diameter."
Classified by Herschel in category IV (planetary nebula).
******************************
NGC 5145 = UGC
8439 = MCG +07-28-009 = CGCG 218-010 = PGC 46934
13 25 13.9 +43
16 02
V = 12.3; Size 2.0'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 90d
18"
(5/30/03): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 E-W, 1.0'x0.7', broad
concentration to a brighter core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5145 = H II-667 = h1602 on 9 Apr 1787 (sweep 725) and recorded
"pB, vS, bM, lE." JH
made a single observation and his position is on the south side of the halo.
******************************
NGC 5146 = MCG
-02-34-049 = Holm 516a = PGC 47055
13 26 37.4 -12
19 26
V = 12.6; Size 1.8'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 35d
18"
(5/29/05): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 SW-NE. Sharply concentrated with a bright,
25" core and much fainter extensions. Bracketed by two mag 14.5/15 stars to the north and
south. There is a faint galaxy as
well as a faint star close north of the galaxy, but I assume I picked up the
star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5146 = H III-115 on 9 May 1784 (sweep 210) and logged "vF,
vS, stellar. 240 confirmed it with
much difficulty." CH's reduction is 9 sec of time preceding PGC
47055. d'Arrest measured a single
accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5147 = UGC
8443 = MCG +00-34-033 = CGCG 016-069 = PGC 47027
13 26 19.7 +02
06 02
V = 11.8; Size 1.9'x1.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 120d
17.5"
(6/3/00): moderately bright and large, round, 2' diameter. Unusual appearance as either a mag 13
star is superimposed very close to the geometric center or else there is a
bright stellar nucleus. The halo
is only weakly concentrated but is irregular in surface brightness with a
strong hint of structure. A very
faint star or knot is on the SW side and the NE edge of the halo has a hint of
spiral structure.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5147 = H II-25 = h1601 on 24 Jan 1784 (sweep 124) and noted
"S, obscure; it seems to be resolvable." CH's reduced position is 30 sec of RA east and 2.5' south of
UGC 8443. JH called this galaxy
"bright" on sweep 142 and three sweeps later he logged it as
"faint".
******************************
NGC 5148 = MCG
+01-34-021 = CGCG 044-086 = PGC 47060
13 26 38.7 +02
18 50
V = 14.2; Size 0.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.7
18"
(5/29/05): extremely faint, very small, round, 15" diameter. Located 30" SW of a mag 14.5 star.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 5148 = m 257 on 30 Apr 1864 and noted "eF, S." His position matches CGCG 044-086 = PGC
47060.
******************************
NGC 5149 = UGC
8444 = MCG +06-30-010 = CGCG 190-010 = PGC 47011
13 26 09.2 +35
56 03
V = 12.9; Size 1.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 155d
17.5"
(5/15/99): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE, 1.0'x0.7'. Contains a brighter core with fainter
extensions that seem slightly offset from the central region. A mag 14.5-15 star is superimposed on
the north edge [51" from center].
A mag 11 star lies 4' SW.
Forms a pair with NGC 5154 6' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5149 = H III-404 = h1604, along with NGC 5154, on 1 May 1785
(sweep 405) and recorded "two, the time is that of the preceding; the
second about 5 or 6' nf, both pS."
JH made two observations and noted (sweep 72) "pB; bM; the sp of
2."
******************************
NGC 5150 = ESO
444-043 = MCG -05-32-023 = PGC 47169
13 27 36.5 -29
33 44
V = 12.6; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 115d
13.1"
(5/26/84): fairly faint, small, bright core. Located 2' WSW of mag 9.1 SAO 181670. In a trio with the NGC 5152/NGC 5153
interacting pair 5' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5150 = h3507 on 5 May 1834 and recorded "F; S; R; pslbM;
15"." Three nights later
he logged "pF; S; R; bM; has a * 2' following; pos by diag = 67¡."
******************************
NGC 5151 = MCG
+03-34-032 = CGCG 101-048 = PGC 47056
13 26 40.8 +16
52 27
V = 13.8; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(5/30/92): faint, very small, round, weak concentration. Located 5' S of mag 7.8 SAO 100566.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5151 = h1603 on 8 May 1826 and recorded "eF; S; R; has a B
* [HD 116941] nf."
******************************
NGC 5152 = ESO
444-044 = MCG -05-32-024 = "Fly's Wing" Galaxy = PGC 47187
13 27 50.7 -29
37 02
V = 12.5; Size 2.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 117d
13.1"
(5/26/84): appears as stellar galaxy 0.9' W of NGC 5153 and 5' SE of NGC 5150.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5152 = h3508 on 5 May 1834 and recorded "The preceding of a
double nebulae; the individuals are = ; R; vF; S; pslbM."
The pair was
nicknamed the "Fly's Wing" in the 1982 "Catalogue of the
Universe" by Murdin and Allen.
Bill Keel also called it the "Flywing" in "The real
astrophysical zoo - Colliding galaxies" in the April '93 issue of Mercury
magazine. Still, a Google search
doesn't find any hits for this nickname.
******************************
NGC 5153 = ESO
444-045 = MCG -05-32-025 = "Fly's Wing" Galaxy = PGC 47194
13 27 54.2 -29
37 02
V = 11.8; Size 2.1'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 175d
13.1"
(5/26/84): very faint, small, round.
Forms very close pair with NGC 5152 0.9' W and NGC 5150 is 5.2' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5153 = h3509 on 5 May 1834 and recorded "pF; S; the
following of two equal neb [with NGC 5152]."
******************************
NGC 5154 = UGC
8447 = MCG +06-30-011 = CGCG 190-011 = PGC 47041
13 26 28.6 +36
00 36
V = 13.8; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.2
17.5"
(5/15/99): faint, fairly small, round.
Appears as a low surface brightness glow ~45" in diameter with very
weak concentration. Forms a pair
with NGC 5149 5' SW. A mag 11 star
lies 3.7' ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5154 = H III-405 = h1605, along with NGC 5149, on 1 May 1785
(sweep 405). JH made two
observations and recorded (sweep 331) "eF; L; R; it is 45¡ nf III. 404
[NGC 5149]."
******************************
NGC 5155 = ESO
096-SC013
13 27 45 -63 23
00
Size 60'
18" (4/6/16
- Coonabarabran, 73x and 139x): Superb Milky Way field, the richest region is
roughly 20-25' in diameter and stands out reasonably well in the lowest power
(64' field). Though amazingly rich in faint stars, it appears as a Milky Way
star cloud, and not a cluster. An
elongated N-S dark dust cloud (5'x3') to the southeast is prominent (SIMBAD
designation [DB2002b] G307.15-1.01).
An 8' string of five mag 8.5-11 stars is off the south side and open
cluster NGC 5120 is at the southwest edge.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5155 = h3506 on 16 Jun 1835 and recorded "A portion of the
milky way broken up into clustering masses of astonishing richness. There must be at least 200 or 300 stars
in the field, none greater than 10m." This Milky Way field or scattered cluster (ESO 096-013) is
classified as "NOCL?" in RNGC.
******************************
NGC 5156 = ESO
220-013 = LGG 342-006 = PGC 47283
13 28 44.1 -48
55 01
V = 11.7; Size 2.3'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.2
13.1"
(2/19/04 - Costa Rica): moderately bright, oval 4:3 WNW-ESE, broad
concentration. A faint star is
superimposed and another faint star is at the SE edge. Located 3.8' NNE of mag
7.7 HD 117036. Starhopped from
Omega Centauri just 1.3¡ to the NW!
In a group of galaxies (including NGC 5064 and ESO 269-057) with similar
redshifts mostly close west of Omega Centauri.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5156 = h3510 on 31 Mar 1835 and recorded "pB; lE; glbM; has
a * 8m 5' dist; pos sp."
******************************
NGC 5157 = UGC
8455 = MCG +05-32-021 = CGCG 161-056 = PGC 47131
13 27 16.8 +32
01 51
V = 13.3; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 140d
17.5"
(5/15/99): fairly faint, moderately large, slightly elongated, 1.2'x1.0'. Broad, weak concentration with a
slightly brighter core. NGC 5166
is 12' following.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5157 = H III-651 = h1606 on 20 Mar 1787 (sweep 722) and noted
"vF, S." JH made three
observations and logged (sweep 337) "Not vF; pL; E; the following of 2
[with NGC 5166], very similar."
His mean position matches UGC 8455.
******************************
NGC 5158 = UGC
8459 = MCG +03-34-038 = CGCG 101-054 = PGC 47180
13 27 47.0 +17
46 44
V = 12.8; Size 1.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(5/30/92): fairly faint, small, round, almost even surface brightness, very
small slightly brighter core.
Located 11' SW of mag 8.9 SAO 100581.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5158 = h1607 on 7 May 1826 and noted "vF; R." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5159 = UGC
8460 = MCG +01-34-022 = CGCG 044-088 = PGC 47235
13 28 16.1 +02
58 58
V = 14.2; Size 1.3'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 162d
18"
(5/29/05): extremely faint, fairly small, elongated ~2:1 NNW-SSE. Not noticed initially but then caught
the slightly brighter core. When
drifting across the field very faint, low surface brightness extensions could
be glimpsed increasing the size to nearly 1.0'x0.4'. Located 47' NE of NGC 5148, another dim galaxy.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 5159 = m 258 on 30 Apr 1864 and noted "eF, S, lE."
******************************
NGC 5160
13 28 21.6 +05
59 49
=**, Reinmuth.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 5160 on 7 Feb 1862. At his position is an uncatalogued double star (mag 14/14.5
at roughly 11" separation).
He noted a mag 12 star follows by 28 sec and 1' north, which confirms
this identification. He
looked for this object again on 19 Feb 1863, but couldn't find anything. In Wilhelm Tempel's 8th paper (AN
2527), he reported finding a very faint double star at d'Arrest's position with
a third star close preceding, but on two occasions it looked like a
nebula. Based on a Heidelberg
plate, Karl Reinmuth also reported "vF**, no neb, no * close np."
******************************
NGC 5161 = ESO
383-004 = MCG -05-32-031 = UGCA 359 = PGC 47321
13 29 13.9 -33
10 26
V = 11.2; Size 5.6'x2.2'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 80d
18"
(5/29/05): large, oval WSW-ENE, ~4'x2'.
Broad concentration with a large, ill-defined core that seems offset to
the east side (or the outer halo is irregular lit). A mag 10.3 star lies 3.9' W of center and a mag 11.5 star is
off the NE flank. This photogenic
spiral (thin arms with knots and HII regions) was host to a pair of recent
supernovae – 1998E and 1974B.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5161 = h3511 on 3 Jun 1836 and recorded "pF; L; pmE; vgbM;
r; 4' l; 2' br; with left eye feebly stippled." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5162 = NGC
5174 = UGC 8475 = MCG +02-34-018 = CGCG 072-087 = PGC 47346
13 29 25.9 +11
00 28
V = 12.4; Size 3.4'x1.9'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 160d
See observing
notes for NGC 5174.
Lewis Swift
found NGC 5162 = Sw VI-58 on 19 Apr 1887 and recorded "F, pL, eE [not lE
as in the NGC]; an eeF * at each focus of ellipse; B * in field sp; F * nr
nf." His position is 1 min of
RA west of NGC 5174 and his description is a perfect match with this
galaxy. NGC 5174 was discovered by
WH on 15 Mar 1784 and catalogued as H III-45. So, NGC 5162 = NGC 5174.
RNGC and RC3
misidentify UGC 8472 as NGC 5162.
This galaxy is 1 min of RA east and 15' north of Swift's position.
******************************
NGC 5163 = UGC
8453 = MCG +09-22-062 = CGCG 271-040 = PGC 47096
13 26 54.2 +52
45 13
V = 13.6; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 10d
18"
(6/21/03): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 ~N-S, 0.8'x0.5'. Sharply concentrated with a bright
10" core. Located 10' W of
mag 6.3 SAO 28763 at the edge of the field and 2 degrees SSE of Mizar! NGC 5201 lies 29' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5163 = H III-821 on 26 Apr 1789 (sweep 929) and noted "cF,
stellar neb." CH's reduced
position is 21 sec of RA east and 2' north of UGC 8453. Not seen by Bigourdan.
******************************
NGC 5164 = UGC
8458 = MCG +09-22-063 = CGCG 272-041 = Mrk 257 = PGC 47124
13 27 11.9 +55
29 15
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.4
18"
(6/21/03): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 SSW-NNE, 0.7'x0.5', broad
concentration to a brighter middle.
At times the core appears irregular -- either a stellar core or a
superimposed star was glimpsed. [Based on the DSS image, it's clear I viewed
the stellar nucleus]. Located 44'
NE of Mizar!
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5164 = H III-784 = h1609 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 921) and noted
"cF, S, iR." His position is within 2' of UGC 8458 (within usual
errors).
******************************
NGC 5165 = MCG
+02-34-016 = CGCG 072-078 = PGC 47281
13 28 39.1 +11
23 13
V = 13.6; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 0d
17.5"
(5/27/95): faint, small, round, 30" diameter, very weak
concentration. Located 8.3' SW of
mag 8.7 SAO 100590. NGC 5162 is in
the field 10.8' SE. The NGC 5171
group lies 25' NNE.
Sherburne
Burnham discovered NGC 5165 on 5 May 1883 with the 18.5-inch Clark refractor at
Dearborn Observatory while searching for d'Arrest's comet (see AN 2524). Wilhelm Tempel independently found the
galaxy just 6 days later on 11 May 1883, also searching for the comet, and
reported it in list VIII-1 (AN 2527).
******************************
NGC 5166 = UGC
8463 = MCG +05-32-026 = CGCG 161-062 = Holm 519a = WBL 446-003 = PGC 47234
13 28 15.1 +32
01 56
V = 13.5; Size 2.3'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 67d
17.5"
(5/15/99): pretty edge-on 5:1 oriented WSW-ENE, 1.5'x0.3', little or no
concentration. Precedes mag 8.5
SAO 63561 by 9'. NGC 5157 is 12'
due west. NGC 5166B = MCG
+05-32-027 is 4.5' NE and CGCG 161-060 is 5' SSW. NGC 5166B was logged as "extremely faint, very small,
round, 20" diameter" and CGCG 161-060 as "extremely faint and
small, round, 12" diameter.
Located 1.5' NE of a mag 13 star."
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5166 = h1608 on 29 Apr 1827 and logged "pF; R; bM;
30"." His mean position
from 3 observations matches UGC 8463.
******************************
NGC 5167 = MCG
+02-34-017 = CGCG 072-080 = PGC 47277
13 28 40.2 +12
41 41
V = 13.8; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.4
18"
(5/29/05): faint, small, round, 0.5' diameter, weak concentration. Forms the northern vertex of an
equilateral triangle with two mag 13/14 stars 2' SSW and 2' SE. Located 13' E of a mag 8.2 star.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 5167 on 7 Jun 1883 by Tempel. He described in list VII (AN 2522) "I found a new
nebula on 7 June and observed it again on the 8th. The nebula follows close on
the parallel by 54s to DM + 13 ¡ 2669 [HD 117079], class III; south of it is a
* 12." He description
matches CGCG 072-080 = PGC
47277.
******************************
NGC 5168 = Cr
273 = ESO 132-SC010
13 31 07 -60 56
24
V = 9.1; Size 4'
18"
(7/11/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): gorgeous low power Milky Way field
at 76x, but it was difficult to identify the cluster not having a finder
chart. Initially I was drawn to a
striking asterism in the field consisting of a distinctive group of four stars
forming a rough 8'x3' parallelogram with brightest member mag 7.8 HD 117356,
but the enclosed stars were no richer than the surrounding field and it looked
like an asterism. Then I noticed
that 12' S of the mag 7.8 star was an eye-catching double star = HJ 4591
(10.2/10.4) at 7" surrounded by a few faint stars over unresolved
haze. Increasing the magnification
to 228x, this rich knot resolved into three dozen mag 14 and fainter stars in a
2'x1.5' roundish cluster with the double star on the following side and this
was clearly NGC 5138.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5168 = h3512 on 16 Jun 1835 and recorded "A small but very
rich milky way cluster; 3.5' l, 3' br; st 13...16m. Place that of a double star [HJ 4591]." On a later sweep he added "place
of a double star in centre of a rich, much comp but vF cluster; gbM; 4' diam;
st 15m; a remarkable object."
******************************
NGC 5169 = UGC
8465 = MCG +08-25-004 = CGCG 246-002 = PGC 47231
13 28 10.1 +46
40 19
V = 13.5; Size 2.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 103d
17.5"
(5/19/01): fairly faint, elongated 5:2 ESE-WNW, 1.6'x0.6', weak
concentration. Forms a pair with
NGC 5173 5.5' SE. Located 36' SSW
of M51 and 21' W of NGC 5198.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5169 = h1611 on 26 Apr 1830 and logged "vF; R;
50"." His position is
2.3' south of UGC 8465. JH equated
this observation with H III-672, but his father's number applies to brighter
NGC 5173.
******************************
NGC 5170 = ESO
576-065 = MCG -03-34-084 = UGCA 360 = FGC 1626 = PGC 47396
13 29 48.7 -17
57 57
V = 11.1; Size 8.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 127d
17.5"
(5/19/01): fairly faint but large, very thin edge-on NW-SE. On first glance appeared 4'-5' in
length at 220x but with averted vision this impressive ray extends to at least
6'x0.7'. Contains a moderately
bright and slightly bulging oval core 1.2'x0.7' giving the galaxy a classic
thin "lens" appearance.
The extensions are significantly fainter and taper and dim towards the
tips. This galaxy has a narrow
dust lane (not seen) similar to NGC 4565.
A mag 9.5 star lies 9' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5170 = H V-22 = h1610 on 7 Feb 1785 (sweep 369) and recorded
"mE from sf to np; 5 or 6' long, the following part is the brightest. His
position matches this large edge-on.
A second observation on 7 May 1787 (sweep 732) reads "pB, mE, the
preceding part much brighter than the south following, about 4'
long." JH made two
observations, noting on sweep 354 "F; vmE in pos 128.8¡ by micrometer;
pgbM; 180" l, 30" br."
******************************
NGC 5171 = UGC
8476 = MCG +02-34-020 = CGCG 072-089 = WBL 447-004 = PGC 47339
13 29 21.6 +11 44
07
V = 12.8; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 10d
17.5"
(5/27/95): faint, small, round, very small brighter core, faint 40"
halo. A faint star is superimposed
NW of the core. Forms the NE
vertex of a right triangle with two mag 9 stars are 5.3' WSW and 6.8' SW. Brightest of five in a tight group (MKW
11) with NGC 5176 2.9' N, NGC 5177 3.8' N, NGC 5179 2.4' ENE and NGC 5178 7'
SSE.
George Hough
discovered NGC 5171 on 5 May 1883 with the 18.5-inch refractor the Dearborn
Observatory and recorded "Double. Nebula, round, condensed." The second object actually refers to a
star at the northwest edge.
Wilhelm Tempel found NGC 5171 just 6 days later and reported it in list
VIII-2. Ernst Hartwig found it
again on 29 Jun 1883 with the 18-inch Merz refractor at the Strasbourg
Observatory (AN 2688). These three
independent discoveries were made while searching for d'Arrest's comet. While searching for the comet, Hartwig
also discovered the close pair NGC 5176 and 5177.
******************************
NGC 5172 = UGC
8477 = MCG +03-34-041 = CGCG 101-057 = PGC 47330
13 29 19.2 +17
03 07
V = 11.9; Size 3.3'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 103d
17.5"
(5/30/92): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 ~E-W, 2.4'x1.2',
brighter middle, gradually increases to small brighter core, irregular surface
brightness. A mag 14 star is off
the north side of the core 44" from center. Located 11' NW of mag 7.4 SAO 100597. NGC 5180 lies 14' SSE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5172 = h1613 on 7 May 1826 and logged "F; R: S;
15"." His mean position
(two observations) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5173 = UGC
8468 = MCG +08-25-005 = CGCG 246-003 = PGC 47257
13 28 25.3 +46
35 29
V = 12.1; Size 1.8'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(5/19/01): moderately bright, round, 1.2' diameter, even moderate concentration
to a small bright core and stellar nucleus. Situated at the midpoint of the shorter base of a isosceles
trapezoid consisting of four mag 13 stars. Forms a pair with NGC 5169 5.5' NW. Located 39' SSW of M51 and 19' WSW of
NGC 5198.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5173 = H III-672 = h1614 on 12 May 1787 (sweep 734) and recorded
"eF, vS, stellar, 300 verified it." JH made two observations under h1614 and called it (sweep
255) "pF; R; vsbM; almost stellar." But he assumed it was a new discovery, confusing this object
with NGC 5169 = h1611, which is did discover!
******************************
NGC 5174 = NGC
5175 = NGC 5162 = UGC 8475 = MCG +02-34-018 = CGCG 072-087 = PGC 47346
13 29 25.9 +11
00 28
V = 12.4; Size 3.4'x1.9'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 160d
17.5"
(5/27/95): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE, 2.5'x1.0',
broad concentration to a brighter core.
A mag 14 star [NGC 5175] is superimposed on the south end 45" from
the center. A mag 12 star is 2.3'
NNE. Brightest in a group of NGC
galaxies with most members about 30' N.
Located 11' NNE of 71 Virginis (V = 5.7).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5174 = H III-45/46 = h1612 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 174) and logged
"Two, vF. I took them at
first for only one, but 240 showed two eF nebula as it were running into each
other and of considerable extent; 157 showed also a division between their
center after I had seen them with 240." There is only a single galaxy here and NGC 5175 is very
likely a star at the south end of the galaxy.
Interestingly,
the first observation by JH also describes a double system (probably following
his father's lead): "vF; two close together, or one E nearly in meri. A star 11m N." His second observation simply states
"eF, E, involves a star at the S end." Dreyer's observation at Birr Castle on 4 Apr 1877 mentions
"found only one neb, vF, vS, stellar no other neb found."
Lewis Swift
independently found the galaxy again on 19 Mar 1887 and recorded it in list
VI-58, but his position was 1 tmin too far west. Dreyer, assuming it was new, catalogued it as NGC 5162. So, NGC 5174 = NGC 5162.
RNGC
misidentifies UGC 8468 as NGC 5175.
CGCG misidentifies CGCG 072-087 as both NGC 5174/5175. For more on the story, see Corwin's
notes.
******************************
NGC 5175
13 29 26.2 +10
59 42
17.5"
(5/27/95): A mag 14 star is superimposed on the south end of NGC 5174, just
45" from the center. This is
possibly NGC 5175.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5175 = H III-46 = h1612 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 174) and logged
"Two, vF. I took them at
first for only one, but 240 showed two eF nebula as it were running into each
other and of considerable extent; 157 showed also a division between their
center after I had seen them with 240." There is only a single galaxy here and NGC 5175 is most
likely a star at the south end of the galaxy.
RNGC
misidentifies UGC 8468 as NGC 5175.
UGC and MCG only list a single galaxy but identify it as NGC 5174 = NGC
5175. CGCG calls NGC5174 = NGC 5175 a double system.
******************************
NGC 5176 = MCG
+02-34-021 = CGCG 072-090 = Holm 521a = WBL 447-006 = PGC 47338
13 29 24.9 +11
46 53
V = 14.4; Size 0.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.3
17.5"
(5/27/95): located 2.9' N of NGC 5171 in a compact cluster. Very faint, very small, round, 20"
diameter. Forms a very close pair
with NGC 5177 57" N.
Ernst Hartwig
discovered NGC 5176, along with NGC 5177, on 29 Jun 1883 with the 18-inch Merz
refractor at the Strasbourg Observatory while searching for comet d'Arrest (AN
2688). Hartwig's position is accurate.
Wilhelm Tempel, who viewed nearby NGC 5171, missed NGC 5176.
******************************
NGC 5177 = MCG
+02-34-019 = CGCG 072-091 = Holm 521b = WBL 447-005 = PGC 47337
13 29 24.2 +11
47 49
V = 14.6; Size 0.7'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 135d
17.5"
(5/27/95): extremely faint, very small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 0.4'x0.2', low
surface brightness with no concentration.
Located just 57" N of NGC 5176 and 3.8' N of NGC 5171. Faintest of five in a compact group.
Ernst Hartwig
discovered NGC 5177, along with NGC 5176, on 29 Jun 1883 with the 18-inch Merz
refractor at the Strasbourg Observatory while searching for comet d'Arrest (AN
2688). His position is accurate.
Wilhelm Tempel, who viewed nearby NGC 5171, missed NGC 5177. CGCG fails
to label this galaxy as NGC 5177.
******************************
NGC 5178 = UGC
8478 = MCG +02-34-022 = CGCG 072-093 = Holm 522a = WBL 447-008 = PGC 47358
13 29 29.3 +11
37 29
V = 13.8; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 95d
17.5"
(5/27/95): very faint, small, round, 30" diameter, weak
concentration. A mag 12 star is
2.5' NW. Located 7' S of NGC 5171
in a small, rich group of five galaxies and 5.5' ESE of mag 8.1 SAO 100591.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 5178 = T VIII-3 on 11 May 1883. His position in the main table is 1' north of UGC 8478,
although the declination is marked uncertain as it was estimated from a
diagram. Harold Corwin notes Ernst
Hartwig missed this galaxy using the 18-inch Merz refractor at the Strasbourg
Observatory (he found NGC 5171, 5176, 5177, 5179, 5186) as well as Sherburne
Burnham and Hough with the 18.5-inch Clark refractor at the Dearborn
Observatory (NGC 5171, 5191). Tempel felt he could see nebulae as well with his
11-inch Amici I refractor as with an 18-inch Clark refractor.
******************************
NGC 5179 = MCG
+02-34-023 = CGCG 072-094 = WBL 447-007 = PGC 47363
13 29 30.9 +11
44 45
V = 14.0; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 45d
17.5"
(5/27/95): faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Second brightest in a tight group of
five galaxies with brightest member NGC 5171 2.4' WSW.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 5179 = T VIII-3 on 11 May 1883 while searching for comet
d'Arrest. His position matches MCG
+02-34-023 = PGC 47363. Dreyer
incorrectly credited Sherburne Burnham at the Dearborn Observatory with the
discovery, but he only found NGC 5165 and 5171 (AN 2524). Ernst Hartwig found NGC 5179 again on
29 Jun 1883, also while searching for comet d'Arrest (AN 2688).
******************************
NGC 5180 = UGC
8479 = MCG +03-34-042 = CGCG 101-058 = PGC 47352
13 29 27.1 +16
49 34
V = 13.0; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 25d
17.5"
(5/30/92): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated 4:3 SSW-NNE, 0.8'x0.6',
small bright core, stellar nucleus.
A mag 14 star is just off the SE edge 20" from center. Located 6' SW of mag 7.4 SAO 100597. NGC 5172 lies 14' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5180 = H III-71 = h1615 on 21 Mar 1784 (sweep 182) and recorded
"three small stars with suspected nebulosity between them. 240 shows the same but it amount not to
a confirmation. 10 or 12' north of
it is a very bright star."
His position is poor and the bright star is 6' northeast. JH noted "F; S; R; 15"; has a
*7 mag nf, 8' dist." and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5181 = MCG
+02-34-024 = CGCG 072-097 = PGC 47373
13 29 41.9 +13
18 14
V = 13.6; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(5/27/95): faint, very small, round, 30" diameter. No concentration but moderated surface
brightness. Located 4.9' NE of a
mag 9.5 star. A nice close string
of four stars lies 6' NNE. Forms a
pair with NGC 5185 8.3' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5181 = h1616 on 29 Mar 1830 and recorded "F; S; R; 15"." His mean position (two observations) is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 5182 = ESO
444-062 = MCG -05-32-034 = PGC 47489
13 30 41.1 -28
09 00
V = 12.4; Size 1.9'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 11d
17.5"
(6/2/00): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, 1.0'x0.7'. The halo fades into the background and
gradually brightens to a very small brighter core. Located 11' WSW of mag 6.5 SAO 181723.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5182 = h3513 on 13 May 1834 and recorded "vF; pL; lE; a vL
* [HD 117558] follows 12' +/- dist."
******************************
NGC 5183 = UGC
8485 = MCG +00-34-039 = CGCG 016-079 = Holm 523b = PGC 47432
13 30 06.3 -01
43 14
V = 12.7; Size 1.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 122d
17.5"
(4/7/89): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated NW-SE, broadly
concentrated. Forms a pair with
NGC 5184 3.7' NNE. Brightest in a
group of 7.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5183 = H II-679 = h1617 on 11 Apr 1787 (sweep 726) and recorded
"Two [along with NGC 5184], F, pS, iF." His positions are ~30 sec of RA too large, and the polar
distances are reversed (NGC 5183 is 3' south of NGC 5184). JH described "F; lE; gbM;
20"; the first of 2." and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5184 = UGC
8487 = MCG +00-34-041 = CGCG 016-081 = Holm 523a = PGC 47438
13 30 11.5 -01
39 47
V = 12.6; Size 1.9'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 135d
17.5"
(4/7/89): fairly faint, moderately large, oval NW-SE, broad concentration. Larger but lower surface brightness
than NGC 5183 3.7' SSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5184 = H II-680 = h1618 on 11 Apr 1787 (sweep 726) and recorded
"Two [along with NGC 5183], pB, pL, iF." His positions are ~30 sec of RA too large, and the polar
distances are reversed (NGC 5183 is 3' south of NGC 5184). JH described "F; nearly R; gbM;
30"; the second and brighter of 2." and measured an accurate
position.
******************************
NGC 5185 = UGC
8488 = MCG +02-34-025 = CGCG 072-104 = PGC 47422
13 30 02.4 +13
24 57
V = 13.3; Size 1.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 58d
17.5"
(5/27/95): fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE, 1.8'x0.6',
bright core. A mag 11.5 star lies
2.9' NW. A nice string of four
stars with a 1.5' length begins 2' SW.
Forms a pair with NGC 5181 8.3' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5185 = H III-642 = h1619 on 19 Mar 1787 (sweep 720) and logged
"vF, S, iF. The time a little
inaccurate." His position is 2.2'
southeast of UGC 8488. JH called
this galaxy "eF; R; 25"."
******************************
NGC 5186 = CGCG
072-103 = PGC 47426
13 30 03.9 +12
10 31
V = 14.6; Size 0.5'x0.5'
18"
(6/4/05): marginal object, very small, round, 0.3' diameter, very low surface
brightness. Only glimpsed for
moments with averted and concentration but confirmed. Located ~30' NNE of a compact group of 5 NGC galaxies (MKW
11) including NGC 5171.
Ernst Hartwig
discovered NGC 5186 on 29 Jun 1883 with the 18-inch Merz refractor at the
Strasbourg Observatory while searching for comet d'Arrest (AN 2688). His position matches CGCG 072-103 = PGC
47426.
******************************
NGC 5187 = MCG
+05-32-029 = CGCG 161-069 = PGC 47393
13 29 48.2 +31
07 48
V = 13.3; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 48d
17.5"
(5/11/02): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE, 0.6'x0.5',
weak concentration. A mag 13 star
lies 1.5' N. An easy pair of mag
9.5/11.5 stars is 9' WSW. Located 19' E of mag 6.9 SAO 63556. A trio of UGC galaxies (U8492, U8496
and U8502) lies 13' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5187 = H III-652 = h1620 on 20 Mar 1787 (sweep 722) and noted
"eF, vS." JH made two
observations and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5188 = ESO
383-009 = MCG -06-30-007 = PGC 47549
13 31 28.4 -34
47 42
V = 12.1; Size 3.0'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 104d
17.5"
(6/2/00): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE, 2.0'x0.8',
broad concentration. A mag 11 star
is close off the WNW end [1.9' from center].
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5188 = h3515 on 1 May 1834 and recorded "F; pL; R; glbM;
45"." His mean position
(2 observations) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5189 =
Spiral Planetary = IC 4274 = PK 307-3.1 = PN G307.2-03.4 = Gum 47 = Ced 123 =
RCW 76 = ESO 096-PN16
13 33 32.8 -65
58 27
V = 9.5; Size 185"x130"
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): this was the final object of 78
that I logged on 4/11/08 and the perfect end to a great evening with the
24". At 200x using a UHC this
amazing planetary displayed an extremely complex morphology. Through the center is a bright, high
surface brightness "bar" elongated WSW-ENE and ~1.5'x0.4' in
size. This central feature has an
uneven surface brightness with a mottled texture. A mag 12 star is superimposed
just north of the west-southwest end and the fainter central star is just south
of the bar. A close double star
(~3.5") is superimposed just south of the west-southwest end. At this end a spiral extension hooks
around counterclockwise to the north and passes through a faint star and ends
at a very faint small knot just north of the superimposed star. A bright 10" knot is just south of
the east-northeast end of the central "bar". Attached to this knot is another
extension that sweeps towards the southwest, ending less than 1' S of
center. About 50" E of the
bright knot is another 10" knot that appears detached. A mag 12 star is ~50" SW of this
knot, just outside the halo of the planetary. All of the brighter features are within a much fainter oval
envelope, ~2.5'x2.0'.
18" (7/6/05
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): the "Spiral Planetary" is
certainly one of the most remarkably structured planetaries and would be famous
if located in the northern hemisphere.
At 128x using a UHC filter, a high surface brightness "bar" at
least 1' in length, elongated SW-NE forms the main body of the planetary. The bar is slightly curved and has an
irregular surface brightness. On
the NE end is a prominent bright knot, roughly 6" in size. Nebulosity hooks below this knot,
extending below the bar. Above the
southwest end of the bar is the brightest superimposed star and a hook of
nebulosity sweeps up to the northwest, wrapping above this star. The entire structure is encased in a
much fainter oval envelope. A
total of five stars are superimposed including a very close double that is just
south of the southwest end of the bar and the 14th magnitude central star
situated southeast of the center of the bar.
12"
(6/29/02 - Bargo, Australia): this is a bright, strange-looking PN with a
complex bar structure dubbed the "Spiral Planetary". At 140x and UHC filter, it resembles a
small barred spiral galaxy with prominent bar extending SW-NE with curved tips,
~1' in length embedded within a fainter, slightly elongated halo of
~2'x1.5'. A few stars are
superimposed. At 186x, the
"bar" is irregular and knotty with a bright knot at one end. A mag 11 star is at the SW end with a
couple of faint stars on the opposite end. The faint 14th magnitude central
star is just south of the bar. Set
in a rich star field in the NE corner of Musca 6' NNW of mag 7.2 SAO
252366. This is a fascinating
sight!
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 5189 = D 252 = h3514 on 1 Jul 1826 using his homemade 9-inch
f/12 speculum reflector. This is one of three or four southern planetaries that
he identified. He recorded
"very faint nebula, about 25" diameter. It is very near a star of the
8th mag, and near the north following extremity of a crescent of very small
stars." His position is off by 15', but the description is adequate to
identify.
John Herschel recorded
"A very strange object. A
nebula of oval fig, but having a central and brighter axis somewhat curved, and
terminating in two masses brighter than the rest; diam about 90" or
100". It involves 3 stars,
one of which with 320 is double.
The principal star is 10m, the others eS; a multitude of other stars in
field." Sketched on Plate VI,
figure 1.
Williamina
Fleming found it again in 1901 on a Harvard objective prism plate taken at the
Arequipa station and reported it as new in Harvard Circular 60. Dreyer missed the equivalence in
position with NGC 5189 and recatalogued this planetary as IC 4274 = Fleming 96. The North Polar Distance in the IC has a typo of 115¡. It should read 155¡ based on the
original position, matching NGC 5189.
******************************
NGC 5190 = UGC
8500 = MCG +03-34-043 = CGCG 101-060 = CGCG 102-001 = PGC 47482
13 30 38.7 +18
08 04
V = 13.2; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(5/30/92): faint, small, slightly elongated 4:3 SW-NE, 0.8'x0.6'. A mag 15 star is at the NE edge
28" from center and a 12th magnitude star lies 1.7' SSW. An easy but striking triple star
located 7' E consists of two mag 10 stars at 27" separation N-S and a mag
13 companion 27" E of the northern component.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5190 = h1621 on 23 Mar 1827 and recorded "vF; S; bM; has a
considerable triple star following, dist = 8'."
******************************
NGC 5191 = MCG
+02-34-026 = CGCG 073-003 = PGC 47498
13 30 47.3 +11
12 02
V = 14.0; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 90d
17.5"
(5/27/95): faint, small, round, 30" diameter, weak concentration. Located in an unusually sparse star
field. A mag 14.5 star lies 3.3'
NE. A 50' string of galaxies from
NGC 5174 to NGC 5177 oriented N-S is roughly 25' following.
George Hough
discovered NGC 5191 on 5 May 1883 with the 18.5-inch Clark refractor at the
Dearborn Observatory. He reported "eF, * 9m follows 57s and 39"
south." in AN 2524. This galaxy was discovered while searching for
d'Arrest's comet and his position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5192 = CGCG
017-001 = PGC 47503
13 30 51.7 -01
46 43
V = 14.6; Size 0.6'x0.3'; PA = 10d
17.5"
(4/7/89): extremely faint, small, very elongated SSW-NNE. Member of the NGC 5183 group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 5192 = m 259, along with NGC 5196 and 5197, on 12 Apr 1864 and
noted "vF". CGCG 017-001
= PGC 47503, the galaxy assumed to be NGC 5192 in modern catalogues, is 16 sec
of RA west and 2' south of Marth's position. Perhaps coincidentally, his position is only 1' southwest
(similar offset as nearby NGC 5196 and 5197) of VIII Zw 319, a merged triple
system. Could this be the real NGC
5192?
******************************
NGC 5193 = ESO
383-015 = MCG -05-32-037 = AM 1328-325 = PGC 47582
13 31 53.4 -33
14 03
V = 11.6; Size 1.9'x1.7'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(6/2/00): moderately bright and large, round, 1.2' diameter, fairly sharply
concentrated with a small bright core.
A mag 12.5 star lies 1.2' N of center. Located 4.6' W of mag 8.2 SAO 204565. Forms a close pair with a faint edge-on
(NGC 5193A) at the west edge [57" between centers]. The companion was extremely faint, very
small, elongated, ~0.4'x0.2', required averted to momentarily glimpse. NGC 5193 and 5193A are members of LGG
353 in the foreground of AGC 3560.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5193 = h3516 on 3 Jun 1836 and recorded "pB; S; R: first g,
then psbM; 45"." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5194 = M51a
= Whirlpool galaxy = UGC 8493 = MCG +08-25-012 = CGCG 246-008 = VV 1 = VV 403 =
Arp 85 NED1 = Holm 526a = LGG
347-004 = PGC 47404
13 29 51.8 +47
11 50
V = 8.4; Size 11.2'x6.9'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 163d
48"
(5/12/12 and 4/7/13): during these views with Lowrey's 48" I focused on
some of the brighter knots in the spiral arms, which have a very high contrast
with the large, dusty, darker regions between the arms. The "southern" arm nearly
merges with the core on the northeast side. As this arm unwinds clockwise to the west, two close very
small, fairly bright knots ([CCM69] #77 in Carranza, Crilon and Monnet's
"Kinematic Study of Ionized Hydrogen in M51" in A&A, 1, 479) are
visible 1.6' W of center, just SE of a star. A small bright knot (#71) is further out on this arm, 2.3'
SW of center. The section of the arm between these knots is quite bright and
mottled. The southern arm then
continues to swing around on the east side and heads north, with a lower
surface brightness bridge to NGC 5195.
The
"northern" arm begins on the south or southwest side of the core, and
a series of small knots (#60/67) are along the inner south side, roughly 1'
from center. As the arm unwinds on
the east side of the core, a large bright knot (#52) resides ~1.4' ESE of
center. The arm is quite bright in
a large, clumpy region (#27/29) as it heads north in the direction of NGC
5195. At the closest point to NGC
5195 are 4 very small knots; the brightest is #10, 2.6' NNE of center. Very close southwest is #8 and just
northwest is #5. This arm then has
a sharp bend and shoots west on the north side and includes a moderately large,
brighter patch (#90/91) 2' NNW of center. The arm fades somewhat as it unwinds
further along the western edge of the halo.
48"
(4/2/11): during this observation I focused on the attached companion NGC 5195.
The entire connecting arm was always a prominent direct vision feature of the
pair with variations in brightness and width along its length. The arm brightened as it connected to
NGC 5195. The slightly oval core
was extremely bright but nevertheless a very bright stellar nucleus punctuated
the center. The spiral arms had an
extremely high contrast and appeared etched in the eyepiece like a photograph
with a great deal of knotty structure.
The outer arm that sweeps clockwise to the north and then around the west
side extended much further south (~5' from center) than I had ever previously
seen and separated quite a bit from the main spiral. Sprays of nebulosity looped off of NGC 5195 to the north
(see notes).
18"
(7/2/11): first view of type IIb supernova 2011dh in M51, which was discovered
after the last time I could observe.
The magnitude was ~13.3.
The progenitor star of SN 2011dh is possibly an extremely unusual yellow
supergiant with a massive blue companion that was leeching material off the
yellow supergiant.
17.5"
(3/28/87): stunning spiral structure, connecting arm visible with direct
vision. First observation with
17.5" on 23 Mar 1985.
13.1"
(4/24/82): very bright, very large, bright nucleus. Two winding spiral arms are obvious with a dark gap between
the arms on the west side. The
connecting arm to NGC 5195 is definite although near my visual threshold. There is a sharp bend in the outer arm
at the south end of the galaxy. After this point, the arm trails faintly north
to NGC 5195 located 4.6' from center.
8": bright,
large, hint of spiral arms.
Charles Messier
discovered M51 = NGC 5194 = h1622 on 13 Oct 1773 with a 3.5-inch refractor.
Johann Bode made an independent discovery on 5 Jan 1774 along with the
first drawing using his 3-inch refractor. Using his 12-inch (20-ft focal
length) on 20 Sep 1783, William Herschel commented (clearly interested if it
was a cluster), "most difficult to resolve; yet I no longer doubt. In the southern nebula I saw several
stars by various glimpses, in the northern also 3 or 4 in the thickest part of
it, but never very distinctly."
Viewing with his 18.7-inch on 29 Apr 1788, he described "Two, the
most south vB, L, surrounded with a beautiful glory of milky nebulosity with
here and there small interruptions that seemed to show the glory at a
distance." On 12 May 1787 he recorded "B, a very uncommon
object. Nebulosity in the center, with a nucleus surrounded by detached
nebulosity in the form of a circle; of unequal brightness in 3 or 4 places;
forming altogether a most curious object." He apparently never
observed M51 with his 48-inch reflector (40-foot focal length). John Herschel described M51 as "A
very bright round nucleus surrounded at a distance by a nebulous ring" and
as a "double ring, or rather one-and-half rings rather like an armillary
sphere."
M51 was the
first galaxy in which spiral structure was clearly seen. The discovery
was made by Lord Rosse (William Parsons) using his newly completed 72-inch
Leviathan in the spring of 1845 (replacing the earlier 36-inch scope). No
observing logs were kept of the earliest observations, so the exact date in
unknown, but spirality was not reported by Romney Robinson (director of the
Armagh Observatory) and James South (double star observer) during their observation
on 5-6 March 1845, which focused on resolvability. In early April 1845
(possibly the 6th), William Parsons observed alone and "discovered"
the spiral structure, producing a stunning sketch that was circulated at the
British Association for the Advancement of Science in Cambridge in June
1845. By 1850, M51 had been
observed at least 28 times and a second, more dynamic sketch implying motion,
was published in LdR's 1850 "Observations of the Nebulae" (plate
XXXV, figure 1).
Probably using
LdR's drawing as a "guide", William Lassell sketched the spiral
structure and connecting arm on 12 May 1846 (in his notebook) with his 24"
equatorially mounted reflector. Jean Chacornac made an excllent pencil sketch
(unpublished) in 1862 using the 31" silvered-glass reflector of the Paris
Observatory. Using the 9.6"
refractor at Rome, Father Secchi claimed "even in our telescope it is easy
to recognize the spiral and the two branches can be followed very well."
(he often compared his telescopic views favorably with LdR's and Lassell's).
A bitter debate
between Wilhelm Tempel and Dreyer began in 1878 after Tempel was highly
critical of Lord Rosse's and William Lassell's sketches of spiral
structure. Tempel had only
observed M51 through the 11" refractor at Arcetri, and although he
sketched curving arcs in the halo, he felt Rosse and others were interpretating
these features as spiral forms. He
wrote "once cannot fend off the thought that these forms and shapes are only
fignments of the imagination...".
Isaac Roberts obtained the first photograph of M51 on 29 Apr 1889,
ending the debate.
As far as the
origin of the nickname "Whirlpool Galaxy", Ormsby Mitchel's November
1847 column in Sidereal Messenger, Vol. 2, No. 4 announced "Lord Rosse's
Whirlpool Nebula" and included a copy of his sketch. The following
year Romney Robinson described spiral nebulae "... resemblance to bodies
floating on a whirlpool is, of course, likely to set imagination at
work..."
******************************
NGC 5195 = M51b
= UGC 8494 = MCG +08-25-014 = CGCG 246-009 = Arp 85 NED2 = VV 1b = Holm 526b =
PGC 47413
13 29 59.2 +47
15 59
V = 9.6; Size 5.8'x4.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 79d
48"
(4/2/11): I was shocked by the detail and structure visible in the companion to
M51 at 375x. The main 2' portion
of the galaxy has a striking asymmetric appearance with an extremely high
surface brightness "bar" perhaps 2'x0.8' elongated N-S with a sharp
light cutoff on the east side.
Attached on the east side of a bar is semi-circular "loop"
extending about a 1' E and connected at the north and south end of the bar. The
western loop portion of NGC 5195 was slightly brighter where it connected at
the north and south end and the interior of this loop is irregularly darker. On first glance there appeared to be an
obvious short "arm" connected to the northeast end of NGC 5195
heading south, but then I realized this was the long connecting arm from M51
that brightened in the last 1' where it attaches to NGC 5195. The entire connecting arm was always a
prominent direct vision feature of the pair. The center of the bar was sharply concentrated with an
extremely bright, quasi-stellar nucleus.
At least three
distinct plumes of nebulosity (referred to as the "crown") extended
from NGC 5195 to the north. A broad wing of hazy nebulosity begins near the NE
end (at the end of the connecting arm) and sweeps 2' to the north in a gentle
curve. A second shorter plume
extends directly north from the north end of NGC 5195. Finally a mass of very low surface
brightness nebulosity spreads to the west from the southwest end of the galaxy
and clearly sweeps towards the north for ~2.5'.
13.1":
bright, fairly small, very irregular appearance. Forms a double system 4.6' N of M51 and connected on the
east side by a faint spiral arm of M51 which trails north on the east side to
NGC 5195. The following side is
sharply cut-off due to dust and appears as a half disc.
Pierre MŽchain
discovered the northern component of M51 or NGC 5195 = H I-186 = h1623 on 20
Mar 1781 and commented "saw this nebula; effectively it is double. The center of each is brilliant and
clear; distinct and the light of each touches each other." Messier mentioned this companion to M51
in his 1784 version of the catalogue in Connaissance de Temps, though it never
received recognition as a separate Messier object. WH found it on 12 May 1787 (sweep 734) and recorded "B,
S, R, vgbM. Just north of the
former [M51]." JH reported
"B; R: vsbM to a star. This
nebula is the companion of M51 and is figured with it."
LdR and
assistants described NGC 5195 as probably a spiral on several observations and
other details were noted. On 17
Mar 1855: "I have no doubt of a spiral arrangement of the smaller
Nucl." On 16 Apr 1855:
"The 2nd Nucl seems to be the proper prolongation of the spiral arm with
which it is connected." On 18
Apr 1860: "I still think the small Nucl is shaped like an "S".
On 12 Apr 1872: "The edge of the 2nd convol. is very nearly rectilinear on
the south side."
******************************
NGC 5196 = CGCG
017-002 = PGC 47540
13 31 19.6 -01
36 54
V = 14.0; Size 0.8'x0.7'; PA = 95d
17.5"
(4/7/89): very faint, small, oval NW-SE.
NGC 5197 lies 5' SSE.
Located within the NGC 5183 group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 5196 = m 260, along with NGC 5192 and 5197, on 12 Apr 1864 and
noted "vF". His position
is less than 1' southwest of CGCG 017-002 = PGC 47540.
******************************
NGC 5197 = CGCG
017-003 = PGC 47546
13 31 25.1 -01
41 36
V = 14.8; Size 0.6'x0.3'; PA = 150d
17.5"
(4/7/89): very faint, small, round.
Member of the NGC 5183 group with NGC 5196 5' NNW and NGC 5202 10' E.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 5197 = m 261, along with NGC 5192 and 5196, on 12 Apr 1864 and
noted "vF". His position
is good.
******************************
NGC 5198 = UGC
8499 = MCG +08-25-015 =CGCG 246-010 = I Zw 59 = PGC 47441
13 30 11.4 +46
40 15
V = 11.8; Size 2.1'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(5/19/01): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 1' diameter. Contains a large, brighter core with a
thin halo. Forms the SE vertex of
a small rectangle with three mag 13-14 stars - the closest star 45"
W. Located 32' S of M51. NGC 6169 lies 21' W.
17.5":
moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated, small very bright core,
possible stellar nucleus. A mag
14.5 star is 45" W of center.
8": faint,
small, round. Located about 30' S
of M51 in the same low power field.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5198 = H II-689 on 12 May 1787 (sweep 734) and recorded
"pF, L, stellar [nucleus]."
His position is accurate. He
made another observation on 29 Apr 1788 and called it "pB, pL."
******************************
NGC 5199 = UGC
8504 = MCG +06-30-024 = CGCG 190-016 = PGC 47492
13 30 42.7 +34
49 50
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(6/8/02): faint, small, round, 0.4' diameter. Picked up at 100x 2.1' NE of a mag 13 star. Located 27' WSW of mag 6.8 SAO 63599
and 46' WNW of NGC 5223 group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5199 = H III-406 = h1624 on 1 May 1785 (sweep 405) and noted
"vF, vS, lE." CH's reduction
is 25 sec of time preceding UGC 8504.
******************************
NGC 5200
12 31 42.2 -00
01 49
=**, Reinmuth,
Carlson and Corwin.
Sidney Coolidge
discovered NGC 5200 = HN 18 on 30 Apr 1859 with the 15-inch refractor of
Harvard College Observatory during the Zone Survey of equatorial stars and
simply noted "a star in faint nebulosity." At Coolidge's position is a close mag 12.7/15.0 pair at
~9" separation. Karl Reinmuth
described NGC 5200 as a "**15 and 12.5, dist 0.1' 80 deg. No neb seen."
******************************
NGC 5201 = UGC
8480 = MCG +09-22-069 = CGCG 271-045 = PGC 47324
13 29 16.4 +53
04 54
V = 13.1; Size 1.7'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 145d
18"
(6/21/03): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 1.0'x0.6'. Moderate, even concentration to a
brighter core and faint stellar nucleus with direct vision. Located 5.7' S of mag 7.4 SAO 28775 (a
mag 10 companion is 2' NW of the bright star). NGC 5163 lies 29' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5201 = H II-797 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 921) and recorded
"pF, pS, R, vgbM." His re-reduced position is ~80 tsec too large and
2' south of UGC 8480. A second
observation made on 26 Apr 1789 (sweep 929) is more accurate.
******************************
NGC 5202 = CGCG
017-010 = PGC 47589
13 32 00.5 -01
41 57
V = 14.5; Size 1.2'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 0d
17.5"
(4/7/89): extremely faint, very small, round. Located 10' E of NGC 5197 in the NGC 5183 group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 5202 = m 262 on 12 Apr 1864 and simply noted "vF". His
position is 1' west of CGCG 017-010 = PGC 47589.
******************************
NGC 5203 = MCG
-01-35-001 = PGC 47610
13 32 13.4 -08
47 11
V = 12.6; Size 1.9'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 88d
17.5"
(6/8/02): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 3:2 E-W, 1.2'x0.8'. Sharply concentrated with a moderately
bright 20"x10" core and a much fainter halo. A pair of mag 10.5/12.5 stars at
27" separation is 7' SE.
Located 3¡ NE of Spica.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5203 = H III-507 = h3517 on 4 Feb 1786 (sweep 522) and recorded
"vF, vS, er. 240 left a doubt of the nebulosity, but rather confirmed it;
may be a small patch of stars."
His position is within 1' of MCG -01-35-001 = PGC 47610. JH logged from
the Cape of Good Hope, "vF; S; R gbM; 15"."
******************************
NGC 5204 = UGC
8490 = MCG +10-19-078 = CGCG 294-039 = PGC 47368
13 29 36.4 +58
25 09
V = 11.3; Size 5.0'x3.0'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 5d
17.5"
(6/3/00): moderately bright, elongated 4:3 N-S, 3.5'x2.5', weak concentration. Has a mottled appearance with several
slightly brighter knots across the face of the galaxy [on the DSS, the galaxy
is quite unusual with numerous knots].
The outer halo fades into the background. A nice fairly bright double star is near the edge of the
field. Member of the M101 group.
8"
(4/24/82): faint, moderately large, diffuse, elongated N-S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5204 = H IV-63 = h1625 on 24 Apr 1789 (sweep 926) and recorded
"cB, cL, vgmbM, easily res. I
suppose with a higher power I might have seen the stars." His position (CH's reduction) is 35
seconds east of UGC 8490. JH made a single observation and noted "pB;
irreg R; gbM; 90"; r; no nucleus seen." His RA is 8 tsec too small.
Charles E.
Burton, the Birr Castle observer on 23 Apr 1868, recorded "E ns, dark lane
np sf on north side of nucleus.
Suspect a spiral branch on np side extending to a star sp. Two stars sf, is the following of the 2
nebulous?"
******************************
NGC 5205 = UGC
8501 = MCG +11-17-003 = CGCG 316-017 = PGC 47425
13 30 03.4 +62
30 42
V = 12.2; Size 3.2'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 10d
17.5"
(5/23/98): appears as a fairly large, ill-defined diffuse glow, slightly
elongated N-S, 1.5'x1.2', very weak concentration. Situated between mag 13.5/14.5 stars 3' S and 2' N. Two mag
11 stars lie ~8' NW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5205 = Sw VI-59 on 18 May 1887 and recorded "vF; pS; R;
betw 2 vF stars." His position is 2' south of UGC 8501 and his description
applies.
******************************
NGC 5206 = ESO
220-018 = LGG 344-006 = PGC 47762
13 33 44.0 -48
09 04
V = 10.6; Size 3.7'x3.2'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 16d
13.1"
(2/19/04 - Costa Rica): fairly faint, fairly small, oval 3:2 SSW-NNE,
1.0'x0.6', broad weak concentration. Situated just south of a pair of mag 12
stars 1.5' N and 1.7' NW of center.
NGC 5156 lies 1.1¡ SW.
Located just 80' SE of Omega Centauri in the Centaurus A galaxy group.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5206 = h3518 on 2 Jul 1834 and recorded "F; pL; R; vgbM;
50"; on a ground faintly stippled with minute stars." His position is within the north side
of the halo.
******************************
NGC 5207 = UGC
8518 = MCG +02-35-001 = CGCG 073-018 = PGC 47612
13 32 14.1 +13
53 32
V = 13.2; Size 1.7'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 140d
24"
(7/2/16): at 260x; moderately bright, fairly small, oval 4:3 or 3:2 NW-SE,
0.9'x0.6', brighter core with a stellar nucleus. A mag 12 star is 0.7' NW, just off the edge.
CGCG 073-021,
discovered by Lord Rosse's observer in 1856, lies 5' NE. The companion appeared very faint and
small, slightly elongated ~E-W, ~12"x9".
17.5"
(5/27/95): fairly faint, small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 1.0'x0.6', broad
concentration with no distinct core.
A mag 11 star is just off the NW edge 44" from the center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5207 = H III-643 = h1626 on 19 Mar 1787 (sweep 720) and recorded
"vF, S, just sf a star, which is partly included in the nebulosity."
CH's reduction is 1.4' north of UGC 8518.
JH logged this galaxy as "a faint oval wisp attached to a *
11m."
Three
observations were made at Birr Castle.
On 3 May 1856, R.J. Mitchell noted "about 5' nf is a vF nebulous
knot." At this offset from
NGC 5207 is CGCG 073-021 = PGC 47648, which did not receive a NGC designation.
******************************
NGC 5208 = UGC
8519 = MCG +01-35-001 = CGCG 045-007 = PGC 47637
13 32 28.0 +07
18 59
V = 13.1; Size 1.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 162d
24"
(6/1/13): moderately bright and large, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, 1.0'x0.5', well
concentrated with a very small, very bright nucleus that increases to the
center. NGC 5208 and NGC 5209,
located 3.7' ENE, are the brightest members of a small group. CGCG 045-008 (identified in the RNGC as
NGC 5212) lies 1.7' SE.
17.5"
(5/27/95): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 1.2'x0.6'. Even concentration with a bright core
and faint stellar nucleus. Appears
to a have faint larger halo.
Brightest in a trio with NGC 5209 3.7' ENE and NGC 5210 10' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5208 = H III-9 = h1627, along with NGC 5209, on 23 Jan 1784
(sweep 108) and recorded "Two very feeble nebula. They are eF." There is nothing at his position (often
very rough in his early sweeps) but 1.6 min of RA west is the pair UGC 8519 and
UGC 8522. JH made four observations
and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5209 = UGC
8522 = MCG +01-35-002 = CGCG 045-009 = PGC 47654
13 32 42.5 +07
19 38
V = 13.0; Size 1.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3
24"
(6/1/13): at 225x appeared moderately bright, fairly small, round, 0.6'
diameter, sharply concentrated with a very bright, 0.3' core that increases to
the center. Forms a pair with NGC
5208 3.7' WSW with CGCG 045-011 3.0' E.
Also, CGCG 045-012 is 4.7' NNE.
17.5"
(5/27/95): faint, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter. Broad, weak concentration with no distinct core. Fainter of a pair with NGC 5208 3.7'
WSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5209 = H III-10 = h1628 on 23 Jan 1784 (sweep 108) and recorded
"Two very feeble nebula [with III-9 = NGC 5208]. They are eF." "Two. Both vF and
vS." His position is poor. JH
made two observations, providing a fairly accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5210 = UGC
8523 = MCG +01-35-003 = CGCG 045-010 = PGC 47678
13 32 49.2 +07
10 12
V = 12.9; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.3
24"
(6/1/13): moderately bright, moderately large, round, 0.8' diameter, sharply
concentrated with a small bright core that increases to a stellar nucleus. Brightest in a group (WBL 450), along
with NGC 5208 and 5209, which lie 10' NNW.
17.5"
(5/27/95): faint, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter. Contains a fairly bright core with a faint halo with fades
into the background. Similar to the NGC 5208/5209 pair that lies ~10' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5210 = H III-99 = h1629 on 13 Apr 1784 (sweep 191) and recorded
"eF, S. It follows a star 7-8
mag 3.1 min in time and 1¡ 9' more north." On 12 May 1793 (sweep 1042) he reported "pBN with vF
chevelure [halo]. S, almost like a
faint nebulous star." JH logged "F; S: R; psbM; 15"." and
measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5211 = UGC
8530 = MCG +00-35-009 = CGCG 017-021 = PGC 47709
13 33 05.3 -01
02 08
V = 12.3; Size 2.1'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 30d
17.5"
(4/7/89): fairly faint, small, oval SSW-NNE, gradually increases to a small
bright core. Forms a pair with UGC
8526 7.9' SSW in the NGC 5183 group.
UGC 8526 appeared very faint, fairly small, oval ~E-W.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5211 = h1630 on 14 Apr 1828 and recorded "pB; S; R; vsmbM; 20"." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5212 = CGCG
045-014 = PGC 47687
13 32 56.1 +07
17 16
V = 15.5; Size 0.5'x0.45'
24"
(6/1/13): faint to very faint, very small, round, 15" diameter. The NGC identification is very uncertain
and could apply to CGCG 045-008 and perhaps a faint, wide double star near John
Herschel's position.
17.5"
(5/27/95): not found though observed well past the meridian.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5212 = h1631 on 24 Apr 1830 and simply note "eF". There is nothing at his position, which
is east of NGC 5208 and 5209.
Karl Reinmuth
identified CGCG 045-014 as NGC 5212.
This galaxy is 27 sec of RA west of JH's position and matches in
declination. RNGC identifies CGCG
045-008 as NGC 5212. This galaxy is
situated 1.7' southeast of NGC 5208 and is 50 seconds of RA west of JH's
position. Harold Corwin favors a
20" pair of 15th magnitude stars just 1' north of JH's position. I don't think any of these
identifications are compelling and the identification should perhaps be left as
"lost".
******************************
NGC 5213 = VV
18a = UGC 8552 = MCG +01-35-008 = CGCG 045-028 = PGC 47842
13 34 39.3 +04
07 48
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(6/2/00): faint, small, round, 40" diameter, weak concentration with no
noticeable core. Located 17' NE of
a 2' pair of mag 8 stars.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 5213 = m 263 on 30 Apr 1864 and noted "vF, S,
lE." There is nothing at his
position, but exactly 1 min of RA east is UGC 8552 = PGC 47842. The other galaxies Marth discovered the
same night have correct positions.
Karl Reinmuth describes this galaxy as "cF, cS, lE, lbM, eFN"
at the corrected position and notes that "in Dreyer's place is
*12.5."
******************************
NGC 5214 = UGC
8531 = MCG +07-28-030 = CGCG 218-021 = PGC 47675
13 32 48.5 +41
52 19
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 140d
24"
(6/4/16): at 375x; fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, slightly
elongated NW-SE, 45"x35", very small bright core. Mag 9.9 SAO 44651 is 5' NE along with a
mag 10.7 star 2.8' NW. Located 22'
SE of mag 6.1 HD 117710.
Forms a contact
pair with NGC 5214A = MCG +07-28-029 just off the southwest edge, 30"
between centers. NGC 5214A
appeared extremely faint (though not a threshold object) and small, slightly
elongated SW-NE, 0.2'x0.1'.
17.5"
(6/2/00): fairly faint, slightly elongated 4:3 NW-SE, 1.1'x0.8', weak even
concentration. Forms the southern
vertex of a triangle with a mag 10.5 star 2.7' NW and a mag 10 star 5' NE. Located 18' SE of mag 6.1 SAO 44637.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5214 = H III-656 = h1632 on 9 Apr 1787 (sweep 725) and recorded
"vF, vS, lbM." JH made
the single observation, "vF; R; gbM; 30...40 arcseconds." and
measured an accurate position. A
faint edge-on companion is off the southwest side.
******************************
NGC 5215 = ESO
383-IG 028/29 = MCG -05-32-041 = VV 693 = PGC 47887
13 35 09.5 -33
29 02
V = 12.9; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 70d
17.5"
(4/21/01): this double system consists of a two faint, very small galaxies (NGC
5215A and 5215B) separated by 20" E-W. The following member is slightly elongated. Both galaxies have sharp, stellar
nuclei. A mag 14 star lies
42" due south of the eastern component. This member of AGC 3565 is located 12' SE of a mag 6.5 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5215 = h3519 on 3 Jun 1836 and recorded "eF and S; has 2 st
less than 1 diam of neb, distant one (by diagram) s[outh] and one
p[receding]". Based on his
description, he resolved this double system. ESO-LV fails to label this system as NGC 5215.
******************************
NGC 5216 =
Keenan's System = Arp 104 NED1 = VV 33a = UGC 8528 = MCG +11-17-004 = CGCG
316-019 CGCG 316-019 = PGC 47598
13 32 07.0 +62
42 03
V = 12.6; Size 2.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 14.0
48"
(4/20/17): bright, moderately large, slightly elongated, sharply concentrated
with an intense nucleus surrounded by a small bright core and a moderately
large halo.
17.5"
(5/23/98): smaller and fainter of pair with NGC 5218 4.0' N (Keenan's System =
interacting on long exposure photos).
Fairly faint, round, 1.0' diameter. The core is 15" in diameter at 280x.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5216 = H II-841 = h1635, along with II-842 = NGC 5218, on 19 Mar
1790 (sweep 953) and logged "pB, S, iF." CH's reduced position is 2'
northeast of UGC 8528. JH measured
an accurate position for h1635, but thought it was a new object, as he applied
II-841 to NGC 5218. The
identifications were corrected in GC and NGC, but still the MCG has NGC 5216
and 5218 reversed.
The nickname
"Keenan's System" derives from a 1935 paper "An Unusual Pair of
Nebulae: NGC 5216 and 5218" (in 1935ApJ....81..355K). Keenan announced that based on a Yerkes
24-inch plate "these two apparently well-separated galaxies are connected
by a faint but definite band of nebulosity... The case is striking, among the
small number of pairs known to be physically connected, because of the
considerable separation of the two objects in proportion to their size." The paper included a photograph of the
system. Zwicky used the name
"Keenan's System in his 1956 paper "Multiple Galaxies" on
interacting galaxies (http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1956ErNW...29..344Z). The filament connection the galaxy
stretches 22,000 light years long.
******************************
NGC 5217 = UGC
8546 = MCG +03-35-009 = CGCG 102-019 = PGC 47793
13 34 06.1 +17
51 24
V = 12.6; Size 1.5'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(5/30/92): fairly faint, fairly small, round, evenly concentrated down to a
small bright core. Forms a pair
with IC 897 3.2' ESE. The
companion appeared extremely faint, very small. I could only glimpse this object for moments with averted
vision but it appeared very elongated 3:1 SW-NE and extremely thin.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5217 = h1634 on 7 May 1826 and recorded "vF; S; R:
bM." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 5218 =
Keenan's System = Arp 104 NED2 = VV 33b = UGC 8529 = MCG +11-17-005 = CGCG
316-020 = CGCG 317-003 = PGC 47603
13 32 10.2 +62
46 02
V = 12.3; Size 1.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 100d
17.5"
(5/23/98): moderately bright and large, elongated 4:3 ~E-W, 1.5'x1.2', broad
concentration with a large brighter core.
A mag 13.5 star lies 1.5' NE.
Forms a double system with NGC 5216 4.0' S (interacting pair with
streamers called Keenan's system).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5218 = H II-842 = h1636 on 19 Mar 1790 (sweep 953) and recorded
"pB, pL, iF." CH's
reduced position is 3' northeast of UGC 8529 (northern component of Keenan's
System). JH misidentified h1636 as
II-841, instead of II-842. The
identifications of NGC 5216/5218 are reversed in the MCG.
******************************
NGC 5219 = NGC
5244 = ESO 270-023 = MCG -07-28-007 = PGC 48236
13 38 42.0 -45
51 18
V = 12.5; Size 1.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 17d
See observing
notes for NGC 5244.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5219 = h3520 on 3 Jun 1834 and recorded "vF, S, R, has a *
near lower edge." There is
nothing at his very rough position (near min of RA and NPD marked as
approximate), but the description clearly matches h3525 = NGC 5244. This implies JH made a 2.5 tmin error
in RA and 3' in declination and didn't recognize that he observed this galaxy
just two days previously!
The RNGC
misidentifies a double star as NGC 5244, although the classification is a
galaxy.
******************************
NGC 5220 = ESO
383-036 = MCG -5-32-46 = PGC 47972
13 35 57.0 -33
27 13
V = 12.2; Size 2.3'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 97d
17.5"
(4/21/01): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 5:2 E-W, 1.5'x0.6'. A mag 13 star is at the following end
[52" from center] and a mag 14.5 star is just north of central
region. A mag 9.1 star lies 2.8'
SE. NGC 5215 (pair) lies 10'
W. Located 17' SE of mag 6.6 HD
118010. The dust lane (similar to M104) was not seen.
Member of AGC 3565.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5220 = h3521 on 3 Jun 1836 and recorded "vF; S; R: precedes
a * 10m, dist 1 1/2 diam by diagram." His position and description matches ESO 383-036 = MCG
-05-32-046. MCG fails to label
this galaxy as NGC 5220.
******************************
NGC 5221 = Arp
288 NED3 = VV 315b = VIII Zw 325 = UGC 8559 = MCG +02-35-006 = CGCG 073-040 =
PGC 47869
13 34 55.9 +13
49 57
V = 13.0; Size 2.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 100d
24"
(6/1/13): moderately bright, moderately large, edge-on 4:1 E-W,
1.0'x0.25", well concentrated with a small bright nucleus. Interacting pair with NGC 5222 5.4' S.
17.5"
(5/30/92): faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 E-W, broad mild concentration,
very faint stellar nucleus. Forms
a pair with NGC 5222 5.4' S. A mag
14.5 star 2.5' S is midway NGC 5221 and NGC 5222. Member of the NGC 5230 group. NGC 5226 lies 5.7' NNE (not seen).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5221 = H III-86 = h1637, along with NGC 5222 and 5230 on 12 Apr
1784 (sweep 189), and recorded "Three small nebula, all vF and R; the last
is little larger than the other two.
The first and last differ 0.6 min in RA and 10' in polar
distance." JH made two
observations, logging "F; R; pslbM; 25", and "eF; R". NGC position is just off the
south side of the galaxy.
******************************
NGC 5222 = Arp
288 NED2/3 = VV 315a/c = UGC 8558 = MCG +02-35-005 = CGCG 073-039 = PGC 47871
13 34 55.9 +13
44 32
V = 13.1; Size 1.3'x1.0'; PA = 15d
24"
(6/1/13): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated SSW-NNE,
30"x24", high surface brightness core, small halo. A mag 15.5 star is just off the south
side, 0.6' from center. NGC 5221
lies 5.4' N and NGC 5230 is 9.6' ESE.
17.5"
(5/30/92): faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 SSW-NNE. A mag 15.5 star is at the south
edge. A brighter mag 14.5 star
lies 3' N. This is the slightly
brighter galaxy of a pair with NGC 5221 5.4' N. Located 9.7' WNW of NGC 5230 in a group. A small companion just off the
northeast edge was not seen.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5222 = H III-85 = h1638, along with NGC 5221 and NGC 5230, on 12
Apr 1784 (sweep 189). JH made
three observations, describing NGC 5220 as "vF; S; R", "pB; S; R
sbM; 30", and "vF; R; vglbM; 20".
******************************
NGC 5223 = UGC
8553 = MCG +06-30-040 = CGCG 190-025 = PGC 47822
13 34 25.2 +34
41 25
V = 13.0; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(5/23/98): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 40" diameter, very little
concentration. A mag 13 star is
nearly attached on the SW side, 44" from the center. At 280x, a very small
core is visible and the galaxy has an uneven surface brightness. Brightest in a group with NGC 5228 5.6'
NNE and NGC 5233 10' E.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5223 = H III-407 = h1640 on 1 May 1785 (sweep 405) and recorded
"Two [along with III-408 = NGC 5228], the time is that of the most south;
both vF and vS; but the most north [NGC 5228] is the faintest and smallest of
the two. Dist about 6 or
7'." His position is 20 sec
of RA too far west. JH made 3
observations, recording on sweep 131 "F; S; R; has a star sp", and
measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5224 = MCG
+01-35-009 = CGCG 045-030 = PGC 47884
13 35 08.8 +06
28 51
V = 14.0; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(6/2/00): fairly faint, small, round, 0.5' diameter, weak even concentration to
a brighter core and faint stellar nucleus. Bracketed between two mag 9 stars 2.3' NE (SAO 120022) and
3.5' SW (SAO 120017). NGC 5235
lies 14' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5224 = H III-926 = h1633 on 12 May 1793 (sweep 1043) and
recorded "vF, S. It is sp a
considerably bright star." JH
made the single observation "a * 9m with a faint, very dilute nebulous atmosphere." His position is 1 min of time too small
(he noted a possible error of 1 tmin), but the description appears to describe
one of the nearby bright stars -- not the galaxy, which is 2' from the nearest
star. In the GC, JH questioned "Has the star or the nebula
moved?" He probably missed
the galaxy and noted a small halo around the nearby star.
******************************
NGC 5225 = UGC
8540 = MCG +09-22-078 = CGCG 271-050 = PGC 47731
13 33 20.3 +51
29 25
V = 13.5; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.4
17.5"
(5/11/02): faint, very small, round, 25" diameter, little or no
concentration. A mag 15.5 star is
barely off the SE edge [30" from center]. Located 15' SW of NGC 5238.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5225 = H III-822 on 26 Apr 1789 (sweep 929) and noted "cF,
pS, iR, lbM." CH's reduced
position is 27 sec of RA east of UGC 8540. There were no follow-up observations by JH or at Birr
Castle.
******************************
NGC 5226 = PGC
47877
13 35 03.6 +13
55 20
V = 15.7; Size 0.5'x0.25'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 21d
24"
(6/1/13): faintest member of the NGC 5230 quartet. At 282x appeared extremely faint, very small, appeared to be
elongated ~2:1 N-S, 12"x6".
Required averted and could not hold for more than a couple of
seconds. Located 5.7' NNE of NGC
5221. This galaxy is surprisingly
faint for an NGC, though it was discovered with the 72-inch.
17.5"
(5/30/92): Not found.
J.L.E. Dreyer
discovered NGC 5226 using LdR's 72" on 5 April 1877 during an observation
of NGC 5221. He described this
object as "eF, pS, pos 20.7¡, dist 342" from [NGC 5221]. At this exact position (5.7'
north-northeast of NGC 5221) is PGC 47877.
******************************
NGC 5227 = UGC
8566 = MCG +00-35-010 = CGCG 017-029 = PGC 47915
13 35 24.5 +01
24 40
V = 13.1; Size 1.8'x1.5'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 145d
17.5"
(6/8/02): fairly faint, moderately large, round, 1.2' diameter, gradually
increases to a 20" core.
Surrounded by a small isosceles triangle of stars with a mag 14.5 star
1.8' NW, mag 15 star 1.3' SW and a mag 14 star 2.1' E!
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5227 = H III-928 = h1641 on 13 May 1793 (sweep 1044) and noted
"vF, S." His position is
good. JH made the single observation "vF; R" and did not measure a position. Ralph Copeland, while an observing
assistant at Birr Castle on 22 Mar 1874, noted "vF, pS, R, gmbM, inside a
triangle of small stars."
******************************
NGC 5228 = UGC
8556 = MCG +06-30-043 = CGCG 190-026 = PGC 47837
13 34 35.0 +34
46 40
V = 13.3; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(5/23/98): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 40" diameter, weak
concentration. Forms a similar
pair with NGC 5223 5.6' SSW. A mag
13 star lies 1.4' NE and a similar star is 2' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5228 = H III-408 = h1642 on 1 May 1785 (sweep 405) and recorded
"Two [along with III-407 = NGC 5223], the time is that of the most south;
both vF and vS; but the most north [NGC 5228] is the faintest and smallest of
the two. Dist about 6 or
7'." His position is 20 sec
of RA too far west. JH made 2
observations and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5229 = UGC
8550 = MCG +08-25-019 = CGCG 246-013 = FGC 1638 = PGC 47788
13 34 02.9 +47
54 54
V = 13.7; Size 3.3'x0.6'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 167d
17.5"
(5/15/99): faint, large, thin edge-on, 6:1 NNW-SSE, 2.5'x0.4'. With averted vision the outer tips may
extend to 3' in length. A mag 12
star is off the SSE end 2.4' from center.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5229 = Sw III-72 on 1 Jan 1886 and recorded "eF; L; vE; v
difficult." His position is 8
sec of RA following UGC 8550 and his description applies. Possible member of the M101 group.
******************************
NGC 5230 = UGC
8573 = MCG +02-35-009 = CGCG 073-043 = PGC 47932
13 35 31.9 +13
40 34
V = 12.1; Size 2.2'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.5
24"
(6/1/13): moderately bright to fairly bright, moderately large, slightly
elongated, 1.4'x1.2', broad concentration to a brighter core. With direct vision, a small brighter
nucleus was visible. Largest in a
quartet (similar redshifts) with NGC 5222 9.6' WNW and NGC 5221 12.8' NW.
17.5"
(5/30/92): fairly faint, moderately large, round, 1.5' diameter, fairly low
almost even surface brightness, weak concentration. Brightest in a group with NGC 5221 13' NNW and NGC 5222 9.7'
WNW. Located near the Virgo-Bootes
border.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5230 = H III-87 = h1639 = h1643, along with NGC 5221 and NGC
5222, on 12 Apr 1784 (sweep 189).
JH made 4 observations including one, on sweep 247, in which he thought
it was new and catalogued it as h1643.
His position was 8 tsec of RA too far west on this sweep. Dreyer combined the two h- and
GC-designations in the NGC, noting "according to the well--agreeing
observations of WH, d'Arrest and LdR, there are only 3 nebula." R.J. Mitchell, the LdR observer
on 3 May 1856, noted 1643 [NGC 5230] is the largest and is pB, R, gbMN, about
which I suspect dark spaces [dust lanes]."
******************************
NGC 5231 = UGC
8574 = MCG +01-35-011 = CGCG 045-034 = Holm 529a = PGC 47953
13 35 48.3 +02
59 57
V = 13.4; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 112d
17.5"
(6/8/02): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, 0.7'x0.6', broad
concentration with a slightly brighter core and an occasional stellar nucleus.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 5231 = m 264 on 30 Apr 1864 and noted "F, S, bM." His position is 1' south of UGC 8574.
******************************
NGC 5232 = MCG
-01-35-003 = PGC 47998
13 36 08.3 -08
29 52
V = 13.1; Size 1.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 70d
17.5"
(5/15/99): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated WSW-ENE,
1.0'x0.8'. Fairly sharp
concentration with a much brighter 30" core. Forms a pair with MCG -01-35-005 3.5' ENE. The companion appeared extremely faint,
very small, round, no other details.
NGC 5241 lies 10' NNE. Located 5.3' NNE of mag 9 SAO 139434.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 5232 = m 265 on 30 May 1864 and noted "F, vS." His position is less than 1'
north-northwest of MCG -01-35-003 = PGC 47998.
******************************
NGC 5233 = UGC
8568 = MCG +06-30-047 = CGCG 190-029 = PGC 47895
13 35 13.3 +34
40 38
V = 13.9; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 80d
17.5"
(5/23/98): very faint, small, slightly elongated ~E-W, very small brighter
core. A mag 14.5 star is 1.1' SE
of center. Located 10' E of NGC
5223 in a group with NGC 5228.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5233 = H III-425 = h1645 on 3 May 1785 (sweep 407) and noted
"vF, vS, may be brought into the field with the two foregoing [NGC 5223
and 5228] and is a little fainter than they are." His position (CH's reduction) is less
than 2' southeast of UGC 8668. JH
called it "F; S; R: has a vS * near [southeast]."
******************************
NGC 5234 = ESO
220-024 = PGC 48129
13 37 29.9 -49
50 14
V = 13.0; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 48d
18" (4/4/16
- Coonabarabran, 236x): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE,
40"x20", contains a small brighter core. A mag 14-14.5 star is at the southeast edge [20" from
center] and a mag 15 star is just off the northeast end. Situated in a rich star field with two
mag 10.5 stars 4' N and 5' NW.
Located 25' WNW of mag 5.9 HD 118767.
ESO 220-023
(similar redshift) lies 5.6' NNW.
This fairly faint edge-on extends 4:1 SW-NE, 0.6'x0.15', slight bulge at
center, tapers at ends. Collinear
with two mag 12.2 and 10.5 stars situated 1.2' SE and 1.9' SE. It also forms the eastern vertex of a
triangle with two mag 10.5 stars 2.5' WNW and 3' SW. Two more ESO edge-ons (again part of the same group) lies
10' SW of NGC 5234 but I didn't look for these.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5234 = h3522 on 6 Jul 1834 and recorded "eeF; lE;
30". Requires a newly
polished mirror, and a night such as this is to be seen." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5235 = UGC
8582 = MCG +01-35-012 = CGCG 045-036 = PGC 47984
13 36 01.4 +06
35 07
V = 14.0; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 120d
24"
(6/29/16): moderately bright, elongated 5:3 ~WNW-ESE, ~40"x24",
contains a relatively large brighter core. A mag 10 star is 3.7' SW and a mag 14.5 star is 1' NNE.
CGCG 045-035
lies 3.6' S and a similar distance southeast of the mag 10 star. It was noted as very faint, slightly
elongated N-S, ~15"x10".
UGC 8596 lies 12.5' SE and appeared faint, fairly small, slightly
elongated NNW-SSE, 25"x20", broad concentration with a slightly
brighter nucleus.
17.5"
(6/2/00): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE, 0.8'x0.4', smooth surface
brightness. NGC 5224 lies 14'
SW. Located 3.6' NE of a mag 10
star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5235 = H III-100 = h1644 on 13 Apr 1784 (sweep 191) and logged
"eF, E. It follows a star 7-8
mag 6.2 min in time and is 34' more north." JH made three observations,
recording on sweep 153 "F; pL; R; very dilute; nf a * 9m."
******************************
NGC 5236 = M83 =
ESO 444-081 = MCG -05-32-050 = UGCA 366 = PGC 48082
13 37 00.3 -29
51 58
V = 7.5; Size 12.9'x11.5'; Surf Br = 12.8
48"
(4/7/13): During this observation of M83, I focused on the HII regions that
light up portions of the remarkable spiral arms that emanate from the 3'x1'
central bar. The bar is sharply
concentrated with a small, intensely bright, 1' round core. At the northeast end of the bar a high
contrast arm begins to sweep counterclockwise along the east side, ending up
directly south of the core.
Several knotty clumps were visible in the region where the arm is
attached. First, at the northeast
end of the central bar [1.2' NE of center] is NGC 5236:[dPD83] 42, a 10"
HII knot. This designation is from
a 1983 paper by de Vaucouleurs, Pence and Davoust that includes a map of the 60
brightest HII regions. Close east
of this knot is #46, a 20"x10" elongated patch, situated where the
arm begins to unfurl to the south [1.7' NE of center]. HII region #54 is another 12" knot
a bit further southeast [0.6'] along the arm [1.9' ENE of center].
On the opposite
southwest end of the bar a prominent second arm emerges and spirals out
counterclockwise along the west side of the galaxy heading north and then
spreading out as it curves east.
The arm dims noticeably on the northeast side of the halo near a mag 13
star and has a low surface brightness as it continues south in the outer halo,
heading towards h 4599, an 8" pair of mag 8.2/10.7 stars. Several knots are visible in this
arm. As the arm emerges at the
southwest end is #22 and #18, a small 10" knot [1.8' SW of center]. Close north is an elongated clump [2.0'
WSW of center], ~25"x10", containing #13 and #15. Another elongated patch,
30"x10", containing #12 and #16, is 1' further north along the arm
[1.9' WNW of center]. Additional
HII regions were visible at the northern side of the arm; #39 and #43 are a
close pair of small knots ~2.5' NNE of center. Further east along the arm [3.3' NE of center] is #56, another
elongated patch, 20"x10".
A third, wider
and more diffuse arm begins on the south side of the bar. It extends below the brighter arm on
the west side, and sweeps more gradually, forming an outer western arm. This
arm passes just north of a mag 12 star and ends about 4' W of center at a
brighter, elongated patch that includes #2 and #3, as well as a mag 15 star.
48"
(5/15/12): jaw-dropping view of M83, with the galaxy filling about 2/3 of the
375x field. I didn't take detail
notes as we were looking for a recently discovered ultraluminous X-ray source
(ULX), in which a companion star is orbiting a neutron star or black hole. We found a stellar or quasi-stellar
object at the north edge of the central core, but this was likely a compact HII
region (the ULX is ~1' E of the nucleus).
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): M83 resembled the photographic
appearance in the 24" at 200x.
The bright "bar" was elongated SW-NE and roughly 3'x1' in size
with a well-defined bright, round core, 1' in diameter. The first prominent arm is attached at
the northeast end of the bar and sweeps south (counter-clockwise) on the east
side of the core, wrapping around the southeast side and spreading out a bit as
it terminates to the south of the core (~3' from the center). This arm has a high contrast along its
outer edge and a couple of faint stars or HII knots are visible near where it
attaches to the bar. On the
southwest end of the bar a second prominent inner arm emerges and abruptly
wraps counter-clockwise around the galaxy on the west side as it heads
north. This arm continues to wrap
around the north side before spreading out on the northeast side and merging
into the outer halo ~3.5' from center on the northeast edge of the halo. A
third, more ill-defined arm, also emerges from the core on the south but sweeps
more gently to the west (instead of heading north) on the outside of the second
arm. It spreads out and fades into
the general glow about 3.5' SW of center near a superimposed mag 12 star. Offshoots of the main arms are
difficult to trace and contribute to the general background glow of the halo.
18"
(7/11/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): in addition to the complex 3-armed
spiral structure I was surprised to see a fairly obvious linear bar that
extended through the small, intense core in SW-NE orientation. The fairly tightly wound spiral arm
that wraps from the east side of the core around the south side in a
counter-clockwise orientation clearly emerges from the NE end of this bar. The spiral arms that begin on the south
and west side more vaguely emerge from the general glow near the SW end of the
bar.
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): beautiful view with easy spiral structure in excellent
seeing conditions. The main
central portion of the galaxy appears to be in motion, due to the embedded
spiral structure and darker ribbons add to this impression. The three principal arms extending from
the galaxy were well seen although they are fairly tightly wound to the main
body.
13.1"
(2/19/04 - Costa Rica): this impressive galaxy was viewed carefully at both
105x and 166x. The overall size
including the spiral arms are ~8'x6'.
The halo is broadly concentrated then rises sharply to an intense
25" core that increases to the center. Complex spiral structure is quite obvious. A spiral arm is attached on the east
side of the core and wraps around the south side of the galaxy in a
counter-clockwise direction. A second
arm is attached at the south side of the core and winds to the west a bit on
the south side. Finally, an arm is
attached on the west side and shoots north before gently bending east along the
north side of the outer halo.
12"
(6/29/02 - Bargo, Australia): this was my best view to date of M83 with a
beautiful spiral structure clearly evident and multiple knotty arms. Well concentrated with a prominent core
and very small nucleus. A very
long, spiral arm is attached on the west side of the central core or bar but
quickly bends to the north, becoming more spread out and diffuse. It continues to wind along the entire
east side of the halo and fades out near a close double star, which is the
middle of three collinear stars to the SE of the galaxy. Two other principal arms are visible -
one is attached on the following end of the core and heads south, wrapping
clockwise around the core towards the west. A third arm emerges from the core on the west side and winds
clockwise towards the north.
Offshoots of the main arms are difficult to trace and contribute to the
general background glow of the halo.
17.5"
(5/10/86) : brighter arm or arc visible north of the core.
13.1"
(3/24/84): very bright, large, very bright core, brighter along the central
"bar". The shape of the
spiral arms and central bar form the Greek letter "Theta" surrounded
by a faint halo.
8": very
bright, bright core, elongated, impressive.
Nicolas-Louis de
Lacaille discovered M83 = NGC 5236 = Lac I-6 = D 628 = h3523 in 1751-1752 with
a 1/2" telescope at 8x during his expedition to the Cape of Good
Hope. He simply described a
"small, shapeless" nebula.
It is also the only galaxy in Lacaille's list. Charles Messier was barely able to view it from Paris,
noting "It appears as a faint, even light, but is difficult to see with
the telescope that the slightest illumination of the micrometer's crosshairs
causes it to disappear. It
requires considerable concentration to see at all."
WH made two
observations of M83: On 15 Mar
1787 (sweep 711) he logged "vB, a bright resolvable nucleus in the middle
with F branches about 5' or 6' long, E sp-nf." On 5 May 1793 he logged "vB, a SBN with very extensive
and vF nebulosity; it more than fills the field, it seems to be rather stronger
from sp to nf. It may be ranked among the nebulous stars."
James Dunlop
observed M83 on 29 Apr 1826 and recorded "185 Centauri is a very beautiful
round nebula, with an exceedingly bright well-defined disk or nucleus, about 7
or 8 arcseconds diameter, surrounded by a luminous atmosphere or chevelure,
about 6' diameter. The nebulous matter is rather a little brighter towards the
edge of the planetary disk, but very slightly so. I can see several extremely
minute points or stars in the chevelure, but I do not consider them as
indications of its being resolvable, although I have no doubt it is composed of
stars." His published
position is off by some 12+ tmin in RA, but Glen Cozens found a copying error
of exactly 13 tmin from his original position.
JH's first
observation from the Cape of Good Hope on 5 May 1834 reads "vB, vL, sbM to
a centre equal to a star 9th mag, diam 8", of a resolvable character like
a globular cluster, surrounded by an immensely large, extremely dilute almost
equable light 7' or 8' diameter, somewhat oval, and passing with excessive
suddenness into the central light."
William Lassell first
recognized the spiral structure using his 48-inch fork-mounted reflector on
Malta in May 1862 and sketched M83 as an elegant three-branched spiral. (Plate
VII, Fig. 28, in Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol 36).
******************************
NGC 5237 = ESO
270-022 = MCG -07-28-005 = AM 1334-423 = Aguero 48 = LGG 344-008 = PGC 48139
13 37 38.8 -42
50 51
V = 12.5; Size 1.9'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 128d
14" (4/2/16
- Coonabarabran, 160x): moderately bright, fairly small, irregularly round
(seems to change shape with averted vision). No noticeable core but seems brightest at the west end with
careful viewing. On the DSS, it
appears I noticed either a very small companion that's merged on the northwest
side of the galaxy or a blue, starburst region of the galaxy. NGC 5237 forms the southern vertex of
an isosceles triangle with two bright stars; mag 7.4 HD 118337 7' NW and mag
7.0 HD 118483 7' NE! Member of the
NGC 5128 (Cen A) group.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5237 = h3524 on 3 Jun 1834 and noted (first of 4 observations)
"F; pL; oval; vgbM; 60" l; 50" br." MCG fails to label this galaxy as NGC
5237.
This galaxy,
along with Fourcade-Figueroa galaxy = ESO 270-017, may have formed from a close
interaction between Centaurus A and a spiral galaxy. A 1992 paper suggest it was ejected as a non-rotating shred
of dusty, gas-rich disc material that appears as a blue irregular/starburst
dwarf galaxy.
******************************
NGC 5238 = UGC
8565 = MCG +09-22-082 = CGCG 271-052 = Mrk 1479 = I Zw 64 = KPG 384 = PGC 47853
13 34 42.6 +51
36 50
V = 13.4; Size 1.7'x1.4'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 160d
17.5"
(5/11/02): very faint, moderately large, slightly elongated ~N-S, 1.2'x1.0',
very diffuse with no noticeable central concentration. NGC 5225 lies 15' SW. Possible outlying member of the M101
group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5238 = H III-823 on 26 Apr 1789 (sweep 929) and noted "cF,
pL, R, vlbM." CH's reduced
position is 20 tsec east of UGC 8565.
******************************
NGC 5239 = UGC
8589 = MCG +01-35-015 = CGCG 045-040 = PGC 48023
13 36 26.2 +07
22 11
V = 12.8; Size 1.8'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.9
17.5"
(5/27/95): very faint, 1.0' diameter.
Appears as a very low surface brightness glow with no
concentration. Forms the west
vertex of a right triangle with two mag 12-13 stars 4.1' E and 5.0' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5239 = H III-101 = h1646 on 13 Apr 1784 (sweep 191) and recorded
"eF, pL, R, easily resolvable.
I can almost see the stars of it." JH made two observations and his position on sweep 250 is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 5240 = UGC
8587 = MCG +06-30-056 = CGCG 190-034 = PGC 47971
13 35 55.2 +35
35 16
V = 13.1; Size 1.9'x1.4'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 60d
17.5"
(5/11/02): very faint, moderately large, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 1.5'x0.9', Very
diffuse appearance with a surprisingly low surface brightness and little or no
central concentration. A trio of mag 10-10.5 stars lies 11' ENE. The NGC 5223 group (trio) is located
55' SSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5240 = H III-409 on 1 May 1785 (sweep 405) and noted "vF,
pL, R, lbM." His re-reduced
position is 1.5' south of UGC 8587.
JH and LdR did not make any observations.
******************************
NGC 5241 = MCG
-01-35-006 = PGC 48043
13 36 39.9 -08
24 07
V = 14.2; Size 1.2'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 55d
17.5"
(5/15/99): this difficult galaxy is attached to a mag 13 star and is situated
just 0.9' W of a mag 11 star that detracts from viewing. The seeing was not steady during the observation,
but the galaxy appeared elongated, perhaps 25"x10" roughly WSW-ENE
with the star attached on the following side. Located 10' NE of NGC 5232.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5241 = Sw III-73 on 29 Mar 1886 and recorded "pF, eS; vF
star very close." There is
nothing at this position, but 38 sec of RA west and 6' north MCG -01-35-006 =
PGC 48043 and his comment "vf * close" applies to this galaxy. MCG does not label this galaxy as NGC
5241 but RNGC and PGC identify PGC 48043 as NGC 5241.
******************************
NGC 5242
13 37 06 +02 46
=Not found,
Carlson and Corwin.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5242 = h1647 on 10 Apr 1828 and recorded "eF, vL, fills the
whole field. Strongly suspected;
yet a doubt remains." There
is nothing near his position (the declination is marked as uncertain) that fits
his description and Dorothy Carlson classifies the number as nonexistent.
Harold Corwin
concludes "Since there are no galaxies in the area matching JH's
description (all are too small), nor are there any one hour preceding or
following, or within two +/- degrees of the nominal declination, this may well
be a visual illusion of some sort, perhaps caused by scattered light in his
telescope." Curiously, there
is an observation by LdR observer R.J. Mitchell on 19 Apr 1855, stating
"not L, gbMN and has a patchy look."
******************************
NGC 5243 = UGC
8592 = MCG +07-28-036 = CGCG 218-027 = PGC 48011
13 36 15.1 +38
20 35
V = 13.1; Size 1.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 126d
24"
(5/20/17): at 200x; moderately bright and large, very elongated 3:1 NE-SE,
1.2'x0.4', moderate surface brightness, weak concentration. At 375x; NGC 5243 exhibited an
irregular surface brightness and seemed knotty or dappled with dust. The outer
halo appeared to extend further towards the southeast with an occasional
slightly brighter knot.
UGC 8564 lies
16.7' WNW. At 375x it appeared
moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE, 45"x18",
small bright nucleus, moderately high surface brightness (central region of
galaxy viewed).
17.5"
(6/8/02): fairly faint, thin nearly edge-on NW-SE, 1.1'x0.3' with a bulging
core. A mag 12 star follows by
4.5'.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5243 = H III-620 = h1648 on 17 Mar 1787 (sweep 714) and recorded
"cF, E, about 3/4' long, r, not far from the parallel." JH measured a fairly accurate position
and described the galaxy as "pF; E or obscurely bicentral; lbM, pos of
elongation 25¡ nf by diagram."
******************************
NGC 5244 = NGC
5219 = ESO 270-023 = MCG -07-28-007 = PGC 48236
13 38 42.0 -45
51 18
V = 12.5; Size 1.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 17d
14" (4/2/16
- Coonabarabran, 160x): fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, oval
2:1 SSW-NNE, ~45"x20". A
mag 13.5 star is at the north edge.
The galaxy appears to extend (south) from the star. A mag 8.5 star is 9.5' WSW and three
fairly bright, nearly collinear stars lie 8' ENE.
The
Fourcade-Figueroa Galaxy = ESO 270-017 (possible remnant or "shard",
resulting from a close interaction between Centaurus A and a spiral galaxy),
lies 45' NW. I was pleased to make
a definite sighting as an extremely faint, very elongated glow, particularly
extending east-southeast of a mag 11 star. The very low surface brightness glow was
"pointing" just south of a mag 9 star (HD 118087), which is 8' ESE of
the mag 11 star (roughly the center of the Fourcade-Figueroa System), and
extended at least 2'x 0.4'. A
short extension on the west-northwest side of the star was difficult to confirm
but was marginally glimpsed. The mag 11 near the center forms the
northeast vertex of a small quadrilateral (sides 1.2' or less) of mag 10.5,
12.5 and 13 stars. The faintest
star is superimposed on west-northwest extension of the galaxy.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5244 = h3525 on 1 Jun 1834 and recorded "vF; S; R; vglbM;
has a * at its edge." His
position and description matches ESO 270-023. NGC 5219 is a duplicate entry (from another observation two
nights later). ESO-LV identifies
this galaxy as NGC 5219. MCG fails
to label MCG -07-28-007 as NGC 5244.
******************************
NGC 5245 = CGCG
045-048 = PGC 48110
13 37 23.2 +03
53 51
V = 14.3; Size 0.8'x0.3'; PA = 90d
17.5"
(4/28/90): very faint, very small, irregularly round, almost even surface
brightness. Located almost at the
midpoint between two mag 13.5 stars 2.5' NNW and 3.1' SSE. NGC 5246 lies 12.5' N.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 5245 = m 266, along with NGC 5246, on 30 Apr 1864 and noted
"vF, vS." His position
is 2.4' south of CGCG 045-048 = PGC 48110. CGCG fails to label this galaxy as NGC 5245.
******************************
NGC 5246 = UGC
8612 = MCG +01-35-017 = CGCG 045-050 = PGC 48128
13 37 29.5 +04
06 14
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(4/28/90): faint, very small, oval 3:2 WNW-ESE, broad concentration. NGC 5245 is located 12.5' S.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 5246 = m 267, along with NGC 5245, on 30 Apr 1864 and noted
"vF, vS." His position
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5247 = ESO
577-014 = MCG -03-35-011 = UGCA 368 = PGC 48171
13 38 02.5 -17
53 01
V = 10.0; Size 5.6'x4.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 20d
48"
(5/14/12): I was amazed at the beauty of this face-on spiral with two
well-defined spiral arms with numerous HII knots and a third faint arm! The galaxy is sharply concentrated with
an extremely bright round core, ~30" diameter. The slightly brighter and longer southern arm is attached at
the north end of the core and winds gracefully counterclockwise for nearly
270¡, terminating on the WSW side of the galaxy, 2.4' from center. This high-contrast arm was sharply
defined and contained two knots and brighter segments. The relatively narrow arm broadens
slightly as it unwinds on the south side and is slightly mottled. The brightest
HII knot is 10" in diameter and situated slightly further out, 1.9' SW of
center. Beyond this point, the
last portion of the arm dims and ends at another 8" knot at the tip, 2.4'
WSW of center. The northern arm is
attached on the south side of the core and winds counterclockwise to the north,
though only curves gently. A
fairly bright knot (possibly double) is situated along this arm 1.4' NNW of
center. At the north tip of the
arm is another fainter knot, 1.8' from center. A third, vaguely defined arm emerges to the south of the
core and unwinds counterclockwise to the west. A mag 16.5 star marks the tip of this arm.
17.5"
(5/30/92): moderately bright, large, slightly elongated 4:3 SW-NE, about 4'x3',
sharp concentration with a very weakly concentrated halo which fades into the
background. Unusual appearance as
suddenly rises to very small bright core 20"-30" diameter. Spiral structure not seen.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5247 = H II-297 = h1649 on 7 Feb 1785 (sweep 369) and logged
"pF, L, mbM." A later
observation on 7 Feb 1787 (sweep 732) reads "pB, vL, the greatest part of
it vF, unequally bright almost like two joined, the smaller being north
preceding [spiral arm?]." On
sweep 354, JH recorded "vF; vL; psb to a brighter kind of nebula; a good
type of its class. It loses itself
quite imperceptibly. Diam of the
faint neb = 2'; of the brighter part or nucl = 10 or 15". (See fig
39.)".
******************************
NGC 5248 = UGC
8616 = MCG +02-35-015 = CGCG 073-054 = PGC 48130
13 37 32.0 +08
53 07
V = 10.3; Size 6.2'x4.5'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 110d
48"
(5/15/12): beautiful two-armed spiral, very large, elongated ~3:2 SW-NE. The brightest portion is ~3.8'x2.5' but
the faint, outer spiral arms increase the diameter to at least 5'. The galaxy
is sharply concentrated with an intense oval core. The brighter spiral arm is attached to the north of the
core, wrapping counterclockwise around the east and southeast side and it is
lit up by several fairly prominent knots.
The arm dims fairly abruptly on the southeast side but continues
unwrapping to the south, extending outside and just beyond a mag 13.5-14 star
1.7' SSW of center. A mag 15.3
star is 0.6' N of center, just outside where the arm emerges on the north side.
At least four
distinct HII knots are in or near this arm, along with brighter segments. The following designations are from the
1983 Hodge-Kennicutt "An Atlas of H II regions in 125 galaxies". A faint knot, [HK 83] 26/28 is between
the mag 15.3 star and the core.
The arm brightens along the east side of the core and include the faint
knots [HK 83] 13/15, 28" NE of center, and [HK 83] 5/6 1.0' ESE of
center. The most prominent knot
along with this arm is [HK 83] 5/6, 1.2' SE of center.
The western
spiral arm stretches to the north and also contains several knots (HII
complexes/star associations). The
first knot is [HK 83] 63, 0.8' W of center. A large brighter knot or arc ~1.1' NW of center includes [HK
83] 74/77/81. A faint knot, [HK
83] 66/71, is near the tip of this arm 1.5' NNW of center. A similar knot, [HK 83] 53, is 25"
SE, on line with the core.
18"
(6/7/08): bright, large, elongated NW-SE, 3.5'x2.4', sharply concentrated with
a very bright, round 25" core.
At 200x, two spiral arms extend out from the central region. The brightest and longest arm is
attached at the west side of the core and gradually sweeps to the north. A couple of very faint, very small
knots are embedded in this arm including one due west of the core. On the east end of the core a matching
arm is attached that curves a bit more as it swings towards the south in a
counter-clockwise orientation. A
faint star is just north of the central region and a brighter star is 1.7' S of
center.
17.5"
(5/30/92): bright, large, slightly elongated WNW-ESE, 4'x3', well-defined small
very bright core, almost stellar nucleus.
A mag 13 star lies 1.7' SSW of center and a mag 15 star is embedded at
the north edge of the halo.
Appears slightly mottled or dusty but spiral arms were not seen.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5248 = H I-34 = h1650 on 15 Apr 1784 (sweep 194) and recorded
"vB, nearly R and cometic but the nucleus is large and seems to consist of
bright close stars, resolvable."
On 1 May 1786 (sweep 560) he logged "vB, cL, E from np to sf, a
small bright nucleus."
R.J. Mitchell,
observing on 19 Apr 1855 with LdR's 72", logged "Large and pretty
bright, Bright nucleus. Seen as in sketch, but not certain whether the lower
branch joins the nucleus or is only the continuation of the upper curve." On 29 March 1856 he recorded "The
preceding arm does appear to originate from the nucleus, which is very bright
and oval shaped." The
two brightest spiral arms as well as the brightest HII knot at the southeast
end of the eastern arm, are clearly shown on Plate XXVIII, fig 29 in PT 1861
******************************
NGC 5249 = UGC
8618 = MCG +03-35-015 = CGCG 102-028 = PGC 48134
13 37 37.6 +15
58 20
V = 12.9; Size 1.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 170d
17.5"
(5/27/95): faint, small, slightly elongated, 0.8'x0.6'. Unconcentrated halo rises suddenly to a
very small brighter core that appears offset to the NE side.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5249 = H III-72 = h1651 on 21 Mar 1784 (sweep 182) and noted
"a vS suspected nebula, eF.
Higher power immediately confirmed it." CH's reduced position is 20 sec of RA west of UGC 8618. JH made three observations and his mean
position is within 30".
******************************
NGC 5250 = UGC
8594 = MCG +09-22-085 = CGCG 271-053 = PGC 47997
13 36 07.4 +51
14 09
V = 13.0; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 120d
17.5"
(5/11/02): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter, very small bright
core, moderate surface brightness.
Located 5.8' NE of mag 7.4 SAO 28814. A mag 13.5 star lies 1.4' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5250 = H II-817 on 26 Apr 1789 (sweep 929) and noted "pB,
S, R, vgbM." CH's reduced
position is 19 tsec east and 1' north of UGC 8594 (very similar offset as other
nearby objects in the sweep).
There were no observations made by JH or at Birr Castle.
******************************
NGC 5251 = MCG
+05-32-044 = CGCG 161-090 = PGC 48119
13 37 24.8 +27
25 09
V = 13.8; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(5/11/02): faint, fairly small, round, 30" diameter, low even surface
brightness. IC 4307 is located 15'
SW. A wide mag 8.2/11.5 double is
15' SE. Located 85' SW of M3!
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5251 = H III-369 = h1652 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and recorded
"Suspected, eF, vS. 240
showed it larger and lE, but so obscure as not to remove all doubt." His position was poor but JH measured
an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5252 = UGC
8622 = MCG +01-35-022 = CGCG 045-056 = VV 100 = PGC 48189
13 38 16.0 +04
32 32
V = 13.0; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 10d
17.5"
(4/28/90): fairly faint, small, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, small bright core, faint
stellar nucleus. NGC 5246 lies 30'
SSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5252 = H III-505 = h1653 on 2 Feb 1786 (sweep 521) and noted
"vF, vS, R." On sweep
142, JH noted "F; R; bM; 30"."
******************************
NGC 5253 = ESO
445-004 = MCG -05-32-060 = UGCA 369 = PGC 48334
13 39 55.9 -31
38 24
V = 10.4; Size 5.0'x1.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 43d
18"
(7/11/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): very bright, fairly large, very elongated
3:1 SW-NE. Very well concentrated
with an intense 20" core. The
outer extent increases with averted vision and fades at the tips with overall
dimensions of ~2.0'x0.7'. At the
NE edge of the core is a very small, bright knot appearing similar to an offset
nucleus of a galaxy, particularly using direct vision. This small starburst galaxy is
classified as a "Blue Dwarf" and harbors Super Star Clusters (SSC)
near its nucleus. NGC 5253 is
likely part of the M83/Cen A group and it lies 1.9¡ SSE of M83.
13.1"
(5/26/84): bright, elongated, very bright core.
8"
(5/21/82): bright, elongated SW-NE, bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5253 = H II-638 = h3526 on 15 Mar 1787 (sweep 711) and recorded
"pB, S, lE from sp to nf."
His position is on the south side of the galaxy. This is the third most southerly object
discovered by WH. James Dunlop
observed this galaxy on 7 May 1826 and described "a very small and very
bright nebula, very much resembling a small star, surrounded by a very strong
burr; this is a singular body."
Dunlop made 2 observations and his position is 3' W of center. JH
reported it from the Cape of Good Hope as "vB, mE, psmbM, 2.5' long, 1'
broad."
******************************
NGC 5254 = MCG
-02-35-012 = PGC 48307
13 39 37.9 -11
29 38
V = 12.2; Size 3.0'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 125d
17.5"
(5/11/96): fairly faint, fairly large, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 3.0'x1.5', fairly
low even surface brightness. A
nice mag 12/13 double at 15" separation lies 5.5' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5254 = h3527 on 6 May 1836 and recorded "pB; L; pmE; glbM;
2' l; 1 3/4' br." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5255 = MCG
+10-19-098 = CGCG 294-051 = PGC 48124
13 37 18.0 +57
06 32
V = 14.4; Size 0.8'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 20d
18"
(6/21/03): faint, very small.
Initially appeared as a 12" knot, but then very faint extensions
were glimpsed increasing the dimensions to 0.5'x0.2'. So, this galaxy is sharply concentrated with a very small,
bright core. A mag 10.5 star is 1.7' following. HCG 66A lies 16' NE!
17.5"
(5/27/00): faint, small, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE, 0.5'x0.2', very small bright
core. Located 1.7' W of a mag 10.5
star. HCG 66 lies 16' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5255 = H III-803 on 17 Apr 1789 (sweep 924) and recorded
"eF, vS. I was too late to
verify it with 300, I had however a single glimpse which seemed to verify
it." His position is within
2' (typical error) of CGCG 294-051 = PGC 48124. On 24 Apr 789 (sweep 926) he logged "Suspected, eF, vS,
but may be a deception; probably 2 small close stars." This galaxy was not observed by JH nor
found by Bigourdan. The GC and NGC
position is a mean of sweep 924 and 926 and is 16 sec of RA too large.
******************************
NGC 5256 = UGC
8632 = MCG +08-25-031 = CGCG 246-021 = Mrk 266 = I Zw 67 = PGC 48192/93123
13 38 17.6 +48
16 37
V = 13.2; Size 1.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3
24"
(6/4/16): at 322x; fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, elongated
4:3 SW-NE, 40"x30", brighter ill-defined core, uneven surface
brightness. Occasionally, a
brighter quasi-stellar knot (nucleus of the merged companion) would pop on the
northeast end of the glow [nuclei separated by just 10"!] HJ 2667, a wide pair (14") of mag
11 stars, lies 5.6' WSW.
17.5"
(5/11/02): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE, 0.8'x0.6',
irregular surface brightness. A
mag 15 star is 1.0' NW of center.
Located 5.5' ENE of an evenly matched pair (HJ 2667) of mag 11 stars at
14" separation.
This is a well-studied
merging system consisting of a Seyfert 2 and a LINER galaxy with compact nuclei
separated by just 10".
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5256 = H III-673 = h1656 on 12 May 1787 (sweep 734) and recorded
"cF, S, R, lE." JH made
the single observation "vF; R; vS; gbM; 10"; in field with a double
star [HJ 2667]." His position
is 1' too far north.
******************************
NGC 5257 = Arp
240 NED1 = VV 55b = Holm 532a = UGC 8641 = MCG +00-35-015 = CGCG 017-055 = PGC
48330
13 39 52.9 +00
50 24
V = 12.9; Size 1.8'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 61d
48"
(5/4/16): at 610x; very bright, fairly large, striking two armed-spiral. The central portion only extends
~35", but contains a fascinating structure. Along the southwest and northeast flanks are sharp-edged
prominent "arms", appearing as thin, high surface brightness arcs,
with the southern arc slightly brighter.
Both "arms" are slightly convex, appearing like a close pair
of parenthesis enclosing the central region! The northern arm continues as a fainter, but easily visible,
fairly thin arc extending west-northwest, and ends just before reaching a mag
15 star [1.7' WNW of center]. A
thin, very low surface brightness arm extends west from the southern "parenthesis"
towards NGC 5258 (1.4' ESE), but stops just short. The tip-to-tip distance between the two arms is ~1.6'.
On the inside of
the two bright "arcs" (blue star-forming arms) there appear to be two
thin dust lanes as the surface brightness drops dramatically. At the center is a fairly faint stellar
nucleus. The overall appearance is
very unusual as the surface brightness of the core region is lower than the
thin pair of symmetrical arms.
17.5"
(4/28/90): fairly faint, fairly small, oval 3:2 WSW-ENE, weak
concentration. A mag 14 star is
off the west side 1.7' from the center.
Forms a close, interacting pair (Arp 240) with NGC 5258 1.3' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5257 = H II-895 = h1654, along with NGC 5258, on 13 May 1793
(sweep 1044) and noted "F, S, iR." JH made the single observation "The first of 2
comprising a double nebula; both vF; R; bM. The smaller of the two."
******************************
NGC 5258 = Arp
240 NED2 = VV 55a = Holm 532b = UGC 8645 = MCG +00-35-016 = CGCG 017-056 = PGC
48338
13 39 57.8 +00
49 52
V = 12.9; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 154d
48"
(5/4/16): at 610x; bright, fairly large, two-armed spiral that is interacting
with NGC 5257. The main body is
elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE, 1.1'x0.35', and is well concentrated with a fairly
small, roundish, brighter core. A
mag 15.5 star is at the NNW edge and an apparent HII region is visible midway
between the core and this star, along the major axis. A strong spiral arm is easy visible attached to the
southwest end. It hooks sharply to
the east and gradually fades, stretching 40"-45" E. A dim shorter arm is attached on the
northeast end and curls west near the mag 15.5 star, extending perhaps 20"
in the direction of NGC 5257.
17.5"
(4/28/90): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE, brighter along
the major axis. Located 4.2' NW of
mag 9.5 SAO 120058. NGC 5258 has a
slightly higher surface brightness than its close companion NGC 5257, just 1.5'
WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5258 = H II-896 = h1655, along with NGC 5257, on 13 May 1793 (sweep
1044) and noted "F, S, iR."
JH called it the larger of the pair, but both were "vF; R;
bM."
On 24 Apr 1857,
R.J. Mitchell (LdR's assistant), recorded "the p one [NGC 5257] is
slightly oval in form and the f one [NGC 5258] is mE nearly north-south and has
a star at n end. Both look very
resolvable. No nuclei, not
vF." A sketch made on 26 Apr
1878, shows NGC 5258 as having an irregular shape (like a flying bat) and
concave to the east.
******************************
NGC 5259 = MCG
+05-32-052 = CGCG 161-105 = Holm 533a = PGC 48292
13 39 24.6 +30
59 26
V = 14.2; Size 0.8'x0.65'
24"
(5/20/17): at 200x; faint, small, round, 25"-30" diameter, very small
brighter nucleus. Two 15th
magnitude stars lie 2' NW. Located
11' W of mag 6.2 HD 119035. Using
375x an extremely faint and small merging companion (Holm 533B = NGC 5259 NED1)
was often visible with averted vision at the northwest edge of the halo. It
appeared as a quasi-stellar knot, at most 5" diameter and with
concentration could be held perhaps 1/2 the time. The separation of this merging pair is 19" (between
nuclei) with a projected distance of 77,500 l.y.
17.5"
(6/12/99): very faint, very small, round, 25" diameter, very weak
concentration. Two mag 14.5-15
stars lie 2' NW. Located 11' W of
mag 6.2 SAO 63676. A very faint,
compact companion on the NW edge was not noticed.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 5259 on 27 Apr 1865 with an 11" refractor at
Copenhagen and confirmed the observation the next night. His mean position is within the halo of
CGCG 161-105 = PGC 48292 and he noted the mag 6.2 star (called mag 8-9) ~12'
east and 1.5' north.
The RNGC coded
description reads "E, R, BM, *CLOSE NPR", but the "star close
north preceding" is a compact meging companion.
******************************
NGC 5260 = ESO
509-092 = MCG -04-32-050 = PGC 48371
13 40 19.8 -23
51 29
V = 12.9; Size 1.6'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(6/14/96): faint, moderately large, round, 1.5' diameter, very weak
concentration with a low surface brightness. A mag 11 star is just off the following side 1.1' from
center. This star is part of a
distinctive string of stars running N-S including two mag 13 stars to north and
several brighter stars to the south.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5260 = Sw I-24 on 6 Apr 1885 and recorded "eF; pL; precedes
by 6 sec the middle star in a line north and south." There is nothing at his position, but
30 sec of RA west and 1.7' north is ESO 509-092 = PGC 48371, and his
description of the nearby stars clinches this identification. This is a beautiful face-on barred
spiral.
******************************
NGC 5261 = CGCG
045-067 = PGC 48360
13 40 16.1 +05
04 34
V = 14.3; Size 0.8'x0.4'; PA = 145d
17.5"
(4/28/90): very faint, very small, round, faint stellar nucleus. Located 4' ENE of a mag 9.5 star. A curving arc of four equally spaced
mag 12-13.5 stars follows.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5261 = h1657 on 17 Apr 1830 and recorded "vF; R; among some
pB stars."
******************************
NGC 5262 = UGC
8606 = CGCG 353-022 = PGC 47923
13 35 38.6 +75
02 22
V = 13.8; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 14d
17.5"
(5/11/02): faint, fairly small, 0.7'x0.5' SSW-NNE, weak even
concentration. Just 2' NE is an
easy, nearly collinear triple star of mag 13/14 stars [19" and 20"
separation]. Forms a pair with UGC
8595 2' WSW. The companion is
extremely faint, very small, 0.3x0.2', low surface brightness. A mag 15.5 star is just visible at the
NW tip.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5262 = h1660 on 5 May 1831 and logged "eF; S; sky perfectly
clear." His position matches
UGC 8606.
******************************
NGC 5263 = UGC
8648 = MCG +05-32-058 = CGCG 161-113 = PGC 48333
13 39 55.6 +28
24 01
V = 13.3; Size 1.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 26d
17.5"
(5/27/95): faint, very elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE, 1.0'x0.3', no central
brightening. Located 3.1' NNE of
mag 9.5 SAO 82932. Also, the
galaxy is 30' preceding the beautiful globular cluster M3 in the same low power
field! Easy to view both at 100x
with a 20mm Nagler.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5263 = H III-370 = h1658 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 396) and remarked
"vF, S, mE nearly in the meridian." CH's reduction is 2.2' south of UGC 8648. JH noted "pB;
has a * 9m 4' distance; 45¡ sp."
This galaxy was observed on 5 nights with LdR's 72".
******************************
NGC 5264 = ESO
445-012 = MCG -05-32-066 = UGCA 370 = DDO 242 = PGC 48467
13 41 36.5 -29
54 43
V = 12.0; Size 2.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 65d
17.5"
(6/14/96): faint, fairly large, 2.5'x1.5' WSW-ENE. Low surface brightness with a very weak concentration, halo
fades into background. Located 5'
following the colored double star h4605 (9/11 at 17") and one degree east
of M83. A mag 13 star is just off
the following end 1.6' from center.
Member of the Centaurus A group.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5264 = h3528 on 30 Mar 1835 and recorded "vF; R; vlbM;
80"." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 5265 = MCG
+06-30-068 = CGCG 190-040 = PGC 48354
13 40 09.1 +36
51 40
V = 13.9; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.4
17.5"
(6/12/99): faint, small, elongated 4:3 SSW-NNE, 0.6'x0.45', weak concentration
to round core. A mag 14 star is
attached at the north end 27" from center. Located 8.5' S of mag 9 SAO 63677. A string of five stars including two wide mag 13 and 14
pairs leads directly from the mag 9 star to NGC 5265.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5265 = H III-410 = h1659 on 1 May 1785 (sweep 405) and recorded
"vF, S, lE, er." JH made
two observations and reported on sweep 71 "F; pL; r; has a star near."
******************************
NGC 5266 = ESO
220-033 = AM 1339-475 = LGG 356-003 = PGC 48593
13 43 02.0 -48
10 11
V = 11.1; Size 3.2'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 103d
20" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 212x, moderately bright, fairly small, elongated
3:2 WNW-ESE, 1.0'x0.7'. Sharply
concentrated with a very small, very bright nucleus. With careful viewing a very faint, low surface brightness
outer halo reaches two mag 13.5 stars on the south side, increasing the
diameter to 2.0'x1.3'. This galaxy
is an unusual "dust lane elliptical" or polar ring galaxy.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5266 = h3529 on 1 Jul 1834 and recorded "B; R; vglbM;
45"; has 3 stars 14m near."
His mean position (2 observations) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5267 = UGC
8655 = MCG +07-28-049 = CGCG 218-036 = PGC 48393
13 40 39.9 +38
47 39
V = 13.5; Size 1.4'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 56d
17.5"
(6/2/00): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, small bright core,
faint stellar nucleus. Situated
between two mag 12.5-13.5 stars 2.3' NW and 2.8' SE. MCG +07-28-048 lies 6.6' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5267 = h1661 on 28 Apr 1827 and firs recorded "F; S; R;
gbM; 20"." He observed
this galaxy on 4 different sweeps.
******************************
NGC 5268
13 42 12.6 -13
51 34
=*,
Carlson. =*, Corwin.
Edward Cooper
discovered NGC 5268 = Au 32 on 17 Jan 1855 at the Markree Observatory while
compiling the Markree ecliptic Catalogue.
All 7 objects listed as nebulous at the Markree Observatory turned out
to be stars.
******************************
NGC 5269 = ESO
097-SC004
13 44 44 -62 55
00
Size 3'
14" (4/4/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x): ~20 stars resolved in a 2.5' triangular region,
including two mag 11-11.5 stars
along the east side and a number of mag 12 stars. Not difficult to identify as fairly
detached in the field but very unimpressive and appears to be an asterism. Most of the stars are in a southwest to
northeast stream about 2.5' long and 30" wide. Located 5' NE of mag 8.6 HD 119271 and 13' due west of NGC
5281, a bright open cluster!
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5269 = h3530 on 24 Apr 1835 (sweep 578) and recorded "Cl
class VII; poor, L, loose ireg fig, fills field, st 12m." His position corresponds with a small
group of stars about 13' west of NGC 5281. This object is probably just a Milky Way field and it is not
listed in WEBDA as an open cluster.
The RNGC description reads "NOCL ?"
******************************
NGC 5270 = UGC
8673 = MCG +01-35-031 = CGCG 045-075 = PGC 48527
13 42 10.9 +04
15 45
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 20d
17.5"
(4/28/90): faint, small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, weak concentration, low surface
brightness.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5270 = h1662 on 7 Apr 1828 and noted "eF; S; between 2
stars." His position and
description matches UGC 8673.
******************************
NGC 5271 = MCG
+05-32-065 = CGCG 161-120 = PGC 48477
13 41 42.4 +30
07 31
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(6/7/97): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, no concentration. A mag 13 star lies 1.3' WNW. First in a group of faint galaxies
including NGC 5274, 5275, 5277, 5280, 5282.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5271 = St XII-50 on 22 May 1881. His position matches CGCG 161-120. First in a group of 6 NGC galaxies discovered by Stephan.
******************************
NGC 5272 = M3
13 42 11.4 +28
22 38
V = 6.3; Size 16.2'; Surf Br = 0.0
48"
(4/19/17): at 375x the 16' field was plastered with an uncountable number of
stars. I noticed the brightest
star in the core had an orange hue.
13.1"
(5/26/84): stunning, several hundred stars resolved at 220x including the dense
core.
8": the
outer halo well resolved into several lanes converging to an intense core. A few faint stars are resolved on the
edge of the core.
Charles Messier
discovered M3 = NGC 5272 = h1663 on 3 May 1764. William Herschel, observing in 1799 with his 10-foot
telescope [8" aperture] at 120x, noted "with an aperture of 4 inches
it is resolvable; with 5 easily resolvable; with 6 it is resolvable; with 7 and
all open the stars may be easily perceived." JH recorded (sweep 417) "A most superb object, diam =
10s time in RA. Not less than 1000 stars 11m and under. They run into a blaze
at the centre, and form as it were radiating lines and pointed projections from
the mass, with many stragglers."
Several
observation at Birr Castle noted dark lanes or dark notes in the cluster. On 16 Feb 1869, C.E. Burton recorded
"Radiating branches somewhat resembling a St. Andrew's cross, central mass
globular. There seemed to be a
bifurcated dark lane in the north segment of the nucleus." On 21 Apr 1873, Ralph Copeland noted
"Several small dark holes on the nf side of the central mass."
******************************
NGC 5273 = IC
895 = UGC 8675 = MCG +06-30-072 = CGCG 190-041 = Holm 535a = PGC 48521
13 42 08.4 +35
39 16
V = 11.6; Size 2.8'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 10d
17.5"
(6/7/97): moderately bright, fairly large, elongated 4:3 N-S, ~2.5'x2.0'. Fairly low surface brightness halo
contains a well-defined core gradually increasing to a stellar nucleus. Forms a pair with NGC 5276 3.3' SE.
8"
(5/21/82): faint, small, small bright nucleus with a fainter outer halo.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5273 = H I-98 = h1664 on 1 May 1785 (sweep 405) and recorded
"cB, pL, mbM, R. The
brightness diminishing very gradually." JH made three observations, recording on sweep 331 "B;
R; first g and the psbM; 50"."
Nearby NGC 5276 was discovered at Birr Castle.
******************************
NGC 5274 = MCG
+05-32-066 = CGCG 161-125 = PGC 48536
13 42 23.3 +29
50 52
V = 14.6; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(6/7/97): very faint, very small, round, 25" diameter. Observation confused by a couple of
nearby mag 15 stars or compact companions. Forms a similar close pair with NGC 5275 1.4' S, although
the overall surface brightness of NGC 5274 is lower.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5274 = St XII-51 on 25 May 1881. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5275 = MCG
+05-32-067 = CGCG 161-124 = VV 543 = PGC 48544
13 42 23.6 +29
49 29
V = 14.2; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7
17.5"
(6/7/97): faint, very small, round, 25" diameter, brighter core. Forms a close pair with NGC 5274 1.4'
N.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5275 = St XII-52 on 25 May 1881. His position matches CGCG
161-124.
******************************
NGC 5276 = UGC
8680 = MCG +06-30-074 = CGCG 190-043 = Holm 535b = PGC 48542
13 42 22.0 +35
37 27
V = 13.8; Size 1.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 153d
17.5"
(6/7/97): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, 0.8'x0.4'. Well-concentrated with a small brighter
core with faint extensions. Forms
a pair with brighter NGC 5273 3.3'
NW.
R.J. Mitchell,
observing with LdR's 72", discovered NGC 5276 on 27 Mar 1856 while
observing NGC 5273. He noted
"about 2' or 3' following [NGC 5273] I found a F, S neb, E np sf and
lbM." Based on his
description, the NGC position for NGC 5276 is slightly north of NGC 5273,
although it is actually southeast.
******************************
NGC 5277 = CGCG
161-129 = PGC 48563
13 42 38.4 +29
57 16
V = 14.4; Size 0.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(6/7/97): extremely faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Follows a group of four stars in a
rectangular group (2 mag 12 + 2 mag 14) by ~4'. In field with NGC 5274, 5275 and 5280.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5277 = St XII-53 on 23 May 1881. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5278 = Arp
239 NED1 = VV 19a = UGC 8677 = MCG +09-22-101 = (CGCG 271-058) = (CGCG 272-003)
= Mrk 271a = I Zw 69 Notes1 = PGC 48473
13 41 39.7 +55
40 14
V = 12.7; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 50d
18"
(4/26/08): fairly faint, small, irregularly round, 30"x25", weak
concentration with a slightly brighter core. The surface appears slightly irregular or mottled. This is the brighter southwestern
member of an interacting double system (Arp 239) with NGC 5279, barely off the
east end. A mag 6.9 star lies 8'
ENE, but it was easy to keep it out of the field.
17.5"
(6/18/93): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 45" diameter, very weakly
concentrated core. Forms a double
system with NGC 5279 just off the ENE edge 40" between centers. A mag 13.5 star lies 1.7' NNW. Located 8.1' WSW of mag 6.9 SAO 28858.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5278 = H II-798 = h1665 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 921) and noted
"pB, E, 1 1/2' long and 1/2' br." His position is 2' northwest of this double system. JH resolved it and recorded "vF;
double neb; pos = 73¡ by microm; a large star follows dist = 15' +/-." The field was sketched on 9 Apr 1874 at
Birr Castle and a "star" labeled "epsilon" actually
corresponds with UGC 8671.
******************************
NGC 5279 = Arp
239 NED2 = VV 19b = UGC 8678 = MCG +09-22-102 = Mrk 271b = I Zw 69 Notes2 = PGC
48482
13 41 43.7 +55
40 24
V = 14.2; Size 0.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.5
18"
(4/26/08): faint, very small, round, 12" diameter, too small for any other
details. Just resolved off the ENE
end of NGC 5278 (35" between centers). This is an M51-type interacting pair (Arp 239), though there
was no sign of the connecting arm.
17.5"
(6/18/93): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, even surface
brightness. Located just off the
east edge of larger and brighter NGC 5278. On photos NGC 5279 appears to be embedded at the end of a
spiral arm of NGC 5278.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5279 = h1665a on 4 May 1831 and described a "vF; double
neb; pos = 73¡ by micrometer."
WH discovered the brighter southwestern component on 14 Apr 1789. JH only included only a single entry in
the GC (3639), though described this system as a double or bi-nuclear.
Lawrence Parsons
(the 4th Earl of Rosse) resolved the pair again on 2 May 1872 and noted a
"D neb, sp one B, pos 71.8¡, dist 39". In the NGC, Dreyer equated NGC 5279 with h1665a and listed
LdR* (Lawrence Parsons) in the "Other Observers" column to
acknowledge JH's prior discovery.
******************************
NGC 5280 = MCG
+05-32-072 = CGCG 161-131 = PGC 48580
13 42 55.5 +29
52 07
V = 13.6; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(6/7/97): faint, small, slightly elongated N-S, weak concentration to a
slightly brighter core and faint stellar nucleus. NGC 5277 lies 6' NW and the NGC 5274/5275 pair is ~7' W. A very faint companion 48" SW (MCG
+5-32-73) was not seen. The UGC
8692 chain lies 20' ENE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5280 = St XII-54 on 23 May 1881. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5281 = ESO
097-SC005 = OCL-911
13 46 35 -62 55
00
V = 5.9; Size 5'
14" (4/4/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x): very bright, striking cluster including a 2' string
containing (from southwest to northeast) four stars mag 8.4, 7.9, 8.5 and 6.6
(at the northeast end). A 2'
linear chain of 7 mag 10-11 stars intersects the bright stars. The central 4'-5' region contains ~50
stars, but many stars are scattered outside this region extending the size of
roughly 10'. NGC 5269 (probably an
asterism) lies 12.5' W.
18" (7/6/05
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this large, rich cluster is striking at
128x. A curving 2' string of four
stars mag 6.6-8.6 oriented SW-NE dominate the view, with a pale yellow star and
an orange star at opposite ends adding color. Overall, perhaps 150 stars are visible (many mag 11-12) in
an irregular 10' region although the boundaries are arbitrary as the cluster
blends into the surrounding fields.
Most of the brighter stars are within a 3' region and in fact the
catalogued diameter is only 5'. At
228x, another fainter layer of 15th magnitude stars emerged from the
background.
Nicolas-Louis de
Lacaille discovered NGC 5281 = Lac I-7 = D 273 = h3531 in 1751-1752 during his
expedition to the Cape of Good Hope.
With a 1/2" telescope at 8x he noted a "small indistinct
spot." James Dunlop described
"a curved line of small stars, about 1.5' long, with a star of the 7th mag
in the north extremity; a group of extremely minute stars on the preceding side
of the crescent, and a multitude of very minute stars extended preceding and
following." Dunlop sketched
the cluster and observed it 7 times.
JH called it (sweep 596) "a brilliant, compact, milky way
cluster. Rich; irreg fig; gbM; 10'
stars 10, 11 and 12m."
******************************
NGC 5282 = UGC
8687 = MCG +05-32-075 = CGCG 161-133 = PGC 48614
13 43 24.8 +30
04 10
V = 13.2; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(6/7/97): faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, occasional faint stellar
nucleus. Located 2.0' SE of a mag
10 star. Last in a group of 6 NGC
galaxies including NGC 5274, 5275, 5277, 5280.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5282 = St XII-55 on 22 May 1881. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5283 = UGC
8672 = MCG +11-17-007 = CGCG 317-006 = Mrk 270 = PGC 48425
13 41 05.7 +67
40 20
V = 13.2; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 0d
17.5"
(5/11/02): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter. Increases to a bright core and
occasional stellar nucleus (this is a Seyfert galaxy!). Collinear with a mag 14 star 2.4' NE
and a mag 10.5 star 4.7' NE.
Another mag 14 star lies 2.5' W.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 5283 on 7 Oct 1866 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His single position is
very accurate. MCG +11-17-007 is
not labeled NGC 5283.
******************************
NGC 5284 = ESO
133-?004
13 47 23 -59 09
Size 22'x15'
18"
(10/16/17 - OzSky): at 79x (62' field); this large Milky Way field
(demonstrated to be a random collection of stars) is located ~25' ENE of a
wide, bright double star (DUN 142 = 6.5/7.6 at 33"). It roughly extends 25' in diameter and
appears rectangular in outline, though is not detached in the wider field. The group contains a large number of
mag 11.5-13 stars. A fairly well
defined 20' string of stars oriented NW-SE appears to define the southern
boundary and runs along the line from DUN 142 and mag 7.3 HD 120042 to the
southeast. The 25' region to the
north of this string contains scores of visible stars but too difficult to
count. NGC 5284 was not impressive
or stood out though was somewhat richer than the region directly to the east.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5284 = h3532 on 7 Jun 1837 and recorded a "Cl class VIII;
L; v rich; loosely sc; stars 7,8,...16m; it is an outlier of the milky way, but
very rich and insulated." His
position corresponds with the brightest mag 9 star.
Harold Corwin
notes "there is a Milky Way star cloud, about 30' by 20', centered about
45 seconds of time following JH's position." ESO states "Not found" and the RNGC description
reads "NOCL?"
******************************
NGC 5285 = CGCG
017-065 = PGC 48688
13 44 25.7 +02
06 35
V = 13.9; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(4/28/90): very faint, very small, elongated N-S. A mag 12 star lies 3.0' N. Located 7.1' SE of mag 9.5 SAO 120090.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5285 = St XI-20 on 29 Apr 1881. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5286 = ESO
220-SC038
13 46 26.5 -51
22 24
V = 7.2; Size 9.1'; Surf Br = 0.7
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): at 105x this globular appeared very bright, moderately
large and well-condensed with an
intense, mottled core. At 200x,
15-25 14th magnitude stars popped in an out of view (some in chains), though
only a handful were easily resolved including a brighter star just east of the
core. Located 4' NW of yellow
4.7-magnitude M Centauri in the same high power field! Easily visible in the 9x50 finder,
though small. NGC 5307, a fairly
bright planetary, lies 44' ENE.
8" (7/13/91
- Southern Baja): moderately bright, fairly small, 2.5' diameter, round, evenly
concentrated to a bright central region and a small bright core, mottled halo,
one brighter mag 12 star on the SE side.
On the verge of resolution although viewed at only 8¡ elevation. Mag 4.7 M Centauri with a mag 11
companion 40" separation is located just 4.1' SE of the core!
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 5286 = D 388 = h3533 on 29 Apr 1826 with his 9-inch reflector
and described "a bright exceedingly well-defined rather elliptical nebula,
about 1' diameter, exceedingly condensed almost to the very edge, and gradually
a little brighter to the centre. This is about 6' north of M Centauri - I have
a strong suspicion that this is resolvable into stars." His position is 4.7' northeast of
center. This one of the first few objects Dunlop discovered (same night as NGC
4945 and NGC 5128!)
JH observed it
on two sweeps, recording on 31 Mar 1835 "very bright; gradually much
brighter to the middle; 2.5' or 3' diameter; resolved into 15th mag stars; has
one star 12th mag S.f.; the centre near the edge. It is in the field with
Brisbane 4618 a star of 6th mag."
******************************
NGC 5287 = PGC
48741
13 44 52.5 +29
46 15
V = 15.3; Size 0.6'x0.4'; PA = 100d
17.5"
(6/8/02): extremely faint and small, 10" diameter. The difficult galaxy is adjacent to a
mag 15 star attached on the north side [11" from center], which confuses
the observation further! Located
2.3' ESE of a mag 12.5 star. One
of the brightest galaxies in AGC 1781.
The UGC 8692 chain lies 10' NW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5287 = St XII-56 on 25 May 1881. His position matches PGC 48741, a very faint galaxy with a
star attached at the north edge.
Despite the good NGC position, the MCG, PGC, Deep Sky Field Guide and
Megastar misidentify a faint double galaxy (MCG +05-32-079) about 3' NNE as NGC
5287.
******************************
NGC 5288 = Cr
278 = ESO 097-SC007
13 48 45 -64 41
06
Size 4'
18" (7/6/05
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 128x this is a faint but fairly
distinctive group of nearly two dozen mag 12.5-14 stars elongated SSW-NNE. It
stands out well, being detached in the general field and situated just 3' NE of
yellow mag 7.9 HD 119941 that highlights this delicate group. At 228x, the cluster is somewhat
concentrated with a roundish swarm of ~15 stars in the center and two strings
of several stars extending in opposite directions to the SSW and NNE giving an
overall size of 4'x2'. A number of
mag 11-12 stars pepper the surrounding 29' field at 128x.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5288 = h3534 on 3 Apr 1835 and recorded "a faint, oblong,
elliptic cluster of stars 14m; glbM; 4' l; 2 1/2' br." On a second sweep he logged "a
small, irreg R, very compact knot of milky way; gvlbM; stars 14m; a * 8m
precedes."
******************************
NGC 5289 = UGC
8699 = MCG +07-28-058 = CGCG 218-042 = PGC 48749
13 45 08.9 +41
30 12
V = 13.0; Size 1.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 100d
17.5"
(6/7/97): fairly faint, thin edge-on 6:1 WNW-ESE, 1.8'x0.3', sharply
concentrated with a nearly stellar core.
In same field with brighter edge-on NGC 5290 13' N.
8"
(5/26/84): very faint, small, elongated ~E-W. Accidentally picked up viewing NGC 5290 13' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5289 = H II-668 = h1666 on 9 Apr 1787 (sweep 725) and recorded
"F, E in the parallel [E-W]; a small miniature of the following [NGC
5290]."
******************************
NGC 5290 = UGC
8700 = MCG +07-28-061 = CGCG 218-043 = PGC 48767
13 45 19.2 +41
42 46
V = 12.5; Size 3.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 95d
17.5"
(6/7/97): moderately bright, pretty edge-on E-W, ~3.5'x0.5'. Lens-shape with bright bulging core and
extensions fade and taper at ends.
8"
(5/26/84): faint, small, easily visible, elongated 3:1 almost exactly E-W. NGC 5289 is 13' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5290 = H I-170 on 18 Mar 1787 (sweep 717) and recorded "pB,
E, about 2' long. A small MN
nearly stellar." CH's reduced
position is 2' north-northwest of UGC 8700. On 9 Apr 1787 (sweep 725) he made the 2nd observation,
"cB, E nearly in the parallel."
******************************
NGC 5291 = ESO
445-030 = MCG -05-33-006 = PGC 48893
13 47 24.4 -30
24 28
V = 13.1; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 168d
17.5"
(3/12/88): fairly faint, very small, round, small bright core. Forms a double system with MCG
-05-33-005 just 0.6' SSW. MCG
-05-33-005 appeared very faint, very small, round, nearly attached to the south
end of NGC 5291. The companion is
known as the "Seashell Galaxy" due to its unusual "whelk"
appearance on photographs. Member
of the IC 4329 cluster (AGC 3574).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5291 = h3535 on 8 May 1834 and recorded "vF; R; vlbM;
follows a bright double star."
His position is 1' too far north.
******************************
NGC 5292 = ESO
445-031 = MCG -05-33-008 = PGC 48909
13 47 39.6 -30
56 20
V = 11.9; Size 1.8'x1.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 55d
17.5"
(3/12/88): moderately bright, fairly small, gradually brighter halo, bright
core. Two mag 13-14 stars are
collinear to the NE (the closer star is 1.0' from center). Member of IC 4329 cluster (AGC 3574).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5292 = h3536 on 30 Mar 1835 and recorded "pF; R; gbM;
20"; has 2 or 3 stars close to it." His position is 1' too far north (same offset as NGC 5191).
******************************
NGC 5293 = UGC
8710 = MCG +03-35-024 = CGCG 102-057 = PGC 48854
13 46 52.7 +16
16 23
V = 13.1; Size 1.9'x1.5'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 120d
17.5"
(6/5/99): faint, moderately large, irregularly round, low surface brightness,
ill-defined halo, very weak concentration. Located 2.6' N of a mag 13 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5293 = H V-6 on 21 Mar 1784 (sweep 182) and noted "eF, vL,
r." His position is 10 sec of
RA west and 2.3' north of UGC 8710.
In the Collected Papers of WH, there is a note stating "The place
of this neb. Is not determined wit accuracy. No modern observations known." Dreyer adds that "Tempel (AN
2522) found only a F, vS neb here."
******************************
NGC 5294 = CGCG
271-061 = CGCG 272-006 = PGC 48761
13 45 18.1 +55
17 26
V = 14.3; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 120d
17.5"
(5/11/02): very faint, extremely small, round, 15" diameter, requires
averted vision. A mag 15.5 is just
off the NW edge, 25" from center and requires careful viewing to separate
from the faint glow of the galaxy. Several mag 10.5-11 stars are in the 20'
field. Located 2.5 degrees NW of
M101.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5294 = H III-785 = h1667 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 921) and noted
"2 eF stars with seeming nebulosity, but doubtful." His position is just 1' from PGC 48761. JH recorded "eF; hardly more than
a violent suspicion, owing to auroral light in the sky". Nevertheless, his position (h1667) also
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5295 = MCG
+13-10-009 = CGCG 353-023 = PGC 48215
13 38 39.4 +79
27 32
V = 14.3; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.4
17.5"
(5/11/02): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. No other details visible. Located 8' NE of mag 7.5 SAO 7856 near
the Ursa Minor/Camelopardalis border.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5295 = H III-946 on 20 Dec 1797 (far northern sweep 1074) and
noted "cF, vS, R. 320 showed
it very plainly." CH's
reduced position is 1.5 tmin east and 2' south (a separation of 4.7' at this
declination) of CGCG 353-023 = PGC 48215 and there are no other nearby
candidates. Dreyer mentioned using
a different star in the sweep as a reference and his position is then 45 tsec
too far east and 1' north. Neither JH nor LdR made an observation.
******************************
NGC 5296 = MCG
+07-28-062 = CGCG 218-044 = PGC 48811
13 46 18.6 +43
51 04
V = 14.4; Size 1.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 177d
17.5"
(6/2/00): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. At moments appears elongated 3:2 ~N-S,
0.5'x0.3'. Situated just off the
SW side of NGC 5297 (1.5' from center).
17.5"
(6/7/97): located 1.5' SW of NGC 5301.
Appears very faint, very small, round, 30" diameter. Appears elongated at times but
extensions very faint so difficult to determine orientation.
George Johnstone
Stoney discovered NGC 5296 on 3 May 1850 with LdR's 72" while observing
NGC 5297. He noted "another nebula, R, bM, sp [of NGC 5297]." On a later observation at Birr Castle,
a position angle of 216.5¡ was measured and a distance of 1/3 the length of NGC
5297 was estimated.
******************************
NGC 5297 = UGC
8709 = MCG +07-28-063 = CGCG 218-045 = PGC 48815
13 46 23.6 +43
52 19
V = 11.8; Size 5.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 148d
17.5"
(6/2/00): very nice edge-one situated just 2' SW of a mag 9 star (SAO
44745). The galaxy is elongated
6:1 NW-SE, ~5'x0.8'. At the NW
edge is a mag 12 star and the extension appears longer is this direction. The brighter core bulges in the center
and the surface brighter is irregular or mottled in different spots.
17.5"
(6/7/97): fairly bright, large edge-on NW-SE, ~4.0'x0.8'. Located 1.9' SW of mag 8.9 SAO
44745. A mag 12 star is
superimposed on the NNW extension (2.4' NW of center). Large, brighter core is weakly
concentrated. Forms a pair with
NGC 5296 1.6' SW.
8"
(5/21/82): faint, moderately large, thin spindle NW-SE. Located 2' SW of a mag 9 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5297 = H I-180 = h1668 on 9 Apr 1787 (sweep 725) and recorded
"cB, mE about 3' long from 60¡ np to sf, the brightness confined to a
small place." JH made the
single observation "not vB; E 45¡ np to sf by diagram; gbM." Nearby NGC 5296 was discovered by LdR's
assistant.
******************************
NGC 5298 = ESO
445-039 = MCG -05-33-015 = LGG 357-009 = PGC 48985
13 48 36.5 -30
25 43
V = 13.1; Size 1.4'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 69d
17.5"
(3/12/88): fairly faint, fairly small, oval SW-NE, weak concentration. ESO 445-035 lies 5.7' WSW. Member of the IC 4329 cluster (AGC
3574).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5298 = h3538 on 30 Mar 1835 and recorded "F; R: gbM;
30"." His position is
less than 1' south of ESO 445-039.
Interestingly, his offset from h3539 = NGC 5302 (which has a 30 tsec
error in RA) places h3538 much closer ESO 445-035, a slightly fainter galaxy
(see notes). I contacted Harold
Corwin by e-mail and suggested h3538 = ESO 445-035, but his analysis showed
that Herschel's other positions on the sweep were all reasonably close, and a
simpler explanation is a 30 tsec error for NGC 5302 only. So, NGC 5298 = ESO 445-039. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 5299 = ESO
133-?005
13 50 32 -60 26
18
Size 22'
14" (4/5/16
- Coonabarabran, 71x): the most noticeable grouping is a large, scattered Milky
Way field with ~150 stars in a 12' region. The brightest star is the variable VX Centauri, at 9th
magnitude. Just off the northwest
side is a distinctive 2.5' string of 4 stars (three of these are mag 10.5)
oriented NW-SE. A few arcmin
west of the main group is another detached collection (most in an elongated N-S
stream, along with several more in a smaller N-S string further west). The N-S group includes a mag 9.8 star
and the smaller string includes mag 9.2 HD 120131 on the south end. Combining the various subgroups
together produces a 20' Milky Way field that stands out reasonably well.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5299 = h3537 on 7 Jun 1837 and recorded a "Cl VII class,
much more than fill field, a very L and rich milky way cl, quite insulated on
the preceding, north, and following sides and nearly so to the south, forming a
king of peninsular projection, but much richer than the main portion of the
milky way."
At his CGH
position is a bright Milky Way field with a diameter of ~30'. Harold Corwin notes "there is a +30 arcmin error in the
GC and NGC declination (too far north)." RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 5300 = UGC
8727 = MCG +01-35-038 = CGCG 045-108 = PGC 48959
13 48 16.1 +03
57 02
V = 11.4; Size 3.9'x2.6'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 150d
17.5"
(4/28/90): fairly faint, fairly large, oval 3:2 NNW-SSE, 3.0'x2.0', low almost
even surface brightness, no distinct edges. A mag 14 star is at the south edge 1.7' from center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5300 = H II-533 = h1669 on 2 Feb 1786 (sweep 521) and recorded
"F, vL, vlb about the middle, 6 or 7' long and near 4' broad." JH logged (sweep 143) "vF; vL; lE;
vgbM; 2' l, 3' br."
******************************
NGC 5301 = UGC
8711 = MCG +08-25-041 = CGCG 246-023 = PGC 48816
13 46 24.6 +46
06 24
V = 12.7; Size 4.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 151d
17.5"
(6/7/97): fairly bright, large edge-on NNW-SSE, ~4.0'x0.7'. Bulging brighter center but only weakly
concentrated. Nearly extends to
two mag 12 stars on either side of SSE end. A mag 14.5 star is preceding the NNW end 2.6' from center.
8"
(5/26/84): faint, very thin streak NW-SE, fairly small. Forms the north vertex of an isosceles
triangle with two mag 11/12 stars 2.6' SE and 2.9' S. Located 15' E of a triangle of mag 9 stars.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5301 = H II-688 = h1670 on 11 May 1787 (sweep 733) and recorded
"F, lbM, mE nearly in the meridian, about 15¡ sp to nf, about 4' long and
less than 1' broad." His
position (CH's reduction) matches UGC 8711. JH noted "pF; R; mE." and his RA is marked as very
rough (nearest min). He apparently
precessed his own poor position to 1860 and recording them as precise in the
GC. As a result, the NGC position
is 33 sec of RA too far east and 2' too far north.
******************************
NGC 5302 = ESO
445-043 = MCG -05-33-018 = PGC 49007
13 48 49.7 -30
30 40
V = 12.1; Size 1.8'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 153d
17.5"
(3/12/88): fairly faint, small, elongated SSW-NNE, bright core, faint stellar
nucleus. NGC 5298 is located 5.8'
NNW. Member of the IC 4329 cluster
(AGC 3574).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5302 = h3539 on 30 Mar 1835 and recorded "F; R; gbM;
30"." His position is 30
sec of RA east and 1.5' north of ESO 445-043. His position is also poor for nearby NGC 5298 (see notes).
******************************
NGC 5303 = UGC
8725 = MCG +07-27-067 = CGCG 218-047 = Holm 532a = PGC 48917
13 47 45.1 +38
18 19
V = 12.6; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 11.5; PA = 92d
17.5"
(6/7/97): fairly faint, small, elongated 2:1 E-W. There appears to be a faint star attached at the west
side. A faint mag 14-15 pair that
lies 4.5' N [18" separation] is collinear with the galaxy.
NGC 5303B = CGCG
218-046, a very faint companion, lies 2.7' S. It appeared very faint, diffuse,
slightly elongated E-W. Required
averted to view.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5303 = H III-681 = h1672 on 16 May 1787 (sweep 738) and logged
"cF, vS, lE." JH made
the single observation "pB; S; has two nuclei or involves a double
star". His position is just
off the south edge of UGC 8725.
On 1 Mar 1851,
Bindon Stoney noted "* or nucl in np edge; 2nd vF, 3' south, both E
pf". This second galaxy is
NGC 5303B = CGCG 218-046, which was accidentally skipped in the GC and NGC.
******************************
NGC 5304 = ESO
445-052 = MCG -05-33-022 = PGC 49090
13 50 01.5 -30
34 43
V = 12.6; Size 1.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 146d
17.5" (3/12/88):
faint, small, oval NW-SE, weak concentration. An equilateral triangle consisting of mag 14 stars is off
the south side with components 44" S, 1.7' SSW and 2.2' SSE of center. Member of the IC 4329 cluster (AGC
3574).
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5304 = Sw I-25 on 10 Apr 1885 and recorded "vvF; pS; lE; vF
* f; p diff." His
position is 18 sec of RA too far west and 1.5' too far north. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position with the 20-inch refractor at Denver around 1900.
******************************
NGC 5305 = UGC
8729 = MCG +06-30-087 = CGCG 190-057 = PGC 48930
13 47 55.8 +37
49 34
V = 13.6; Size 1.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 30d
17.5"
(6/7/97): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, 1.0'x0.7', weak
concentration. Located 6' SE of
mag 7.1 SAO 63747.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5305 = H III-621 = h1673 on 17 Mar 1787 (sweep 714) and noted
"vF, S, iR, 300 confirmed it."
JH made two observations and measured an accurate position on one sweep.
******************************
NGC 5306 = HCG
67A = VV 135a = KTS 48B = MCG -01-35-014 = PGC 49039
13 49 11.2 -07
13 25
V = 12.1; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 135d
17.5"
(5/11/96): moderately bright, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter, well
concentrated with a 20" bright core.
A mag 13 star is 0.8' NW of center. NGC 5306 is the brightest member of HCG 67 with extremely
faint MCG -01-35-013 = HCG 67B 3.4' NW.
This edge-on is an extremely faint, moderately large streak, elongated
6:1 SSW-NNE with dimensions 2.0'x0.3'.
Very low even surface brightness and requires averted vision to
glimpse. A couple of times HCG 67D
was highly suspected off the south edge (35" from center).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5306 = H II-306 = h1671 = h3540 on 5 Mar 1785 (sweep 380) and
recorded "F, vS, irreg, resolvable." From the Cape of Good Hope, JH called it "F; R; psbM;
20". NGC 5306 is the only
member of HCG 67 seen by the Herschels.
******************************
NGC 5307 = PK
312+10.1 = ESO 221-PN11 = PN G312.3+10.5
13 51 03.2 -51
12 21
V = 11.2; Size 15"x10"
18" (7/5/05
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly bright, small, blue-green oval,
~15"x10". This unusual
planetary has an irregular, wispy surface brightness with fascinating glimpses
of structure at 293x and 428x. It
appears brighter along the major axis, particularly at the south end with a
couple of small, darker areas or regions where the nebulosity is weaker on the
sides. A trio of mag 13-14 stars
to the southeast is collinear with the planetary. Situated in a fairly rich star field. See Hubble image of bipolar spiral
structure at
http://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hu/db/2007/33/images/a/formats/print.jpg
10"
(6/29/02 - Bargo, Australia): at 214x and UHC filter, this small, fairly bright
planetary appeared as a slightly elongated disc, ~13"x10" in diameter
with a high, fairly even surface brightness except for a weak brightening at
the center, but no definite central star.
Set in a rich star field 45' ENE of globular NGC 5286 and mag 4.7 M
Centauri.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5307 = h3541 on 15 Apr 1836 and recorded "A very singular
object. At first I thought it an ill seen double star; 12..13 = 12..13 mag;
distance 2"; but not being able to get it into focus I applied 320 power;
which showed it as a hazy, rather elongated, planetary nebulous disc, as if a
double star all but obliterated. It is positively not a star. The field is full
of stars, two of which are equal to this object in light, but 320 shows them
both quite sharp. It is a difficult object to find, and unless in a good night
for definition (this is superb) it could not be recovered. The place is well
taken. It is the smallest and most difficult planetary nebula I have ever
seen. Figure 15, plate VI,
exhibits its appearance with power 320
(N.B. By this figure it would seem rather to belong to the class of
double nebulae or double stellar nebulae of the utmost remoteness, than to that
of planetary nebulae, properly so called.)"
******************************
NGC 5308 = UGC
8722 = MCG +10-20-029 = CGCG 295-012 = PGC 48860
13 47 00.4 +60
58 23
V = 11.4; Size 3.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 60d
18"
(4/26/08): fairly bright, moderately large, very thin edge-on SW-NE,
1.7'x0.35', sharply concentrated with a very small, bright core and a
relatively bright stellar nucleus.
A faint star is just beyond the end of the western extension.
17.5"
(5/30/92): bright, fairly small, almost edge-on 4:1 SW-NE, 1.8'x0.4', very
small very bright core, unusually bright stellar nucleus or almost stellar
nucleus. Appears as a pretty
streak with a high surface brightness core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5308 = H I-255 = h1674 on 19 Mar 1790 (sweep 953) and logged
"vB, mE, 3' l and 1/2' br, BENM." JH recorded "pB; S; mE in pos 57.4¡ by micrometer;
psbM; 30" l." and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5309
13 50 00 -15 45
=Not found,
Corwin and RNGC.
Edward Swift,
Lewis' 16 year-old son, discovered NGC 5309 = Sw VI-60 on 27 Apr 1887 and
recorded "vF, pS, R, between a star and a coarse double star." There are no viable galaxies nearby and
Harold Corwin was not able to find a reasonable candidate. RNGC classifies the number as
nonexistent. See Harold Corwin's
NGC identification notes.
******************************
NGC 5310
13 49 47.7 +00
04 09
=*, Corwin. Incorrect identification in the RNGC
Sidney Coolidge
discovered NGC 5310 = HN 19 on 30 Apr 1859 with the 15-inch refractor of
Harvard College Observatory during the Zone Survey of equatorial stars. He simply noted "slightly
nebulous" and his position corresponds precisely with a mag 12.9
star. The RNGC misidentifies CGCG
017-074 as NGC 5310, and in addition the RNGC position is 3' north of this
galaxy.
******************************
NGC 5311 = UGC
8735 = MCG +07-28-072 = CGCG 218-052 = PGC 49011
13 48 56.0 +39
59 08
V = 12.3; Size 2.6'x2.2'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 110d
17.5"
(6/7/97): moderately bright and large, elongated 4:3 WSW-ESE, 1.3'x1.0', well
concentrated with an occasional stellar nucleus. A mag 11 star lies 2.5' E. Forms a pair with NGC 5313 9.2' E.
8"
(5/21/82): very faint, small, small brighter core. Picked up while viewing NGC 5313 9' E.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5311 = H II-710 = h1675, along with NGC 5313, on 14 Jan 1788
(sweep 799) and noted "F, S."
His position is 3' north-northwest of UGC 8735. JH logged "F; vS; R; sbM."
******************************
NGC 5312 = MCG
+06-30-092 = CGCG 190-061 = PGC 49075
13 49 50.5 +33
37 19
V = 13.9; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 30d
18"
(5/16/09): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, 25"x20", small
bright core, faint stellar nucleus.
A mag 15 star is less than 1' S.
Located 11' SW of NGC 5318.
17.5"
(5/22/93): faint, small, slightly elongated, very small bright core, stellar
nucleus. A mag 15-15.5 star is
0.9' S. First in the NGC 5318
group with NGC 5318 10' NE and NGC 5321 11' E.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5312 = h1676 on 29 Apr 1827 and simply noted
"vF". The mean of his
two positions is within 30" of CGCG 190-061 = PGC 49075. JH assumed this nebula was his father's
III-422, but that designation applies to NGC 5321 (see notes of that
number). Because of this error, WH
is mistakenly credited with the discovery of NGC 5312 in the GC and NGC,
instead of JH.
******************************
NGC 5313 = UGC
8744 = MCG +07-28-074 = CGCG 218-054 = PGC 49069
13 49 44.3 +39
59 06
V = 12.0; Size 1.9'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 40d
17.5"
(6/7/97): moderately/fairly bright, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 1.8'x0.9'. The brighter core contains a nearly
stellar nucleus with direct vision.
Forms a nice pair with NGC 5311 9' W.
8"
(5/21/82): faint, small, elongated SW-NE, brighter core. Forms a pair with NGC 5311 9' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5313 = H II-711 = h1677, along with NGC 5311, on 14 Jan 1788
(sweep 799) and noted "pB, cL, iF." His position is 2' north of UGC 8744 (similar offset as NGC
5311). For some reason, JH assumed
h1677 was new and logged "pB; S; E; lbM; the f of 2."
******************************
NGC 5314 = MCG
+12-13-009 = CGCG 336-017 = PGC 48810
13 46 11.4 +70
20 22
V = 13.8; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 86d
17.5"
(6/5/99): faint, very small, slightly elongated. At 280x, appears 0.5'x0.3' E-W, very small slightly brighter
core. A mag 15 star is close south
[28" from center]. Nearly collinear with a mag 10.5/12.5 double about 3.5'
S.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5314 = Sw III-74 on 8 Apr 1886 and recorded "vF; eS;
stellar; an eF * very close; the 2 components of a D * point to it." His position is 0.9 min of RA too
large, but his comment about a double star clinches this identification.
******************************
NGC 5315 = PK
309-4.2 = ESO 097-PN9 = PN G309.1-04.3
13 53 57.0 -66
30 50
V = 9.9; Size 6"
18" (7/5/05
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): picked up by blinking at 128x with an OIII
filter, though immediately noticed as non-stellar at this power. At 228x, appeared as a bright, compact,
very high surface brightness 5" disc with a bluish color distinctive of
high surface brightness planetaries.
There was only a modest contrast gain with a UHC filter. Excellent view at 293x, though there
was no sign of a central star within the high surface brightness haze. Located 4' E of mag 7.1 HD 120680. A couple of fainter stars are close
following.
Ralph Copeland
discovered NGC 5315 on 4 May 1883 near Lake Titicaca using a 6.1"
refractor with a direct vision Vogel-spectroscope. The RA given in Copernicus III (1884) is 30 sec too large.
******************************
NGC 5316 = ESO
133-SC006 = Cr 279
13 53 57 -61 52
12
V = 6.0; Size 14'
18" (7/5/05
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 171x (12mm Nagler), over three dozen
stars are visible in a 10'x6' bright triangular group. A number of mag 10 and 11 stars define
the periphery and make the cluster appear well-detached although a number of
additional mag 9 and 10 adorn a glittering field. Extending off the north side and heading NW is a 6' string
of 11th-12th magnitude stars ending at a mag 10.8 star 7' NW of the center of
the cluster. The chain then
abruptly changes direction and continues SW, terminating at mag 8.5 HD 120631
located 10' W of the center of the cluster. The two intersecting strings are distinctive but appear to
be random asterisms.
13.1"
(2/19/04 - Costa Rica): this fairly bright open cluster consists of 35-40 stars
in a 10' triangular group.
Includes a number of brighter mag 9.5-12 stars. Off the NE side is a neat string of
stars oriented WNW-ESE.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 5316 = D 282 = h3542 on 25 May 1826 and described "A group
of ten or twelve stars about the 10th mag, with a multitude of very small
stars, forming an irregular branched figure, 8' or 10' long and 6'
broad." His position is only
off by 3'. JH observed the cluster
on 24 Apr 1835 and noted it as a "cluster of stars, class VII; 14 stars
11th mag, and 30 or 40 smaller in a round space 8' diameter." He credited Dunlop, due to his
relatively accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5317 = NGC
5364: = UGC 8853 = MCG +01-36-003 = CGCG 046-009 = Holm 557a = PGC 49555
13 56 11.9 +05
00 53
See observing
notes for NGC 5364.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5317 = h1678 on 7 Apr 1828 and recorded "vF, vL, vgbM,
R". There is nothing near his
position. Karl Reinmuth reported
"no vF vL neb found", based on Heidelberg plates and Dorothy Carlson
classified the number as nonexistent in her NGC correction paper and this
conclusion was repeated in the RNGC.
Harold Corwin
suggests NGC 5317 is a duplicate observation of NGC 5364 (discovered by WH)
with a 5 min error in RA (declination matches). Furthermore, the descriptions are identical.
******************************
NGC 5318 = UGC
8751 = MCG +06-30-096 = CGCG 190-063 = Holm 548a = PGC 49139
13 50 35.9 +33
42 18
V = 12.6; Size 1.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 165d
48" (4/15/10):
bright, fairly large, oval 2:1 NNW-SSE, 1.0'x0.5', bright core, stellar
nucleus, high surface brightness.
This galaxy is the brightest in a group with 7 galaxies picked up in the
510x field (6 in a 10' string oriented NNW to SSE). The closest two companions, MCG +06-30-097 and MCG
+06-30-095 (incorrectly identified as NGC 5319 in several sources), are located
52" NNW and 1.9' NNW, respectively.
These two companions were described and sketched using Lord Rosse's
72", but did not receive NGC numbers.
18"
(5/16/09): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 ~N-S, 0.8'x0.5',
bright core. Brightest of 4 NGC
galaxies with NGC 5321 4.6' SSE, NGC 5312 11' SW and NGC 5319 3.5' NNE.
17.5"
(5/22/93): moderately bright, fairly small, round, prominent core, stellar
nucleus. Forms a pair with NGC
5321 4' S. NGC 5312 lies 10' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5318 = H III-422 = h1679 on 2 May 1785 (sweep 406) and recorded
"Two, eF, stellar, the time and number taken between them. The northern one is the faintest;
distance about 4 or 5' not far from the meridian." His position (CH's reduction) is 5'
south of NGC 5318 = UGC 8751, the brightest galaxy in the group, and 2'
southwest of NGC 5321 = CGCG 190-065.
The separation of these two galaxies is 4.6' with a position angle of
160¡, matching his description, though the northern galaxy (NGC 5318) is
brighter. On 3 May 1785 (sweep
407), he noted a nebula he logged as "Suspected, vF, i and vS, but 240 made
it appear more like a small patch".
His position is just 6 sec of east of NGC 5318, but he didn't connect
this with his observation of 1074 and 1075 just the night before.
JH made two
observations, recording on sweep 337 "pB; S; R; psbM; 15"; the second
of 3 [with NGC 5312 and 5321]."
His position is accurate.
See notes on NGC 5321. R.J.
Mitchell, observing NGC 5318 on 27 Mar 1856, discovered nearby NGC 5319 as well
as the two close companions to NGC 5318 -- MCG +06-30-097 0.9' NNW and MCG
+06-30-095, 1.9' NNW. These were
not assigned separate GC or NGC designations.
******************************
NGC 5319 = PGC
84061
13 50 40.7 +33
45 41
V = 15.5; Size 0.6'x0.2'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 66d
48"
(4/15/10): easily visible at 510x as a faint, edge-on streak, roughly 4:1
WSW-ENE, ~30"x8". A very
faint star is off the ENE tip.
Located 3.5' NNE of NGC 5318.
A faint pair of galaxies lies ~3' NW.
Several sources
misidentify MCG +06-30-095 as NGC 5319.
The sketch made with Lord Rosse's 72" clearly shows MCG +06-30-095
and NGC 5319 (3.5' NNE of NGC 5318), but MCG +06-30-095 did not receive a NGC
designation as Dreyer may have felt it was part of NGC 5318.
17.5": not
seen.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 5319 on 27 Mar 1856 at Birr Castle, while observing NGC
5318. He labeled this galaxy
"C" on the field sketch and simply noted "vF". Although no separations were estimated,
the sketch is accurate enough to identify NGC 5319 = PGC 84061. See NGC 5318 for more on this sketch.
The RNGC and
Uranometria Deep Sky Field Guide misidentify MCG +06-30-095 (1.9' NNW of NGC
5318) as NGC 5319. Corwin agrees
that NGC 5319 = PGC 84061. Malcolm
Thomson disagrees and identifies a faint galaxy 5.2' NNW of NGC 5318 as NGC
5319. See Harold Corwin's NGC
identification notes.
******************************
NGC 5320 = UGC
8749 = MCG +07-28-076 = CGCG 218-056 = CGCG 219-001 = PGC 49112
13 50 20.4 +41
21 59
V = 12.1; Size 3.4'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 18d
17.5"
(5/22/93): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, weak
concentration, irregular surface brightness. A mag 14 star is off the SSW end 2.3' from center, a mag 11
star is 3.7' NE and a mag 12 star lies 3.1' ESE of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5320 = H II-669 = h1682 on 9 Apr 1787 (sweep 725) and recorded
"pB, pL, vgmbM." His
position matches UGC 8749. JH made
the single observation "F; R; gbM; 40"."
******************************
NGC 5321 = MCG
+06-30-101 = CGCG 190-065 = PGC 49148
13 50 43.6 +33
37 57
V = 14.1; Size 0.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0
48"
(4/15/10): at 510x appeared bright, fairly large, elongated 2:1 SW-NE,
~0.5'x0.25'. Contains a small,
bright nucleus. Located 4.6' SSE of NGC 5318. Forms the vertex of an isosceles triangle with two mag 11
stars ~3.7' WNW and SW. A mag 14.5
star lies 1.2' WSW of center.
18" (5/16/09):
fairly faint, small, round, 24" diameter, weak concentration though with
direct vision a faint quasi-stellar nucleus was visible. Located 4.5' SSE of NGC 5318 and 11' E
of NGC 5312.
17.5"
(5/22/93): faint, very small, round.
Two faint mag 14.5-15 stars are close west [mag 14.5 1.2' WSW] and two
mag 11 stars are 3.6' W and 3.8' SW.
NGC 5318 lies 4' NNW and NGC 5312 11' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5321 = H III-423 = h1680 on 2 May 1785 (sweep 406) and recorded
"Two, eF, stellar, the time and number taken between them. The northern one is the faintest;
distance about 4 or 5' not far from the meridian." His single position is 2' southwest of
NGC 5321 = CGCG 190-065 and his description is an excellent fit with NGC 5318
and NGC 5321, which are separated by 4.6' in position angle 160¡
(NNW-SSE). The only discrepancy is
the northern object (NGC 5318) is brighter.
JH made two
observations (one good position), calling it "eF; at first sight like a *,
but on long attention a pL neb surrounds it" on sweep 337 and "pB; R;
smbM." on sweep 74. But he
assumed this object was new and his father's III-422 applied to NGC 5312 =
h1676. As a result, JH is credited
with the discovery of NGC 5321 in the GC and NGC. But NGC 5312 is over 10' southwest of NGC 5318 and the
orientation doesn't match WH's description ("not far from the
meridian"). Reassigning the
historical designations based on this analysis, results in h1676 = GC 3664 =
NGC 5312, III-422 = h1679 = GC 3668 = NGC 5318 and III-423 = h1680 = GC 3670 =
NGC 5321.
******************************
NGC 5322 = UGC
8745 = MCG +10-20-035 = CGCG 295-017 = LGG 360-003 = PGC 49044
13 49 15.1 +60
11 26
V = 10.2; Size 5.9'x3.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 95d
18"
(5/14/07): very bright, fairly large, oval, 2.5'x1.75'. Sharply concentrated with a very
bright, 40" core that increases to the center. Two or three mag 14-15
stars are superimposed on the halo including one to the south and one to the
east of the core.
17.5"
(4/13/91): very bright, moderately large, unusually bright compact core,
substellar nucleus, fainter halo elongated 3:2 E-W. A mag 14 star is at the south edge of the core within the
outer halo and 20" from the center.
8"
(5/21/82): bright, moderately large, small bright nucleus, almost round.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5322 = H I-256 = h1684 on 19 Mar 1790 (sweep 953) and recorded
"vB, pL, iR, smbM." His
position matches UGC 8745. He
published a sketch in his 1811 paper (Fig. 24) as an illlustration of
"nebulae that are suddenly much brighter in the middle."
******************************
NGC 5323 = UGC
8719 = MCG +13-10-012 = CGCG 353-025 = PGC 48785
13 45 36.5 +76
49 41
V = 13.5; Size 1.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 163d
17.5"
(6/5/99): faint, small, elongated 2:1 ~N-S, slightly brighter core. A mag 13.5-14 evenly matched double
lies 4'-5' NW [11" separation].
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5323 = H II-899 = h1689 on 20 Dec 1797 (sweep 1074) and recorded
"F, S, E nearly in the meridian, about 1' long." His position is 1' from UGC 8719. The NGC position from JH is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5324 = MCG
-01-35-016 = PGC 49236
13 52 05.9 -06
03 30
V = 11.7; Size 2.3'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 170d
17.5"
(6/14/96): fairly faint, moderately large, round, 1.8' diameter, fairly low
almost even surface brightness. A
mag 14 star is off the SE edge 1.5' from center and a mag 15.5 star is
superimposed on the east side. A
pair of mag 12 stars at 36" separation are 4' WNW and a linear trio is ~8'
SW. A line drawn east through both
sets of stars intersects at NGC 5324!
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5324 = H II-307 = h1681 on 5 Mar 1785 (sweep 380) and logged
"F, cL, bM, irr." JH
made the single observation "F; L; R; gbM; 50 or 60"." and his
position is on the northwest edge of the galaxy. IC 4407 may be a duplicate observation. See Harold Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 5325 = VV
607 = MCG +07-28-080 = CGCG 218-062 = CGCG 219-007 = Holm 550a = PGC 49163
13 50 54.1 +38
16 29
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.8'
17.5"
(6/5/99): very faint, fairly small, round, 0.7' diameter, very low surface
brightness, no concentration.
Required averted vision.
Two mag 11 stars at 2' separation are roughly 5' NW. Forms a pair with very difficult MCG
+07-28-081 2.1' S.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5325 = Sw II-36 on 14 Jun 1885 and recorded "eeF; pS; R; v
diff; 2 B st near." His
position is 1.4' northeast of CGCG 218-062. The first edition of the Deep Sky Field Guide lists NGC
5325A and NGC 5325B. It appears
that NGC 5325A refers to the low surface brightness edge-on UGC 8760, which is
located about 15' south.
******************************
NGC 5326 = UGC
8764 = MCG +07-28-082 = CGCG 218-061 = CGCG 219-006 = PGC 49157
13 50 50.9 +39
34 28
V = 11.9; Size 2.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 137d
17.5"
(6/6/86): moderately bright, small, spindle, very elongated NW-SE, small bright
core, possible stellar nucleus.
Located 12.2' SW of mag 7.4 SAO 63794. NGC 5346 lies 26' E.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5326 = H II-712 = h1685 on 14 Jan 1788 (sweep 799) and noted
"F, S, R, bM." JH made 3
observations and recorded it first (sweep 155) as "pB; S; lE; sbM;
15"."
******************************
NGC 5327 = UGC
8768 = MCG +00-35-021 = CGCG 017-078 = PGC 49234
13 52 04.1 -02
12 23
V = 12.6; Size 1.9'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 90d
17.5"
(5/11/96): fairly faint, moderately large, round, 2' diameter. Weak concentration with a very small
core slightly offset north of geometric center. CGCG 017-079 lies 4.8' N (not seen).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5327 = H II-685 = h1683 on 15 Apr 1787 (sweep 729) and noted
"vF, S, iR. Following 2
stars, and in the parallel with them." His position is 2' too far south. JH made a single
observation and his position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5328 = ESO
445-067 = MCG -05-33-028 = LGG 357-014 = PGC 49307
13 52 53.3 -28
29 22
V = 11.6; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 87d
24"
(6/1/13): at 225x appeared bright, fairly small, oval 3:2 E-W,
30"x20", sharply concentrated with a very bright, very small
nucleus. Brightest in a small
cluster (Klemola 28) of early-type galaxies with NGC 5330 1.7' NE. Several of the galaxies are aligned in
a NE to SW chain including PGC 3094715 2.8' NE and ESO 445-70 6.0' NE. PGC 3094715 appeared faint, very small,
round, 12" diameter.
13.1"
(5/26/84): fairly bright, small, slightly elongated ~E-W, small bright
nucleus. Located 19' WNW of mag 6
SAO 182065.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5328 = H III-923 = h3543 on 5 May 1793 (sweep 1041) and recorded
"vF; vS; R; lbM. 300 shewed
it very well" JH made two
observations from the Cape of Good Hope: "pB; R; lbM; 20" and
"B; lE; sbM; 20". Lewis
Swift discovered nearby NGC 5330.
******************************
NGC 5329 = UGC
8771 = MCG +01-35-044 = CGCG 045-121 = PGC 49248
13 52 10.0 +02
19 30
V = 12.4; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(5/11/96): fairly faint, fairly small, 1.0 diameter. Symmetrical appearance with even concentration to a 20"
brighter core and a nonstellar nucleus.
NGC 5331 is located 14' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5329 = H III-549 = h1686 on 30 Apr 1786 (sweep 558) and noted
"eF, vS, stellar, 240 confirmed it." CH's reduced position is 1' northeast of UGC 8771. JH made a single observation, calling
it "pB; R; psbM; 15"."
******************************
NGC 5330 = ESO
445-068 = MCG -05-33-028a = PGC 49316
13 52 59.2 -28
28 14
V = 13.8; Size 0.6'x0.5'
24"
(6/1/13): this compact galaxy is situated just 1.7' NE of NGC 5328 in a small
group. At 225x it appeared faint
to fairly faint, small, irregularly round, 15" diameter, very small
brighter nucleus. PGC 3094715 lies
1.2' N. and ESO 445-70 is 4.3' NE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5330 = Sw VI-61 on 25 Mar 1887 and recorded "eeF; S; R; e
diff; nf of 3676 [NGC 5328].
******************************
NGC 5331 = VV
253a/b = (UGC 8774) = MCG +00-35-022 = CGCG 017-082 = PGC 49264/49266
13 52 16.3 +02
06 28
V = 14.1; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 14.5; PA = 55d
48"
(5/4/16): at 697x; NGC 5531 is a fascinating interacting pair (25" between
centers) with a third component (CGCG 017-081) 1.3' W. The northern component (VV 253b = PGC
49266) is fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 or 5:2 SW-NE,
30"x12", sharply concentrated with a prominent, elongated core and bright
stellar nucleus. The surface
brightness of the halo is irregular with a hint of spiral structure.
The southern
galaxy (highly disrupted on the SDSS with a tidal plume to the WNW) is fairly
bright, fairly large, elongated 3:1 NW-SE, broad concentration but no well
defined zones. The surface
brightness, though, is irregular or mottled and the galaxy appears dusty. More
unusual is the shape; the galaxy tapers at the southeast east and the northwest
end bends or twists towards the northern spiral, creating a kidney-bean
outline.
CGCG 017-081,
1.3' W, appeared fairly faint, small, round, 15" diameter, nearly even
surface brightness. A mag 15.7
star is just 14" WSW of center.
A mag 16 star sits midway between this galaxy and the NGC 5331 pair.
17.5" (5/11/96):
this double system was resolved with the brighter component (VV 253b) at the
north end. VV 253b is fairly faint, fairly small and slightly elongated. Attached at the south end is a low
surface glow (VV 253a). The pair
requires attention as there is less than 30" separation between
centers. NGC 5329 lies 14' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5331 = H III-929 = h1687 on 13 May 1793 (sweep 1044) and logged
"vF, S, E in meridian."
JH made an interesting observation on sweep 144: "A very insignificant
cluster of vS scattered stars; or a S[mall] resolved neb." The position here is on the brighter
component of the double system.
******************************
NGC 5332 = UGC
8773 = MCG +03-35-030 = CGCG 102-070 = PGC 49243
13 52 07.9 +16
58 11
V = 12.9; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.6
17.5"
(6/5/99): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter, small bright
core. Bracketed by two mag 14
stars off the north [50" NNW of center] and south ends [38" S of
center]. CGCG 102-069 lies 3.7'
SW. Located 15' NNW of mag 6.7 SAO
100747.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5332 = Sw VI-62 on 23 Mar 1887 and recorded "vF; S;
R." His position matches UGC
8773.
******************************
NGC 5333 = ESO
221-017 = LGG 356-006 = PGC 49424
13 54 24.3 -48
30 45
V = 11.7; Size 1.9'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 52d
18"
(7/11/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x, moderately bright and
large oval, elongated 3:1 SW-NE, 1.2'x0.4', moderately strong concentration
with a bright 10"-15" core.
Located 2.7' W of mag 9 HD 121119 and 11' N of mag 7.2 HD 121057. I observed 10 ESO galaxies in this rich
Milky Way region (ESO 221-003, -004, -005, -009, -010, -012, -013, -014, -016,
-020) from Les Dalrymple's article in S&T on the "Bow and Arrow".
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5333 = h3544 on 2 Jul 1834 and recorded "vF; vS; R;
6"; has a * 8m; 3' f in parallel." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5334 = UGC
8790 = MCG +00-35-024 =CGCG 017-088 = IC 4338 = PGC 49308
13 52 54.5 -01
06 52
V = 11.3; Size 4.2'x3.0'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 15d
17.5"
(5/11/96): faint, large, diffuse glow, elongated 4:3 N-S, ~3.0'x2.4', low even
surface brightness. A mag 15 star
is 2' SW of center. Located 3.2' N of a mag 10 star and 35' NW of mag 5.2 90
Virginis. NGC 5345 lies 28' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5334 = H III-665 on 15 Apr 1787 (sweep 729) and recorded
"cF, cL, clbM." His
position matches UGC 8790.
Lewis Swift
found the galaxy again on 20 Apr 1897 and recorded in list XI-161, "vL,
eF, C E n & s; in field with 5334.
A F st close to each end of major axis." His RA is just 0.2 min west of NGC 5334 and the description
applies to this galaxy. But there
are no others nearby to mistake with NGC 5334, so he was obviously
confused. See Harold Corwin's
notes.
******************************
NGC 5335 = UGC
8791 = MCG +01-35-046 = CGCG 045-129 = PGC 49310
13 52 56.5 +02
48 51
V = 12.8; Size 2.1'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 90d
17.5"
(5/11/96): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 NW-SE [bar], brighter
core. Irregular surface brightness
and halo fades, so difficult to determine PA. A mag 14 star is 0.7' S of center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5335 = h1688 on 9 Apr 1828 and noted "F; irr R." His position is a perfect match with
UGC 8791.
******************************
NGC 5336 = UGC
8785 = MCG +07-29-003 = CGCG 218-066 = CGCG 219-011 = PGC 49250
13 52 09.7 +43
14 34
V = 12.8; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 115d
17.5"
(6/5/99): fairly faint, fairly small, 1.0' diameter. No concentration but there appeared to a slight brightening
on the SW edge. Located ~3' W of a
two mag 11 stars and a third mag 13.5 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5336 = H II-670 = h1690 on 9 Apr 1787 (sweep 725) and noted
"pB, pL." JH made the
single observation "vF; R; psbM; 30"." and measured an accurate
position.
******************************
NGC 5337 = UGC
8789 = MCG +07-29-004 = CGCG 219-012 = PGC 49275
13 52 23.1 +39
41 15
V = 12.5; Size 1.7'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 20d
17.5"
(6/6/86): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, brighter
core. NGC 5346 is 9.8' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5337 = H III-698 = h1691 on 14 Jan 1788 (sweep 799) and noted
"vF, S." JH logged
"S; irr R; has a bright star 8th mag preceding" and measured an
accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5338 = UGC
8800 = MCG +01-35-048 = CGCG 045-132 = PGC 49353
13 53 26.6 +05
12 28
V = 12.4; Size 2.5'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 97d
17.5"
(4/28/90): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 E-W, almost even surface
brightness. Forms a right angle
with a wide mag 10 double star (HJ 2690 = 10.6/11.4 at 27") 3' WNW and two
mag 10/12 stars 3' NNE. First of 7
in the NGC 5363 group with NGC 5348 13' E.
Lawrence Parsons
discovered NGC 5338 on 3 May 1877, along with NGC 5348, while making an
observation of NGC 5356. He noted
"about 20' p[receding] and 5' or 6' s[outh] is another, elongated p f,
about 4' f a D*.". The bright
pair of stars is 3.5' WNW. The
same observation also mentions "a third neb is about 10' p and 5' +/-
s" and this refers to NGC 5348.
******************************
NGC 5339 = MCG
-01-35-018 = Mrk 1363 = PGC 49388
13 54 00.3 -07
55 52
V = 12.0; Size 1.8'x1.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 59d
17.5"
(5/11/96): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 4:3 SW-NE, 1.8'x1.4'. Broad concentration with an ill-defined
core. Bracketed by two mag 13
stars 1.3' SSW and 1.3' NE. PGC
magnitude (16.5) is much too faint.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 5339 = Big 70 and recorded "mag 13.4, R, 1' dia,
no nucleus." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 5340 = MCG
+12-13-014 = CGCG 336-022 = PGC 49021
13 48 59.9 +72
39 14
V = 14.2; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(6/5/99): faint, small, round, 0.6' diameter, weak even concentration to a
slightly brighter core. Located
2.6' ENE of a mag 10.5 star.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5340 = Sw III-75 on 6 May 1886 and recorded "eF; S;
R." His position is 11 sec of
RA east and 1' south of CGCG 336-022.
MCG and PGC misidentify MCG +12-13-013 as NGC 5340. Also, the MCG declination for MCG
+12-13-014 is off by ~10'.
******************************
NGC 5341 = UGC
8792 = MCG +06-31-002 = CGCG 190-069 = CGCG 191-002 = PGC 49285
13 52 32.1 +37
48 59
V = 13.2; Size 1.3'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 164d
17.5"
(6/6/86): fairly faint, small, edge-on NNW-SSE, brighter core. NGC 5349 lies 9.2' ENE.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 5341, along with NGC 5349, on 24 Mar 1857 at Birr Castle while
observing NGC 5351. He noted
"found here 3 nebulae, as shown, all of them are bM." The sketch clearly identifies NGC 5341,
10' west-southwest of NGC 5349 (the actual separation is 9'). But no offsets were measured and the
NGC position (estimated by Dreyer) is poor.
******************************
NGC 5342 = UGC
8776 = MCG +10-20-041 = CGCG 295-020 = PGC 49192
13 51 25.8 +59
51 50
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 152d
17.5"
(6/5/99): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE, 0.8'x0.3'. Sharp concentration with a very small
bright core and stellar nucleus.
Located 25' SE of NGC 5322.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5342 = H III-849 = h1694 on 19 Mar 1790 (sweep 953) and noted
"vF, vS." CH's reduced position is 13 tsec following UGC 8776. JH
simply noted "eF", but measured a more accurate position (in the
NGC).
******************************
NGC 5343 = MCG
-01-35-019 = PGC 49412
13 54 11.7 -07
35 17
V = 12.7; Size 1.7'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 50d
17.5"
(6/14/96): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 SW-NE, 1.2'x0.9'. Well concentrated with a bright core
increasing to a non-stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5343 = H II-308 = h1692 on 5 Mar 1785 (sweep 380) and logged
"vF, S, lbM, irreg." JH
made the single observation "vF; S; R; bM. Dull and murky sky." and measured a fairly accurate
position.
******************************
NGC 5344 = CGCG
336-026 = PGC 49085
13 50 12.1 +73
57 11
V = 14.4; Size 0.6'x0.4'; PA = 80d
17.5"
(6/5/99): faint, very small, round, 25" diameter, even surface brightness. Located 2.8' following a mag 10 star
and 8' ENE of mag 8.5 SAO 7884.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5344 = Sw III-76 on 6 May 1886 and recorded "vF; S;
R." His position is 1.8'
south of CGCG 336-026. Corwin notes that the NGC RA is 0.9 min too far west,
although Swift's position is only slightly west.
******************************
NGC 5345 = UGC
8820 = MCG +00-35-026 = CGCG 017-094 = PGC 49415
13 54 14.2 -01
26 11
V = 12.4; Size 1.6'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(5/11/96): moderately bright, fairly small, round, 1.2' diameter, bright core
gradually increases to center. A
mag 15 star is superimposed at the south edge. Located 8' NW of mag 5.2 90 Virginis.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5345 = H II-686 = h1693 on 15 Apr 1787 (sweep 729) and logged
"pB, S, mbM." His RA is
just 5 sec too small. JH called it
"pB, S, R, gbM, 15"."
UGC 8820 is not labeled as NGC 5345.
******************************
NGC 5346 = UGC
8804 = MCG +07-29-007 = CGCG 219-014 = PGC 49322
13 53 02.0 +39
34 52
V = 13.8; Size 2.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 158d
17.5"
(6/6/86): very faint, requires averted, slightly elongated. Forms a pair with NGC 5337 9.8'
NW. NGC 5326 lies 26' W. Forms the NE vertex of a trapezoid with
mag 13 stars 2.4' SSW, 3.6' SW and 2.1' WNW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5346 = St XII-57 on 18 May 1881. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5347 = UGC
8805 = MCG +06-31-007 = CGCG 191-007 = PGC 49342
13 53 17.8 +33
29 28
V = 12.6; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 130d
17.5"
(6/5/99): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 1.0'x0.7'. Broad concentration to a brighter
core. At times there appears to be
brighter spot involved (extremely faint star?), although I was not able to
confirm this impression. A mag
10.5 star with two mag 13.5/14 companions lies 3' NE. Located 8.5' NE of mag 8 SAO 63805.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5347 = H II-424 = h1695 on 2 May 1785 (sweep 406) and noted
"F, pL, lbM." His
position is 6' too far north."
JH recorded "pB; L; R; 40". If this be my Father's nebula, there is an error of 6' in
his polar distance." JH's
position matches UGC 8805.
******************************
NGC 5348 = UGC
8821 = MCG +01-35-051 = CGCG 045-137 = PGC 49411
13 54 11.3 +05
13 36
V = 13.1; Size 3.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 177d
17.5"
(4/28/90): very faint, moderately large, edge-on 5:1 N-S, low even surface
brightness. A mag 14.5 star is
1.5' NE of center. Second of 7 in
the NGC 5363 group with NGC 5356 14' NE and NGC 5338 13' W.
Lawrence Parsons
discovered NGC 5348, along with NGC 5338, on 3 May 1877, while making an
observation of NGC 5356. He noted
"a third neb is about 10' p" and 5' +/- s, it is vF, mE ns, with a *
13m nf and a small group of faint stars 6' +/- s, it is fainter than [NGC
5356]." This thin edge-on is
13.5' SW of NGC 5356. In the same
observation he discovered NGC 5338 "about 20' p [of N5356] and 5' or 6'
s[outh] is another, E p f, about 4' f a D*".
******************************
NGC 5349 = UGC
8803 = MCG +06-31-005 = CGCG 190-072 = CGCG 191-006 = Holm 554b = PGC 49336
13 53 13.3 +37
52 57
V = 14.1; Size 1.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 82d
17.5"
(6/6/86): faint, small, elongated ~E-W, broad concentration. Forms a pair with brighter NGC 5351
3.5' NE.
R.J. Mitchell discovered
NGC 5349, along with NGC 5341, on 24 Mar 1857 at Birr Castle while observing
NGC 5351. He noted "found
here 3 nebulae, as shown, all of them are bM." The sketch clearly identifies NGC 5349, 3' southwest of NGC
5349 (the actual separation is 3.5').
******************************
NGC 5350 = HCG
68C = KTG 50A = Holm 555c = UGC 8810 = MCG +07-29-009 = CGCG 219-017 = Mrk 1485
= PGC 49347
13 53 21.6 +40
21 50
V = 11.3; Size 3.2'x2.3'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 40d
24"
(7/1/16): fairly bright or bright, oval ~4:3 ~N-S, ~2'x1.5', largest in the HCG
68 quintet. Contains a brighter
core with a subtle bar oriented NW-SE.
The center increases gradually to a stellar nucleus. The surface brightness is irregular
with hints of structure including an arc or spiral arm on the northeast
side. The mag 6.5 orange star HD
121197 is 3' SW.
24"
(6/8/13): bright, large, contains a brighter core or bar that is oriented
NW-SE. The central core of the bar
is round and increases somewhat to the center. The 2.0'x1.5' halo, though, is
elongated 4:3 SSW-NNE. Located
2.9' NE of a mag 6.5 star with NGC 5353/5354 ~4' SSE and NGC 5355 ~5' ESE.
13.1"
(5/26/84): largest galaxy in the striking NGC 5353 group = HCG 68. Fairly faint, diffuse, slightly
elongated, very weak concentration, no core. Located on a line between mag 6.5 HD 121197 2.9' SW (not in
SAO) and mag 9.3 SAO 44789 5.0' NE.
First in the group with NGC 5354 3.7' SSE, NGC 5353 4.9' SSE, NGC 5355
4.9' ESE and NGC 5358 9.0' SE.
8"
(5/21/82): faint, moderately large, diffuse, between two stars mag 6.5 and 9.0.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5350 = H II-713 = h1696 on 14 Jan 1788 (sweep 799) and noted
"F, pL". JH made two
good observations, noting "pB; R; bM" and "vF; L; a bright D *
preceding; the first of 4."
******************************
NGC 5351 = UGC
8809 = MCG +06-31-008 = CGCG 190-073 = CGCG 191-019 = Holm 554a = PGC 49359
13 53 27.9 +37
54 51
V = 12.1; Size 3.0'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 100d
17.5"
(6/6/86): fairly faint, broad concentration, elongated WNW-ESE. Forms a pair with NGC 5349 3.5' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5351 = H II-697 = h1697 on 16 May 1787 (sweep 738) and recorded
"F, bM, E in the parallel, about 1 1/2' long and 1' broad."
******************************
NGC 5352 = UGC
8812 = MCG +06-31-011 = CGCG 191-009 = PGC 49370
13 53 38.4 +36
08 03
V = 13.0; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(6/5/99): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter, weak
concentration. A small group of
stars of a half a dozen stars is close following and the galaxy is roughly
collinear with two mag 11.5 and 13 stars 1.5' and 3' following.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5352 = H II-415 = h1700 on 1 May 1785 (sweep 405) and noted
"F, S, irr." JH made two
observations, recording (sweep 71) "pF; R; 30"; has a star 90"
distance, 25¡ nf."
******************************
NGC 5353 = HCG
68A = KTG 50B = Holm 555b = UGC 8813 = MCG +07-29-010 = CGCG 219-018 = PGC
49356
13 53 26.7 +40
16 59
V = 11.0; Size 2.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 11.8; PA = 145d
24" (7/1/16):
very bright, fairly large, elongated 5:2 NW-SE, ~1.8'x0.7', sharply
concentrated with a very bright elongated core that increases to the
center. Forms a contact pair with
NGC 5354 (two brightest members of HCG 68), with centers 1.2' apart.
24" (6/8/13):
the brightest member of HCG 68 appeared very bright, fairly large, elongated
5:2 NW-SE, 1.8'x0.7', well concentrated with a very bright elongated core that increases to the
center. Forms a contact pair with
NGC 5354 1.2' N. NGC 5358 = HCG
68E lies 6.4' due E.
13.1"
(5/26/84): brightest in the NGC 5353 group = HCG 68. Fairly bright, oval 2:1 NW-SE, gradually increases to a
small bright core. Forms a close
pair with NGC 5354 1.2' N. Other
nearby members are NGC 5350 4.9' NNW, NGC 5355 4.9' NE, NGC 5358 6.4' E. Located 4.8' SE of mag 6.5 HD 121197.
8"
(5/21/82): moderately bright, small.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5353 = H II-714 = h1698 on 14 Jan 1788 (sweep 799) and recorded
"Two [along with NGC 5354], pB, both S, R, at 2' distance in the meridian." JH logged "The southern of a
double neb, dist 1' in meridian." and "pB; S; the southern of 2
nearly in meridian; the second of a group of 4."
******************************
NGC 5354 = HCG
68B = KTG 50C = Holm 555a = UGC 8814 = MCG +07-29-011 = CGCG 219-019 = WBL
475-003 = PGC 49354
13 53 26.7 +40
18 10
V = 11.4; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 11.9
24"
(7/1/16): bright, fairly large, elongated ~5:4 E-W, 1.4'x1.1', well
concentrated with a large bright core than increases gradually to the center, faint
stellar nucleus with direct vision.
The halo on the south side is in contact with NGC 5353, with the centers
1.2' apart in PA 0¡ (N-S). The mag
6.5 orange star HD 121197 is 4' NW.
24"
(6/8/13): bright, moderately large, slightly elongated, 1.4'x1.2', fairly well
concentrated (though not as well as NGC 5353) with a small bright core that
increases to the center. The outer
halo merges with NGC 5353, 1.2' between centers. Located 4' SE of mag 6.5 HD 121197. NGC 5350 is 3.8' NNW and NGC 5355 is
4.2' NE.
13.1"
(5/26/84): member of the NGC 5353 group = HCG 68. Fairly faint, fairly small, broad concentration. Forms a very close pair with brighter
NGC 5353 1.2' S. Located 4.0' SE
of mag 6.5 HD 121197. Nearby
members include NGC 5350 3.8' N and NGC 5355 4.2' NE.
8"
(5/21/82): fairly faint, moderately large, even surface brightness. Forms a close pair with NGC 5353 1' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5354 = H II-715 = h1699 on 14 Jan 1788 (sweep 799) and recorded
"Two [along with NGC 5353], pB, both S, R, at 2' distance in the
meridian." JH logged
"the northern of a double nebula, dist 1' in the meridian", and
"F; S; the northern and smallest of 2 in merid; one of a group of 4."
******************************
NGC 5355 = HCG
68D = Holm 555d = UGC 8819 = MCG +07-29-012 = CGCG 219-020 = WBL 475-004 = PGC
49380
13 53 45.6 +40
20 19
V = 13.1; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 35d
24"
(7/1/16): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated N-S,
~35"x25", very small bright core, stellar nucleus. Situated 4' NE of NGC 5354 in HCG 68.
24"
(6/8/13): moderately bright, relatively small compared to the other members of
HCG 68, oval 3:2 SSW-NNE, ~40"x28", small brighter nucleus. Located 4' NE of NGC 5354 and 4.8' ESE
of NGC 5350.
13.1"
(5/26/84): faint, small, slightly elongated SSW-NNE, even surface
brightness. Member of the NGC 5353
group = HCG 68 and located 7' due east of mag 6.5 HD 121197. Nearby members are NGC 5350 4.9' WNW,
NGC 5358 4.7' SE and NGC 5353 4.8' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5355 = H III-699 = h1702 on 14 Jan 1788 (sweep 799) and noted
"vF; S; iF." His position is 3' too far north. JH made three observations and assumed
it was new, probably due to his father's poor position. He logged "F; The
last of 4. There is a *9 preceding
the group." and "vF; L; the last of 4." JH later equated h1702 and III. 699 in
the GC.
******************************
NGC 5356 = UGC
8831 = MCG +01-35-052 = CGCG 046-001 = PGC 49468
13 54 58.5 +05
20 01
V = 12.6; Size 3.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 15d
17.5"
(4/28/90): fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE, slightly
brighter bulging middle. Forms a
thin isosceles triangle with a pair of mag 12 stars 2.6' NE and 2.6' NNE. Third of 7 in NGC 5363 group with NGC
5363 17' ESE and NGC 5348 14' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5356 = H III-506 = h1701 on 2 Feb 1786 (sweep 521) and noted
"vF, E, 2' long." CH's
reduction is at the north end of the galaxy. On 12 May 1793 (sweep 1043), he logged "p or cB, E,
cL." JH made 5 observations,
estimated a size of 80"x30" and a position angle of 15¡.
******************************
NGC 5357 = ESO
445-078 = MCG -05-33-032 = PGC 49534
13 55 59.5 -30
20 29
V = 12.0; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 23d
13.1"
(4/10/86): faint, small, round, weak concentration. Situated among three mag 11 stars and directly between a mag
11 star 1.5' N and a mag 11.5 star 1.1' SSE. Also a mag 11.5 star is 2.2' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5357 = h3546 on 30 Mar 1835 and recorded "pF; R; glbM;
20"; exactly in middle between 2 stars 10m." His position is accurate, although
Innes was unsuccessful in finding it with the 7-inch refractor at the Cape of
Good Hope.
******************************
NGC 5358 = HCG
68E = UGC 8826 = MCG +07-29-013 = CGCG 219-022 = PGC 49389
13 54 00.4 +40
16 38
V = 13.6; Size 1.1'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 138d
24"
(7/1/16): faintest member of the HCG 68 quintet. At 260x; fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1,
25"x12", very small bright core, stellar nucleus. A pair of mag 12.5/13 stars at ~8"
separation is 1.1' SSE and nearly collinear with the galaxy.
24"
(6/8/13): faintest and last member of HCG 68. Appeared fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small,
very elongated 3:1 NW-SE, 40"x15", small brighter nucleus. Located 6.4' E of NGC 5353.
13.1"
(5/26/84): faintest member of the NGC 5353 group = HCG 68. Very faint, very small, very elongated
NW-SE. A close double mag 13
double star at 8" separation is 1.1' SSE. Located 6.4' E of NGC 5353 and 4.7' SE of NGC 5355.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5358 = St XI-21 on 23 Jun 1880 with the 31-inch silvered
reflector at Marseille. Hermann
Vogel found the galaxy again on 3 Jun 1883 with the 27-inch Grubb refractor at
Vienna. Although WH and JH observed the 4 brighter galaxies to the west, they
both missed this fainter galaxy.
******************************
NGC 5359 = ESO
066-SC004
14 00 10 -70 23
30
18"
(7/11/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 76x I immediately noticed a 15'
irregular chain of two dozen stars, roughly forming the outline of an animal -
approximating a dog or horse.
Within the position of the "head" of this figure is a pair of
equal mag 10.5 stars at 11" separation. In fact, many of the brighter stars are 10th-11th
magnitude. This chain is well
detached in the field so it stands out well, although there are no dense spots
and this loose group appears to be an asterism. Upping the magnification to 228x, at least 80 stars are
visible within a 15' region.
Listed as nonexistent in the RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5359 = h3545 on 17 May 1835. On sweep 598 he recorded "Cl
VIII class, irreg fig, 8' dia, consists of about a dozen stars 11m, and a great
many 12, 13, 14m." RNGC
classifies this object as a nonexistent cluster.
******************************
NGC 5360 = IC
958? = UGC 8838 = MCG +01-36-001 = CGCG 046-003 = Holm 557b = PGC 49513
13 55 38.8 +04
59 05
V = 13.3; Size 2.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 70d
17.5"
(4/28/90): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 WSW-ENE, 1.2'x0.6'. A mag 14 star is at the west edge
40" from center. Forms a pair
with brighter and larger NGC 5364 8' ENE.
Fourth of 7 in the NGC 5363 group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 5360 = m 268 on 8 May 1864 and noted "vF, vS,
lE." His position (to the
nearest min of dec) is 1.5' too far north.
Lewis Swift
possibly found this galaxy again on 19 Apr 1890 and recorded "eeeF; pS;
iR; seen only by glimpses."
His position is 3.5' northeast of NGC 5360. Dreyer assumed this was a
new object and catalogued it as IC 958.
Harold Corwin suggests IC 958 = NGC 5360, though questions why Swift
didn't mention nearby NGC 5364.
See entry for IC 958 for more.
******************************
NGC 5361 = MCG
+07-29-015 = CGCG 219-025 = PGC 49441
13 54 35.2 +38
26 58
V = 13.8; Size 0.8'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 50d
17.5"
(6/8/02): faint, small, round, 0.4' diameter. Located 1.0' SW of a mag 12.5 star. The 220x field is devoid of any
brighter stars.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5361 = H III-682 on 16 May 1787 (sweep 738) and noted "eF,
vS, E, sp a small star. His
position is 1' southwest of CGCG 219-025 = PGC 49441 and the description
matches.
******************************
NGC 5362 = UGC
8835 = MCG +07-29-016 = CGCG 219-026 = PGC 49464
13 54 53.3 +41
18 49
V = 12.3; Size 2.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 88d
17.5"
(6/6/86): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated E-W, weak
concentration, hint of a faint stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5362 = H II-671 on 9 Apr 1787 (sweep 725) and logged "pB,
pL, E." CH's reduction is 2'
south of UGC 8835.
******************************
NGC 5363 = UGC
8847 = MCG +01-36-002 = CGCG 046-007 = LGG 362-005 = PGC 49547
13 56 07.2 +05
15 17
V = 10.1; Size 4.1'x2.6'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 135d
18"
(3/29/03): at 450x this fairly large, oval galaxy has a mottled
appearance. The bright stellar
nucleus appears like a bright superimposed star (images reveal a star very near
the center) surrounded by a bright core.
Located 3.8' SW of SAO 120182 = O· 273, an 8.4/8.9 pair at just
1.0" that was resolved at this power.
17.5"
(4/28/90): very bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, very bright
core, sharp stellar nucleus.
Located 3.8' SW of mag 8.0 SAO 120182 (close double O· 273 = 8.4/8.9 at
1.0"). Brightest in a large
group of 7 galaxies with NGC 5364 14.5' S and NGC 5373 15' E.
8"
(5/21/82): bright, small, round, small bright nucleus. A mag 8 star is 4' E. NGC 5364 lies 14' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5363 = H I-6 = h1703 on 19 Jan 1784 (sweep 89) and recorded
"a pL nebula, not cometic. It
seems resolvable, but I have no apparatus at hand for applying high
powers." On 12 May 1793 he
noted "vB, cL, BN."
******************************
NGC 5364 = NGC
5317 = UGC 8853 = MCG +01-36-003 = CGCG 046-009 = Holm 557a = PGC 49555
13 56 11.9 +05
00 53
V = 10.5; Size 6.8'x4.4'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 30d
17.5"
(4/28/90): moderately bright, large, broad weak concentration, elongated
SW-NE. Two mag 14 stars are 1.6'
NW of center. Forms a pair with
NGC 5360 8' WSW and NGC 5363 lies 14.5' N. Sixth of seven in the NGC 5363 group.
8"
(5/21/82): faint, large, diffuse glow.
Forms an unusual pair with smaller but brighter NGC 5363 14' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5364 = H II-534 = h1705 on 2 Feb 1786 (sweep 521) and recorded
"pB, vL, gbM."
Bindon Stoney
found it again on 14 Apr 1852 at Birr Castle and assumed it to be new, so JH
catalogued it also as GC 3703.
Dreyer combined the two GC entries in the NGC. Harold Corwin suggests that JH's h1678 = NGC 5317 may be a
duplicate observation with a 5 minute error in RA.
******************************
NGC 5365 = ESO
271-008 = MCG -07-29-002 = PGC 49673
13 57 50.6 -43
55 54
V = 11.4; Size 3.0'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 4d
14" (4/2/16
- Coonabarabran, 160x): fairly bright, fairly small, round, 40" diameter, high surface
brightness. Contains a very bright nucleus. Apparently I missed the low surface brightness out
halo. Several stars are nearby
including a mag 10.7 star 3.7' NW, a mag 13 star 2' NW, a mag 12 star 2.9' SSW
and a mag 12 star 2.4' SE. Several of these stars form a semicircle cradling
the galaxy. Located 53' NNW of mag
3.9 Upsilon 1 Centauri.
NGC 5365B is 9'
ESE and NGC 5365A is 13.5' SW. NGC 5365B is a fairly faint, thin edge-on SW-NE,
0.8'x0.2'. NGC 5365A is also a
fairly faint edge-on E-W, 1.5'x0.25'.
A mag 12 star is at the east edge.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5365 = h3547 on 15 Mar 1836 and recorded "pB; vS; R; gbM;
15"." His mean position
(two sweeps) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5366 = MCG
+00-36-002 = CGCG 018-007 = PGC 49569
13 56 24.9 -00
14 50
V = 13.7; Size 0.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6
17.5"
(5/10/91): very faint, very small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, even surface
brightness. Unusual appearance as
a mag 14 star is at the NE end and the galaxy appears to extend from the star
in a fan-shape like a faint version of Hubble's Variable Nebula. Located 2.7' SSW of mag 9 SAO 120186.
George Bond
discovered NGC 5366 = HN 14 on Feb 26 1853 with the 15-inch Merz refractor
during the Harvard Zone Survey. He
noted "a small, round nebula precedes [follows?} star #148, distant
2'." His position in AN 1453
matches the star in the survey and is 2' north of CGCG 018-007 = PGC 49569.
******************************
NGC 5367 = IC
4347 = Bernes 147 = ESO 325-N*36
13 57 44 -39 58
42
Size 4'x3'
18" (7/5/05
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x, this prominent reflection nebula
appears as 2.5' round glow surrounding a delicate pair of mag 10/10.5 stars at
4" separation (h4636). The
nebulosity has a uniform, fairly high surface brightness. About 2' N and 1.5' NE are a wide pair
of mag 12/13 stars. The star
situated 2' N illuminates a small detached piece of nebulosity. Deep images reveal this nebula is the
head of a one degree faint tail (cometary globule CG 12) that streams to the
SE.
17.5"
(5/4/02): this unusual reflection nebula surrounds a bright, close pair of mag
10.3/10.7 stars at 4" (h4636).
The nebula appeared a round, fairly faint, 3' glow surrounding the
illuminating stars. Although the
elevation was only 10¡, the hazy glow was pretty evident. A brighter mag 9 star lies 4' ENE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5367 = h3548 on 26 Jun 1834 and recorded "a close double
star in a vL, B, luminous atmosphere, 2' diameter. The star A which is quite as
bright, has no such atmosphere. The atmosphere is vlbM. The star was not
noticed as double till too late for a good measure after I showed the object to
my attendant J.S., verified with 240x and 320x. A furious hot north wind, but
the definition of stars excellent. It is no illusion, other stars are sharp and
brilliant, and have not the least nebulous appearance." Sketch Plate VI, figure 10.
Lewis Swift
rediscovered this reflection nebula on 30 Dec 1897, assumed it was new (despite
JH's good position) and described it in Popular Astronomy and MNRAS versions of
his list (but not in catalogue IX in AN) as "a nebulous star, the only one
I have ever found. The central
star is about 8m, and surrounded with an exceedingly faint atmosphere. An 8m star follows 15s, which was free
from nebulosity." So, Sw
XI-162 = IC 4347 = NGC 5367.
The nebulosity
was included in the Catalogue of Bright Nebulosities in Opaque Dust Clouds by
Bernes as No. 147. He describes it as a reflection nebula 4' x 3' (measured
north-south by east-west), appearing very bright on the blue plate. He notes
that the nebulosity is located on the edge of the cometary globular CG 12,
which measures 20'x8'.
******************************
NGC 5368 = UGC
8834 = MCG +09-23-014 = CGCG 272-012 = PGC 49431
13 54 29.2 +54 19
50
V = 13.0; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 10d
17.5"
(7/22/01): fairly faint, small, round, 0.6' diameter, broad weak concentration,
occasional faint stellar nucleus.
Located 1.6' SSW a mag 13 star.
UGC 8882 lies 28' SE. Located 1.3 degrees west of M101.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5368 = H III-786 = h1706 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 921) and noted
"vF, vS, stellar neb."
JH made two observations and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5369 = PGC
49583
13 56 37.6 -05
28 12
V = 13.6; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(5/11/96): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated 4:3 NW-SE,
40"x30", weak concentration to a brighter core and occasional stellar
nucleus. A mag 12 star lies 2.0'
SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5369 = H III-285 = h1704 on 5 Mar 1785 (sweep 380) and recorded
"eF, vS, requires much attention to be distinguished." There is nothing at his position by 25
sec of RA west and 4' north is PGC 49583. JH also noted his "place precarious" and marked
the RA and Dec as very uncertain. Still his position is closer than his
father's - the RA is 14 sec too large and the dec 1.5' south.
******************************
NGC 5370 = UGC
8832 = MCG +10-20-044 = CGCG 295-022 = PGC 49408
13 54 09.4 +60
40 41
V = 13.2; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(7/22/01): fairly faint, small, round, 0.6' diameter, weak even concentration
to a slightly brighter 15" core and a faint stellar nucleus. Located 1.4' SSW of a mag 12.5 star. Two mag 10/11 stars lie 6'-7' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5370 = H II-843 = h1708 on 19 Mar 1790 (sweep 953) and noted
"F, S." CH's reduced
position is 1' north of UGC 8832.
******************************
NGC 5371 = NGC
5390 = UGC 8846 = MCG +07-29-020 = CGCG 219-029 = PGC 49514
13 55 39.9 +40
27 42
V = 10.6; Size 4.4'x3.5'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 8d
24"
(7/1/16): very bright and large, elongated 4:3 N-S, contains a relatively small
brighter core that is slightly elongated E-W (central bar). The large outer halo shows spiral
structure. An arm on the north
side sweeps west and south and a more ill-defined arm on the east side extends
to the north. A mag 9 star is 2.6'
NE. The HCG 68 quintet (including
NGCs 5350, 5353 and 5354) is ~25' SW.
13.1"
(5/26/84): bright, fairly large, small bright nucleus, slightly elongated
N-S. Located 2.5' SW of mag 9.1
SAO 44805. The NGC 5353 group lies
25' WSW.
8"
(5/21/82): fairly bright, fairly large, diffuse oval halo.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5371 = H II-716 = h1707 on 14 Jan 1788 (sweep 799) and logged
"F, R, about 1 1/2' dia, lbM."
NGC 5390 is a duplicate observation by JH (see that number).
Samuel Hunter,
observing with LdR's 72" on 12 Apr 1861, recorded "pL, E, irr; Nucl
like a dull star; sharp on p and sp edges [edge of spiral arm], at the other
sides it fades off gradually, it may be a spiral."
******************************
NGC 5372 = UGC
8843 = MCG +10-20-046 = CGCG 295-024 = LGG 360-008 = PGC 49451
13 54 46.0 +58
40 00
V = 13.2; Size 0.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 11.5; PA = 140d
17.5"
(7/22/01): fairly faint, small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 0.6'x0.4'. Fairly high surface brightness though
only a weak concentration. Forms
the east vertex of a "keystone" with three mag 10-11 stars with
longer sides of 5'. UGC 8836 is
located 16' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5372 = H III-809 = h1709 on 24 Apr 1789 (sweep 926) and noted
"vF, vS." His position
(CH's reduction) is 4' south of UGC 8843.
JH made a single observation (sweep 345) and logged "not vF; S;
E. I suspect it to be a double *13
and 14m involved in a nebula. His position is 2' too far southwest.
******************************
NGC 5373 = CGCG
046-014 = PGC 49620
13 57 07.4 +05
15 07
V = 14.2
17.5"
(4/28/90): extremely faint and small, round, low even surface brightness. Located 4' WNW of mag 9 SAO
120194. NGC 5363 lies 15' W. Last of 7 NGC galaxies in the NGC 5363
group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 5373 = m 269 on 8 May 1864 and noted "vF, vS,
stell." His position is
within 1' of CGCG 046-014.
Bigourdan could not find the galaxy (perhaps too faint).
******************************
NGC 5374 = UGC
8874 = MCG +01-36-004 = CGCG 046-016 = PGC 49650
13 57 29.7 +06
05 49
V = 12.5; Size 1.7'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(5/10/91): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated E-W, weak
concentration. A mag 10.5 star is
1.2' W. Located within a group of
four mag 9 stars including mag 8.9 SAO 120193 6.3' SW, and mag 9 stars 5.6' NE
and 5.8' WSW. The bright star
field also includes several mag 11 stars.
First in loose group of five galaxies with NGC 5387 14' ESE and NGC 5382
15' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5374 = H II-889 = h1710 on 12 May 1793 (sweep 1043) and logged
"pB, R, pL, just following a small star." JH made 4 observations and first recorded (sweep 154),
"F; S; lE; vgbM; follows a * 4 sec [of RA]."
******************************
NGC 5375 = NGC
5396 = UGC 8865 = MCG +05-33-027 = CGCG 162-035 = PGC 49604
13 56 56.2 +29
09 51
V = 11.5; Size 3.2'x2.8'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 0d
17.5"
(5/19/01): this face-on barred spiral appears moderately bright and large,
round, 1.8' diameter. Contains a
sharp, bright 30" core. A
nice trio of mag 12-13 stars forming an equilateral triangle lies 4' WSW. Located 10' following a mag 9.9 star.
John Herschel
found NGC 5375 = h1711 on 15 May 1830 and recorded "Not vF; R; pslbM;
20". If this be III 125 [NGC
5396], my Father's place is much out in RA. JH assigned a separate GC
designation for h1711, so Dreyer assigned it NGC 5375, but NGC 5396 is very
likely the same object with a 2 min error in RA. So, NGC 5375 = NGC 5396. As JH's position is unambiguous this primary designation has
been NGC 5375.
******************************
NGC 5376 = UGC
8852 = MCG +10-20-047 = CGCG 295-025 = PGC 49489
13 55 15.9 +59
30 25
V = 12.1; Size 2.1'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 70d
17.5"
(5/27/95): moderately bright, elongated 3:2 ~E-W, 1.5'x1.0', broad weak
concentration with no distinct core.
The NGC 5379/5389 pair lies 15' NNE.
8"
(4/24/82): faint, small, slightly elongated. NGC 5389 lies 15.5' NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5376 = H I-238 on 24 Apr 1789 (sweep 926) and recorded "cB,
pL, vgmbM, iR." CH's reduced
position is less than 2' southeast of UGC 8852. It was recorded again on 19 Mar 1790 in sweep 953 as II-844
(accurately placed), but he didn't realize the equivalence, so NGC 5376
received two H and GC designations that were combined in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 5377 = UGC
8863 = MCG +08-25-052 = CGCG 246-027 = LGG 372-007 = PGC 49563
13 56 16.8 +47
14 07
V = 11.3; Size 3.7'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 20d
17.5"
(5/30/92): bright, moderately large, very elongated 4:1 SW-NE, 3.0'x0.7',
striking very bright compact core with a bright stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5377 = H I-187 = h1712 on 12 May 1787 (sweep 734) and recorded
"cB, BN with very gradually fading branches from about 30¡ sp to
nf." JH made four
observations, logging on sweep 255 "vB; mE; psbM; 50" l, 15" br;
pos = 40.4¡ by micrometer.
******************************
NGC 5378 = UGC
8869 = MCG +06-31-027 = CGCG 191-020 = PGC 49598
13 56 51.1 +37
47 48
V = 12.5; Size 2.6'x2.1'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 90d
17.5"
(6/6/86): fairly faint, fairly small, almost round, diffuse outer halo
increases to a small bright core.
Located between mag 9 SAO 63854 4.9' ESE and mag 9.5 SAO 63843 4.3'
NW. NGC 5380 lies 11.5' S.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5378 = h1713 on 11 Mar 1831 JH discovered NGC 5378 = h1713 on 11
Mar 1831 and recorded "pB; lE; vglbM." His single position is good.
******************************
NGC 5379 = UGC
8860 = MCG +10-20-049 = CGCG 295-026 = Holm 561b = PGC 49508
13 55 34.3 +59
44 34
V = 12.9; Size 2.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 60d
17.5"
(5/27/95): faint, very elongated 3:1 WSW-ENE, 1.2'x0.4', weak concentration. Forms a pair with NGC 5389 4.1' E.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5379 = H I-239 on 24 Apr 1789 (sweep 926), along with NGC 5389,
and recorded "pB, E, S."
His position matches UGC 8860.
******************************
NGC 5380 = UGC
8870 = MCG +06-31-028 = CGCG 191-021 = PGC 49605
13 56 56.9 +37
36 37
V = 12.3; Size 1.7'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(6/6/86): moderately bright, small, bright core contains a stellar
nucleus. Forms a pair with NGC
5378 11.5' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5380 = H II-698 = h1714 on 16 May 1787 (sweep 738) and logged
"F, S, R, vsmbM." JH
made 3 observations and measured a fairly accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5381 = ESO
133-SC11 = OCL-915
14 00 42 -59 35
12
Size 14'
14" (4/3/16
- Coonabarabran, 142x and 184x): NGC 5381 is a fairly rich cluster in a superb
Milky Way field. Roughly 75 stars
were resolved over unresolved background glow within a 8'x6' region, elongated
southwest to northeast, although there was no distinct boundary to the cluster
(the surrounding field gradually thinned). The brightest star is mag 9.6 HD 121947 on the southwest end
and mag 10.5 HD 121900 is on the west side. Extending the cluster to a 1' group of mag 11-12.5 stars off
the northeast side, increases the dimensions to 10'x7'. NGC 5381 is located 54' NNW of Beta
Centauri (Hadar)!
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5381 = h3549 on 3 May 1835 and recorded "Cl VIII class; 8'
long; 5' broad; stars 12 and 13m [N.B. - it is evident that in this obs,
probably from defective weather, the eS stars of this cl were not
seen." On sweep 790 he logged
"Cl VI; F; rich; high compressed; consists of pL and eS st; fig oblong;
10' l; 7' br; place that of chief * 9m."
******************************
NGC 5382 = UGC
8885 = MCG +01-36-007 = CGCG 046-022 = PGC 49711
13 58 15.0 +06
15 31
V = 12.6; Size 1.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 25d
17.5"
(5/10/91): fairly faint, very small, slightly elongated SSW-NNE, very bright
core, stellar nucleus, very small halo.
Forms a pair with NGC 5386 5.1' NNE. NGC 5387 lies 12' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5382 = H III-546 = h1715, along with NGC 5386, on 29 Apr 1786
(sweep 557) and recorded "Two, the place taken between them; both vF, vS,
r. The situation not far from the
meridian; from sp to nf." JH
called this galaxy "like a * 15m rubbed out" and measured an accurate
position.
******************************
NGC 5383 = UGC
8875 = MCG +07-29-023 = CGCG 219-033 = Mrk 281 = PGC 49618
13 57 04.9 +41
50 46
V = 11.4; Size 3.2'x2.7'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 85d
17.5"
(5/27/95): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 4:3 NW-SE, 2.5'x2.0'. Contains a prominent bright core about
45"x30" elongated E-W (bar) with the fainter halo tilted 45¡ with
respect to the core. A close pair
of mag 14 stars at 8" separation is at the east edge 1.1' from
center. Located near the midpoint
of mag 10.5 and 12 stars 3' SE and NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5383 = H I-181 = h1717 on 9 Apr 1787 (sweep 725) and recorded
"cB, cL, mbM." JH made
the single observation "not vB; R; gbM; 40"." and measured an
accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5384 = UGC
8886 = MCG +01-36-008 = CGCG 046-023 = PGC 49707
13 58 13.0 +06
31 05
V = 13.1; Size 1.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 56d
17.5"
(5/10/91): fairly faint, small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus. Located 3.2' SE of a mag 9.5 star. NGC 5386 lies 11' SSE. This is the farthest north in string of
four galaxies.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 5384 = m 270 on 8 May 1864 and noted "F, vS, stellar."
His declination is 1' too far south.
******************************
NGC 5385
13 52 19 +76 10
48
Size 7'
17.5"
(5/23/98): this group consists of 11 similar mag 11.5-12.5 stars in a 7'x3'
field elongated NW-SE and a couple of much fainter stars. The grouping is unconcentrated and the
stars are pretty evenly distributed with no close pairs. Radial velocities show this group is an
asterism and not a true cluster, although it stands out reasonably well at low
power.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5385 = h1721 on 5 May 1831 and reported "A cluster of 11
stars 11m, and 2 of 15m." His
position corresponds with a mag 11 star at the center of this asterism. Villanova (2004, A&A, 428, 67)
conclude this is a random enhancement of field stars and not a cluster
based on the random radial
velocities (no common motion) of the stars. RNGC classifies this number as nonexistent (Type 7).
******************************
NGC 5386 = UGC
8890 = MCG +01-36-010 = CGCG 046-024 = PGC 49719
13 58 22.4 +06
20 20
V = 13.2; Size 1.0'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 51d
17.5"
(5/10/91): fairly faint, small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, even surface
brightness. A mag 13 star is just
off the SW edge. Forms a pair with
NGC 5382 5' SSW. NGC 5384 lies 11'
N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5386 = H III-547 = h1716, along with NGC 5382, on 29 Apr 1786
(sweep 557) and recorded "Two, the place taken between them; both vF, vS,
r. The situation not far from the
meridian; from sp to nf." JH
called this galaxy "a neb like a double star obliterated; pos by diam =
55¡ or 60¡" and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5387 = UGC
8891 = MCG +01-36-011 = CGCG 046-026 = PGC 49724
13 58 24.8 +06
04 14
V = 13.9; Size 1.8'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 22d
17.5"
(5/10/91): very faint, fairly small, edge-on 6:1 SSW-NNE, 1.6'x0.25', low even
surface brightness. NGC 5382, NGC
5386 and NGC 5384 are nearly all collinear to the north with NGC 5382 12' NNW
and NGC 5374 14' W.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 5387 = m 271 on 8 May 1864 and noted "vF ray, 2'
l." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5388
13 58 54 -14 09
=Not found,
Corwin and RNGC.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 5388 = LM I-199 on 4 May 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag = 12.0, S, R,
vgbM". There is nothing at
his position and Harold Corwin was unable to recover this object despite having
a copy of Muller's sketch. RNGC
classifies the number as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 5389 = UGC
8866 = MCG +10-20-051= CGCG 295-027 = Holm 561a = PGC 49548
13 56 06.4 +59
44 31
V = 12.0; Size 3.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 3d
17.5"
(5/27/95): moderately bright and large, elongated 3:1 N-S, 2.5'x0.8'. Strong concentration with a prominent core,
fades at ends of the extensions.
Located 3.9' SW of mag 8.6 SAO 16223. A nice evenly matched pair of mag 11.5 stars at 27"
separation lies 5' NNW. Forms a
pair with NGC 5379 4.1' W.
8"
(5/21/82): faint, small, elongated N-S, bright core. NGC 5376 lies 15' SSW.
Forms a pair with NGC 5379 4.1' W (not seen). Located 4' SW of mag 8.6 SAO 16223.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5389 = H I-240 = h1719 on 24 Apr 1789 (sweep 926), along with
NGC 5379, and recorded "pB or almost cB, E, B small ncl." His position matches UGC 8866.
******************************
NGC 5390 = NGC
5371: = UGC 8846 = MCG +07-29-020 = CGCG 219-029 = PGC 49514
13 55 39.9 +40
27 42
See observing
notes for NGC 5371.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5390 = h1718 on 18 Mar 1831 and recorded "F; L; vgbM; has a
* 9m; nf, 4' dist." There is
nothing at his position (marked as uncertain), but 1.7 min of RA west is NGC
5371 (observed by JH on a separate sweep) and the description of the nearby
star applies. Karl Reinmuth
reported "no L neb and no *9 nf found; =N5371?". So, NGC 5390 = NGC 5371, with NGC 5371
the primary designation. See
Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 5391
13 57 36 +46 19
=Not found,
Corwin
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5391 = Sw I-26 on 16 Jun 1884 and recorded "F, vS, to nu. *
very close." There is nothing
at his position. The closest
galaxy is MCG +08-25-054 = 49609 about 7' southwest, although there is no
"* very close" to this galaxy.
RNGC and PGC identify this galaxy as NGC 5391. But Harold Corwin rejects this identification because of the
missing star as well as his description "F", which should be
"eF" or "eeF" for this galaxy. So, it listed here as "not found".
******************************
NGC 5392 = MCG
+00-36-005 = CGCG 018-013 = PGC 49792
13 59 24.8 -03
12 33
V = 13.4; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 50d
17.5"
(5/11/96): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 1.0'x0.6', brighter
core. Only faint stars in
surrounding field. Incorrect RA in the RNGC (2.0 time-min E).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5392 = H III-666 = h1720 on 15 Apr 1787 (sweep 730) and noted
"eF, vS." There is
nothing at his position, but exactly 1.0 tmin west is CGCG 018-013 = PGC 49792. JH logged "F; S; R: gbM;
20"." and measured an accurate position used in the GC and NGC. The
RNGC RA is exactly 2.0 tmin too large (probably a typo).
******************************
NGC 5393 = ESO
445-087 = MCG -05-33-035 = PGC 49863
14 00 31.9 -28
52 30
V = 13.1; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.4
17.5"
(5/4/02): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, 0.8'x0.7', moderate
surface brightness. There are a
half-dozen mag 10-11 stars in the 21' field. IC 4351 lies 40' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5393 = h3550 on 30 Mar 1835 and recorded "vF; R; glbM;
25"." His single
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5394 = Heron
Galaxy = Arp 84N = VV 48b = Holm 563b = UGC 8898 = MCG +06-31-033 = CGCG
191-024 = PGC 49739
13 58 33.6 +37
27 12
V = 13.0; Size 1.7'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.4
48"
(4/1/11): bright, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE, 30"x24",
sharply concentrated with a bright, stellar nucleus. A faint arm is visible attached at the SW end that hooks SE
towards the NW side of NGC 5995. A
fainter arm, which was only visible intermittently, is attached at the NE end
and hooks NW.
18"
(4/26/08): fairly faint, very small, slightly elongated,
20"x15". A faint star is
off the east end (due north of NGC 5395).
Forms the NNW component of a contact pair with NGC 5395, just 1.8'
between centers.
17.5"
(6/6/86): this is the fainter northern member of a contact system with brighter
NGC 5395 connected at the south tip (2.0' between centers)! Fairly faint, very small, round,
brighter core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5394 = H I-191 = h1722, along with NGC 5395, on 16 May 1787
(sweep 738) and recorded "Two, that of the south [NGC 5395] cB, cL. That to the north [NGC 5394], pB,
S. Distance about 1.5'." JH called NGC 5394 the "smaller
and np of 2 which nearly join, constituting a double nebula."
******************************
NGC 5395 = Heron
Galaxy = Arp 84S = VV 48a = UGC
8900 = MCG +06-31-034 = CGCG 191-026 =I Zw 77 = Holm 563a = PGC 49747
13 58 37.5 +37
25 32
V = 11.4; Size 2.9'x1.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 167d
48"
(4/1/11): the Heron Galaxy was a remarkable interacting pair at 375x and
488x. The main galaxy (NGC 5395)
was extremely bright, elongated 5:2 N-S, 2.5'x1.1', contains a blazing 30"
core and a mottled, clumpy appearance.
The most prominent feature is a well-defined, long arm that begins to
the north of the core and wraps all the way around the core. This arm shoots past the core just to
its east and heads directly south. The knotty arm then tightly curves back
around towards the north on the west side, extending the full length of the
galaxy and angling slightly towards smaller NGC 5395. A dark lane separates the core region from the arm on the
west side. An irregular extension
(or part of an arm) branches north from the main arm on the north side of the
core and culminates at a brighter region or knot at the north end of the
galaxy. NGC 5394 is 1.9' NW of
center and one of the arms of this galaxy attaches to NGC 5395 on the NW side.
18"
(5/3/08): at 280x appeared fairly bright, very elongated ~3:1 N-S, 1.7'x0.5',
brighter 25"x20" core, irregular appearance with a brighter knot or
extension on the NW side. Forms a
close, interacting pair with NGC 5394 1.8' NNW. A very faint extension or haze is off the west side (this is
an "arm" that interacts with NGC 5394). Several faint stars are near including a mag 13.5 1.7' S of
center, a mag 15 star 1.9' N of center and another mag 15 star ~1.5' WNW of
center. IC 4356 lies 4' NNW.
18"
(4/26/08): this is the brighter and larger member of an interesting interacting
pair with NGC 5394. Appears fairly
bright, very elongated 3:1 N-S, 1.5'x0.5', broad concentration with a brighter
core. The galaxy has a mottled,
irregular surface with a slightly brighter linear streak is on the NE end with
the impression of a very faint, round knot on the north end. An extremely faint hazy extension was
highly suspected on the west side in the direction of NGC 5394 located 1.8' NNW
of center. A mag 13.5 star is off
the south end.
17.5"
(6/6/86): fairly bright, elongated NNW-SSE, bright core, small bright
nucleus. A mag 13.5 star is off
the south edge 1.7' from center.
There is an impression of a dark lane on the west side and an extremely
faint arm beyond the lane (agrees with POSS). Forms a contact system with NGC 5394 at the NNW edge!
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5395 = H I-190 = h1723, along with NGC 5394, on 16 May 1787
(sweep 738) and recorded "Two, that of the south [NGC 5395] cB, cL.
Distance about 1.5'." JH made
3 observations and measured a fairly accurate position.
Spiral structure
was recorded several times at Birr Castle, though the observations are listed
in the 1861 and 1880 publications under h1713 = GC 3717 = NGC 5378. On 24 Apr 1854, R.J. Mitchell logged
"centre pB; oval ns, among sev st.
I thought the n end the broader and suspected a dark space preceding
nucleus. A pB patch of neby
np." On 1 May 1854 he added
"Singular object; the main body of neb has a B Nucl and is E ns, the
southern end bends back suddenly at a sharp angle and extends np past the neb,
ending in a B, R patch or Nucl."
On 19 Feb 1855, he reported "Neby seems to reach the knot np. There is knot or star in the arm p and
some condensation in the centre of neb.
I think F neby reaches up to the star north. Finally, he sketched the pair on 17 Apr 1855 and noted
"Mr Johnstone Stoney saw the p branch extend round the south end of the
main neb and continued on to the north, when after a second turn it joined the
nucleus."
******************************
NGC 5396 = NGC
5375 = UGC 8865 = MCG +05-33-027 = CGCG 162-035 = PGC 49604
13 56 56.2 +29
09 51
V = 11.5; Size 3.2'x2.8'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 0d
See observing
notes for NGC 5375.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5396 = H III-125 on 16 May 1784 (sweep 218) and recorded
"vF, S, iR, lbM, almost stellar, but a little large for that
name." There is nothing at
his position, but 2.0 min of RA west is NGC 5375 (found by JH on 15 May
1830). Dreyer suggests that NGC
5396 is identical to NGC 5375 in his 1912 revision of William Herschel's
catalogues and Harold Corwin agrees. If these numbers are equivalent, NGC 5396
should take historical precedence as the primary designation, although NGC 5375
is the standard designation based on the unambiguous position.
******************************
NGC 5397 = ESO
384-031 = MCG -06-31-013 = LGG 369-005 = PGC 49908
14 01 10.5 -33
56 45
V = 12.7; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 60d
18"
(5/16/09): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE,
40"x35". This galaxy is
located on the west side of ACO S753, 31' due west of NGC 5419.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5397 = h3551 on 8 Jun 1837 and recorded "vF; S; R; gbM;
15"." His position is 1'
too far southwest.
******************************
NGC 5398 = AM
1358-324 = ESO 384-032 = MCG -05-33-037 = UGCA 379 = PGC 49923
14 01 21.4 -33
03 48
V = 12.3; Size 2.8'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 170d
24"
(6/1/13): at 225x (and low elevation) appeared fairly faint, moderately large,
~1.2'x0.9', weak concentration with a slightly brighter 0.4' core. The outer halo has a low surface brightness
and fades into the background so the dimensions were difficult to gauge.
Tol 89, a
supergiant HII region with multiple young massive clusters, is close southwest
of the core [33" from center at the end of the central bar]. It was visible as a very faint 10"
knot, appearing like a smaller version of the core.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5398 = h3552 on 3 Jun 1836 and recorded "pB; pL; R; vgbM;
90"." His position is
accurate. In the foreground of ACO
S753?
******************************
NGC 5399 = UGC
8912 = MCG +06-31-039 = CGCG 191-027 = PGC 49799
13 59 31.4 +34
46 25
V = 13.8; Size 1.2'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 88d
17.5"
(6/2/00): faint, thin edge-on E-W, 1.0'x0.25', weak concentration. Forms the western vertex of a triangle
with two mag 11/12 star 3' NE and 4.4' E.
MCG +06-31-035 lies 19' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5399 = H III-411 = h1724 on 1 May 1785 (sweep 405) and noted
"eF, vS." JH made two
observations and recorded on sweep 131 "vF; vS; pmE in parallel
[E-W]."
******************************
NGC 5400 = MCG
+00-36-008 = CGCG 018-020 = PGC 49869
14 00 37.2 -02
51 28
V = 13.3; Size 1.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 100d
48"
(5/16/12): bright, moderately large, slightly elongated ~E-W, ~1.2'x0.9',
sharply concentrated with a very bright core and faint outer halo. This bright E or S0 is the brightest
and centrally situated in a north-south string of 6 galaxies. The two closest are PGC 140239, 1.7'
NNE, and PGC 1080934 just 55" S of center. The first galaxy appeared fairly faint, small, elongated 2:1
WSW-ENE, 18"x9".
18"
(6/30/11): fairly faint, small, irregularly round, ~25" diameter. Contains a very small bright core
surrounded by a small roundish halo.
Difficult to determine an orientation as different portions of the lower
surface brightness halo are sometimes visible with averted. IC 968, a close double system, lies 3'
due south. 2MASX
J14003752-0252231, an extremely faint, small galaxy (V = 15.5) was occasionally
glimpsed 55" S of center, on a line with IC 968. This cD galaxy is the dominant member of MKW 5, a poor
cluster at a distance of ~340 million light years.
17.5"
(5/11/96): faint, small, round, 40" diameter, weakly concentrated. A mag 10.5 star is 4.7' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5400 = H III-667 on 15 Apr 1787 (sweep 730) and noted "eF,
vS. 300 verified it." His RA is 9 tsec too large.
******************************
NGC 5401 = UGC
8916 = MCG +06-31-040 = CGCG 191-028 = PGC 49810
13 59 43.3 +36
14 17
V = 13.7; Size 1.5'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 81d
17.5"
(6/2/00): faint but striking edge-on ~4:1 WSW-ENE, 1.0'x0.25'. Sharply concentrated with a small,
round core and a stellar nucleus.
A mag 12.5 star is 2.5' NW.
Located 9' SW of mag 9 SAO 63874.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5401 = H III-412 = h1725 on 1 May 1785 (sweep 405) and noted
"vF, vS." JH made the
single observation "F; S; E; bM" and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5402 = UGC
8903 = MCG +10-20-054 = CGCG 295-029 = PGC 49712
13 58 16.5 +59
48 55
V = 13.7; Size 1.3'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 167d
17.5"
(6/2/00): faint, thin edge-on 5:1 NNW-SSE, 60"x15". Contains a very small brighter core
with very thin extensions. A mag
15 star is off the south end, 1.1' from center. Located 4' SSE of a mag 11.5 star. A pair of galaxies, NGC 5389 and NGC 5379 lie ~20' WSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5402 = H III-810 = h1727 on 24 Apr 1789 (sweep 926) and logged
"cF, vS, R." JH made a
single observation and his position is 1.5' north of UGC 8903.
******************************
NGC 5403 = VV
310a = UGC 8919 = MCG +06-31-041 = CGCG 191-029 = Holm 564a = PGC 49820
13 59 51.0 +38
10 57
V = 13.6; Size 3.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 14.5; PA = 145d
48"
(4/7/13): at 488x appeared bright, very large, excellent edge-on 5:1 NW-SE,
3.0'x0.6', broad concentration with a brighter, bulging, elongated core,
~25" diameter. The edge-on
disc tapers towards the tips. A subtle
equatorial dust lane passes just east of the core region, slicing the galaxy in
half, though the section east of the dust is fainter and contains much less of
the core.
NGC 5403A = CGCG
191-030 lies 1.7' NE and is angled perpendicular to the major axis of NGC 5403,
on line with the core. It appeared
fairly bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 0.4'x0.2', brighter core.
17.5"
(5/27/95): very faint, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 NW-SE,
2.5'x0.8'. Bulging central region
but overall has a low even surface brightness. Forms a close pair with NGC 5403A just 1.6' NE of
center. The companion appeared
very faint, small, round. Appears
as a low surface brightness spot with no concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5403 = H III-683 = h1726 on 16 May 1787 (sweep 738) and logged
"cF, pL, iF." JH simply
logged "eF; pL", and measured an accurate position. He missed the nearby companion.
******************************
NGC 5404
14 01 07.5 +00
05 18
=**, Reinmuth,
Carlson and Corwin.
Sidney Coolidge
discovered NGC 5404 = HN 17 on 29 Apr 1859 with the 15-inch refractor of
Harvard College Observatory during the Zone Survey of equatorial stars and
simply noted as a "nebulous star". At his position is a 13.2-magnitude star with a 14.2-mag
companion 20" south. Karl
Reinmuth found a "**11.7 and 13.0 dist 0.7' in PA 0 deg; no nebulosity seen"
on a Heidelberg plate. See
Corwin's comments on Coolidge's discoveries.
******************************
NGC 5405 = UGC
8928 = MCG +01-36-014 = CGCG 046-036 = PGC 49906
14 01 09.4 +07
42 07
V = 13.4; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(6/8/02): faint, small, round, 25" diameter, low even surface
brightness. Located 8' SW of a mag
10 star and about 1.5¡ SSW of the NGC 5416 cluster. NGC 5418 lies 17' E.
Ernst Hartwig
discovered NGC 5405 on 3 Mar 1883 with a 16.3-cm refractor while searching for
comet d'Arrest. His discovery
position in AN 2507 is accurate. This was his first of 7 NGC galaxies (5 were
new discoveries) he discovered.
Hartwig is most famous for discovering the supernova in M31 (S And) on
20 Aug 1885.
******************************
NGC 5406 = UGC
8925 = MCG +07-29-031 = CGCG 219-038 = PGC 49847
14 00 20.2 +38
54 56
V = 12.3; Size 1.9'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 120d
17.5"
(5/27/95): moderately bright, slightly elongated ~E-W, 1.5'x1.2'. Weak concentration except for a sharp
sub-stellar nucleus that stands out with direct vision. Located 6.9' S of mag 6.7 SAO
63881. NGC 5407 lies 15' NNE.
8"
(5/26/84): faint, small, round.
Fairly easy but a mag 6.7 star 7' N interferes with viewing.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5406 = H II-699 = h1728 on 16 May 1787 (sweep 738) and noted
"F, pL." JH made two
observations, logging "vF; S; R; bM" and measured a fairly accurate
position.
******************************
NGC 5407 = UGC
8930 = MCG +07-29-033 = CGCG 219-040 = PGC 49890
14 00 50.0 +39
09 22
V = 13.2; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 100d
17.5"
(5/27/95): faint, small, round, 30" diameter, weak concentration, faint
stellar nucleus with direct vision.
Located with a group of brighter stars and just follows a striking
isosceles triangle of mag 11 stars (a mag 13 star is along one side). Also mag 9 SAO 63883 lies 3.8' W and
mag 6.7 SAO 63881 is 9.2' SW! In
same field with NGC 5406 15' SSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5407 = H III-684 = h1732 on 16 May 1787 (sweep 738) and logged
"vF, vS, R." JH recorded
"vF; vS; R; bM; among a cluster of stars 10m."
******************************
NGC 5408 = ESO
325-047 = MCG -07-29-006 = LGG 344-007 = PGC 50073
14 03 20.9 -41
22 39
V = 11.6; Size 1.6'x0.8'; Surf Br = 11.8; PA = 63d
22"
(6/28/06 - Hawaii): at 200x; NGC 5408 appeared fairly faint, small, elongated
~2:1 SW-NE, 0.8'x0.4'. A faint
star is at the southwest end.
Located just 3' NNW of mag 6.1 HD 122532 and the galaxy is bracketed by
a mag 10 star 1.5' SW and a mag 11 star 2' E. The "faint star" noted on the southwest end may be
an ultra-luminous star formation region (see below).
This nearby
dwarf irregular starburst galaxy lies 15.6 million light years distant in the
M83/Centaurus A group. It was
misclassified as a planetary nebula in the first edition of the Sky Catalogue
2000 and NGC 2000. Henize 3-959 =
StWr 4-9 likely refers to the small clump of HII regions on the southwest side
of the galaxy.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5408 = h3553 on 5 Jun 1834 and recorded "eF; E between 2 vS
stars, a little sf." His
position (single observation) is 2' south of the emission-line galaxy ESO
325-047. This galaxy was
misclassified as a planetary in the Sky Catalogue 2000 and the NGC 2000 because
it was found by Stock and Wroblewski in 1972 (SKWL 4-9) and listed as a PN in a
PK update list (PK 317+19.1) with the comment "extragalactic HII
region?". In 1972, Allen
reported this object as a peculiar galaxy with a redshift of 500km/s. MCG does not label -07-29-006 as NGC
5408.
******************************
NGC 5409 = UGC
8938 = MCG +02-36-009 = CGCG 074-044 = WBL 486-002 = PGC 49952
14 01 46.2 +09
29 25
V = 13.3; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 50d
17.5"
(6/4/94): fairly faint, slightly elongated SW-NE, 1.2'x1.0'. Just a very weak even concentration to
a slightly brighter core and an occasional faint stellar nucleus. Halo fades into background without a
distinct edge. In a trio with CGCG
74-48 3.7' NE and NGC 5416 6.9' ESE and one or two others suspected. Member of NGC 5416 cluster = ZC
1400.4+0949.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 5409 = T VIII-5 on 25 Apr 1883 while observing the NGC 5416
group. In the narrative portion of
list VI (AN 2511), he noted this object was class III, round, and situated 27
sec of RA preceding NGC 5416. His
published position in discovery list VIII-5 is 2' south of UGC 8938.
******************************
NGC 5410 = VV
256a = UGC 8931 = MCG +07-29-034 = CGCG 219-041 = PGC 49893
14 00 54.6 +40
59 19
V = 13.0; Size 1.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 75d
17.5"
(7/16/01): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 WSW-ENE, 1.0'x0.6', weak
concentration. There is a mag 15.5
star just off the western edge.
Located 2.2' SE of a mag 12.5 star and 12' NE of mag 8.7 SAO 44838.
Forms a close
pair with UGC 8932 1.2' NE of center.
The companion appeared extremely faint, small, very elongated ~4:1 in
the direction of NGC 5410, ~0.5'x0.1', very low surface brightness.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5410 = H II-672 = h1729 on 9 Apr 1787 (sweep 725) and logged
"pF, pS, bM." JH's single position is 1' west-northwest the center of
UGC 8931, though he missed UGC 8932.
******************************
NGC 5411 = UGC
8940 = MCG +02-36-011 = CGCG 074-047 = WBL 486-005 = PGC 49967
14 01 59.4 +08
56 15
V = 13.3; Size 1.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 140d
17.5"
(6/8/02): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 NW-SE, 0.8'x0.6', very
small brighter core. Situated
within a striking field 10' ENE of mag 6.0 SAO 120228 (identified naked-eye). A neat string of four mag 11 stars
oriented SW-NE trails from the bright star towards NGC 5411!
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 5411 on 25 Apr 1883 while observing the NGC 5416 group. He first mentions this nebula in the
narrative portion of paper VI and gives a very accurate position in discovery
list VIII-6.
******************************
NGC 5412 = UGC
8905 = CGCG 336-033 = PGC 49644
13 57 13.5 +73
37 00
V = 13.4; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 20d
17.5"
(7/16/01): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, 40"x35". Weakly concentrated halo but embedded
is a very small 5" brighter core.
Situated near midpoint of mag 14 stars 4.8' NW and 4' SE.
17.5"
(6/7/97): faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, weak concentration to a
"confused" center. A mag
12 double at 16" separation lies 8' due west.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5412 = Sw III-77 on 18 Jun 1884 and recorded "pF; S; R;
double star nr preceding."
His position is 9 sec of RA west and 2' south of UGC 8905 and his
comment of the double star clinches the identification (the pair is 8' west).
******************************
NGC 5413 = UGC
8901 = MCG +11-17-012 = CGCG 317-012 = PGC 49677
13 57 53.5 +64
54 39
V = 13.2; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 45d
17.5"
(7/22/01): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter. The faint halo rises suddenly to a
brighter 15" core and occasional faint stellar nucleus. Located 3.9' NW of mag 7.0 SAO 16234
and 53' NW of mag 3.7 Thuban.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5413 = h1733 on 2 Apr 1832 and recorded "pF; pS; R; pslbM;
20"; has a * 7.8m; Delta RA = 37s; Delta PD = 60" +/-." His RA is 1.1 min too large, but his
reference to the nearby mag 7 star clinches the identification. Lewis Swift independently found this
galaxy on 18 May 1887 and reported it as new in list VI-63. Swift's position is 8 sec of RA too
large and 1' too far south. Swift
later noticed the equivalence with NGC 5413 and made the correction (as well as
a misprint for a nearby double star, instead of B*) in a short errata list at
the end of his 8th list.
******************************
NGC 5414 = UGC
8942 = MCG +02-36-013 = CGCG 074-050 = Mrk 800 = PGC 49976
14 02 03.6 +09
55 46
V = 13.0; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 172d
17.5"
(6/14/96): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated N-S, 0.6'x0.4', fairly high
surface brightness, bright core, faint stellar nucleus at moments with direct
vision. A mag 11 star is 2.0'
NE. Located at the north edge of
the NGC 5416 cluster (30' N of NGC 5416) and brightest in small subgroup with
CGCG 074-043 6.0' SW and two extremely faint anonymous companions 1.8' NW and
2.1' N.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 5414 on 25 Apr 1883 while observing the NGC 5416. He describes it in the narrative
portion of list VI as "the sixth (new nebula in the group) is small,
certainly has a stellar nucleus and a mag 10-11 star is north-following by 2 to
3'." He provided positions in
paper VIII for all his discoveries in the group, except this object. The NGC position is 7' south of UGC
8942, although his description of the nearby star matches.
******************************
NGC 5415 = CGCG
336-032 = PGC 49610
13 56 56.9 +70
45 16
V = 14.0; Size 1.0'x0.6'; PA = 135d
17.5"
(6/7/97): faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, weak concentration. Forms east vertex of a nearly equilateral
triangle with two mag 13/14.5 stars ~1.5' W and a similar distance NW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5415 = Sw III-78 on 8 Apr 1886 and recorded "eF; vS; R;
forms a triangle with 2 F st."
His position is roughly midway between CGCG 336-032 and fainter CGCG
336-035, but Harold Corwin notes that Swift's comment "forms a triangle
with 2 F stars" applies to brighter CGCG 336-032.
******************************
NGC 5416 = UGC
8944 = MCG +02-36-014 = CGCG 074-052 = WBL 486-008 = PGC 49991
14 02 11.4 +09
26 24
V = 13.3; Size 1.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 110d
17.5"
(6/4/94): moderately bright, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, 1.4'x0.9', broad
concentration. A mag 13 star is
2.9' S and a mag 11.5 star 4.7' NNE.
Brightest in a cluster although just slightly more prominent than NGC
5409 6.9' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5416 = H III-56 on 19 Mar 1784 (sweep 179) and noted "eF,
vS, E, r." CH's reduction is
17 sec of RA west of UGC 8944. Wilhelm Tempel measured an accurate position on
25 Apr 1883 (list VIII in AN #2527) and discovered 6 members of the NGC 5416
group (NGCs 5409, 5423, 5431, 5434, 5436, 5437)
******************************
NGC 5417 = UGC
8943 = MCG +01-36-015 = CGCG 046-039 = PGC 49995
14 02 13.1 +08
02 13
V = 13.0; Size 1.5'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 120d
17.5"
(6/8/96): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 1.2'x0.6'. Sharp concentration with a small,
bright rounder core. A 10' string
of mag 12-13 stars precedes the galaxy with a mag 10 star at the west end. A second mag 10 star is 5.7' SW. NGC 5418 lies 21' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5417 = H III-11 = h1730 on 23 Jan 1784 (early sweep 109) and
recorded "a nebulous star, extr obscure or faint." CH added the note "The RA was not
taken at the moment and was marked as very uncertain." There is nothing at his RA, but 1 min
15 sec of time preceding is UGC 8943. JH made 4 observations and his mean
position matches UGC 8943.
******************************
NGC 5418 = UGC
8946 = MCG +01-36-016 = CGCG 046-040 = PGC 49997
14 02 17.7 +07
41 01
V = 13.4; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 44d
17.5"
(6/8/96): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 1.0'x0.5'. Only a weak concentration to a slightly
brighter core. No foreground stars
lie within 5' of galaxy. NGC 5417
is in the same low power field 21' N and NGC 5405 lies 17' W.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5418 = h1731 on 24 Apr 1830 and recorded "vF; R; bM; well
seen." His position matches
UGC 8946.
******************************
NGC 5419 = ESO
384-039 = MCG -06-31-019 = PGC 50100
14 03 38.7 -33
58 43
V = 10.8; Size 4.2'x3.3'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 77d
18"
(5/16/09): fairly bright, fairly large, slightly elongated ~E-W,
1.5'x1.3'. Contains a bright,
20" core. This is the
brightest member and sits at the core of ACO S753. Several faint members are in the field including a pair of
galaxies 5.7' and 7.2' SW and ESO 384-037 is 5.7' due south. A mag 14.8 GSC star is 3.4' S but it
appeared slightly fuzzy. The DSS
shows a compact anonymous galaxy on the south side of the star, so I probably
noticed the unresolved glow of both objects.
2MASX
J14030791-3401581 = PGC 89829
14 03 07.9 -34
01 58
Size
0.5'x0.25'; PA = 33d
Faint, very
small, round (spindle on the DSS), 15" diameter. Picked up 7' SW
of NGC 5419. Forms a pair with
difficult 2MASX J14031458-3401181 1.6' NE.
2MASX
J14030808-3405551 = PGC 86320
14 03 08.1 -34
05 55
Size 0.6'x0.4'
Extremely faint
and small, round, 10" diameter.
This member of ACO S753 is located 9.5' SW of NGC 5419.
2MASX
J14031458-3401181 = PGC 88955
14 03 14.6 -34
01 18
Size
0.6'x0.3'; PA = 168d
Extremely faint
and small. It required averted
vision to glimpse. Located just
35" NW of a mag 13.3 star and 5.6' SW of NGC 5419.
ESO 384-037 =
MCG -06-31-018 = PGC 50093
14 03 34.9 -34 04
25
V = 13.9; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 48d
Faint, fairly
small, slightly elongated, 22"x15" diameter. Located 5.7' due south of NGC
5419. A mag 14.8 star is 2.2' N
but it appeared slightly fuzzy.
The DSS reveals a compact galaxy on the south side of the star, so I
probably noticed the unresolved glow of both objects.
MCG -06-31-020 =
PGC 50172
14 04 34.3 -33
57 39
Size
1.2'x0.9'; PA = 95d
Faint, fairly
small, irregularly round, 24" diameter. A very close double star lies 1.8' S (unresolved but
slightly fuzzy). Located 11.5' E
of NGC 5419.
13.1"
(4/10/86): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, brighter core (outer
halo not seen). Very easy object
at a fairly low elevation.
Brightest member of the cluster ACO S753 (no other members seen).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5419 = h3554 on 8 Jun 1837 and recorded "pB; pL; R; gbM;
50"." His mean position (3 observations) matches ESO 384-039.
******************************
NGC 5420 = MCG
-02-36-006 = PGC 50121
14 03 59.9 -14
37 01
V = 13.1; Size 1.5'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 138d
18"
(5/29/05): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 NW-SE, 1.0'x0.4', weak
concentration. A mag 13.5 star
lies 1' S of the center.
18"
(6/18/04): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 1.0'x0.5', slightly
brighter core. Bracketed by two
mag 14 stars 1.1' S and 1.8' NE of center. Located 22' NNW mag 6.4 SAO 158325.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 5420 = LM I-200 on 6 Jun 1885 and recorded "F,
pS, vE, gbp, a little curved, shades off gradually like a comet's tail; no ncl
seen." His rough position
(nearest min of RA) is 1 min of RA west of MCG -02-36-006 = PGC 50121. Herbert Howe's corrected position
(given in the IC Notes) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5421 = Arp
111 = VV 120a = "Flying Ant" Galaxies = UGC 8941 = MCG +06-31-045 =
CGCG 191-033 = Holm 568a = I Zw 78 = Mrk 665 = PGC 49950
14 01 41.4 +33
49 35
V = 13.4; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.4
24"
(7/6/13): at 282x, this interacting pair (Arp 111) appeared moderately bright,
fairly small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE but irregular. Contains a very small,
bright nucleus. A non-stellar knot
companion (VV 120c) appearing like a second bright "nucleus" was
visible at the southeast end of the halo.
At 322x, VV120c was easily resolved and appeared faint to fairly faint,
very small, round, 10" diameter.
A mag 15 star is just off the southwest side. MCG +06-31-046 = VV 120d+e at mag 17.1V, is just 1' S of the
pair and was glimpsed several times for brief moments and confirmed at 322x.
17.5"
(7/16/01): fairly faint, fairly small, irregular shape, ~1' diameter. Very unusual appearance like a faint,
partially resolved cluster as a couple of faint "stars" are involved. The star is just off the southwest side
and a fainter mag 15 star is attached at the southeast end. At moments, a stellar nucleus further
confuses the observation. The
"star" at the southeast end is VV 120c = PGC 49949, a compact
interacting companion.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5421 = St XI-22 on 9 Jun 1880. His position matches UGC 8941.
******************************
NGC 5422 = UGC
8935 = MCG +09-23-024 = CGCG 272-016 = Holm 567a = PGC 49874
14 00 42.2 +55
09 51
V = 11.8; Size 3.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 152d
13.1"
(5/26/84): moderately bright, fairly small, very elongated, brighter core. A mag 11 star lies 2.3' E and two
slightly fainter stars are about 5' S.
Located 50' NNW of M101 and 40' NW of NGC 5473.
8"
(4/24/82): faint, small, edge-on streak N-S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5422 = H I-230 = h1736 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 921) and recorded
"pB, S, E, cB N with F branches from sp to nf." His position matches UGC 8935. JH made two observations, logging on
sweep 347 "pB; mE; vsbM; 50" l."
******************************
NGC 5423 = UGC
8952 = MCG +02-36-017 = CGCG 074-059 = Holm 571a = WBL 486-013 = PGC 50028
14 02 48.6 +09
20 29
V = 12.8; Size 1.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 75d
17.5"
(6/4/94): fairly faint, small, round, 40" diameter, sharp concentration
with a very small bright core and occasional stellar nucleus surrounded by a
fainter halo. At first glance, it
appeared that there were a pair of mag 14.5 stars 1.6' W and 1.8' WNW but on
closer scrutiny the "star" due west was seen as a small galaxy MCG
+02-36-016 = CGCG 074-058. An even
fainter companion MCG +02-36-018 = CGCG 074-062 is 1.5' ENE. Also, NGC 5424 is 5.0' NNE and NGC 5431
is 4.7' ENE. Located in the center
of the NGC 5416 cluster.
CGCG 074-058:
extremely faint, round, just 10" diameter. A mag 14.5 star is 0.8' N.
CGCG 074-062:
extremely faint and small, visible intermittently with averted vision.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 5423 = T VIII-7 on 25 Apr 1883 while observing the NGC 5416
group. In the narrative portion of
list VI he mentions discovering two nebula about 5 or 6' away from each other
and about 40s and 45s of RA following and several arc minutes south of NGC
5416. NGC 5423 = UGC 8952 and NGC
5431 = CGCG 074-065 match this description. He micrometric position in table VIII-7 is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5424 = UGC
8956 = MCG +02-36-019 = CGCG 074-063 = WBL 486-017 = PGC 50035
14 02 55.7 +09
25 14
V = 13.1; Size 1.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 110d
17.5"
(6/4/94): fairly faint, round, 1.2' diameter, small bright core. A mag 14 star is 1.0' S. Forms the north vertex of an
equilateral triangle with similar NGC 5423 5.0' SSW (although NGC 5424 has a
slightly larger halo with averted) and NGC 5431 4.5' SE. NGC 5423 is 5.0' SSW and the double
system NGC 5434 is 6.8' ENE.
Located within the NGC 5416 cluster.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 5424 = T VIII-8 on 25 Apr 1883 while observing the NGC 5416
group. This galaxy, along with the
others he discovered in the group, were first mentioned in the narrative
portion of list VI, but his published position (VIII-8) matches UGC 8956.
******************************
NGC 5425 = UGC
8933 = MCG +08-26-001 = CGCG 247-002 = LGG 372-001 = PGC 49889
14 00 47.9 +48
26 37
V = 13.6; Size 1.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 127d
17.5"
(6/23/01): fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 7:2 NW-SE,
1.4'x0.4'. Broad concentration but
no well-defined core. Located 3.6'
S of a mag 11 star. Member of a
nearby galaxy group (LGG 372) along with NGC 5448 48' NE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5425 = Sw I-27 on 16 Jun 1884 and recorded "vvF; S; lE;
bright star 4' n; 2 coarse double stars in field." His RA is 38 sec too large, but his
comment of the nearby bright star clinches this identification. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
micrometric position and he noted the galaxy was elongated in PA 290¡.
******************************
NGC 5426 = Arp
271 NED1 = VV 21b = MCG -01-36-004 = UGCA 380 = Holm 573b = LGG 374-001 = PGC
50083
14 03 25.0 -06
04 09
V = 12.1; Size 3.0'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 170d
13.1"
(6/4/83): faint, small, slightly elongated N-S, small faint nucleus. Forms a close interesting pair with NGC
5427 2.3' N. A mag 13.5 star is
0.9' NNE of center directly between the two galaxies.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5426 = H II-309 = h1734, along with NGC 5427, on 5 Mar 1785
(sweep 380) and recorded "Two, pB, the northern one [NGC 5427] cL and
mbM. The southern one [NGC 5426]
much less, and a little fainter, and a very small star or two between them, but
not connected with them. Dist
about 4' but the chevelures touch each other; nearly the same meridian
[north-south]." His single
position is at the northeast edge of NGC 5427. JH made the single observation "the first of 2. Both L; F; vgbM; r; 3' dist' 70¡
np." See NGC 5428.
******************************
NGC 5427 = Arp
271 NED2 = VV 21a = MCG -01-36-003 = UGCA 381 = Holm 573a = LGG 374-002 = PGC
50084
14 03 26.0 -06
01 51
V = 11.4; Size 2.8'x2.4'; Surf Br = 13.3
13.1"
(6/4/83): fairly faint, moderately large, slightly elongated, very diffuse with
an almost even surface brightness.
Forms a pair with NGC 5426 2.3' S.
Brightest in a group including NGC 5468 and 5472.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5427 = H II-310 = h1735, along with NGC 5426, on 5 Mar 1785
(sweep 380). See description under
NGC 5426.
On 18 Apr 1855,
R.J. Mitchell wrote "The n one is spiral? 3 st in it. To
myself it appeared to have a single branch from below [np] the nucleus, running
around the nf side. Mr. Stoney
suspected two branches from n and f side, joined into one branch sf."
******************************
NGC 5428
14 03 28.0 -05
59 04
18"
(4/30/11): this is a mag 14.7 star on line to the north of the galaxy pair NGC
5426 and NGC 5427 (Arp 271).
Situated 2.9' NNE of the center of NGC 5427. Tempel made several false sightings (also NGC 5429, NGC 5432
and NGC 5435) around the pair of galaxies.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 5428, along with NGC 5429, 5432 and 5435 in 1882, while
observing NGC 5426/5427. In the
narrative portion of this fifth discovery paper (AN 2439) he mentioned that the
first two of these were near the interacting pair and one was even on a line
with NGC 5426/5427. Dreyer only
gave a single rough position for NGC 5428 and 5429. Harold Corwin identifies NGC 5428 as a double star on a line
to the north of the pair (Arp 271).
******************************
NGC 5429
14 03 33.4 -06
02 18
V = 15.9/16.8
=**,
Corwin. =**, Carlson.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 5429, along with NGC 5428, 5432 and 5435, in 1882 while
observing NGC 5426/5427. In the
narrative portion of this fifth discovery paper (AN 2439) he mentioned that the
first two of these were near the interacting pair and one (NGC 5428) was even
on a line with NGC 5426/5427.
Dreyer only gave a single rough position for NGC 5428 and 5429. Harold Corwin identifies NGC 5429 as a
faint double star close east of NGC 5427, but as Tempel published no position
or more detailed description, this assignment is uncertain.
******************************
NGC 5430 = UGC
8937 = MCG +10-20-062 = CGCG 295-029 = Mrk 799 = Holm 569a = PGC 49881
14 00 45.8 +59
19 43
V = 11.9; Size 2.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 0d
24"
(7/1/16): at 375x; moderately to fairly bright, elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE,
~2'x0.8', contains a small bright elongated core (bar). The surface brightness in irregular
with some interesting structure. I
had an impression of a spiral arm extending north on the east side of the halo.
A fairly faint
nonstellar knot (Holm 569B), 6"-8" diameter, is at the southeast end
of the bar. There is a small dip
in brightness between the central region and the knot. Bill Keel considered the knot an
extremely luminous HII region, but a recent paper assumes NGC 5430 is a minor
merger and the "knot" is an off-center dwarf satellite with triggered
star formation.
17.5"
(6/7/97): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated ~2:1 NNW-SSE, brighter core
containing a stellar nucleus. A
mag 14-15 "star" is involved at the south-southeast end. This "star" may confuse the
apparent position angle of the galaxy as the major axis (including halo) is
N-S. A faint pair of mag 14.5
stars follows by 2.0'.
The stellar
object at the south-southeast end is a strong HII emission knot (Ho 569b = Mrk
799a) thought to contain a large number of type-O and Wolf-Rayet stars.
17.5" (4/5/97):
moderately bright and large, elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE, 2.0'x0.8', brighter core
increases to an occasional stellar nucleus. A mag 15 "star" is close southeast and a mag 14.5
pair at 12" separation lies 2.0' ENE of center.
8"
(4/24/82): faint, small, round.
Located southeast of NGC 5376 and NGC 5389.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5430 = H II-827 = h1738 on 17 Mar 1790 (sweep 948) and logged
"eF, S, E, but nearly R."
CH's reduced position is 3' north of UGC 8937. JH measured an accurate position on a single observation.
******************************
NGC 5431 = MCG
+02-36-020 = CGCG 074-065 = WBL 486-019 = PGC 50046
14 03 07.1 +09
21 47
V = 13.8; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 50d
17.5"
(6/4/94): faint, round, 0.6' diameter, low surface brightness glow with no
concentration. Located 4.5' WSW of
a mag 10 star. Forms an
equilateral triangle with NGC 5424 4.5' NW and NGC 5423 4.7' WSW. The double system NGC 5434 is 6.4' NE.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 5431 = T VIII-10 on 25 Apr 1883 while observing the NGC 5416
group. In the narrative portion of
list VI he mentions discovering two nebula about 5 or 6' away from each other
and about 40s and 45s of RA following and several arc minutes south NGC
5416. NGC 5423 = UGC 8952 and NGC
5431 = CGCG 074-065 match this description. His declination in table VIII-10 is 4' too far north,
although the position for NGC 5423 is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5432
14 03 40.6 -05
58 31
18"
(4/30/11): faint , 13" pair of mag 14.5 stars resolved at 200x. Located 5' NE of NGC 5427 (pair with
NGC 5426 forming Arp 271). Other
nonexistent objects around Arp 271 are NGC 5428, NGC 5429, NGC 5435.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 5432, along with NGC 5428, 5429 and 5435 in 1882, while
observing NGC 5426/5427. In the
narrative portion of this fifth discovery paper (AN 2439) he mentioned this
object was about 6' northeast of NGC 5427. Close to this separation is a wide
double star with one component a close pair. Harold Corwin identifies NGC 5432 as a triple star and
Dorothy Carlson, in her 1940 NGC Correction paper, identifies NGC 5432 as a
double star.
******************************
NGC 5433 = UGC
8954 = MCG +06-31-050 = CGCG 191-038 = Holm 574a = PGC 50012
14 02 36.2 +32
30 36
V = 13.6; Size 1.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 3d
17.5"
(5/27/95): faint, fairly small, very elongated 7:2 N-S, 1.1'x0.3'. Broad concentration with no nucleus,
extensions fade into background.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5433 = H III-653 = h1737 on 20 Mar 1787 (sweep 722) and recorded
"vF, pS, E in the direction of the meridian [north-south], 300 showed it
very plainly." JH made two
observations and his mean position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5434 = UGC
8965 = MCG +02-36-022 = CGCG 074-068 = Holm 575a = WBL 486-021 = PGC 50077
14 03 23.1 +09
26 51
V = 13.2; Size 1.8'x1.8'; Surf Br = 14.4
17.5"
(6/4/94): this is a close double system with the western component (NGC 5434A)
larger and brighter. Fairly faint,
slightly elongated SW-NE, 1.2'x1.0', very little concentration. Forms a contact pair with NGC 5434B at
the northeast end with a separation 1.5'.
The companion appeared faint, very elongated 3:1 ~E-W, 1.0'x0.3', low
surface brightness, no concentration.
Located between
mag 8.8 SAO 120258 6.4' N and a mag 10 star 3.9' S. Member of the NGC 5416 cluster with NGC 5431 6.4' SW and NGC
5424 6.8' WSW. Also the NGC 5436,
NGC 5437, NGC 5438 trio is in the field to the NE.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 5434 = T VIII-11 on 25 Apr 1883 while observing the NGC 5416
group. This galaxy was first
mentioned (along with the other discoveries in the group) in the narrative
portion of list VI, but his published position in list VIII-11 matches UGC
8965.
******************************
NGC 5435
14 04 00.1 -05
55 53
18"
(4/30/11): very faint, close pair of stars located 45" NW of a mag 12.6
GSC star. The two components are
mag 14.6 and 14.7 at 11 seconds difference in RA. Located 10' NE of NGC 5426/NGC 5427 (Arp 271).
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 5435, along with NGC 5428, 5429 and 5432 in 1882, while
observing NGC 5426/5427. In the
narrative portion of this fifth discovery paper (AN 2439) he mentioned this
object was about 10' northeast of NGC 5427 and that a mag 10-11 star was near.
At the required separation is a double star with a mag 12 star 45"
northeast. Both Dorothy Carlson,
in her NGC Correction paper and Harold Corwin identify this double star as NGC
5435.
******************************
NGC 5436 = UGC
8971 = MCG +02-36-025 = CGCG 074-071 = WBL 486-024 = PGC 50104
14 03 41.1 +09
34 25
V = 13.8; Size 1.1'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 126d
17.5"
(6/4/94): faint, very small, faint halo with an abrupt brighter core. Located 5.2' ENE of mag 8.8 SAO
120258. First of three in trio
with NGC 5437 3.4' SSE and NGC 5438 2.8' NNE in the NGC 5416 galaxy cluster.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 5436, along with NGC 5437 and 5438, on 28 Jun 1883 while
observing the NGC 5416 group. In
the narrative portion of list VII he wrote "Since then I have repeatedly
seen the new nebula in group III-56 and found 3 new nebula here; these three
are in a line, 2'-3' away from each other and follow north near the [mag 9]
star, the northernmost is quite bright." He did not measure positions and only a single rough position
is given in the NGC for NGC 5436, 5437 and 5438. Harold Corwin notes the WH probably saw at least one of
these three (H III-57 = NGC 5446) and NGC 5438, the northernmost galaxy, is the
most likely (noted by Tempel as the brightest).
******************************
NGC 5437 = MCG
+02-36-028 = CGCG 074-074 = IC 4365 = WBL 486-025 = PGC 50113
14 03 47.3 +09
31 25
V = 14.1; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 0d
17.5"
(6/4/94): faint, small, round, even surface brightness. A mag 12 star is 3.3' SSW of center. This galaxy is the south member of a
trio with NGC 5436 3.4' NNW and NGC 5438 5.2' N. The double system NGC 5434A and NGC 5434B is 7.5' SW. Member of the NGC 5416 cluster.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 5437, along with NGC 5436 and 5438, on 28 Jun 1883 while
observing the NGC 5416 group. See his description under NGC 5436. Bigourdan labeled NGC 5436 (furthest
west of the trio) as NGC 5437 and claimed this galaxy (CGCG 074-074) as a nova. Dreyer catalogued it again as IC
4365. So, NGC 5437 = IC 4365. See Harold Corwin's identification
notes for more.
******************************
NGC 5438 = NGC
5446 = MCG +02-36-029 = CGCG 074-075 = WBL 486-026 = PGC 50112
14 03 48.0 +09
36 38
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x1.0'
17.5"
(6/4/94): faint, small, round, weak even concentration to a brighter core and
occasional faint stellar nucleus.
A mag 12 star is 2.3' NW of center. Northern member of a trio with NGC 5436 2.8' SSW and NGC
5437 5.2' S in the NGC 5416 cluster.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 5438 on 28 Jun 1883, and described in the narrative portion of
paper VII as one three on a line (with NGCs 5436 and 5437) about 2'-3' apart,
with the northernmost galaxy the brightest. He didn't measure individual positions and only a single
rough position is given in the NGC.
This galaxy was
probable discovered by WH on 19 Mar 1784 and catalogued as H III-57 = NGC 5446,
but with a 30 tsec error in RA too far east. Modern sources identify this galaxy as NGC 5438.
******************************
NGC 5439 = UGC
8947 = MCG +08-26-002 = CGCG 247-003 = PGC 49965
14 01 57.8 +46
18 43
V = 13.9; Size 1.0'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 9d
17.5"
(6/23/01): faint, fairly small, very elongated SSW-NNE, 1.0'x0.25', small
brighter core. A well matched
close double, discovered by Lewis Swift (SWI 1 = 10.1/10.3 at 3.7") lies
6' ENE. Located nearly at midpoint
of a mag 13 star 3' N and a mag 12 star 3' S.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5439 = Sw I-28 on 9 Jul 1883 and recorded "vF; pL; cE; bet
2 stars forming with 2 others a trapezoid, the nf being a fine double star of
2.5". First neb discovered at
this observatory. I have not been
able to see this object well since its discovery, at which time I called it pB
with p sharp outlines, but since the appearance of red sunsets it has been ill
defined and difficult to see except as a hazy spot. This remark applies to all vF nebulae. The double star is new [SWI 1 = ADS
9090]." Bob Erdmann noted
that Krakatau went off in Indonesia on Aug. 26-28, 1883 about a month after his
original discovery! Herbert Howe
measured an accurate micrometric position (MN, LXI, 1900).
******************************
NGC 5440 = UGC
8963 = MCG +06-31-052 = CGCG 191-040 = Holm 576a = PGC 50042
14 03 01.0 +34
45 28
V = 12.3; Size 3.1'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 50d
24"
(7/1/16): at 375x; bright, moderately large, elongated 5:2 SW-NE, ~1.2'x0.5',
sharply concentrated with a very bright high surface brightness nucleus. A mag 12 star is off the southwest end,
1.3' from center.
UGC 8955,
situated 7.8' NW, appeared very faint, very elongated 4:1 N-S,
35"x9". A mag 14.5 star
is off the northeast side, 45" from center. MCG +06-31-053 = PGC 50057, the galaxy all modern sources
identify as NGC 5441, appeared very faint or extremely faint, small, round,
15" diameter, very low even surface brightness. It required averted vision, but once identified I could
almost hold the glow continuously with concentration.
13.1"
(6/18/85): fairly bright, moderately large, slightly elongated, broad
concentration, fairly faint stellar nucleus. A mag 12 star is close SW, just 1.3' from center. NGC 5441 lies 5.0' ESE. Slightly inferior to NGC 5444 located
23' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5440 = H II-416 = h1739 on 1 May 1785 (sweep 405) and recorded
"pB, pL, bM, irr E." JH
made the single observation "F; S; R: bM; has a * 11m sp 1'
distance."
NGC 5441 is
probably a duplicate observation by JH.
See that number.
******************************
NGC 5441 = MCG
+06-31-053 = Holm 576b = PGC 50057
14 03 11.9 +34
41 04
V = 15.3; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.6
24"
(7/1/16): at 375x; very faint or extremely faint, small, round, 15"
diameter, very low even surface brightness. It required averted vision, but once identified I could
almost hold the glow continuously with concentration. Located 5' SE of NGC 5440.
Although all
modern sources identify NGC 5441 as this galaxy (PGC 50057), the number is more
likely a duplicate of NGC 5440.
13.1"
(6/18/85): possibly glimpsed as an extremely faint and stellar glow (uncertain
sighting) 5' SE of NGC 5440.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5441 = h1740 on 11 Mar 1828 and recorded "Taken for II.416
[NGC 5440], which it cannot be if the last obs be correct. vF, S." His RA is given to the nearest minute
of time and noted +/-.
RNGC, PGC, MCG,
NED, LEDA and SIMBAD identify MCG +06-31-053 as NGC 5441. If this is Herschel's object it is
certainly one of the faintest, if not the faintest galaxy he discovered. Corwin argues that NGC 5441 is more
likely a duplicate observation of NGC 5440, despite JH's comment, and I agree
based on the view through my 24-inch.
See Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 5442 = MCG
-01-36-006 = VV 691 = PGC 50189
14 04 43.0 -09
42 43
V = 13.2; Size 1.2'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 149d
18" (5/29/05):
fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, 1.0'x0.5'. Contains a brighter core with very
faint extensions. It appeared the
PA of the extensions shifted slightly with averted vision. Host to supernova
2001U.
18"
(6/18/04): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, 0.9'x0.4',
appears brighter along its major axis.
Situated in the middle of a isosceles triangle of mag 9.5 stars with mag
9.6 SAO 139717 7' N, mag 9.9 SAO 139714 6' SW and mag 9.6 SAO 139732 7' SE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 5442 = m 272 on 11 Jan 1865 and noted "vF, vS,
iR." His position matches MCG
-01-36-006 = PGC 50189.
******************************
NGC 5443 = UGC
8958 = MCG +09-23-026 = CGCG 272-020 = Holm 578a = PGC 49993
14 02 11.7 +55
48 49
V = 12.3; Size 2.7'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 34d
18"
(4/26/08): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 5:2 SW-NE, well
concentrated with a bright, 20" core and fainter extensions,
1.2'x0.5'. A faint star is off the
southwest edge of the galaxy and another star is a similar distance off the
northeast end. An extremely faint
star is pinned on the west edge of the southwest extension.
13.1"
(5/26/84): moderately bright, edge-on SW-NE, broad concentration, irregular
surface brightness. Two mag 14.5
stars are at the SSW and NE ends 1.3' and 1.4' from center, respectively. Located 90' N of M101.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5443 = H II-799 = h1743A on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 921) and noted
"pB, cL, E." His RA is
~30 sec too small. JH forgot to
include his own observation in the Slough Catalogue but added it in a short
Errata and Addenda list as an "omitted nebula" at the end of the
catalogue. In the GC and NGC, the
comment "h o n" ([John] Herschel omitted nebulae) was given in the
Other Observers column as well as the designation h1743A to place it in the
correct order in the Slough catalogue.
The RA in the RNGC is 1.0 tmin too large due to a precessional error.
******************************
NGC 5444 = UGC
8974 = MCG +06-31-054 = CGCG 191-041 = PGC 50080
14 03 24.2 +35
07 54
V = 11.8; Size 2.4'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 90d
13.1"
(6/18/85): moderately bright, small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus, NGC
5445 6.6' SSE. At low power forms
the northern vertex of a near equilateral triangle with mag 8.6 SAO 63906 15'
SW and mag 9.2 SAO 63915 13' SSE.
8"
(5/26/84): fairly faint, small, round, small bright nucleus. Forms an equilateral triangle with two
moderately bright stars to the south.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5444 = H II-417 = h1741 on 1 May 1785 (sweep 405) and logged
"pB, pL, bM, irr E." JH
made three observations and recorded on sweep 337 "pB; R; sbM;
15"."
******************************
NGC 5445 = UGC
8976 = MCG +06-31-055 = CGCG 191-042 = PGC 50090
14 03 31.6 +35
01 29
V = 13.0; Size 1.5'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 27d
13.1"
(6/18/85): fairly faint, small, very elongated SSW-NNE, substellar nucleus,
small extensions. A mag 13 star is
1.1' W of center. Located 6.6' SSE
of NGC 5444.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5445 = H III-413 = h1742 on 1 May 1785 (sweep 405) and simply
noted "vF". His offset
from NGC 5444 points directly to UGC 8976. JH made the single observation "pF; near a * 13m
sp."
******************************
NGC 5446 = NGC
5438 = MCG +02-36-029 = CGCG 074-075 = PGC 50239
14 03 48.0 +09
36 38
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x1.0'
See observing
notes for NGC 5438.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5446 = H III-57 on 19 Mar 1784 (sweep 179) and recorded
"eF, S, suspected with 157 and verified with 240." There is nothing at his (single)
position, but 30 sec of RA west is CGCG 074-075 = PGC 50239. As WH's offsets in his early sweeps
were often poor in time, this identification is very reasonable. This galaxy is one of three found by
Wilhelm Tempel in June of 1883 (along with NGC 5836 and 5837), and catalogued
as NGC 5438. So, NGC 5446 is
likely identical to NGC 5438.
RNGC and PGC
(and secondary sources such as Megastar) misidentify CGCG 074-093 = PGC 50239
as NGC 5438. This galaxy is
1.0 min of RA following WH's position and is fainter than NGC 5438, so is a
less likely candidate. See Harold
Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 5447
14 02 27.9 +54
16 34
18"
(6/21/03): at 215x this fairly prominent HII region appeared as an elongated
patch oriented NNW-SSE, perhaps 25"x8", located just south of a mag
13.5 star. At 323x this patch
clearly resolved into two sections -- within 30" of the star is a very
compact knot, ~6"-10" diameter.
There may be a small gap to the south with a larger extension to the SSE
(this is NGC 5450). Located on the
opposite side of M101 as NGC 5462.
17.5"
(6/7/97): brightest HII region on the preceding side of M101 located 7.8' SW of
center. Appears as a very
elongated glow NW-SE situated just south of a mag 13.5 star. A very small knot is partially resolved
at the north edge within a common halo with the extension to the SE. Harold Corwin identifies these two
components as NGC 5447 and NGC 5450.
13": this
is a knot in an outer arm of M101 on the western side. Easily visible, compact, round. Located symmetrically opposite from NGC
5462 on the opposite side of the core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5447 = H III-787 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 921) and noted "vF,
vS." His position (CH's
reduction) is 20 sec of RA following the bright HII complex (NGC 5447/5450) on
the southwest side of M101. This
region was clearly marked Iota on the sketch of the HII regions by Lord Rosse
in the 1861 and 1880 publications.
JH assigned this
knot two GC numbers as he was not sure if his father's object was the same as
the one on the Lord Rosse woodcut, but both GC designations were combined into
NGC 5447.
******************************
NGC 5448 = UGC
8969 = MCG +08-26-003 = CGCG 247-004 = LGG 372-002 = PGC 50031
14 02 50.3 +49
10 21
V = 11.0; Size 4.0'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 115d
17.5"
(5/22/93): moderately bright, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE,
2.4'x0.8', very small brighter core, stellar nucleus. A mag 12 star lies 4.4' S of center. Brightest in a group (LGG 372) including
NGC 5377, 5425, 5448, 5480, 5481, 5500 and 5520.
8"
(4/24/82): faint, very elongated E-W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5448 = H II-691 = h1743 on 15 May 1787 (sweep 736) and recorded
"pB, pL, E nearly in the parallel, mbM." His position is accurate. JH called this galaxy "pB; L;
vmE; psmbM; 4' l, 20" br; a ray with a nucleus." The RA in the RNGC is 1.0 minute too
large.
******************************
NGC 5449
14 02 27.2 +54
19 48
18"
(6/21/03): marginal object at 323x, but backing down to 215x a weak but
definite glow was visible, perhaps 15"-20" diameter. Located 3.5' N of NGC 5457.
17.5"
(6/7/97): extremely low contrast HII knot in M101. Highly suspected hazy spot 3.5' N of NGC 5457 but difficult
to confirm.
Bindon Stoney,
LdR's assistant, discovered the numerous knots in M101 during observations in
1851. Samuel Hunter sketched NGC
5449 in Apr 1861 based on multiple observations. The NGC position (based on the
sketch) is just 1' too far south.
******************************
NGC 5450
14 02 29.5 +54
16 14
18"
(6/21/03): See description for NGC 5447.
NGC 5450 appeared just resolved from NGC 5447 at 323x and was an
elongated patch oriented NNW-SSE, ~20"x6". The entire complex spans ~45".
17.5"
(6/7/97): this is the bright HII region on the west side of M101 8' SW of
center. Connected with NGC 5447
(see description). Appears as a very elongated glow NW-SE just south of a mag
13.5 star. A very small knot is
partially resolved at the north edge (NGC 5447) within a common halo with NGC 5450.
Bindon Stoney,
LdR's assistant, discovered the numerous knots in M101 during observations in
1851. Samuel Hunter sketched NGC
5449 in Apr 1861 based on multiple observations. JH later computed the GC position based on the sketch as
33" south of NGC 5447. Harold
Corwin identifies NGC 5450 as the southeast component of the HII region
connected with NGC 5447. Dreyer
modified the position of NGC 5447 2' further north, so the NGC position of the
pair is further apart.
******************************
NGC 5451
14 02 37.0 +54
21 45
18"
(6/28/03): very difficult, low surface brightness glow, ~10"-15" in
size, requiring averted vision to glimpse. More difficult than two mag 15.5 stars separated by
13", which are location 1' WSW.
The combined glow of these stars could easily mislead the observer into
logging these as NGC 5451!
18"
(6/21/03): initially I picked up a small, hazy glow nearly collinear with a mag
12.9 star just north of the core of M101 and a slightly fainter star due
west. But in good moments, this
very small glow resolved into two stellar objects, probably appearing slightly
hazy due to the background glow of the outer halo. After a more careful view, I noticed an extremely faint knot
with averted vision, ~15" diameter, located ~2' ENE of this pair -- this
is NGC 5451. It seems likely that
the observation from 6/7/97 refers to the pair of faint stars that initially
confused me.
17.5"
(6/7/97): this is a difficult, low contrast HII region in M101 located ~5' WNW
of center. Appears very faint,
extremely small, round, starry center?
Bindon Stoney,
LdR's assistant, discovered the numerous knots in M101 during observations made
in 1851. Samuel Hunter made a
remarkly accurate sketch of M101, along with the various knots, in Apr 1861
based on multiple observations. JH
estimated the position in the GC based on this sketch.
******************************
NGC 5452 = UGC
8867 = MCG +13-10-014 = CGCG 353-028 = PGC 49426
13 54 24.6 +78
13 15
V = 13.3; Size 2.0'x1.5'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 120d
17.5"
(5/22/93): faint, moderately large, slightly elongated, 1.5' diameter, low even
surface brightness. A mag 13 star
is 1' N. A nice double star ·1798
= 8.1/9.9 at 7" lies 11' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5452 = H III-947 = h1747 on 20 Dec 1797 (sweep 1074) and noted
"vF, cL, iF, a very lbM. A
pretty B star just north of it. CH's reduced position is 30 tsec east of UGC
8867.
JH recorded
"eF; pL; R; vgvlbM; 35".
RA precarious, owing to a great extra meridian correction." His RA was 3 tmin too large, but that's
the one used in the GC and NGC.
******************************
NGC 5453
14 02 56.3 +54
18 28
18"
(6/21/03): required averted and concentration to confirm a small, low surface
brightness glow, just visible over the background glow of the spiral arm this
HII region resides. In fact,
between NGC 5453 and the core is an inner arm that contains a couple of HII
knots that are more evident!
17.5": this
low surface brightness HII region in M101 was barely distinguishable at 220x as
a very low surface brightness enhancement superimposed on the background glow
of a spiral arm 3.4' SW of center.
Bindon Stoney,
LdR's assistant, discovered the numerous knots in M101 during observations made
in 1851. Samuel Hunter made a
remarkly accurate sketch of M101, along with the various knots, in Apr 1861
based on multiple observations. JH
estimated the position in the GC based on this sketch.
******************************
NGC 5454 = UGC
8997 = MCG +03-36-042 = CGCG 103-064 = PGC 50192
14 04 45.8 +14
22 56
V = 12.7; Size 1.9'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 110d
17.5"
(6/14/96): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, 0.8'x0.5'. Weak concentration with an occasional
stellar nucleus. Following a nice
matched pair of mag 10/11.5 stars.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 5454 on 21 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position (measured
on two consecutive nights) is very accurate and he noted the two mag 10-11
stars that precede by 10 sec of time.
******************************
NGC 5455
14 03 01.1 +54 14
27
18"
(6/21/03): compact knot, round, easily identified as forms the southern vertex
of a triangle with two 13th magnitude stars to the NW and NE. At moments, a stellar nucleus or
superimposed star pops out at 323x.
17.5"
(6/7/97): fairly faint HII region in M101 located 6.6' SSW of center. Very small, round, 15"
diameter. Appears a compact but
nonstellar knot forming an isosceles triangle with two mag 13 stars 2.3' NE and
2.3' NW.
Bindon Stoney,
LdR's assistant, discovered the numerous knots in M101 during observations made
in 1851. Samuel Hunter made a
remarkly accurate sketch of M101, along with the various knots, in Apr 1861
based on multiple observations. JH
estimated the position in the GC based on this sketch. The NGC position is about 3' too far
south.
******************************
NGC 5456 = UGC
9004 = MCG +02-36-036 = CGCG 074-089 = PGC 50213
14 04 59.0 +11
52 16
V = 12.9; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 175d
17.5"
(6/14/96): faint, small, roundish, 30" diameter, broad weak concentration. A mag 14 star lies 1.0' NE and a mag 15
star 1.8' ENE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 5456 on 7 Feb 1862 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His mean position
(measured on two sweeps) matches UGC 9004.
******************************
NGC 5457 = M101
= M102 = Arp 26 = VV 344a = UGC 8981 = MCG +09-23-028 = CGCG 272-021 = VV 456 =
Pinwheel Galaxy = PGC 50063
14 03 12.4 +54
20 55
V = 7.9; Size 28.8'x26.9'; Surf Br = 14.9
18"
(6/21/03 and 6/28/03): the following HII regions were observed --
NGC 5447: at
215x this fairly prominent HII region appeared as an elongated patch oriented
NNW-SSE, perhaps 25"x8", located just south of a mag 13.5 star. At 323x this patch clearly resolved
into two sections -- within 30" of the star is a very compact knot,
~6"-10" diameter. There
may be a small gap to the south with a larger extension to the SSE (this is NGC
5450). Located on the opposite
side of M101 as NGC 5462.
NGC 5449:
marginal object at 323x, but backing down to 215x a weak but definite glow was
visible, perhaps 15"-20" diameter. Located 3.5' N of NGC 5457.
NGC 5450: just
resolved from NGC 5447 at 323x and was an elongated patch oriented NNW-SSE,
~20"x6". The entire
complex spans ~45".
NGC 5451: very
difficult, low surface brightness glow, ~10"-15" in size, requiring
averted vision to glimpse. More
difficult than two mag 15.5 stars separated by 13", which are location 1'
WSW. The combined glow of these
stars could easily mislead the observer into logging these as NGC 5451! In fact on 6/21/03 I initially picked
up a small, hazy glow nearly collinear with a mag 12.9 star just north of the
core of M101 and a slightly fainter star due west. But in good moments, this very small glow resolved into two
stellar objects, probably appearing slightly hazy due to the background glow of
the outer halo. After a more
careful view, I noticed an extremely faint knot with averted vision, ~15"
diameter, located ~2' ENE of this pair -- this is NGC 5451.
NGC 5453:
required averted and concentration to confirm a small, low surface brightness
glow, just visible over the background glow of the spiral arm this HII region
resides. In fact, between NGC 5453
and the core is an inner arm which contains a couple of HII knots which are
more evident!
Anon knot: two
small, low contrast knots are visible in the spiral arm that is attached on the
west side of the core of M101 and wraps around the south side towards the east.
These are situated just 1.7' SW of the center of M101. Although this knotty structure does not
have a NGC number it is slightly more evident than a few of the faintest NGC
HII regions.
NGC 5455:
compact knot, round, easily identified as forms the southern vertex of a
triangle with two 13th magnitude stars to the NW and NE. At moments, a stellar nucleus or
superimposed star pops out at 323x.
NGC 5458: very
faint glow 3' S of the core of M101 on a line between a 13th magnitude star ~7'
S of the center of M101. Requires
averted for a definite sighting and appears to have a low, even surface brightness,
~20" diameter. Easier to view
than NGC 5453.
NGC 5461: at
435x (5.2mm Pentax) a fairly bright quasi-stellar knot is attached at the NE
end with a relatively faint extension (even surface brightness) extending to
the SW. On 6/21 at 215x, this prominent
HII region has a high surface brightness and stands out well. Increasing the power to 435x, there is
a stellar or quasi-stellar core offset at the NE end with a faint extension to
the SW. Backing down to 323x and
using a UHC filter, the glow decreases in size, but the star-like core seems to
increase slightly in contrast.
NGC 5462: this
HII region is probably the largest continuous piece. It appears very elongated 3:1 or 7:2 SW-NE, roughly
60"x18". On 6/21 appeared fairly bright and relatively large,
elongated 3:1, ~50"x17" SW-NE.
This HII region has an irregular surface brightness with a bright,
nearly stellar knot at the NE end.
NGC 5471:
highest surface brightness of any of the HII regions in M101. Appears very similar to a small,
elliptical galaxy -- even contains a small, brighter core. Situated beyond the main glow of the
galaxy, 11.5' NE of the core of M101.
On 6/21 at 323x appears similar to a compact, round galaxy. Furthest NE of all the HII regions and
well separated from the main glow of M101. Interestingly, this was one of the few HII regions that did
show a positive contrast response to a UHC filter at 161x and 215x.
13.1"
(6/4/84): four HII regions resolved including NGC 5447, NGC 5458, NGC 5461, NGC
5462.
13.1"
(4/24/82): fairly bright, very large, round, about 20' diameter, bright
core. Fairly low surface
brightness but beautifully resolved into several distinct arms and sections of
arms with a pinwheel design.
Obvious mottling along the spiral arms which appear clumpy with two or
more easily recognized HII regions. At least six stars are superimposed.
Pierre MŽchain
discovered M101 = NGC 5457 = h1744 on 27 Mar 1781. On 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 921), WH described "a very bright
small nucleus with extensive nebulosity, pretty well determined on the
preceding side, but very diffuse to the north following . Includes the two
following nebulae [III-788 = NGC 5461 and III-789 = NGC 5462], and seems to
extend 20', perhaps 30' or more."
Bindon Stoney
(LdR's assistant) sketched the various HII knots, spiral arms and superimposed
stars and measured offsets in 1851.
Samuel Hunter's superb sketch from 29 Apr 1861 was included at the last
minute in the 1861 publication.
This is probably the finest and most accurate sketch of a spiral galaxy done
at Birr Castle and is very favorably compared with the DSS.
******************************
NGC 5458
14 03 12.4 +54
17 55
18"
(6/21/03): very faint glow 3' S of the core of M101 on a line between a 13th
magnitude star ~7' S of the center of M101. Requires averted for a definite sighting and appears to have
a low, even surface brightness, ~20" diameter. Easier to view than NGC 5453.
17.5"
(6/7/97): low contrast 25" knot superimposed on the main body of M101 3.0'
due south of center. Visibility is
hindered as superimposed on the brighter background of the central region.
13": knot
in M101 located just south of the core.
Appears as a barely non-stellar spot.
Bindon Stoney,
LdR's assistant, discovered the numerous knots in M101 during observations made
in 1851. Samuel Hunter made a
remarkly accurate sketch of M101, along with the various knots, in Apr 1861
based on multiple observations. JH
estimated the position in the GC based on this sketch.
******************************
NGC 5459 = UGC
9005 = MCG +02-36-037 = CGCG 074-090 = PGC 50215
14 05 00.1 +13
07 55
V = 13.1; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 10d
17.5"
(6/14/96): faint, small, irregularly round, 30" diameter, very weak
concentration to the center but no distinct core. Two mag 12 and 13 stars lie 2.0' SW and 3.1' NW,
respectively. UGC 9002 lies 25' S.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5459 = Sw VI-64 on 23 Mar 1887 and recorded "pF; S; lE; pB
* nr sp." His position is
just 5 sec of RA east of UGC 9005 and his description applies. Bigourdan measured an accurate position
on 26 May 1894, though Dreyer made a 20 sec recording error in RA in the IC2
Notes.
******************************
NGC 5460 = Cr
280 = ESO 221-SC024
14 07 28 -48 20
36
V = 5.6; Size 25'
22"
(6/28/06 - Hawaii): this bright, very large cluster of ~120 stars extends to 30' at 110x. Many of the brighter stars are arranged
in a very distinctive winding curve that snakes from NW to SE. At the center is a looping chain of
eight mag 7 to 10 stars including a nice double h4647 = 9.3/9.6 at
11". At the NW and south ends
are hooks of stars like the tail end of Scorpius. ESO 221-25, a faint galaxy, is hidden among the brighter
stars and was not noticed.
13.1"
(3/17/86): about three dozen stars, bright, large, includes several double
stars. Appears scattered with
stars arranged in distinct groups with a tight chain in center. Located 23' N of mag 6.4 HD 123247.
This is one of the southernmost clusters visible from Northern California
sites, but was still very pretty.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 5460 = D 431= h3555 on 7 May 1826 from Parramatta with his
9.75-inch speculum reflector and described "a curiously curved line of
small stars of nearly equal magnitudes; two stars of 7th magnitude
following." He observed the
cluster 3 times. JH made his first
observation on 6 Aug 1831 and recorded "a region of large, bright stars,
8, 9...etc. mag; a very coarse cluster. Place that of a brilliant group, one of
which is a double star class III." Two nights later he recorded it as
"Place of a double star in a semi-elliptic group forming part of it, but
insulated in a large scattered cluster or tract of bright stars." On a
later sweep he logged "a region of large stars very loosely distributed,
but which yet decidedly form a cluster. Place that of a pretty close double
star (four arcseconds) in the middle of a group of 8. The cluster is 30'
diameter, and is divided into distinct groups."
******************************
NGC 5461
14 03 40.9 +54
19 02
18"
(6/28/03): at 435x (5.2mm Pentax) a fairly bright quasi-stellar knot is
attached at the NE end with a relatively faint extension (even surface
brightness) extending to the SW.
18"
(6/21/03): at 215x, this prominent HII region has a high surface brightness and
stands out well. Increasing the power
to 435x, there is a stellar or quasi-stellar core offset at the NE end with a
faint extension to the SW. Backing
down to 323x and using a UHC filter, the glow decreases in size, but the
star-like core seems to increase slightly in contrast.
17.5" (6/7/97):
fairly faint knot in the trailing arm of M101 4.5' SE of center. Appears slightly elongated,
~25"x15", fairly high surface brightness. Contains a very small brighter center or a star is
superimposed.
13": this
is a knot in M101 located in the spiral arm that trails to the east. Appears as a very diffuse, fairly small
knot.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5461 = H III-788 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 921) and noted "vF,
vS." This HII region in M101
was recorded immediately after he logged M101 in the sweep. His RA is ~25 sec too large, but
matches the offset with the HII region NGC 5462 to the northeast, which was
logged next in the sweep. JH
assigned two numbers in the GC, as he was uncertain if this was the same as one
of the knots sketched by Lord Rosse (it corresponds with the knot labeled
n2). Dreyer combined the two GC
designations in the NGC, though the position is poor.
******************************
NGC 5462
14 03 52.9 +54
21 53
18"
(6/28/03): this HII region is probably the largest continuous piece. It appears very elongated 3:1 or 7:2
SW-NE, roughly 60"x18".
18"
(6/21/03): fairly bright and relatively large, elongated 3:1,
~50"x17" SW-NE. This HII
region has an irregular surface brightness with a bright, nearly stellar knot
at the NE end.
17.5"
(6/7/97): moderately bright elongated knot in M101, extended 3:1 SW-NE,
~50"x20". One of the
largest and brightest HII regions in M101.
13": knot
in M101 located in the same arm as NGC 5461 but further to the east. This is an easily visible, compact,
round knot on the opposite side of the core as NGC 5447.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5462 = H III-789 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 921) and noted "vF,
pS." His offset is 7 sec of
time east and 2' north of NGC 5461, compared to the actual offsets of 10 sec
and 3' north. JH assigned two
numbers in the GC, as he was uncertain if this was the same as one of the knots
sketched by Lord Rosse (it corresponds with the knot labeled n1). Dreyer combined the two GC designations
in the NGC, though the position is poor.
******************************
NGC 5463 = UGC
9017 = MCG +02-36-040 = CGCG 074-102 = Holm 582a = Holm 584a = PGC 50299
14 06 10.5 +09
21 12
V = 13.0; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 49d
17.5"
(6/4/94): fairly faint, small, elongated 5:2 WSW-ENE, 0.8'x0.3'. Contains a bright core with faint
extensions. A mag 11 star lies
2.7' SW of center. Forms a contact
pair with an extremely difficult companion (NGC 5463B) just off the NE edge
0.7' from the center. Located at
the east end of the NGC 5416 cluster.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5463 = H III-58 on 19 Mar 1784 (sweep 179) and recorded as
"eF, S. Suspected with 157
and verified with 240; the latter power showed it a little elongated." CH's reduction is 13 sec of RA east and
1' north of UGC 9017.
Wilhelm Tempel
measured a micrometric position in list VIII (given in his table) that was used
in the NGC. His position, though,
is 15 tsec too far west and 3' too far north. But re-reducing his position with respect to his offset star
yields an accurate match with UGC 9017.
******************************
NGC 5464 = ESO
446-011 = MCG -05-33-045 = PGC 50356
14 07 04.2 -30
01 00
V = 13.0; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 85d
13.1"
(3/17/86): very faint, fairly small, round, requires averted vision.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5464 = h3556 on 30 Mar 1835 and recorded "pF; S; R; pslbM;
15"." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 5465 = Holm
585c
14 06 27.3 -05
30 23
=*, Corwin.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 5465 in 1882, while observing NGC 5468. In the narrative portion of list V, he
simply noted two more very faint nebula to the southwest of NGC 5486, though
did not provide offsets or positions.
These were probably communicated later to Dreyer. Both Dorothy Carlson and Harold Corwin
identify NGC 5465 as a single star at this position.
******************************
NGC 5466
14 05 27.3 +28
32 04
V = 9.0; Size 9'; Surf Br = 0.0
48"
(4/19/17): at 375x; very large, highly resolved cluster with chains of brighter
stars, particularly in the halo, which extends to at least 8', but also passing
through the richer 3' to 4' central section. The surface brightness is relatively low due its loose
structure (concentration class XII), even in the core. The brighter stars seems superimposed
over a layer of much fainter resolved stars. At 697x, there were way too many visible stars for a
reasonably accurate count but perhaps around 250 stars resolved.
17.5"
(6/3/00): large, low surface brightness globular, 7'-8' in diameter. Has a ragged, irregular surface
brightness to the core and halo.
About 50-60 mag 14-15.5 stars are resolved at 280x-380x. The brighter core is relatively large,
perhaps 4' in diameter and appears offset to the west side of the resolved
stars. Many faint stars are
peppered across the core.
17.5"
(6/6/86): 40-50 mag 14-15 stars resolved at 220x in a 7' diameter. Very spread out like a fairly rich open
cluster with no distinct edges and only a weak concentration.
13.1"
(5/26/84): roughly three dozen stars resolved about 14th magnitude. Visible in 18x80 finder.
13.1"
(5/14/83): few dozen mag 14 stars resolved across disc over extensive
background haze.
8"
(6/5/81): fairly large, low surface brightness with a "loose"
structure. A few faint stars are
resolved across the disk at 100-165x.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5466 = H VI-9 = h1746 on 17 May 1784 (sweep 219) and recorded
"a large cluster of exceedingly small and compressed stars, about 6 or 7'
in dia; a great many of the stars are visible, the rest so small as to appear
nebulous; those that are visible are of one size and are scattered all over
equally. The cluster is of an
irregularly round form." The
globular was placed in classification category VI for "very condensed and
rich clusters of stars", although it is an unusually loose globular. On 16 May 1831 JH described the cluster
as "a fine L cl 7 or 8' dia; vgbM, but no nucleus. The stars 11 or 12m down to an
irresolvable mass; irreg R; excessively compressed. A fine object. Barely
discernible in the 20 feet finder (2 1/2" in aperture)." Wolfgang Steinicke notes that Heinrich
d'Arrest observed it twice in 1856 using a 4.6-inch Merz refractor in Leipzig.
******************************
NGC 5467 = IC
973 = Holm 585d
14 06 29.4 -05
28 55
=*, Carlson and
Corwin.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 5467, along with NGC 5465, in 1882 while observing NGC
5468. In the narrative portion of
list V, he simply noted two more very faint nebula to the southwest of NGC
5486, though did not provide offsets or positions. These were probably communicated later to Dreyer.
There is are no
nearby galaxies and both Dorothy Carlson and Harold Corwin identify NGC 5467 as
a single star. Independently,
Bigourdan also logged this star as nebulous while trying to find Tempel's
nebulae, and he reported it in his 4th Comptes Rendus list as #182 (later IC
973). Assuming the same star fooled both Tempel and Bigourdan, this is the only
known case where a single star has both an NGC and IC designation! Bigourdan's IC 974 is another nearby
star he thought to be nebulous.
******************************
NGC 5468 = MCG
-01-36-007 = UGCA 384 = Holm 585a = LGG 374-003 = PGC 50323
14 06 34.8 -05
27 11
V = 12.5; Size 2.6'x2.4'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 105d
17.5" (6/8/96):
fairly faint, fairly large, round, 2.5' diameter. The low but irregular surface brightness halo has a hint of
mottling or structure. Broad
concentration to a ill-defined core and occasional small brighter nucleus. Mag 8.3 SAO 139737 4.2' SSE detracts
from viewing. Forms a pair with
NGC 5472 5.0' E.
8"
(6/29/84): very faint, moderately large, very diffuse, elongated ~E-W. Located 4' NNW of a mag 8.3 star. A mag 10 star 11.9' SSE is collinear
with NGC 5468 and the mag 8 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5468 = H III-286 = h1745 on 5 Mar 1785 (sweep 380) and recorded
"vF, L, brightest towards the north, and eF towards the southern
borders." JH made the single observation "vF; vL; R; gbM" and
measured an accurate position.
R.J. Mitchell,
observing with LdR's 72" on 29 Mar 1856, recorded "1745 [NGC 5468]
has a nucleus, light very patchy, 3 stars in edge; vF. Query, spiral with a right-handed
twist. About 4' following is a S,
pB, E knot." The object
following is NGC 5472.
******************************
NGC 5469 = CGCG
074-136 = Holm 600b = PGC 50740
14 12 29.8 +08
38 52
V = 14.2; Size 0.9'x0.6'; PA = 135d
18"
(6/30/11): faint, very small, irregularly round, 18" diameter, weak
concentration. A small right
triangle of mag 13-14 stars [sides 1.1', 1.4', 2'] is close SW. Brighter of a pair with UGC 9084 4.3'
WNW.
The
identification NGC 5469 = CGCG 74-136 is uncertain but if UGC 9084 was assumed
by Tempel to be NGC 5482, then his NGC 5469 refers to CGCG 74-136. CGCG 74-141 and -142 lie ~9' ESE. See notes for NGC 5511, which may be
CGCG 74-141.
17.5"
(6/8/02): faint, very small, round, 15" diameter. Just following a small triangle of mag
13-14 stars. Forms a pair with UGC
9084 4.3' WNW. NGC 5511 lies 10'
ESE (all three faint galaxies collinear).
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 5469 in 1883 while observing the NGC 5416 group. In the narrative portion of paper VIII
(AN 2527) he writes (translated by Wolfgang Steinicke) "III 59 [= NGC
5482] is 9s preceding, 2 1/2' south of a faint star 11m; the nebula is small
and has in its center a faint star with very little nebular matter. Following
the star 11m, there is at 15s, parallel to it [the star or NGC 5482?] a nice
round nebula, III, without a faint star [in the center]. This nebula is also
new." There is no object
matching this description or at the NGC position.
Instead, Harold
Corwin suggests that Tempel probably confused UGC 9084 for NGC 5482. This would imply, based on Tempel's
description, that CGCG 074-136 = NGC 5469. See Corwin's notes. The RNGC has misidentified CGCG 074-062
as NGC 5469. This galaxy is a close companion of NGC 5423 and is roughly 90'
from the NGC position.
******************************
NGC 5470 = UGC
9020 = MCG +01-36-019 = CGCG 046-050 = PGC 50317
14 06 32.0 +06
01 45
V = 13.4; Size 2.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 63d
17.5"
(5/10/91): very faint, moderately large, edge-on 6:1 WSW-ENE, low surface
brightness, weak concentration but no nucleus, 2.0'x0.3'. An easy double star mag 10/11 at
21" separation located 4.5' S.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5470 = h1749 on 17 Apr 1830 and logged "F; mE;
vglbM." There is nothing at
his position by 1.0 min of RA west is UGC 9020, which fits his description. d'Arrest made two observations on the
25th and 26th of Apr 1865. He noted
the 1 min time error in the GC and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5471 = MCG
+09-23-030
14 04 29.1 +54
23 49
Size 0.9'x0.7'
18"
(6/28/03): highest surface brightness of any of the HII regions in M101. Appears very similar to a small,
elliptical galaxy -- even contains a small, brighter core. Situated beyond the main glow of the
galaxy, 11.5' NE of the core of M101.
18"
(6/21/03): at 323x appears similar to a compact, round galaxy. Furthest NE of all the HII regions and
well separated from the main glow of M101. Interestingly, this was one of the few HII regions that
displayed a positive contrast response to a UHC filter at 161x and 215x.
17.5"
(6/7/97): this is one of brightest HII regions in M101, on the extreme NE end
of the galaxy 11.5' from center.
Appears as a moderately bright knot, ~20" diameter. This HII region stands out well due to
its isolation and fairly high surface brightness with crisp halo. Incorrectly identified as a galaxy in
the MCG.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 5471 on 22 Aug 1863 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen and measured it on 5 different nights. He noted the mag 13 star that precedes by 9 sec of RA and
questioned if this object was H III-789 with a 30 sec error in RA. MCG includes this HII region as a galaxy
(MCG +09-23-030).
******************************
NGC 5472 = MCG
-01-36-008 = Holm 585b = LGG 374-005 = PGC 50345
14 06 54.9 -05
27 39
V = 14.3; Size 1.1'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 35d
17.5"
(6/8/96): faint, small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 0.7'x0.3', small brighter core
with faint extensions. A mag 13
star is 0.4' ESE and a mag 14 star 0.9' NW. Located 5.0' E of brighter NGC 5468.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 5472 on 29 Mar 1856 with LdR's 72" during an observation of
NGC 5468. He noted "about 4'
f is a S, pB, E knot."
Wilhelm Tempel observed NGC 5468 in 1882 and also noted NGC 5472 as 5'
following. He mentioned it was
probably the one seen earlier by LdR.
In addition Tempel mentioned two other nearby objects (NGC 5465 and
5467) to the southwest, which are either nonexistent or single stars. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 5473 = UGC
9011 = MCG +09-23-031 = CGCG 272-022 = LGG 373-004 = PGC 50191
14 04 43.3 +54
53 33
V = 11.4; Size 2.3'x1.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 160d
18"
(5/3/08): at 280x appeared bright, moderately large, slightly elongated
NNW-SSE, 1.0'x0.7'. Strongly
concentrated with a very bright 25" core that increases to a stellar
nucleus. A faint star is embedded
in the halo on the NE side.
Located within a string of brighter mag 9.5-11.5 stars including a mag
10.7 star 2' SSW, a mag 9.4 star 5' SSW and a mag 10 star 7' NE. Located 35' NNE of M101 in a background
group including NGC 5485 22' ENE, NGC 5486 26' NE and NGC 5422 38' NW.
13.1"
(5/26/84): moderately bright, small, almost round, prominent small bright
nucleus, fainter halo. NGC 5485
lies 22' ENE. Located 35' NNE of
M101.
13.1"
(6/29/84): brighter but very slightly smaller than nearby NGC 5485, prominent
nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5473 = H I-231 = h1748 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 921) and logged
"cB, S." JH made a
single observation and recorded "pF; R; S; gbM; sky not quite clear."
******************************
NGC 5474 = UGC
9013 = VV 344b = MCG +09-23-032 = CGCG 272-023 = LGG 371-002 = PGC 50216
14 05 01.2 +53
39 44
V = 10.8; Size 4.8'x4.3'; Surf Br = 13.9
18"
(4/26/08): at 220x this is a fairly bright, large, asymmetric galaxy
~3.0'x2.5'. The galaxy is
moderately concentrated with an 0.8' core that is embedded at the north end of
the galaxy! The halo of the galaxy
is a slightly elongated N-S oval glow with the core internally tangent on the
north side.
18"
(6/17/06): fairly bright, large, with an irregular asymmetric appearance. Broadly concentrated to a 1' brighter
core that resides on the north edge of the galaxy. The 2.5' halo is slightly elongated N-S and spreads out from
the core only towards the south!
The halo has a slightly mottled texture and fades at the periphery. With averted vision the size increases
to nearly 3'. A mag 13.5-14 star
is just north of the offset core.
A mag 13 pair at 14" lies 9' ESE. This disturbed galaxy is a member of the M101 group.
17.5"
(5/22/93): fairly bright, large, irregular round or slightly elongated
SSW-NNE. Very unusual appearance
as a large brighter knot of 0.8' diameter or a very eccentrically placed core
is located at the NE edge. The
halo extends generally SW from this brighter spot. About 3' diameter, no brightening at the geometric center. A mag 14 star is just off the NE edge
0.8' beyond knot. Located 45' SSE
of M101 and the asymmetry is from being tidally deformed by M101.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5474 = H I-214 on 1 May 1788 (sweep 840) and recorded "cB,
terminating abruptly to the north, and diffused to the south." Indeed, this galaxy is very asymmetric,
with the nucleus at the north edge of the galaxy!
Samuel Hunter,
observing with LdR's 72" on 14 May 1861, logged "vL and probably of
interest. The nucleus is on the n edge
and appears to have a dark lane around it; the faint nebulosity spreads out
from it like a fan with the edges rather brighter than the centre."
******************************
NGC 5475 = UGC
9016 = MCG +09-23-033 = CGCG 272-024 = PGC 50231
14 05 12.4 +55
44 30
V = 12.6; Size 2.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 166d
13.1"
(5/26/84): fairly faint, small, edge-on streak NNW-SSE. Located 25' ESE of NGC 5443 in the M101
group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5475 = H II-800 = h1750 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 921) and noted
"pB, S." JH recorded
(single observation) "pB; S; pmE; bM; 18" l, 12" br." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5476 = MCG
-01-36-009 = PGC 50429
14 08 08.5 -06
05 31
V = 12.8; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 135d
18"
(5/29/05): fairly faint, moderately large oval 4:3 NW-SE, 1.3'x1.0', broadly
concentrated with no core. A mag
11.5 star is off the west side, 1.9' from center.
18"
(6/18/04): fairly faint, slightly elongated NW-SE, 1.0'x0.8'. The surface brightness appears slightly
irregular with possibly a brighter spot or knot offset to the west side (it
didn't appear to be the core). A
mag 12.5 star lies 1.9' W of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5476 = H III-287 = h1751 on 5 Mar 1785 (sweep 380) and logged
"vF, pS, irr." JH made
the single observation "F; pL; R." He did not measure the RA and the polar distance was only
roughly taken. Nevertheless, his
NPD is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5477 = UGC
9018 = MCG +09-23-034 = CGCG 272-025 = VV 561 = PGC 50262
14 05 32.3 +54
27 33
V = 14.0; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.7; PA = 95d
17.5"
(3/23/85): extremely faint. Nearby
is a mag 14.5 star 1.2' SW of center and a mag 15 star is superimposed south of
the core. A brighter mag 12 star
is 3.5' E of center. Member of the
M101 group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5477 = H III-790 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 921) and noted "vF,
pL." His position is within
2' of UGC 9018. Bigourdan measured
an accurate position on 17 Jun 1887.
******************************
NGC 5478 = UGC
9034 = MCG +00-36-019 = CGCG 018-055 = PGC 50430
14 08 08.5 -01
42 08
V = 13.6; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 37d
18"
(5/29/05): fairly faint, small, round, 0.7' diameter. Weak, even concentration to the center but there was no
well-defined core. A mag 11 star
lies 2' WSW.
18"
(6/18/04): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter. Weak, even concentration to a small,
brighter core giving a symmetrical appearance. A mag 11 star lies 2.4' WSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5478 = H III-762 on 23 Mar 1789 (sweep 917) and noted "vF,
vS." His position is barely
off the north side of the galaxy.
******************************
NGC 5479 = MCG
+11-17-019 = CGCG 317-016 = PGC 50282
14 05 57.3 +65
41 26
V = 14.1; Size 0.7'x0.5'
17.5"
(6/23/01): faint, very small, round, 25" diameter, weak concentration. On
a small line with several stars including a mag 11 star 2' NW and a mag 13.8
GSC star 1.3' NW. Forms a close pair with MCG +11-17-18 1.1' NNW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5479 = Sw IV-14 on 11 Jun 1884 and recorded "eF; vS; R;
nearly between 2 stars." His
RA is 1.0 min too small, but his comment "nearly bet 2 st" confirms
this identification.
******************************
NGC 5480 = UGC
9026 = MCG +09-23-035 = CGCG 272-027 = Holm 588a = LGG 372-004 = PGC 50312
14 06 21.8 +50
43 29
V = 12.1; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 0d
18"
(4/26/08): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, 1.2'x0.8',
broad concentration with a brighter 25" core and a faint stellar nucleus
using direct vision. Forms a very
nice pair with NGC 5480 3.2' E.
13.1"
(3/24/84): fairly faint, moderately large, almost round, diffuse, almost even
or even surface brightness. Forms
a pair with NGC 5481 3.2' E over the Bootes border.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5480 = H II-692, along with NGC 5481, on 15 May 1787 (sweep 736)
and described both as "Two, both F, R. The preceding pS, vgbM. The following vS, stellar, suddenly mbM. The place taken between them; in the
parallel nearly, about 2 1/2' distance; the following about 1/2' more
south." CH's reduction is
much closer to NGC 5481. Bigourdan
measured an accurate RA on 12 Jun 1887 (repeated in the IC 2 notes). The UGC declination is 20' too far
south.
******************************
NGC 5481 = UGC
9029 = MCG +09-23-036 = CGCG 272-028 = Holm 588b = LGG 372-005 = PGC 50331
14 06 41.4 +50
43 23
V = 12.3; Size 1.8'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 115d
18"
(4/26/08): moderately bright but small, round, ~30" diameter. Fairly high surface brightness with a
relatively large, bright 20" core and easily visible stellar nucleus. Forms the eastern member of a pair with
NGC 5480 3.2' E.
13.1"
(3/24/84): faint, very small, slightly elongated, possible faint stellar nucleus. Smaller but similar surface brightness
to NGC 5480 3.2' W in the constellation of Ursa Major!
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5481 = H II-693, along with NGC 5480, on 15 May 1787 (sweep 736)
and described both as "Two, both F, R. The preceding pS, vgbM. The following vS, stellar, suddenly mbM. The place taken between them; in the
parallel nearly, about 2 1/2' distance; the following about 1/2' more
south." CH's reduction is
much closer to NGC 5481. Bigourdan
measured an accurate RA on 12 Jun 1887 (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 5482 = UGC
9038 = MCG +02-36-043 = CGCG 074-115 = PGC 50459
14 08 30.7 +08
55 55
V = 12.9; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 88d
17.5"
(6/8/02): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated E-W, 0.8'x0.6',
moderate concentration with a small brighter core ~15" diameter. A couple of mag 14.5 stars [28"
separation] lie 2.5' SSE. Follows
a mag 12 star by 3.8'. Located
~1.5¡ ESE of the large NGC 5416 cluster.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5482 = H III-59 on 19 Mar 1784 (sweep 179) and noted "eF,
S, suspected with 157 and verified with 240." His position is 8 sec of RA east of UGC 9038 and matches in
declination.
******************************
NGC 5483 = ESO
271-019 = MCG -07-29-008 = PGC 50600
14 10 25.0 -43
19 29
V = 11.2; Size 3.7'x3.4'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 25d
22"
(6/28/06 - Hawaii): at 200x this face-on spiral appeared moderately bright,
moderately large, elongated 4:3 ~N-S, ~2.6'x1.8', broad concentration. Nestled among a group of faint stars
with a mag 14-15 star just off the NE side and another at the SW edge of the
halo. A mag 9.5 star with a close,
mag 11.8 companion at 3" separation lies 4' E.
12.5"
(6/24/06 - Haleakala Crater): at 176x appeared faint, fairly large, slightly
elongated ~2.5'x2.2', broad weak concentration but no well defined core. Increases in size with averted vision
so the outer halo gradually fades.
Situated in a rich star field with a mag 9.5 star 4' E. Located 19' NE of mag 6.2 HD 123445.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5483 = h3557 on 15 Mar 1836 and recorded "pF; vL; R; vgbM;
4'." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 5484 = CGCG
272-029 = PGC 50338
14 06 48.2 +55
01 47
V = 14.7; Size 0.4'x0.3'
18"
(4/26/08): very faint, small, irregularly round, 25"x20", fairly low
even surface brightness. Located
3.8' WNW of NGC 5485 in a group.
17.5"
(5/10/86): very faint, small, slightly elongated, weak concentration. Located 3.8' NW of much brighter NGC
5485 in a trio with NGC 5486.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5484 = H III-791 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 921) and recorded
"Two; [referring to NGC 5485] cB, R, vgmbM. Has another preceding [NGC 5484]; vF, R, nearly in the
meridian 3 or 4' dist preceding."
CH added the comment in her fair copy that "By the description it
should be perhaps be nearly in the parallel." Although only a single position was given (matching NGC
5485], this galaxy is 3.7' west-northwest and matches the description.
Bigourdan's
"corrected" position for NGC 5484 on 13 May 1899 refers to NGC 5485.
Bigourdan and d'Arrest were both unsuccessful in finding NGC 5484 so Dreyer
mistakenly noted in his 1912 correction list that "III 791 should probably
be struck out. There is not any
nebula close p [of NGC 5485]."
******************************
NGC 5485 = UGC
9033 = MCG +09-23-037 = CGCG 272-030 = PGC 50369
14 07 11.4 +55
00 07
V = 11.4; Size 2.3'x1.9'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 170d
18"
(4/26/08): bright, moderately large, elongated 4:3 N-S, sharply concentrated with
a very bright 25" core and a much fainter 1.4' halo. With direct vision a stellar nucleus
was easily visible. Brightest in a
small trio with NGC 5484 3.8' WNW
and NGC 5484 6.4' NNE.
17.5"
(5/10/86): fairly bright, bright core, possible stellar nucleus. Nearby galaxies are NGC 5484 3.8' WNW
and NGC 5486 6.4' NNE. Member of
the M101 group.
13.1"
(5/26/84): fairly bright, fairly small, slightly elongated, increases to a
bright core.
13.1 (6/29/84):
fainter halo increases in size with averted.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5485 = H I-232 on 14 Apr 1789 (sweep 921) and recorded
"Two, cB, R, vgmbM. Has
another preceding [NGC 5484 = III-791]; vF, R, nearly in the meridian 3 or 4'
dist preceding." CH added the
comment in her fair copy that "By the description it should be perhaps be
nearly in the parallel." His
single position corresponds with UGC 9033.
******************************
NGC 5486 = UGC
9036 = MCG +09-23-038 = CGCG 272-031 = PGC 50383
14 07 25.0 +55
06 10
V = 13.3; Size 1.9'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 80d
18"
(4/26/08): fairly faint, moderately large, slightly elongated E-W, 1.2'x1.0',
weak concentration, fairly low surface brightness. Located 6.5' NNE of NGC 5485 in a trio.
17.5"
(5/10/86): fairly faint, moderately large, diffuse, very small brighter
core. Last of three with NGC 5485
6.4' SSW and NGC 5484 7.1' SW.
13"
(6/29/84): very faint, averted only, very elongated ~E-W, no details. Located 6.5' NNE of NGC 5485.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5486 = H II-801 on 14 Apr 1789 (last object in the long sweep
921) and noted "F, S."
His position (CH's reduction) is 2' northeast of UGC 9036. Bigourdan measured an accurate position
******************************
NGC 5487 = MCG
+01-36-021 = CGCG 046-061 = Holm 594a = PGC 50537
14 09 43.9 +08
04 09
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 68d
17.5"
(6/8/02): faint, fairly small, elongated 5:3 WSW-ENE, 0.7'x0.4', low even
surface brightness. Located 3' SSW
of a mag 8.9 star that hinders viewing.
A group of five mag 12-13 stars just north of the bright star forms a
small asterism.
George Searle
discovered NGC 5487 = HN 36 on 22 Mar 1868 with the 15-inch refractor at
Harvard College Observatory (Annals of Harvard Observatory, Vol 13, #324). He mentioned that clouds hampered
measurement of the position so Dreyer noted the position as very uncertain in
the NGC. Nevertheless, the
position is very close to CGCG 046-061 = PGC 50537.
******************************
NGC 5488 = ESO
384-058 = MCG -05-33-048 = IC 4375 = LGG 369-010 = PGC 50423
14 08 03.0 -33
18 53
V = 11.9; Size 3.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 22d
18"
(5/16/09): fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 7:2 SSW-NNE,
1.8'x0.5', bright core with much fainter extensions. Located close north of mag 9 star HD 123387 (1.2' between
centers) that detracts from viewing.
The major axis of the galaxy is nearly collinear with the star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5488 = h3558 on 8 Jun 1837 and recorded "F; R; near and to
the north of a * 8m." His RA
is given only to the nearest minute and marked as rough (dec to the nearest min
+/-). This rough position is 3 min of RA east and 20' south of ESO 384-058
although his comment of "to the north of a *8m" applies to this
galaxy. DeLisle Stewart
found the galaxy again on an Arequipa plate (#393) in 1900, measured an
accurate position, and Dreyer catalogued it as IC 4375. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 5489 = ESO
271-021 = PGC 50701
14 12 00.7 -46
05 19
V = 12.2; Size 1.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 129d
22"
(6/28/06 - Hawaii): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 0.8'x0.5',
fairly sharply concentrated with a very small brighter core. A nice string of three mag 12-13 stars
at 18" and 23" separation lies 9' SW. Located 18' WSW of mag 7.5 HD 69489.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5489 = h3559 on 1 Jul 1834 and recorded "F; S; R; psbM;
10"." His position (also
measured the next night) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5490 = UGC
9058 = MCG +03-36-065 = CGCG 103-095 = Holm 595a = 4C+17.57 = WBL 493-003 = LGG
376-001 = PGC 50558
14 09 57.3 +17
32 44
V = 12.1; Size 2.4'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 5d
18"
(5/3/08): bright, irregularly round, moderately large, ~1.0'x0.8' N-S, sharply
concentrated with a very bright 20" core and stellar nucleus. Brightest in a group including NGC
5490B = MCG +03-36-067 1.6' ENE, IC 982 9' N and NGC 5490C 4.8' NNE. NGC5490B appeared extremely faint and small,
round, 10" diameter, required averted vision to glimpse. NGC 5490C = Arp 79 appeared very faint,
fairly small, 25" diameter, irregularly round, low even surface
brightness.
17.5"
(6/23/01): moderately bright, moderately large, slightly elongated N-S, bright
core, stellar nucleus. Brightest
in a group with MCG +03-36-064 2.9' NNW and NGC 5490C = Arp 79 located 4.7'
NE. A close companion, MCG
+03-36-067, off the east side not seen.
The group is located two degrees SW of Arcturus!
17.5"
(5/23/98): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter, small bright
core. Brightest in a small group
with several faint nearby companions (not seen), IC 983 11' N and IC 982 9' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5490 = H III-32 = h1752 on 14 Mar 1784 (sweep 170) and recorded
"a vS nebula, or nebulous double star. 240 confirmed it." JH made a similar observation on sweep 334: "pB, vS,
has a vF double star in centre among several stars 12m; a doubtful
object." His position matches
this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 5491 = UGC
9072 = MCG +01-36-022 = CGCG 046-063 = Holm 597a = PGC 50630
14 10 57.4 +06
21 53
V = 12.8; Size 1.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 78d
24"
(6/15/15): moderately bright, fairly small elongated 4:3 WSW-ENE,
40"x30", contains a small bright core. Forms a close pair with NGC 5491B at the north edge of the
halo, just 25" from the center.
At 375x (6mm ZAO) this compact companion appeared very faint, nearly
stellar, visible ~1/3 of the time.
A mag 14.8 star is 0.9' NE and a second mag 15 star (misclassified by
Holmberg as 597c) is 1.0' SW.
Double star BRT 2158 = 12.5/12.7 at 4.5" lies 2.7' NE.
17.5"
(5/10/91): fairly faint, fairly small, oval 3:2 WSW-ENE, elongated bright
core. Bracketed between two mag 15
stars 30" off the ENE edge and 1' WSW. Forms an interacting pair with NGC 5491B at the north edge
of halo (not seen).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5491 = H II-890 = h1753 on 12 May 1793 (sweep 1043) and recorded
"pB, pS, iR." CH's
reduced position is 2.5' southwest of UGC 9072. JH made 4 observations and recorded (sweep 154), "pF;
pL; gbM; 25"." d'Arrest
made an additional 3 observations and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5492 = UGC
9065 = MCG +03-36-074 = CGCG 103-106 = PGC 50613
14 10 35.3 +19
36 44
V = 12.8; Size 2.4'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 150d
17.5"
(5/11/96): this nice edge-on is elongated 5:1 NNW-SSE, 1.6'x0.3'. Moderate surface brightness with no
significant central brightening.
Located 14' SE of mag 7.1 SAO 100885.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5492 = H II-876 = h1754 on 20 Apr 1792 (sweep 1021) and recorded
"pB, vS." His position
is just off the south side of UGC 9065.
Stephan independently found this galaxy and reported it as new in list
XII-58, but used a poor position for the offset star so his position was
off. In the notes to list XII,
Stephan comments his object is probably identical to NGC 5492. Esmiol's "corrected" position
in his 1916 re-reduction is exactly 1' off in declination (matches in RA).
******************************
NGC 5493 = MCG
-01-36-013 = UGCA 386 = LGG 374-004 = PGC 50670
14 11 29.3 -05
02 37
V = 11.4; Size 1.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 124d
18"
(5/28/06): fairly bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE. Sharply concentrated with a small
bright nucleus surrounded by a low surface brightness halo ~1.1x0.8'.
17.5"
(4/5/97): fairly bright, moderately large. Sharply concentrated with a very
bright core 40"x15" elongated WNW-ESE, increasing to a stellar
nucleus. Surrounding the core is a
much fainter ill-defined halo ~1.3'x1.0' which is not as elongated as the core.
8"
(6/30/84): fairly bright, very small, slightly elongated, bright stellar
nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5493 = H IV-46 = h1755 on 22 Feb 1787 (sweep 706) and recorded
"pB or almost cB, vS.
Stellar, like a star with burs." JH described this object as "pB; R; psmbM; 15";
seems to have a * 18m involved np."
His position matches MCG -01-36-013 = PGC 50670.
******************************
NGC 5494 = ESO
446-025 = MCG -05-34-001 = LGG 375-002 = PGC 50732
14 12 23.9 -30
38 39
V = 11.9; Size 2.2'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.3
13.1"
(3/17/86): fairly faint, moderately large, diffuse, round, weak
concentration. Several mag 14
stars nearby bracket the galaxy to the east and west.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5494 = h3560 = Sw. XI-167 on 30 Mar 1835 and recorded "pB;
L; R; gbM; r. Stars barely seen in
the nebula, besides several others about it." His position is accurate. Lewis Swift found it on 22 Feb 1898 and recorded, "F;
pS; R; 7 faint stars around it [which clinches the identification]." Howe, of course, was unable to recover
Swift's object and suggested it was identical to NGC 5494. As a result, Dreyer didn't assign it
another designation.
******************************
NGC 5495 = ESO
511-010 = MCG -04-34-001 = PGC 50729
14 12 23.3 -27
06 30
V = 12.6; Size 1.6'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 38d
18"
(5/29/05): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated ~2:1 ~N-S, 0.8'x0.4'. Contains a very small, bright core with
faint extensions. A mag 11 is just
off the NE end and interferes with viewing. Located 11' NW of mag 5.1 50 Hydrae.
18"
(6/18/04): faint, small, slightly elongated 4:3 ~N-S. The view is severely hampered by a mag 10.5 star that is
very close to the NE edge of the galaxy (42" from center)! Overall the galaxy has a fairly even
surface brightness except for a very faint, nearly stellar nucleus with direct
vision. Located 10.5' NW of mag
5.1 50 Hydrae which is just outside the 19' field of the 10mm Pentax XW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5495 = h3561 on 13 May 1834 and recorded "vF; S; R; bM; np
a star." The galaxy is sp the
star, not northwest as JH reported (error noted by Herbert Howe in the IC 2
notes). Joseph Winlock
independently found the galaxy again on 20 Jun 1868 at Harvard College
Observatory with the 11-inch refractor.
******************************
NGC 5496 = UGC
9079 = MCG +00-36-026 = CGCG 018-074 = FGC 1721 = LGG 377-005 = PGC 50676
14 11 37.9 -01
09 33
V = 12.1; Size 4.7'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 172d
18"
(5/28/06): fairly faint, fairly large, edge-on 6:1 ~N-S, 2.5'x0.4', low
irregular surface brightness. A
mag 14.5-15 star is on the east side of the north extension.
17.5"
(4/5/97): fairly faint, large, very thin edge-on 6:1 NNW-SSE, ~3.5'x0.6'. Low surface brightness with only a weak
concentration towards the center.
A mag 15 star is embedded on the following side of the NNW extension
[50" from center].
8"
(6/30/84): extremely faint edge-on N-S, moderately large. Requires averted vision as the surface
brightness is quite low.
Edward Holden
discovered NGC 5496 on 23 Apr 1881 with the 15.6-inch Clark refractor at the
Washburn Observatory and noted "E 180¡, bM, 6'-8' long." His position (measured more accurately
on 8 May 1882) matches UGC 9079.
It's unusual that the Herschels missed this relatively bright galaxy.
******************************
NGC 5497 = UGC
9069 = MCG +07-29-048 = CGCG 219-054 = PGC 50610
14 10 31.6 +38
53 36
V = 14.1; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 75d
17.5"
(6/2/00): very faint, small, elongated 4:3 WSW-ENE, 0.6'x0.45', low even surface
brightness. Situated nearly midway
between two mag 12 stars 5' WSW and 4.3' E.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5497 = St XII-59 on 11 May 1882. His position matches UGC 9069.
******************************
NGC 5498 = UGC
9075 = MCG +04-33-043 = CGCG 132-080 = CGCG 133-003 = PGC 50639
14 11 04.5 +25
41 53
V = 13.6; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 120d
17.5"
(6/8/96): fairly faint, fairly small, irregularly round, 0.8' diameter. Fairly symmetrical concentration to a
brighter core and occasional faint stellar nucleus. HCG 71 (IC 4381 and IC 4382) lies 11' S.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5498 = St XII-60 on 9 May 1882. His position matches UGC 9075.
******************************
NGC 5499 = UGC
9074 = MCG +06-31-076 = CGCG 191-060 = PGC 50623
14 10 47.7 +35
54 48
V = 13.5; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 150d
17.5"
(6/2/00): faint, small, elongated 4:3 NNW-SSE?, weak broad concentration,
occasional faint stellar nucleus.
A wide pair of mag 11/13 stars lies 3' SSE. NGC 5517 is 28' SE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5499 = St XII-60 on 13 May 1882. His micrometric position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5500 = UGC
9070 = MCG +08-26-008 = CGCG 247-007 = Mrk 806 = LGG 372-008 = PGC 50588
14 10 15.2 +48
32 46
V = 13.3; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(5/27/95): faint, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter, weak concentration. Two bright stars (mag 8.6 SAO 63883 and
a mag 9.5 star) oriented E-W lie 5.8' WSW and 8.3' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5500 = H III-674 on 12 May 1787 (sweep 734) and logged "cF,
cS, iR." His position is 3'
too far northeast. He observed it
again 3 nights later (sweep 736) and reported "vF, vS, stellar, 300
confirmed it." There were no additional observations by JH, d'Arrest or
LdR.
******************************
NGC 5501 = MCG
+00-36-027 = CGCG 018-078 = PGC 50724
14 12 20.2 +01
16 21
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 130d
17.5"
(5/11/02): very faint, small, slightly elongated SW-NE, 0.5'x0.4', low surface
brightness. Located 13.5' SE of
mag 6.4 SAO 120334. A pair of mag
10 stars (24" separation) is located 10' due east. IC 985 lies 13' W.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5501 = h1756 on 13 Apr 1828 and recorded "a vF nebula or a
vS cluster of eS stars." His
position is 1' south of CGCG 018-078 = PGC 50724.
******************************
NGC 5502 = NGC
5503 = MCG +10-20-077 = PGC 50508
14 09 33.9 +60
24 34
See observing
notes for NGC 5503.
Edward Swift,
Lewis' 15 year-old son, discovered NGC 5502 = Sw I-29 on 9 May 1886 and
recorded "eeeF; pS; R; ee diff; between 2 stars, one a wide
double." There is only a
single galaxy here (MCG +10-20-077) but Lewis found it again two nights later,
thought it was new and it was listed a second time as Sw I-30 (later NGC 5503),
with the description "eeeF; vS; R; ee dif; forms with 2 stars a right
angle triangle."
In the
introduction to his second discovery list, Swift mentions Sw I-29 should
probably be struck out without giving an explanation. Nevertheless, Dreyer
catalogued both entries as NGC 5502 and 5503. Since NGC 5502 was discovered first, this designation should
take historical precedence. Swift made several other duplicate observations of
galaxies, though this is an unusual case involving a father and son! See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 5503 = NGC
5502 = MCG +10-20-077 = PGC 50508
14 09 33.9 +60
24 34
V = 15.0; Size 0.3'x0.13'; Surf Br = 11.8; PA = 80d
17.5"
(6/23/01): extremely faint and small, round, 10" diameter. Requires averted vision to glimpse and
only visible intermittently.
Located just 1.3' NE of a mag 12 star and 2' NW of a mag 11 star.
Lewis Swift
found NGC 5503 = Sw I-30 on 11 May 1886 and recorded "eeeF; vS; R; ee dif;
forms with 2 stars a right angle triangle." This was a reobservation of NGC 5502 = Sw I-29 which was
found two days earlier by his son Edward!
This is a unique case where a father and son both have entries in the
NGC for the same galaxy. RNGC
identifies this galaxy as NGC 5503 though by historical precedence, NGC 5502
should apply. See notes for NGC
5502.
******************************
NGC 5504 = UGC
9085 = MCG +03-36-081 = CGCG 103-114 = Holm 601a = PGC 50718
14 12 15.8 +15
50 31
V = 13.0; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 130d
18"
(6/18/04): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated ~E-W,
0.8'x0.65'. Fairly low surface
brightness but it appears to be uneven (face-on barred spiral). Forms a close pair with IC 4383 1.8'
NNW. The IC galaxy appeared faint,
small, round, 15" diameter.
17.5" (5/11/02):
fairly faint, moderately large, round, 1.2' diameter, fairly low surface
brightness. Located 11' WSW of mag
8.3 SAO 100916.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5504 = St XI-23 on 7 Jun 1880. His position is accurate. UGC and CGCG misidentify UGC 9086 as IC 4383.
******************************
NGC 5505 = UGC
9092 = MCG +02-36-048 = CGCG 074-138 = PGC 50745
14 12 31.7 +13
18 17
V = 13.2; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 130d
17.5"
(5/11/02): fairly faint, elongated 4:3 NW-SE, 0.8'x0.6'. The surface brightness is irregular and
the brighter core seems offset to one side from the center (this is a Seyfert
galaxy with an unusual appearance on the DSS). Situated between a mag 10.5 star 2.6' SSW and a 17"
pair of mag 12 stars 3' NE.
Lewis Swift discovered
NGC 5505 = Sw III-79 on 6 Jun 1886 and recorded "vF; pS; between a single
and a double star." His
position is just 1.4' south of UGC 9092 and his description applies.
******************************
NGC 5506 = MCG
+00-36-028 = CGCG 018-081 = Holm 604a = UGCA 387 = Mrk 1376 = LGG 377-002 = PGC
50782
14 13 14.8 -03
12 27
V = 11.9; Size 2.8'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 92d
17.5"
(4/4/92): moderately bright, moderately large, edge-on 5:1 E-W, 3.0'x0.6',
broad concentration. Located 11'
NE of mag 7.9 SAO 139790. Forms a
pair with NGC 5507 3.7' NNE. This
is a Seyfert and Markarian galaxy.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5506 = H II-687 = h1757 on 15 Apr 1787 (sweep 730) and recorded
"pB, cL, mE nearly in the parallel." His RA is 9 tsec too large and dec 1' south (typical
error). JH measured an accurate
position.
******************************
NGC 5507 = MCG
+00-36-029 = CGCG 018-082 = Holm 604b = UGCA 388 = LGG 377-003 = PGC 50786
14 13 19.8 -03
08 56
V = 12.5; Size 1.7'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 58d
17.5"
(4/4/92): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, small bright
core dominates, faint extensions.
Forms a pair with NGC 5506 3.7' SSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5507 = H IV-49 = h1758 on 15 Apr 1787 (sweep 730) and recorded
"pB, stellar nebula, like a star with a small bur all around." His RA
is 13 sec too large, but JH measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5508 = UGC
9094 = MCG +04-34-002 = CGCG 133-009 = PGC 50741
14 12 29.1 +24
38 08
V = 13.1; Size 2.0'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 135d
24"
(5/25/14): at 282x appeared moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:1
NW-SE, 45"x30". Contains
a small brighter core and a stellar nucleus. Rose 17, an extremely faint triplet, lies 20' NNW.
17.5"
(7/17/01): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:3 NW-SE, 1.2'x0.7', broad
concentration to a 25" brighter core. Situated within a fairly striking group of stars with three
wide, brighter pairs. Collinear
with mag 10 SAO 83223 3.6' NE and a mag 11.5 star 2' NE. About 4' SSE is a trio of mag 11/12/13
stars (including a close pair).
CGCG 133-017 lies 24' due east.
17.5":
fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:3 NW-SE, 1.2'x0.7', broad concentration
to a 25" brighter core.
Situated within a fairly striking group of stars with a mag 10/11.5 wide
pair collinear with the galaxy a few arcminutes NE. A trio of mag 10/11/12 stars lie 5' NE and another fainter
pair is also near.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5508 = St XII-62 on 20 Apr 1882. His micrometric position matches UGC 9094.
******************************
NGC 5509 = MCG
+04-34-003 = CGCG 133-010 = PGC 50725
14 12 39.6 +20
23 13
V = 14.1; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 90d
17.5"
(7/17/01): faint, fairly small, round, 0.7' diameter. Weak, even concentration and no well-defined core. Occasionally, a faint stellar nucleus
was glimpsed. Located 7' WSW of
NGC 5513/MCG +04-34-004 and first of trio. This identification differs from the RNGC and PGC and this
galaxy is not identified as NGC 5509 in CGCG, MCG or PGC.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 5509 = Big 71 on 10 Jun 1887 (his last NGC
discovery). There is nothing at
the position in his second Comptes Rendus list, but he noted an error of 19' in
polar distance in the remarks section of his 5th Comptes Rendus list (20 Apr
1891). Harold Corwin's re-reduced position matches CGCG 133-010 (his original
error was 16'). CGCG 133-010 is
not labeled NGC 5509 in the CGCG or MCG.
RNGC and PGC misidentify PGC 50725, situated 3.5' NW of NGC 5508, as NGC
5509. See Corwin's identification
notes.
******************************
NGC 5510 = ESO
579-003 = MCG -03-36-010 = PGC 50807
14 13 37.2 -17
59 02
V = 12.7; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 40d
17.5"
(6/1/02): faint, fairly small, round, 0.9' diameter. A mag 13 star is 1.3' SSE of center. Seeing too poor for details, but the
DSS image shows a knotty structure.
Forms the western vertex of a near equilateral triangle with mag 9.1 SAO
158442 9' ESE and a mag 9.8 star 9' NE.
A mag 6.5 star lies 28' SE.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 5510 = LM I-201 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 14.0, 0.4' dia, R, gbM, *13 in
field. His rough position (nearest
min of RA) is 30 sec of RA west (essentially correct) and 1' north of ESO
579-003. Stone later measured an
accurate position (repeated in the IC 1 Notes).
******************************
NGC 5511 = VV
299b = Rose 18 = MCG +02-36-050 = CGCG 074-141 = Holm 606b = VIII Zw 381 = PGC
50771
14 13 05.4 +08 37
55
Size
0.5'x0.2'; PA = 167d
18"
(6/30/11): faint to very faint, very small, slightly elongated, 0.3'
diameter. Forms a close pair with
fainter CGCG 074-142, just 1.1' SE, which appeared extremely faint, very small,
round, 12" (probably just the core seen). CGCG 74-136 lies 9' W.
The
identification of NGC 5511 with either galaxy in this pair is uncertain because
of Hough's confusing description, but CGCG 074-141 has a higher surface
brightness than -142, so seems to be the more likely of the two candidates.
17.5"
(6/8/02): extremely faint, small, irregular or slightly elongated,
0.4'x0.3'. Only a single galaxy
was seen (either CGCG 074-141 or -142, which form a 1' pair) in poor seeing ~3'
W of a mag 10.5 star. Slightly
brighter CGCG 74-136 (which may be NGC 5469) lies 10' WNW.
George Hough
discovered NGC 5511 on 10 May 1883 with the 18.5-inch Clark refractor at
Dearborn Observatory while searching for d'Arrest's comet. His position is ~2.5' east of VV 299, a
1' pair of galaxies (CGCG 074-141 and -142). His description reads "small, very faint, star 10m, 10m
preceding." Ignoring the
typo, there is no 10th mag star preceding, though a mag 10 star is ~3.5'
east-southeast. Assuming Hough
found one of the pair, CGCG 074-141 is more likely based on my visual
observation. CGCG doesn't label
either galaxy as NGC 5511. See
Harold Corwin's identification notes for more on this story.
******************************
NGC 5512 = CGCG
163-006 = PGC 50749
14 12 41.1 +30
51 18
V = 14.2; Size 0.5'x0.3'
17.5" (7/22/01):
very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, low surface brightness. Very weak concentration with an
occasional faint stellar nucleus.
Nearly collinear with two mag 11 stars 3' and 8' SSW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5512 = St XIII-71 on 3 May 1883. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5513 = UGC
9099 = MCG +04-34-005 = CGCG 133-011 = Holm 607a = PGC 50776
14 13 08.7 +20
24 59
V = 12.6; Size 1.9'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 115d
17.5"
(7/17/01): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 4:3 WNW-ESE,
1.0'x0.75'. Contains a bright,
sharp 15" core, which is concentrated to a distinct stellar nucleus. Three mag 11-12 stars forming an
arrowhead pointing west is close south.
Brightest of trio with MCG +04-34-004 just 1.4' SW and NGC 5509 7'
WSW. The MCG appeared faint, very small, round, only 12"
in diameter. This is a small edge-on
system, so I probably only picked up the brighter core. NGC 5513 is located 1.4 degrees NNW of
Arcturus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5513 = H II-877 = h1759 on 20 Apr 1792 (sweep 1021) and recorded
"pB, pL, iF." CH's
reduction is 6' too far north, though he commented "PD perhaps
inaccurate." JH made the
single observation "pB; R" and measured a more accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5514 = VV 70
= UGC 9102 = MCG +01-36-023 = CGCG 046-066 = PGC 50809
14 13 38.7 +07
39 37
V = 12.7; Size 2.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 90d
17.5"
(5/15/99): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:3 E-W, ~1.2'x0.7', very little
concentration. Two mag 14-14.5
stars are 2.0' NNW and 1.2' NE of center.
This is a close double system (strongly disturbed) but the companion at
the south edge was not seen. NGC
5519 lies 13.5' SE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 5514 on 26 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position, measured
on two nights, matches UGC 9102 = VV 70 and he noted the mag 14.5 star, which
he placed 3.4 sec following and 50" north.
******************************
NGC 5515 = UGC
9096 = MCG +07-29-052 = CGCG 219-057 = PGC 50750
14 12 38.2 +39
18 37
V = 12.9; Size 1.3'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 108d
17.5"
(5/27/95): faint, small, elongated 4:3 E-W, 0.8'x0.6', weak concentration to a
small brighter core. Forms east
vertex of an isosceles triangle with two mag 13.5 stars 2.3' WNW and 2.3' WSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5515 = H III-685 = h1760 on 16 May 1787 (sweep 738) and noted
"vF, cS, R." JH made
three observations and noted (sweep 73) "F; S; lE; 15"."
******************************
NGC 5516 = ESO
221-034 = AM 1412-475 = PGC 50960
14 15 54.8 -48
06 55
V = 12.0; Size 1.8'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 169d
14" (4/2/16
- Coonabarabran, 160x): moderately or fairly bright, moderately large, slightly
elongated N-S, 50"x40", contains a small bright core with a
relativelylarge halo. Resides in a
pretty rich star field with a pair of mag 11.1/11.4 stars at 11"
separation 3.4' ESE. This pair is
at the north tip of a very distinctive "Y" or "T-bone"
asterism with three stars due south, branching into two "arms"
(actually a semicircle) branching southwest and southeast. Three mag 12-12.5 form a small triangle
less than 2' NNE. A double star HJ
4666 = 8.5/10.5 at 11" lies 12' ESE.
NGC 5516 forms a
close pair with ESO 221-034A just 1.8' SE. It was visible as a very faint to faint patch, small,
slightly elongated WNW-ESE, 20"x14", low surface brightness. The two galaxies have similar redshifts
so form a physical pair.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5516 = h3562 on 1 Jul 1834 and recorded (sweep 464) "F; S;
R: near 2 st 12m; a small double star follows by 5'." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5517 = UGC
9100 = MCG +06-31-079 = CGCG 191-063 = PGC 50758
14 12 51.3 +35
42 39
V = 13.8; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 125d
17.5"
(6/2/00): faint, fairly small, irregularly round, weakly concentrated to a
slightly brighter core and a quasi-stellar nucleus. Located 7' N of mag 8 SAO 63990. NGC 5499 lies 28' NW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5517 = St XII-63 on 20 Apr 1882. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5518 = MCG
+04-34-006 = CGCG 133-013 = PGC 50817
14 13 47.7 +20
50 54
V = 14.0; Size 0.4'x0.4'
17.5"
(7/17/01): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 25: diameter. Weak concentration but embedded is a
sharp, stellar nucleus, easily seen with direct vision. Squeezed between two mag 10/12 stars
1.2' NW and 1.2' SE, respectively.
NGC 5513/NGC 5509 lies 28' SSW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5518 = St XII-64 on 10 May 1882 with the 31-inch reflector at
Marseilles Observatory. His
position matches CGCG 133-013 = PGC 50817.
******************************
NGC 5519 = NGC
5570 = UGC 9111 = MCG +01-36-025 = CGCG 103-132 = PGC 50865
14 14 20.9 +07
30 56
V = 13.1; Size 1.6'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 75d
17.5"
(5/15/99): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 WSW-ENE, 0.8'x0.4'. A mag 14.5 star is at the following
edge just 20" from the center.
Located 2.6' ENE of a mag 11 star.
NGC 5514 lies 13.5' NW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest found NGC 5519 on 26 Apr 1865 and noted "vF, pL, *10
precedes." His single position matches UGC 9111. Bigourdan's "corrected" position on 13 May 1896
(repeated in the IC 2 Notes) is 6' too far south.
This galaxy was
likely discovered by WH on 23 Jan 1784 and catalogued as H III-12 = NGC 5570,
with a poor position. Another
observation by WH on 12 May 1793 (sweep 1042) had a much improved position, but
was not assigned a discovery number or H-designation as he was uncertain if it
was just two stars ("2 vS statrs with nebulosity suspected between
them.")
******************************
NGC 5520 = UGC
9097 = MCG +08-26-013 = CGCG 272-043 = LGG 372-006 = PGC 50728
14 12 22.8 +50
20 54
V = 12.4; Size 2.0'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 66d
17.5"
(5/27/95): fairly faint, elongated 2:1 WSW-ENE, 1.0'x0.5'. Sharp concentration with a small bright
core and faint extensions. A mag
13 star lies 2.7' SW of center.
Located 5.3' WSW of mag 8.6 SAO 29040.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5520 = H III-676 on 15 May 1787 (sweep 736) and recorded
"cF, cS, lE, brighter towards the preceding side, nearly in the
parallel." CH's reduction is
12 sec of RA too far east and 1.5' too far north. He observed the galaxy again on 1 May 1788 (sweep 840), but
his RA was further out. Bigourdan
measured an accurate position on 12 Jun 1887 (repeated in the IC2 Notes). There
were no observations by JH, d'Arrest or at Birr Castle.
******************************
NGC 5521 = UGC
9122 = MCG +01-36-030 = CGCG 046-077 = PGC 50931
14 15 23.7 +04
24 30
V = 13.7; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.3
17.5"
(6/1/02): very faint, very small, round, just 15" diameter. Appears to have a fairly sharp stellar
nucleus surrounded by a small halo.
Located between a mag 11.5 star 2.5' S and a similar star 5' N.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5521 = h1761 on 10 Apr 1828 and recorded "F; S; R; bM;
15"." His single
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5522 = UGC
9116 = MCG +03-36-089 = CGCG 103-125 = PGC 50889
14 14 50.3 +15
08 49
V = 13.5; Size 1.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 50d
17.5"
(5/11/02): faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE, 1.0'x0.3', weakly
concentrated. Nearly collinear
with a mag 11 star 2.0' SW of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5522 = H III-644 on 19 Mar 1787 (sweep 720) and recorded
"vF, vS, E. 300 confirmed it,
but showed 2 small round patches united, which seem to be like vF aberrations
of two stars without the stars. I
viewed them with many different adjustments of the focus." His position is 17 sec of RA east and
2' south (or 4.5' southeast) of UGC 9116, though the description is odd. Bigourdan measured an accurate position
on 23 May 1887 (given in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 5523 = UGC
9119 = MCG +04-34-008 = CGCG 133-018 = PGC 50895
14 14 51.7 +25
19 05
V = 12.1; Size 4.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 99d
13.1"
(6/4/83): faint, edge-on streak ~E-W, moderately large, almost even surface
brightness. Located 2.6' SE of a
mag 10.5 star. NGC 5548 lies 45'
ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5523 = H III-134 = h1762 on 19 May 1784 (sweep 220) and recorded
"eF, pL, lE, r, 2 or 3 stars visible in it. The nebula is nf a pB star." His position is 5' too far north. JH logged (sweep 425) "pB; pL; mE; 2' l, 30"
br." and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5524
14 14 00.6 +36
25 02
=*, Corwin.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 5524 on 19 Apr 1855 while observing NGC 5529. Although no absolute position was
given, he placed this nova 6' west and 1' north of NGC 5527 (another LdR
discovery). JH was confused which
two objects were being offset and the GC/NGC position is erroneous, but falls
closest to CGCG 191-067. Most
modern catalogues misidentify this galaxy as NGC 5524. According to Harold
Corwin's analysis, CGCG 191-067 = NGC 5527 and the best candidate for NGC 5524
is the unequal double star at the position given here. This implies that Mitchell should have
placed this double star 6' west and 1' south of NGC 5527. In November 2014, though, Corwin
decided a faint star, which is 5.5' from NGC 5527 and north of it by just under
1', is more consistent with Mtchell's estimates.
******************************
NGC 5525 = UGC
9124 = MCG +03-36-096 = CGCG 103-132 = PGC 50946
14 15 39.3 +14
16 57
V = 12.8; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 23d
17.5"
(5/11/02): fairly faint;, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, 0.9'x0.6'. Contains a slightly brighter, rounder
core ~20" diameter. Three mag
11 stars are 6'-8' NE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5525 = St XIII-72 on 3 May 1883. His position matches UGC 9124.
******************************
NGC 5526 = UGC
9115 = MCG +10-20-085 = CGCG 295-040 = FGC 1733 = PGC 50832
14 13 53.7 +57
46 17
V = 13.5; Size 1.8'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 136d
17.5"
(5/27/95): very faint, thin edge-on 6:1 NW-SE, 1.2'x0.2'. Appears as a low surface brightness
sliver with no concentration. A
mag 14 star is 0.8' NNE of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5526 = H III-804 = h1763 on 17 Apr 1789 (sweep 924) and noted
"cF, S, E." His position
and description matches UGC 9115.
He observed the galaxy again on 17 Mar 1790 (sweep 948), recorded it
again as III-835 at nearly the same position (CH's reduction). JH combined the two H-designations in
the GC.
******************************
NGC 5527 = MCG
+06-31-081 = CGCG 191-067 = PGC 50868
14 14 27.2 +36
24 16
V = 14.2; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 149d
18"
(7/2/11): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 35" diameter, weak even
concentration but no core or zones.
Located 17' NW of the thin edge-on NGC 5529. This galaxy is misidentified as NGC 5524 in most sources.
17.5"
(5/27/95): very faint, small, round, 30" diameter. No concentration although appears
asymmetric and possibly brighter on the west side (or an extremely faint star
superimposed). Located 17' NW of
NGC 5529. This galaxy is
identified as NGC 5524 in modern catalogues.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 5527 on 19 Apr 1855 with LdR's 72" during an observation of
the NGC 5529 field. This nova was
described as "another vF about 15' np [of NGC 5529]." CGCG 191-067 = PGC 50868 is a good
match with this description (the actual separation is 17') Most galaxy catalogues misidentify CGCG
191-067 as NGC 5524 (this was also Bigourdan's interpretation). But NGC 5524 derives from Mitchell's
description "another eeF about 6' preceding and 1' north of this last [NGC
5527]." Corwin identifies NGC
5524 as an unequal double star, located 6' preceding and 1' south of NGC 5527.
RNGC, PGC,
SIMBAD and WikiSky misidentify MCG +06-31-085a as NGC 5527. MCG +06-31-085a is an extremely low
surface brightness galaxy 0.3 min of RA west and 2' south of NGC 5529. NED and HyperLeda correctly identify
PGC 50868 as NGC 5527. Finally,
Rosse also mentions a "vF neb sf [NGC 5529], and in this direction is CGCG
191-071 (see observing notes).
Unfortunately this object didn't receive a NGC number, probably due to
the lack of offset or a sketch.
******************************
NGC 5528 = MCG
+02-36-060 = CGCG 074-153 = Holm 620a/b = PGC 50981
14 16 19.9 +08
17 38
V = 13.9; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 10d
17.5"
(7/17/01): faint, small, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, 0.6'x0.4', weak
concentration. A small group of 7
mag 12-13 stars is 6' W. Located
10' SSW of a wide pair of mag 9/10 stars.
NGC 5535/5539 pair lies 21'
ESE. In the foreground of
AGC 1890.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5528 = Sw VI-65 on 23 Mar 1887 and recorded "eeF; pS; R; vF
* close; triple star in field preceding." His position is just 6 sec of RA following CGCG 074-153 =
PGC 50981 and his description applies, with the triple star 7' west-southwest.
******************************
NGC 5529 = UGC
9127 = MCG +06-31-085 = CGCG 191-069 = FGC 1735 = PGC 50942
14 15 34.1 +36
13 36
V = 11.9; Size 6.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 115d
48"
(4/22/17): bright, very large, thin edge-on ~8:1 or 9:1 WNW-ESE, 5'x0.6'. Contains a bright, very elongated core
or central region that slightly bulges with long thin extensions. A low contrast dust lane runs through
the central 1/3 or 1/2 the galaxy, slicing the galaxy asymmetrically with the
main brighter portion on the south side of the lane. A mag 14.6 star is at or just beyond the ESE tip. A striking 1' string of three mag
11/13/13.5 stars is ~5' ESE of center.
LEDA 2076904 (V
= 17.0), is just north of the east-southeast end of NGC 5529 and 2.9' ESE of
center. It appeared faint, very
small, slightly elongated, ~15"x12". CGCG 191-071 (V = 15.0), 3.6' SE of center, appeared fairly faint, fairly small, slightly
elongated N-S, 0.4'x0.3', weak concentration. This galaxy is the brightest of the nearby galaxies. MCG +06-31-085b (V = 16.8), 3.6' NE of
NGC 5529, appeared very faint, very small, round, 15" diameter. A mag 14.5 star is 25" NW. These three galaxies are
collinear roughly N-S.
2MASX
J14151337+3610078, 5.5' SW of NGC 5529, appeared faint, very small, round,
6" diameter. A mag 15 star is
22" SSW. It was easily
visible (V = 16.6) due to fairly high surface brightness. MCG +06-31-085a, 3.4' SW of NGC 5529,
appeared very faint, fairly small, round, 18" diameter. Very low even surface brightness with
no zones. This galaxy is
misidentified as NGC 5527 in RNGC, PGC, SIMBAD and WikiSky, but it is much too
faint to have been discovered visually.
Finally a close
trio of galaxies (two interacting) lie ~9' E of NGC 5529. LEDA 2076761 is fairly faint (V =
15.7), very small, round, 12" diameter. LEDA 2076843 (V = 15.0) appeared fairly faint, small, round,
15" to 18" diameter. A
tidal arm to the north was not seen.
Just 18" SE is 2MASX J14161954+3612404 (V = 16.2), logged as very
faint to faint, extremely small, round, 6" diameter.
18"
(7/2/11): fairly faint but striking large edge-on, ~7:1 WNW-ESE, ~3.2'x0.4',
weak concentration with a larger, slightly brighter central region. No distinct core or nucleus. A 1' string of three star mag
11/13/13.5 stars is ESE, with the bright star collinear with the major axis of
the galaxy.
NGC 5529 forms a
close pair with MCG +06-31-087 3.7' SE (background galaxy) and MCG +06-31-086
is 9' N. The MCG to the southeast
(discovered in 1855 at Birr Castle but not assigned a NGC designation) appeared
extremely faint and small, round, 8" diameter, low surface
brightness. MCG +06-31-086 is
faint, small, round, 15" diameter, and is situated 3.1' ENE of a mag 10.2
star.
17.5" (5/27/95):
faint, large, edge-on ~8:1 ratio WNW-ESE, 3.5'x0.4', weak concentration. Two nearby mag 14.5 stars are 1.4' S of
center and off the ESE extension 3.0' from center. Forms a close pair with MCG +06-31-087 3.8' SE. NGC 5557 lies 38' ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5529 = H III-414 = h1764 on 1 May 1785 (sweep 405) and recorded
"vF, vmE." JH made the
single observation "pF; vmE; a long narrow ray pos = 110.3¡ by micrometer;
vgvlbM; 90" l, 12" br."
R.J. Mitchell, observing with LdR's 72" on 19 Apr 1855, recorded
"long narrow ray with a S, R, vF neb sf..." The second object is certainly CGCG 191-071, which was not
assigned a GC or NGC designation.
******************************
NGC 5530 = ESO
272-003 = MCG -07-29-013 = PGC 51106
14 18 27 -43 23
18
V = 11.3; Size 4.2'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 127d
22"
(6/28/06 - Hawaii): fairly faint, fairly large, elongated 5:2 NW-SE,
3.5'x1.5'. Appears as a low even
surface brightness glow except for a 12th magnitude star that appears to be
superimposed on the center! The
galaxy seems to extend further to the NW of the star or the halo may be
slightly brighter is this direction. Located 3.8' SSW of a mag 10.2 star. A small rectangular asterism of 4 mag
13-14.5 stars follows by 3'.
13.1"
(4/10/86): faint, fairly small, almost round, very bright stellar nucleus
(~12th mag) surrounded by a diffuse halo.
Very far southern galaxy to view from Northern California.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5530 = h3563 on 7 Apr 1837 and recorded "a star 12m,
perfectly sharp in the center of a very dilute, very gradually fading
atmosphere, pmE; 90" l, 40" br.
A very remarkable specimen of its class." His position is accurate. Robert Innes described the galaxy with a 7-inch from the
Cape of Good Hope as "a fine nebulous star".
******************************
NGC 5531 = MCG
+02-36-061 = CGCG 074-155 = PGC 50999
14 16 43.3 +10
53 06
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3
24"
(6/15/15): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 30" diameter. Forms a merged pair with SDSS J141643.57+105252.4
= LEDA 4409321 barely within the halo, just 16" SSE of center. At 375x (6mm ZAO) this small companion
appeared as a faint, very small extension at the south-southeast edge of the
halo.
17.5"
(5/15/99): faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter, low even surface
brightness. Located near midpoint
of NGC 5531 5.2' SSE and a mag 9.5 star 5' NW. An attached companion on the south side was not noticed.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 5531 on 7 Feb 1862 with the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen. His position (measured on two nights)
matches CGCG 074-155 = PGC 50999.
******************************
NGC 5532 = UGC
9137 = MCG +02-36-062 = CGCG 074-156 = Holm 622a = 3C 296 = PGC 51006
14 16 52.9 +10
48 27
V = 11.9; Size 1.6'x1.6'; Surf Br = 12.7
24"
(6/15/15): moderately to fairly bright, moderately large, round, 0.8'
diameter. Sharply concentrated
with a bright core that increases to a very bright, quasi-stellar nucleus. Forms a close, physical pair with NGC
5532B = PGC 214240 just 34" S of center. At 375x it appeared faint to fairly faint, very small,
12"x8", contains a faint stellar nucleus. NGC 5531 lies 5.2' NNW.
17.5"
(5/15/99): fairly faint-moderately bright, fairly small, round, 0.8'
diameter. Sharp concentration with
a well-defined bright core and occasional stellar nucleus. I recorded a mag 14.5 star at the SE
edge - but this appears to be a contact companion listed in the UGC notes as
0.3'x0.2' just 33" SSE of center!
Forms a pair with NGC 5531 5.2' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5532 = H III-47 = h1765 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 175) and noted
"vF, r. I see two or three
stars in it." CH's reduced
position is 1.8' northwest of UGC 9137.
One of WH's "stars" is very possibly the companion at the
south-southeast edge that I picked up. JH has a single observation and measured
an accurate position.
There are
several very faint galaxies nearby on the DSS - Could this be a background
cluster?
******************************
NGC 5533 = UGC
9133 = MCG +06-31-089 = CGCG 191-072 = PGC 50973
14 16 07.7 +35
20 37
V = 11.8; Size 3.1'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 30d
13.1"
(6/18/85): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated SW-NE, small bright core,
diffuse halo.
8"
(4/24/82): faint, elongated SW-NE, broad concentration. Located 25' SW of a mag 5 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5533 = H II-418 = h1766 on 1 May 1785 (sweep 405) and noted
"pB, mbM, iR." JH made
three observations. His positions vary by nearly 3' in declination, but his
position on sweep 71 is accurate.
On an observation at Birr Castle by Mitchell on 30 Mar 1856, he noted
"E nearly north-south, small star south-following, B Nucl."
CGCG
misidentifies CGCG 191-070 as NGC 5533.
******************************
NGC 5534 = MCG
-01-36-014 = Mrk 1379 = VV 615 = PGC 51055
14 17 40.7 -07
25 02
V = 12.3; Size 1.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 55d
24"
(6/15/15): NGC 5534 is an interacting, merging pair. The main western component is moderately bright and large,
elongated 3:2 SW-NE, sharply concentrated with a small bright core and stellar
nucleus, 40"x25". The
dwarf companion Holm 623B = PGC 51057 is attached on the east side with the
centers separated by just 26" (measured on the DSS2). At 375x it appeared faint, very small,
round, 12" diameter, visible continuously. At 200x, NGC 5534 is situated within a distinctive 12'
string of 5 stars mag 10.5-12.5 extending southwest to northeast. Mag 6.5 HD 125184 lies 9' SE.
13.1"
(6/4/83): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated ~E-W, small faint
nucleus. Located within in a line
of five stars mag 11-12.5 aligned SW-NE of length 11.8'. The nearest is a mag 12.5 star 1.6'
W. Mag 6.5 star SAO 139856 is 9.0'
SSE.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 5534 = T V-30 = St XII-65 on 29 Apr 1881 and recorded
"class II, stellar nucleus; a * 11-12 precedes. Lalande 21647 follows to
the south." His position is
accurate. Less than 3 weeks later,
Stephan independently discovered the galaxy on 17 May 1881 and also measured an
accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5535 = LEDA
97424
14 17 31.3 +08
12 30
V = 15.0; Size 0.5'x0.4'; PA = 15d
48"
(4/19/17): at 610x; fairly faint, very small, round, 12"-15"
diameter. Situated 2.4' NW of NGC
5539, the brightest cluster member in AGC 1890.
17.5"
(7/18/01): extremely faint and small, round, 10"-15" diameter. Collinear with two mag 14/15 stars 2.5'
and 4' SW. Located 2.4' NW of
brighter NGC 5539.
This radio
galaxy is the second brightest in AGC 1890 and at a distance of ~780 million
light years (z = .057), is one of the most distant galaxies in the NGC, along
with NGC 870 and NGC 2603, according to Wolfgang Steinicke
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 5535 = m 273 on 8 May 1864 and noted "eF, S, irr
R." His position is 7 sec of
RA east and 1.7' south of PGC 97424, the second brightest galaxy in the core of
AGC 1890. It is possible, though,
this was another observation of NGC 5539 = PGC 51054, the brightest member just
2.4' SE. MCG and CGCG identify
PGC 51054 as NGC 5539/NGC 5535 and have entry for this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 5536 = UGC
9136 = MCG +07-29-057 = CGCG 219-064 = Arak 444 = PGC 50986
14 16 23.8 +39
30 08
V = 13.5; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(5/15/99): faint, small, elongated 4:3 ~N-S, 0.7'x0.5', very small brighter
core. Located near the midpoint of
two mag 11.5 stars 3.5' NW and 3.5' SE.
Forms a pair with NGC 5541 5.5' NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5536 = H III-731 = h1768, along with NGC 5541, on 29 Apr 1788
(sweep 837) and recorded "vF, vS." His position is ~1' north of UGC 9136. JH made the single observation "F;
R; the p of 2 or perhaps of 3."
******************************
NGC 5537 = MCG
+01-36-032 = CGCG 046-082 = PGC 51047
14 17 37.1 +07
03 17
V = 14.1; Size 1.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 35d
17.5"
(5/10/91): very faint, small, oval 3:2 ~N-S, low even surface brightness. A mag 13.5 star is just off the SW edge
1.3' from center.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 5537 = m 274 on 8 May 1864 and noted "eeF, S,
lE." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 5538 = CGCG
046-083 = PGC 51056
14 17 42.5 +07
28 35
V = 14.4; Size 0.8'x0.2'; PA = 70d
17.5"
(5/10/91): extremely faint, very small, round, averted only. Three mag 12.5-14.5 stars lie 3'
S. In a group with NGC 5542 6' NE.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 5538 = m 275, along with NGC 5542, on 6 Mar 1851 with LdR's
72", while observing the field of NGC 5546. He noted "another about 10' south-preceding [NGC
5542]." There were no later
observations to determine a more precise position. Albert Marth independently found this galaxy on 8 May 1864
and called it "eF, S, E."
Dreyer catalogued it again as GCS 5762 but realized the likely
equivalence with Stoney's nebula and added the note "must be = GC 3830
[LdR]", though placed it under GCS 5763.
******************************
NGC 5539 = MCG
+01-36-033 = CGCG 046-084 = PGC 51054
14 17 37.8 +08
10 46
V = 14.4; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 11.9; PA = 35d
48"
(4/19/17): at 610x; moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE,
24"x 18", small bright core.
A mag 15.5 star is barely off the NE edge of the halo. NGC 5539 is the brightest cluster
member of AGC 1890. Several
fainter companions are nearby, the closest 3 form the quartet Rose 20.
LEDA 1340691 (V
= 16.0), 0.7' SW: faint, very small, round, 10" diameter.
2MASX
J14173546+0810518 (V = 16.5), 0.6' W: fairly faint, very small, round, 10"
diameter.
LEDA 1340894 (V
= 16.3), 1.8' W: extremely to very faint, round, 6"-8" diameter.
2MASX
J14173411+0813258 (V = 16.1), 2.8' NNW: very faint, extremely small, round,
8" diameter.
LEDA 1342289 (V
= 17.2), 3.2' N: extremely faint
and small, 5" diameter.
LEDA 1341835 (V
= 15.3): faint to fairly faint, small, round, 12"-15" diameter.
17.5"
(7/18/01): faint, small, 0.5'x0.3', elongated SW-NE. A faint star is attached at the NE end. Irregular surface brightness and
shape. This galaxy is identified
as NGC 5535/5539 in MCG and CGCG although NGC 5535 is a separate galaxy 2.4' NW
(also observed). At a distance of
~780 million light years (z = .057), this is one of the most distant galaxies
in the NGC.
17.5"
(5/15/99): this galaxy is the brightest in AGC 1890 and appeared surprisingly
faint and small. Very faint, very
small, 20" diameter, irregular appearance - appears to have a faint star
involved or the galaxy may be double.
On the DSS there are several faint stars and/or stellar companions very
close. NGC 5535 is 2.4' NW (not
seen).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5539 = h1767 on 24 Apr 1830 and recorded "F; irreg fig; pL;
gbM; r." His position matches
PGC 51054, the brightest member in the distant cluster AGC 1890. NGC 5535 (discovered by Marth) is 2.4'
northwest, although CGCG (046-084) and MCG (+01-36-033) equate NGC 5535 with
5539. At a distance of ~780
million light years (z = .057), this is one of the most distant galaxies in the
NGC, along with NGC 870 and NGC 2603, according to Wolfgang Steinicke.
******************************
NGC 5540 = MCG
+10-20-090 = CGCG 295-041 = PGC 50883
14 14 54.3 +60
00 39
V = 13.9; Size 0.5'x0.3'; PA = 10d
17.5" (5/27/95):
faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, moderate surface brightness. Situated on a line between a mag 10
star 6.9' NE and mag 8.4 SAO 16313 11' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5540 = H III-805 on 17 Apr 1789 (sweep 924) and noted "eF,
vS, stellar neb, 300 verified it."
His position matches CGCG 295-041 = PGC 50883.
******************************
NGC 5541 = UGC
9139 = MCG +07-29-059 = CGCG 219-065 = PGC 50991
14 16 31.7 +39
35 20
V = 12.8; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 11.8; PA = 0d
17.5" (5/15/99):
fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 0.8'x0.4', even surface
brightness. Nestled in an 8'
string of mag 12-13 stars oriented WSW-ENE. Forms a pair with NGC 5536 5.5' SSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5541 = H III-732 = h1769, along with NGC 5536, on 29 Apr 1788
(sweep 837) and recorded "vF, vS, lE." JH made four observations, reporting on sweep 357, "pF;
S; R; gbM; 10"." On
another sweep he mentioned "perhaps a third one near." This possibly refers to MCG +07-29-058.
******************************
NGC 5542 = MCG
+01-36-034 = CGCG 046-085 = PGC 51066
14 17 53.2 +07
33 31
V = 14.2; Size 0.5'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.0
17.5"
(7/17/01): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, 0.7'x0.5', small bright
core. In a trio with NGC 5546 4.0'
E and NGC 5543 6.4' NE.
Accidentally ran across the trio while looking for NGC 5528.
17.5"
(5/10/91): very faint, very small, round, weak concentration. In a trio with NGC 5546 4' E and NGC
5538 6' SW.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 5542, along with NGC 5538, on 6 Mar 1851 with LdR's 72",
while observing the field of NGC 5546.
He noted "another 5' preceding [NGC 5546]." There were no later observations to
determine a more precise position.
Heinrich d'Arrest measured an accurate position (3 observations in 1865)
and noted it preceded NGC 5546 by 16-17 sec of RA.
******************************
NGC 5543 = CGCG
046-088 = PGC 51079
14 18 04.1 +07
39 17
V = 14.5; Size 0.5'x0.2'; Surf Br = 11.8; PA = 140d
17.5"
(7/17/01): faintest in a trio with NGC 5546 5.5' SSE and NGC 5542 6.4' SW. Faint, very small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE,
0.4'x0.2'. Collinear with two mag
13-14 stars equally spaced 1.2' N and 2.3' N.
17.5"
(5/10/91): very faint, very small, irregularly round. Three collinear equally spaced (1' separation each) mag 14
stars trail off to the N. In a
group with NGC 5546 5' SSE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 5543 on 26 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen while observing NGC 5546.
His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5544 = Arp
199 NED1 = VV 210b = UGC 9142 = MCG +06-31-090 = CGCG 191-073w = LGG 378-004 =
PGC 51018
14 17 02.6 +36
34 16
V = 13.4; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0
18"
(5/3/08): NGC 5544 is the southwest component of an interacting, contact pair with
NGC 5545 (Arp 199). At 280x it
appeared as a fairly faint, small, round knot, ~25" diameter (very faint
outer halo not seen), weak even concentration. NGC 5544 has a slightly higher surface brightness than
elongated NGC 5545.
17.5"
(3/23/85): very elongated streak WSW-ENE, moderately large, uneven surface
brightness. This is a contact pair
appearing as two brighter knots at the SW end (NGC 5544) and the NE end (NGC
5545).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5544 = H II-419 = h1771 on 1 May 1785 (sweep 405) and recorded a
single nebula, described as "F, pL", so he did not resolve this
double system with NGC 5545. JH
made three observations and logged on 27 Apr 1827 (sweep 72) "F; S; a
double nebula or two which run together, pos 10¡ nf by diagram." Interestingly, although JH described
this galaxy in the GC (3833) as "F; pS; E 80¡; D[ouble] or
biN[uclear]", he credited LdR with the discovery of GC 3834 = NGC 5545.
******************************
NGC 5545 = Arp
199 NED2 = VV 210a = UGC 9143 = MCG +06-31-091 = CGCG 191-073e = LGG 378-005 =
PGC 51023
14 17 05.2 +36
34 29
V = 14.1; Size 1.0'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 58d
18"
(5/3/08): this galaxy forms the eastern component of an interacting, contact
pair (Arp 199) with NGC 5544 attached at the WSW end. At 280x it appeared
fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE, 0.9'x0.3', weak
concentration. NGC 5544 appears as
a brighter knot attached at the preceding end! NGC 5557 lies 17' ESE.
17.5"
(3/23/85): double system elongated WSW-ENE and attached to NGC 5544 at the WSW
end, 0.6' between centers. Appears
larger than NGC 5544. The two
systems are separated by just a small darker region of lower surface brightness
but are not cleanly resolved.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5545 on 27 Apr 1827 as he noted "a double nebula [with NGC
5544] which run together pos 10¡ nf by diagram." Bindon Stoney, LdR's assistant, found the pair on 10 Apr
1852 and noted "either a double nebula or 2 knots of one neb." R.J. Mitchell also noted NGC 5545 on 17
Mar 1855 while observing NGC 5544.
He recorded a "D Neb; the p one [NGC 5544] has a nucleus or a
stellar point in the center, the following one [NGC 5545] is elongated, no
nucleus but lbM." A sketch
was made and included in the 1880 publication on plate V. JH credited LdR with the discovery in
the GC and Dreyer followed this in the NGC. Steinicke concurs that JH should be credited with the
discovery.
******************************
NGC 5546 = UGC
9148 = MCG +01-36-035 = CGCG 046-089 = PGC 51084
14 18 09.3 +07 33
51
V = 12.3; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.6
17.5"
(7/17/01): brightest in a small trio and forming a right angle with NGC 5542
4.0' W and NGC 5543 5.5' NNW.
Moderately bright, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter. Broad concentration to a brighter core.
17.5"
(5/10/91): fairly faint, fairly small, round, prominent bright core, stellar
nucleus. Brightest in a group with
NGC 5542 4' W and NGC 5543 5' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5546 = H III-551 = h1770 on 1 May 1786 (sweep 560) and recorded
"Two [with III-552 = NGC 5549], both eF and vS. The place is that of the last; a little inaccurate. I would not stay to verify it properly. So that there remains some little
doubt; the 1st precedes the last about 3 or 4'." His position is within 1.5' of UGC 9156, which is identified
as NGC 5549, but there no object preceding by 3'-4'. In his 1912 update of WH's catalogues, Dreyer suggests this
observation may refer to NGC 5542 and NGC 5546, which differ by the required
amount.
On a second
observation on 12 May 1793 (sweep 1042), H's position for III-551 is 2.4'
southwest of UGC 9148! So, his two
sweeps refer to different objects.
JH also made two observations of UGC 9148 and measured an accurate
position, but he was uncertain if this was his father's object and gave them
both GC designations. Dreyer
combined both GC numbers in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 5547 = UGC
9095 = CGCG 353-031 = PGC 50543
14 09 45.0 +78
36 04
V = 13.5; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 20d
17.5"
(7/16/93): faint, small, round, 0.6' diameter, low even surface
brightness. A string of three mag
12-14 stars are equally spaced about 3' to the west and oriented SW-NE. An extremely faint mag 16 star or a
faint companion is just off the south edge. Forms a double system with IC 4404.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5547 = H III-948 on 20 Dec 1797 (sweep 1074) and noted "eF,
vS, E near the meridian."
CH's reduced position is 25 sec of RA east of UGC 9095 (only 1.2' at
this declination.
******************************
NGC 5548 = UGC
9149 = MCG +04-34-013 = CGCG 133-025 = PGC 51074
14 17 59.6 +25
08 13
V = 12.6; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 110d
13.1"
(6/4/83): fairly bright, small, fairly bright stellar nucleus [Seyfert galaxy],
round, faint halo. NGC 5559 lies
26' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5548 = H II-194 = h1773 on 19 May 1784 (sweep 220) and noted
"vF, stellar." On sweep
425, JH reported "B; vsvmbM; like a star with feeble atmosphere." and
measured an accurate position (mean of two sweeps). Deep images reveal a very low surface brightness outer tidal
arm, though no obvious interacting companion.
******************************
NGC 5549 = UGC
9156 = MCG +01-36-036 = CGCG 047-001 = PGC 51118
14 18 38.9 +07
22 38
V = 12.8; Size 1.6'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 120d
17.5"
(5/10/91): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, broadly
concentrated. Mag 8.9 SAO 120396
lies 7' E. Located at the south
side of the NGC 5546 group with NGC 5546 15' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5549 = H III-552 = h1772 on 1 May 1786 (sweep 560) and recorded
"Two [with III-552 = NGC 5549], both eF and vS. The place is that of the last; a little inaccurate. I would not stay to verify it
properly. So that there remains
some little doubt; the 1st precedes the last about 3 or 4'." His position is within 1.5' of UGC
9156. See NGC 5546 for problems
with the identity of III-552.
******************************
NGC 5550 = UGC
9154 = MCG +02-36-065 = CGCG 074-162 = CGCG 075-003 = PGC 51108
14 18 28.0 +12
52 59
V = 13.1; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 100d
17.5"
(5/11/02): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 ~E-W, 0.9'x0.6', low
surface brightness with a very weak concentration. A mag 14.5 star is at the SW edge, just 27" from
center. Located 14' SW of mag 5.4
18 Bootis.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5550 = h1774 on 4 Apr 1831 and recorded "vF; pmE; 30"
l, 15" br. Just comes into
the field with 18 Bootis."
His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5551 = MCG
+01-36-037 = CGCG 047-003 = PGC 51139
14 18 54.9 +05
27 04
V = 14.3; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.4
17.5"
(6/1/02): faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, contains a nearly
stellar nucleus. A very faint star
is at the south edge of the halo (verified on DSS).
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 5551 = m 276 on 8 May 1864 and noted " 3 * * in
nebulosity." His position
matches CGCG 047-003 = PGC 51139, despite the odd description.
******************************
NGC 5552 = NGC
5558: = CGCG 047-004 = PGC 51140
14 19 03.8 +07
01 54
V = 14.2; Size 0.8'x0.3'; PA = 175d
17.5"
(5/10/91): very faint, very small, slightly elongated, small bright core. Forms a close pair with NGC 5554 2.8'
ESE. A mag 14 star is 1.5' ESE on
a line midway between NGC 5552 and NGC 5554. Located 30' S of a large group at the Bootes border.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 5552 = m 277 = Sw I-32, along with NGC 5544, on 8 May 1864 and
simply noted "vF, S."
His RA is 5 sec too large.
Lewis Swift may have found this pair again on 14 Jun 1884 and recorded
Sw I-32 = NGC 5558 as "S; vvF; lE; 2 faint stars point to it; 2 other nr;
v diff; np of 2 [with Sw I-33 = NGC 5564]." His position is 38 sec of RA east of NGC 5552, though also
32 sec of RA preceding NGC 5563 and Dreyer suggested Sw I-33 and 1-34 both
referred to NGC 5563. But Harold
Corwin notes that Swift's description for NGC 5558 and 5564 are a much better
fit with NGC 5552 and 5554. If so,
then NGC 5552 = NGC 5558.
******************************
NGC 5553 = UGC
9160 = MCG +05-34-017 = CGCG 163-024 = PGC 51105
14 18 29.8 +26
17 15
V = 14.1; Size 1.3'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 88d
17.5"
(6/2/00): faint, small edge-on E-W, 0.8'x0.2'. At the edge of the 220x field are IC 4397 10' NW and IC 4405
10' E (IC 4399 6' NNW not seen).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5553 = h1775 on 6 May 1831 and recorded "vF; lE;
15"." Although he noted
both the RA and Dec as very uncertain, his position is just 1' south of CGCG
191-075 = PGC 51161.
******************************
NGC 5554 = NGC
5564: = CGCG 047-006 = PGC 51160
14 19 15.0 +07
01 16
V = 14.2; Size 0.7'x0.5'; PA = 10d
17.5"
(5/10/91): very faint, very small, slightly elongated. A mag 14 star is 1.4' W. Forms a similar pair with NGC 5552 2.8'
WNW. NGC 5563 lies 12' ENE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 5554 = m 278, along with NGC 5552, on 8 May 1864 and noted
"eF, S." His position is
accurate. Lewis Swift probably
found this pair again on 14 Jun 1884 and recorded Sw I-33 = NGC 5564 as
"S; vvF; sf of 2; v diff.; a star midway between them." His position, though, is 1 min of RA
too large, and falls much closer to NGC 5563. Because of this, Dreyer suggested in the NGC Notes section
that NGC 5563 was perhaps a duplicate of NGC 5563.
******************************
NGC 5555 = ESO
579-015 = MCG -03-36-011 = PGC 51124
14 18 48.1 -19
08 20
V = 14.5; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 115d
18"
(5/29/05): very faint, small, elongated 4:3 WNW-ESE, 0.4'x0.3', low surface
brightness. A mag 14 star lies 2'
NE. It took some effort to
identify this galaxy in the field, even with a star chart. Located 7' SE of a mag 9 HD
125216. A mag 10 star is a similar
distance SW.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 5555 = LM I-202 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 14.0, 0.7' dia, iR,
gbMN." His rough position
(nearest min of RA) is 1.3 min of RA east of ESO 579-015, typical with his
positions. MCG does not label this
galaxy as NGC 5555.
******************************
NGC 5556 = ESO
446-050 = MCG -05-34-009 = UGCA 389 = PGC 51245
14 20 34.3 -29
14 32
V = 11.8; Size 4.0'x3.2'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 148d
13.1"
(3/17/86): extremely diffuse, moderately large, very difficult, low surface
brightness "hazy" region.
Involves 3-4 fainter stars on the north side.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5556 = h3564 on 8 May 1834 and recorded "eF; L; 2' diam;
has some small stars involved."
His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5557 = UGC
9161 = MCG +06-31-093 = CGCG 191-074 = LGG 378-001 = PGC 51104
14 18 25.8 +36
29 36
V = 11.0; Size 2.3'x1.9'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 105d
18"
(5/3/08): at 280x appeared bright, moderately large, round. Contains a bright, 40" core and a
sharply concentrated 10" intense nucleus with a bright stellar point at
the center. The outer halo is much
fainter and extends slightly E-W, ~1.5'x1.3'. A mag 10 star lies 4.8' NW. NGC 5544/5545 (Arp 199) lies 17' WNW.
17.5"
(3/23/85): bright, fairly small, small bright core dominates. A very faint star is involved at SE
side. The NGC 5544/NGC 5545 pair
lies 16' NW and the thin edge-on NGC 5529 is 38' WSW.
8"
(4/24/82): fairly faint, bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5557 = H I-99 = h1776 on 1 May 1785 (sweep 405) and recorded
"cB, S, R, bM." On 16 May 1787 he logged "vB, S, R, vsmbM."
JH made two observations and recorded on sweep 28 "B; R: vsmbM to a *; vF
at the borders." He published
a sketch in his 1811 paper (Fig. 25) as an illlustration of "nebulae that
are suddenly much brighter in the middle."
A total of 11
observations were made at Birr Castle. On 26 Apr 1848, Lord Rosse, or assistant
William Rambaut, logged "Nucleus manifested a decidedly spiral
arrangement; the neb becomes eF towards the edges; from the upper [sff] par of
the nucleus proceeds a circular spiral, only seen by glimpses (as also
spirality of nucleus)." The observation was made during the period when
spiral structure was sometimes overzealously described. NGC 5557 was
included in the list of "Spiral or curvilinear" in LdR's 1850 PT
paper, though it is a standard E-type galaxy and the 1861 publication mentions
"frequently observed, nothing certainÓ.
******************************
NGC 5558 = NGC
5552: = CGCG 047-004 = PGC 51140
14 19 03.8 +07
01 54
See observing
notes for NGC 5552.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5558 = Sw I-32, along with NGC 5564 and NGC 5565, on 14 Jun 1884
and recorded "S, vvF, lE, 2 F st point to it, 2 others near, v diff, np of
2 [with Sw I-34 = NGC 5564]."
His position falls between NGC 5552 and NGC 5563 (both discovered
earlier by Marth), but his description fits the pair NGC 5552 and 5554. See Harold Corwin's identification
notes.
******************************
NGC 5559 = UGC
9166 = MCG +04-34-017 = CGCG 133-032 = PGC 51155
14 19 12.6 +24
47 55
V = 14.0; Size 1.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 67d
13.1"
(6/4/83): very faint, elongated WSW-ENE, fairly small, requires averted
vision. NGC 5548 lies 26' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5559 = H III-347 = h1777 on 10 Apr 1785 (sweep 394) and noted
"vF, S, lE." There is
nothing near his position, but 77 sec of RA east is UGC 9166. JH made a single observation and his
position (adopted in the NGC) is within 30" of UGC 9166 = PGC 51155.
******************************
NGC 5560 = Arp
286 NED1 = UGC 9172 = MCG +01-37-001 = CGCG 047-010 = KTG 54A = Holm 630b = PGC
51223
14 20 04.5 +03
59 33
V = 12.4; Size 3.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 115d
48"
(5/4/16): at 375x; bright, large, very elongated 6:1 WNW-ESE, 3.5'x0.6'. Contains a very bright, elongated core
region and long, thin stretched-out arms that gradually fade (low surface
brightness) towards the tips. The
arms curve slightly north on the west side and south on the east end, creating
a subtle, graceful integral sign!
A mag 14.3 star is 0.7' N of center. Forms an interacting pair with NGC 5566 5.3' SE.
24"
(5/11/13): fairly bright, fairly large, very elongated 7:2 WNW-ESE, 2.0'x0.6',
relatively large bright core, fades and tapers towards tips. First in a trio with NGC 5566 5.3' SE
(the pair forming Arp 286) and much fainter NGC 5569 7' E. A mag 14 star is 40" N of center
and mag 8.2 HD 125505 is 5' WNW.
17.5"
(3/23/85): fairly faint, moderately large, edge-on 4:1 WNW-ESE, fairly smooth
surface brightness. A mag 14 star
is just 40" NNW of center.
Located 5.3' NW of NGC 5566 in a group and 5' ESE of mag 8.4 SAO 120403.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5560 = H II-579 = h1778, along with NGC 5566, on 30 Apr 1786
(sweep 558) and noted "pB, cL, E." JH made two observations and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5561 = PGC
2800986
14 17 22.8 +58
45 02
Size 0.35'x0.35'
17.5"
(6/2/00): very faint, small, slightly elongated, 0.4', low even surface
brightness. A mag 14 star is close
NW [57" from center]. Forms a
close pair with UGC 9151 2.6' SSW (not seen).
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5561 = Sw I-31 on 11 May 1885 and recorded "vvF; pS; R; F *
near west." His position is
within 20 arcseconds of the center of PGC 2800986, a very compact galaxy. Furthermore, there is a mag 14 star 1'
west-northwest matching his description.
Nevertheless, PGC, MCG and RC3 misidentify UGC 9151 as NGC 5561. This larger spiral galaxy is located
just 2.4' SSW of Swift's position, but has a much lower surface brightness.
Because of the misidentification, there is no (low) PGC listing for this
galaxy. NGC 5561 is mentioned in
the UGC notes to UGC 9151 (separation 2.6'). See Harold Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 5562 = UGC
9174 = MCG +02-37-002 = CGCG 075-011 = PGC 51227
14 20 11.0 +10
15 46
V = 13.5; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.6
17.5"
(6/1/02): faint, small, slightly elongated WSW-ENE, 0.4'x0.3', even surface
brightness. A mag 14 star is 1.0'
SE of center. Located 3.1' NE of a
mag 11 star. UGC 9177 lies 11'
NNE.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 5562 on 28 Jun 1883 while observing NGC 5511 and reported it in
discovery list VIII. In the
narrative portion of the paper, he describes (translation from Wolfgang
Steinicke) "Two degrees north of it [NGC 5511], I found on June 28th a new
nebula and have seen it several times. At this time I can specify its position
only from Argelander's atlas [the BD]: 14h 13m Os +10d 39'. It is small, III;
3' south-preceding the nebula is a star 11m, and 3 sec following is a very
faint star." Tempel's rough
position is 16' south of UGC 9174 but his description applies to this
galaxy. Bigourdan was unable to
recover this galaxy (probably due to the poor offset from the BD star). See Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 5563 = CGCG
047-011 = PGC 51226
14 20 13.1 +07
03 20
V = 14.3; Size 0.7'x0.4'; PA = 80d
17.5"
(5/10/91): very faint, extremely small, round, small bright core. Located just west of a line of three
mag 13-14 stars including a mag 14 star 1.8' ENE and a mag 13 star 1.8' SE. NGC 5573 lies 10' SE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 5563 = m 279 on 8 May 1864 and noted "eF, S, lE." His position matches CGCG 047-011 = PGC
51226. Lewis Swift's position for
Sw I-33 = NGC 5564 is just 2' south of this galaxy, but his description applies
to NGC 5554. See notes on NGC
5564.
******************************
NGC 5564 = NGC
5554: = CGCG 047-006 = PGC 51160
14 19 15.0 +07
01 16
See observing
notes for NGC 5554.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5564 = Sw I-33, along with NGC 5558 and 5565, on 14 Jun 1884 and
recorded "S; vvF; sf of 2; v diff; a star midway between them." His position is just 2' south of NGC
5563 and Dreyer mentions in the NGC Notes section that NGC 5564 and 5565 are
probably identical to NGC 5563.
But Harold Corwin notes that Swift's description applies to NGC 5554
(discovered earlier by Marth), as
a star is midway between the two galaxies. NGC 5565 was placed just 30" south of NGC 5564, but there
is nothing at this position. RNGC classifies NGC 5564 as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 5565
14 19 18.6 +06
59 42
=*?,
Corwin. Not found, RNGC.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5565 = Sw I-34, along with NGC 5558 and 5564, on 14 Jun 1884 and
recorded "S; vvF; R; v diff."
His position is 30" south of Sw I-33 = NGC 5564, which is probably
a duplicate of NGC 5554 (discovered earlier by Marth). Assuming this is true, his offset
suggests NGC 5565 refers to a mag 15.5 star situated 1.8' southeast of NGC
5554.
Harold Corwin
mentions that Swift called NGC 5558 and 5564 "np of 2" and "sf
of 2" and carefully describes the nearby field, although the positions
imply NGC 5564 and 5565 would be a much closer pair. Another possibility, is that NGC 5565 is actually a
duplicate of NGC 5563. In any
case, there are only three galaxies in this area, and all were found previously
by Marth. See Corwin's
identification notes.
******************************
NGC 5566 = Arp
286 NED2 = UGC 9175 = MCG +01-37-002 = CGCG 047-012 = KTG 54B = Holm 630a = LGG
379-003 = PGC 51233
14 20 19.9 +03
56 01
V = 10.6; Size 6.6'x2.2'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 35d
48"
(5/4/16): at 375x; extremely bright and large, very elongated 4:1 SW-NE,
6.0'x1.5'. Very sharply
concentrated with a large, roundish, very bright core containing a large, very
intense nucleus! The southern
extension or arms is slightly wider than the northern counterpart and more
evenly lit, though it is brighter along its southern edge, particularly closer
to the core region (this is the edge of a spiral arm). The northern branch is brighter along
its northern edge and appears to be a low contrast spiral arm, bending or
twisting slightly counterclockwise (towards the east). A mag 12 star is 1.6' E of center and a
mag 13.8 star is 1.2' WSW.
Brightest in an excellent trio with NGC 5560 5.3' NW and NGC 5569 4.3'
NE.
24"
(5/11/13): very bright, very large, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE. Very sharply concentrated with a large,
bright elongated core that is also sharply concentrated with an intense
elongated nucleus, angled with respect to the major axis. The halo is very diffuse without a
sharp edge, but extends at least 4.0'x1.3'. The core is bracketed by mag 12 and 14 stars to the east and
west, respectively. NGC 5569 lies 4.3' NE, beyond the edge of the galaxy, and
NGC 5560 is 5.3' NW.
17.5"
(3/23/85): bright, fairly small, slightly elongated SSW-NNE, small bright
nucleus. Brightest of three with
NGC 5560 5.3' NW and NGC 5569 4.1' NE.
A mag 12 star is 1.6' E of center.
A pair of mag 8 and 9 stars (SAO 120402 and 120403) lie 10' NW. NGC 5576 (brightest in a trio) lies 40'
SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5566 = H I-144 = h1779, along with NGC 5560, on 30 Apr 1786
(sweep 558) and noted "cB, cL, R, gmbM." JH made 3 observations and recorded (sweep 426)
"B; R; 40"; gbM; r; has a *12m 1 diam of neb dist nf."
******************************
NGC 5567 = MCG
+06-31-096 = CGCG 191-075 = PGC 51161
14 19 17.6 +35
08 16
V = 13.8; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(5/10/86): fairly faint, very small, slightly elongated bright core. Forms a trio with NGC 5568 3' SSE and
an anonymous galaxy 1' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5567 = h1780 on 3 Apr 1831 and noted "pF; R." His position matches CGCG 191-075 = PGC
51161. First in a group of 5 NGC
galaxies.
******************************
NGC 5568 = MCG
+06-31-098 = CGCG 191-077 = PGC 51168
14 19 21.2 +35
05 32
V = 14.7; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(5/10/86): faint, small bright core.
Larger of a pair with NGC 5567 3' NNW.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 5568 = Big. 72 on 27 May 1886. His position matches CGCG 191-077,
located 3' SSE of NGC 5567.
******************************
NGC 5569 = Arp
286 NED3 = UGC 9176 = MCG +01-37-003 = CGCG 047-013 = KTG 54C = Holm 630c = LGG
379-002 = PGC 51241
14 20 32.1 +03
59 00
V = 14.5; Size 1.7'x1.4'
24" (5/11/13):
faint, fairly large, very diffuse glow with a very weak core, slightly
elongated, ~1.2'x1.0'. Faintest in
a triplet; 4.3' NE of NGC 5566 and 7.0' E of NGC 5560.
17.5"
(3/23/85): extremely faint, almost round, fairly small, just visible at 200x. This difficult galaxy is the faintest of
three and located just 4.1' NE of the center of NGC 5566 and 6.8' E of NGC
5560.
George Johnstone
Stoney discovered NGC 5569 on 26 Apr 1849 with LdR's 72" during an
observation of NGC 5560 and 5566.
He noted "a new neb eeF, gvlbM, north following h1779 [NGC 5566].
******************************
NGC 5570 = NGC
5519 = UGC 9111 = MCG +01-36-025 = CGCG 046-070 = PGC 51185
14 14 20.9 +07
30 56
V = 13.1; Size 1.6'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 75d
See observing
notes for NGC 5519.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5570 = H III-12 = h1781 on 23 Jan 1784 (sweep 110) and recorded
"a nebula, it is excessively obscure." His published description adds "vF, forming an arch
with 3 stars." There is
nothing near his position.
Harold Corwin
suggests NGC 5570 is the first observation of NGC 5519. He notes "NGC 5519 indeed forms an
arch with two stars west and southwest, and a third is superposed on the
galaxy. WH's observation puts
N5570 21m 15s p, 0d 34' s of 31 Bootis.
This is 6 minutes of time off the position of N5519. I think that the "21m" is a
transcription error and should read "27m." In that case, the RA as well as the Dec and the description
would match N5519."
Interestingly, it appears he observed this galaxy again on 12 May 1793
(sweep 1043) and noted "2 vS stars with nebulosity suspected between
them." His position is 3' too
far south, but matches the mag 14.5 star attached to the following end and the
nucleus of the galaxy. He didn't
assign an internal discovery number on this observation, so there was no
H-designation.
Searching for
his father's III-12, JH recorded h1781 on 9 May 1828 as "Not vF; S; R; bM.
(RA by working list.)" His
position is roughly the same as his father's. On the second sweep he simply noted "Seen. as also III. 551 [NGC 5546] in the same
parallel, but considerably dist in RA." The RNGC and PGC (but not MCG or CGCG) misidentify CGCG 047-007
as NGC 5570. This galaxy is
roughly 1 min of RA west of WH's position and 5' south, but doesn't match his
description of "forming an arch with two stars." Still, it's possible CGCG 047-007 =
h1781.
******************************
NGC 5571
14 19 32.0 +35
09 03
17.5"
(6/2/00): at 280x-500x, three very faint stars are resolved including a very
close double. It is easy to see
how this close "clump" of stars (four on the POSS) could have been
mistaken for a nebula. Located
with a group of faint NGC galaxies and 30' SW of a mag 5 star.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 5571 = Big. 73 on 27 May 1886. His position in his second Comptes
Rendus list corresponds with a small group of 4 stars. According to Harold Corwin, Bigourdan
thought there was some nebulosity on his first observation (used in the NGC),
but he resolved the stars on the second attempt. RNGC incorrectly equates NGC 5571 with NGC 5579. See Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 5572 = UGC
9173 = MCG +06-31-099 = CGCG 191-079 = CGCG 192-002 = Mrk 677 = PGC 51196
14 19 35.3 +36
08 26
V = 14.2; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(6/23/01): faint, fairly small, irregularly round, 40" diameter, weak
concentration. Located at the midpoint of two mag 11 stars 6' NE and 6' SW. A third mag 10.5 lies 7' S. Member of the NGC 5557 group (LGG 378).
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5572 = St XIII-73 on 13 May 1883. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5573 = MCG
+01-37-005 = CGCG 047-016 = PGC 51257
14 20 41.5 +06
54 27
V = 14.1; Size 1.4'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 105d
17.5"
(5/10/91): very faint, very small, slightly elongated WNW-ESE, broad
concentration. NGC 5563 lies 10'
NW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 5573 = m 280 on 8 May 1864 and noted "vF, S, lE." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5574 = UGC
9181 = MCG +01-37-006 = CGCG 047-018 =KTG 55A = PGC 51270
14 20 56.0 +03
14 17
V = 12.4; Size 1.6'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 63d
24"
(6/8/13): bright, moderately large, oval 3:2 NW-SE, ~1.2'x0.8'. Sharply concentrated with a very bright
elongated core that increases to an intense central spot. Forms a prominent pair with NGC 5576
2.8' NE.
17.5"
(3/23/85): fairly faint, very elongated WSW-ENE, small bright core possibly
stellar. Second brightest of three
in a group with NGC 5576 2.7' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5574 = H I-145 = h1782 on 30 Apr 1786 (sweep 558), along with
NGC 5576, and described both as "Two, the time place is that of the 2nd
[NGC 5576]. The preceding [NGC
5574] pB, pL, E. Distance about 3
or 4' from sp to nf." JH's
simply reported "F; S; lE" and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5575 = NGC
5578: = UGC 9184 = MCG +01-37-008 = CGCG 047-021 = PGC 51272
14 20 59.5 +06
12 09
V = 13.3; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(6/1/02): faint, small, round, 0.6' diameter. Weak, even concentration to a faint, quasi-stellar nucleus.
Albert Marth
found NGC 5575 = m 281 on 8 May 1864 and noted "F, vS, or neb*." His position is 1' north of UGC
9184. Lewis Swift found this
galaxy again on 22 May 1884 and it received the duplicate designation NGC 5578
(see that number). The original
sighting was made by WH, though on 12 May 1793 (sweep 1042). He recorded "2 vS stars with
suspected nebulosity, but 300 shewed them free of it." WH didn't include this in his list of
nebulae, though he could have as his position agrees to within an arcminute of
that of the galaxy.
******************************
NGC 5576 = UGC
9183 = MCG +01-37-007 = CGCG 047-020 = KTG 55B = PGC 51275
14 21 03.7 +03
16 16
V = 11.0; Size 3.5'x2.2'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 95d
24"
(6/8/13): very bright, fairly large, slightly elongated E-W, 2.0'x1.6'. Well concentrated with a large, very
bright core and a more diffuse halo that gradually fades out. The core gradually increases to the
center. A mag 13 star is 1.2' NW
of center at the NW edge. Brighter
of a striking pair with NGC 5574 2.8' SW.
17.5"
(3/23/85): fairly bright, bright core, bright stellar nucleus. A mag 13 star is at the NW edge 1.3'
from center. Brightest of three
with NGC 5574 2.7' SW and NGC 5577 10.2' NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5576 = H I-146 = h1783 on 30 Apr 1786 (sweep 558), along with
NGC 5574, and recorded "Two; the preceding [NGC 5574], pB; pL; E. Distance
3' or 4' sp nf." On a later
sweep he noted I-146 was "cB, R, pL." JH recorded "vB; R; vsmbM; a star 11 mag
north-preceding and the nebula I 145 [NGC 5574] south-preceding makes a
right-angled triangle with I 146 at the right angle."
******************************
NGC 5577 = UGC
9187 = MCG +01-37-009 = CGCG 047-022 = KTG 55C = PGC 51286
14 21 13.1 +03
26 09
V = 12.3; Size 3.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 56d
24"
(6/8/13): moderately bright, large, very elongated ~7:2 SW-NE, ~3.0'x0.9',
broad concentration to large, brighter central region but no distinct core or
nucleus. A mag 15.5 star is at the
east flank of the NE extension and two mag 15.5 stars are off the west flank on
the NE side. Largest but faintest
(by far the lowest surface brightness) of trio with NGC 5576 10' SSW and NGC
5574 12.6' SSW.
17.5"
(3/23/85): fairly large, very elongated WSW-ENE, very diffuse, low surface
brightness. Faintest of three in a
group with NGC 5576 10' SSW.
George Johnstone
Stoney discovered NGC 5577 on 26 Apr 1849 with LdR's 72" and recorded
"16' nf 1783 [NGC 5576] there is a L, F ray about 4.5'x1',
gvlbM." Two years later (12
May 1850), he described this "Nova" as "pB, D* close preceding,
* in nf edge." Although
the identification is certain, the separation is only 10' northeast of NGC 5576
as noted by d'Arrest, who measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5578 = NGC
5575: = UGC 9184 = MCG +01-37-008 = CGCG 047-021 = PGC 51272
14 20 59.4 +06
12 09
V = 13.3; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.9
See observing
notes for NGC 5575.
Lewis Swift
found NGC 5578 = Sw I-35 on 22 May 1884 and recorded "vF; vS; lE; mbM to
nucleus." His position is 15
sec of RA following NGC 5575 (discovered by Marth in 1864), so it's a bit
surprising that Dreyer assumed it as new, and recatalogued it as NGC 5578. In any case, NGC 5575 = NGC 5578, with
NGC 5575 the primary designation.
******************************
NGC 5579 = Arp
69 = VV 142 = UGC 9180 = MCG +06-32-002 = CGCG 191-080 = CGCG 192-003 = PGC
51236
14 20 26.5 +35
11 18
V = 13.6; Size 1.9'x1.4'; Surf Br = 14.5; PA = 165d
13.1"
(4/10/86): faint, fairly large, slightly elongated, very diffuse, even surface
brightness. NGC 5590 lies 15' E
and the NGC 5567/5568 pair is 15' WSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5579 = H III-415 = h1784 on 1 May 1785 (sweep 405) and noted
"eF, pL." JH made two
observations and noting on sweep 72 "F; pL; the preceding of 2 [with h1785
= Nova]" and on sweep 331 "eF; L; 30 or 40"." His positions on both sweeps are good,
though there is nothing at his position for h1785 = NGC 5580. But 1 min of RA due east is NGC
5590. JH claimed in the GC (and
repeated by Dreyer) that NGC 5579 was missed at Birr Castle (though NGC 5589
and 5590 was observed twice). But
Samuel Hunter observed the trio on 9 May 1860, describing NGC 5579 as "a
pL, F neb, vgbM, with a triangle formed by 3 stars". This observation was mistakenly listed
in the 1880 publication under GC 3826 (future NGC 5533).
******************************
NGC 5580 = NGC
5590 = UGC 9200 = MCG +06-32-006 = CGCG 192-006 = PGC 51312
14 21 38.3 +35
12 17
See observing
notes for NGC 5590. Incorrect
identification in the RNGC with an anonymous galaxy 1' S of NGC 5579.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5580 = h1785 on 27 Apr 1827 and noted "Not vF; 20";
the following of 2 [with NGC 5579]."
His position for NGC 5579 on this sweep is good, though there is nothing
at his position for h1785. But
exactly 1 min of RA following his position is NGC 5590 and Harold Corwin
suggests (personal letter dated 9/12/94) that NGC 5580 = NGC 5590. This would imply he missed NGC 5589 on
this sweep. See his identification notes for the full story.
RNGC
misidentifies PGC 214249, an extremely faint galaxy located 1.7' S of NGC 5579,
as NGC 5580. Listed in my RNGC
Corrections #1.
******************************
NGC 5581 = MCG
+04-34-021 = CGCG 133-038 = PGC 51282
14 21 16.3 +23
28 48
V = 14.1; Size 0.8'x0.7'
17.5"
(7/22/01): faint, small, slightly elongated ~N-S, 0.7'x0.5', very weak
concentration, very small brighter core.
A mag 14 star is close SSE [40" from center]. Located 5' NNE of a mag 10 star.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5581 = St XIII-74 on 6 May 1883 with the 31-inch reflector at
Marseilles Observatory. His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5582 = UGC
9188 = MCG +07-29-063 = CGCG 219-070 = CGCG 220-003 = PGC 51251
14 20 43.2 +39
41 36
V = 11.6; Size 2.8'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 25d
17.5"
(6/23/01): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE,
~1.6'x1.1'. Embedded in the halo
is a small, rounder, prominent core ~35" diameter. The core is moderately concentrated to
a quasi-stellar nucleus. Situated
with a group of stars including a mag 10.5 star 3.5' SE, a mag 13 star 1.5' WSW
and a mag 14 star 1.2' following.
17.5"
(5/19/01): moderately bright, moderately large. The halo is 1.5'x1.0' extended SSW-NNE and contains a
prominent core which increases to a stellar nucleus. Located 3.7' NW of mag 10 SAO 64089 within a small group of
stars including a mag 13 star 1.5' SW of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5582 = H II-754 = h1786 on 29 Apr 1788 (sweep 837) and recorded
"pB, pL, R, a faint nucleus."
JH made four observations and first described it (sweep 73) as "pB;
R; gbM; 30"; has a * 11m 50¡ sp, dist 80"."
******************************
NGC 5583 = UGC
9196 = MCG +02-37-004 = CGCG 075-018 = PGC 51313
14 21 40.6 +13
13 56
V = 13.4; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 80d
17.5"
(7/22/01): faint, small, elongated 4:3 ~E-W, 0.4'x0.3'. Forms the SE vertex of a small
equilateral triangle with a mag 11 star 1' NW and a mag 14 star 1' W.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5583 = Sw III-80 on 4 Jun 1886 and recorded "vF; pS; R; pB
* nr; also a F one." His
position is 6 sec of RA west and 1' south of UGC 9196 and his description
applies.
******************************
NGC 5584 = UGC
9201 = MCG +00-37-001 = CGCG 019-008 = PGC 51344
14 22 23.8 -00
23 18
V = 11.4; Size 3.4'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 140d
18"
(5/28/06): fairly faint, fairly large oval 3:2 NW-SE, ~2.5'x1.7', broad weak
concentration. A mag 12.5 star is
just off the north end and a mag 13 star is off the SE end.
17.5"
(4/5/97): fairly large diffuse glow, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, ~3.5'x2.2', broad
weak concentration which is offset towards the west side as the halo is much
weaker west of the core. A mag 12
star is off the north side [2.1' NNE of center] and the SE end extends to a mag
13 star [1.9' SE of center].
8"
(6/29/84): faint, moderately large, very diffuse, no sharp edges. A mag 12 star is off the north edge
2.1' NNE. Located 3.4' SW of a mag
10.5 star.
E.E. Barnard
discovered NGC 5584 on 27 Jul 1881 with his 5-inch refractor from Nashville and
it's probably the first galaxy Barnard discovered. He reported this galaxy in Sidereal Messenger I, p135 (1882)
as "very faint nebulosity of moderate extension; pretty even in
light. A small star involved. A brighter star lies north and just
free of nebulosity." It was
also announced in AN 108, p.369 with a position measured by Oliver Wendell at
the Harvard Observatory. He noted
that the nebula was "examined by, among others, Mr. Tempel and is here
inserted merely as a matter of record", but there is not published
observation by Tempel. Swift
reported a mottled appearance and thought more light and power would resolve
it.
******************************
NGC 5585 = UGC
9179 = MCG +10-20-094 = CGCG 295-045 = LGG 371-003 = PGC 51210
14 19 48.3 +56
43 45
V = 10.7; Size 5.8'x3.7'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 30d
17.5"
(6/23/01): moderately bright, fairly large, elongated 4:3 SSW-NNE, 3.5'x2.5'.
Broad, weak concentration to a 1' slightly brighter core. A mag 14 star is close south (2.1' S of
center) and a mag 11.5 star is 3.4' NE of center. Located 5' NW of mag 9.5 SAO 29106. Member of the M101 group.
8"
(5/21/82): fairly faint, moderately large, slightly elongated, diffuse. Located 5' NW of mag 9 SAO 29106.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5585 = H I-235 = h1790 on 17 Apr 1789 (sweep 924) and recorded
"cB, pL, vgmbM, iF, r, about 4' diam." JH made a single on observation, noting ""vF; vL;
R; vgbM; diam 2' at least; moonlight and haze."
******************************
NGC 5586
14 22 07 +13 11
06
=Not found,
Corwin. =*?, Gottlieb. =Not found,
RNGC.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5586 = Sw III-81 on 4 Jun 1886 and recorded "eF; vS; R;
nearly between 2 B st." There
is nothing at his position. The
nearest object is NGC 5583 (27 sec of RA west and 3' north), which he
discovered the same night. There
are two bright stars bracketing his positions, but no object that could be
confused with a nebula and Harold Corwin was unable to recover this object. See
Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 5587 = UGC
9202 = MCG +02-37-005 = CGCG 075-020 = PGC 51332
14 22 10.8 +13
55 04
V = 12.5; Size 2.6'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 162d
17.5"
(5/15/99): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE,
1.5'x0.5'. Extended in the
direction of mag 8.5 SAO 100994 5' S.
NGC 5591 lies 13' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5587 = H III-110 = h1787 on 17 Apr 1784 (sweep 200) and recorded
"vF, vS, lE. 240x verified
it." He later observed it on
19 Mar 1787 (sweep 720) and logged "pB, S, lE." His position was 7 sec of time too
large. JH made the single
observation "vF; R: gbM. Is
np a * 8m 6' dist."
******************************
NGC 5588 = NGC
5589: = UGC 9197 = MCG +06-32-005 = CGCG 192-004 = PGC 51300
14 21 25.1 +35
16 14
See observing
notes for NGC 5589.
John Herschel
found NGC 5588 = h1789 on 9 May 1826 (sweep 28) and simply noted
"eF." There is nothing
at his position. On the same
sweep, he recorded NGC 5590 and measured an accurate position, but h1788 = NGC
5589 was not recorded.
Harold Corwin
suggests h1789 may be a duplicate observation of NGC 5589. JH placed NGC 5588 about as far south
of NGC 5590 as NGC 5589 is north and RA's are identical, so if he reversed the
direction of the declination offset from NGC 5590, then his position for h1789
= NGC 5588 would match NGC 5589.
Discussed in private email on 12 Sep 1994. See Corwin's identification notes for his summary.
******************************
NGC 5589 = NGC
5588: = UGC 9197 = MCG +06-32-005 = CGCG 192-004 = PGC 51300
14 21 25.1 +35
16 14
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3
13.1"
(4/10/86): faint, round, even surface brightness. Forms a close pair and similar size with NGC 5590 located
4.8' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5589 = H III-416 = h1788, along with NGC 5590, on 1 May 1785
(sweep 405) and recorded "Two, the time is that of the south-following,
both vF and S. Distance about 6'
or more." JH made two
observations and noted on sweep 337 "The np of 2. Pos with the other = 330¡ [NNW] by
micrometer." JH's h1789 = NGC
5588, found on 9 May 1826 (sweep 28), is probably a duplicate observation. See that number.
******************************
NGC 5590 = NGC
5580 = UGC 9200 = MCG +06-32-006 = CGCG 192-006 = PGC 51312
14 21 38.3 +35
12 17
V = 12.3; Size 1.8'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.5
13.1"
(4/10/86): fairly faint, small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus. Forms a pair with NGC 5589 4.8'
NW. NGC 5579 lies 15' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5590 = H III-417 = h1791, along with NGC 5589, on 1 May 1785
(sweep 405). JH made three
observations and recorded (sweep 337) "pB; R; psbM; 15"; the sf of 2;
moonlight." In addition,
h1785 = NGC 5580 is a duplicate observation with a 1 min error in RA. So, NGC 5590 = NGC 5580.
******************************
NGC 5591 = UGC
9207 = MCG +02-37-006 = CGCG 075-023 = Mrk 809 = PGC 51360
14 22 33.3 +13
43 01
V = 13.3; Size 1.6'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 95d
24"
(6/15/15): at 375x; the brighter western component of this merged, interacting
double system appeared fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 E-W, roughly
0.6'x0.4', brighter core, fairly low surface brightness. The attached eastern component (PGC
93125) is elongated 5:2 E-W, ~0.5'x0.2' and contains a small, slightly brighter
nucleus or knot, 6"-8" in diameter. The two nuclei are 22" apart (measured on the DSS2).
17.5"
(5/15/99): faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 ~E-W, 1.2'x0.5', slightly
brighter core. A mag 11 star lies
2.7' SE. NGC 5587 lies 13'
NNW. Either the pair was
unresolved or I only viewed the brighter western component of this disturbed
double system.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5591 = Sw III-82 on 4 Jun 1886 and recorded "eF; S; R; pB star
near south-following." His
position is 8 sec of RA too far west and 2.2' too far south though his comment
"pB * near south-following" secures the identification.
******************************
NGC 5592 = ESO
446-058 = MCG -05-34-011 = AM 1421-282 NED01
= KTS 50A = PGC
51428
14 23 55.0 -28
41 17
V = 12.8; Size 1.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 88d
17.5"
(5/10/86): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated, brighter core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5592 = H III-924 = h3565 on 5 May 1793 (sweep 1041) and recorded
"eF, S, r. 300 confirmed
it." JH made the single
observation "pF; E; gvlbM; 25"." from the Cape of Good Hope.
******************************
NGC 5593 = ESO
175-SC008 = OCL-926
14 25 39 -54 47
54
Size 7'
18" (7/5/05
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): picked up at 76x as fairly striking
elongated group of stars. At 228x,
this is a distinctive group of 11 brighter mag 10/11 stars including a nice
pair (h 4675 = 10/11 at 8") and perhaps 30 stars total in a 7'x2.5' group
that is quite elongated E-W. The
cluster is well-detached in the field.
In the center is a nearly 1.5' region devoid of stars which separates
the cluster into two subgroups with the double star just following this
vacuity. Appears fully resolved,
even at low power.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 5593 = D 350 = D 357 = h3566 on 8 May 1826 and described D 350
as "a curved line of small stars, south preceding a star of the 7th
magnitude". Although his
position is well off, the description applies though the star of 7th magnitude
- not the cluster - is south-southwest.
For D 357 he logged "a very extensive cluster stars of mixed small
magnitudes; the stars appear to be either congregating together in different
parts of the cluster, or breaking up; there are several groups already formed,
the whole cluster is composed of lines of stars, but no general attraction
towards any particular point."
Although the two descriptions are quite disparate, they both seem to
describe the cluster and general region.
JH described NGC
5593 as "a poor, coarse, oblong cluster, which is the most condensed part
of a rich region of stars 10m. Place of a double star [HJ 4675] in the
following part."
******************************
NGC 5594 = MCG
+04-34-024 = CGCG 133-046 = IC 4412 = PGC 51391
14 23 10.3 +26
15 56
V = 14.0; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 150d
17.5"
(6/23/01): faint, small, elongated 4:3 ~N-S, 0.7'x0.5', weak
concentration. Located 1.9' NNW of
a mag 10.5 star. The galaxy did
not appear as elongated as dimensions imply, so probably only viewed the inner
region.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5594 = H III-135 on 19 May 1784 (sweep 220) and noted "eF,
vS, stellar, 240x verified it."
In the notes section of the NGC, Dreyer says there was a discrepancy of
10' in the declination from Caroline Herschel's position and Auwers'. He used CH's [her position was actually
6' off in dec) but Auwers' was better.
In Dreyer's 1912 correction list he also notes "the PD should be
63¡ 8'." Using this
correction, H III-135 = CGCG 133-046.
Stephane Javelle
independently found the galaxy on 14 Jul 1895, measured a good position and
included it his list III-1306.
Dreyer recatalogued it as IC 4412 and both CGCG and MCG label this
galaxy as IC 4412.
******************************
NGC 5595 = MCG
-03-37-001 = VV 446 = VV 530 = Holm 638a = PGC 51445
14 24 13.3 -16
43 23
V = 12.0; Size 2.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 55d
13.1"
(6/18/85): fairly faint, fairly large, diffuse, brighter core, elongated
SW-NE. Forms a pair with NGC 5597
4' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5595 = H III-121 = h1792, along with NGC 5597, on 14 May 1784
(sweep 214) and recorded "Two, both vF and nearly R. The following [NGC 5597] which is the
most south, is a little larger than the preceding [NGC 5595] but fainter; and
is about one minute in dia." I should probably have overlooked it had it
not been for the first; their distance is about 5' and position about 10 or 15
degrees sf." JH described
this galaxy (sweep 157) as "F; L; R; vglbM; 60 or 80" diam; the first
of 2; delta RA = 15s." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5596 = UGC
9208 = MCG +06-32-010 = CGCG 192-007 = Mrk 470 = LGG 378-006 = PGC 51355
14 22 28.7 +37
07 20
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 100d
17.5"
(6/23/01): faint, small, slightly elongated ~E-W, 0.7'x0.6'. Weak concentration with a very small,
slightly brighter core. Located
13' SW of mag 7.4 SAO 64115.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5596 = H III-418 = h1795 on 1 May 1785 (sweep 405) and noted
"eF, stellar." JH made
the single observation "eF; S; R" and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5597 = MCG
-03-37-002 = VV 446 = Holm 638b = PGC 51456
14 24 27.5 -16
45 46
V = 12.0; Size 2.1'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 95d
13.1"
(6/18/85): faint, small, round, small bright nucleus, very slightly elongated,
faint halo. Forms a pair with NGC
5595 4' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5597 = H III-122 = h1793, along with NGC 5595, on 14 May 1784
(sweep 214). See description for
NGC 5595. JH described this galaxy
(sweep 157) as "vF; L; R; the second of 2; 60 or 80" diam; delta RA =
15 sec."
******************************
NGC 5598 = UGC
9209 = MCG +07-30-004 = CGCG 220-007 = PGC 51354
14 22 28.3 +40
19 11
V = 13.0; Size 1.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 50d
18"
(7/2/11): fairly faint to moderately bright, moderately large, oval 4:3 SW-NE,
45"x35", gradually increases to a brighter core and a very small
bright nucleus. Largest in a group
with NGC 5601 4.3' E, NGC 5603 7' NE and UGC 9216 8' NE. Located 6' E of mag 9.5 HD 126008.
17.5"
(5/15/99): slightly larger of similar pair with NGC 5603. Fairly faint, fairly small, slightly
elongated SW-NE, 0.9'x0.7', very weak concentration. In a group with NGC 5603 7' NE. Located 6' E of mag 9.5 SAO 45011.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5598 = H III-733 = h1796, along with NGC 5603, on 29 Apr 1788
(sweep 837) and recorded "vF, vS." JH made two observations, although
he noted that one position was bad and the second was uncertain in dec. Nevertheless his second position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 5599 = UGC
9218 = MCG +01-37-010 = CGCG 047-030 = PGC 51423
14 23 50.8 +06
34 33
V = 13.6; Size 1.4'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 160d
17.5"
(6/1/02): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE, 1.2'x0.5', fairly
even surface brightness. Located
10' NNE of a 1' pair of mag 8.5 (SAO 120428) and 10 stars. The compact group Shkh 358 is close NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5599 = H III-927 = h1794 on 12 May 1793 (sweep 1043) and noted
"vF, S." His position is
at the south edge of UGC 9218. JH
made a total of 4 observations.
******************************
NGC 5600 = UGC
9220 = MCG +03-37-013 = CGCG 104-015 = VIII Zw 410 = PGC 51422
14 23 49.5 +14
38 20
V = 12.1; Size 1.4'x1.4'; Surf Br = 12.7
17.5"
(6/12/99): at 280x appears moderately bright, broadly concentrated to a
50" bright core which is slightly brighter on the following side. The small halo is slightly elongated
WNW-ESE, 1.3'x1.1'. Forms one end
of a cross asterism with a mag 10 star 8' NE and two mag 12 stars 4' N and 4'
SE.
8"
(5/21/82): fairly faint, round, broad concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5600 = H II-177 = h1797 on 17 Apr 1784 (sweep 200) and noted
"rather F, no L, lbM, r."
His position is 30 sec of time west of UGC 9220 and 2' south. He observed it again on 19 Mar 1787
(sweep 720) and measured an accurate RA, though the dec was 3.5' too far
north. JH logged "pB; R; gbM;
40"." and measured a very accurate position. R.J. Mitchell, the assistant on the
LdR's 72" on 29 Apr 1856, recorded "Edges filamentous, centre
vB. I suspect the brightest part
to be curved."
******************************
NGC 5601 = MCG
+07-30-006 = CGCG 220-009 = PGC 51370
14 22 53.3 +40
18 34
V = 14.6; Size 0.8'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 0d
18"
(7/2/11): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated N-S, 30"x20", very
weak concentration. Faintest of
three NGC galaxies with NGC 5598 5' W and NGC 5603 4.4' NNE. The faintest in the group is UGC 9216 situated
6.5' N.
17.5"
(6/8/02): very faint, small, very elongated 3:1 N-S, 0.5'x0.15'. Located 4.9' ESE of NGC 5598 and 4.3'
SSW of NGC 5603 within a small group of galaxies.
Sir Robert Ball,
an assistant on LdR's 72" telescope, discovered NGC 5601 on 27 Mar
1867. Under the listing for GC
3867 [=NGC 5598] and GC 3871 [=NGC 5603] is the comment "One or perhaps 2
novae; 2nd may be a *".
Although there was no diagram or offsets in the 1880 LdR monograph,
Dreyer published a good position for NGC 5601 in the GC Supplement (5770) and
NGC. The second nebula that Ball
suspected is probably UGC 9216.
The MCG selection for NGC 5601 appears to be NGC 5603, while its choice of
NGC 5603 is UGC 9216.
******************************
NGC 5602 = UGC
9210 = MCG +09-24-002 = CGCG 273-004 = PGC 51340
14 22 18.9 +50
30 05
V = 12.7; Size 1.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 166d
18"
(5/3/08): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, sharply
concentrated with a very bright, 0.4'x0.3' core and a 1.2'x0.8' halo.
17.5"
(6/2/00): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated NNW-SSE, 0.7' diameter,
sharply concentrated with a bright 20" core. MCG +08-26-022 is in the field 9' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5602 = H II-694 on 15 May 1787 (sweep 736) and recorded "pF,
pS, mbM, lE." CH's reduction
is 2' north of UGC 9210. Copeland
observed the field at Birr Castle on 9 Apr 1874 and noted, "2 nebulae,
both S, nf one the fainter."
A diagram with west down, published in the large 1880 monograph, appears
to show NGC 5602, labeled Alpha with a bright core, and probably CGCG 272-003,
labeled Beta. The orientation of
the pair is correct, although NGC 5602, the north-following object, is much
brighter. Two additional objects,
labeled Delta and Gamma (indicated with a question mark) are also included,
those these are likely faint stars.
Probably since there was no follow up observation and Dreyer didn't know
which object was NGC 5602, he didn't assign CGCG 272-003 an NGC designation.
******************************
NGC 5603 = UGC
9217 = MCG +07-30-008 = CGCG 220-011 = I Zw 86 = PGC 51382
14 23 01.5 +40
22 38
V = 13.0; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0
18"
(7/2/11): moderately bright, fairly small, round, 30" diameter, fairly
high surface brightness, well concentrated to a very small, bright core. Brightest in a small group of 4
galaxies at 285x including UGC 9216 2.6' NNW, NGC 5601 4.4' SSW and NGC 5598 7'
SW. The UGC appeared very faint,
fairly small, very low surface brightness, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 0.4'x0.2'.
17.5" (5/15/99):
fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.7' diameter, even concentration to a
brighter core and faint, stellar nucleus.
Brightest in a group with NGC 5598 7' SW and NGC 5601 4.3' SSW. Also, a low surface brightness
companion, UGC 9216, less than 3' NNW was not seen.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5603 = H III-734 = h1800, along with NGC 5598, on 29 Apr 1788
(sweep 837) and noted "cF, pS.". JH made two observations, calling this galaxy both pB and
vF. His mean position matches UGC 9217.
The MCG misidentifies this galaxy as NGC 5601. Brightest in a group.
******************************
NGC 5604 = MCG
+00-37-003 = CGCG 019-016 = PGC 51471
14 24 42.7 -03
12 44
V = 12.8; Size 1.8'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 20d
48"
(4/19/17): at 488x; fairly bright, moderately large, oval 4:3 or 3:2 ~N-S,
~50"x35" . Contains a
bright, elongated, mottled core. The N-S extensions are a bit non-symmetric in
surface brightness with a hint of spiral structure, but nothing definite.
VIII Zw 414, a
very close pair, lies 10' NE. At
610x, the brighter western component appeared moderately bright, small, round,
15" diameter, fairly high surface brightness. Forms a very close pair with edge-on FGC 1750 just 12"
E! A wide bright double (9.2/11.1
at 18") lies 2.5' N. FGC 1750
was logged as faint to fairly faint, very small, round, 6" diameter [this
is the nucleus of the galaxy]. It
occasionally elongated with extremely faint wings SW and NE increasing the size
to 25"x6".
17.5"
(6/8/91): fairly faint, small, elongated 3:2 N-S, broadly concentrated with no
defined nucleus. A mag 10.5 star
is 4.7' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5604 = H III-668 = h1799 on 15 Apr 1787 (sweep 730) and recorded
"cF, S, r." His RA is 7
tsec too large. JH called it "F;
pL; vgbM to a stellar point." and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5605 = MCG
-02-37-003 = PGC 51492
14 25 07.6 -13
09 48
V = 12.3; Size 1.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 85d
13.1"
(6/18/85): fairly large, diffuse, weakly concentrated to a small brighter core,
fairly low surface brightness.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5605 = H III-120 = h1798 = h3569 on 11 May 1784 (sweep 211) and
recorded "eF, pL, iR, rather brighter towards the following
side." CH's reduction is 25
sec of RA east of MCG -02-37-003 = PGC 51492. JH made a single observation from Slough and measured a more
accurate position (1' too far south).
From the Cape of Good Hope, he recorded "F; pL; R; gvlbM;
90"."
******************************
NGC 5606 = Cr
281 = ESO 134-SC003
14 27 47 -59 37
54
V = 7.7; Size 3'
18" (7/5/05
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x, this is a compact, distinctive
group of two dozen stars mag 8.7-15 including four mag 8.7-10 stars in a 2'-3'
region. Two of these stars form a
wide 21" pair on the west side and are surrounded by several faint
companions creating a rich clump.
The main group is only 2.5' in diameter, though it is situated in a
glittering, rich star field so the cluster is not completely detached from the
surrounding field.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 5606 = D 313 = h3568 on 8 May 1826 and recorded "a very
minute group of small stars, about 2' long, extended in the parallel of the
equator." JH made a single
observation on 6 July 1836: "a small close group of large and small stars,
forming a cluster."
******************************
NGC 5607 =
N5620: = UGC 9189 = MCG +12-14-001 = CGCG 337-007 = Mrk 286 = VII Zw 547 = IC
1005 = PGC 51182
14 19 26.7 +71
35 17
V = 13.4; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(7/10/99): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter, gradually
increases to a small bright core and stellar nucleus at moments with
concentration. The galaxy is
bracketed by two mag 13-14 stars 2.8' WSW and 2.2' ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5607 = H II-331 on 16 Mar 1785 (sweep 389) and logged "F,
pS, easily resolvable." CH's reduction is 1' from UGC 9189. NGC 5620 = H III-319 (found by Herschel
two weeks later) may be a duplicate observation. Lewis Swift found this galaxy again on 7 Jun 1888, reported
it as new in his 7th list (#44) and Dreyer recatalogued it as IC 1005. Swift's RA is 1 min too small, but his
description is appropriate. So,
NGC 5607 = IC 1005.
******************************
NGC 5608 = UGC
9219 = MCG +07-30-009 = CGCG 220-012 = PGC 51396
14 23 17.7 +41
46 33
V = 13.4; Size 2.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.6; PA = 95d
17.5"
(7/10/99): faint, moderately large, elongated 3:2 E-W, ~1.8'x1.2'. This galaxy has a pretty low surface
brightness with very weak concentration and an ill-defined edge to the
halo. Located 11' WNW of mag 8.8
SAO 45037.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5608 = H II-673 = h1801 on 9 Apr 1787 (sweep 725) and logged
"F, pL, E, vlbM." JH
made the single observation "F; R; pL; vgbM; 80". Sky very fine." and measured a
fairly accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5609 = 2MASX
J14234825+3450350 = PGC 3088538
14 23 48.3 +34
50 34
V = 15.6; Size 0.4'x0.35'
48"
(4/15/10): at 431x easily visible with direct vision as a moderately bright,
fairly small, round glow of ~20" diameter, with a moderately high surface
brightness. Located 4' WSW of NGC
5614 and 4.7' SW of slightly brighter NGC 5613. The redshift-based (z = 1.0) light-travel time
is 1.3 billion years, certainly one of the most distant objects in the NGC!
24"
(7/8/13): at 280x, fairly faint, fairly small, round, low even surface
brightness, 18" diameter.
Visible continuously with averted.
Located 4' WSW of NGC 5614 (Arp 178) in a quartet.
18"
(5/16/09): extremely faint and small, round, 6" diameter. Required averted vision to glimpse ~20%
of the time at 280x, though could consistently repeat the observation. Visible over 1/2 the time in a 22"
at 330x. Located 4' WSW of NGC
5614.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 5609 on 1 Mar 1851 with LdR's 72" during an observation of
NGC 5614. He simply noted
"[NGC 5614] is double [with NGC 5615], two others [NGC 5609 and 5613]
faint." A diagram shows NGC
5609 5' west-southwest of NGC 5614 (actual separation is 4'). On 6 May 1877 Dreyer made another
observation, noting "another preceding, eeF, seen by glimpses but much
better by moving the eyepiece p & f, Position from GC 3880, ~259¡, Dist
~240"."
******************************
NGC 5610 = UGC
9230 = MCG +04-34-025 = CGCG 133-049 = PGC 51450
14 24 23 +24 36
51
V = 13.2; Size 2.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 108d
17.5"
(5/11/96): fairly faint, nearly edge-on 4:1 WNW-ESE, 1.5'x0.4', moderate
surface brightness with no concentration.
A mag 10 star follows by 5.6'.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5610 = H III-136 = h1802 on 19 May 1784 (sweep 220) and recorded
"eF, vS, E. Like two stellar
nebula very near each other. 240
showed the same; though there remains a possibility of a deception." He reobserved this galaxy on 10 Apr
1785 (sweep 394) and noted "vF, S, E nearly in the parallel." JH made
a more detailed description (sweep 425), "pF; pmE; gbM; 30"; a star
9m follows 20s in the parallel." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5611 = UGC
9227 = MCG +06-32-020 = CGCG 192-013 = PGC 51431
14 24 04.9 +33
02 49
V = 12.6; Size 1.3'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 63d
13.1"
(6/18/85): moderately bright, very small, slightly elongated, stellar
nucleus. A mag 13.5 star is 1.9'
WSW. NGC 5623 lies 40' ENE. Located 9' SW of mag 9 SAO 74130.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5611 = h1803 on 29 Apr 1827 and recorded "F; S; R;
vsmbM." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 5612 = ESO
022-001 = PGC 52057
14 34 01.5 -78
23 16
V = 12.1; Size 1.9'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 63d
24" (4/4/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated
3:2 SW-NE, ~35"x25" (core only viewed?). A star is at the southwest end. Located 57' NW mag 3.8 Alpha Apodis.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5612 = h3567 on 23 May 1835 and recorded "vF; E; gbM; with
a feeble appearance of stars, but I have hardly a doubt of its being a
nebula." His position is
fairly accurate.
******************************
NGC 5613 = Arp
178 NED1 = VV 77c = UGC 9228 = MCG +06-32-021 = PGC 51433
14 24 05.9 +34
53 31
V = 14.9; Size 0.4'x0.3'
48"
(4/15/10): at 431x appeared moderately bright, fairly small, slightly
elongated, ~24"x18", very small brighter core. Located 2' NNW of NGC 5614. Slightly brighter and larger than NGC
5609 situated 4.7' SW
24" (7/8/13):
faint to fairly faint, small, round, 10" diameter, stellar nucleus. With averted vision the halo elongates
the size increases to 15"x10".
Located 2' N of NGC 5614 in a quartet, though its redshift implies NGC
5613 lies in the background at twice the distance.
17.5"
(5/27/95): extremely faint, very small, round, requires averted vision to
glimpse. Located 2.0' N of NGC
5614.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 5613 on 1 Mar 1851 during an observation of NGC 5614. He simply noted "[NGC 5614] is
double [with NGC 5615], two others [NGC 5609 and 5613] faint." A diagram shows NGC 5613 2' north of
NGC 5614. On 6 May 1877 Dreyer
described NGC 5613 as "eF, pS, dif neb in Pos. 354¡, Dist 116"
(actual separation 120") and made a sketch.
******************************
NGC 5614 = Arp
178 NED3 = VV 77a = UGC 9226 = MCG +06-32-022 = CGCG 192-014 = PGC 51439
14 24 07.7 +34
51 32
V = 11.7; Size 2.5'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.3
48"
(4/15/10): very bright, large, round, ~1.5' diameter, bright core increases to
center. At 330x two
"stars" are superimposed, one on the northwest side of the halo with
a fainter star superimposed on the east side of the halo. A third faint star lies ~50" NE of
center. At 430x, the
"star" on the NNW edge was noticed to be a compact "knot"
(interacting companion NGC 5615), ~4" diameter. A tidal tail appears as a very low surface brightness hazy
extension off the NW side with NGC 5615 at the position where this glow
attaches to the galaxy. Arp
classified this extension (Arp 178) as a "narrow counter-tail",
apparently formed from a previous interaction with a neighbor (perhaps NGC
5615).
24"
(7/8/13): very bright, large,
round, sharply concentrated with a blazing core that gradually brightens
towards the center. Contains a
large, irregular halo that increases in size with averted to 1.4'. A very small, very faint
"knot" (NGC 5615) is at the NW edge. NGC 5613 lies 2' NNW and NGC 5609 is 4' WSW.
17.5"
(5/27/95): fairly bright, moderately large, slightly elongated E-W, 1.5'
diameter. Well concentrated to a
prominent 30" core. A mag 11
star lies 2.7' ESE of center.
Forms a pair with NGC 5613 2.0' N.
8"
(4/24/82): faint, small, slightly elongated, small bright nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5614 = H II-420 = h1804 on 1 May 1785 (sweep 405) and recorded
"pB, vS, R, mbM and the brightness diminishing very gradually." JH made two observations and measured
an accurate position. Bindon Stoney,
observing on 1 Mar 1851 at Birr Castle, noted "[NGC 5614] is double, two
others [nearby] faint." The
companion (sketched as very close north-northwest) is NGC 5615.
******************************
NGC 5615 = Arp
178 NED2 = VV 77b = MCG +06-32-023 = LGG 380-004 = PGC 51435
14 24 06.4 +34
51 54
V = 15.3; Size 0.2'x0.2'; Surf Br = 10.9
48" (4/15/10):
at 330x logged as a faint "star" at the northwest edge of the halo of
NGC 5615, although at 430x it was noticed to be a nonstellar knot, ~4"
diameter. Extending from this knot
to the northwest of the halo of the galaxy is a very low surface brightness
extension. This tidal plume was
classified by Arp (178) as a "narrow counter-tail".
24"
(7/8/13): at 322x appeared as a very faint, very small knot at the NW edge of
NGC 5614.
18"
(5/16/09): at 280x, appeared as an extremely faint, virtually stellar object at
the northern edge of the halo of NGC 5614, 25" from the center. Required averted vision and only
occasionally popped into view for moments.
17.5"
(7/18/01): at 380x, occasionally an extremely faint stellar object was barely
glimpsed ~25" N of the core of NGC 5614 within the outer halo. Only detected ~15% of the time, but
sighting confirmed.
17.5"
(5/27/95 and 7/17/01): not seen.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 5615 on 1 Mar 1851 using LdR's 72". He noted "[NGC 5614] is double,
two others [NGC 5609 and 5613] faint." A diagram in the 1880 publication clearly shows a small knot
at the north-northwest side of NGC 5614. A later observation by R.J. Mitchell
on 14 May 1857 called it a "faint star involved north. I suspect it to be a cluster."
******************************
NGC 5616 = UGC
9231 = MCG +06-32-026 = CGCG 192-015 = PGC 51448
14 24 20.6 +36
27 42
V = 13.8; Size 2.1'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 157d
17.5"
(7/10/99): faint, moderately large, edge-on 2.0'x0.4' oriented NNW-SSE, bright
core. A mag 15 star lies 2.5' N of
center. Located 6.7' N of mag 9.5
SAO 64124.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5616 = H III-419 = h1805 on 1 May 1785 (sweep 405) and noted
"vF, vS, E, er." JH made
the single observation "vF; S; lE; vgbM: and his position matches UGC
9231.
******************************
NGC 5617 = Cr
282 = ESO 134-SC004
14 29 44 -60 42
36
V = 6.3; Size 10'
13.1"
(2/20/04 - Costa Rica): ~75 stars are irregularly distributed over a 10'
region. The stars have a wide
range of magnitudes from 10-14.5 and the cluster is dense in spots. Many of the stars are arranged in
strings and most the stars are along a fairly rich string of stars running ~N-S
with some groups of stars to the east and west. Easily located 1.2 degrees WNW of Alpha Centauri between
Alpha and Beta. The planetary He
2-111 lies 26' ESE.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 5617 = D 302 = h3570 on 8 May 1826 with his homemade 9-inch
speculum reflector and described "a cluster of small stars of mixt
magnitudes, considerably congregated towards the center, 4' or 5'
diameter." His position is
just 2' southwest of the center of the cluster (well within the borders). JH made 3 observations, first recording
on sweep 578, "Cl VI. v rich;
irreg R; pm comp M, but scattered at borders; 15' there are 3 stars 10m; 5 or 6
11m; the rest below 11m."
******************************
NGC 5618 = UGC
9250 = MCG +00-37-005 = CGCG 019-026 = PGC 51603
14 27 11.8 -02
15 46
V = 13.4; Size 1.6'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 10d
18"
(5/29/05): faint, moderately large, diffuse glow, 1.0' diameter, weakly
concentrated. A mag 12 star lies
2' W. Located 15' W of mag 5.0 Phi
Vir, a mag 4.9/9.5 pair at 5".
18"
(6/18/04): faint, fairly small, round, 0.8'x0.7', fairly low surface brightness
with very weak concentration. A
mag 12 star lies 2' W. Just
outside the field lies Phi Virginis (very unequal magnitude double 5.0/9.5 at
5").
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5618 = H III-763 on 23 Mar 1789 (sweep 917) and noted "eF,
S." His position is within 1'
of UGC 9250.
******************************
NGC 5619 = NGC
5619A = UGC 9255 = VV 408 = KTG 57A = MCG +01-37-012 = CGCG 047-044 = Holm 645a
= WBL 507-001 = PGC 51610
14 27 18.2 +04
48 10
V = 12.6; Size 2.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 8d
24"
(5/11/13): moderately to fairly bright, very elongated 5:2 N-S, ~1.6'x0.7',
sharply concentrated with a very bright, very small core. Brightest and largest in a trio with IC
4424 3.7' ENE and UGC 9258 = NGC 5619C 3.2' ESE. IC 4424 appeared fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2
NW-SE, ~24"x14". A mag
16 star is just off the south side, 15" from center. UGC 9258 appeared faint to fairly
faint, low surface brightness (face-on spiral?), round, diffuse glow, very weak
concentration, 24" diameter.
17.5"
(6/8/91): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, bright core, faint
stellar nucleus. A mag 13.5 star
is 1.7' NW of center. Brightest of
three with IC 4424 3.5' NE and UGC 9258 3' ESE. The three galaxies form a rough equilateral triangle with
sides of length 3'.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5619 = h1806 on 10 Apr 1828 and recorded "vF, R; vgbM;
25"." He missed the two
nearby companions, including IC 4424.
Auguste Voigt independently found the galaxy again in 1865, though the
rediscovery was not published.
******************************
NGC 5620 =
N5607: = UGC 9189 = MCG +12-14-001 = CGCG 337-007 = Mrk 286 = VII Zw 547 = IC
1005 = PGC 51182
14 19 26.7 +71
35 17
V = 13.4; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8
See observing
notes for NGC 5607. CGCG 337-010
is misidentified as NGC 5620 in the RNGC and PGC
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5620 = H III-319 on 3 Apr 1785 (sweep 391) and recorded
"Suspected, eF, vS."
There is nothing near his position (offset from Beta UMi 32 min 2 sec
preceding and 2¡ 26' south).
The RNGC and PGC
misidentify CGCG 337-010 = PGC 51356 as NGC 5620. This galaxy is two degrees south of WH's position. A better candidate is CGCG 337-009 =
PGC 51326, situated 13' due north of WH's position. This galaxy is quite faint (mag 15.6pg) and between two brighter
stars that WH would probably mention.
Finally, NGC 5607 = UGC 9189 is 2.5 min of RA due west. This galaxy is significantly brighter
than the CGCG and was in fact found by WH two weeks earlier and recorded as
II-331. Corwin suggests NGC 5607
as the most likely candidate.
******************************
NGC 5621
14 27 49.7 +08
14 29
=***,
Gottlieb. Not found to match
description, RNGC.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5621 = H III-14? = h1807 on 30 Jan 1784 (sweep 134) and logged
"I suspect an almost imperceptible cl of stars or nebulosity. It precedes 31 Bootis 12.5 min, 9'
north." There is nothing near
this position, but JH recorded h1807, 82 sec of RA preceding, which he took as
III-14 on 17 Apr 1830, noting "the faintest possible". Bigourdan was unable to find this
object, although he suspected a nebula at JH's position. Karl Reinmuth, in his photographic
survey "Die Herschel Nebel", took CGCG 047-050 as NGC 5621 and
described "F, cS, E, r; *14.7 p 2.0', *12.7 ssp 1.7'."
At the position
of h1807, used in the GC and NGC, is a 26" pair of mag 15.5-16 stars and a
third mag 17.5 star. Whether this
is III-14 is unknown.
******************************
NGC 5622 = UGC
9248 = MCG +08-26-032 = CGCG 247-028 = PGC 51541
14 26 12.2 +48
33 50
V = 13.2; Size 1.7'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 90d
17.5"
(7/12/99): faint, moderately large, elongated 5:3 E-W, ~1.5'x1.1'. There is a broad, weak concentration but no core. A mag 14 star is 2.5' SSW and another
3.0' E. A brighter mag 11.5 star
lies 4.6' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5622 = H III-677 = h1809 on 15 May 1787 (sweep 736) and recorded
"vF, pS, lE." CH's
reduction is 1' north of UGC 9248.
JH made the single observation "vF; pL; R; vglbM;
30"." Sir Robert Ball,
LdR's assistant on 17 Mar 1868, logged "E pf, susp spiral arm from foll
end toward north."
******************************
NGC 5623 = UGC
9260 = MCG +06-32-035 = CGCG 192-021 = PGC 51598
14 27 08.7 +33
15 08
V = 12.5; Size 1.6'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 17d
13.1"
(6/18/85): moderately bright, very small bright core, small almost round
halo. Located among a group of
brighter stars including mag 9 SAO 64130 4.4' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5623 = H II-329 = h1808 on 13 Mar 1785 (sweep 388) and logged
"F, S, R." JH made the
single observation "F; S; R; vsmbM; 15 to 20"; almost stellar."
******************************
NGC 5624 = UGC
9256 = MCG +09-24-006 = CGCG 273-006 = LGG 384-011 = PGC 51568
14 26 35.4 +51
35 09
V = 13.1; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 3d
24"
(6/29/16): at 260x; moderately bright, elongated 4:3 N-S, , ~0.8'x0.6'. The surface brightness is irregular and
the outline asymmetric; specifically the galaxy is brighter on the north end
[appears to be an HII knot on the SDSS].
Arp 45 (pair) lies 1.1¡ WNW.
17.5"
(7/12/99): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 N-S, 1.0'x0.7', weak
concentration. The galaxy is
collinear with two mag 12 stars 5.1' and 7.7' SSE. Located 20' SE of mag 4.0 Theta (23) Boo.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5624 = Sw VI-66 on 9 May 1887 and recorded "eF; S; lE;
Theta Bootis in field." His
position is 12 seconds too far west. Howe measured an accurate micrometric position (MN,
LXI, 1900).
******************************
NGC 5625 = VV
24b = MCG +07-30-013 = CGCG 220-017 = PGC 51592
14 27 02.2 +39
57 26
V = 13.8; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(6/23/01): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated 0.7'x0.5', low even surface
brightness. A mag 12.5 star lies
3.7' E and a mag 13.5 is 5' N.
Located 12' SSW of mag 9 SAO 45057.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5625 = h1810 on 28 Apr 1827 and recorded "vF; S; R; gbM;
20"." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 5626 = ESO
447-008 = MCG -05-34-015 = PGC 51794
14 29 49.1 -29
44 56
V = 13.0; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 127d
18"
(5/16/09): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:4, ~30"x24", broad
weak concentration. Forms the
south vertex of an isosceles triangle with a mag 8.7 star 4.8' NW and mag 8 HD
127077 7' NNE. Located 26' SE of
mag 5.0 52 Hydrae.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5626 = h3571 on 30 Mar 1835 and recorded "eF; R;
20"." His position is at
the southwest edge of the galaxy.
******************************
NGC 5627 = UGC
9280 = MCG +02-37-013 = CGCG 075-046 = PGC 51705
14 28 34.3 +11
22 41
V = 12.9; Size 1.7'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 120d
17.5"
(7/18/01): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:3 NW-SE, ~1.0'x0.6'. Broad concentration in outer halo but
then suddenly rises to a very small bright core. An isosceles triangle of mag 10/12/12 stars is close west
with the 10th mag star 3' SW.
Brightest in a
group of 6 galaxies within 20' and in a tight trio with CGCG 075-044 3.7' NW
and CGCG 075-048 1.8' SE. CGCG
075-044 appeared fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 E-W, 0.8'x0.6',
broad weak concentration. A mag 12
star is 1' N. CGCG 075-04 appeared
extremely faint, very small, round, 0.3' diameter.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5627 = h1811 on 4 Apr 1831 and recorded "vF; R; 15";
about 3' f and 40" n of a * 9m.". His position (h1811) matches UGC 9280.
******************************
NGC 5628 = UGC
9278 = MCG +03-37-019 = CGCG 104-033 = PGC 51699
14 28 25.7 +17
55 28
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 175d
17.5"
(7/22/01): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 ~E-W, 0.8'x0.6'. Contains a very small brighter core and
relatively bright stellar nucleus.
Forms the SW vertex of an equilateral triangle with two mag 10/11 stars
6' NE and 6' E.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5628 = St XIII-75 on 6 May 1883. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5629 = UGC
9281 = MCG +04-34-034 = CGCG 133-065 = AWM 3-1 = PGC 51681
14 28 16.4 +25
50 56
V = 12.1; Size 1.8'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(5/11/96): moderately bright, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter, bright
core. I expected to find a single
galaxy so was surprised to find five galaxies in the 9mm Nagler field with IC
1017 2.4' NW, IC 1013 5.8' W, IC 1019 6.0' N and IC 1020 13' NE. I missed very compact IC 1018 1.3'
SW. NGC 5629 is located 7' W of
mag 7.0 SAO 83375.
IC 1017 is
fairly faint, small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 45"x25", bright core. A mag 12 star is 1.1' WSW. IC 1013 is very faint, fairly small,
round, very weak concentration, 40" diameter. IC 1019 is faint, small, round, 20" diameter. A mag 13 star lies 25" W of
center. IC 1020 is faint, small,
elongated 2:1 N-S, very small bright core. A mag 13 star lies 0.9' NW of center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5629 = h1812 on 6 May 1831and recorded "pF; R; gbM;
20". Precedes [HD 127093]." His mean position from 2 observations
matches UGC 9281. This galaxy is
the brightest in a cluster and it seems odd that JH did not record any of the
IC galaxies that Stephane Javelle later discovered at the Nice Observatory.
******************************
NGC 5630 = UGC
9270 = MCG +07-30-014 = CGCG 220-018 = Holm 649a = PGC 51635
14 27 36.8 +41
15 27
V = 13.1; Size 2.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 98d
17.5"
(6/23/01): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 ~E-W, 1.5'x0.4'. Nearly even surface brightness. Extended in the direction of a mag 12
star 3.8' W. Located 14' N of mag
6.6 SAO 45058.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5630 = H II-674 = h1814 on 9 Apr 1787 (sweep 725) and recorded
"pB, E, about 1 1/2' l and 1/2' broad; nearly in the parallel." His position is poor (7' southeast of
UGC 9270) but JH made four observations.
******************************
NGC 5631 = UGC
9261 = MCG +10-21-002 = CGCG 296-005 = PGC 51564
14 26 33.3 +56
34 58
V = 11.5; Size 1.7'x1.7'; Surf Br = 12.5
18" (4/26/08):
fairly bright, moderately large, slightly elongated, 1.0'x0.9', sharply
concentrated with a very bright, 15" core. A faint stellar nucleus was clearly visible with direct
vision.
17.5"
(5/27/95): bright, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter. Sharp concentration with a prominent
20" core that dominates the galaxy.
The southern half of the 20' field is oddly devoid of stars (only a few
mag 14-15 stars) but contains a number of mag 12-13 stars in the north half of
the field.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5631 = H I-236 = h1820 on 17 Apr 1789 (sweep 924) and recorded
"vB, S, R, irr Br Nucl."
JH made two observations and measured an accurate position (in the NGC).
******************************
NGC 5632 = NGC
5691 = UGC 9420 = MCG +00-37-020 = CGCG 019-073 = LGG 386-007 = NGC 5632 = PGC
52291
14 37 53.4 -00
23 55
See observing
notes for NGC 5691.
George Bond
discovered NGC 5632 = Au 33 = HN 11, along with NGC 5651 and 5658, on 9 Feb
1853 with the 15-inch Merz refractor during the Harvard Zone observations. Auwers included this object in his 1862
table on new nebulae. Bond's
discovery position in AN 1453 is just 30" north of a mag 15.4 star. But in 2105 Yann Pothier found that
Bond misidentified his offset star as Star 118 instead of 129 (in Annals of
Harvard Observatory, Vol I, part II, p 282-3). Once corrected, his position ("Another nebula precedes
No. 118 2m 30s, and is in the same declination with star No. 118.") is 28
seconds of RA east of NGC 5731 and the other two objects also match up with
galaxies. The RNGC and PGC
misidentify CGCG 019-039 as NGC 5632.
See NGC 5651 and 5658.
******************************
NGC 5633 = UGC
9271 = MCG +08-26-034 = CGCG 247-030 = I Zw 89 = PGC 51620
14 27 28.5 +46
08 50
V = 12.4; Size 2.0'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 10d
17.5"
(5/27/95): fairly faint, elongated 3:2 N-S, 1.2'x0.8', moderate surface
brightness, very weak concentration.
A right triangle of evenly matched mag 12 stars follows with the closest
star 2.6' E. Just off the north
vertex is a very faint close double.
8"
(4/24/82): faint, small, slightly elongated.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5633 = H I-185 = h1818 on 11 May 1787 (sweep 733) and noted
"pB, S, mbM." His position (CH's reduction) is 2' south of UGC
9271. JH made two observations,
logging on sweep 255, "B; R: vglbM; 40"."
******************************
NGC 5634
14 29 37.2 -05
58 35
V = 9.4; Size 4.9'; Surf Br = 0.1
17.5"
(4/13/96): fairly bright, moderately large, irregularly round, 3.5'
diameter. Contains a large bright core
of 2' diameter that appears mottled with stellarings or knots. The brightest knot is on the northwest
side of the core. Set in a
striking field between mag 8.5 SAO 139967 1.4' ESE and a mag 11 star 1.9' W
with a mag 10 star 3.7' SW of center.
17.5"
(6/8/91): bright, round, 3.5' diameter.
Situated in a pretty field among three bright stars. The small halo smoothly increases to a
broadly concentrated core which is very mottled but not resolved. A few very faint stars are resolved off
the edges of the halo at 412x and a star or knot is visible at the west edge of
the core.
8":
moderately bright, moderately large.
A mag 10 star is on the east edge and a mag 12 star on the west edge.
This globular is
possibly a former member of the Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy and appears
to be situated in the trailing tidal stream.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5634 = H I-70 = h1813 on 5 Mar 1785 (sweep 380) and recorded
"vB, cL, brighter about the middle and the brightness diminishing very
gradually, irreg, situated between 3 or 4 considerable stars." There is nothing at his position, but
74 sec of RA west is this globular cluster. JH logged "A fine small compressed globular
cluster. I can barely discern the
stars; the are 19m, 80" diam; has a * 7-8m 90" dist, pos 30¡ sf, and
another 10m np." The latter
star is south-preceding.
******************************
NGC 5635 = UGC
9283 = MCG +05-34-049 = CGCG 163-058 = LGG 383-006 = PGC 51706
14 28 31.9 +27
24 31
V = 12.5; Size 2.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 65d
24"
(7/6/13): at 322x appeared fairly bright, fairly large, very elongated 3:1
WSW-ENE, 2.0'x0.7'. Well
concentrated with a large bright core ~30" diameter, that gradually
increases to the center. The
extension to the southwest appears longer and brighter, so the galaxy has an
asymmetric appearance. The DSS
confirms this impression, as the SW arm is noticeably brighter and better
defined. Nearly collinear with mag
9.5 SAO 88365 11' NW and a mag 11.5 star 7.5' NW. A 20" pair of mag 15/16 stars lie 2' N. UGC 9317 lies 23' ENE and appeared
fairly faint, moderately large, irregularly round, 1.2' diameter, low surface
brightness, very weak gradual concentration with no core or zones.
17.5"
(7/16/01): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated ~2:1 WSW-ENE,
2.2'x1.0'. Broad concentration to
a 40" rounder core. Collinear
with mag 9.5 SAO 88365 11' NW and a mag 11 star 7' NW. A mag 13.5 star lies 1.9' S of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5635 = H III-132 = h1815 on 17 May 1784 (sweep 219) and recorded
"eF; S; lE; with 240x it appeared the same." JH described the galaxy
as "pB; S; E; sbM."
******************************
NGC 5636 = UGC
9304 = MCG +01-37-017 = CGCG 047-062 = Holm 653b = LGG 386-014 = PGC 51785
14 29 39.1 +03
15 58
V = 12.7; Size 1.9'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 40d
24"
(6/27/14): fairly faint to moderately bright, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 0.9'x0.6',
broad concentration with a slightly brighter core, but no noticeable
nucleus. Forms a 2'
(non-interacting) pair with the bright elliptical NGC 5638.
17.5"
(6/8/91): faint, fairly small, 1.2'x0.9', slightly elongated SW-NE, very low
even surface brightness. Forms a
close pair with the high surface brightness galaxy NGC 5638 1.9' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5636 = H II-580 = h1816 on 30 Apr 1786 (sweep 558), along with
II-581 = NGC 5638, and recorded "Two, the place is that of the most south
[NGC 5638]. pB, gbM, pL, R. The most north [NGC 5636] distance
about 2'. eF, cL, requiring much
attention to be seen." JH noted
"eF; R; the np of 2."
On 25 Apr 1848
LdR (or assistant Rambaut) noted "A bright, double nebula". JH assumed that one was NGC 5638 but
the second object was new and assigned it a separate GC designation (3905) from
II-580. Later, Dreyer realized the
second object was NGC 5636 and both GC designations are combined in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 5637 = UGC
9293 = MCG +04-34-037 = CGCG 133-069 = PGC 51736
14 28 59.8 +23
11 29
V = 13.8; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 10d
17.5" (7/22/01):
faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 ~E-W, 0.7'x0.5', nearly even surface
brightness. A mag 14.5 star is
1.3' NW. Several mag 11 stars are
in the field with the closes 3.6' ESE.
UGC 9322 lies 20' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5637 = H II-357 = h1819 on 10 Apr 1785 (sweep 394) and recorded
"F, S, lbM, irr." His
position is 3.5' too far north. JH made two observations and his mean position
is a good match with UGC 9293.
******************************
NGC 5638 = UGC
9308 = MCG +01-37-018 = CGCG 047-063 = Holm 653a = LGG 386-015 = PGC 51787
14 29 40.5 +03
13 59
V = 11.2; Size 2.7'x2.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 150d
24"
(6/27/14): bright, large, very slightly elongated NNW-SSE, 1.8'x1.5'. Contains three very distinct brightness
zones. Sharply concentrated with a
very bright core containing an intensely bright, quasi-stellar nucleus. The halo is fairly uniform, only
dimming at the edges. Brightest in
a trio with NGC 5636 2' NNW and much fainter UGC 9310 5' ESE.
UGC 9310
appeared very faint, fairly small, elongated NNW-SSE, ~0.6'x0.25', surprisingly
low surface brightness. Extends
generally north of a mag 13 star (double with a mag 14.7 star 20" SW) at
the south end, which detracts from viewing. Another mag 13 star (very close double) is 1.3' N.")
17.5"
(6/8/91): bright, moderately large, slightly elongated 5:4 NW-SE, 1.5'x1.2',
increases to a very small very bright core containing a stellar nucleus. Forms an unusual pair with low surface
brightness NGC 5636 1.9' NNW. UGC
9277 lies 18' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5638 = H II-581 = h1817, along with II-580 = NGC 5636, on 30 Apr
1786 (sweep 558) and recorded "Two, the place is that of the most south
[NGC 5638]. pB, gbM, pL, R. The most north [NGC 5636] distance
about 2'. eF, cL, requiring much
attention to be seen."
******************************
NGC 5639 = UGC
9290 = MCG +05-34-051 = CGCG 163-061 = Holm 651a = LGG 383-001 = PGC 51730
14 28 46.5 +30
24 46
V = 13.5; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 98d
17.5"
(6/5/99): faint, moderately large, round, low surface brightness, no
concentration, slightly elongated E-W.
A mag 11.5 star is just 0.9' S of center. Located 3.8' ESE of mag 8 SAO 64162, which detracts from
viewing.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5639 = h1821 on 15 May 1830 and recorded "vF; R; n of a *
11m; a * 7.8 precedes." His
position and description matches UGC 9290. CGCG fails to label this galaxy as NGC 5639.
******************************
NGC 5640 = CGCG
353-035 = PGC 51263
14 20 40.8 +80
07 23
V = 14.4; Size 0.9'x0.4'; PA = 20d
17.5"
(7/16/01): extremely faint, very small, round, 20", low even surface
brightness. Two mag 15 stars are
1' SE and 2' SSE. An equilateral
triangle of mag 10 stars with sides 3' in length is at the east edge of the
220x field. CGCG 353-034 lies 7' W
and appeared very faint, small, round, brighter core. It was slightly brighter than NGC 5640 = CGCG 353-035!
17.5"
(6/23/01): extremely faint, very small, round, 15". Requires averted vision to glimpse and
no details visible. A trio of mag
10-11 stars is at the east edge of the 220x field (22'). This galaxy seems very faint to be
picked up by William Herschel while sweeping.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5640 = H III-949 on 20 Dec 1797 (sweep 1074) and noted "eF,
S, lE near the parallel [in RA]."
Dreyer mentions in the collected papers of WH that Bigourdan twice
failed to find this object, but the RA may be nearly 2.0 tmin following the NGC
position using a different reference star.
Corwin suggests
NGC 5640 = CGCG 353-035. This
galaxy is 1.1 tmin east and 3' north of the NGC position though at this
declination the difference in RA is negligible. Using the position of NGC 5712 as a reference (the next
object in the sweep), the position for III-949 is just 30 tsec west of CGCG
353-035, so this seems likely.
Another possibility is that NGC 5640 = CGCG 353-034 (same declination)
which is visually brighter and elongated roughly east-west, but further off in
RA. See Corwin's notes for more on
the story.
******************************
NGC 5641 = UGC
9300 = MCG +05-34-055 = CGCG 163-063 = LGG 383-008 = PGC 51758
14 29 16.7 +28
49 18
V = 12.2; Size 2.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 158d
17.5"
(6/20/98): moderately bright, fairly large, elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE,
2.0'x0.8'. Fairly well-defined
30" oval core. A mag 13 star
is 2.8' preceding. IC 4442 is 11' NW at the edge of the 220x field.
13"
(6/4/83): fairly faint, moderately large, slightly elongated, broadly
concentrated. Located 33' NNE of
·1850 = 7.0/7.4 at 26". NGC
5657 is 29' NE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5641 = St XI-24 on 4 Jun 1880 (or earlier on 15 May 1877). His micrometric position matches UGC
9300.
******************************
NGC 5642 = UGC
9301 = MCG +05-34-052 = CGCG 163-064 = LGG 383-010 = PGC 51751
14 29 13.5 +30
01 35
V = 12.6; Size 1.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 130d
17.5"
(6/5/99): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, small bright
core, 1.2'x0.8'. A mag 13 star is
attached on the following side 18" from center. A mag 12 follows by 1.5'.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5642 = H III-126 = h1822 on 16 May 1784 (sweep 218) and recorded
"two small stars with suspected nebulosity between. 240 rather confirmed it, but left a
doubt." On sweep 342, JH reported "pB; vS; close to and np a * 12m;
pos from * = 33.5¡ by micrometer."
His position and description matches UGC 9301.
******************************
NGC 5643 = ESO
272-016 = MCG -07-30-003 = AM 1429-435 = PGC 51969
14 32 40.7 -44
10 28
V = 10.0; Size 4.6'x4.0'; Surf Br = 13.0
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 260x I was very impressed with
this large, bright barred spiral.
The halo is slightly elongated, ~3.5'x3.0' and sharply concentrated with
a very bright, small, core.
Extending through the center is a brighter bar oriented E-W with a star
superimposed on this bar to the west of the core. A second superimposed star lies 35" to the south and
continuing on this line is a third star just at the edge of the halo, 1.7' S of
center. At the east end of the bar
a slightly enhanced arc sweeps clockwise to the north and a similar enhancement
on the west side sweeps to the south.
The faint arc or arms wrap around 180¡ making a complete outer ring. The
central bar and the outer ring together form the Greek letter
"theta". Situated in a
fairly rich Lupus star field.
18" (7/5/05
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): fascinating glimpses of structure at
228x! This galaxy is fairly bright
and large, round, ~3.5' diameter.
The surface brightness is clearly patchy in the halo due to the strong
impression of clockwise spiral structure but there was only a broad, weak
concentration in the center except for a sharply concentrated, bright 15"
nucleus. A broad spiral arm is attached on the east side of the galaxy shooting
sharply to the north. There is an
impression of another spiral arm attached on the west side of the galaxy and
sweeping towards the south in a clockwise orientation, though this structure is
not as well defined. A string of
five stars angling SSE to NNW appear to puncture the galaxy on the south side
with the northern two stars superimposed on the west side of the galaxy with
the last star in the chain just west of the nucleus. Located in a star field densely peppered with stars.
13.1"
(4/10/86): faint, diffuse, fairly small.
Two stars are superimposed on the south and SW side.
James Dunlop
probably discovered NGC 5643 = D 469 = h3572 on 1 Jun 1834 and recorded "an
exceedingly faint, extended nebula, about 10' long; rather
ill-defined." His position is
7' due east of the galaxy. JH
first observed the galaxy on 1 Jun 1834 and logged "pB, L, vgbM, 2',
resolvable, or with stars."
Two nights later he noted "pF, L, R, vglbM; has many stars
intermixed."
******************************
NGC 5644 = UGC
9321 = MCG +02-37-016 = CGCG 075-057 = PGC 51834
14 30 25.6 +11
55 40
V = 12.5; Size 1.4'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(6/24/95): moderately bright, round, 1.0' diameter. Sharply concentrated with a well-defined, nearly stellar
bright nucleus. Forms the vertex
of a right angle with a mag 12 star 1.4' SW and a mag 14 star 0.9' NNW of center. Located 4.7' SSW of a mag 10 star. Forms a pair with NGC 5647 4.0' SE and
brightest in a group.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5644 = St XI-26, along with NGC 5647, on 11 Jun 1880. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5645 = UGC
9328 = MCG +01-37-019 = CGCG 047-070 = PGC 51846
14 30 39.7 +07
16 29
V = 12.5; Size 2.4'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 80d
17.5"
(6/8/91): fairly faint, fairly small, 2.0'x1.5', elongated 3:2 E-W, gradually
increases to elongated ill-defined core.
Located 6' W of mag 9.1 SAO 120507.
8"
(6/29/84): faint, small, diffuse, low surface brightness, irregularly round,
slightly elongated ~E-W. A mag 10
star is ESE. Located near the
Bootes border.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5645 = H II-150 = h1823 on 13 Apr 1784 (sweep 192) and recorded
"F, pS, nearly R, easily resolvable." His position (CH's reduction) is 3.5' north of UGC
9328. He made another observation
on 12 May 1793 (sweep 1042), logged "cB, iF, about 2' long and 1 1/2'
broad" and measured an accurate position. JH made two observations, describing it as both
"vF" and "pB".
******************************
NGC 5646 = UGC
9312 = MCG +06-32-045 = CGCG 192-030 = PGC 51779
14 29 33.9 +35
27 42
V = 14.2; Size 1.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 81d
17.5"
(6/20/98): very faint, small. With
extended viewing, elongated 3:1 WSW-ENE, 1.0'x0.3', only a weak
concentration. Requires averted to
see full extensions well. The
major axis is collinear with a mag 10 star 2.0' following. Located 13' NW of
NGC 5656.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5646 = St XI-25 on 29 Apr 1881. His micrometric position matches UGC 9312. William and John Herschel, both of whom
observed nearby NGC 5656, missed this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 5647 = UGC
9329 = MCG +02-37-017 = CGCG 075-058 = PGC 51843
14 30 36.1 +11
52 36
V = 14.1; Size 1.2'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 0d
17.5"
(6/24/95): faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. There is a hint of extremely faint
extensions N-S. A mag 12 star lies
1.2' SW of center. Forms a pair
with much brighter NGC 5644 4.0' NW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5647 = St XI-27, along with NGC 5644, on 11 Jun 1880. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5648 = NGC
5649 = UGC 9330 = MCG +02-37-019 = CGCG 075-059 = LGG 383-002 = PGC 51840
14 30 32.5 +14
01 28
See observing
notes for NGC 5649.
Guillaume
Bigourdan found NGC 5648 = Big. 74 on 23 May 1887 and recorded "mag
13.4-13.5, 30" dia, without nucleus, distinct from GC 3911 [NGC
5649]. His position matches NGC
5649 = h1824, although because JH's position was poor, Bigourdan thought it was
new. Later, Bigourdan realized the
equivalence (given in the 17 Jun 1901 Comptes Rendus paper) and the IC 2 Notes
state NGC 5648 = NGC 5649.
RNGC, UGC, MCG
and RC3 label this galaxy as NGC 5648, but by historical priority, NGC 5649
should be the primary designation.
See Webb Society Quarterly Journal for July 1991.
******************************
NGC 5649 = NGC
5648 = UGC 9330 = MCG +02-37-019 = CGCG 075-059 = LGG 383-002 = PGC 51840
14 30 32.5 +14
01 28
V = 13.2; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 172d
17.5"
(6/24/95): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 N-S, 1.2'x0.8',
ill-defined halo with weak concentration.
Forms a pair with NGC 5655 5.5' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5649 = h1824 on 4 Apr 1831 and noted "the faintest perceivable;
the first and northern of 2".
His position is 1.5' southeast of UGC 9330. He mistakenly assumed his father's III-645 applied to this
galaxy, instead of NGC 5655, which he claimed as a "nova".
The
identifications are confused in all the major catalogues. NGC 5649 is labeled as NGC 5648 (a
duplicate observation by Bigourdan) in the RNGC, UGC and RC3 but as NGC 5649 in
MCG. By historical priority, H III
645 = NGC 5649 should apply. RNGC,
UGC, MCG and PGC misidentify NGC 5655 = UGC 9333 as NGC 5649. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 5650 = NGC
5652? = UGC 9334 = MCG +01-37-020 = CGCG 047-072 = Holm 656a = VIII Zw 427 =
PGC 51865
14 31 01.0 +05
58 43
See observing
notes for NGC 5652.
Lewis Swift
found NGC 5650 = Sw VI-67 on 19 Apr 1887 and recorded "vF, pS,
R." His position is 7 sec of
RA west and 0.5' north of NGC 5652 (discovered by WH), but there is only a
single galaxy here. Curiously,
Swift's description doesn't mention nearby NGC 5652, so apparently didn't
realize it was catalogued in the GC.
RNGC equates NGC 5650 = NGC 5652, and Harold Corwin concurs.
******************************
NGC 5651 = NGC
5713 = UGC 9451 = MCG +00-37-022 = CGCG 019-077 = VIII Zw 447 = LGG 386-009 =
PGC 52412
14 40 11.5 -00
17 27
See observing
notes for NGC 5713.
George Bond
discovered NGC 5651 = Au 34 = HN 12 on 9 May 1853, along with NGC 5632 and
5648, with the 15-inch Merz refractor during the Harvard Zone
observations. At his position in
AN 1453 is a very faint star. But
Yann Pothier discovered in 2015 that Bond misidentified his offset star (#118
instead of #129) in Annals of Harvard Observatory, Vol I, part II, p 282-3.
Once corrected, Bond's offset ("A round nebula precedes No. [129] 3 s 7'
North of it." points directly to NGC 5713. RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 5652 = NGC
5650 = UGC 9334 = MCG +01-37-020 = CGCG 047-072 = VIII Zw 427 = PGC 51865
14 31 01.0 +05
58 43
V = 12.5; Size 2.0'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 117d
17.5"
(6/8/91): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, low almost even
surface brightness but appears brighter on the west side. NGC 5661 lies 21' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5652 = H II-891 = h1825 on 12 May 1793 (sweep 1043) and logged
"pB; pL; lE; BM." His
position is just off the northwest side of this galaxy. d'Arrest made a single observation and
measured a very accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5653 = IC
1026 = UGC 9318 = MCG +05-34-058 = CGCG 163-068 = LGG 383-002 = PGC 51814
14 30 10.6 +31
12 54
V = 12.2; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 125d
13.1"
(6/4/83): fairly bright, small, broad concentration to core but no sharp
nucleus, slightly elongated E-W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5653 = H II-330 = h1826 on 13 Mar 1785 (sweep 387) and noted
"pB, pL, R, bM." JH made
the single observation "F; S; R: bM; 25"." and measured an
accurate position.
Truman Safford
independently found this galaxy on 11 May 1886 with the 18.5-inch refractor at
the Dearborn Observatory. His RA
for Sf. 13 was 1 minute too large and Dreyer assumed it was a new object and
catalogued it as IC 1026. So, NGC 5653 = IC 1026.
******************************
NGC 5654 = UGC
9319 = MCG +06-32-050 = CGCG 192-032 = PGC 51807
14 30 01.4 +36
21 36
V = 12.9; Size 1.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 145d
24"
(6/15/15): at 260x; moderately bright, fairly small, oval 3:2 NNW-SSE, small
bright core. At 375x; NGC 5654
resolved into two merged components!
The brighter nucleus is on the northwest side with the main glow of the
galaxy offset mostly south-southeast.
Often a fainter quasi-stellar nucleus (PGC 3577442 = SDSS
J143001.68+362129.5) was seen very close south-southeast of the brighter
nucleus. The two nuclei are just
12" apart! A mag 10 star lies
5.4' NNW and mag 9 HD 127505 is 9' E.
A 6th magnitude star (HD 127065) lies 23' SW.
17.5"
(7/10/99): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated ~2:1 NNW-SSE, 1.4'x0.6'. Contains a small, round bright
core. A mag 15 star lies 1.5' SE.
17.5"
(6/20/98): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE. Sharply
concentrated with a very small core that appears offset to the northwest side
giving the impression of the galaxy possibly being double. A mag 15 star is 1.6' SE of center and
a 50" pair of mag 13/14.5 stars lie 2'-3' S. The galaxy precedes a mag 9 star (SAO 64192) by 9'.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5654 = H III-420 = h1828 on 1 May 1785 (sweep 405) and noted
"vF, S." JH made the
single observation "pF; nucleus elongated, or has a F double * in it. Pos = 115.5¡± (micrometer)". His position matches UGC 9319 and the
SDDS shows a double nucleus matching JH's description! The brighter nucleus is offset
northwest of center as my description.
******************************
NGC 5655 = UGC
9333 = MCG +02-37-020 = CGCG 075-060 = Holm 654a = LGG 382-003 = PGC 51857
14 30 50.9 +13
58 07
V = 13.2; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.5
17.5"
(6/24/95): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated NW-SE, 1.0'x0.8',
weak concentration. Located on a
line between two mag 13.5 stars 1.3' NNW and 1.8' SSE from center. There are two mag 7 and 8 less than 30'
following. Forms a pair with
similar NGC 5649 5.5' NW. This
galaxy is identified as NGC 5649 in all modern catalogues!
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5655 = H III-645 = h1827 on 19 Mar 1787 (sweep 720) and recorded
"eS, vS, lbM, between 2 vF stars with 300." His offsets from Zeta Boo point directly to UGC 9333, the
southeast of a 5.5' pair with NGC 5649, and his comment "between 2 vF
stars" clinches this identification.
JH observed the
pair on 4 Apr 1831 and called h1827 "the sf of 2 [with NGC 5649]; the
faintest perceivable." His
uncertain position is 9 tsec east and 3.5' south of UGC 9333. He misassigned his father's III-645 to
h1824 = NGC 5649 and thought h1827 = NGC 5655 was the "nova". JH was
probably confused as neither of his poor positions for the pair were a good
match with III-645. Dreyer repeated this error and used JH's poor
position in the NGC. Bigourdan
measured an accurate position on 23 May 1887 (see IC2 Notes).
RNGC, UGC, MCG,
RC3 and Deep Sky Field Guide misidentify NGC 5655 as NGC 5649. RNGC and PGC misidentify PGC 51863 as
NGC 5655. PGC 51863 is located 3'
NE of NGC 5655 and much too faint (B = 16.8) to have been picked up by either
Herschel. The correct
identification was made by Karl Reinmuth in his 1926 photographic survey
"Die Herschel Nebel" .
Also see Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 5656 = UGC
9332 = MCG +06-32-053 = CGCG 192-034 = PGC 51831
14 30 25.4 +35
19 16
V = 11.8; Size 1.9'x1.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 50d
17.5"
(6/20/98): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE,
1.2'x0.8'. The brighter core is
moderately concentrated. Located
3.9' WNW of mag 9.5 SAO 64190. A
mag 14 star lies 1.0' SSE. NGC
5646 is located 13' NW, just outside the 220x field.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5656 = H II-421 = h1829 on 1 May 1785 (sweep 405) and recorded
"F, pL, irr." JH made
four observations and recorded (sweep 337) "pB; R; psbM; 20"; a * 9m
follows 18.5 sec nearly in parallel, and a * 14m, pos 155¡ from neb, dist
50"."
******************************
NGC 5657 = UGC
9335 = MCG +05-34-060 = CGCG 163-069 = Mrk 814 = LGG 383-009 = PGC 51850
14 30 43.6 +29
10 50
V = 13.3; Size 1.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 163d
17.5"
(6/20/98): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, 0.9'x0.4',
moderate concentration with a small bright core. A mag 13.5 star lies 1.9' S. IC 4442 is located 28' WSW.
Truman Safford
discovered NGC 5657 = Sf 16 = St XI-28 on 14 May 1866 with the 18.5"
refractor at the Dearborn Observatory.
His discovery list wasn't published until 1887, so he wasn't credited in
the NGC, though his discoveries were added to an appendix in the NGC. ƒdouard Stephan independently found the
galaxy on 5 Jun 1880, reported it in list XI and was credited with the
discovery.
******************************
NGC 5658 = NGC
5719 = UGC 9462 = MCG +00-37-024 = CGCG 019-079 = LGG 386-010 = PGC 52455
14 40 56.6 -00
19 05
See observing
notes for NGC 5719.
George Bond
discovered NGC 5658 = HN 13 = Au 35 on 26 Feb 1853, along with NGC 5632 and
5651, with the 15-inch Merz refractor during the Harvard Zone
observations. Auwers included this
object in his 1862 table on new nebulae. There is nothing at Bond's discovery
position in AN 1453 except an extremely faint star. But Yann Pothier discovered in 2015 that Bond misidentified
his offset star (star 118 instead of 129) in Annals of Harvard Observatory, Vol
I, part II, p 282-3. Once corrected, his offset ("A fainter elongated
nebula [than NGC 5713] follows No. [129] 6s, and is 4' North of it."
points directly to NGC 5719.
RNGC and PGC
misidentify UGC 9348 as NGC 5658.
This galaxy is located 39' north of the Bond's position.
******************************
NGC 5659 = UGC
9342 = MCG +04-34-044 = CGCG 133-082 = LGG 383-007 = PGC 51875
14 31 06.3 +25
21 18
V = 13.9; Size 1.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 43d
17.5"
(6/24/95): very faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE. Only a broad weak concentration. A string of faint stars trail off the
NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5659 = h1831 on 22 May 1830 and noted "eF". His position is 2' north of UGC 9342,
so the identification is fairly secure although the RA and NPD are marked as
very uncertain.
******************************
NGC 5660 = UGC
9325 = MCG +08-26-039 = CGCG 247-035 = LGG 384-002 = PGC 51795
14 29 49.8 +49
37 20
V = 11.9; Size 2.8'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 90d
13.1"
(3/24/84): moderately bright, weak concentration, diffuse halo. NGC 5676 lies 30' ESE. Located 20' SE of 24 Bootis (V = 5.6).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5660 = H II-695 = h1832 on 15 May 1787 (sweep 736) and recorded
"pB, cL, iR, vgmbM." JH
made a single observation and felt it was resolvable: "pF; vL; R; vgbM; 3';
resolvable; stars = 20m." His
position is good (south side of halo).
******************************
NGC 5661 = UGC
9346 = MCG +01-37-023 = CGCG 047-081 = Holm 658a = VIII Zw 431 = PGC 51921
14 31 57.5 +06
15 01
V = 13.3; Size 1.5'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 23d
17.5"
(6/8/91): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, weak concentration. NGC 5652 lies 21' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5661 = H II-892 = h1830 on 12 May 1793 (sweep 1043) and recorded
"F, S, E nearly in the meridian." His position is just off the east side of the galaxy. JH made two observations and noted
(sweep 250) "vF; pL; irr fig."
******************************
NGC 5662 = Cr
284 = ESO 175-SC010
14 35 38 -56 37
06
V = 5.5; Size 12'
18" (7/5/05
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this cluster stands out well with the 27
Panoptic (76x) with ~60 stars resolved in a 12'x9' region. The stars around the periphery are
arranged in a distinctive concave pentagon similar to a court jester's crown.
Includes three mag 9 stars as well as a number of mag 10.5-11 stars. The richest group of stars is on the SW
side and includes a mag 9 luminary along with over a dozen stars within 3'
including 5 or 6 of mag 10.5/11. The cluster is too large for a pleasing view
at 228x. Situated a few arc
minutes following orange-colored mag 7 HD 127753, which is isolated from the
main group, though was given as the position of the cluster by John Herschel.
Nicolas-Louis de
Lacaille discovered NGC 5662 = Lac III-8 = D 342 = h3573 in 1751-1752 with a 1/2"
telescope at 8x during his expedition to the Cape of Good Hope. It was included in his 1755 catalogue
as Class III No. 8. and noted as "two stars in nebulosity."
James Dunlop
observed the cluster on 25 May 1826 and recorded "A group of small stars
of the 11th and 12th mag, with a multitude of minute stars mixt, extended S.p.
and N.f." His position was
off by 9'. JH observed the cluster
twice from the Cape. On 23 Apr
1835 he noted "large, p brilliant, coarse, sc cl of Class VII which more
than fills the field; 50 stars more or less 9..12th mag; chief star 7th mag,
somewhat insulated, taken for place of cluster." On a later sweep he
logged "place of a red star, the chief and centre of a fine bright, but
not rich cluster, of about 30 stars 9..13 mag. This red or high yellow star is
8th mag."
******************************
NGC 5663 = MCG
-03-37-003 = PGC 52049
14 33 56.3 -16
34 52
V = 14.5; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 0d
17.5":
faint, fairly small, round, 0.6' diameter, weak concentration. Situated 4.5' NNE of a neat triple star
(23"/29") of mag 13-13.5 stars.
Also a wide pair of mag 12 stars (with a mag 14 star near) is just 2.5'
SE. Located 14' NNW of mag 7.2 SAO
158642.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 5663 = LM I-203 on 31 May 1886 and reported
"mag 16.0, 0.2' dia, R, glbM."
His rough position (nearest min of RA) is 0.9 min of RA too far west.
******************************
NGC 5664 = MCG
-02-37-008 = IC 4455 = PGC 52033
14 33 43.6 -14
37 11
V = 14.2; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 30d
17.5":
faint, small, elongated 5:3 SSW-NNE, 0.5'x0.3'. A mag 14.5 star is close SE. A tight knot of 4 or 5 mag 13-15 stars within 45" lies
10' SSW. Located 4.5¡ NE of
Zubenelgenubi.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 5664 = LM I-204 on 6 Jun 1885 and noted "pF; S;
E; gbM." His rough position
(nearest min of RA) is 0.7 min too far west and Corwin verified the
identification based on his sketch.
Ormond Stone's position in the 1893 paper "Southern Nebulae"
(given in the IC 1 Notes) is a similar distance too far east! Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position with the 20" refractor in Denver around 1900 (given in the IC 2
notes).
DeLisle Stewart
found this galaxy again on an Arequipa plate in Jul 1899, although his
published position is 0.8 min too far east and 3' too far south! Dreyer assumed it was new and
recatalogued it as IC 4455. But
his comment "cE 30¡", verifies NGC 5664 = IC 4455. MCG labels this galaxy as IC 4455. See Harold Corwin's identification
notes for more.
******************************
NGC 5665 = Arp
49 = VV 412 = UGC 9352 = MCG +01-37-024 = CGCG 047-084 = PGC 51953
14 32 26.0 +08
04 48
V = 12.0; Size 1.9'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 145d
48"
(5/16/12): at 488x, this irregular galaxy (Arp 49) appeared bright, moderately
large, irregularly round, ~1.3'x1.0', broad concentration but no distinct
core. The galaxy has a mottled
appearance and seems dusty or patchy.
A very faint, large extension or halo is on the east and southeast side
and an extremely faint HII knot (identified as NGC 5665A in NED) is at the east
end.
17.5"
(6/24/95): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 4:3 NW-SE, 1.6'x1.2',
broad concentration to a very ill-defined core. A mag 11 star lies 5.3' ESE of center and a brighter mag 10
star 8.8' ENE.
8"
(4/24/82): faint, small, slightly elongated N-S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5665 = H II-27 = h1833 on 30 Jan 1784 (sweep 134) and recorded
"a nebula following the large star under Bootis not marked in
H." CH added the comment in
her sweep copy that "the nebula is pB and not very small; is not cometic;
nor is it equally bright throughout, so that it is probably
resolvable." JH made 2
observations and called it (sweep 153) "pB; R; gbM; 30"." His mean position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5666 = UGC
9360 = MCG +02-37-023 = CGCG 075-066 = PGC 51995
14 33 09.3 +10
30 38
V = 12.8; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 155d
17.5"
(3/12/94): fairly faint, small, round, 40" diameter, fairly high surface
brightness, weak concentration. A
mag 10.5 star is 5.0' N.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5666 = h1834 on 9 May 1825 and recorded "vF; R;
10". Stellar; hardly
distinguishable from a star."
His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5667 = UGC
9344 = MCG +10-21-004 = CGCG 296-008 = PGC 51830
14 30 22.8 +59
28 12
V = 12.5; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 168d
17.5"
(6/24/95): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, moderate
irregular surface brightness (brighter on the south end). A mag 14.5 star is involved at the NNW
tip 42" from the center somewhat confusing the observation.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5667 = H II-807 on 17 Apr 1789 (sweep 924) and logged "pB,
E in meridian, 1 1/2' l and 3/4' br.
His position matches UGC 9344. Ralph Copeland, observing at Birr Castle,
noted "vmE 0¡, 2 centres of condensation." He probably noticed the brighter knot at the south end.
******************************
NGC 5668 = UGC
9363 = MCG +01-37-028 = CGCG 047-090 = LGG 386-017 = PGC 52018
14 33 24.4 +04
27 01
V = 11.5; Size 3.3'x3.0'; Surf Br = 13.9
13.1"
(5/26/84): moderately bright, weak concentration, diffuse outer halo of lower
surface brightness, moderately large.
Two bright stars mag 8.5 SAO 120528 and mag 10 are located 5'-6' NE with
a separation of 1.7' N-S. Member
of NGC 5668-5746 group (LGG 386).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5668 = H II-574 = h1835 on 29 Apr 1786 (sweep 557) and recorded
"F, S, lE, r; preceding two very considerable stars." There is nothing at his position, but 1
min 16 sec of RA west is UGC 9363, and the description applies. Because of the poor position, when JH
found it again on 9 Apr 1828 (sweep 142) he assumed it was a nova and recorded
"vF; pL; R; has a * 15m, nf, involved or very near." In the GC he equated
h1835 with H II-574.
******************************
NGC 5669 = UGC
9353 = MCG +02-37-021 = CGCG 075-064 = PGC 51973
14 32 43.9 +09
53 31
V = 11.3; Size 4.0'x2.8'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 50d
17.5"
(3/12/94): moderately bright, fairly large, elongated 3:2 SW-NE. Broad concentration to a large,
slightly brighter core but no nucleus.
The core appears offset to the north side. Forms a pair with CGCG 075-063 6.2' WNW.
8"
(3/24/84): very faint, fairly small, very diffuse, round, even surface brightness.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5669 = H II-79 on 19 Mar 1784 (sweep 179) and recorded "F,
L, R, lbM, r, about 4 or 5' diameter.
CH's reduced position is 45 seconds east of UGC 9353. There were no other observations prior
to the NGC, but Bigourdan measured an accurate position on 9 May 1894 that is
given in the IC 2 Notes.
******************************
NGC 5670 = ESO
272-019 = PGC 52161
14 35 41.9 -45
58 01
V = 12.0; Size 2.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 74d
14" (4/2/16
- Coonabarabran, 160x): fairly faint, moderately large, oval 2:1 WSW-ENE,
1.0'x0.5', sharply concentrated with a very small brighter core and much
fainter extensions. Nearby stars
make the view interesting; a mag 14 star is close off the east side and a mag
13.5 star is at the west edge. A mag 8.2 star (HD 127923) is just 2.3' SW! Located 20' WNW of the bright double
star h4690 = 5.5/7.7 at 19".
This is a very pretty pair with a bright light yellow primary and a blue
secondary. Another mag 5.5 star
(HD 128068) is 18' SSE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5670 = h3574 on 1 Jul 1834 and recorded "vF, S, lE, between
2 stars 13 and 14 m, forming northern side of a trapezium of stars, one of the
others is 8 m." His position and description clearly matches ESO 272-019,
although RNGC lists the number as nonexistent (no reference given).
******************************
NGC 5671 = UGC
9297 = MCG +12-14-006 = CGCG 337-014 = PGC 51641
14 27 42.0 +69
41 39
V = 13.3; Size 1.7'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 45d
17.5"
(7/12/99): fairly faint, moderately large, irregularly round, ~1.2'x0.9'
SW-NE. Weak concentration to a
slightly brighter core. Ill
defined halo appears to change orientation with averted vision, so difficult to
pin down the PA (the bar and core is elongated NW-SE but the arms are oriented
SW-NE). Forms the eastern vertex
of an obtuse triangle with two mag 10 stars 3.8' SW and 8.1' WSW. MCG +12-14-4 is just outside the 220x
field 12.5' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5671 = H III-882 on 6 May 1791 (sweep 1005) and noted "vF,
pS, R, bM." CH's reduced
position is 6' southeast of UGC 9297.
Bigourdan measured an accurate position on 27 Jun 1887. MCG does not label this galaxy as NGC
5671.
******************************
NGC 5672 = IC
1030 = UGC 9354 = MCG +05-34-068 = CGCG 163-077 = LGG 383-003 = PGC 51964
14 32 38.3 +31
40 12
V = 13.5; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 50d
17.5"
(6/20/98): faint, small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 0.8'x0.5'. At moments a stellar nucleus was
glimpsed. Located 4' NE of a
striking evenly matched double star ·1855 = 9.2/10.1 at 15". The major axis of the galaxy is nearly
collinear with this double star!
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5672 = H III-310 = h1836 = Sf 6 on 13 Mar 1785 (sweep 387) and
noted "vF, vS, irregular."
JH made one good observation, logged "vF; R; lbM" and measured
an accurate position.
Truman Safford
independently found this galaxy on 4 May 1886 with the 18.5-inch refractor at
the Dearborn Observatory. His RA
was 1 minute too large (same error as IC 1026 = NGC 5653, found just a week
later), so Dreyer assumed it was a new object and catalogued it as IC 1030. So,
NGC 5672 = IC 1030.
******************************
NGC 5673 = UGC
9347 = MCG +08-26-042 = CGCG 247-039 = LGG 384-004 = PGC 51901
14 31 30.9 +49
57 29
V = 12.1; Size 2.5'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 136d
17.5"
(6/24/95): faint, edge-on 5:1 NW-SSE, 2.2'x0.4'. NGC 5673 has similar dimensions and position angle as IC
1029 9.7' ESE but doesn't contain a bright core so is not nearly as prominent
in the same field. A mag 13.5 star
is at the NW tip 1.1' from center.
IC 1029 = UGC 9361 appeared moderately bright, edge-on 5:1 NNW-SSE,
2.0'x0.4'. Contains a very small
and round prominent core with a faint stellar nucleus at moments. Located 3.2' W of a mag 9.5 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5673 = h1838 on 13 May 1830 and recorded "vF; pmE; sf a
star 15m." He assumed h1838
was a reobservation of his father's II-696, a brighter edge-on 10'
east-southeast (UGC 9361). JH used his position for II-696 in the GC and Dreyer
copied this into the NGC. In his
1912 Scientific Papers of WH, Dreyer wrongly assumed that WH's position was
incorrect: "the transit must have been entered 1 tmin too late". Because of the error in the NGC
position, when Bigourdan observed the pair on 14 Jun 1887, he assumed II-696
was new, measured an accurate position, and Dreyer catalogued it as IC
1029.
Harold Corwin
feels it is wisest to keep NGC 5673 assigned to fainter UGC 9347, to conform to
the current catalogues as well as the GC and NGC. So, NGC 5673 = h1838 = UGC 9347 and IC 1029 = H II-696 = B.
185 = UGC 9361, an unusual situation in which an IC object was discovered by
WH! On the other hand, Malcolm
Thomson argues NGC 5673 should apply to WH's II-696 = UGC 9361, though in this
case UGC 9347 would not receive a NGC or IC number.
******************************
NGC 5674 = UGC
9369 = MCG +01-37-031 = CGCG 047-096 = VIII Zw 434 = PGC 52042
14 33 52.4 +05
27 29
V = 13.0; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.0
18"
(7/2/11): fairly faint to moderately bright, moderately large, irregularly
round, ~1.0' diameter, gradual even concentration to a slightly brighter core,
then suddenly increases a fairly bright stellar nucleus. The outline of the halo seems irregular
and shifts with averted vision. In
the same low power field with NGC 5679 20' ESE.
17.5"
(6/8/91): fairly faint, fairly small, round, broad concentration. NGC 5679 lies 20' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5674 = H II-893 = h1837 on 12 May 1793 (sweep 1043) and noted
"pB, S, iF." JH made 4
observations and his mean position is at the north edge of the galaxy.
******************************
NGC 5675 = UGC
9357 = MCG +06-32-062 = CGCG 192-038 = LGG 385-001 = PGC 51965
14 32 39.8 +36
18 08
V = 12.7; Size 2.8'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 137d
24"
(6/15/15): moderately to fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 5:2 NW-SE,
1.5'x0.6', bright core.
UGC 9350,
located 7.8' W, is fairly faint, fairly small, thin edge-on 4:1 SSW-NNE,
36"x9". Situated just
30" W of a mag 11.3 star which detracts somewhat from viewing.
17.5"
(6/20/98): moderately bright and large, elongated 5:2 NW-SE, 1.8'x0.7', broad
concentration with large oval core.
With direct vision a faint quasi-stellar nucleus is visible at times. A wide pair [33" separation] of mag
11/12.5 stars lies 6' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5675 = H II-422 = h1839 on 1 May 1785 (sweep 405) and logged
"F, cL, unequally bright, irregular." JH called this galaxy "F; S; E; bM" and measured
an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5676 = UGC
9366 = MCG +08-26-043 = CGCG 247-042 = CGCG 248-003 = LGG 384-005 = PGC 51978
14 32 46.7 +49
27 26
V = 11.2; Size 4.0'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 47d
13.1"
(3/24/84): fairly bright, elongated 2:1 SW-NE. Located 19' WNW of CH Bootis (V = 5.7-5.9). Brightest in a group (LGG 384)
including IC 1029 27' N, NGC 5660 30' WNW and NGC 5673 33' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5676 = H I-189 = h1842 on 15 May 1787 (sweep 736) and recorded
"cB, cL and broad, E from sp to nf." His position is accurate. JH made the single observation "B; L; E; r;
pgmbM."
******************************
NGC 5677 = UGC
9378 = MCG +04-34-046 = CGCG 133-088 = PGC 52072
14 34 12.9 +25
28 04
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 135d
17.5" (6/24/95):
located in a field with three mag 9 stars including SAO 83402 7' NW, SAO 83404
5' WNW and a mag 9.5 star 2.0' NW of center. Fairly faint, 1.2' diameter, even surface brightness. Irregularly round, although cannot
determine PA. Forms a pair with UGC
9340 8' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5677 = H III-283 = h1840 on 17 Feb 1785 (sweep 373) and recorded
"vF, vS, about 8' south of a small triangle of pretty large stars, and
just following a larger triangle of stars; a little larger than those of the
former triangle." JH made the single observation "F; R; r; has 3
stars 9-10m north-preceding."
Two additional observations were made at Birr Castle.
******************************
NGC 5678 = UGC
9358 = MCG +10-21-005 = CGCG 296-009 = PGC 51932
14 32 05.8 +57
55 17
V = 11.3; Size 3.3'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 5d
13.1"
(5/26/84): fairly bright, elongated 2:1 N-S, broad mild concentration. Located 2.6' SSE of mag 8.9 SAO
29187. A mag 12.5 star lies 1.9'
SE of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5678 = H I-237 = h1843 on 17 Apr 1789 (sweep 924) and logged
"B, irregular oval, vgmbM." His position and description matches UGC
9358. JH made two observations, noting on sweep 345 "B; lE in merid; gmbM;
50"." Bindon Stoney,
observing with LdR's 72" on 26 Apr 1851, logged "S, E ns, light
mottled, vlbM, Nucl suspected, within a trapezium of 4 or 5 stars."
******************************
NGC 5679 = Arp
274 = UGC 9383 = VV 458 = MCG +01-37-034/35/36 = CGCG 047-110 = PGC 52132
14 35 08.8 +05
21 31
V = 13.0; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 127d
48"
(5/16/12): MCG +01-37-034, the fainter western component of NGC 5679, appeared
fairly faint, fairly small, 30" diameter, round, small bright core. An uncatalogued pair (~6"
separation) of relatively bright stars is at the north edge! Forms a close pair with MCG +01-37-035,
the brighter eastern component of NGC 5679, just 0.6' following between
centers. MCG +01-37-035 appeared
fairly bright, moderately large, oval 3:2 or 5:3 WNW-ESE, 0.9'x0.6', well concentrated
with a bright core. MCG
+01-37-036, the faintest member of the Arp 274 trio, lies 0.6' ESE. It appeared fairly faint, small, oval
4:3 SSW-NNE, weak concentration.
18"
(7/2/11): NGC 5679 (Arp 274) is a triple system, though only the two main components
were noticed. Initially seen as a
merged image with a mag 12.5 attached on the NW side, the two galaxies could
only be separated with careful viewing.
The western component (MCG +01-37-034 = NGC 5679A) is faint, fairly
small, low surface brightness, slightly elongated, ~25"x20", no core
or zones. The star (double on the
DSS) is at the NNW tip. MCG
+01-37-035 = NGC 5679B is attached on the east side. This component appeared fairly faint, fairly small,
elongated 2:1 NW-SE, ~40"x20", sharply concentrated with a small,
brighter core. A pair of mag
13/13.5 stars oriented N-S is 2' NE.
In Arp's category "double galaxies with connected arms".
17.5"
(6/8/91): faint, small, elongated WNW-ESE, low surface brightness. A mag 12.5 star is attached at the west
end 0.7' from center and confuses the view. NGC 5674 is 20' WNW and UGC 9400 18' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5679 = H II-894 = h1841, along with NGC 5674, on 12 May 1793
(sweep 1043) and noted "F, S."
His position is 9 sec of RA west of Arp 274. JH made a total of 5 observations and noted (sweep 250)
"among stars and seems attached to a * 12m like a wisp."
******************************
NGC 5680 = CGCG
019-068 = PGC 52173
14 35 44.4 -00
00 49
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(6/8/91): faint, very small, round.
A mag 14 star is on the north edge and a mag 12 star is 1.6' NW of
center.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 5680 = m 282 on 12 Apr 1864 with William Lassell's 48" on
Malta and noted "vF, vS."
His position is 1' north of CGCG 019-068 = PGC 52173
******************************
NGC 5681 = UGC
9393 = MCG +02-37-025 = CGCG 075-083 = PGC 52169
14 35 42.9 +08
18 01
V = 13.5; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 5d
17.5"
(6/8/02): faint, small, round, 0.5' diameter. Seeing too poor for any details. Located 4.4' SW of a mag 10.4 star and 50' ENE of NGC 5665.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 5681 on 1 May 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His single position is
just off the west side of UGC 9393.
******************************
NGC 5682 = UGC
9388 = MCG +08-27-002 = CGCG 248-008 = Holm 663a = LGG 384-006 = PGC 52107
14 34 45.0 +48
40 13
V = 14.1; Size 1.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 127d
17.5"
(6/27/98): extremely faint. very small, round, ~20" diameter. Forms a close pair with NGC 5683 1.3'
ESE. A mag 14 star is 2.1' S of
center. I only observed the core and missed the low surface brightness arms. The pair is located ~8' SW of NGC 5689
within a group of 5 galaxies.
13"
(5/26/84): extremely faint, near visual threshold, no details. A mag 14 star is 2' S. Located 8.5' SW of NGC 5689 in a group.
George Johnstone
Stoney discovered NGC 5682, along with NGC 5683 and 5693, on 13 Apr 1850 while
observing the field of NGC 5689 with LdR's 72". He simply noted three nova, labeled A = NGC 5682, B = NGC
5683 and C = NGC 5693, which he called "faint" and placed them
reasonably accurately in his sketch.
******************************
NGC 5683 = MCG
+08-27-003 = CGCG 248-009 = Mrk 474 = Holm 663b = PGC 52114
14 34 52.4 +48
39 43
V = 14.8; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 14.4
17.5"
(6/27/98): extremely faint and small, round, ~15" diameter. Forms a close pair with NGC 5682 1.3'
NW and required careful viewing at 280x to clearly resolve the pair. Member of the NGC 5689 group.
George Johnstone
Stoney discovered NGC 5683, along with NGC 5682 and 5693, on 13 Apr 1850 while
observing the field of NGC 5689.
He simply noted three nova, labeled A = NGC 5682, B = NGC 5683 and C =
NGC 5693, which he called "faint" and placed them reasonably
accurately in his sketch. MCG reverses the dimensions of NGC 5682 and NGC 5683
and the RC3 dimensions are too large.
******************************
NGC 5684 = UGC
9402 = MCG +06-32-073 = CGCG 192-046 = LGG 385-002 = PGC 52179
14 35 50.0 +36
32 35
V = 12.7; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 105d
17.5"
(6/21/93): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated E-W, 1.0'x0.8',
gradually increases to a small bright core, only a small outer halo. Situated between two mag 14.5 stars
1.5' NW and 1.5' SE. Forms a pair
with NGC 5686 3.5' SE. NGC 5695
lies 20' E. Located 15' SE of mag
6.0 SAO 64227.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5684 = H III-421 = h1844 on 1 May 1785 (sweep 405) and noted
"vF, vS". JH made 4
observations and recorded on sweep 331 "pB; R. The preceding of 2 [with NGC 5686]."
******************************
NGC 5685 = UGC
9403 = MCG +05-34-081 = CGCG 163-087 = PGC 52192
14 36 15.4 +29
54 30
V = 13.3; Size 1.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(6/21/93): faint, small, round, 30" diameter, broad concentration, very
faint stellar nucleus with direct vision.
A mag 12.5 star is 3' NE.
Located 22' NE of Sigma Bootis (V = 4.5).
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5685 = St XIII-76 on 11 May 1883. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5686 = MCG
+06-32-075 = CGCG 192-048 = PGC 52189
14 36 02.5 +36
30 11
V = 14.3; Size 0.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.2
17.5"
(6/21/93): faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, broad
concentration. Forms a pair with
NGC 5684 3.5' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5686 = h1845 on 9 Apr 1828 and recorded "vF; vS. The following of 2 [with NGC
5684]." His position is very
accurate.
******************************
NGC 5687 = UGC
9395 = MCG +09-24-020 = CGCG 273-014 = PGC 52116
14 34 52.3 +54
28 33
V = 11.8; Size 2.4'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 105d
18"
(5/3/08): at 280x appeared fairly bright, fairly small for a bright galaxy,
elongated 3:2 ~E-W, ~1.0'x0.7'.
Sharply concentrated with a very bright 20" core and much fainter
extensions. A short 1' N-S string
of 3 stars begins at the preceding end with a mag 13.5-14 star. A fainter mag 14.5-15 star is at the
east end bracketing the galaxy.
Located 2' N is mag 9.9 HD 238370.
13.1"
(5/14/83): located 2.0' N of mag 9.2 SAO 29208. Faint, small, elongated 4:3 E-W. Two mag 13 and 14 stars are very close preceding 46" SW
and 1.3' SSW of center, respectively.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5687 = H II-808 = h1849 on 24 Apr 1789 (sweep 927) and recorded
"pB, S, iF, easily resolvable.
Mixed with some pL stars which may perhaps belong to it." JH made a single observation, noting
"F; irreg fig; r; has a *10, 2' sf." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5688 = ESO
272-022 = MCG -07-30-004 = PGC 52381
14 39 35.1 -45
01 08
V = 11.9; Size 3.1'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 85d
22"
(6/28/06 - Hawaii): fairly faint, fairly large, slightly elongated ~E-W,
~2'x1.5'. Contains a moderately
bright 45" core surrounded by a very low surface brightness halo. Striking setting as the galaxy is
surrounded by a number of stars around the periphery from the north around the
west side and back along the south side.
A linear string of 4 stars oriented SW to NE is off the NE flank of the
galaxy. The overall star field is
rich in faint stars.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5688 = h3575 on 1 Jun 1834 and recorded "not vF; S; vgbM;
25"; among stars." His
position is 1' south of ESO 272-022 = PGC 52381.
******************************
NGC 5689 = UGC
9399 = MCG +08-27-004 = CGCG 248-010 = LGG 384-007 = PGC 52154
14 35 29.6 +48
44 30
V = 11.9; Size 3.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 85d
17.5"
(6/27/98): fairly bright, moderately large, very elongated 4:2 WSW-ENE. The tips of the extensions fade into
the background but appear ~2.2'x0.5' with averted vision. Sharply concentrated with a
well-defined bright core. With
direct vision, a quasi-stellar or stellar nucleus is visible at times. Brightest of five in a group with NGC
5682, NGC 5683, NGC 5693 and NGC 5700.
13"
(3/24/84): fairly bright, distinctive very elongated streak E-W, fairly small,
small bright nucleus. Brightest in
a group including NGC 5682 and NGC 5693.
8"
(4/24/82): fairly faint, small, elongated E-W, bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5689 = H I-188 = h1848 on 12 May 1787 (sweep 734) and recorded
"cB or pB, mbM, lE in the direction of the parallel, about 1 1/2'
long." He observed this
galaxy again 3 nights later (sweep 736) and called it "pB, mbM, E in the
parallel with faint branches."
JH made the single observation "B; S; pmE; psbM; pos nearly in the
parallel." His position and
description matches UGC 9399.
George Stoney made a sketch on 13 Apr 1850 with LdR's 72".
******************************
NGC 5690 = UGC
9416 = MCG +00-37-019 = CGCG 019-072 = CGCG 047-119 = PGC 52273
14 37 41.2 +02
17 28
V = 11.8; Size 3.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 143d
13.1"
(5/26/84): faint, very elongated NNW-SSE.
A very faint star is at the SSE end. Located 3.3' ENE of mag 6.6 SAO 120569, which interferes
with viewing!
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5690 = H II-582 = h1846 on 30 Apr 1786 (sweep 558) and recorded
"F, mE, about 2' long, 1/4' broad, r. The stars and nebulosity together make a pretty
appearance." CH's reduced
position is 2' south of UGC 9416."
JH made three observations and noted "a vF ray 60" l; follows
a *7m dist 5'."
******************************
NGC 5691 = UGC
9420 = MCG +00-37-020 = CGCG 019-073 = LGG 386-007 = NGC 5632 = PGC 52291
14 37 53.4 -00
23 55
V = 12.3; Size 1.9'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 110d
17.5"
(6/8/91): fairly faint, fairly small, 1.2'x0.8', elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, weak
concentration. Sharper light
cut-off on the south side.
8"
(6/29/84): faint, very small, slightly elongated WNW-ESE, very small brighter
core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5691 = H II-681 = h1847 on 11 Apr 1787 (sweep 727) and logged
"pB, pL, iF." JH made
the single observation "pB; gbM; lE." d'Arrest made three
observations and measured an accurate position. NGC 5632, discovered by George Bond at Harvard in 1853, is a
duplicate observation. See that
number.
******************************
NGC 5692 = UGC
9427 = MCG +01-37-039 = CGCG 047-123 = LGG 386-006 = PGC 52317
14 38 18.2 +03
24 35
V = 12.9; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.0; PA = 35d
17.5"
(6/8/91): moderately bright, small, slightly elongated 4:3 SW-NE, high surface
brightness, sharp edges, gradually increases to brighter center.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5692 = St XIII-77 on 13 May 1883. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5693 = UGC
9406 = MCG +08-27-006 = CGCG 248-011 = LGG 384-008 = PGC 52194
14 36 11.3 +48
35 07
V = 13.5; Size 1.8'x1.5'; Surf Br = 14.4
17.5"
(6/27/98): faint, fairly small, round, ~1.0' diameter. Appears as a low surface brightness
glow with only a weak central brightening. A mag 13.5 star is at the south edge confusing the
observation and a second mag 13 star lies 2' north. Located 11.5' SE of NGC 5689 in a group. NGC 5700 lies 8.7' ESE.
13.1"
(5/26/84): faint, extended N-S, diffuse, low even surface brightness. A faint mag 14.5 star is attached at
the SSE edge. Located ~15' SE of
NGC 5689.
13.1"
(3/24/84): very faint, moderately large, elongated 4:3 N-S (possibly enhanced
by faint star at south edge.
George Johnstone
Stoney discovered NGC 5693, along with NGC 5682 and 5683, on 13 Apr 1850 while
observing the field of NGC 5689.
He labeled NGC 5693 "C" on a diagram, and placed a star at the
south edge.
******************************
NGC 5694 = ESO
512-SC10
14 39 36.5 -26
32 18
V = 10.0; Size 4.2'; Surf Br = 0.3
17.5"
(4/13/96): moderately bright but compact globular of 2' diameter with a round,
symmetrical appearance. Contains a
40" well defined core that increases to a nearly stellar nucleus. There is no evident resolution in the
halo. Situated at the end of a
string of brighter stars with two mag 11 stars close SSW.
17.5"
(5/10/86): this is a small globular cluster with a very small bright core and a
fainter outer halo. Very mottled
and grainy but no resolution. A
pair of mag 11 stars oriented N-S are off the SW side about 1.5' and 2.5' from
the center.
8"
(6/27/81): fairly faint, small, bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5694 = H II-196 = h3576 on 22 May 1784 (sweep 223) and recorded
"pB, S, r, nearly R and bM.
It forms an arch, or very bright obtuse triangle with two stars very
near and preceding it. The arch is
concave to the northeast and the two stars with the nebula are all within
5'." JH called the cluster
"vB; pL; R; psbM; 1st class; 20"; r; several stars near." Heinrich d'Arrest and Engelhardt
measured accurate micrometric positions.
Announced as a
globular cluster in the 1934 paper "Object NGC 5694 a Distant Globular
Star Cluster" by Lampland and Clyde Tombaugh (1932AN....246..171L) at
Lowell Observatory, based on photographic plates taken with the 13" Lowell
telescope and followed up with the 42-inch reflector. The large reflector clearly showed this was a condensed
globular cluster.
******************************
NGC 5695 = UGC
9421 = MCG +06-32-077 = CGCG 192-049 = Mrk 686 = LGG 385-003 = PGC 52261
14 37 22.1 +36
34 04
V = 12.8; Size 1.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 150d
17.5"
(6/21/93): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE,
1.2'x0.8', evenly concentrated down to a very small bright core. A mag 12 star is 2.8' W. NGC 5684 lies 20' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5695 = H II-423 = h1851 on 1 May 1785 (sweep 405) and recorded
"pF, pS, irr, bM." JH
made 3 observations and called it (sweep 69) "pB; S; bM." This was last of 42 galaxies in the
sweep that he discovered within a two and half hour period!!
******************************
NGC 5696 = UGC
9415 = MCG +07-30-036 = CGCG 220-036 = PGC 52235
14 36 57.1 +41
49 41
V = 13.0; Size 2.0'x1.5'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 45d
17.5" (6/27/98):
fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 4:3 SW-NE, broad concentration to a
roundish core that increases gradually to the center. Outer dimensions increase
with averted vision to ~1.4'x1.0'.
Forms a pair with NGC 5697 10' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5696 = H II-648 = h1850 on 18 Mar 1787 (sweep 718) and noted
"vF, vS, lbM." His
position is 6 sec of RA east and 4' north of UGC 9407. In Dreyer's revision of WH's
catalogues, he notes that WH also saw II-648 as well as II-675 = NGC 5697 on 9
April 1787 (sweep 725). In this
sweep, WH measured NGC 5696 36 seconds preceding and 10' south of NGC 5697. The
actual offsets are closer to 25 sec of RA and 8.5' in dec. See Corwin's
identifications notes on NGC 5696 and 5697.
******************************
NGC 5697 = UGC
9407 = MCG +07-30-031 = CGCG 220-033 = IC 4471 = PGC 52207
14 36 32.0 +41
41 08
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 25d
17.5"
(6/27/98): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 0.8'x0.4', weak
concentration. Follows a
distinctive trapezoid of mag 10-12 stars (brighter stars form the longer 3'
base). Also a mag 14.5 star is
1.5' NW and a mag 15 star is close WSW [double on DSS]. Fainter of pair with NGC 5696 10' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5697 = H II-675 = h1853 on 9 Apr 1787 (sweep 725) and recorded
"F, vS." His position is
6' south of UGC 9407. On the same
sweep he reobserved II-648 = NGC 5696 and their relative separations are
reasonably accurate.
JH called this
galaxy "vF, R, bM, follows an arc of 4 B stars." The description is good, but his
position (marked as very rough) is 30 sec of RA too large and 3.5' too far
south. Because of this error, the
NGC RA is ~30 tsec too large, placing NGC 5697 south-southeast of NGC 5696
instead of southwest. Also as a result, Bigourdan thought his reobservation was
a new object and NGC 5697 was catalogued again as IC 4471.
******************************
NGC 5698 = UGC
9419 = MCG +07-30-038 = CGCG 220-037 = PGC 52251
14 37 14.7 +38
27 15
V = 13.0; Size 1.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 70d
17.5"
(6/21/93): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 3:2 ~E-W, diffuse halo
fades into background, broadly concentrated halo but fairly low surface
brightness, no nucleus. Several
bright stars near including a mag 10 star 2.7' SSW, a mag 11 star 3.8' ENE and
a mag 11.5 star 3.9' NE of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5698 = H II-700 = h1852 on 16 May 1787 (sweep 738) and noted
"pF, S, iE." His
position is accurate. JH made 3 observations and logged (sweep 331) "F;
pL; lE; 40" l; in a scalene triangle of stars 10..11m."
******************************
NGC 5699 = NGC
5706 = MCG +05-35-002 = CGCG 164-004 = Holm 665b = PGC 52334
14 38 42.3 +30
27 59
See observing
notes for NGC 5706
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5699 = H III-127 on 16 May 1784 (sweep 218) and recorded
"Two [along with III-128 = NGC 5703], vS, eF nebula about 3' from each
other, and nearly in the same parallel.
240 confirmed them. The
second [NGC 5703] is vl brighter than the first, and is of an iR
figure." His position is 5'
northwest of CGCG 164-004 = PGC 52334, but C.H. made an error in reducing WH's
position and the GC and NGC position is 1¡ too far south (Auwers' reduction is
correct).
ƒdouard Stephan
independently discovered this pair on 12 May 1883, assumed it was new, and his
position in list XIII-78 is accurate.
Dreyer catalogued the galaxy as NGC 5706. So, NGC 5699 = NGC 5706. The
same error was made for III-128 = NGC 5703 with the corrected position matching
NGC 5709.
******************************
NGC 5700 = UGC
9423 = MCG +08-27-007 = CGCG 248-013 = PGC 52237
14 37 01.7 +48
32 42
V = 14.4; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 38d
17.5"
(6/27/98): very faint, small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 0.6'x0.3'. A very faint star is 30" SE of center. Last in NGC 5689 group of 5.
Lawrence
Parsons, 4th Earl of Rosse, discovered NGC 5700 on 4 May 1877 during an
observation of the NGC 5689 field.
With reference to NGC 5693 (nova "B"), he noted "9' f and
2' or 3' s of the nova there is a smaller & eF neb with 2 or 3 st in it
& a *11m 4' sp." This
description points to NGC 5700 = UGC 9423, although his comment "2 or 3 st
in it" is incorrect.
******************************
NGC 5701 = UGC
9436 = MCG +01-37-042 = CGCG 047-127 = LGG 386-020 = PGC 52365
14 39 11.1 +05
21 47
V = 10.9; Size 4.3'x4.1'; Surf Br = 13.8
17.5"
(6/8/91): bright, moderately large, 2.2'x1.8', faint halo slightly elongated
5:4 NNW-SSE, small well-defined very bright core, stellar nucleus. A mag 14 star is just off the NE side
1.2' from center. Located within a
triangle of mag 10 stars 3.6' W, 3.6' NE and 6.3' S of center.
8"
(6/29/84): moderately bright, small, slightly elongated ~N-S, brighter core,
within a triangle of three stars mag 9-10.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5701 = H II-575 = h1854 on 29 Apr 1786 (sweep 557) and recorded
"pB, mbM, cL, iR." JH
made a total of 4 observations, first describing the galaxy as "B; R;
psbM; 30"."
******************************
NGC 5702 = UGC
9434 = MCG +04-35-002 = CGCG 134-007 = PGC 52347
14 38 55.1 +20
30 25
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 150d
17.5"
(6/20/01): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 ~NW-SE, 1.0'x0.7'. Several mag 10-11 stars are in the 220x
field to the west and SW. A pair
of galaxies, NGC 5710 and NGC 5711, lie ~30' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5702 = H III-894 on 20 Apr 1792 (sweep 1021) and recorded
"vF, vS." CH's reduction
is 10 sec of RA west of UGC 9434.
******************************
NGC 5703 = NGC
5709 = UGC 9435 = MCG +05-35-003 = CGCG 164-006 = Holm 665a = LGG 383-012 = PGC
52343
14 38 50.0 +30
26 34
See observing
notes for NGC 5709.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5703 = H III-128 on 16 May 1784 (sweep 218) and recorded
"Two [along with III-127 = NGC 5699], vS, eF nebula about 3' from each
other, and nearly in the same parallel.
240 confirmed them. The
second [NGC 5703] is very little brighter than the first, and is of an iR figure." The GC and NGC position is 1¡ too far
south and once corrected, NGC 5703 = NGC 5699 = UGC 9435. See notes on NGC 5699.
******************************
NGC 5704 = NGC
5708 = UGC 9430 = MCG +07-30-044 = CGCG 220-042 = PGC 52315
14 38 16.3 +40
27 24
See observing
notes for NGC 5708.
John Herschel
found NGC 5704 = h1855 on 12 May 1828 and recorded "F, S, r." He assumed this was a reobservation of
his father's II-649 = UGC 9430, but his position is 5' northwest of the galaxy
and corresponds (perhaps coincidentally) with a mag 14 star. He also recorded the galaxy as well as
h1859 (later NGC 5711), but assumed it was nova. A second observation listed under h1855 matches UGC 9430, so
NGC 5704 is perhaps a star (from the first observation) or a duplicate of NGC
5708 (from the second observation).
JH used the
position from the first observation in the GC, so the NGC position for NGC 5704
is 5' off from the galaxy. As a
result, Reinmuth and Carlson reported NGC 5704 as nonexistent and modern
catalogues identify the galaxy as NGC 5708.
******************************
NGC 5705 = UGC
9447 = MCG +00-37-021 = CGCG 019-076 = LGG 386-008 = PGC 52395
14 39 49.6 -00
43 08
V = 12.7; Size 2.9'x1.7'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 75d
17.5"
(6/8/91): extremely faint, fairly large, extremely low surface brightness, weak
concentration. Appears as an
ill-defined haze elongated WSW-ENE with no definite edge. NGC 5713 lies 27' NNW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5705 = St XIII-80 on 17 May 1884 in the NGC 5713 group. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5706 = NGC
5699 = MCG +05-35-002 = CGCG 164-004 = Holm 665b = PGC 52334
14 38 42.3 +30
27 59
V = 14.8; Size 0.3'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.0
24"
(6/29/16): at 375x; faint to fairly faint, small, round, 15" diameter,
moderately high surface brightness, visible continuously. Located 2.2' NW of NGC 5709.
18"
(7/2/11): extremely faint to very faint, very small, round, 15"
diameter. Fainter of a pair with
NGC 5709 2.2' SE. UGC 9425 lies
11' W.
17.5"
(6/21/93): very faint, very small, slightly elongated N-S, 15"
diameter. Can just hold continuously
with averted. Forms a pair with
NGC 5709 2.1' SE.
ƒdouard Stephan
found NGC 5706 = St XIII-78, along with NGC 5709 = St XIII-79, on 12 May
1883. His position matches CGCG
164-004. William Herschel
discovered this galaxy nearly a 100 years earlier on 16 May 1784 and catalogued
it as H III-127 (later NGC 5699), but the GC and NGC position was 1¡ too far
south (clerical error). So, NGC
5699 = NGC 5706. Based on
historical precedence NGC 5699 should be the primary designation, but this
galaxy is primarily known as NGC 5706 because of Stephan's unambiguous
position.
******************************
NGC 5707 = UGC
9428 = MCG +09-24-023 = CGCG 273-015 = PGC 52266
14 37 31.0 +51
33 42
V = 12.5; Size 2.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 35d
17.5"
(6/18/93): moderately bright, edge-on 6:1 SW-NE, 2.0'x0.3', very bright compact
round core, faint very thin extensions.
A mag 14.5-15 star is off the SW tip 1.8' from center. Located 4.5' WSW of mag 7.4 SAO 29224.
Forms a double
system with MCG +09-24-024 = PGC 52269 just beyond the NNE end, 1.5' from the
center. The companion appeared extremely faint and small, round, just
non-stellar. NGC 5707 has a
redshift-based distance of ~100 million l.y., while MCG +09-24-024 resides at
600 million l.y., so they are not physically related.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5707 = Sw I-36 in 1878 with his 4.5-inch comet seeker and found
it again 7 years later on 22 Jun 1885 with his 16" Clark refractor. He recorded "B; pS; R; precedes DM
+52¡1816 31 sec [of time]. Found
in presence of a half moon. First
found 7 years ago with 4 1/2-inch Comet seeker and recorded as can find no
record of it." His position
is 5 sec of RA too far west.
Herbert Howe commented that this "nebula" had two extremely
faint and opposite extensions.
******************************
NGC 5708 = NGC
5704: = UGC 9430 = MCG +07-30-044 = CGCG 220-042 = PGC 52315
14 38 16.3 +40
27 24
V = 13.4; Size 1.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 177d
17.5"
(6/27/98): faint, very elongated 3:1 N-S, 1.2'x0.4', weak concentration. A mag 14.5 star is attached at the
south tip [38" from center] and a mag 14 star lies 2' NE. UGC 9429 lies 21' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5708 = H II-649 = h1859 on 18 Mar 1787 (sweep 718) and recorded
"F, E, S, r." On 29 Apr
1788 (sweep 837) he called this nebula "vF, S, E nearly in the meridian
[N-S], r." CH's reduced
position is 1.7' north of UGC 9430 and the observation is certain.
On 12 May 1828,
JH recorded h1855, which he assumed was II-649 and noted "F; S;
R." The only object near his
position, though, is a mag 14 star 5' northwest of the galaxy. He used this position in the GC and
Dreyer copied it for the position of NGC 5704, so WH's number was associated
with the wrong object (perhaps a star).
The same night JH logged h1859 = NGC 5708, and mistook it as a new
discovery.
Reinmuth and
Carlson reported NGC 5704 as nonexistent because of JH's misidentification and
modern catalogues identify the galaxy as NGC 5708. But clearly, NGC 5704 = NGC 5708. See Corwin's notes for
more.
******************************
NGC 5709 = NGC
5703 = UGC 9435 = MCG +05-35-003 = CGCG 164-006 = PGC 52343
14 38 50.0 +30
26 34
V = 13.6; Size 1.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 105d
24"
(6/29/16): at 375x; fairly faint to moderately bright, very elongated 3:1
WNW-ESE, ~1.2'x0.4', modest concentration with a large brighter core
region. Brighter and larger of a
pair with NGC 5706 2.2' NW.
Arp 241, located
13' WNW, is a close encounter of two spiral galaxies with the interaction
resulting in pair of opposing tidal tails forming a "sprinkler"
appearance. The two nuclei are
separated by only 16" and were resolved at 375x. The brighter and larger southeast component (VV 264a)
appeared fairly faint, small, round, ~15" diameter, stellar or
quasi-stellar nucleus. The
northwest component (VV 264b) is faint, very small, round, ~10" diameter,
with a very small brighter nucleus.
18"
(7/2/11): faint, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE, 1.2'x0.3', very
weak concentration. Close pair
with smaller and fainter NGC 5706 2.2' NW. UGC 9245 lies 13' WNW.
17.5"
(6/21/93): faint, moderately large, edge-on 4:1 WNW-ESE, 1.4'x0.3', low surface
brightness, weak concentration.
Forms a close pair with NGC 5706 2.1' NW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5709 = St XIII-79, along with NGC 5706 = St XIII-78, on 12 May
1883. His position matches UGC
9435. This galaxy was first
discovered by WH nearly a 100 years earlier on 16 May 1784 and catalogued as H
III-128 = NGC 5703, but the GC and NGC position is 1¡ too far south (clerical
error). So, NGC 5703 = NGC
5709. NGC 5703 should be the
primary designation because of the earlier discovery, but this galaxy is known
as NGC 5709 because of the unambiguous position.
******************************
NGC 5710 = UGC
9440 = MCG +03-37-032 = CGCG 104-060 = PGC 52369
14 39 16.2 +20
02 36
V = 13.0; Size 1.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(6/20/01): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter, brighter
core. A close double star lies
2.5' SSE. Forms a pair with NGC
5711 3.5' SSE (past the close double).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5710 = H III-895 = h1856 on 20 Apr 1792 (sweep 1021) and logged
"vF, vS." CH's reduction
is just 5 sec of RA west of UGC 9440.
JH made the single observation "eF; S; vgbM; the p of 2 [with NGC
5711], close to a double star [HJ 2737]."
******************************
NGC 5711 = UGC
9445 = MCG +03-37-033 = CGCG 104-062 = PGC 52376
14 39 22.6 +19
59 26
V = 13.9; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 73d
17.5"
(6/20/01): very faint, small, elongated 3:2 WSW-ENE. A close double star lies 1' NW. Forms a pair with brighter NGC 5710 3.5' NNW with the double
star between the two galaxies.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5711 = h1858 on 17 Mar 1831 and recorded "eF; vS; the
following of 2 [with NGC 5710], close to a double star [HJ 2737]."
******************************
NGC 5712 = MCG
+13-10-021 = CGCG 354-005 = VII Zw 553 = PGC 51799
14 29 41.6 +78
51 51
V = 14.3; Size 0.7'x0.7'
17.5"
(6/24/95): extremely faint and small, round, 10-15" diameter, faint stellar
nucleus. Forms a pair with IC 4470
4.0' WNW. IC 4470 appeared very
faint, very small, round. There is
a mag 14.5 star just off the NE side 21" from center which confused the
observation. At moments, the
compact core of the galaxy and the star appeared to form a faint double
star. I missed the faint
extensions (arm) E-W on the POSS.
Forms a pair with NGC 5712 4.0' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5712 = H III-950 on 20 Dec 1797 (sweep 1074) and recorded
"vF, S, r. It is preceded by
a small patch of stars which appears almost like this nebula, but more
resolved." CH's position is
2.5' south and 25 sec of RA east of MCG +13-10-021 = PGC 51799. MCG does not label this galaxy NGC
5712.
The "small
patch of stars which appears almost like this nebula" in WH's description
applies to IC 4470, situated 4' west-northwest, which was rediscovered by
Bigourdan on 11 Jul 1887.
Interestingly, Bigourdan also calls it a star cluster: "Object
which, at first sight, could be nebulous, but in which I suspect several
stellar points. It is therefore a
cluster enveloped in nebulosity; it is vaguely elongated at 90 degrees and is
1' l and 40" wide."
Corwin and Steinicke both agree that WH should be credited with the
discovery of IC 4470, although it did not receive a NGC designation.
******************************
NGC 5713 = UGC
9451 = MCG +00-37-022 = CGCG 019-077 = VIII Zw 447 = LGG 386-009 = NGC 5651 =
PGC 52412
14 40 11.5 -00
17 27
V = 11.2; Size 2.8'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 10d
17.5"
(4/13/91): fairly bright, moderately large, slightly elongated 4:3 E-W, broad
concentration, asymmetric appearance.
The brightest portion of the core seems offset to the west. The halo appears irregular and weaker
on the south side. Forms a pair
with NGC 5719 11' ESE. On the
POSS, a single spiral arm winds from SW to NE but is absent on the south side.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5713 = H I-182 = h1857 on 11 Apr 1787 (sweep 727) and noted
"cB, pL, iR." JH made
the single observation "B; R; psbM; r; 20"." d'Arrest measured
this galaxy on 6 nights, so the NGC position is accurate. At Birr Castle, Bindon Stoney logged on
13 Apr 1852 "[NGC 5713] is gbM, a faint indication of spirality??" NGC 5651, discovered by George Bond at
Harvard in 1853, is a duplicate observation. See that number.
******************************
NGC 5714 = UGC
9431 = MCG +08-27-011 = CGCG 248-014 = FGC 1785 = PGC 52307
14 38 11.7 +46
38 16
V = 13.4; Size 3.2'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 82d
17.5"
(6/27/98): faint, edge-on streak oriented WSW-ENE. The tips of the extensions fade into the background. Located 1' S of a 40" unequal pair
of mag 11/13 stars. First and
brightest of group of 6 faint galaxies (5 viewed). Next in the group is NGC 5717, 4.7' ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5714 = H III-675 = h1861 on 12 May 1787 (sweep 734) and recorded
"vF, iF, pS, sp two small unequal stars." His position is 1.5' too far north, but clearly applies to
UGC 9431. JH recorded "vF; E;
40" l; south of a coarse double star; the preceding of 2 [should be 3,
with NGC 5717 and 5722]." JH
mistakenly assumed this was a new object, and applied his father's III-675 to
h1864 = NGC 5717.
******************************
NGC 5715 = Cr
286 = ESO 176-SC002
14 43 30 -57 34
36
V = 9.8; Size 6'
14" (4/3/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x): this cluster appears to possibly extend 7' to 8' in
diameter but the eye-catching portion is a small, distinctive group of similar
mag stars on the west side, forming an striking oval ring or loop. Within this 2.5' curving chain are roughly
two dozen, mostly mag 12.5-13.5 stars and the interior of the loop is nearly
devoid of stars. A mag 10.7 star
is a couple of arcmin east.
Roughly 50 additional stars are in the surrounding portion of cluster,
for a total of ~75 stars. A mag
9.3 is 5' S.
James Dunlop
discovered D 333 = h3577 on 8 May 1826 and described "a group of small
stars with faint nebula. There is rather a gathering of the nebulous matter,
about 10 arcseconds diameter, near the north side." His position was 10' west of center. JH observed this cluster on 9 Jul 1834
and logged, "cluster VII. Pretty rich, stars 11..13th mag, irregular,
scattered,10' diameter, rather more comp M." JH credited Dunlop with the discovery.
******************************
NGC 5716 = MCG
-03-37-004 = PGC 52458
14 41 05.5 -17
28 35
V = 12.9; Size 2.0'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 80d
13.1"
(6/18/85): faint, fairly small, round, diffuse, low even surface
brightness. Two mag 12/13 stars
are at the NE edge both 1.0' from center.
Located 23' SW of NGC 5716.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5716 = H III-671 = h1860 on 7 May 1787 (sweep 732) and logged
"cF, S, R, joining two small stars."
******************************
NGC 5717 = MCG
+08-27-012 = CGCG 248-015 = PGC 52332
14 38 37.6 +46
39 47
V = 14.3; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(6/27/98): faint, small, round, 0.5' diameter, weak even concentration to
center. Nearly collinear with the
mag 11/13 pair 4' W. NGC 5714 is
4.7' WSW and the NGC 5722 (part of a quadruple group) is 2.9' E.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5717 = h1864 on 26 Apr 1830 and recorded "Not eF; R; psbM;
20"; the second of 3 [with NGC 5714 and 5722]." The next night he also logged "The
second of 3 in a line (two R; one mE), south of a double star." JH incorrectly equated his discovery
with H III-675, but his father discovered NGC 5714 (the edge-on).
******************************
NGC 5718 = Arp
171 NED2 = UGC 9459 = CGCG 047-137 = MCG +01-37-047 = WBL 518-005 = PGC 52441
14 40 42.9 +03
27 55
V = 12.9; Size 1.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 85d
24"
(6/18/12): moderately bright, fairly small, oval 3:2 or 4:3 E-W, ~35"x25", large bright core, brighter
along the major axis. Forms a
double system (Arp 171) with IC 1042 ("fairly faint, fairly small, round,
24" diameter, weak concentration"), just 1.0' WNW. A mag 10.7 star is 1.2' NE and detracts
a bit. NGC 5718 is the brightest
member in the poor group MKW 8 and over 20 members were tracked down within 30'
of NGC 5718.
17.5"
(6/8/91): faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 E-W, weak concentration. Located 1.3' SW of a mag 10 star that
detracts from viewing. A number of
mag 13-14 stars are within 3'.
Forms a close contact pair (Arp 171) with IC 1042 off the west
edge. IC 1042 is very faint, very
small, low even surface brightness.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5718 = H III-550 = h1862 on 30 Apr 1786 (sweep 558) and recorded
"vF, S, preceding and in a line with 2 B stars." His position is 2' south of this double
system and the two stars are collinear with the brighter eastern component UGC
9459. Neither Herschel noticed IC
1042 close west.
******************************
NGC 5719 = UGC
9462 = MCG +00-37-024 = CGCG 019-079 = LGG 386-010 = NGC 5658 = PGC 52455
14 40 56.6 -00
19 05
V = 12.2; Size 3.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 107d
48"
(5/4/16): bright, large, edge-on 4:1 WNW-ESE, 3.2'x0.8', well concentrated with
a large, very bright elongated core.
A slightly curved, sharply defined dust lane extends along the south
side of the core region and into the halo. A very faint strip of the halo is visible beyond the dust
lane. Forms a disrupted pair with
NGC 5713 11' WNW.
On images, the
prominent dust lane is clearly warped and studies reveal a counter-rotating
stellar disc accreted from a previous interaction with NGC 5713.
17.5"
(4/13/91): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 4:1 WNW-ESE, elongated
bright core, thin extensions.
Located 2' S of a mag 10 star.
Forms a pair with NGC 5713 11' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5719 = H II-682 = h1863 on 11 Apr 1787 (sweep 727) and noted
"pB, cS." His position
is 1' too far north. JH made a
single observation "pB; S; lE; bM." Heinrich d'Arrest measured the position
of 6 nights using the mag 10 star just under 2' north. NGC 5658, discovered by George Bond at
Harvard in 1853, is a duplicate observation. See that number.
******************************
NGC 5720 = UGC
9439 = MCG +09-24-025 = CGCG 273-017 = PGC 52328
14 38 33.4 +50
48 54
V = 13.4; Size 2.1'x1.4'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 140d
17.5"
(6/18/93): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 1.2'x0.8', weakly
concentrated.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5720 = Sw IX-40 on 24 Jun 1887 and recorded "eeF; pS; R;
bet 2 stars." The discovery
was communicated directly to Dreyer (given as list VI in the NGC), but his position
in list IX is just off the north edge of UGC 9439.
******************************
NGC 5721 = MCG
+08-27-013 = CGCG 248-016nw = PGC 52346
14 38 52.9 +46
40 28
V = 15.9; Size 0.3'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.7
17.5"
(6/27/98): this close companion to NGC 5722 required averted vision and
concentration to momentarily glimpse a virtually stellar object <10"
diameter, just 35" NNW of NGC 5722.
This borderline detection was repeated several times knowing precise
location.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 5721, along with NGC 5723, on 16 Apr 1855 at Birr Castle while
observing the NGC 5714 group. His
diagram is accurate enough to clearly establish the identifications of NGC 5721
= MCG +08-27-013, NGC 5722 = MCG +08-27-014, NGC 5723 = MCG +08-27-015 and 5724
= mag 17 star.
RNGC
misidentifies NGC 5721 as NGC 5722.
The CGCG misidentifies the close pair as NGC 5721 + NGC 5723, instead of
NGC 5721 + NGC 5722. Finally the
MCG misplaces MCG +08-27-013 (the furthest west of the quartet) 2' south of NGC 5722, instead of 30"
north. This error is carried
forward into PGC.
******************************
NGC 5722 = MCG
+08-27-014 = CGCG 248-016se = PGC 52355
14 38 54.3 +46
39 56
V = 14.3; Size 0.3'x0.3'
17.5"
(6/27/98): very faint, extremely small, round, 15" diameter. Collinear with NGC 5717 2.9' W and the
mag 11/13 pair 6.5' W. A nice pair
of mag 12.5 stars [26" separation] located 5' N is perfectly on line with
this galaxy. Brightest in a tight
grouping with NGC 5721 just 35" NNW and NGC 5723 1.5' NNE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5722 = h1865 on 26 Apr 1830 and recorded "vF; R; psbM;
15"; the third of 3 in a line".
His position is 2.8' north of MCG +08-27-014. This galaxy has two fainter companions (NGC 5721 and NGC
5723), which were discovered and sketch at Birr Castle on 16 April 1855.
RNGC
misidentifies NGC 5722 as NGC 5723.
Also the MCG dec is 1' too far north, which places it north of NGC 5721,
instead of south. See Malcolm
Thomson's Catalogue Corrections and Harold Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 5723 = MCG
+08-27-015 = PGC 52354
14 38 57.9 +46
41 22
Size
0.6'x0.2'; PA = 3d
17.5"
(6/27/98): this galaxy is the last of five viewed in the NGC 5721 group and
part of small quartet (3 seen).
Like NGC 5721, this marginal object required concentration and averted
vision to momentarily glimpse a 16th magnitude stellar object (only core
viewed) 1.5' NNE of NGC 5722. 17th
magnitude NGC 5724 just 43" NE was not visible.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 5723, along with NGC 5721, on 16 Apr 1855 at Birr Castle while
observing the NGC 5714 group. His
sketch shows a small quartet to the northeast of NGC 5717 and NGC 5723 matches
MCG +08-27-015 = PGC 52354, though the last object (NGC 5724) is a single star.
The RNGC entry
for NGC 5723 applies to NGC 5721. The MCG entry for NGC 5723 is possibly
correct (the coordinates are imprecise) though it may erroneously refer to PGC
2286446, which lies northeast of the quartet. CGCG errs in calling the close pair NGC 5721 + NGC 5723
instead of NGC 5721 + NGC 5722.
******************************
NGC 5724 = MCG
+08-27-016 = PGC 52360
14 39 02.1 +46
41 32
V = 17.0
=*, Gottlieb and
Corwin
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 5724 on 16 Apr 1855 with LdR's 72" in a group of
galaxies. Based on the sketch
published in the 1880 monograph (showing (NGC 5714, 5717, 5721, 5722, 5723 and
5724), Harold Corwin identifies this number with MCG +08-27-016, an extremely
compact galaxy or star. The RNGC
misidentifies 2MASX J14390847+4644487 as NGC 5724. This galaxy is located about 4' NE of the trapezium formed
by NGC 5721, NGC 5722, NGC 5723 and NGC 5724.
In an email
exchange with Corwin, I suggested that NGC 5724 is actually a star based on its
completely stellar appearance and SDSS classification. Corwin concurs and the type has now
been changed to a star in NED. At
B = 17.4, Corwin notes this is certainly one of the faintest NGC objects.
******************************
NGC 5725 = UGC
9466 = MCG +00-37-025 = CGCG 019-080 = LGG 386-003 = PGC 52456
14 40 58.3 +02
11 10
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 40d
17.5"
(4/13/91): very faint, small, slightly elongated, low even surface brightness.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 5725 on 27 Apr 1862 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position (measured
on two nights) matches UGC 9466.
******************************
NGC 5726 = ESO
580-012 = MCG -03-37-006 = PGC 52563
14 42 56.0 -18
26 42
V = 12.8; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 140d
18"
(5/29/05): fairly faint, small, contains a fairly high surface brightness
25" core with a fainter halo.
Located 7' SE of mag 9.2 HD 129378 in a fairly rich star field. ESO 580-014 lies 14' E. Incorrectly listed as nonexistent in
the RNGC.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 5726 = LM I-205 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 12.8, 0.3' dia, R, gbM, *10.5, np
2.7'." His approximate
position (nearest min of RA) is 1 min of time west of ESO 580-012. Stone later measured an accurate
position (repeated in the IC I notes).
RNGC misclassifies this number as nonexistent. The correct
identification is given in ESO-LV and RC3. MCG fails to label -03-37-006 as NGC 5726.
******************************
NGC 5727 = UGC
9465 = MCG +06-32-083 = CGCG 192-052 = PGC 52424
14 40 26.3 +33
59 20
V = 13.7; Size 2.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.6; PA = 135d
17.5"
(6/21/93): extremely faint, moderately large, elongated 2:1 NW-SE although
edges difficult to determine, 2.0'x1.0', very low even surface brightness. A striking pair of fairly bright wide
double stars is 5' SSE consisting of a mag 10/11 duo at 16" and a mag
9/11.5 pair at 30". The two
pairs are separated by 1.5'.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5727 = St XII-66 on 10 Jun 1882. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5728 = MCG
-03-37-005 = PGC 52521
14 42 24.0 -17
15 10
V = 11.3; Size 3.1'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 30d
13.1"
(6/18/85): moderately bright, very elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE. Contains a bright core and possible
stellar nucleus. A faint mag 14.5
star is at the southern tip 1.2' from center. An extremely faint 15th magnitude star is suspected just
north of the core 0.4' from center.
NGC 5716 lies 23' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5728 = H I-184 = h1866 on 7 May 1787 (sweep 732) and recorded
"cB, pL, E from sp to nf, mbM."
His position is accurate.
On his first observation, JH called this object "pB; mE; bM, almost
to nucleus; has a * 10m 90¡ south."
On a second sweep, he logged "F; R; pgbM; 20" has a * 15 nf;
certainly not of first and hardly of second class. Sky perfectly clear."
******************************
NGC 5729 = MCG
-01-37-012 = PGC 52507
14 42 06.8 -09
00 30
V = 12.6; Size 2.5'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 166d
17.5"
(6/20/01): moderately bright, very elongated 4:1 NNW-SSE, 1.6'x0.4'. A mag 14.5 star is at the east edge
[close double]. MCG -01-37-011
lies 18' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5729 = H III-508 = h3578 on 4 Feb 1786 (sweep 522) and recorded
"vF, cL, irregularly elongated nearly in the meridian. His position is off the south side of
MCG -01-37-012 = PGC 52507. JH
recorded from the Cape of Good Hope, "F; pL; pmE; gbM; with an appearance
of resolvability, arising as I imagine from a few small stars accidentally on
it, I hardly think it can be reckoned a cluster in the sense of class VI. Re-examined working list. It is III. 508. VI. 8 does not exist in the space
assigned to it in the catalogue."
******************************
NGC 5730 = UGC
9456 = MCG +07-30-046 = CGCG 220-044 = Holm 667a = PGC 52396
14 39 52.0 +42
44 33
V = 14.1; Size 1.8'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 88d
17.5"
(6/27/98): larger of a faint pair of edge-on galaxies with NGC 5731 3.9'
NE. Faint, fairly large, elongated
5:1 E-W, 1.5'x0.3', weak central brightening. A mag 11 star lies 3.0' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5730 = H III-657 = h1867, along with NGC 5731, on 9 Apr 1787
(sweep 725) and recorded "Two, both vF, vS, E, but in different
directions. The preceding [NGC 5730] is the brightest; about 2 or 3' distance,
nearly in the parallel [E-W]. Each
situated south of a small star."
JH made the single observation "eF; pL; E; seen only with great
attention. Place estimated from
III. 658 [NGC 5731]. His estimated
declination is 1.5' north of NGC 5731, but he reversed the direction, which
should be 2' south of NGC 5731.
This error was carried forward to the GC and NGC
The
identifications of these galaxies are reversed in the RNGC and CGCG due to this
mix-up, although UGC, MCG and PGC have the correct identifications. See Thomson's Catalogue Corrections and
Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 5731 = UGC
9460 = MCG +07-30-047 = CGCG 220-045 = Holm 667b = PGC 52409
14 40 09.3 +42
46 46
V = 13.1; Size 1.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 116d
17.5"
(6/27/98): faint, moderately large, very elongated NW-SE, 1.0'x0.25', weakly
concentrated. A mag 13 star lies
1.5' NW of center. Forms a close
pair of edge-ons with NGC 5730 3' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5731 = H III-658 = h1867, along with NGC 5730, on 9 Apr 1787
(sweep 725) and recorded "Two, both vF, vS, E, but in different
directions. The preceding [NGC 5730] is the brightest; about 2 or 3' distance,
nearly in the parallel [E-W]. Each
situated south of a small star."
See notes for
NGC 5730 for identification errors.
IC 1045 is not equal to NGC 5731.
See that number.
******************************
NGC 5732 = UGC
9467 = MCG +07-30-048 = CGCG 220-046 = PGC 52438
14 40 39.0 +38
38 16
V = 13.5; Size 1.3'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 40d
24"
(6/15/15): at 260x; moderately bright, oval 3:2 SW-NE, 0.9'x0.6', fairly weak
concentration. Using 375x the
galaxy has a mottled, irregular appearance and fainter outer portions of the
halo sometimes become more evident.
UGC 9473, which
lies 17' NE, appeared moderately to fairly bright, roundish, 0.8' diameter,
gradually brightens to the center but no distinct zones at 260x. A mag 10 star lies 6.5' SW and NGC 5732
is 17' SW.
17.5"
(6/21/93): faint, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter, weak broad concentration
with no visible core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5732 = H III-686 = h1869 on 16 May 1787 (sweep 738) and logged
"eF, cS, lbM." The next
object in his sweep was simply described as "a small patch, very faint."
and not assigned an internal discovery number. But the time was noted as 1
min 6 sec after NGC 5732, and 13' north. Close to this offset is UGC 9473,
which is another pre-NGC discovery by WH.
JH made two observations of NGC 5732 and logged "vF; S; R; bM."
******************************
NGC 5733 = MCG
+00-38-001 = CGCG 020-002 = PGC 52550
14 42 45.8 -00
21 05
V = 14.0; Size 1.1'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 32d
17.5"
(4/13/91): very faint, small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE. Forms the vertex of an isosceles triangle with two mag 13
stars 1.7' WNW and 1.6' ENE of center.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 5733 = m 283 on 12 Apr 1864 and noted "vF, S,
mE". His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 5734 = ESO
580-016 = MCG -03-38-003 = PGC 52678
14 45 09.1 -20
52 14
V = 12.7; Size 1.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 38d
18"
(5/29/05): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 0.7'x0.4'. A mag 13 is just off the NE tip,
30" from center, and detracts from viewing. Forms a close pair with NGC 5743 2.6' S.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 5734 = LM I-206, along with NGC 5743, on 3 Jun 1885
with the 26-inch refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded
"vF; S; lE; glbM." There
is nothing at his rough position (nearest min of RA), but 1 min of RA east is
ESO 580-016. Herbert Howe's corrected
position (repeated in the IC 2 Notes) is accurate and he noted that NGC 5734
and 5743 have the same RA, not 1 minute apart, per Leavenworth. According to Wolfgang Steinicke, this
is the first galaxy discovered at the LM Observatory.
******************************
NGC 5735 = UGC
9481 = MCG +05-35-007 = CGCG 164-013 = PGC 52535
14 42 33.4 +28
43 34
V = 12.3; Size 2.4'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 40d
17.5"
(6/21/93): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 4:3 ~E-W, 1.5'x1.1'. A mag 11 star is 4.2' WSW. In the field 7' NE is a pretty double
star with components mag 11/12 at 19" separation.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5735 = H III-133 = h1870 on 17 May 1784 (sweep 219) and recorded
"eF, cL, iR, lbM." JH
made the single observation "vF; L; R" and measured an accurate
position.
******************************
NGC 5736 = MCG
+02-38-001 = CGCG 076-007 = KTG 58A = PGC 52597
14 43 30.8 +11
12 10
V = 13.8; Size 1.1'x0.7'; PA = 108d
24"
(5/11/13): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE,
45"x30", small bright core.
Forms a pair with CGCG 76-9 2.7' NE. The companion appeared very faint and small, slightly
elongated, low surface brightness, 20"x15".
17.5"
(6/20/01): very faint, small, elongated 4:3 ~E-W, 0.9'x0.7'. Contains a 10" brighter core. Collinear with a pair of mag 13.5/14
stars 4' NE. A 2.4' pair of mag 10
and 11 stars are located 11' NNE and 8' N, respectively.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5736 = Sw VI-68 on 19 Apr 1887 and recorded "eeF; S; lE; v
diff." His position in list
VI is 4.5' west-northwest of CGCG 076-007 = PGC 52597, although Corwin notes
the NGC position, which was communicated directly to Dreyer by Swift, is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 5737 = UGC
9488 = MCG +03-37-039 = CGCG 105-007 = PGC 52582
14 43 11.8 +18
52 48
V = 13.5; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 170d
18"
(7/10/10): faint to fairly faint, elongated 3:2 N-S, 0.9'x0.6', slightly
brighter core, very faint stellar nucleus. Situated 4.5' S of a mag 10 star and 4.6' WNW of a mag 9..8
star, forming the vertex of an obtuse isosceles triangle with the two similar
stars. IC 1051 lies 16' NE.
17.5"
(7/16/01): faint, moderately large, slightly elongated, 1.1'x0.8', weak
concentration, irregular surface brightness. Forms the vertex of an isosceles triangle with two mag 10
stars 4' N and 4' E. Viewed low in
the west with decreased transparency.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5737 = H III-896 = h1871 on 20 Apr 1792 (sweep 1021) and
recorded "eF, S, vlbM."
JH made the single observation "vF; pS; R; glbM" and measured
an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5738 = MCG
+00-38-002 = CGCG 020-004 = PGC 52614
14 43 56.4 +01
36 15
V = 13.9; Size 1.0'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 64d
17.5"
(6/18/93): faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 WSW-ENE, 0.9'x0.3'. Two stars mag 14-15 are close following
including a mag 14.5 star 1.3' ESE.
Forms a pair with NGC 5740 8.3' NE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 5738 = m 284 on 12 Apr 1864 and noted "F, S, bM." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5739 = IC
1028 = UGC 9486 = MCG +07-30-052 = CGCG 220-049 = PGC 52531
14 42 28.9 +41
50 32
V = 12.1; Size 2.3'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(6/27/98): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE, 1.2'x1.0', well
concentrated with a small bright core.
A mag 14 star is just off the northeast end 0.8' from center and three
additional nearby mag 14-15 stars form a parallelogram with this star.
8"
(4/24/82): faint, small, round, bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5739 = H I-171 = h1873 on 18 Mar 1787 (sweep 718) and noted
"pB, R, S, lbM, r." His
position was 3' north and 9 sec of RA west of UGC 9486. Less than a month later on 9 Apr 1787
(sweep 725), he logged "cB, S, mbM, r." JH noted that several faint stars were near and measured a
good position.
******************************
NGC 5740 = UGC
9493 = MCG +00-38-003 = CGCG 020-008 = LGG 386-004 = PGC 52641
14 44 24.5 +01
40 47
V = 11.9; Size 3.0'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 160d
17.5"
(6/18/93): moderately bright, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, 1.5'x0.8', bright core,
almost stellar nucleus, faint extensions.
A mag 15 star is 1.5' WNW of center. Forms a pair with NGC 5738 8.2' SW and NGC 5746 lies 18'
NNE. Located 31' WSW of 109
Virginis.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5740 = H II-538 = h1872 on 24 Feb 1786 (sweep 532) and recorded
"pB, cL, iR." JH made
the single observation "L; irreg R; gbM; r." R.J. Mitchell, observing with LdR's
72" on 10 May 1855, reported "pB, R, Nucl surrounded by faint nebulosity,
which has a prolongation [arm] to np; between nucleus and tail the neby is
fainter [dust]."
******************************
NGC 5741 = MCG
-02-38-008 = PGC 52718
14 45 51.7 -11
54 51
V = 13.6; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.9
17.5":
faint/fairly faint, small, round, crisp-edged, 40" diameter, relatively
high surface brightness. A mag
14.5-15 "star" 40" S of center appears to be a compact galaxy on
the DSS and is catalogued in NED as LCRS B144308.4-114255. Forms a pair with NGC 5742 7.3' NW.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 5741 = LM I-207, along with NGC 5742, on 12 Jun 1885
and recorded "mag 14.0, vS, R, sbMN." His rough position (nearest min of RA) is 1 min west of MCG
-02-38-008. Ormond Stone later
measured a more accurate RA at the LM observatory, but his position is 0.2 min
of RA too small.
******************************
NGC 5742 = MCG
-02-38-007 = PGC 52707
14 45 37.0 -11
48 34
V = 13.7; Size 1.3'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 73d
17.5":
fairly faint/moderately bright, round, elongated 4:3 WSW-ENE, 1.0'x0.8', bright
core. A mag 14 star lies 1.3'
SSW. Forms a pair with NGC 5741
7.3' SE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 5742 = LM I-208, along with NGC 5741, on 12 Jun 1885
and recorded "mag 12.0, pS, pmE, gbMN, envelope mag 15.0." His rough position (nearest min of RA)
is 30 sec of RA west and 1' south of MCG -02-38-007. Ormond Stone's corrected position, repeated in the IC 1
notes, is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5743 = ESO
580-017 = MCG -03-38-004 = PGC 52680
14 45 10.9 -20
54 48
V = 13.0; Size 1.3'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 95d
18"
(5/29/05): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated nearly 3:1 E-W,
1.2'x0.4', broad concentration.
Larger and brighter of a close pair with NGC 5743 2.6' N.
Francis Leavenworth
discovered NGC 5743 = LM I-209, along with NGC 5734, on 3 Jun 1885 with the
26-inch refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "F; S;
vE; smbMN." His position
(nearest min of RA) is just 2' north of ESO 580-017, though the RA of nearby
NGC 5734 is 1 minute too small.
Herbert Howe's corrected position (repeated in the IC 2 Notes) is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 5744 = ESO
580-023 = MCG -03-38-007 = PGC 52761
14 46 38.6 -18
30 48
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 108d
18"
(5/29/05): faint, very small, round, 0.4' diameter. No details were visible in this small galaxy. A striking 1.3' string of 3 stars lies
10' E with mag 9.3 HD 130194 at the north end. NGC 5744 is listed as nonexistent in the RNGC.
The NGC
identification is uncertain and may apply to this galaxy or ESO 580-014 = MCG
-03-38-001. ESO 580-014 appeared
very low surface brightness, moderately large. Appears as a 1' very hazy glow with no core. Picked up while viewing NGC 5726 14'
WNW.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 5744 = LM I-210 in 1886 with the 26-inch refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 15.5, 0.2' dia,
neb?" His rough position
(nearest min of RA) is 1.5 min of RA east of ESO 580-014 but also 1.4 min of RA
west of ESO 580-023, so either galaxy is a candidate. But his description is a better fit with ESO 580-023, based
on my visual observation. ESGC
identifies ESO 580-023 as NGC 5744.
******************************
NGC 5745 = MCG
-02-38-004 = VV 98b = PGC 52669
14 45 01.8 -13
56 50
V = 12.5; Size 1.7'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 65d
17.5":
fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated 4:3 ~E-W. Weak concentration to a small, brighter
core. A mag 14 star lies 1.6' SW
of center. Situated near the midpoint
of mag 9.3 SAO 158769 7' NW and mag 10 SAO 158779 10' SE and 1 degree WNW of
mag 5.3 Mu Librae. This galaxy is
an unusual dust lane elliptical, though this structure was not seen.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5745 = h3579 on 5 Jun 1836 and recorded "vF; E; pslbM;
20"." His single
observation is an exact match with MCG -02-38-004.
******************************
NGC 5746 = UGC
9499 = MCG +00-38-005 = CGCG 020-012 = LGG 386-005 = PGC 52665
14 44 55.8 +01
57 19
V = 10.3; Size 7.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 170d
48"
(4/19/17): at 375x; gorgeous edge-on stretching nearly 7' NNW-SSE, It bulges
nearly 1' in the core, though is much thinner towards the tips. Contains an intensely bright, elongated
core with a rounder nucleus. The
galaxy is sliced asymmetrically by a razor sharp, straight dust lane that the
slices the galaxy to the east of center, so that the main part of the galaxy is
west of the dust lane. The portion
of the disc on the east side of the lane is much fainter but shows up well as a
thin strip, mostly visible in the central section east of the main section of
the core. A bright mag 14 star is
embedded on the south side, ~2' from the center. A mag 15.1 star is near the NNW end, off the east side and a
mag 16 star is just west of the very NNE tip. Finally a mag 16+ star is superimposed just north of the
core along the western flank ~0.6' from center. The galaxy is located 20' WNW of 109 Vir (V = 13.7) and mag
8.5 HD 129827 is 5' NW.
A small trio 17'
to the west, consisting of LEDA 1210436 (V = 15.1), LEDA 1210907 (V = 17.1) and
LEDA 1210022 (fits in a 2' circle) was picked up and observed at 697x. The light-travel time for all 3 is just
over 1 billion years.
18"
(6/17/06): superb edge-on 7:1 N-S, ~6'x0.8', broadly concentrated to a 2'x0.7'
elongated, bulging core. The core
is mottled and clumpy due to a dust lane that appears to pass along the east
edge of the core. The southern
extension passes through a star and is slightly brighter and possibly longer,
though the northern extension does extend as far with careful viewing (slightly
lower surface brightness).
17.5"
(2/28/87): beautiful edge-on ~N-S, bright, fairly large, 4.5'x0.7', small
bright core. A mag 15 star is at
the south end 2' from the center.
A dust lane is evident as a sharp light cut-off along the eastern
edge. Located 5' SSE of mag 8.2
SAO 120633 and 20' WNW of 109 Virginis (V = 3.7).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5746 = H I-126 = h1874 on 24 Feb 1786 (sweep 532) and recorded
"eB, mE in the parallel [should be in the meridian], BN, 8 or 9'
long." JH made the single observation "a long pB ray with a pB
nucleus; 3' long." On 3 Apr
1875, Dreyer (observing assistant on the 72") reported "there seems
to be a split in the nebulosity following the nucleus." This clearly refers to the dust
lane. The RNGC declination is 10'
too far south.
******************************
NGC 5747 = UGC
9496 = MCG +02-38-002 = CGCG 076-013 = IC 4493 = PGC 52638
14 44 20.7 +12
07 53
V = 13.6; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(6/20/01): fairly faint, small, round, 40" diameter, weak
concentration. A mag 14 star lies
0.9' WNW of center while a brighter mag 12.5 star follows by 3.5'.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5747 = H III-48 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 175) and logged "eF,
S, required some time to look at it before it could be well seen." There is nothing at his position but 50
tsec of RA preceding is UGC 9496.
Several other nebulae discovered that night also have errors of 30 tsec
to 90 tsec in RA too far east, so this identification is likely.
Bigourdan failed
to find III-48 twice at WH's position, though he recorded IC 4493 at the
position of UGC 9496. So, NGC 5747 is likely identical to IC 4493. UGC, CGCG and MCG label this galaxy IC
4493 instead of NGC 5747.
******************************
NGC 5748 = CGCG
134-029 = PGC 52672
14 45 05.1 +21
54 58
V = 14.4; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 158d
17.5"
(6/20/01): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated NNW-SSE, 0.7'x0.5',
weak concentration. Located
between a mag 9.5 star 2.6' NNE and mag 9.2 SAO 83498 6.6' SSW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5748 = St XII-67 on 14 Jun 1882. His position matches CGCG 134-029 = PGC 52672. This galaxy was possibly discovered
earlier by George Bond at the Harvard College Observatory on 30 Dec 1850 and
reported in AN 1453, but the approximate coordinates leaves this identification
uncertain.
******************************
NGC 5749 = Cr
287 = ESO 176-SC004
14 48 54 -54 29
54
Size 8'
18" (7/5/05
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): With a 27 Panoptic (76x), a group of three
dozen stars are scattered in an irregular 8' region. The cluster includes a number of 12th magnitude stars with a
mag 9.5 star at the NW edge. At
228x, up to 60 stars within this group were counted. There are no rich subgroups but the most distinctive group
is a V-shaped or "wishbone" asterism of mag 11 stars with the prongs
opening to the east. Eight of the
stars are grouped into wide pairs of 30" to 40" separation. A mag 9.7 yellow star lies ~6' E of the
cluster.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 5749 = D 206 = h3580 on 7 May 1826 and described "a group
of 8 or 10 pretty bright small stars, in the form of a letter Y, about 5' long,
parallel to the equator, with small stars in it resembling faint nebula." His position was off by ~8'. JH made the single observation
"cluster VII class; p rich, loose, irregular figure, 8', stars 10 and 11th
mag."
******************************
NGC 5750 = UGC
9512 = MCG +00-38-006 = CGCG 020-013 = LGG 386-012 = PGC 52735
14 46 11.1 -00
13 25
V = 11.6; Size 3.0'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 65d
17.5"
(6/18/93): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 WSW-ENE,
1.8'x1.2'. The halo has a moderate
even concentration down to a very small brighter core and a faint stellar
nucleus. A mag 14 star lies 1.1' N
of center.
8"
(6/29/84): fairly faint, small, elongated WSW-ENE, weakly concentrated with no
sharp nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5750 = H I-183 = h1875 on 11 Apr 1787 (sweep 727) and logged
"cB, pL, iR." JH made
the single observation "F; R; gbM; r; 30"; is not entitled to be
called first class. Sky perfectly
clear."
******************************
NGC 5751 = UGC
9498 = MCG +09-24-033 = CGCG 273-024 = PGC 52607
14 43 49.2 +53
24 01
V = 13.2; Size 1.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 55d
17.5"
(6/18/93): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 1.2'x0.6, even
surface brightness. Forms the
vertex of an obtuse angle of 135¡ with two mag 11 stars 2.8' W and 3.1' SE of
center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5751 = H II-809 = h1877 on 24 Apr 1789 (sweep 927) and noted
"F, S, E." His position
is poor, but JH commented "vF; R; forms an obtuse-angled isosceles with 2
equal stars 10-11m, one p, one sf; dist of each 3'." and he measured a
more accurate position (1' too far north).
******************************
NGC 5752 = Arp
297 NED1 = UGC 9505 = MCG +07-30-060 = CGCG 220-052 = Holm 674c = PGC 52685
14 45 14.1 +38
43 44
V = 14.1; Size 0.6'x0.2'; Surf Br = 11.5; PA = 120d
18"
(5/3/08): NGC 5752 forms the western component of a close interacting pair with
much brighter NGC 5754 just 1' E.
Appears faint, small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 24"x18". NGC 5753 and NGC 5755, a wider pair of
galaxies at twice the redshift, lie ~4' N.
17.5"
(6/21/93): first of four in the NGC 5754 group. Extremely faint, very small, 15" diameter, round,
averted vision only. In a tight
group with NGC 5754 1.1' E and the NGC 5753/NGC 5755 pair 3.5' NNE.
Lawrence
Parsons, 4th Earl of Rosse, discovered NGC 5752, along with NGC 5753 and 5755
on 1 Apr 1878, while observing NGC 5754.
He noted a "double nebula, pos 83.5¡, distance 70.3"; p one
[NGC 5752] the fainter." NGC
5754 has a very low surface brightness arm on the south side that attaches like
a tidal tail to NGC 5752.
******************************
NGC 5753 = Arp
297 NED2 = MCG +07-30-062 = CGCG 220-053nw = Holm 674d = PGC 52695
14 45 18.9 +38
48 21
V = 14.8; Size 0.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.1
18"
(5/3/08): extremely faint, round, just 10" diameter, requires averted
vision. This the furthest north
and the faintest member of a tight quartet. Located 1.9' NW of NGC 5755 and 4.5' N of NGC 5754.
17.5"
(6/21/93): extremely faint, very small, round, visible with averted vision
only. Forms a pair with NGC 5755
1.9' SE. In a quartet with the NGC
5752/NGC 5754 pair 4' S.
Lawrence
Parsons, 4th Earl of Rosse, discovered NGC 5753, along with NGC 5752 and 5755,
on 1 Apr 1878 while observing NGC 5754.
With respect to NGC 5755, he noted another nebula that was "F, bM,
pos 324.7¡, dist 121.1".
Parsons' micrometric offsets clearly pinpoints MCG +07-30-062 as NGC
5753. The RNGC reverses the
identifications of NGC 5753 and NGC 5754.
See my RNGC Corrections #2.
******************************
NGC 5754 = Arp
297 NED3 = UGC 9505 = MCG +07-30-061 = CGCG 220-052 = Holm 674a = PGC 52686
14 45 19.4 +38
43 52
V = 13.1; Size 1.8'x1.7'; Surf Br = 14.2
18"
(5/3/08): brightest galaxy in a small quartet and form a close, interacting
pair with NGC 5752 just 1' W. At
280x, NGC 5754 appeared moderately bright, round, 1' diameter, contains a very
small bright core and faint stellar nucleus. NGC 5755 lies 3' NNE and NGC 5753 is 4.4' N. The redshift of the latter two galaxies
is half that of NGC 5252 and 5254.
17.5"
(6/21/93): brightest in a compact quartet. Fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated WNW-ESE,
1.0'x0.8', gradually brighter halo, small bright core. Forms an interacting pair with NGC 5752
1.1' W. The NGC 5753/NGC 5755 pair
lies 4' N and 3' NNE, respectively.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5754 = H III-687 = h1878 on 16 May 1787 (sweep 738) and recorded
cF, pS. Another much fainter and
smaller suspected, about 2' more north.
300x showed the same."
NGC 5754 is the brightest in a close group of four with NGC 5752, NGC
5753 and NGC 5755 (discovered by Lawrence Parsons on 1 Apr 1878) with NGC
5752/5754 a close pair. NGC 5755,
situated 3' north-northeast of NGC 5754, is probably the galaxy suspected by
WH!
RNGC has
confused the identities of NGC 5753 and NGC 5754, hence the positions and new
descriptions for these two entries should be reversed. The correct identifications are given
in UGC and MCG. Listed in my RNGC
Corrections #2.
******************************
NGC 5755 = Arp
297 NED4 = UGC 9507 = MCG +07-30-063 = CGCG 220-053se = Holm 674b = PGC 52690
14 45 24.6 +38
46 47
V = 14.2; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 15d
18"
(5/3/08): at 280x this member of the NGC 5754 quartet appeared very faint,
round, just 20" diameter.
Contains a faint stellar nucleus or a faint star is superimposed. On the DSS, this appears to be an
interacting double system, so perhaps I was just resolving it. NGC 5753 lies 1.9' NW.
17.5"
(6/21/93): last of four in the NGC 5754 quartet. Very faint, small, round, 25" diameter, even surface
brightness. A mag 13 star lies 1'
SE. Forms a close pair with NGC
5753 1.9' NW and the NGC 5752/5754 pair is just 3' SSW.
Lawrence
Parsons, 4th Earl of Rosse, discovered NGC 5755, along with NGC 5752 and 5753
on 1 Apr 1878, while observing NGC 5754.
He noted a faint nebula in PA 18.3¡ from NGC 5754 at a distance of
131.8" (the actual separation is closer to 3', although the PA is
accurate).
WH probably
discovered this object earlier on 16 May 1787 (sweep 738). In his discovery of NGC 5754 = H
III-687, he noted "Another much fainter and smaller suspected, about 2
[arcmin] more north. 300 shewed the same." Because of his uncertainty, he didn't assign NGC 5755 an
internal discovery number and WH missed being credited with the discovery.
******************************
NGC 5756 = MCG
-02-38-012 = Holm 676a = PGC 52825
14 47 33.7 -14
51 13
V = 12.3; Size 2.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 40d
13.1"
(6/18/85): fairly faint, very elongated SW-NE, weakly concentrated halo, small
bright nucleus with faint extensions.
John Herschel discovered
NGC 5756 = h3581 on 5 Jun 1836 and recorded "pB; pmE; gpmbM;
80"." His single
position is at the east edge of the galaxy.
******************************
NGC 5757 = ESO
580-033 = MCG -03-38-014 = PGC 52839
14 47 46.4 -19
04 42
V = 11.9; Size 2.0'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 160d
13.1"
(6/18/85): fairly faint, moderately large, brighter core surrounded by a round,
diffuse halo. A mag 13 star is off
the NNE edge 2.0' from the center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5757 = H III-690 = h1876 on 19 May 1787 (sweep 741) and recorded
"vF, cS, lbM, iF." His
position is just off the north edge of the galaxy. JH called this galaxy "F; S; R; bM."
******************************
NGC 5758 = UGC
9524 = MCG +02-38-011 = CGCG 076-039 = PGC 52787
14 47 02.1 +13
40 06
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x0.8'; PA = 80d
17.5"
(7/17/01): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. A mag 14 star lies 0.9' E. In a group and forms a pair with CGCG
76-043 1.8' ESE. This companion
(misidentified as NGC 5758 in the Uranometria 2000.0) appeared very faint, very
small, round, 15" diameter.
CGCG 76-31 lies 6' W, CGCG 76-53 12' E and NGC 5759 13' S.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5758 = Sw III-83 on 6 Jun 1886 and recorded "eF; pS; R;
bright star follows 22 sec."
His position is 8 sec of RA west and 1.6' south of UGC 9524. His note of the bright star secures the
identification, though the actual separation is 19 sec. Swift missed nearby CGCG 076-043. See Harold Corwin comments.
******************************
NGC 5759 = UGC
9525 = MCG +02-38-012 = CGCG 076-044 = PGC 52797
14 47 14.8 +13
27 25
V = 13.9; Size 0.6'x0.5'
17.5"
(7/17/01): very faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 0.8'x0.4', low even
surface brightness. Forms a pair
with difficult CGCG 76-42 3.4' S.
This is a double system with a compact companion off the NW end but was
not resolved. Located 13' S of NGC
5758 in a group.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5759 = St XI-29 on 7 Jun 1880. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5760 = UGC
9531 = MCG +03-38-015 = CGCG 105-028 = PGC 52833
14 47 42.3 +18
30 07
V = 13.3; Size 1.5'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 96d
18"
(7/13/07): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 ~E-W. Contains a small, bright core that
appears offset to the west side of the glow. Occasionally a faint stellar nucleus popped into view. Forms a pair with IC 4507 ~3'
south. This companion appeared
extremely faint, very small, round, 12" diameter.
17.5"
(7/16/01): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, weakly concentrated. Located 3.4' N east of a mag 10.5 star. Forms a pair with difficult IC 4507
2.9' S.
17.5"
(6/16/01): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 ~E-W, 1.0'x0.6', weak
concentration. IC 4507 2.8' S (mag
15.7z) was not seen with certainty in poor conditions (partially cloudy). HCG 72 lies 32' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5760 = H III-885 = h1879 on 24 May 1791 (sweep 1006) and
recorded "eF, vS, E nearly in the parallel [E-W]." JH logged "vF; lE in parallel;
vglbM." and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5761 = ESO
580-039 = MCG -03-38-018 = PGC 52916
14 49 08.4 -20
22 35
V = 12.4; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 85d
48"
(5/12/12): at 488x appeared bright, fairly large, oval 5:4 ~E-W, ~1.2'x0.9',
sharply concentrated with a very bright, oval core, halo fades out
gradually. A mag 16 star lies
45" SW. Two companions are on
opposite sides of the galaxy: PGC 52918 is 50" NNE of center and ESO
580-038 lies 1.9' SW. The PGC
appeared fairly faint, small, slightly elongated ~N-S, 15"x12",
brighter core. The ESO was fairly
faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE, ~21"x7". The tidal plume connecting NGC 5761 to
the ESO by a long tidal plume was not convincingly seen (though by Lowrey).
17.5":
fairly faint, fairly small, round, 1' diameter. The faint outer halo rises sharply to a 15" bright
core. Brightest in a small group
with ESO 580-040 12' NE. The NGC
identification is uncertain and NGC 5761 may be ESO 580-040. This is a disrupted interacting galaxy
with a long connecting tail SW to a faint companion. PGC 52918 close north was not seen with certainty in breezy
conditions.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 5761 = LM I-211 in 1886 and recorded "mag 14.5,
0.3' dia, R, glbMN." His
rough position (nearest min of RA) is 6' north of ESO 580-039 and also 36 sec
of RA west of ESO 580-040. The
galaxy directly south of his position is brighter, but Leavenworth's positions
are more often off in RA, suggesting ESO 580-040 is the correct identification.
RNGC, ESO-LV and
RC3 identify ESO 580-039 as NGC 5761.
But in the South Equatorial Galaxy Catalogue (ESGC) and an early NGC
errata list, Harold Corwin identified ESO 580-040 as NGC 5761. Without a discovery sketch, either
identification is plausible. See
Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 5762 = UGC
9535 = MCG +02-38-014 = CGCG 076-063 = PGC 52887
14 48 42.6 +12
27 26
V = 12.7; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 140d
17.5"
(6/3/00): fairly faint, fairly small, irregularly round, 1' diameter, weak even
concentration to a brighter core.
A semicircle of four stars mag 13-14 lies 6-7' W. Forms a pair with NGC 5763 at 4.4' ENE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5762 = Sw III-84, along with NGC 5763 = Sw III-85, on 22 May
1886 and recorded "vF; S; R; preceding of 2 [with NGC 5763]." His RA is 13 sec too large but
his relative positions for the pair are very good. Both Herbert Howe and Bigourdan (21 May 1892) measured an
accurate position (given in the IC 2 Notes).
******************************
NGC 5763 = CGCG
076-064 = PGC 52905
14 48 58.7 +12
29 24
V = 14.3; Size 0.5'x0.5'
17.5"
(6/3/00): very faint, extremely small, round, 15" diameter, low even
surface brightness. Fainter of a
pair with NGC 5762 4.4' WSW. Forms
the eastern vertex of an isosceles triangle with two mag 15 stars 1.5' SW and NW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5763 = Sw III-85, along with NGC 5762, on 22 May 1886, and
recorded "eeeF; pS; ee diff; following of 2 [with NGC 5762]." His RA is 22 sec too large but his
relative positions for the pair is good.
Both Herbert Howe and Bigourdan measured an accurate position (given in
the IC 2 Notes).
******************************
NGC 5764 = Cr
288 = ESO 223-SC004
14 53 32 -52 40
12
V = 12.6; Size 2'
14" (4/3/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x): NGC 5764 is a very small, faint elongated glow, ~1'
length, with a half-dozen mag 13-15 stars resolved in a tight clump. A mag 13 star (close double) is off the
east end and the brightest star in the elongated clump is a very close
double. Several additional very
faint stars are within a 2' x 1' region (nominal size of the cluster). Located 26' NW of mag 5.4 HD 131562.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5764 = h3582 on 8 Jul 1834 and recorded "a small elongated
close group of vS milky way stars; 3' l, 1 1/2' br; so close and faint as to
approach very near to the character of a nebula." His single position is at the east end
of the small group.
******************************
NGC 5765 = UGC
9554 = MCG +01-38-004/005 = CGCG 048-024 = PGC 53011/53012
14 50 51.0 +05
07 01
V = 13.3
24"
(6/30/16): at 322x; NGC 5765B is moderately bright, fairly small, round,
24" diameter, sharply concentrated with a very small bright core that
stands out. Brighter of a contact
pair with NGC 5765A 24" NW.
The companion appeared very faint, fairly small, elongated ~5:2 E-W,
30"x12", contains a very small brighter core, very faint low surface
brightness extensions.
17.5"
(4/13/91): NGC 5765 is a very close double system oriented NW-SE. The southeast component (NGC 5765B) is
brighter and appears faint, small, round.
NGC 5765A is virtually in contact at the northwest end and appeared very
faint, small, slightly elongated E-W, low surface brightness. The nuclei have a separation of
20".
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5765 = h1880 on 24 Apr 1830 and recorded "vF; a double
nebula, both individuals eF."
His position matches this contact pair. R.J. Mitchell made another
observation on 10 May 1855 at Birr Castle and wrote, "2 vS neb np and sf,
very close both R, bM. The sf neb seems a little the larger the
brighter." So, there is no
doubt both galaxies were seen, although only a single NGC designation was
assigned.
******************************
NGC 5766 = ESO
580-050 = MCG -03-38-024 = PGC 53186
14 53 09.5 -21
23 38
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 149d
18"
(5/29/05): fairly faint, small, round, 40" diameter, moderate surface
brightness. Forms the southern
vertex of an isosceles triangle (sides 2', 2' and 1') with two similar mag 12
stars to the north and NE.
17.5"
(6/20/01): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated NW-SE,
1.0'x0.8'. Very weak even
concentration (not noticeable initially) but no core or nucleus. Forms the southern vertex of a thin
isosceles triangle with two mag 12-13 stars 2.3' N and a similar distance NE.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 5766 = LM I-212 on 8 Jul 1885 with the 26" refractor at
Leander McCormick Observatory. He
reported "mag 14.5; 0.3' dia; R; glbMN." His rough position (nearest min of RA) is 1 min of RA west
and 1' N of ESO 580-050. Herbert
Howe measured an accurate position (repeated in the IC 2 Notes) with the
20-inch refractor at the Chamberlin Observation at the turn of the century.
******************************
NGC 5767 = UGC
9549 = CGCG 248-022 = Holm 681a = PGC 52942
14 49 34.4 +47
22 34
V = 14.1; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 150d
17.5"
(6/21/93): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, 0.8'x0.4', weak
concentration. A mag 13 star is
1.1' NNW of center.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5767 = Sw I-37 on 14 May 1885 and recorded "vvF; pS; R; *
nr; saw another nr as I supposed, but could not refind it." His RA is 16 sec too large. Bigourdan measured an accurate position
on 14 Jun 1898 (repeated in the IC 2 Notes). UGC does not label UGC 9549 as NGC 5767.
******************************
NGC 5768 = UGC
9564 = MCG +00-38-009 = CGCG 020-026 = PGC 53089
14 52 08.0 -02
31 49
V = 12.5; Size 1.9'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 120d
17.5"
(6/18/93): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 WNW-ENE, 1.2'x0.9', fairly
even surface brightness. A mag
12.5 star is attached at the south edge 0.5' from center. Located 25' SE of 11 Librae (V = 4.9).
8"
(6/30/84): very faint, small, almost round, even surface brightness. A faint star is on the south edge. Two stars to the east and SE form an
equilateral triangle. Mag 5 11
Librae lies 25' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5768 = H III-373 on 14 Apr 1785 (sweep 400) and recorded
"vF, just north of a small star, which it seems to be an electrical brush
preceding towards the north, but there is a little distance between the star
and the brush. At first sight it
resembles the 1st of my Fanshaped."
On 23 Mar 1789 (sweep 917) he logged, "F, R, faint nucleus, vF
chevelure north of a small star; the chevalure reaches up to it."
******************************
NGC 5769 = MCG
+01-38-008 = CGCG 048-047 = PGC 53145
14 52 41.6 +07
55 55
V = 14.4; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(6/18/93): very faint, very small, round, 15" diameter, extremely small
brighter core with direct vision.
Located 9.5' N of mag 7.9 SAO 120708 at the edge of the 220x field.
Edward Holden
discovered NGC 5769 on 27 Apr 1881 at the Washburn Observatory and noted
"vF, exactly north of Lalande 27090." His position is 2.5' north of CGCG 048-047, with the
declination measured on the 27th and 28th.
******************************
NGC 5770 = UGC
9575 = MCG +01-38-011 = CGCG 048-052 = LGG 387-005 = PGC 53201
14 53 15.0 +03
57 36
V = 12.3; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(4/13/91): moderately bright, small, elongated 3:2 E-W, increases to a small
bright core containing a stellar nucleus.
The core is surrounded by a small halo. NGC 5774 and NGC 5775 are located 25' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5770 = H II-576 = h1881 on 29 Apr 1786 (sweep 557) and recorded
"F, S, lE; like two stellar joined very closely." His RA is 36 sec too large. JH made 3 observations and measured an
accurate position. On 26 Apr 1851,
LdR (or assistant Bindon Stoney) reported "strongly suspected to be a very
close double nebula; but definition and clouds." On 12 May 1858, R.J. Mitchell reported "closely double
preceding - following, p companion vS." The preceding companion is a superimposed star.
******************************
NGC 5771 = MCG
+05-35-021 = CGCG 164-037 = PGC 53088
14 52 14.3 +29
50 43
V = 13.6; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(6/21/93): faint, small, round, 40" diameter, broad moderate
concentration, faint stellar nucleus at moments. Forms a pair with NGC 5773 4' ESE. NGC 5774 lies 24' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5771 = H III-129 = h1882, along with NGC 5773, on 16 May 1784
(sweep 218) and recorded "Two, extr F and vS, R nebula; about 6' from each
other. 240 confirmed them with difficulty." His single position matches NGC 5771. JH made the single observation
"vF; S; R; pgbM; 15"."
******************************
NGC 5772 = UGC
9566 = MCG +07-31-001 = CGCG 220-060 = PGC 53067
14 51 39.0 +40
35 57
V = 12.8; Size 2.1'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 35d
17.5"
(6/21/93): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 1.6'x0.8',
small bright core, sharp stellar nucleus.
Located 7' SSE of mag 8.9 SAO 45240.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5772 = h1883 on 12 May 1828 and recorded "pB; pL; R; gbM;
20"; a * 8m np." His
position and description matches UGC 9566.
******************************
NGC 5773 = UGC
9571 = MCG +05-35-022 = CGCG 164-038 = PGC 53124
14 52 30.3 +29
48 27
V = 13.5; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(6/21/93): faint, small, round, 40" diameter, broad concentration. A mag 13 star is 2.8' S. Forms a very similar pair with NGC 5771
4' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5773 = H III-130 = h1884, along with NGC 5771, on 16 May 1784
(sweep 218). See description for
NGC 5771. JH made the single observation "vF; R; pgbM; 20"."
******************************
NGC 5774 = UGC
9576 = MCG +01-38-013 = CGCG 048-057 = Holm 685b = LGG 387-003 = PGC 53231
14 53 42.6 +03
34 58
V = 12.1; Size 3.0'x2.5'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 145d
48"
(4/19/17): Interesting face-on SBc spiral at 488x. Contains a fairly bright, small oval core with a weak E-W
bar. A spiral arm is attached on
the south side of the core and curls at least 90¡ counterclockwise towards the
south and west, ending about 40" WNW of center. A second arm is on the north side of the core but it was
more difficult to distinguish as it wraps east tight to the core. Finally, a fairly long, detached spiral
arm of low surface brightness is on the southwest side of the halo, extending
linearly WNW-ESE. On the SDSS,
this "arm" consists of a number of adjacent blue HII knots and angles
towards companion NGC 5775. Two stars are superimposed north of center, one
just 12" N and a mag 16 star 30" NE.
24"
(7/14/15): at 375x; moderately to fairly bright, fairly large, slightly
elongated NW-SE, 2.0'x1.5', slightly brighter middle, gradually increases
towards the center. Either
contains a faint stellar nucleus or a faint star is superimposed near the
center. A mag 14 star is just off
the northeast side, 1.4' from the center.
Forms a trio with NGC 5775 4.4' SE and IC 1070 6.3' SSE.
17.5"
(4/13/91): fairly faint, moderately large, round, fairly low surface
brightness, gradually brighter but no well-defined core. A mag 14 star is off the NE edge 1.4'
from center. Forms a pair with NGC
5775 4.5' SE.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 5774 on 26 Apr 1851 while observing NGC 5775 with LdR's
72". He noted "[NGC
5775] is a long ray with another nebula [NGC 5774] about 3' preceding and a
little north." Heinrich
d'Arrest measured an accurate position on two nights.
******************************
NGC 5775 = UGC
9579 = MCG +01-38-014 = CGCG 048-060 = Holm 685a = LGG 387-004 = PGC 53247
14 53 57.5 +03
32 42
V = 11.4; Size 4.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 146d
48"
(4/19/17): very bright, large, very elongated 5:1 NW-SE, 4.0'x0.8', Contains a
larger brighter middle section but no distinct nucleus. A well defined, long thin dust lane
slices through much of the galaxy, just east of center, though the contrast is
less towards the outer portions.
The section west of the lane is considerably brighter and contains the
main central section. Overall, the
galaxy has a very irregular surface brightness and is generally mottled. The galaxy appears dusty with a lower
surface brightness to the northwest of the central section and a knotty section
is at the northwest end (identified as [LED2001] C in SIMBAD from the 2001
paper "NGC 5775: Anatomy of a disk-halo interface"). Similarly, there is a lower surface
brightness region (dust) southeast of the central section and two very small
HII knots near the southeast end (HII complex [LED2001] A). NGC 5775 is the brightest and largest
in a trio with NGC 5775 4.4' NW and IC 1070 4' SSW.
24"
(7/14/15 and 6/23/17): at 375x; bright, fairly large, very elongated 4:1 NW-SE,
3.6'x0.9', slightly brighter elongated middle. This edge-on has a mottled, dusty appearance. A slightly brighter patch is at the
southeast end (HII region "A" in "NGC 5775: Anatomy of a
disk-halo interface"). Also,
there appears to be a slightly brighter patch on the northwest side. A mag 13.5 star lies 0.9' NE of center.
Brightest in a physical trio with NGC 5774 4.4' NW and IC 1070 3.9' SSW.
17.5"
(4/13/91): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 3:1 NW-SE, weakly
concentrated to a large elongated brighter central region. A mag 13 star is just northeast of the
core 0.9' from center. Forms a
pair with NGC 5774 4.5' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5775 = H III-554 = h1885 on 27 May 1786 (sweep 567) and recorded
"vF, S, E from np to sf but nearly in the meridian." JH made 3 observations and first
recorded (sweep 143), "Not vF; gvlbM; a narrow ray, 90" l, 15"
br." Both Herschel's missed
nearby NGC 5774, which was discovered at Birr Castle. Brightest member of GCG 387 (Garcia Compact Group).
******************************
NGC 5776 = MCG
+01-38-018 = CGCG 048-067 = PGC 53289
14 54 32.7 +02
57 59
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(6/18/93): faint, small, round, 30" diameter, weak concentration. Several bright stars in field including
mag 9 SAO 12073 3.5' SSW and mag 9 SAO 120733 5' ENE. The IC 1066/IC 1067 pair lies 30' NW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 5776 on 27 Apr 1862 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position (measured
on two nights) is accurate and he noted the mag 9 star (HD 131604), preceding
by 3 sec of time and 4' south.
******************************
NGC 5777 = UGC
9568 = MCG +10-21-034 = CGCG 296-018 = FGC 1822 = PGC 53043
14 51 17.8 +58
58 39
V = 13.3; Size 3.1'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 144d
24"
(7/6/13): at 200x appeared fairly bright, large, edge-on ~8:1 NW-SE,
~2.4'x0.3'. Contains a small
bright core that is elongated and increases to a brighter sub-stellar nucleus. A mag 14.5 star is adjacent to the NW
tip of the galaxy on the following edge.
Forms a pair with UGC 9570, a dwarf galaxy 2.8' SE of center. The ghostly companion appeared as a
very low surface brightness ill-defined glow, ~25" diameter.
17.5"
(6/21/93): fairly faint, edge-on 5:1 NW-SE, 2.0'x0.4', small bright core, thin
extensions. A mag 14.5 star is
close to the NW tip, 1.2' from center.
Located 20' S of mag 5.5 HD 131507.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5777 = H III-806 on 17 Apr 1789 (sweep 924) and logged "vF,
vS, lE." His position matches
UGC 9568.
******************************
NGC 5778 = NGC
5825?? = UGC 9590 = MCG +03-38-050 = CGCG 105-066 = VV 766 = PGC 53279
14 54 31.4 +18
38 32
V = 13.8; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 10d
17.5"
(6/3/00): faint, small, elongated 4:3 SSW-NNE, slightly brighter core, very
diffuse halo. View hampered by a
mag 11.5 star close following [ 50" from center]. MCG +03-38-052 is located 6' SE. This galaxy is the brightest in the
rich cluster AGC 1991.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5778 = Sw IV-15 on 20 Jun 1886 and recorded "eeeF; pS; R;
pB * close f; ee dif." His
position is just 9 sec of RA west of UGC 9590 and the description applies to
this galaxy. Bigourdan measured an
accurate position on 19 May 1890.
UGC fails to label equivalent UGC 9590 as NGC 5778. See identification notes on NGC 5825.
******************************
NGC 5779 = MCG
+09-24-048 = CGCG 273-031 = PGC 53090
14 52 09.4 +55
53 58
V = 14.7; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(6/27/98): extremely faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. A mag 15 star is 40" WSW of center
and a mag 15.5 star (not on GSC) lies 44" SSE. Can hold the galaxy continuously at 280x. Located 10' NNW of mag 7.2 SAO 29317.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5779 = Sw I-38 on 9 Jun 1885 and recorded "vF; pS; lE; lbM;
pB * nr." His position is
just 9 sec of RA east and 1' north of CGCG 273-031 = PGC 53090.
******************************
NGC 5780 = MCG
+05-35-024 = CGCG 164-041 = PGC 53275
14 54 22.7 +28
56 23
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 135d
17.5"
(6/21/93): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 50"x25". A mag 11.5 star is 1.6' SSW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5780 = Sw VI-69 on 30 Mar 1887 and recorded "vF; S; R; pB *
sp." His position is accurate
to within 1' and his comment "pB * nr sp" applies.
******************************
NGC 5781 = MCG
-03-38-028 = PGC 53417
14 56 41.2 -17
14 38
V = 13.7; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 31d
17.5":
faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 1.0'x0.6'. A mag 15.5-16 star is right at the south edge (~30"
from center) and another mag 15 star is 51" SW of center, on line with the
major axis.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5781 = h1886 on 11 May 1831 and recorded "F; S; R; bM; has
a * 16m sp near." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5782 = UGC
9602 = MCG +02-38-022 = CGCG 076-099 = PGC 53322
14 55 55.2 +11
51 41
V = 13.6; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(6/3/00): fairly faint, small, round, 0.5' diameter, mild even concentration to
center. Forms a close pair with
MCG +02-38-023 just 52" NNE of center. The RNGC, CGCG, MCG, PGC and NED misidentify NGC 5782 = MCG
+2-38-21 = CGCG 76-94.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5782 = Sw VI-70 on 19 Apr 1887 and recorded "eF, vS, E, *
nr sf". There is nothing near
his position, but 20 sec of RA further east and 9' north is UGC 9602. Although this is a relatively large
error for Swift, there is a star 45" southeast, matching Swift's
description. Bigourdan caught
Swift's error and measured an accurate position on 31 May 1894.
If this
identification is correct, then the RNGC, CGCG, MCG and PGC misidentify CGCG
076-094 = PGC 53322 as NGC 5782.
This galaxy (visually fainter than UGC 9602) was probably selected as it
differs only in RA from Swift's original position. This assignment, though, ignores Bigourdan's correction and
fails to match Swift's comment about a star southeast. I mentioned this error in RNGC
Corrections #6. See Corwin's identification
notes (he concurs with my identification).
******************************
NGC 5783 = NGC
5785: = UGC 9586 = MCG +09-24-050 = CGCG 273-033 = PGC 53217
14 53 28.2 +52
04 34
V = 12.8; Size 2.9'x1.8'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 0d
17.5"
(6/18/93): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 N-S, 1.0'x0.7', even surface
brightness. A mag 14.5 star is at
the north edge 20" from the center.
Forms a pair with MCG +09-24-049 = (R)NGC 5788 2.6' SW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5783 around 1887 and communicated the discovery directly to
Dreyer (not included in list VI or IX).
The NGC position is 5 sec of RA west and 1.7' north of UGC 9586 and his
description "pB, pS, iR, F* inv" applies. List VI contains two nearby entries - NGC 5785 and NGC 5788,
described as "np of 2" and "sf of 2". NGC 5785 mentions a "F* close
f", so appears to be a duplicate observation (or the same observation?) of
UGC 9586 (the star is at the northeast end), though his RA is 30 sec too large
(also off 2.6' in declination).
So, NGC 5785 = NGC 5783.
******************************
NGC 5784 = UGC
9592 = MCG +07-31-006 = CGCG 221-009 = PGC 53265
14 54 16.5 +42
33 29
V = 12.4; Size 1.9'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(6/21/93): moderately bright, fairly small, round, 45" diameter, high
surface brightness, bright core, stellar nucleus. Forms a pair with NGC 5787 12' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5784 = H II-676 = h1887 on 9 Apr 1787 (sweep 725) and logged
"pB, vS, Stellar." JH
made two observations and measured a fairly accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5785 = NGC
5783: = UGC 9586 = MCG +09-24-050 = CGCG 273-033 = PGC 53217
14 53 28.2 +52
04 34
See observing
notes for NGC 5783. Uncertain
identification.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5785 = Sw VI-71, along with NGC 5788 = Sw VI-72, on 21 Apr 1887
and recorded "vF; pS; F * close following; np of 2 [with NGC 5788]. His position is 30 sec of RA east and
3' north of UGC 9586, but his description is a reasonable match with a star on
the northeast end of the central region.
The much fainter companion, NGC 5788, is situated 2.6' southwest, so his
orientation is incorrect.
Furthermore,
Swift communicated the discovery of a third nebula, NGC 5783, directly to
Dreyer, which did not appear in list VI or IX. The NGC position for NGC 5783 is within 2' of UGC 9586 and
also mentions the nearby star. NGC
5783 = NGC 5785 may be the same observation (Swift may have manipulated the
position) or the result of separate observations of this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 5786 = ESO
327-037 = MCG -07-31-004 = PGC 53527
14 58 56.3 -42
00 48
V = 11.2; Size 2.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 63d
22"
(6/28/06 - Hawaii): at 200x; fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 2:1
WSW-ENE, 1.6'x0.8', weak concentration to a small brighter core, surrounded by
several mag 13-14 stars.
Overpowered by *3.1 k Cen just 6' SE and it helped to place the star
outside the field.
12.5"
(6/24/06 - Haleakala Crater): at 180x appeared fairly faint, moderately large,
elongated 5:3 SW-NE, 1.6'x1.0', broad concentration to a relatively large
slightly brighter core with a small, sharply concentrated nucleus. A mag 13 star is at the NE end and a
similar star is at or just off the SW end. Located 6' NW of mag 3.1 k Centauri, which makes viewing
difficult as the galaxy is nearly lost in the glare of the bright star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5786 = h3585 on 5 Jun 1834 and recorded "F; mE. In field with and np Kappa
Centauri. Place very
rude." His position is 1' too
far southeast. MCG does not label
-07-31-004 as NGC 5786, but the identification is certain.
******************************
NGC 5787 = UGC
9599 = MCG +07-31-008 = CGCG 221-013 = I Zw 98 = PGC 53339
14 55 15.5 +42
30 25
V = 13.1; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(6/21/93): fairly faint, small, round, 30" diameter, very small bright
core. Forms a pair with NGC 5784
12' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5787 = H II-677 = h1888 on 9 Apr 1787 (sweep 725) and logged
"F, pS, lbM." JH made
the single observation "S; R; psbM; 12"; like a burred star." His position is just off the south end
of the galaxy.
******************************
NGC 5788 = MCG
+09-24-049 = CGCG 273-032 = PGC 53189
14 53 16.9 +52
02 39
V = 14.6; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.7
17.5"
(6/18/93): extremely faint, very small, round, just visible continuously with
averted, low even surface brightness.
A mag 14 star is 2.1' W.
Located 2.6' SW of NGC 5783.
Identified as NGC 5788 in the RNGC, NGC 2000 and DSFG although the
identification is uncertain.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5788 = Sw VI-72, along with NGC 5785, on 21 Apr 1887 and
recorded "eeeF; S; R; ee dif; sf of 2 [with NGC 5785]. Assuming NGC 5785 = NGC 5783 = UGC
9586, there is no galaxy to the southeast, but CGCG 273-032 = PGC 53189 lies
2.6' southwest and the logical candidate assuming he erred on the orientation.
Neither CGCG nor
MCG label this galaxy as NGC 5788, but it is the choice of the RNGC. I originally concluded NGC 5788 was
lost (Malcolm Thomson concurred) and wrote up this case in RNGC Correction #7
as a RNGC misidentification. But
Swift made several similar errors in his observations, so it is not
unreasonable that NGC 5788 = CGCG 273-032. See notes on NGC 5785 as well as Harold Corwin's comments.
******************************
NGC 5789 = UGC
9615 = MCG +05-35-026 = CGCG 164-043 = LGG 388-002 = PGC 53414
14 56 35.7 +30
14 00
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1
13.1"
(6/18/85): fairly faint, fairly small, very diffuse, irregularly round, weak
concentration. Located 21' NW of
NGC 5798.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5789 = H III-976 = h1890 on 21 May 1802 (late sweep 1107) and
recorded "eF, S, iF."
CH's reduction is 6 sec of RA west of UGC 9615. JH called this galaxy "eF; pL;
40...50"."
******************************
NGC 5790 = UGC
9624 = MCG +01-38-022 = CGCG 048-076 = PGC 53459
14 57 35.9 +08
17 07
V = 13.6; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 77d
17.5"
(6/18/93): faint, small, round, 30" diameter, fairly low even surface
brightness except for very small brighter core. The pretty double star h2756 = 9.1/10.1 at 25" is just
3' ESE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5790 = St XIII-81 on 16 May 1884. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5791 = ESO
581-007 = MCG -03-38-035 = LGG 389-002 = PGC 53516
14 58 46.2 -19
16 01
V = 11.7; Size 2.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 163d
17.5"
(6/16/01): moderately bright, oval elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, 1.5'x0.7'. The faint halo contains a bright core
that increases to a quasi-stellar nucleus. Brightest in a group and forms a close pair with IC 1081
2.7' NE. A mag 12 star lies 3'
SE. Located 5' NNW of mag 10 SAO
158945. IC 1081 appeared very
faint, very elongated NW-SE, 1.2'x0.3', low even surface brightness. Very weakly concentrated.
13"
(6/18/85): moderately bright, dominated by a bright core surrounded by faint
extensions roughly NW-SE. A mag 11
star is 4.7' SSE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5791 = H III-691 = h1889 on 19 May 1787 (sweep 741) and recorded
"cF, stellar, smbM." JH
logged "pF; R; bM; 20" and measured a fairly accurate position. JH missed nearby IC 1081.
******************************
NGC 5792 = UGC
9631 = MCG +00-38-012 = CGCG 020-038 = PGC 53499
14 58 22.7 -01
05 24
V = 11.3; Size 6.9'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 84d
48"
(5/16/12): very bright, very large, very elongated over 4:1 E-W,
~6.2'x1.5'. Dominated by a large,
bright central region that increases to an intensely bright core. The central region has a patchy, dusty
appearance in the outer portion. A
mag 9.6 star is attached at the NW edge of the core. A single, thin spiral arm is attached near this star
(slightly east) and shoots west for ~2.5', curving very little. There is no counterpart on the east
side, but just a very large, elongated, low surface brightness halo that
extends east for ~2' towards a mag 14 star.
18"
(6/13/07): fairly bright, fairly large, very elongated 3:1 ~E-W. The major axis extended to ~3' in poor
seeing. Contains a bright core and
much fainter extensions that dim towards the tips. A mag 10 star close NW of the core detracts from viewing.
17.5"
(6/12/99): moderately bright, fairly large, broad concentration with a
quasi-stellar nucleus at moments with direct vision. A mag 10 star close WNW of the core detracts from
viewing. Initially appeared
~2.5'x1.5', but with averted vision, very low surface brightness extensions
oriented E-W increase the dimensions to at least 4'x1.5'. The ends of the arms fade into the
background so it was difficult to judge the size.
8"
(6/30/84): faint, elongated 5:2 ~E-W, very diffuse, even surface
brightness. A mag 10 star is
attached at the WNW side of the core 1.1' from center and interferes with
viewing.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5792 = H II-683 on 11 Apr 1787 (sweep 727) and recorded
"pB, pL, R, mbM, sf a considerable star; the nebulosity joining to it with
a little nebulosity towards the following side." His position is accurate. Not observed by JH, but d'Arrest made two observations and
seen twice at Birr Castle.
******************************
NGC 5793 = MCG
-03-38-038 = PGC 53550
14 59 24.8 -16
41 36
V = 13.2; Size 1.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 150d
18"
(6/21/09): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, 0.8'x0.4'. Contains a brighter core with direct
vision. An elongated group of 5
stars is off the east side, including 4 in an arc. Forms a pair with NGC 5796 4.2' N.
17.5" (6/30/00):
fairly faint, moderately range, elongated nearly 3:1 NNW-SSE, ~1.5'x0.5'. Contains a small brighter core and a
faint stellar nucleus with direct vision.
Forms a pair with NGC 5796 5' N.
13.1"
(6/18/85): faint, small, nearly edge-on streak NNW-SSE, bright core with faint
extensions. Picked up while
viewing NGC 5796 4' N.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 5793 = LM I-214, along with NGC 5796, in 1886 and
recorded "mag 15.4; 0.8'x0.3'; lE 135¡; bMN." His rough position
(nearest min of RA) and description matches MCG -03-38-038. Herbert Howe's corrected micrometric
position, given in his series of MN articles, is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5794 = UGC
9610 = MCG +08-27-032 = CGCG 248-027 = PGC 53378
14 55 53.7 +49
43 32
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3
18"
(6/21/09): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, 0.5'x0.4', small bright
core increases to the center.
First of three on a perfectly spaced string with NGC 5797 and NGC 5804. Located 7.6' NW of mag 5.6 HD 132254.
17.5"
(6/18/93): fairly faint, fairly small, round, weak concentration. First and slightly inferior of three on
a line with NGC 5797 5.3' ESE.
Located 8' NW of mag 5.6 SAO 45288.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5794 = h1891 on 13 May 1830 and recorded "pF, S, vsbm to a
*13m; the first of 3 in a line [with NGC 5797 and 5804]. A star 6.7 mag near." His position is 3' too far south,
although he marked the declination uncertain. This galaxy and NGC 5797 are the
only two galaxies in the group with a decent position in the RNGC.
******************************
NGC 5795 = UGC
9617 = MCG +08-27-035 = CGCG 248-029 = PGC 53402
14 56 19.5 +49
23 56
V = 13.9; Size 1.6'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 64d
18"
(6/21/09): fairly faint, thin edge-on, at least 5:1 WSW-ENE, 0.8'x0.15'. Very unusual appearance as a mag 11
star is attached at the ENE end [29" ENE of center] and the galaxy appears
as thin spike to the WSW. A mag 11
star lies 1.5' N.
17.5"
(6/18/93): faint, small, elongated 5:2 WSW-ENE, 0.8'x0.3'. A mag 11 star is at the ENE end 0.5'
from center. Located 14' S of mag
5.6 SAO 45288. NGC 5804 lies 20'
north.
The
identification of NGC 5795 with this galaxy is uncertain as Lewis Swift's
position was 50' to the south.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5795 on 24 Jun 1887 and communicated the discovery directly to
Dreyer. His description in list IX
reads "vF; pS; eE; spindle; pB star close to p end; [NGC 5794/5804/5805]
in field." There are no good
candidates near his position though 50' north is UGC 9617. Corwin argues this galaxy (identified
as NGC 5795 in RNGC and RC3) is correct based on Swift's description, although
the "pB star" is at the following end. UGC 9617 is not labeled NGC 5795 in the UGC, MCG and CGCG,
but is taken as NGC 5795 in the RNGC.
See Corwin's notes.
Malcolm Thomson
feels UGC 9617 is a very unlikely candidate due to large error in position
(50') and that UGC 9626 is a more likely identification. This galaxy is 10' east-northeast of
Swift's position, but does not have a bright star nearby, so I don't agree with
this assignment.
******************************
NGC 5796 = NGC
5816? = MCG -03-38-039 = LGG 390-002 = PGC 53549
14 59 24.1 -16
37 26
V = 11.6; Size 2.5'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 90d
18"
(6/21/09): fairly bright, moderately large, round, 1.2'x1.0', very bright
core. Forms a pair with NGC 5793
4.2' S.
17.5"
(6/30/00): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 E-W, ~2.5'x1.5'
(difficult to judge extent of halo).
Contains a striking 30" core that increases to a bright stellar
nucleus. Forms a nice pair with
NGC 5793 5' S. NGC 5815 lies 20'
SE and NGC 5817 is 27' N.
13"
(6/18/85): moderately bright, round, fairly small, small bright core, stellar
nucleus. Forms a pair with NGC
5793 4.7' S.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 5796 = T X-1 on 23 May 1884, while observing GC 4007 = NGC 5781
with the 11-inch refractor at the Arcetri Observatory. He mentioned the discovery, calling it
a "New Class II nebula with a stellar nucleus" in a short note in
1885AN....113...47T. His micrometric
position is very accurate. Francis
Leavenworth independently found the galaxy again on 31 May 1886 (Dreyer
misattributed Ormond Stone with the rediscovery).
******************************
NGC 5797 = UGC
9619 = MCG +08-27-036 = CGCG 248-030 = PGC 53408
14 56 24.0 +49
41 46
V = 12.8; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 110d
18"
(6/21/09): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 5:3 WNW-ESE,
0.7'x0.45'. Contains a bright core
that is sharply concentrated with a striking quasi-stellar nucleus. Brightest in a quartet and middle of
three on a line with NGC 5794 and NGC 5804. Located 4.2' due north of mag 5.6 HD 132254.
17.5"
(6/18/93): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, prominent core. Brightest in a group of four galaxies
and second of three on a line with NGC 5794 5.3' WNW and NGC 5804 7.2'
ESE. Located 4' N of mag 5.6 SAO
45288. NGC 5795 lies 19' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5797 = H III-678 = h1893, along with NGC 5804, on 15 May 1787
(sweep 736) and recorded "about 3' north and 1/12' of space following [a
mag 7 star] is a vF, vS nebula." His position is accurate. JH made the single observation
"pF; S; vsbM to a * 13m; the second of 3 in a line [with NGC 5794 and
5804]; a 6.7m star near."
******************************
NGC 5798 = UGC
9628 = MCG +05-35-028 = CGCG 164-047 = LGG 388-003 = PGC 53463
14 57 38.0 +29
58 05
V = 13.1; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 42d
13.1"
(6/18/85): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 ~SW-NE. A mag 12.5 star is just off the NE end
0.9' from center and a very faint star is involved at the SW end. NGC 5789 lies 21' NW. Possibly slightly mottled with an
asymmetric appearance.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5798 = H III-131 = h1892 on 16 May 1784 (sweep 218) and recorded
"vF, E. It contains two stars.
It precedes, and is very near a star; so that without looking a little
while, it might be taken for a brush to the star; the nebulosity is however not
at all connected with it."
His description is a perfect fit with UGC 9628. On 1 May 1854, LdR (or assistant)
described "has a curved form; bet 2 star sp nf and in contact with
them..."
******************************
NGC 5799 = ESO
067-006 = AM 1500-721 = LGG 397-001 = PGC 53875
15 05 35.1 -72
25 58
V = 13.5; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 130d
24" (4/4/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x appeared moderately bright, fairly
small, elongated NW-SE, 0.8'x0.5'.
Sharply concentrated with a very small bright nucleus. The major axis is collinear with a
double star (plotted as a single on Megastar) 3.5' NW. Located 38' NW of NGC 5833 in a small
group.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5799 = h3584 on 4 Apr 1835 and recorded "eF; S; R; bM;
15"." His single
position is off the east end of the galaxy.
******************************
NGC 5800 = ESO
223-SC11
15 01 48 -51 55
06
Size 3'
14" (4/3/16
- Coonabarabran, 142x and 184x): this small bright asterism contains four
bright stars, three in a N-S string.
The brightest is mag 7.4 HD 132606 = HJ 4723 (7.6/10.0 at 5"). Referring to this star, 2nd is mag 8.9
HD 132552 2.5' W, 3rd brightest is a mag 9.1 star 2' SSW, and 4th is a mag 9.6
star 0.8' SW. A total of 8 stars
are within a square region 2' on each side.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5800 = h3585 on 8 Jul 1834 and recorded "A pL cl VII class;
coarse; not comp; chief D* taken."
His position corresponds with a wide mag 7/9 pair at 49" separation
surrounded by a scattered group of stars.
This appears to be an asterism. The RNGC New Description reads
"NOCL?"
******************************
NGC 5801 = PGC
53596
15 00 25.9 -13
54 16
V = 14.9; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5":
first of three in a group.
Extremely faint, fairly small, possibly elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 0.7'x0.4',
very low even surface brightness.
Forms a close pair with NGC 5802 1.5' SE. NGC 5803 2.2' NE not seen.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 5801 = LM I-215, along with NGC 5802 and 5803, on 10
Jun 1885. He noted "vF,
vS, sbM, 1st of 3." Herbert
Howe's micrometric position, measured in 1899-00 with the 20-inch refractor in
Denver, is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5802 = PGC
53601
15 00 29.9 -13
55 08
V = 14.7; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 90d
17.5":
second and brightest of three in a group with NGC 5801 1.5' NW and an anonymous
galaxy 5.2' ESE. Very faint, very
small, round, small brighter core.
A mag 15 star is 1' S. NGC
5803 1.9' NNE not seen.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 5802 = LM I-216, along with NGC 5801 and 5803, on 10
Jun 1885. He noted "vF,
vS, sbM, 2nd of 3. Brightest and
most nebulous of the three."
Herbert Howe measured an accurate micrometric position around 1900 at
the Chamberlin Observatory in Denver (repeated in the IC 2 Notes section).
******************************
NGC 5803 = PGC
53609
15 00 34.5 -13
53 40
V = 15.1; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(6/30/00): very faint, extremely small, round, 15" diameter, occasional
stellar nucleus. Faintest of a
trio situated 2.2' ENE of NGC 5801 and 1.8' NE of NGC 5802. The galaxy is nearly collinear with two
mag 13-13.5 stars to the SE [2.6' and 4.0'].
17.5"
(7/15/93): not seen.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 5803 = LM I-217, along with NGC 5801 and 5802, on 10
Jun 1885. He noted "vF,
vS, sbM, 3rd of 3." Herbert
Howe measured an accurate micrometric position around 1900 at the Chamberlin
Observatory in Denver (repeated in the IC 2 Notes section).
Harold Corwin
notes that Leavenworth's sketch clearly identifies NGC 5803 with a faint galaxy
just northeast of both NGC 5801 and 5802.
The RNGC identification and position is correct although the Sinnott's
NGC 2000.0 and the Deep Sky Field Guide (first edition) is 0.4 min of RA too
large.
******************************
NGC 5804 = UGC
9627 = MCG +08-27-038 = CGCG 248-032 = PGC 53437
14 57 06.8 +49
40 08
V = 13.1; Size 1.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 0d
18"
(6/21/09): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2, 30"x20",
sharply concentrated with a very small bright core that increases to the
center. Third of three equally
spaced galaxies on a line with NGC 5805 7' WNW and NGC 5797 12' WNW. Forms a closer pair with NGC 5805, a
much fainter galaxy 2.6' SSE. Mag
5.6 HD 132254 lies 7.6' WSW.
17.5"
(6/18/93): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 E-W, bright core, stellar
nucleus. Third of three similar
galaxies on a line: forms a close pair with NGC 5805 2.5' SSE with NGC 5797 7'
WNW. Located 7.4' ENE of bright
mag 5.6 SAO 45288. An incorrect position
is given in RNGC, NGC 2000, and the first edition of U2000 and DSFG.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5804 = H III-679 = h1895, along with NGC 5797, on 15 May 1787
(sweep 736) and recorded "...and another still fainter and smaller [than
NGC 5797] about 7 or 8' following the same star, and about 1' north of it. 300 confirmed it." His position is accurate. JH made the single observation
"pF; S; vsbM to a * 13m; the third of 3 in a line [with NGC 5794 and
5797]; a 6.7m star near."
The RNGC
position is 1.4 min of RA too far west, falling close to PGC 53381. Unfortunately, NGC 2000.0, Deep Sky
Field Guide and the Uranometria 2000.0 atlas (first editions) followed the
RNGC, confusing the identification.
RNGC also confused the position or identification of NGC 5805. See Harold Corwin's identification
notes.
******************************
NGC 5805 = MCG
+08-27-039 = PGC 53435
14 57 11.6 +49
37 44
V = 15.0; Size 0.4'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 140d
18"
(6/21/09): very faint, fairly small, round, 22" diameter, small slightly
brighter core. Located 2.6' SSE of
NGC 5804 and faintest in a quartet with NGC 5794 and NGC 5795. Located 8' E of mag 5.6 HD 132254.
17.5"
(6/21/93): extremely faint, very small, round, just visible continuously with
averted. Located on line between a
mag 14 star 1.4' SSE and NGC 5804 2.6' NNW. Last of four in a group.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 5805 on 3 Apr 1854 while observing the field of NGC
5794/5797/5804 with LdR's 72".
He noted "I think there is a vF, S neb at Delta [in sketch], about
2' +/- from Gamma [NGC 5804]."
The observation was confirmed the following year. The diagram is a perfect match with MCG
+08-27-039 = PGC 53435. This is an overlapping double system.
The RNGC
misidentifies KUG 1454+498 = PGC 53381 as NGC 5805. Unfortunately, NGC 2000, Deep Sky Field Guide and the first
edition of the Uranometria 2000.0 Atlas repeat the RNGC error. NGC 5805 is referred to in the UGC
notes to NGC 5804 but is not identified as NGC 5805. Malcolm Thomson mentions this error in his unpublished
Catalogue Corrections as well as in Harold Corwin's NGC identification notes.
******************************
NGC 5806 = UGC
9645 = MCG +00-38-014 = CGCG 020-041 = LGG 392-001 = PGC 53578
15 00 00.3 +01
53 28
V = 11.7; Size 3.1'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 170d
17.5"
(5/10/91): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE,
2.2'x1.1', gradually brightens to a small bright core. NGC 5813 lies 21' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5806 = H II-539 = h1894 on 24 Feb 1786 (sweep 532) and recorded
"pB, cL, gbM, lE." JH
made the single observation "B; sbM to nucleus; E pos 75¡ np." and
measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5807 = MCG
+11-18-016 = CGCG 318-009 = Mrk 832 = PGC 53373
14 55 48.7 +63
54 13
V = 14.2; Size 0.5'x0.5'
17.5"
(6/21/93): faint, very small, round, 15" diameter. A mag 12 star is 1.3' NW of center.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 5807 on 14 Sep 1866 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen and confirmed at 123x and 161x. His single position is on the west side of CGCG 318-009 =
PGC 53373.
******************************
NGC 5808 = NGC
5819: = UGC 9609 = CGCG 337-023 = PGC 53251
14 54 02.9 +73
07 54
See observing
notes for NGC 5819.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5808 = H III-311 on 16 Mar 1785 (sweep 389) and recorded
"vF, S, iR. Situated in the
middle between two equal stars that are about 6' distance, and not very
small." His position is 1 min
of RA west of UGC 9609.
Heinrich
d'Arrest independently discovered and measured this galaxy accurately on 6 Oct
1861 while searching for NGC 5808.
d'Arrest questioned if his object was identical to III-311, but Dreyer
catalogued it separately as NGC 5819.
Dreyer claimed d'Arrest's nebula "is not in the middle between two
stars 6' apart" but there are two mag 11.5 stars at 4' separation to the
NW and SE. Karl Reinmuth concluded
NGC 5808 = NGC 5819, based on Heidelberg plate. This galaxy is generally labeled NGC 5819, although the
primary designation should be NGC 5808, based on WH's earlier discovery.
******************************
NGC 5809 = MCG
-02-38-025 = PGC 53624
15 00 52.3 -14
09 55
V = 13.7; Size 1.6'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 145d
17.5":
faint, small, slightly elongated 4:3 NW-SE, almost even surface brightness, no
noticeable core. A mag 13 star is
2.6' E. Located 6.1' ESE of a mag
10 star. The NGC 5801, NGC 5802,
NGC 5803 trio is located 15' N.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5809 = h3586 on 5 Jun 1836 and recorded "vF; S; E;
glbM." His single position
matches MCG -02-38-025 = PGC 53624.
******************************
NGC 5810 = ESO
581-018 = MCG -03-38-046 = PGC 53711
15 02 42.6 -17
52 05
V = 13.2; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 31d
17.5"
(6/29/00): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 1.0'x0.7', broad
weak concentration. Bracketed by
two mag 14/15 stars off the north and south ends [48" and 41" from
center, respectively].
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 5810 = LM I-218 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory and logged "eF, vS, lE 230¡, bet 2 vF
stars." His rough position
(nearest min of RA and arcmin of Dec) is 1.5 min of RA west and 1' north of ESO
581-018 and his description matches this galaxy. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-1900
(repeated in the IC 2 Notes).
******************************
NGC 5811 = MCG
+00-38-015 = CGCG 020-043 = LGG 392-002 = PGC 53597
15 00 27.2 +01
37 25
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 100d
17.5"
(4/4/92): very faint, small, elongated 4:3 E-W, low even surface
brightness. A mag 13 star is 1.8'
SW of center. Member of the NGC
5846 group with NGC 5814 12' E and NGC 5813 11' NE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 5811 = m 285 on 12 Apr 1864 and noted "vF, S,
iR." His position is 1' north
of CGCG 020-043 = PGC 53597. This
is an overlapping double system.
******************************
NGC 5812 = MCG
-01-38-016 = UGCA 398 = PGC 53630
15 00 55.7 -07
27 26
V = 11.2; Size 2.1'x1.9'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 130d
18"
(6/13/07): bright, moderately large, round, sharply concentrated with an
intense 30" core that gradually increases to the center surrounded by a
fairly large, low surface brightness halo extending to ~1.7'. Forms a pair with IC 1084 4.8'
ESE. A nice asterism of 4 stars in
a triangular pattern lies 5' E.
The IC galaxy appeared faint, fairly small, irregularly round,
25"x20".
17.5" (4/4/92):
fairly bright, fairly small, round, 1' diameter to halo, gradually increases to
a prominent core containing an almost stellar nucleus. Located 20' WNW of mag 6.4 SAO 140281. Forms a close pair with IC 1084 4.8'
ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5812 = H I-71 = h3587 on 5 Mar 1785 (sweep 380) and recorded
"cB, but vS, almost stellar; the brightness diminishing insensibly and
breaking off pretty abruptly. The
whole together is not more than about 7 or 8" in diameter." A second observation, made on a
"remarkably clear morning" states "the greatest brightness is
towards the following side, and that the very faint nebulosity extends to near
a minute."
******************************
NGC 5813 = UGC
9655 = MCG +00-38-016 = CGCG 020-045 = Holm 688a = PGC 53643
15 01 11.2 +01
42 07
V = 10.5; Size 4.2'x3.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 145d
17.5"
(5/10/91): bright, fairly small, slightly elongated 4:3 NW-SE, high surface
brightness, increases to a small bright core, substellar nucleus. Located at the exact center of a
diamond asterism formed by two mag 12 stars 2.8' W and 2.6' E and two mag 12/13
stars 2.9' N and 3.0' S! NGC 5813
is a member of the NGC 5846 group with NGC 5814 5' SE. Located 35' SW of 109 Virginis (V =
4.4).
8": fairly
faint, small, round, small bright nucleus. Surrounded by four stars of similar magnitudes!
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5813 = H I-127 = h1896 on 24 Feb 1786 (sweep 532) and recorded
"cB, pS, mbM." His
position is accurate. JH made the
single observation "B; R; psbM; 40"."
******************************
NGC 5814 = MCG
+00-38-017 = CGCG 020-046 = Holm 688b = PGC 53653
15 01 21.1 +01
38 13
V = 13.8; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 55d
17.5"
(5/10/91): faint, very small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, very weakly concentrated but
no well-defined core. Forms a pair
with NGC 5813 5' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5814 = h1897 on 13 Apr 1828, while observing NGC 5813, and noted
"vF; vS; R." His
position is 1.4' too far south.
******************************
NGC 5815 = MCG
-03-38-044 = PGC 53600
15 00 29.2 -16
50 02
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 20d
17.5":
faint, small, round, 0.6' diameter (only viewed core), weak concentration. A mag 12.5 star lies 1.4' NNE of
center. Located 20' SE of NGC
5796.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 5815 = LM I-219 on 15 Feb 1886 and recorded
"mag 15.0, 0.8' E 10¡. Faint
double star(?) involved in neb."
His rough position is 1.2 minutes of RA east of MCG -03-38-044 and his
position angle of 10¡ fits this galaxy. Herbert Howe reported in his series of NGC observations in
the late 1890's that "I could not find any nebula in the NGC place for
this, but 100 seconds preceding was a nebula which answered the description of
5815, except that I saw no 'D * involved.' But the seeing was not very good." His micrometric position was accurate.
******************************
NGC 5816 = PGC
902544
15 00 04.8 -16
05 37
V = 14.8; Size 0.5'x0.3'; PA = 95d
18"
(6/21/09): extremely faint, very small, round, 12" diameter. This difficult galaxy was visible
nearly continuously with averted.
Located 7.7' NE of NGC 5817.
The NGC identifications of these two galaxies is uncertain.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 5816 = LM I-220, along with NGC 5817, in 1886 with the 26"
refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. His description is "mag 11.0, 0.8' dia, gbMN,
stellar." There is nothing at
his rough position (nearest min of RA), though 2 min of RA west and 2.5' north
is PGC 902544. If this
identification is correct, then NGC 5817, which Stone placed 4' south, applies
to MCG -03-38-041 = PGC 53567. The
actual separation in declination is 5'.
But Stone's magnitude (11.0) would have to apply to MCG -03-38-041,
which is about 1.5 magnitudes brighter than PGC 902544. Herbert Howe searched for the pair
around 1900, but only reported a position for NGC 5817, so he apparently missed
PGC 902544 with the 20-inch refractor at the Chamberlin Observatory in Denver.
******************************
NGC 5817 = MCG
-03-38-041 = PGC 53567
14 59 40.8 -16
10 49
V = 13.4; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0
18"
(6/21/09): faint, small, round, very weak concentration, 20"
diameter. An extremely faint
galaxy (possibly NGC 5816) lies 7.7' NE.
17.5"
(6/30/00): faint, very small, round, 20"-25" diameter, weak
concentration. Occasionally a very
faint stellar nucleus was seen with direct vision. Collinear with two stars to the WSW [3.5' and 6'] and a 15th
magnitude star close ENE [1.5'] is also on this line. MCG +03-38-042 lies 13' SE (see observation).
This galaxy is
located 2.5 minutes of RA west of Ormond Stone's position and the NGC
identification is uncertain (it may be NGC 5816 as Stone listed it as 3
magnitudes brighter than NGC 5817) .
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 5817 = LM I-221, along with NGC 5816, in 1886 with the 26"
refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. He recorded "mag 14.0, 0.8'
dia, gbMN, stell." There is
nothing at his rough position (nearest min of RA), but 2.5 minutes of RA west
is MCG -03-38-041. Herbert Howe's
corrected position in his series of NGC/IC observations in Monthly Notices
matches MCG -03-38-041, although he doesn't mention NGC 5816. See notes on NGC 5816 for more on this
pair.
******************************
NGC 5818 = UGC
9643 = MCG +08-27-046 = CGCG 248-039 = PGC 53530
14 58 58.3 +49
49 17
V = 13.7; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 170d
17.5"
(6/18/93): faint, small, round, 30" diameter, broad concentration. Located 7' W of mag 8.4 SAO 29374 7'
E. NGC 5828 lies 20' NE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5818 = Sw VI-73 on 23 Apr 1887 and recorded "vF; pS; R; bet
2 stars; an eF * involved."
His position is 1.7' north of UGC 9643 and his comment "between 2
stars" applies to two mag 11/12 stars 2' north and 3' south.
******************************
NGC 5819 = NGC
5808: = UGC 9609 = CGCG 337-023 = PGC 53251
14 54 02.9 +73
07 54
V = 13.5; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(6/27/98): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.9' diameter, nearly even
surface brightness. Located
between two mag 11.5 stars 2.0' NW and 2.4' SSE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 5819 on 6 Oct 1861 while searching for H III-311 [= NGC
5808] with the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen. His position is off by 22 sec
of RA (only 1.6' at this declination), but his comment "forms a triangle
with two mag 11 stars" clinches this identification. He noted this nebula was is the
vicinity of H's object and questioned if it was identical. It is, but WH's position was 1 min of
time too far west and Dreyer assumed the two observations referred to different
nebulae. So, NGC 5819 = NGC
5808. Bigourdan measured an
accurate position on 11 Jul 1896. See notes for NGC 5808.
******************************
NGC 5820 = Arp
136 = UGC 9642 = MCG +09-25-001 = CGCG 273-038 = CGCG 274-004 = Holm 687b = LGG
395-005 = PGC 53511
14 58 39.8 +53
53 09
V = 12.4; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.9
18"
(5/3/08): brighter member of a 3.6' pair with NGC 5821. At 280x it appeared bright, moderately
large, elongated 2:1 E-W, 1.1'x0.5', contains a small bright core. Located 8' WNW of SHJ 191 = 6.8/7.6 at
40". It helped to keep this
bright pair out of the field while observing NGC 5821.
17.5"
(5/23/87): moderately bright, small, elongated 2:1 E-W, bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 5821 3.7'
NE. Located 8' W of the wide
double star ADS 9474 = 6.8/7.4 at 40".
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5820 = H II-756 = h1898 on 5 May 1788 (sweep 842) and recorded
"cF, pL, iF, r." His
position is poor - about 7' southwest of UGC 9642. JH called this object "B; R; sbM; precedes a splendid
double star." His position is
just 1' north of center. Because
of his father's poor position, he assigned a separate GC designation to his
object, but they were combined in the NGC.
Samuel Hunter
observed NGC 5820 and 5821 on 29 Apr 1861 with the 72" and wrote,
"[NGC 5820] is vB, E pf and has Nucl, about 2' ssf [of NGC 5820] is an
eeF, S neb., 3' f [NGC 5820] is a F neb or possibly a D * [it is a double
star]; 3 nf is a F, pL neb [NGC 5821], vgbM to a dull nucl." At 1.7' SSE of NGC 5820 is SBS1457+540
= PGC 140436 at V = 15.7. Although
this galaxy is quite faint, it matches Hunter's position and within the
magnitude range of the 72".
Dreyer added a note later that "the eeF neb would appear to be a
nova", but perhaps because it wasn't confirmed on another observation he
didn't include it in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 5821 = UGC
9648 = MCG +09-25-002 = CGCG 273-039 = CGCG 274-005 = Holm 687a = LGG 395-006 =
PGC 53532
14 59 00.0 +53
55 23
V = 13.5; Size 1.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 148d
18"
(5/3/08): This is the fainter northeast galaxy forming Arp 136. At 280x it appeared faint, moderately
large, elongated ~2:1 NW-SE, 1.1'x0.6', low even surface brightness. Located 3.7' NE of NGC 5820 and 6' NW a
wide bright pair of mag 7 stars.
It helped to keep this bright pair outside the field.
17.5"
(5/23/87): very faint, diffuse, elongated NW-SE. Two bright stars ADS 9474 = 6.8/7.4 at 40" located 6'
SE interfere with viewing. Located
3.7' NE of brighter NGC 5820.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5821 = H III-811 on 24 Apr 1789 (sweep 927) and recorded
"vF, S, E." His position
(CH's reduction) is poor, but his offset from NGC 5820 is points to UGC 9648. Bindon Stoney independently discovered
this galaxy on 6 Apr 1851 at Birr Castle and JH assigned two GC designations to
both observations but Dreyer combined these in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 5822 = Cr
289 = ESO 176-SC009
15 04 28 -54 23
24
Size 40'
22"
(6/28/06 - Hawaii): overfills the 110x (22 Panoptic) field of 37'. Roughly 150 stars are resolved, most
fairly similar in magnitude. Many
of the stars are notably arranged in long sprays and curving loops.
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): excellent open cluster at 76x (27
Panoptic). Appears very large, fairly
rich, with the main body extended ~WNW-ESE and with dimensions ~40'x25' with roughly 150 stars
resolved. The stars are fairly
uniform in brightness (many mag 11 and 12) and convincingly arranged in loops
and chains surrounded by voids.
The outline is quite irregular but well defined by the star chains
around the periphery. One chain
detaches from the main group near the center and heads south and the outline
tapers at the following end. Easy
in 10x30 IS binoculars, 7¡ NE of Alpha Centauri.
8" (7/13/91
- Southern Baja): roughly 60 stars mag 9-12 resolved at 63x. Very large, 40' diameter, almost fills
the low power field, elongated ~NW-SE.
Spread out with no central condensation. Many stars have similar magnitudes. The stars forming the borders are
arranged in rows and arcs with many empty gaps inside this outline. There is an extension of stars to the
south.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5822 = h3588 on 3 Jul 1836 and recorded "cluster, vL,
coarse, but rich and fine; diam in RA = 2 field in PD 25 (30' and 45'); stars
9, 10, 11, 12. General middle taken." His position, though, is on the east side of the
cluster. Surprisingly, both James
Dunlop and Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille missed this bright cluster. Megastar's position (following NGC
5823) is erroneous.
******************************
NGC 5823 = Cr
290 = ESO 176-SC011
15 05 31 -55 36
12
V = 7.9; Size 10'
18" (7/5/05
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is a rich, fairly impressive cluster
using the 27 Panoptic (76x) with at least 80 stars resolved in a 9'x7' area
including numerous 11-13th magnitude stars. A number of stars are bunched towards the center. The periphery is well defined by
curving sprays of stars roughly forming a heart-shape. Two 10th magnitude stars mark the NW
and SW corners of the cluster.
Perhaps 100-120 stars are resolved at 228x with a number of stars in
pairs, trios, small groups, strings and arcs forming a very pretty cluster.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 5823 = D 351 = h3589 on 8 May 1826 and described a "pretty
large cluster of small stars resembling faint nebula, general figure round,
south preceding 2 Pyxidis."
His position is 8' east of the center of the cluster. JH made a single observation in Apr
1836 and noted "Cluster class VII; a fine large cluster of separate stars
13..14th mag, 10' diameter; not much compressed in the middle; nearly fills the
field." Neither JH nor Dreyer
credited Dunlop with the discovery.
******************************
NGC 5824 = NGC
5834 = ESO 387-SC001
15 03 58.4 -33
04 04
V = 8.0; Size 6.2'; Surf Br = 0.4
17.5"
(6/3/00): moderately bright globular, small, ~2.5' diameter. Contains a sharply concentrated 1' core
that is very prominent, surrounded by a symmetric 2.5' halo. I didn't see any definite resolution at
500x although the halo is mottled and one or two "sparkles" were
glimpsed (one at the SE end of halo).
8"
(6/27/81): small, bright core.
E.E. Barnard
discovered NGC 5824 in 1882 with his 5-inch refractor in Nashville. In AN
2756, he gave an accurate micrometric position and mentions "this nebula
is recorded in GC 4036 [= NGC 5834] as eeF? I have frequently seen it
since 1882. Presuming that the nebula observed by me is identical with GC
4036, the place in GC, as well as the description is erroneous." In
Sidereal Messenger, vol. 5, p.255, he also gave a corrected position and
described this globular (through the 6" Cooke refractor) as "B; S; R;
vvmbM; probably a stellar nucleus."
Despite
Barnard's corrected position and description, Dreyer entered both Barnard's and
JH's position in the NGC. But Barnard's assumptions were likely correct
and NGC 5824 = NGC 5834, with the primary designation NGC 5824 (due to the
unambiguous position). In the IC 1 Notes and Corrections, Dreyer comments
"NGC 5834 to be struck out, is = NGC 5824." See identification notes
on NGC 5834 and Harold Corwin's comments for more on this story.
******************************
NGC 5825 = NGC
5778??
14 54 31.4 +18
38 32
See observing
notes for NGC 5778. Identification
very uncertain and may be lost.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5825 = Sw IV-16 on 20 Jun 1886 and recorded "eeF; pS; lE;
pB star close f; easily overlooked."
There is nothing near his position. Bigourdan was unable to locate a candidate and RNGC
classifies this number as nonexistent.
Interestingly,
his description for NGC 5825 is nearly identical to NGC 5778 (which also
mentions a "pB star close f"), found by Swift on the same night, and
their declinations are similar.
But his RA for NGC 5825 is 7 min 40 sec too large. Corwin mentions the possibility Swift
made an error and recorded NGC 5778 twice, botching the RA for NGC 5825. Otherwise, NGC 5825 appears to be lost.
******************************
NGC 5826 = NGC
5870 = UGC 9725 = MCG +09-25-016 = CGCG 274-017 = PGC 53949
15 06 33.8 +55
28 44
See observing
notes for NGC 5870.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5826 = Sw I-39 on 9 Jun 1885 and recorded "vF, E, pL, *
near, [GC] 4058 [= NGC 5866] in field." There is nothing near his position, which is not in the
field of NGC 5866. Harold Corwin
notes that his position is 7 min of RA west of NGC 5870 = Sw I-41, which Swift
found again just two night later!
This galaxy fits in Swift's 32' eyepiece field and a mag 11 star is 1'
following.
******************************
NGC 5827 = UGC
9662 = MCG +04-35-024 = CGCG 134-066 = PGC 53676
15 01 53.7 +25
57 51
V = 13.0; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 135d
17.5"
(5/2/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 NW-SE, broad concentration,
very faint stellar nucleus at moments.
A mag 11.5 star is 3.7' SW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5827 = St XI-28 on 8 Jun 1880. His position matches UGC 9662. Truman Safford apparently discovered this galaxy on 15 Jun
1866 with the 18.5-inch Clark refractor at the Dearborn Observatory. His position is 1.6' too far north
(accurate in RA), though he commented "doubtful" and didn't assign it
a (Safford) number.
******************************
NGC 5828 = UGC
9658 = MCG +08-27-051 = CGCG 248-043 = Holm 690a = PGC 53618
15 00 46.1 +49
59 36
V = 13.5; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 11.6; PA = 50d
24"
(6/13/15): fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated
SW-NE, ~0.6'x0.45', slightly brighter core. Forms a close pair with NGC 5828A just 40" S of center. The companion appeared very faint and
small, round, 8" diameter. Visible ~80-90% of the time with averted.
17.5"
(6/18/93): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated WSW-ENE,
0.8'x0.6'. Forms a double system
with NGC 5828A = MCG +08-27-052 just off the south edge (40" S of center). A mag 14 star is 1.3' ENE. NGC 5828A appeared extremely faint and
small, round, visible intermittently with averted vision.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5828 = Sw IX-28 on 24 Jun 1887 and recorded "eF; pS; R;
between two stars." The
discovery was communicated directly to Dreyer and referenced to list VI in the
NGC, but it was not published until 1890 (list IX). Swift's position matches UGC 9658. RNGC lists the two components of the double system as NGC
5828A and 5828B, though NED references the companion as NGC 5828A.
******************************
NGC 5829 = HCG
73A = Arp 42 NED2 = VV 7a = UGC 9673 = MCG +04-35-027 = CGCG 134-070 = PGC
53709
15 02 42.0 +23
20 01
V = 13.4; Size 1.8'x1.5'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 45d
18"
(8/4/05): the brightest member in HCG 73 appeared faint, small, slightly
elongated 4:3, ~0.6'x0.45', low surface brightness with very little
concentration. Located 1.2' E of a
mag 12 star and a mag 14 star lies a similar distance east.
Forms a close
pair with IC 4526 = HCG 73B 1.3' NW.
IC 4526 appeared extremely faint and small, round, 10"
diameter. Forms the northern
vertex of an equilateral triangle with sides of 1' with NGC 5829 and a mag 12
star. Once this difficult galaxy
was noticed, it was visible most of the time using averted vision and
concentration at 225x. The pair
forms Arp 42 ("spiral with LSB companion on arm"). The redshift of NGC 5829, though, is
less than half that of HCG 73B, C and D, so is a foreground object.
17.5"
(7/8/94): fairly faint, slightly elongated 4:3 E-W, 1.2'x0.9', very weak
concentration, irregular or mottled surface brightness. Located between a mag 11.5 star just
off the west edge 1.2' from center and a mag 13.5 star 1.3' ESE of center. This is the brightest member of HCG 73.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5829 = St XII-68 on 11 May 1882. His position matches UGC 9673 (brightest member of HCG
73). The RA in the RNGC is 1.0 min
of time too large.
******************************
NGC 5830 = UGC
9670 = MCG +08-27-056 = CGCG 248-047 = PGC 53674
15 01 51.0 +47
52 31
V = 14.2; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 170d
17.5"
(7/17/93): very faint, small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, 0.7'x0.4', weak
concentration. Located 5' SSW of
mag 8.4 SAO 45341 and 24' NW of 44 Boo (close double with a very elongated and
narrow orbit).
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5830 = Sw VI-74 on 23 Apr 1887 and recorded "vF; S; R: B *
nr following." His position
is 9 sec of RA west and 2' north of UGC 9670, but there is no bright star
following. There is a 9th
magnitude star 3.8' north, which is probably the intended star.
******************************
NGC 5831 = UGC
9678 = MCG +00-38-020 = CGCG 020-054 = LGG 393-002 = PGC 53770
15 04 07.0 +01
13 11
V = 11.5; Size 2.0'x1.9'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 55d
17.5"
(4/4/92): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 4:3 NW-SE, very bright
core, stellar nucleus. A mag 13.5
star is 1.5' NNE of center. Member
of the NGC 5846 group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5831 = H II-540 = h1899 on 24 Feb 1786 (sweep 532) and recorded
"pB, S, mbM." His
position is at the southeast edge of the halo.
******************************
NGC 5832 = UGC
9649 = MCG +12-14-015 = CGCG 337-025 = Kaz 409 = PGC 53469
14 57 45.3 +71
40 55
V = 12.1; Size 3.7'x2.2'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 45d
17.5"
(6/27/98): appears as fairly large, irregularly round glow with an uneven
surface brightness, at least 2.0' diameter, weak concentration. The halo gradually fades into the
background and difficult to pin down a position angle. Collinear with a 1' pair of mag 11/12
stars 7' SSE. Located 15' SW of
mag 6.7 SAO 8140.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5832 = H II-332 on 16 Mar 1785 (sweep 389) and recorded
"pB, cL, brightest towards the preceding side." CH's reduction is at the north edge of
UGC 9469. Bigourdan measured an
accurate position on 14 Aug 1884.
******************************
NGC 5833 = ESO
042-003 = LGG 397-002 = PGC 54250
15 11 54.1 -72
51 34
V = 12.0; Size 3.1'x2.3'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 128d
24" (4/4/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): bright, fairly large, elongated 2:1 NW-SE,
~2.5'x1.8'. Broad concentration
with a large, brighter core.
Located 6' SW of mag 6 HD 133981.
Surrounded by a large number of nearby stars including a 50" pair
of mag 10.8/11.6 stars ~2' N and a mag 7.9 star 4' ESE. NGC 5822 lies 39' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5833 = h3590 on 4 Apr 1835 and recorded "eF; pmE;
25"." His mean
position (3 observations) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5834 = NGC
5824: = ESO 387-SC001
15 03 58.4 -33
04 04
See observing
notes for NGC 5824.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5834 = h1900 on 9 May 1834 and recorded "a very strongly
suspected nebula; but I cannot be quite sure (from the low altitude [of 6¡]) it
is not a star." There is
nothing at his position, but 30' west is the globular cluster NGC 5824
[independently found by Barnard], which would have appeared quite faint and
poorly defined at this altitude.
Dreyer commented in the IC 1 Notes section that "NGC 5834 to be
struck out, is = NGC 5824."
James Dunlop probably
discovered this globular earlier on 14 May 1826 and described D 611 as "a
very singular body resembling a star with a burr. The light is equal to that of a star of the 7th and 8th
magnitude, and the diameter is not sensibly larger, with various magnifying
powers. This has the appearance of
a bright nucleus, surrounded by a strong brush of light; and the nebulosity
surrounding the bright point has not that softness which nebulae in general
possess. I consider this different
from nebulae in general."
Dunlop's position was off by nearly 30' in RA (too far west) and he is
not credited with the discovery in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 5835 = UGC
9674 = MCG +08-27-057 = CGCG 248-048 = PGC 53699
15 02 25.4 +48
52 40
V = 14.4; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 160d
17.5"
(7/17/93): very faint, small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, even surface
brightness. A mag 13 star is 1.7'
SW and a mag 15 star is at the NW tip 19" from center. IC 4528 lies 16' NW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5835 = Sw VI-75 on 23 Apr1887 and recorded "vF; pS;
R." His position is 1.8'
north of UGC 9674 (same offset error as NGC 5830, discovered on the same
night).
******************************
NGC 5836 = UGC
9664 = MCG +12-14-016 = CGCG 337-026 = VII Zw 576 = PGC 53554
14 59 31.1 +73
53 36
V = 13.9; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.9
17.5"
(6/27/98): faint, fairly small, irregularly round, 0.7' diameter. A mag 14.5 star is attached at the
south end just 20" from center.
The galaxy precedes a group of six mag 11/12 stars.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5836 = H III-312 on 16 Mar 1785 (sweep 389) and recorded
"eF, vS, lE, 2 vS stars visible in it." There is nothing at his position, but 2.0 min of RA
following and 3' north is UGC 9664 and a mag 14.5 star is involved. Considering the difficulty in measuring
accurate positions near the pole, this identification is nearly certain. Bigourdan measured an accurate position
on 18 Aug 1884 (repeated in the IC2 Notes).
******************************
NGC 5837 = UGC
9686 = MCG +02-38-036 = CGCG 076-144 = PGC 53817
15 04 40.6 +12
38 01
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 25d
17.5"
(5/2/92): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated 4:3 SW-NE, gradually brighter
halo, small bright core. A very
faint star or companion lies 1.4' NE.
Brightest in a group with NGC 5851 and NGC 5852 35' NE. On the POSS, there is a very faint and
small companion 1.5' NE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5837 = Sw IX-44 on 19 Jun 1887 and recorded "vF; S; R; D *
nf points to it; planetary."
His position is just 6 sec of RA west of UGC 9686. The discovery was communicated directly
to Dreyer and referenced as list VI in the NGC, but was not published until
list IX in 1890. Swift's
original description sent to Dreyer correctly notes "D * np" (the two
stars are 5.5' northwest) and the list IX comment "D * nf points to
it" is in error.
******************************
NGC 5838 = UGC
9692 = MCG +00-38-022 = CGCG 020-057 = PGC 53862
15 05 26.2 +02
05 58
V = 10.9; Size 4.2'x1.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 43d
17.5"
(7/15/93): bright, large, very elongated 7:2 SW-NE, 3.5'x1.0'. Dominated by a very bright core,
stellar nucleus just visible, long fainter extensions. The southwest extension heads towards a
bright wide double star 6' SW of core (mag 8.3 SAO 120829 and a mag 11
companion at 46"). A mag 14
star is just west of the SW extension 2.3' from the center. Located 38' E of 110 Virginis (V =
4.4).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5838 = H II-542 on 24 Feb 1786 (sweep 532) and recorded
"pB". His position is
unusually accurate. JH made no
observation but Johann von Lamont independently discovered this galaxy on 28
June 1837 with the 10.5-inch refractor at the Munich Observatory. Apparently
Lamont was not aware of the earlier discovery of WH.
******************************
NGC 5839 = UGC
9693 = MCG +00-38-023 = CGCG 020-058 = LGG 392-004 = PGC 53865
15 05 27.5 +01
38 05
V = 12.7; Size 1.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 35d
24"
(6/23/17): at 260x; bright, moderately large, round, 50" diameter. Sharply concentrated with a very
bright, very small nucleus surrounded by a much fainter halo of fairly even
surface brightness. A mag 11.8
star is 2' SSW. First in a string
with NGC 5845 8' E, NGC 5846/5846A 16' E and NGC 5850 26' ESE.
17.5"
(5/10/91): fairly faint, fairly small, round, moderate concentration down to a
small bright core containing a substellar nucleus. Member of the NGC 5846 group with NGC 5845 10' E.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5839 = H II-541 on 24 Feb 1786 (sweep 532) and simply noted "F". His position is an excellent match with
UGC 9693.
******************************
NGC 5840
15 04 18 +29 30
=Not found,
RNGC.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5840 = Sw IV-17 on 22 Jul 1886 and recorded "eeeF, pS, lE,
ee diff[icult]." There is
nothing reasonably bright near his position that he might have picked up and his description doesn't
refer to any nearby stars to aid in identifying the field.
RNGC classifies
the number as nonexistent and Harold Corwin also concludes NGC 5840 is probably
lost.
******************************
NGC 5841 = NGC
5848: = MCG +00-39-001 = CGCG 021-001 = PGC 53941
15 06 35.0 +02
00 18
See observing
notes for NGC 5848.
Albert Marth
found NGC 5841 = m 286 on 12 Apr 1864 and noted "F, S, E." There is nothing at his position but
1.0 min of RA east and 1' north is NGC 5848, discovered two years earlier by
Heinrich d'Arrest. So, NGC 5841 is
likely a duplicate observation of this galaxy. Based on photographs with the Crossley reflector at Lick
before 1913, Heber Curtis selected
LEDA 1215798 as a possible candidate, but this galaxy is certainly too
faint to have been picked up by Marth.
Karl Reinmuth reported NGC 5841 was not found on Heidelberg plates and
Dorothy Carlson and the RNGC repeated this conclusion.
******************************
NGC 5842 = MCG
+04-36-003 = CGCG 135-005 = PGC 53831
15 04 52.1 +21
04 10
V = 14.3; Size 0.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.2
17.5"
(7/8/94): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, no
concentration. A mag 14 star is
0.9' N of center.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5842 = St XII-69 on 11 May 1882 with the 31-inch silvered glass
reflector at the Marseille Observatory.
His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5843 = ESO
387-004 = MCG -06-33-013 = PGC 53996
15 07 27.8 -36 19
40
V = 12.3; Size 1.9'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 70d
17.5":
moderately bright and large, elongated 3:2 WSW-ENE, 1.5'x1.0'. Increases to a 30" core and a
quasi-stellar nucleus w/direct vision.
A pair of mag 11.5/13 stars to the south are nearly collinear [2.1' and
1.3']. Located 6' ESE of mag 9 SAO
206303 and 15' ESSE of mag 6.3 SAO 206292.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5843 = h3592 on 3 May 1834 and recorded "eF; E; vlbM; r;
15" length." On a second
observation he logged "vF; R; vglbM; 20"." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5844 = PK
317-5.1 = PN G317.1-05.7 = He 2-119 = ESO 099-PN1
15 10 41.0 -64
40 23
V = 12.1; Size 68"x41"
18"
(7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): excellent view of this interesting
object at 128x with a UHC filter.
Using this combination, the planetary appeared moderately bright and
large with an irregular shape and surface brightness but elongated WSW-ENE,
~0.9'x0.7'. At 228x, the northeast
end is brighter and larger and the center seems pinched in, particularly on the
north side with a small, faint extension or knot on the southwest end. Unfiltered at 228x, a fairly close
double (B 832 = 9/10.5 at 5") lies 3' NE and a very close, faint double
lies 1.3' SE of center. Located 3¡
ENE of mag 3.2 Alpha Circini.
18" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this fairly bright, moderately large
planetary was quite interesting at 171x and a UHC filter. It was elongated 3:2 E-W,
~55"x40". It appeared
brighter on the following end with an indentation or notch on the north side
giving the impression of a bipolar structure. Set in a rich Triangulum Australe star field 3' SW of a mag
9 double star (9/10.5 at 6").
Also a mag 10.5 star lies 2.5' E.
This object is
listed in the PK and ESO-Strausberg catalogues as He 2-119 instead of NGC 5844
although John Herschel's position (from two observations) matches this
planetary. Also, it was listed as
an unverified southern object in the RNGC and probably because of this error
was not included in Sky Atlas 2000.0, Sky Catalogue 2000.0 or the first edition
of the Uranometria 2000!
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5844 = h3591 on 2 May 1835 and recorded "pB; R; vgvlbM;
60"." His position on
two sweeps is accurate. DeLisle
Stewart called it "Three very faint nebulae only" (repeated in the
IC2 Notes section).
This PN is
listed in the PK and ESO-Strausberg catalogues as He 2-119 but the
identification with NGC 5844 was only made recently! RNGC classifies it an unverified southern object and it is
not included in Sky Atlas 2000.0, Sky Catalogue 2000.0 and first edition of the
Uranometria 2000.0!
******************************
NGC 5845 = UGC
9700 = MCG +00-38-024 = CGCG 020-059 = Arak 468 = LGG 392-006 = PGC 53901
15 06 00.8 +01
38 02
V = 12.5; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 11.5; PA = 150d
24"
(6/23/17): at 260x; bright, small, roundish, 25"x20". Cntains a very bright, high surface
brightness nucleus surrounded by a low surface brightness halo. Situated halfway between NGC 5846/5846A
7' ESE and NGC 5839 8' W.
17.5"
(5/10/91): fairly faint, extremely small, round, very small very bright core,
extremely compact, about 20" diameter. Appears like the bright nucleus of a galaxy without a halo. Member of the NGC 5846 group with NGC
5846 8' ESE and NGC 5839 10' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5845 = H III-511, along with NGC 5846 and NGC 5839, on 24 Feb
1786 (sweep 532) and recorded "..with one preceding [NGC 5846] and 5' more
north, and vF, R. I saw also a
third small one preceding [NGC 5839 or NGC 5846A?]." His position is 3' north-northeast of
UGC 9700, although his position for NGC 5839 is very good.
******************************
NGC 5846 = UGC
9706 = MCG +00-38-025 = CGCG 020-061 = Holm 694a = LGG 393-003 = PGC 53932
15 06 29.3 +01
36 25
V = 10.0; Size 4.1'x3.8'; Surf Br = 13.0
24"
(6/23/17): at 375x; very bright, moderately large, round, 1.5'-2'
diameter. Sharply concentrated
with an intensely bright nucleus that increases to the center. Large, round halo gradually fades at
periphery. NGC 5846Aon the south
side of the halo appeared moderately bright, high surface brightness but very
small and round, 15" diameter.
24"
(6/14/15): bright, fairly large,
round, 1.8' diameter, sharply concentrated with a very bright core. The outer halo has a low surface
brightness. NGC 5846A is on the
south side of the halo [44" from center]. It appeared as a fairly faint compact glow, round, 15"
diameter, fairly high surface brightness.
A much fainter mag 15.5 star is superimposed 25" N of center. NGC 5850 lies 10' SE.
17.5"
(5/10/91): bright, moderately large, oval 3:2 NNW-SSE, 3'x2', evenly
concentrated as halo brightens down to a small bright core but no nucleus,
fainter halo. Forms a contact pair
with NGC 5846A (appears as a mag 13.5 "star") embedded in the
southern portion of halo 40" from the center! Brightest in a group with NGC 5850 10' ESE and NGC 5845 8'
WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5846 = H I-128 = h1901, along with NGC 5845, on 24 Feb 1786
(sweep 532) and recorded "vB, pL, bM. With one preceding [NGC 5845] just
[at edge of field]; and 5' more north, and vF, R. I saw also a third small one preceding." The "third small one
preceding" might refer to NGC 5839, which has a separate log entry or
Wolfgang Steinicke suggests it might apply to NGC 5846A, the very close
companion on its south side. On 13
Apr 1838, JH logged "B; R; psbM to nucleus; 30"."
But JH's first
observations of NGC 5846 was on 29 May 1821, while being instructed on sweeping
techniques by his father. His Aunt
Caroline recorded the observation: "F; R; gmbM; r; appears to have 2
nuclei; south following in the same field is a very small, round
nebula." The second nuclei is
most likely NGC 5846A. So, this is
a pre-NGC observation of the companion.
He also observed NGC 5846 the next night and just noted "The neb of
last night with the 2 nuclei."
James South also took a look and exclaimed (logged in JH's journal),
"O! Good God! It is worth
going to the devil for! Mr.
South's observation."
Guillaume Bigourdan also resolved the companion and noted Big. II-75 as
"round, stellar centre, forms a very close companion to 4045 G.C. [NGC
5846]."
In addition,
Edward Burton, observing with LdR's 72" on 25 Apr 1868, logged "h1901
[NGC 5846] is double, 3rd Nucleus suspected on n side." The third nucleus is a faint star. On 3 May 1877 Dreyer also noted
"companion nebula [to NGC 5846] vS, less than 1' south." But the following year he commented
"small star (NOT a nebula) involved south." This was likely the reason Dreyer did not enter NGC 5846A
into the NGC. DeVaucouleurs introduced the NGC 5846A designation in the RC I.
******************************
NGC 5847 = MCG
+01-38-030 = CGCG 048-120 = PGC 53928
15 06 22.3 +06
22 47
V = 14.1; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 165d
17.5" (6/20/01):
picked up at 64x with 31mm Nagler.
At 220x, appears very faint, small, round, 25" diameter, low
surface brightness. Situated 2.9'
NE of a mag 10.4 star. CGCG 48-111
lies 18' SW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 5847 = m 287 on 25 Mar 1865 and recorded "eF, S,
iR." His position matches
CGCG 048-120 = PGC 53928. NED
notes this galaxy is mistakenly called a "double system" in the CGCG.
******************************
NGC 5848 = NGC
5841: = MCG +00-39-001 = CGCG 021-001 = PGC 53941
15 06 35.0 +02
00 18
V = 13.8; Size 1.0'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 140d
17.5"
(7/3/97): faint, small, nearly round, 25" diameter, well-defined brighter
core. No significant elongation
noted (extensions are much fainter on DSS). An easy pair of mag 12.5/13.5 stars lie 6.5' SSE. Located ~25 north of the NGC 5846
group.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 5848 on 6 May 1862 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His mean position (2
observations) is on the northwest end of CGCG 021-001 = PGC 53941. Albert Marth independently found this
galaxy on 12 Apr 1864, but his position was 1.0 min of RA too far west and it
was catalogued as NGC 5841. So,
NGC 5848 = NGC 5841. CGCG and MCG both
label this galaxy NGC 5848 (only).
******************************
NGC 5849 = MCG
-02-38-035 = PGC 53962
15 06 50.6 -14
34 19
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 30d
17.5"
(5/30/92): very faint, small, round, low surface brightness. Several fairly bright stars are nearby
including mag 8.5 HD 133861 5' SE, mag 8.2 HD 133912 (the galaxy is collinear
with these stars) and mag 8.0 HD 134013 16' ESE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 5849 = LM I-222 on 6 Jun 1885 and recorded "*13
inv in vF neb. 3 stars preceding 1
sec [of RA], *8 follows 10 sec of RA, 15' S." His rough position (nearest min of RA) is 15 sec of RA
following MCG -02-38-035. The
first part of his description is appropriate, although there appears to be just
two stars or a star + galaxy preceding), but the mag 8 star is placed
incorrectly.
******************************
NGC 5850 = UGC
9715 = MCG +00-39-002 = CGCG 021-006 = PGC 53979
15 07 07.8 +01
32 47
V = 10.8; Size 4.3'x3.7'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 140d
24"
(6/23/17): at 260x; fairly bright, fairly large, slightly elongated. Contains a small, bright nucleus
(round) ~25" diameter with extensions (central bar) NW-SE, mimicking a
lenticular galaxy. A very low
surface brightness, roundish halo appears to surround the bar. Last in a string of bright galaxies
with NGC 5846/5846A 10' WNW, NGC 5845 17' WNW and NGC 5639 26' WNW.
24"
(6/14/15): at 200x; moderately bright and large, slightly elongated, sharply
concentrated with a relatively large bright core ~30" in diameter. A very faint bar stretches northwest to
southeast from the bright core, with a total diameter of 2'. The bar is within an extremely faint
halo (ring on images). The bar is
easier to see at 260x. Forms a
prominent pair with NGC 5846 10' NW.
17.5"
(5/10/91): fairly faint, moderately large, slightly elongated. Unusual appearance as the large bright
core dominates the galaxy but there are very faint larger extensions (this is
the central bar) very elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE clearly seen with averted. There is a very large difference
between the surface brightness of the core and the bar! Two mag 12 stars lie 2' N. A mag 11 star 5.5' NW is midway between
NGC 5850 and NGC 5846 which lies 10' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5850 = H II-543 = h1902 on 24 Feb 1786 (sweep 532) and simply
noted "F". His position
is just 4 sec of time too large. JH made the single observation "pF; S;
lE; psbM" and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5851 = UGC
9714 = MCG +02-38-044 = CGCG 077-008 = Holm 697a = WBL 543-002 = PGC 53965
15 06 53.4 +12
51 32
V = 14.0; Size 1.0'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 43d
24"
(6/13/15): fairly faint, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE, ~40"x14", weak
concentration. Second in a trio
with NGC 5852 1.1' SE and CGCG 077-007 1.8' WSW. Mag 10.7 HD 133925 lies 3.1' NW. CGCG 077-007 appeared extremely faint, small,
15"x10".
17.5"
(5/2/92): faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE. A mag 10 star is 3.1' NW. Forms a close pair with NGC 5852 1.0'
SE within the NGC 5837 group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5851 = H III-886, along with NGC 5852, on 26 May 1791 (sweep
1001) and described both as "Two, eF, vS, about 1 1/2' distance from each
other; the preceding is the most north.
300 shewed them very plainly." There were no additional observations by JH, LdR or
d'Arrest.
******************************
NGC 5852 = MCG
+02-38-045 = CGCG 077-010 = Holm 697b = WBL 543-003 = PGC 53974
15 06 56.4 +12
50 48
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 130d
24"
(6/13/15): fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated
NW-SE, ~0.5'x0.4', small bright core increases to the center. Third in a trio with NGC 5851 1.1' NW
and CGCG 077-007 2.5' W.
17.5"
(5/2/92): fairly faint, fairly small, round, small bright core. Forms a very close pair with NGC 5851
1.0' NW. Member of the NGC 5837
group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5852 = H III-887, along with NGC 5851, on 26 May 1791 (sweep
1001) and described both as "Two, eF, vS, about 1 1/2' distance from each
other; the preceding is the most north.
300 shewed them very plainly."
******************************
NGC 5853 = UGC
9707 = MCG +07-31-030 = CGCG 221-027 = PGC 53894
15 05 53.3 +39
31 20
V = 13.7; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 150d
17.5"
(7/17/93): faint, small, round, 40" diameter, broad weak concentration,
very faint stellar nucleus with direct vision.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5853 = St XII-70 on 19 May 1881. His position matches UGC 9707.
******************************
NGC 5854 = UGC
9726 = MCG +01-39-001 = CGCG 049-009 = LGG 393-005 = PGC 54013
15 07 47.6 +02
34 06
V = 11.9; Size 2.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 55d
17.5"
(4/4/92): fairly bright, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE, very
bright core, stellar nucleus at moments.
A mag 12 star lies 1.8' ESE of center. Located 5.1' ESE of a mag 9 star. Member of the NGC 5846 group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5854 = H II-544 = h1903 on 24 Feb 1786 (sweep 532) and simply
noted "pB". He logged
this galaxy again on 27 May 1786 (sweep 567) as "F, vS." JH made 3
observations and recorded on sweep 427 "pB; S; R; glbM; 12"; among
stars."
******************************
NGC 5855 = CGCG
049-010 = PGC 54014
15 07 49.0 +03
59 03
V = 14.4; Size 0.6'x0.6'
17.5"
(7/3/97): very faint, small, round, 25" diameter, very weak concentration
to an occasional stellar nucleus.
A wide pair of mag 12/13 at
36" separation lies 1.7' NE.
Located 8' NW of mag 7.7 SAO 120858.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5855 = Sw VI-76 on 30 Mar 1887 and recorded "eF; S; R; 2 pB
stars nr following." His
position and description matches CGCG 049-010 = PGC 54014.
******************************
NGC 5856 = SAO
101379
15 07 20.2 +18
26 32
V = 6.0
=*6.0 = SAO
101379, Reinmuth.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5856 = H IV-71 = h1904 = HD 134064 on 24 May 1791 (sweep 1006)
and recorded "a star 7.6m, enveloped in extensive milky neby; but I am not
sure whether there many not be a perception till I have another star of about
the same size." A little
later in the sweep he noted another star 7m "perfectly free from any
nebulosity, so that the foregoing star must certainly be involved in extensive
nebulosity; probably unconnected with the star." JH commented "A star of fully 6m, with a supposed
nebulous appearance about it, but of whose reality I cannot satisfy myself, as
it 'blinks' with the star behind the wire." As JH suspected, this star is free of nebulosity.
R.J. Mitchell,
observing at Birr Castle on 10 May 1855 agreed that the "atmosphere seems
to exist" and on 1 Apr 1878 Dreyer noted "*6m; seemed nebulous, but
it is doubtful, eyepiece inclined to dew." Dreyer mentioned in the IC 1 notes that "no nebulosity
seen by Bigourdan". Father
Hagen also found "no neb around *6.1" in the Vatican Zone Catalogue.
******************************
NGC 5857 = UGC
9724 = MCG +03-39-004 = CGCG 106-005 = LGG 394-002 = PGC 53995
15 07 27.5 +19
35 58
V = 13.1; Size 1.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 137d
17.5"
(4/4/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, bright core. Forms a striking close duo with NGC
5859 2.1' ESE with identical position angles.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5857 = H II-751 = h1905, along with NGC 5859, on 27 Apr 1788
(sweep 834) and recorded "Two, the 1st [NGC 5857] cF, cS. The 2nd pF, pL, both lE." The next night he observed the pair
again (sweep 835) and noted "both E from np to sf, but nearer the
parallel." JH logged and
sketch (fig. 77) "a double nebula; pos of the individuals, centre from
centre, 20¡ np; 2' dist."
A series of
observations were made at Birr Castle of the pair. On 28 Apr 1848, LdR noted "[I] think the distance between
the 2 neb greater than h's drawing."
On 11 Apr 1850 George Stoney remarked "the two nebulae not in a
line and a faint connection suspected." On 17 Apr 1855, R.J. Mitchell recorded "these two
nebulae are not in a line, but run parallel to one another in the direction of
the major axis, dist between them considerable, but faint neby suspected
connecting them. On 9 May 1861, Samuel Hunter commented "bright brightest
parts of both are elongated and *not* parallel to each other nor in the same straight
line, but as shown [sketch included in the LdR 1861 publication]."
******************************
NGC 5858 = MCG
-02-39-002 = PGC 54075
15 08 49.1 -11
12 29
V = 12.8; Size 1.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 135d
24"
(6/22/17): at 375x; fairly bright, fairly small, elongated 5:3 NW-SE,
~50"x30", fairly high surface brightness, small bright core that increases to a stellar nucleus. A mag 12 star is 1.8' W and a mag 13.7
star is 1.8' ESE. Nearly at
midpoint of a line connecting NGC 5861 9.5' SE and IC 1090 9.6' NW.
13.1"
(7/5/83): fairly bright, very small, small bright nucleus. NGC 5861 lies 9.5' SE.
Edward Holden
discovered NGC 5858 on 14 May 1882 with the 15.6-inch Clark refractor at
Washburn Observatory . He recorded "F, S, stell Nuc, np GC 4055 [NGC
5861]" and his position is accurate. (Publications of the Washburn
Observatory, Vol II, p101)
******************************
NGC 5859 = UGC
9728 = MCG +03-39-005 = CGCG 106-007 = LGG 394-003 = PGC 54001
15 07 34.8 +19
34 58
V = 12.4; Size 2.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 136d
17.5"
(4/4/92): moderately bright and large, very elongated 7:2 NW-SE, brighter along
the major axis. Larger and
brighter though similar position angle to companion NGC 5857 2.1' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5859 = H II-752 = h1905, along with NGC 5857, on 27 Apr 1788
(sweep 833) and recorded "Two, the 1st [NGC 5857] cF, cS. The 2nd pF, pL, both lE." See NGC 5857 for the observations at
Birr Castle (a total of 13 were made).
******************************
NGC 5860 = UGC
9717 = MCG +07-31-033 = CGCG 221-028 = Mrk 480 = I Zw 102 = PGC 53939
15 06 33.6 +42
38 28
V = 13.4; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.5
24"
(7/1/16): at 500x; NGC 5860 is a merged pair of compact ellipticals in a common
halo with the nuclei separated by only 9"! Overall the glow is fairly faint, fairly small, round
and punctuated by a small bright nucleus (the southern component). The northern nucleus (listed in NED as
NGC 5860 NED02) is fainter and quasi-stellar, perhaps 3"-4" diameter,
and cleanly separated at 500x. A
wide pair of mag 13.3/13.4 stars is 3' WNW and a third mag 13 star is 2' SW.
17.5"
(7/15/93): faint, small, round, 30" diameter, small bright core. A mag 14 star is 1.1' NNE. Follows an arc of three mag 13 stars
aligned NW-SE; the closest star of the three is 2.2' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5860 = h1906 on 17 Apr 1830 and logged "F' R' gbM;
20"." His position
(measured on two consecutive sweeps) matches UGC 9717. This is a merged double system with two
nuclei.
******************************
NGC 5861 = MCG
-02-39-003 = PGC 54097
15 09 16.0 -11
19 20
V = 11.6; Size 3.0'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 150d
24" (6/21
and 6/22/17): at 375x; moderately to fairly bright, fairly large, oval 5:3
NNW-SSE, ~2.0'x1.2', broad weak concentration, slightly brighter
core/nucleus. The halo exhibited
evidence of spiral structure with slightly brighter and darker regions. Last in a collinear trio with NGC 5858
9.5' NW and IC 1091 19' NW.
Supernova
2017erp, discovered 8 days earlier on 13 Jun, was easily visible as a mag
13.5-14 stellar object on the SSW edge of the halo.
13.1"
(7/5/83): fairly large, very diffuse, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, fairly low even
surface brightness. Located 2.5'
NNE of a mag 10.5 star. Forms a
pair with NGC 5858 9.5' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5861 = H II-192 on 9 May 1784 (sweep 210) and recorded
"Faintish, pL and broad, lE, r, nearly of equal brightness throughout; the
extension almost in the meridian; many stars in the field with it." His position is 2.5' too far northwest.
******************************
NGC 5862 = CGCG
274-015 = PGC 53900
15 06 03.2 +55
34 26
V = 14.6; Size 0.5'x0.5'
17.5"
(6/20/87): extremely faint and small, round, at visual threshold with
averted. Located 7' SE of mag 7.6
SAO 29401. NGC 5866 (M102) lies
13' NNE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5862 = Sw I-40 on 11 Jun 1885 and recorded "eF; pS; R; v
Diff; 3 stars in a line point to it; [GC] 4058 [= NGC 5866]." His position is 7 sec east and 1' north
of CGCG 274-015 = PGC 53900 and his description applies.
******************************
NGC 5863 = ESO
581-022 = MCG -03-39-001 = PGC 54160
15 10 48.3 -18
25 52
V = 12.8; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 21d
17.5"
(7/9/94): fairly faint, small, elongated 4:3, 0.7'x0.5', weak even concentration,
small bright core, faint stellar nucleus flickers with direct vision. Situated between a mag 13.5 star 2' E
and a mag 14.5 star 2' W.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 5863 = LM I-223 in 1886 and recorded "S, R, gbMN, *12 in eF
neb." His rough position
(nearest min of RA) is 35 sec of RA west of ESO 581-022. Bigourdan observed this object on 30
Apr 1889, but his position in the notes section of his 20 Apr 1891 Comptes
Rendus paper is 5' too far south (accurate in RA).
******************************
NGC 5864 = UGC
9740 = MCG +01-39-002 = CGCG 049-015 = LGG 393-006 = PGC 54111
15 09 33.6 +03
03 11
V = 11.8; Size 2.8'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 68d
17.5"
(5/10/91): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 3:1 WSW-ENE, 2.0'x0.6,
small bright core. A mag 14 star
is 30" ESE of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5864 = H II-585 = h1907 on 27 May 1786 (sweep 567) and noted
"F, cS." JH made 3
observations and first recorded (sweep 143) "pB; S; E; has a * 14m closely
following."
******************************
NGC 5865 = NGC
5868 = UGC 9743 = MCG +00-39-007 = CGCG 021-023 = PGC 54118
15 09 49.1 +00
31 47
See observing
notes for NGC 5868.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5865 = H II-684 on 11 Apr 1787 (sweep 727) and recorded
"Two [NGC 5865 = NGC 5868 and NGC 5869], pB, S, iE." NGC 5869 = UGC 9742 = PGC 54119 (the
southern galaxy) was originally discovered on 24 Feb 1786, but WH was confused
which one was new and mistakenly assigned II-684 to NGC 5869 instead of NGC
5865. This caused later confusion.
NGC 5868, found
by d'Arrest on 27 Apr 1882, is a reobservation of NGC 5865. JH thought it was new and assigned it a
GC designation because of the difference in position. Dreyer concluded NGC 5865 = NGC 5868 in his 1912 update of
WH's catalogues as JH and Birr Castle only reported two nebulae. By earlier discovery NGC 5865 should
apply to PGC 54118 but it is known as NGC 5868. RNGC misidentifies NGC 5869 as NGC 5865.
******************************
NGC 5866 = UGC
9723 = MCG +09-25-017 = CGCG 274-016 = LGG 396-001 = PGC 53933
15 06 29.3 +55
45 49
V = 9.9; Size 4.7'x1.9'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 128d
48"
(4/21/17): at 488x and 697x; spectacular lenticular (S0/a) with a razor-thin
dust lane perfectly bisecting the galaxy. Overall the galaxy is extremely
bright, very elongated 3:1 NW-SE, roughly 4'x1.35'. The main spindle contains an intensely bright, bulging oval
core that is nearly perfectly bisected by an extremely narrow dust lane. The outer portion of the halo has a low
surface brightness and increases in size with averted vision. A mag 11.3 star is at the northwest
edge of the halo and a mag 12.2 star is just off the southwest side, 1.4' from
center. Also a mag 15.5 star is
superimposed on the northwest halo [1.6' from center]. NGC 5867, one of the faintest in the
NGC, lies 2' SE. SDSS
J150631.55+554348.9, an 18th magnitude galaxy, was marginally glimpsed 2.0' SSE
of center.
24"
(7/6/13): at 200x appeared extremely bright, large, very elongated 3:1 NW-SE,
spindle shaped, well concentrated with a blazing oval core. A very thin, low contrast dust lane
bisects the galaxy and is most evident along the central bulging core. The outer halo is much fainter and
extends ~3.25'x1.25'. A mag 11.3
star is just off the NW flank, 1.6' from center and a mag 12.2 star is off the
SW side 1.4' from center. At 322x,
NGC 5867 was picked up 1.0' SSE of the mag 12.2 star as a very faint 8"
glow, held continuously with averted vision.
17.5"
(6/6/86): very bright, fairly large, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 3.0'x1.5', bulging
bright core. This galaxy has a
high surface brightness and a mottled surface. Just a hint of the razor-thin dust lane prominent on
photographs is visible. A mag 11.5
star is at the NW end 1.6' from the center and a slightly fainter mag 12 star is
1.5' SW. Located 10' NE of mag 7.5
SAO 29401.
13"
(6/4/83): very bright, impressive, large bright core, two stars off the NW and
SW edges. A mag 7 star is 10' SW.
8": fairly
bright, brighter central bulge, fainter extension.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5866 = H I-215 = h1909 on 5 May 1788 (sweep 842) and recorded
"vB, cL, E, following 2 stars."
His position is poor - nearly 6' southwest of the galaxy. NGC 5866 is likely an edge-on S0 galaxy
with a dust lane. The dust lane
was prominently shown on LdR's sketch on 27 Apr 1848 and included in the 1850
"Observations of the Nebulae".
This galaxy is
sometimes taken as M102 for completeness of the Messier catalogue. Pierre MŽchain found M102 on 27 Mar
1781, but it was later claimed that M102 was a duplicate of M101 and there has
been much written on this topic.
Michael Covington argues in the Sept 2015 issue of Sky & Tel that
Mechain probably did see NGC 5866, along with the adjacent 7th-magnute star and
Messier may have confirmed the observation. See Harold Corwin's notes (he concludes M102 is almost
certainly a duplicate of M101).
******************************
NGC 5867 = 2MASX
J15062441+5543543 = LEDA 2512461
15 06 24.3 +55
43 53
V = 16.1; Size 0.4'x0.3'
48"
(4/21/17): at 697x; faint to fairly faint, very small, round, 10"
diameter. Located 2.0' SE of the
center of NGC 5866, though lies far in the background. A mag 12.2 star is 1' NNW. This galaxy is one of the 10 faintest
in the NGC.
24"
(7/6/13): extremely faint to very faint, extremely small, round,
6"-8" diameter. Once
identified, I could hold this galaxy continuously with averted at 320x. Situated 2.0' SSW the center of NGC
5866 and 1.0' SSE of a mag 12.2 star.
It is also just south of the line connecting the mag 12.2 star and a mag
14 star 3.3' further SE.
18"
(7/13/07): after a couple of failed attempts I picked up this extremely faint
companion located 2' S of center to NGC 5866 and 1' SE of a mag 12 star. I first took a look in Alvin Huey's
22" to check the relative position and appearance. Then in my Starmaster
at 262x I glimpsed an extremely faint, barely non-stellar knot, ~6"
diameter, that required averted and was only visible for moments at a
time. The observation was repeatable,
though, and confirmed in excellent conditions at Lassen Peak lot.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 5867 on 25 Apr 1851 while observing NGC 5866 at Birr Castle
. He noted "alpha [on field
sketch] is an eeF neb." The
sketch clearly points to NGC 5867 = 2MASX J15062441+5543543. Four years later (13 Apr 1855), R.J.
Mitchell recorded "the nova alpha seems to a real neb." RNGC and NGC 2000.0 misclassify NGC
5867 as nonexistent (Type 7)
******************************
NGC 5868 = NGC
5865 = UGC 9743 = MCG +00-39-007 = CGCG 021-023 = PGC 54118
15 09 49.1 +00
31 47
V = 13.4; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 66d
17.5"
(5/10/91): faint, small, round, weak concentration, faint stellar nucleus. A mag 11 star lies 4.0' ENE. Forms a pair with NGC 5869 3.6' S.
Heinrich
d'Arrest found NGC 5868 on 27 Apr 1862 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His single measurement
is on the north side of the halo of UGC 9743. WH discovered this galaxy on 11 Apr 1787, recorded it as
II-684 = NGC 5865, but his position was poor (or he confused it with nearby NGC
5869). JH assumed d'Arrest's
nebula was new, assigned it GC 4060 and Dreyer included it in the NGC. But Dreyer concluded NGC 5868 = NGC
5865 in his 1912 update to WH's catalogues
******************************
NGC 5869 = UGC
9742 = MCG +00-39-006 = CGCG 021-022 = Holm 699a = LGG 393-008 = PGC 54119
15 09 49.4 +00
28 12
V = 11.9; Size 2.3'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 125d
17.5"
(5/10/91): moderately bright, fairly small, very faint halo elongated 4:3
NW-SE, very bright core, stellar nucleus.
Brighter and larger of pair with NGC 5865 3.6' N. This galaxy is incorrectly identified
as NGC 5865 in the RNGC.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5869 = H II-545 = h1908 on 24 Feb 1786 (sweep 532) and logged
"F, S." His position
matches UGC 9742, the brighter of a pair with NGC 5865 = NGC 5868 (discovered
by WH on 11 Apr 1787). JH made the
single observation "pB; S; E; psbM." Heinrich d'Arrest measured an accurate position on 3
nights. RNGC and MCG misidentify
this galaxy as NGC 5865.
******************************
NGC 5870 = NGC
5826 = UGC 9725 = MCG +09-25-016 = CGCG 274-017 = PGC 53949
15 06 33.8 +55
28 44
V = 13.9; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 25d
17.5"
(6/14/96): extremely faint, very small, roundish, 30" diameter. A mag 12
star follows by 1' and a similar star is 2.3' NNE. Located 18' S of NGC 5866.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5870 = Sw I-41 on 11 Jun 1885 and recorded "eeF; pS; lE; vv
diff; preceding a B * 7 sec; [GC] 4058 = NGC 5866." His position and description matches
UGC 9725. Two night earlier he
found I-39 = NGC 5826, which was placed exactly 7 min of RA preceding, but he
also mentioned "* nr, [GC] 4058 [= NGC 5866] nr." The description also applies to UGC
9725 and he probably made an error copying the RA, which happened with several
other galaxies found by Swift. So,
NGC 5870 = NGC 5826.
******************************
NGC 5871
15 09 56.6 +00
30 34
=*, Corwin.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 5871 around 1882 while observing NGC 5865 and NGC 5869. In the narrative section of list V, he claims
he made a sketch of four close nebula forming a trapezoid with a diagonal of 4'
and the smallest side of 2.5'. But
there are only the two NGC galaxies here, so his other two objects must refer
to faint stars. The NGC position
(communicated directly to Dreyer) is between two mag 15-16 stars to the
southeast of NGC 5865. Harold
Corwin lists both stars in his table, with the brighter western star given here
as a more likely candidate. See
Corwin's notes for more.
******************************
NGC 5872 = MCG
-02-39-005 = PGC 54169
15 10 55.6 -11
28 49
V = 13.7; Size 1.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 5d
13.1"
(6/11/83): faint, very small, possibly slightly elongated. A mag 14 star is superimposed 29"
E of center. Located 6' W of mag
7.9 SAO 159077. The NGC 5858/NGC
5861 pair is roughly 30' NW.
Joseph Winlock
discovered NGC 5872 = HN 30 on 30 Jul 1866 using the 15-inch Merz Refractor at
Harvard Observatory. His position
in Annals of Harvard Observatory, Vol 13, #329, matches PGC 54169. No description was given in the table
but Dreyer included Bigourdan's description in the IC 1 notes.
******************************
NGC 5873 = PK
331+16.1 = ESO 328-PN34 = PN G331.3+16.8
15 12 50.6 -38
07 33
V = 11.2; Size 8"x6"
13.1"
(3/17/86): appears stellar at 79x and quite prominent with an OIII filter. A barely non-stellar disc was seen at
166x. Forms a near equilateral
triangle with fainter mag 12 stars 1.8' W and 2.1' S. Estimate mag V = 11.5.
Ralph Copeland
discovered NGC 5873 on 2 May 1883 near Lake Titicaca using a 6.1"
refractor with a direct vision Vogel-spectroscope. The position given in Copernicus III (1884) is 8 sec of RA
too far west and 2' north. This
was the first deep sky object to be discovered in South America. Copeland discovered three NGCs in the
Andes using this visual spectroscopy including NGC 5315, just two nights later.
******************************
NGC 5874 = UGC
9736 = MCG +09-25-024 = CGCG 274-020 = LGG 395- 001 = PGC 54018
15 07 51.8 +54
45 10
V = 12.4; Size 2.3'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 53d
17.5"
(5/23/87): faint, fairly large, diffuse, slightly elongated SW-NE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5874 = Sw I-42 on 11 Jun 1885 and recorded "vF; pL; R; in
center of a large equilateral triangle of 3 bright stars." His position
and description applies to UGC 9736.
******************************
NGC 5875 = UGC
9745 = MCG +09-25-027 = CGCG 274-027 = PGC 54095
15 09 13.1 +52
31 43
V = 12.4; Size 2.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 145d
17.5"
(5/23/87): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated NW-SE, brighter
core. Forms a pair with much
fainter CGCG 274-026 ("very faint, very small, elongated 2:1
NNW-SSE") 5.6' SSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5875 = H II-755 on 1 May 1788 (sweep 840) and recorded "pB,
pL, lE." His position is just off the northwest edge of the galaxy, though
Engelhardt measured a precise micrometric position.
******************************
NGC 5876 = IC
1111 = UGC 9747 = MCG +09-25-028 = CGCG 274-028 = LGG 395-002 = PGC 54110
15 09 31.6 +54
30 23
V = 12.7; Size 2.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 50d
17.5"
(5/23/87): fairly faint, very small, round, brighter core.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5876 = Sw I-43 on 11 Jun 1885 and recorded "F; S; mbM;
R." His position is 7 sec
west of UGC 9747. Swift likely
"discovered" the galaxy again on 27 Aug 1888 and placed it on list
VIII-86 (later became IC 1111).
His RA was 5 tmin too large but the comment "triangle with 2
st" applies to UGC 9747, which has two mag 12-13 stars 2' NW and 3'
SW. So, likely NGC 5876 = IC
1111. See Harold Corwin's comments
on IC 1111.
******************************
NGC 5877
15 12 53.0 -04
55 29
=***, Reinmuth,
Carlson and Corwin.
Julius Schmidt
discovered NGC 5877 on 24 May 1867 with a 6.2" refractor at the Athens Observatory. At his position are three stars (mag
13.6-14.2) and Karl Reinmuth, using Heidelberg plates, also identified NGC 5877
as "= triple *12, 13, 14; *12 n of *13 and *14; IC 1104 s 10'."
******************************
NGC 5878 = MCG
-02-39-006 = UGCA 403 = PGC 54364
15 13 45.7 -14
16 10
V = 11.5; Size 3.5'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 0d
18"
(6/13/07): in poor seeing appeared fairly bright, moderately large, very
elongated 3:1 N-S, ~1.5'x0.5', sharply concentrated with a bright, round core
that increases to a quasi-stellar nucleus. Located 9' SW of an orange mag 7 star (HD 135207). MCG -02-39-009 lies 8' SE.
13.1"
(5/26/84): fairly bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 N-S, small bright
nucleus, much fainter extensions.
A mag 15 star is at the SSE edge 0.9' from center. Forms a pair with MCG -02-39-009 8'
SE. Located 8.8' SW of mag 7.0 SAO
159117.
8"
(4/24/82): fairly faint, elongated N-S.
A mag 7 star is in the field to the east.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5878 = H III-736 = h3593 on 30 Apr 1788 (sweep 839) and recorded
"vF; lbM; pL; E in the meridian; 300 showed the same." JH made the single observation "B;
pmE; psmbM; involves a * 14m to northward." His comment may refer to the faint star on the south side.
******************************
NGC 5879 = UGC
9753 = MCG +10-22-001 = CGCG 297-004 = LGG 396-002 = PGC 54117
15 09 47.0 +57
00 05
V = 11.6; Size 4.2'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 0d
17.5"
(7/15/93): fairly bright, fairly large, very elongated 3:1 in PA 0¡,
3.0'x1.0'. Contains a prominent
elongated core with a faint stellar nucleus. The fainter elongated halo also extends the minor axis. A mag 14 star is at the west edge 0.7'
from the center. Located 7.5' SE
of mag 7.2 SAO 29427.
8"
(6/19/82): faint, very elongated N-S, thin, small bright nucleus. A mag 7 star is 7' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5879 = H II-757 = h1910 on 5 May 1788 (sweep 842). His RA (determined in sweep 843) is 45
sec too small. JH reported
"B; irr R with ray-like appendages; gbM; r; 30"." His position (used in the GC and NGC)
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5880 = MCG
-02-39-012 = PGC 54427
15 15 01.1 -14
34 44
V = 14.5; Size 0.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(5/30/92): very faint, very small, round, even surface brightness. A mag 11 star is 2.1' NNW. Forms a pair with NGC 5883 3.5' SE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 5880 = LM I-224) on 6 Jun 1885 and recorded
"mag 15.2, 0.2' dia, R, lbsbMN, in field with Harvard 331 [NGC
5883]." His rough position
(nearest min of RA) is 1.0 min of RA west and 3' north of MCG -02-39-012 = PGC
54427. As this galaxy is 3'
northwest of NGC 5883, the identification is reasonable.
RNGC and MCG
misidentify MCG -02-39-010 as NGC 5880.
This is a very low surface brightness spiral about 10' southwest of MCG
-02-39-012.
******************************
NGC 5881 = IC
1100 = UGC 9729 = MCG +11-18-025 = CGCG 318-014 = PGC 54150
15 06 20.7 +62
58 52
V = 13.3; Size 0.8'x0.7'; PA = 60d
17.5"
(6/14/96): faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 WSW-ENE, 40"x30", weak
concentration. Bracketed by a mag
13 star 52" SW of center and a mag 12 star 1.8' NNE. NGC identification uncertain (poor
position from WH) and this galaxy is identified as IC 1100 (from Swift) in UGC,
MCG, CGCG and RC3.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5881 = H II-818 on 26 Apr 1789 (sweep 930) and noted "pF,
cL, R, vgbM." CH's reduced
position is 52 sec of RA east and 2' south of UGC 9729. Dreyer notes in the 1912
"Scientific Papers", that the listed RA in GC and NGC was 2 tmin too
large (the actual error is ~ 2 min 45 sec). Because of this error, Bigourdan and d'Arrest were unable to
locate NGC 5881.
Lewis Swift
independently discovered this galaxy (list IX-45) on 22 Jun 1889 and logged
"vF; pS; lE; bet 2 stars."
Dreyer catalogued it again as IC 1100, but noted in the "Scientific
Papers" that "II-818 is probably = IC 1100."
The RNGC
misidentifies UGC 9764 as NGC 5881.
This galaxy is over two degrees from the NGC position. UGC, MCG, CGCG and RC3 all label this
galaxy as IC 1100 (because of the unambiguous position) instead of NGC
5881. I wrote up this case in RNGC
Corrections #6 and it is discussed in Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 5882 = IC
1108 = PK 327+10.1 = ESO 274-PN7 = PN G327.8+10.0
15 16 49.9 -45
38 58
V = 9.5; Size 16"x15"
18" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 171x and UHC filter, this small
planetary appeared as a very bright (V = 9.5), very high surface brightness
round disc, ~12" diameter with a bluish color. At 228x there is an impression of a thin outer shell
increasing the size to ~16" diameter.
13"
(3/17/86): very small round disc visible at 80x, estimate V = 10.0. Good contrast gain with an OIII
filter. A prominent small disc
visible at 166x with a mag 12 star 4.4' NE. Located 10.8' WNW of mag 7.4 SAO 225623. Very far south for viewing from
Northern California!
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5882 = h3594 on 27 Sep 1834 and recorded "a most elegant
and delicate planetary nebula. Diam in RA = 1.35 seconds by many observations.
Long contemplated with x180, x240 and x320. The disc is magnified by the power
in due proportion. It is = a star 8.9 mag; perfectly sharp, not the slightest
haziness. A very fine object. It has no 'satellites'. My attendant [John Stone], to whom I showed it, said it was
like the moon, only smaller, and not in the least like a star." Sketch on Plate VI, figure 8.
Duncker
independently found the planetary on an objective prism plate at Harvard's
Arequipa station and Williamina Fleming announced it was new in 1884. Despite JH's accurate position, Dreyer
catalogued it again as IC 1108.
The equivalence apparently went unannounced until Andris Lauberts (ESO)
and Harold Corwin ran across it while scanning southern Schmidt plates.
******************************
NGC 5883 = MCG
-02-39-014 = PGC 54439
15 15 10.1 -14
37 01
V = 14.0; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 120d
17.5"
(5/30/92): faint, small, round, very small bright core. This is the brighter of a pair with NGC
5880 3.5' NW. Mag 8.4 SAO 159132
is 10' SE near the edge of the 220x field.
Joseph Winlock
discovered NGC 5883 = HN 31 on 30 Jul 1867 using the 15-inch Merz Refractor at
the Harvard Observatory. His
position in Annals of Harvard Observatory, Vol 13, #331, matches PGC 54439. Francis Leavenworth independently found
this galaxy on 6 Jun 1885.
Bigourdan described it as "vF, pS, stellar ncl". MCG misidentifies NGC 5880 as NGC 5883.
******************************
NGC 5884
15 13 09.2 +31
51 42
=2 stars,
Bigourdan
Gerhard Lohse
discovered NGC 5884 around 1886 with the 15.5-inch Cooke refractor at James
Wigglesworth's private observatory in England. At Lohse's position are two mag 14 stars at 14"
separation in PA 160¡. Bigourdan
found only these two faint stars.
******************************
NGC 5885 = MCG
-02-39-013 = PGC 54429
15 15 04.1 -10
05 08
V = 11.8; Size 3.5'x3.1'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 65d
18"
(6/13/07): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 4:3 SW-NE,,
~1.5'x1.1', very weak concentration.
A mag 10 star sits at the NE tip of the galaxy.
13.1"
(7/5/83): very faint, round, diffuse with a low, even surface brightness. Mag 9 SAO 140412 is just off the NE
edge 1.7' from center and light from the star swamps the dim glow of the
galaxy.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5885 = H III-116 = h3595 on 9 May 1784 (sweep 210) and recorded
"vF, cL, almost R, the whitishness approaching to the milky kind; very
near and preceding a bright star."
JH made the single observation "pF; L; R; vgbM; 3' diam." and
measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5886 = CGCG
221-036 = PGC 54298
15 12 45.4 +41
14 01
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 85d
17.5"
(7/15/93): first of three in the NGC 5888 group. Faint, very small, round, stellar nucleus, 0.4'
diameter. A mag 15.5 star is at
the north tip 14" from the center.
Situated almost midway between a mag 12 star 1.9' WNW and a 13th mag
star 1.3' SE. Located 2.9' WNW of
mag 8.7 SAO 45437. Forms a pair
with NGC 5888 4.6' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5886 = h1911 on 13 May 1828 and logged "F; R; bM;
12"." His position is
40" south of the center of CGCG 221-036 = PGC 54298.
******************************
NGC 5887 = UGC
9779 = MCG +00-39-012 = CGCG 021-056 = PGC 54416
15 14 43.9 +01
09 15
V = 13.4; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 160d
17.5"
(7/9/94): fairly faint, small, round, 0.8' diameter, slightly brighter
core. A mag 14.5-15 star is 1.4'
NNE of center. A wide pair of mag
13 stars at 36" separation is 3' SE.
Located 7.4' SSW of mag 8.6 SAO 120913.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5887 = St XI-31 on 9 Jun 1880. His position matches UGC 9779.
******************************
NGC 5888 = UGC
9771 = MCG +07-31-038 = CGCG 221-037 = PGC 54316
15 13 07.3 +41
15 53
V = 13.4; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 158d
17.5"
(7/15/93): second and brightest of three with NGC 5886 4.6' SW and NGC 5889
4.2' NNE. Fairly faint, elongated
5:3 NNW-SSE, weak concentration. A
mag 12 star is 1.5' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5888 = H III-659 = h1912 on 9 Apr 1787 (sweep 725) and logged
"vF, vS, r." His
position is 7' southeast of UGC 9771.
JH made the single observation "pB; R; bM; 15"; the PD differs
5' from my Father's." His
position is on the south side of the galaxy.
******************************
NGC 5889 = PGC
54317
15 13 15.7 +41
19 41
V = 15.4; Size 0.7'x0.25'; PA = 40d
17.5"
(7/15/93): extremely faint, small, appears very elongated SSW-NNE but difficult
to pin down the orientation due to faintness and only visible for moments using
averted. Collinear with NGC 5888
4.1' SSW and mag 8.7 SAO 45437 7.5' SSW.
Bindon Stoney,
LdR's assistant, discovered NGC 5889 on 25 Apr 1851 while observing NGC 5886
and 5888. He described an
"eeF patch, glbM, same distance nf [NGC 5888, as NGC 5888 is from NGC
5886]." This description matches PGC 54317.
The RNGC and RC3
position or identification is incorrect. PGC 54317 is mentioned in the UGC notes to NGC 5888
but it is not identified as NGC 5889.
******************************
NGC 5890 = MCG
-03-39-004 = PGC 54602
15 17 51.1 -17
35 21
V = 12.6; Size 1.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 80d
17.5"
(6/29/00): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 ~E-W, weak concentration
to a brighter core which appears offset from the geometric center. A mag 14.5 star is just off the NE edge
[43" from center].
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 5890 = LM I-225 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory and recorded "vF, vS, E 55¡." His rough position (nearest min of RA)
is 1.6 min west and 2' north of MCG -03-39-004 = PGC 54602 and his position
angle is roughly consistent with this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 5891 = MCG
-02-39-015 = PGC 54491
15 16 13.4 -11
29 39
V = 14.2; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 150d
17.5"
(6/29/00): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated NNW-SSE, 40"x30",
low even surface brightness. Three
faint stars cradle the galaxy around the SE end [1.1-1.5' from center].
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 5891= LM I-226 on 12 Jun 1885 and recorded "mag
13.0, pS, lE, gbM, *11 follows."
His rough position (nearest min of RA) is just 0.3 min of RA west of MCG
-02-39-015 = PGC 54491. The mag 11
star in his notes probably refer to the mag 14 star less than 1'
northeast. Bigourdan measured an
accurate position (repeated in the IC 1 Notes section).
******************************
NGC 5892 = MCG
-02-39-007 = Fath 703 = PGC 54365
15 13 48.2 -15
27 50
V = 11.7; Size 3.5'x2.8'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 105d
17.5"
(7/9/94): very faint but fairly large, round, 2.5' diameter. Very low but uneven surface brightness
(weak irregular concentration) with no distinct borders. Located just NW of a group of five mag
13.5-14.5 stars forming a parallelogram asterism (the southern base consists of
three collinear stars); the closest mag 13.5 star is just off the ESE edge 1.3'
from center. NGC identification is
very uncertain.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 5892 = LM I-227 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 16.0, 2.5' gbM." There is nothing near his rough position
(nearest min of RA). The RNGC and
RC3 identify MCG -02-39-007 = PGC 54365 as NGC 5892. This galaxy is nearly 3 min of RA west (not an uncommon
error) as well as 30' south of Stone's position, but his description
(especially size) matches this galaxy.
Not surprisingly, due to the poor NGC positional match, MCG and RC2 fail
to label this identify this galaxy with NGC 5892.
******************************
NGC 5893 = UGC
9774 = MCG +07-31-042 = CGCG 221-041 = Holm 701b = PGC 54351
15 13 34.2 +41
57 32
V = 13.2; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 45d
17.5"
(7/12/99): faint, fairly small, round, ~1.0' diameter. Weak even concentration to the center
but no core or nucleus. Situated
within a string of mag 13-13.5 stars oriented NW-SE. The very faint pair NGC 5895/96 lies 4' NE.
17.5"
(5/2/92): faint, small, slightly elongated 4:3 SW-NE, even surface
brightness. In a line with a
string of four mag 13 stars oriented NW-SE; the closest stars are 1.9' NW and
1.8' SE. In a trio with NGC 5895
4.2' NE and NGC 5896 5.0' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5893 = H II-678 = h1913 on 9 Apr 1787 (sweep 725) and recorded
"F, S, r. In a row with 3
stars. His position is 5' too far south-southeast. JH made the single
observation "F; R; gbM; 30"." and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5894 = UGC
9768 = MCG +10-22-004 = CGCG 297-006 = PGC 54234
15 11 41.0 +59
48 32
V = 12.9; Size 3.0'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 13d
17.5"
(5/2/92): fairly faint, edge-on 5:1 SSW-NNE, small brighter core, thin
extensions. Located 5.7' SE of a
mag 10.5 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5894 = H II-763 on 25 May 1788 (sweep 843) and noted "cF,
S, E nearly in the meridian [N-S]."
******************************
NGC 5895 = MCG
+07-31-043 = CGCG 221-042a = Holm 701a = PGC 54366
15 13 50.0 +42
00 29
V = 15.5; Size 0.9'x0.2'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 20d
17.5"
(6/30/00): very faint, small, slightly elongated, ~25" diameter, no
concentration. A mag 13.5 star is 1.1' E.
Forms a pair with difficult NGC 5896. Located 4.2' NE of NGC 5893.
17.5"
(7/12/99): extremely faint, very small, round, 15" diameter. Apparently I only viewed the center of
this elongated galaxy through thin clouds. Located 1' W of a mag 14 star. At moments I suspected a marginal glow close north which
might have been NGC 5896. Located
11' SSE of mag 6 SAO 45445.
17.5"
(5/2/92): extremely faint, small, very elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE. A mag 14 star is 1.1' E of center. Forms a pair with NGC 5893 4.2' SW. NGC 5896 is 1.0' N (not seen).
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 5895, along with NGC 5896, on 23 May 1854 while observing NGC
5893 at Birr Castle. He noted
"about 3' nf [of NGC 5893] is a small nebula [NGC 5895], lE, vF with a
third vvF neb [NGC 5896] close north; I suspect the two novae to be connected,
as they are very close, and the n one exactly in a line with the axis of the
small one. 2 stars close sf the
novae, the f being vS." The
description and diagram clearly identifies the two small galaxies. The CGCG lists a single entry for NGC
5895 + 5896 with a combined magnitude of 15.5.
******************************
NGC 5896 = MCG
+07-31-044 = CGCG 221-042b = Holm 701c = PGC 54367
15 13 50.6 +42
01 27
V = 15.3; Size 0.2'x0.2'; Surf Br = 11.7
17.5"
(6/30/00): at 280x seen as an extremely small, faint glow, ²10"
diameter. Visible with averted
vision ~50% of the time just 1' N of NGC 5895.
17.5"
(7/12/99): this galaxy forms a double system with NGC 5895 and was only
suspected for moments 1' N and 1.3' NW of the mag 14 star just west of NGC
5895). The observation was only
marginal and probably viewed through thin clouds.
17.5"
(5/2/92): Not seen.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 5896, along with NGC 5895, on 23 May 1854 while observing NGC
5893 at Birr Castle. See notes for
NGC 5895.
******************************
NGC 5897 = ESO
582-SC2
15 17 24.3 -21
00 36
V = 8.6; Size 12.6'; Surf Br = 0.3
18"
(7/11/07): this low surface brightness globular was easily picked up 12.5x in
the 80mm finder as a small, faint, hazy knot. Excellent view at 225x in the 18" with 60-70 stars
resolved and a very weak concentration and no distinct core. At 325x, 90-100 stars were resolved
over an 11' diameter though the halo does not have a well defined edge so the
count is somewhat arbitrary. The
hazy background glow of unresolved star is quite lively and irregular in
surface brightness.
17.5"
(6/3/00): large, loose, globular, ~10' in diameter with only a weak
concentration and no core. At
280x, 60-70 stars are resolved in good moments of seeing and many appear to be
arranged in strings (two on the east side of the halo) emanating from the
central region. The extent of the
halo is ill-defined.
17.5"
(6/6/86): this is a low surface brightness globular of 10' diameter with little
concentration. Roughly circular
although the outline is irregular.
Well resolved into 50 stars at 286x over haze although NGC 5897 is too
large for a good view at high power.
About 5' NNE of center is a string of three mag 11.5, 12 and 14 stars
with a total length of 1.4'.
13.1"
(6/30/84): about two dozen faint stars resolved over irregular haze.
13.1"
(6/19/82): a number of faint stars resolved over a larger region of haze.
12x80 (6/30/84):
very faint but visible in the finder!
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5897 = H VI-19 = H VI-8 = h3596 on 25 Apr 1785 (sweep 209) and
recorded VI-8 as "a very close compressed cluster of stars, 8 or 9' in
diameter, extr rich, of an iR figure, a little E. The stars so small as hardly to be visible so accumulated in
the middle as to look nebulous."
There is nothing at his position, but Dreyer chronicles problems in the
sweep in his 1912 "Scientific Papers of William Herschel".
Harold Corwin
has an extensive discussion and argument that H VI-8 = NGC 5897. WH rediscovered this cluster a couple
of weeks later on 10 Mar 1785 (sweep 383) and recorded VI-19 as "A
beautiful L cluster of the most minute and most compressed stars
imaginable. Different sizes and a
faint red colour perceivable."
His position on this sweep was only 3' south of center.
******************************
NGC 5898 = ESO
514-002 = MCG -04-36-006 = UGCA 404 = LGG 398-001 = PGC 54625
15 18 13.6 -24
05 53
V = 11.4; Size 2.2'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.0
18"
(6/22/09): moderately bright, moderately large, irregularly round, 1.1'x1.0',
sharply concentrated with a small, very bright core. First in a trio with NGC 5903 5.5' ENE and ESO 514-003 5.3'
ESE.
18"
(6/17/04): moderately bright, moderately large, 1.2'x1.0', sharply concentrated
with an intense 20" core.
Forms a similar close pair with NGC 5903 5.5' ENE.
13.1"
(7/5/83): moderately bright, small, round, gradually increases to a small
bright nucleus. Forms a close pair
with similar NGC 5903 5.5' ENE.
8"
(7/5/83): faint, small, round.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5898 = H III-138 = h3597, along with NGC 5903, on 21 May 1784
(sweep 222) and recorded both as "Two, vF, R nebula, not vS, about 7'
distance from each other and nearly in the same parallel." JH made the single observation
"pB; R; pgbM; 15"."
An accurate position is given in the IC 2 notes based on a micrometric
measurement by Cerulli (AN 3315).
******************************
NGC 5899 = UGC
9789 = MCG +07-31-045 = CGCG 221-043 = PGC 54428
15 15 03.2 +42
02 58
V = 11.7; Size 3.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 18d
17.5"
(7/12/99): moderately bright, very elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE, ~2.5'x0.8'. Gradually increases to a bright,
elongated core. Embedded in the
core is a brighter quasi-stellar nucleus.
Follows a string of three stars including a mag 10.5 star 3.3' NW and two
mag 12/14 stars. Just off the edge
of the field is mag 6 SAO 45445 situated 12' NW. Brightest in a group with NGC 5893 and NGC 5895/96.
17.5"
(5/2/92): brightest in a group with NGC 5900 10' N, NGC 5893 17' WSW and NGC
5895/NGC 5896 12' WSW. Fairly
bright, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE, 3.0'x1.0', small bright
core. A knot or faint star is
embedded in the southern extension.
Forms the east vertex of a triangle with a mag 10 star 3.4' NW and a mag
11.5 star 3.8' W. Located 12' SE
of mag 6.1 SAO 45445 at the edge of the 220x field.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5899 = H II-650 = h1914 on 18 Mar 1787 (sweep 718) and recorded
"pB, E, near 2' l and 1/4' br."
His RA was 30 tsec to large.
On 9 Apr 1787 (sweep 725) he noted "pB almost cB, BNM." A 3rd observation on 12 Apr 1788 (sweep
831) states "pB, E, a pBN with faint branches about 1 1/2' long." JH
made two observations and measured an accurate RA. The observation at Birr Castle on 25 Apr 1849 mentions
"Dark space nf nucleus??"
The dark space is a gap between the core and the spiral arm on the north
following end of the galaxy.
******************************
NGC 5900 = UGC
9790 = MCG +07-31-046 = CGCG 221-044 = Holm 702a = PGC 54431
15 15 05.0 +42
12 34
V = 14.0; Size 1.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 131d
17.5"
(5/2/92): very faint, small, elongated 5:2 NW-SE, weak concentration. Located 9.7' N of NGC 5899 and 10.3'
ENE of mag 6.1 SAO 45445.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5900 = H III-660 = h1915 on 9 Apr 1787 (sweep 725) and noted
"eF, cS." JH made two
observations and measured a fairly accurate position. See NGC 5901.
******************************
NGC 5901
15 15 02.3 +42
13 45
=* 1' north of
NGC 5900, HC and RNGC.
R.J. Mitchell,
LdR's assistant, discovered NGC 5901 on 23 May 1854 while observing NGC 5900.
He recorded "Found 2 neb close ns.
I believe the s one, which is vF, vlEns, lbM to be h's. The neb n of it is not vS, but
eF." There is only a single
galaxy here (assuming he found the correct field), though 1.3' north is a mag
15.5-16 star, which Harold Corwin and the RNGC identify as NGC 5901.
******************************
NGC 5902 = MCG
+08-28-011 = CGCG 274-035 = PGC 54394
15 14 22.2 +50
19 49
V = 13.9; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.9
17.5"
(5/23/87): fairly faint, round, small, bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5902 = H III-737 on 1 May 1788 (sweep 840) and recorded
"vF, vS, stellar." CH's
reduction is 0.2 min of RA east and 3' south of CGCG 274-035 = PGC 54394.
******************************
NGC 5903 = ESO
514-004 = MCG -04-36-008 = UGCA 405 = LGG 398-003 = PGC 54646
15 18 36.5 -24
04 07
V = 11.2; Size 2.7'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 165d
18"
(6/22/09): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 ~N-S, 1.1'x0.8',
contains a bright core that gradually increases to the center, faint stellar
nucleus. A mag 12.3 star is off
the NW side, 1.5' from center. Forms a trio with NGC 5898 5.5' SW and ESO
515-003 3.1' S.
18"
(6/17/04): moderately bright, moderately large, 1.2'x1.0', well-concentrated
with a bright 20" core.
Slightly fainter than NGC 5898 5.5' SW.
13.1"
(7/5/83): moderately bright, small, round. Appears similar to NGC 5898 5.5' SW but slightly larger.
8"
(7/5/83): very faint, round, nice pair with NGC 5898.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5903 = H III-139 = h3598, along with NGC 5898, on 21 May 1784
(sweep 222) and recorded both as "Two, vF, R nebula, not vS, about 7'
distance from each other and nearly in the same parallel." JH logged "B; R; pgbM;
20"." Vincenzo Cerulli measured
an accurate micrometric position although Dreyer didn't publish his corrected
position in the IC II notes.
******************************
NGC 5904 = M5
15 18 33.7 +02
04 58
V = 5.7; Size 17.4'; Surf Br = 0.1
18"
(7/26/06): at 435x the cluster overfills the field and the intense 3.5' core is
resolved to the center. The core
has two easily resolved parallel star lanes oriented E-W that cross the core on
the north and south sides and an extremely dense knot of stars is resolved on
the west side of the northern lane.
17.5"
(5/10/86): very bright, very large, extremely dense, edge-to-edge resolution of
several hundred stars across 22' field (not possible to count), many stars
arranged in arcs and streamers.
Strong even concentration to a large very bright core. Third best globular cluster from
northern California (5th brightest integrated magnitude) and can be glimpsed
naked-eye in as a small fuzzy glow in dark skies. Located 22' NW of 5 Serpentis (·1930 = 5.2/10.2 at 11")
and the star is more prominent than the globular.
13.1":
spectacular resolution of several hundred stars from the outer halo to the
core, rows of long streamers.
8": very
high resolution of large, intense outer halo, many stars at edge of small core.
Naked-eye
(7/26/06): M5 was just visible naked-eye but the nearby mag 5 star (5 Ser)
detracts from the observation. The
globular appears as a faint, very small fuzzy glow close NW of the star.
Naked-eye
(1/21/12): confirmed naked-eye from Mauna Kea visitor center though the nearby
mag 5 star is much more prominent.
Gottfried and
Maria Kirch discovered M5 = NGC 5904 = h1916 on 5 May 1702. The diary of Maria (translated by
Leos Ondra) mentions "By such searching [for the comet then visible] my
husband found by this with just this 3 Sch. tube, high over Mu [Serpentis] a
nebulous light, it had many other fine stars around it, but one stood
particularly by the tube above it about thus: [sketch follows]." Charles Messier made an
independent discovery on 23 May 1764.
WH's first
observation using his 6.2-inch (7-ft telescope) was on 4 Mar 1783: "It
consists of stars; they are however so small that I can but just perceive some,
and suspect others. 1810 (power?), the globular figure is visible." On 5 May 1785 (sweep 409) he recorded,
"a very compressed very beautiful, and large cluster of small stars of various
sizes, and of a red colour. For
about 2 or 2.5' they are extremely compressed in the center; and the pretty
regularly scattered stars extend to about 7 or 8' diam." Then there are besides many more
irregularly scattered at a greater distance; especially one branch, which
extends in a direction of about 15 or 20 degrees sp and some of the stars of
this branch are rather larger than the rest." On 24 Feb 1787, he logged "The most beautiful, extremely
compressed cl of small stars; the greatest part of them gathered together into
one brilliant nucleus; evidently consisting of stars, surrounded with many
detached gathering stars of the same size and colour."
******************************
NGC 5905 = UGC
9797 = MCG +09-25-038 = CGCG 274-036 = LGG 395-003 = PGC 54445
15 15 23.3 +55
31 02
V = 11.7; Size 4.0'x2.6'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 135d
17.5"
(5/23/87): moderately bright, moderately large, bright core, elongated 3:2
NW-SE. A mag 14 star lies 1.6' E
of center. NGC 5908 lies 12' SE.
13"
(6/4/83): fairly faint, moderately large, slightly elongated ~N-S, diffuse halo
increases to brighter core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5905 = H II-758 on 5 May 1788 (sweep 842) and logged " pF,
pS, iR." His position (offset
from another galaxy) is 42 sec of RA too far west. NGC 5905 and 5908 were observed at Birr Castle on 13 Apr
1850 and assumed to be novae, so JH assigned a separate GC designation
(4084). Dreyer combined the two GC
designations in the NGC and provided an accurate position from d'Arrest.
******************************
NGC 5906 = Part
of NGC 5907 = UGC 9801 = MCG +09-25-040 = CGCG 274-038 = CGCG 297-010 = Holm
704a = FGC 1875 = LGG 396-003 = Splinter Galaxy = PGC 54470
15 15 52.1 +56
19 48
48"
(4/21/17): at 375x; a sharply defined dust lane slices through the central
region of NGC 5907, creating two asymmetric sections with the thin, brighter
core section on the eastern side.
An easily visible glow is on the western side of the dust lane (catalogued
separatedly as NGC 5906), though it has a much lower surface brightness.
24"
(7/8/13): A thin dust lane on the preceding side of the core of the showpiece
edge-on NGC 5907 can be traced at least 5'. NGC 5906 is a thin, low surface brightness strip of the
galaxy, parallel to the major axis, that is visible on the west side of the
dust lane.
In 1850, Lord
Rosse (or an assistant) sketched this part of the galaxy (with an embedded
star) extending parallel to the main, brighter eastern side.
George Johnstone
Stoney, LdR's assistant, discovered NGC 5906 on 13 Apr 1850. He described NGC 5907 as a "very
remarkable ray, 12' or 15' long,..., a longitudinal split p[receding]
nucleus." NGC 5906 refers to
the faint slice of the galaxy on the west side of the dust lane, which was
shown on his field sketch.
******************************
NGC 5907 =
Splinter Galaxy = NGC 5906 = UGC 9801 = MCG +09-25-040 = CGCG 274-038 = CGCG
297-010 = Holm 704a = FGC 1875 = LGG 396-003 = PGC 54470
15 15 53.3 +56
19 44
V = 10.3; Size 12.6'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 155d
48"
(4/21/17): at 375x; huge showpiece splinter extending 10' to 12' NW-SE and
~0.8' wide. The central
2'lenth core region is very bright
and contains a slightly brighter nucleus.
The outer extensions have a lower, irregular surface brightness and
appear patchy. A sharply defined
dust lane slices through the central region, creating two asymmetric sections
with the thin, brighter core section on the eastern side. An easily visible glow is on the
western side of the dust lane (catalogued separatedly as NGC 5906), though it
has a much lower surface brightness.
A mag 14 star is 1' W of the core.
Overall, the view was very comparable to the DSS2 image.
24"
(7/8/13): this showpiece edge-on contains a very bright, large, thin extended
core but no well defined nucleus.
The galaxy nearly fills the 15' field at 280x, extending ~12'x1', with a
patchy surface brightness towards the tips. A thin dust lane on the preceding side of the core can be
traced at least 5'. A thin, low
surface brightness strip (catalogued as NGC 5906) is visible on the west side
of the dust lane.
18"
(6/17/06): extremely large edge-on, roughly 12:1 NNW-SSE, ~10'x0.8', broadly
concentrated to a brighter core but with no discernible nucleus. The 2' central core region is mottled
with a couple of brighter spots and the extensions are also irregular in
surface brightness. There appears
to be a dust lane running along the western edge of the galaxy. A mag 14 star is just preceding the
core.
17.5"
(6/6/86): fairly bright, extremely large edge-on 9:1 NNW-SSE, extends to
roughly 13'x1.5'. Contains a
bright core increasing to a near stellar nucleus. A mag 14 star lies 1.1' W of center.
13"
(6/18/85): very large, very elongated, narrow streak, bright core, faint star
is west of the core.
8"
(6/5/81): impressive, needle-like streak.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5907 = H II-759 = h1917 on 5 May 1788 (sweep 842) and recorded
"pB; 8 or 10' long, 1.5' or 2' broad, FNM." On sweep 347, JH logged "B; a superb ray nebula, at least
7.5' long and narrow, pos = 159.9¡ by meas; at first vgb, then psmbM."
George Stoney
was the first to note the dust lane on 13 Apr 1850 at Birr Castle. He noted "a longitudinal split
preceding nucleus." and a faint star was sketched within the portion to
the west of the dust lane. The dust lane was confirmed on 13 Apr 1855. On 23 Apr 1860, Samuel Hunter described
"south-preceding nucleus there is a dark space with vF neby beyond, &
south-following nucleus is rather dark with a portion much brighter beyond,
then another dark space and again neby." The faint portion of the galaxy preceding the dust lane was
catalogued as GC 4086 = NGC 5906.
******************************
NGC 5908 = UGC
9805 = MCG +09-25-041 = CGCG 274-039 = LGG 395-004 = PGC 54522
15 16 43.4 +55
24 34
V = 11.8; Size 3.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 154d
17.5"
(5/23/87): moderately bright, fairly small, very elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE,
2.5'x1', weak concentration. A mag
11 star lies 3.4' NW of center on a line parallel with the major axis. Forms an interesting pair with NGC 5905
12' NW.
13"
(6/4/83): fairly bright, fairly small, edge-on, brighter along major axis. Forms a pair with NGC 5905.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5908 = H II-760 on 5 May 1788 (sweep 842) and logged "pF,
pS, R." His RA is 1.0 min too small, though his positions are
systematically offset too far west on the sweep (poor position for the offset
"galaxy").
******************************
NGC 5909 = UGC
9778 = MCG +13-11-010 = CGCG 354-021 = Holm 703b = PGC 54223
15 11 28.1 +75 23
02
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 52d
17.5"
(6/18/93): faint, small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE. A mag 13.5 star is 1.3' W of center. Forms a very close pair with NGC 5912
48" E of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5909 = H III-943 on 12 Dec 1797 (sweep 1070) and recorded
"Two, both vF and vS. The
place is that of the last [NGC 5912].
The first [NGC 5909] precedes it at the distance of about 1 1/2' and is
in the same parallel. 320 showed
the same. r." CH's reduced
position is 1.5' south of this pair of galaxies.
The declination
for NGC 5912 and 5909 in the UGC, CGCG, RNGC and the first edition of the
Uranometria 2000 atlas is 14' too far south.
******************************
NGC 5910 = HCG
74A = VV 139a = MCG +04-36-035 = CGCG 135-045 = PGC 54689
15 19 24.7 +20
53 47
V = 13.6; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9
24"
(7/18/17): NGC 5910 is a triple system consisting of HCG 74A (middle), 74B
(south) and 74C (northeast). The
main galaxy appeared fairly faint, fairly small, round, 20" diameter,
slightly brighter nucleus. HCG
74B, just 20" SE at the edge of the halo, appeared faint (visible
continuously), very small, round, 10"-12" diameter. HCG 74C, only 18" separation at
the NE edge of the halo, appeared very faint, extremely small, round, 6"
diameter. The combined glow
of the three galaxies spanned ~50" SSW-NNE. HCG 75D is 1.8' S and appeared very faint, extremely small,
round, 8" diameter. A mag
14.5/14.5 double [18" separation] is 1' W.
18"
(8/4/05): at first glace this appeared to be a fairly faint, fairly small glow,
elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 0.6'x0.3', with a knotty appearance and brighter on the
north end. With careful viewing at
225x, this glow was resolved into two nearly tangent knots. The larger and much brighter glow at
the north end was HCG 74A and appeared fairly faint, small, round, 25"
diameter. Barely off the SSW end
was a nearly stellar knot, HCG 74B. A close pair of mag 14-14.5 stars that are
collinear with the galaxy is just 1.3' W and two mag 11 stars to the north are
also collinear with the galaxy.
HCG 75 lies just 35' NE!
17.5"
(7/8/94): brightest member of HCG 74.
Fairly faint, small, round, 30" diameter, weak concentration. The observation is confused by a
companion (HCG 74B) that is attached at the SSW end, just 20" between
centers. HCG 74B popped into view
with averted vision and looked like a knot at the edge. A faint mag 14/14 double star close
west is collinear and a mag 13 star is 3' WSW. UGC 9813 lies 8.0' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5910 = H II-400 on 13 Apr 1785 (sweep 399) and noted "F,
pL, easily resolvable." On 28
Apr 1788 (sweep 835) he logged "eF, vS, may be a few stars." He position is pretty accurate,
though. Neither JH nor d'Arrest
made an observation of this galaxy (brightest in HCG 74).
******************************
NGC 5911 = MCG
+01-39-019 = CGCG 049-133 = KTG 60A = PGC 54731
15 20 18.2 +03
31 06
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x0.7'; PA = 47d
24"
(5/11/13): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 SW-NE, 30"x24",
small brighter core. Brightest in
the KTG 60 trio with CGCG 49-134 1.6' NE and CGCG 49-135 6' SSE. A mag 12 star and three mag 14 stars in
a group is ~3' E.
17.5"
(7/8/94): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 40" diameter, moderate even
concentration to a small bright core, occasional stellar nucleus. Four stars in an elongated kite
asterism follow by about 3'. Forms
a close pair with an extremely faint companion CGCG 049-134 1.5' NE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5911 = St XI-32 on 5 Jun 1880 His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5912 = MCG
+13-11-011 = CGCG 354-022 = Holm 703a = PGC 54237
15 11 41.3 +75
23 05
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.8'
17.5"
(6/18/93): slightly brighter of pair with NGC 5909 just 48" W. Fairly faint, fairly small, round,
45" diameter, bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5912 = H III-944 on 12 Dec 1797 (sweep 1070) and recorded
"Two, both vF and vS. The
place is that of the last [NGC 5912].
The first [NGC 5909] precedes it at the distance of about 1 1/2' and is
in the same parallel. 320 showed
the same. r." CH's reduced
position is 1.5' south of this pair of galaxies.
The declination
for NGC 5912 and 5909 in the UGC, CGCG, RNGC and the first edition of the
Uranometria 2000 atlas is 14' too far south.
******************************
NGC 5913 = UGC
9818 = MCG +00-39-021 = CGCG 021-079 = PGC 54761
15 20 55.4 -02
34 40
V = 13.2; Size 1.6'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 168d
17.5"
(7/9/94): faint, moderately large, low irregular surface brightness. Poorly defined edge makes shape
difficult to clearly determine but appears elongated 4:3 roughly N-S. Halo increases with averted to
1.4'x1.1'. A mag 14 star is 1.7' E
of center. Located 10' SSE of mag
6.4 SAO 140473.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5913 = H III-374 = h1918 = h3599 on 14 Apr 1785 (sweep 400) and
recorded "eF, pL, r."
His position is at the north edge of UGC 9818. From the Cape of Good Hope, JH logged "vF; lE; gbM;
25" l, 20" br."
******************************
NGC 5914 = MCG
+07-31-055 = CGCG 221-051 = CGCG 221-001 = Holm 706a = PGC 57792
15 18 43.7 +41
51 56
V = 14.3; Size 0.8'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 165d
17.5"
(7/15/93): faint, small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, 0.5'x0.3', very small bright
core, stellar nucleus. Located 11'
NNW of mag 7.9 SAO 45483. NGC
5914B (double system), just 1.5' N, was not seen.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5914 = St XII-71 on 16 May 1882. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5915 = MCG
-02-39-019 = UGCA 407 = PGC 54816
15 21 33.2 -13
05 32
V = 12.3; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.0
18"
(6/17/04): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 4:3 NW-SE. Contains a bright, sharply
concentrated, 20" core. A
faint star is embedded on the south side of the halo (34" from
center). Brightest in a trio with
NGC 5916 4.5' SSE and NGC 5916A.
17.5"
(5/30/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 1.0'x0.7', brighter
along the major axis but halo appears rounder. A mag 15 star is at the south edge 33" from center and
a mag 12.5 star is 2.1' NE. Forms
a pair with NGC 5916 4.5' SSE.
13"
(6/4/83): fairly faint, small, fairly compact, round, slightly brighter core.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5915 = h3600, along with NGC 5916, on 5 Jun 1836 and recorded
"B; S; R; glbM; 15". The preceding of 2." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 5916 = MCG
-02-39-020 = PGC 54825
15 21 37.9 -13
10 09
V = 13.1; Size 2.8'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 15d
18"
(6/17/04): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 1.3'x0.6'. Broad concentration to a slightly
brighter, irregularly round 25" core. The outer halo has a pretty low surface brightness. In a
trio with slightly brighter NGC 5915 4.7' WNW and much fainter NGC 5916A 7' NW.
NGC 5916A
appeared very faint, very elongated 3:1 NW-SE, 1.0'x0.3', low even surface
brightness. A mag 12 star on the
NW edge of the galaxy hampers the view!
17.5"
(5/30/92): very faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 N-S, low even surface
brightness. The major axis is
elongated at a right angle to NGC 5915 located 4.5' WNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5916 = h3601, along with NGC 5915, on 5 Jun 1836 and recorded
"F; lE; glbM; 25". The
following of 2." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5917 = Arp
254N = MCG -01-39-002 = PGC 54809
15 21 32.6 -07
22 39
V = 13.7; Size 1.8'x1.0'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 70d
17.5"
(7/9/94): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 WSW-ENE, brighter
along the major axis. A mag 15
star is just off the SW edge.
Forms an interacting pair (Arp 254) with MCG -01-39-003 4.2' S. Located 4' NNE of a mag 10 star.
MCG -01-39-003
(nicknamed the "Hooked Galaxy") appeared faint, small, slightly
elongated, weak concentration. A
mag 10 star is 1.8' ESE. On deep
images MCG -01-39-003 has two tidal tails, with a long one stretching north
about 2/3 of the way to NGC 5917 and then hooking east at the end.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5917 = h3602 on 16 Jul 1835 and recorded "eF; S; psbM;
10"." His single
position is 1' too far north.
Supernova SN
2005cf exploded in the vicinity of the bridge connecting NGC 5917 and MCG
-01-39-003 in May 2005.
******************************
NGC 5918 = UGC
9817 = MCG +08-28-017 = CGCG 249-016 = PGC 54690
15 19 25.3 +45
52 48
V = 13.2; Size 1.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 85d
17.5"
(7/15/93): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 E-W,1.4'x0.7', weak
concentration. A nice unequal
double star (mag 10.5/13) at 16" separation is 2.8' SSW of center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5918 = h1920 on 26 Apr 1830 and recorded "pB; pmE; vglbM;
60" long, 40" broad."
The next sweep he logged "vF; L; mE; vlbM; north of a double
star." His mean position is just off the west edge of UGC 9817.
******************************
NGC 5919 = MCG
+01-39-020 NED5 = CGCG 049-142 NED3 = WBL 564-002 = PGC 54812
15 21 36.9 +07
43 10
V = 14.6; Size 0.6'x0.4'
24"
(6/23/17): at 375x; faint, small, roundish, 15" diameter, low surface
brightness and surprisingly faint for an NGC galaxy. Several nearby companions were identified with careful
viewing -
CGCG 049-144,
1.2' ENE of NGC 5919, appeared very faint, extremely small, round, only
6"-8" diameter.
PGC 54838, 1.6'
NNW of NGC 5919, appeared faint, small, round, 12"-15" diameter, 15th
mag stars are 0.8' SSW and 0.8' NNW.
2MASX J15213154+0744254,
1.9' NW of NGC 5919, appeared extremely faint, very small, round, 10"
diameter.
2MASX
J15213639+0744209, 1.2' N of NGC 5919, appeared extremely faint (V = 16.1) and
small, round, 9" diameter.
Only occasionally pops with averted vision but sighting repeated several
times.
2MASX
J15213619+0742369, 0.6' S of NGC 5919, was extremely faint and small, only
occasionally glimpsed close south of NGC 5919 [34" between centers].
17.5"
(7/9/94): extremely faint, small, round, 0.3' diameter, very low even surface
brightness. Requires averted
vision to glimpse although appears to "grow" in size close to 1.0'
diameter. On continued
observation, the galaxy resolves into a second and possibly a third member very
close that pops into view momentarily.
It was very difficult, though, to view these simultaneously. One of these glows might be CGCG
049-144, which is 1.2' ENE of NGC 5919.
Forms a group (MKW 3s) along with brighter NGC 5920 4' ESE. The POSS reveals six faint galaxies
within 2' of this galaxy! Member
of AGC 2063.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5919 = Sw VI-77, along with NGC 5920, on 30 Mar 1887 and
recorded "eeF; pS; lE; wide double star near, e difficult; np of
2." His position is 10 sec of
time west of CGCG 049-142/144 = PGC 54826. There are at least 6 small nearby galaxies near his position
so this identification is not certain, but this is the brightest single galaxy
north-preceding NGC 5920 = UGC 9822.
Harold Corwin came to the same conclusion regarding the identifications
(personal e-mail on 27 Sep 1994).
******************************
NGC 5920 = UGC
9822 = CGCG 049-145 = WBL 564-004 = PGC 54839
15 21 51.8 +07
42 32
V = 13.6; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.4
24"
(6/23/17): at 375x; faint to fairly faint, moderately large, slightly elongated
~5:4, ~40"x32".
Exhibited a broad weak concentration with a slight brighter, but
ill-defined core. Situated 10' SW
of mag 8.7 HD 136797. NGC 5920 is
the brightest of at least 7 galaxies within 5.4'!
PGC 54838,
situated 1.6' N, appeared faint (V = 15.2), small, round, 12"-15"
diameter, 15th mag stars are 0.8' SSW and 0.8' NNW.
17.5"
(7/9/94): very faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter, very low surface
brightness with a very slight concentration. Located between a mag 14 star off NW edge 1.1' from center
and a mag 15 star just off the SE edge.
Two mag 10/11 stars lie 4.5' SSW and 3.3' SSW, respectively. This galaxy is the brightest in cluster
AGC 2063 with NGC 5919 3' W.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5920 = Sw VI-78, along with NGC 5919, on 30 Mar 1887 and
recorded "eeF; pS; lE; ee diff; sf of 2 [with NGC 5919]." His position matches UGC 9822 though
UGC doesn't label this galaxy as N5920. NGC 5920 is the brightest in a group (MKW 3s) of about
10 galaxies. See notes on NGC
5919.
******************************
NGC 5921 = UGC
9824 = MCG +01-39-021 = CGCG 049-146 = PGC 54849
15 21 56.5 +05
04 14
V = 10.8; Size 4.9'x4.0'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 130d
24"
(7/25/14): at 260x, this multi-armed barred spiral appeared bright, fairly
large, elongated 3:2 ~N-S, sharply concentrated with a striking, very bright
core. A slightly brighter bar
(fairly low contrast) extends SSW to NNE.
The very beginning of a spiral arm is evident as an elongated glow at
the north end of the bar, extending a very short distance to the
northwest. The view was improved
at 385x with a strong hint of a second spiral arm beginning at the south end of
the bar and starting to bend east. Contains a bright, sharp stellar nucleus. A mag 10 star is 3' SE and a mag 12
star is at the southwest edge.
17.5"
(7/16/93): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 3:2 N-S, 2.0'x1.4', small
bright core dominates, stellar nucleus.
Located 2.9' WNW of a mag 9.5 star. A mag 12 star is just at the SW edge 1.1' from center. This star is at the end of a distinctive
arc of four mag 11-12 stars leading to the galaxy on the south side.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5921 = H I-148 = h1919 on 1 May 1786 (sweep 561) and recorded
"cB, cL, bM, iR. Stars
scattered over and about it; not belonging to it." His position is accurate. On 17 Apr 1855, LdR's assistant R.J.
Mitchell, logged "suspect spiral like an 'S'. Mr J Stoney saw the np branch with considerable certainty,
the sf one not so sure."
A photograph
(3-hour exposure) with the Crossley reflector was included in the October 1912
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. Curtis described NGC
5921 as a "very interesting spiral.
Fairly strong nucleus, about which is an oval 1.8' long, whose longer
axis is crossed by a straight lane of matter; from the ends of this oval spring
the two main whorls of the spiral; other fainter whorls are visible."
******************************
NGC 5922 = NGC
5923: = UGC 9823 = MCG +07-32-001 = CGCG 221-052 = CGCG 222-002 = Holm 707a =
PGC 54780
15 21 14.2 +41
43 33
See observation
of NGC 5923.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5922 = H III-661 = h1921 on 9 Apr 1787 (sweep 725) and logged
"eF, S." His position is
6' south and 10 sec of RA east of UGC 9823 - a comparable offset to several
previous objects in the sweep.
Because of WH's poor position and perhaps the comment "small",
JH assumed he discovered the galaxy and reported h1921 as a "Nova" at
the correct position. So, NGC 5922
= NGC 5923. RNGC classifies this
number as a star.
JH discovered
h1922 on 6 May 1828, though he assumed it was his father's H III-661. No measured RA is given (just WH's
rough RA) and the declination is 4' south of NGC 5923. Close to JH's offset in declination is
a 17" pair of mag 16 stars, and JH possibly glimpsed these stars (he gave
no description).
******************************
NGC 5923 = NGC
5922: = UGC 9823 = MCG +07-32-001 = CGCG 221-052 = CGCG 222-002 = Holm 707a =
PGC 54780
15 21 14.2 +41
43 33
V = 13.1; Size 1.8'x1.8'; Surf Br = 14.2
17.5"
(7/15/93): faint, moderately large, round, 1.5' diameter, low surface
brightness, broad weak concentration.
John Herschel
found NGC 5923 = h1921 on 6 May 1828 and logged "F; pL; lE;
vgbM." JH made a total of 4
observations (including sweep 151), with size estimates of 40" and 60". Because of his father's poor position
for NGC 5922 = H III-661, he assumed his observation was new and reported it as
a "Nova". So, NGC 5922 =
NGC 5923. By historical
precedence, the primary designation should be NGC 5922, but this galaxy is
known as NGC 5923 due to the unambiguous position.
On sweep 151, he
also made an observation of what he assumed was H III-661 at ~4' south of the
NGC 5923. Close to this position
is a 17" pair of 16 mag stars.
This is perhaps what JH took for H III-661, though there is no
description and perhaps h1922 is just a empty placeholder for his father's
number. See Corwin's
identification notes for more.
******************************
NGC 5924 = MCG
+05-36-015 = CGCG 165-043 = PGC 54850
15 22 02.0 +31
13 58
V = 14.5; Size 0.8'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 15d
17.5"
(7/3/97): very faint, very small, slightly elongated ~N-S, 0.4'x0.3' (outer
arms not viewed). A mag 14.5 star
at the SSE edge confuses the observation as it is similar in brightness to the
galaxy. Nearly collinear with
three mag 13-14 stars between 4' and 6.5' SE. MCG +05-36-026 (brightest galaxy in AGC 2067 - Corona
Borealis supercluster) lies 25' E.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5924 = St XII-72 on 10 Jun 1882 . His position and description matches CGCG 165-043 = PGC
54850.
******************************
NGC 5925 = Cr
291 = ESO 177-SC006
15 27 27 -54 31
42
Size 15'
22"
(6/28/06 - Hawaii): at 110x appears as a large, fairly rich cluster of ~150
stars mag 11 to 14 in a 25'x12' group (roughly rectangular) elongated SSW to
NNE. Not concentrated and without
any distinctive rich clumps, though many stars forming small subgroups. Situated in a rich region of the Milky
Way and not distinguishable at moderate power but fairly detached using low
power.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5925 = h3603 on 28 Jul 1826 and recorded "a most numerous
and beautiful milky way group or cluster covering a space of 1.5 or 2 fields
diameter (20' or 30') entirely composed of double and triple stars, and
distinct groups of 4 or 5 nearly of a size (10th and 11th mag) on a black
ground. Perhaps 100 or 150 stars in field." The next night he logged "a remarkable cluster, 20'
diameter, R, very discrete, and composed of small groups of 2, 3, 4 stars,
chiefly 11, 12 and 13th mag, sufficiently insulated from the rest of the pretty
rich neighbourhood to be considered a cluster."
JH credited
James Dunlop with the discovery (D 357), but Dunlop's position is a much better
fit with NGC 5593 and an hour off in time from NGC 5925. Dreyer associated D 357 with both NGC
5593 and NGC 5925 in the NGC, so there was clearly some confusion.
******************************
NGC 5926 = MCG
+02-39-026 = CGCG 077-109 = VIII Zw 468 = Holm 708a = Mrk 853 = PGC 54950
15 23 24.9 +12
42 55
V = 13.5; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(7/9/94): fairly faint, small, round, 0.5' diameter, even concentration to a
bright core, fairly high surface brightness. A mag 15 star is 1' ESE. Forms a right angle with a mag 9.5 star 2.5' WNW and a mag
12.5 star 2.2' SSW. Located 17' NE
of 17 Serpentis (V = 6.3).
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5926 = Sw I-44 on 15 Jun 1884 and recorded "F; vS; forms a
right angle triangle with 2 stars."
His position is 30 sec of time too large, but his description is a
perfect match. Herbert Howe
measured an accurate position with the 20-inch refractor in Denver (repeated in
the IC 2 Notes).
******************************
NGC 5927 = ESO
224-SC4
15 28 00.4 -50
40 22
V = 8.0; Size 12.0'; Surf Br = 1.4
18" (7/4/05
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 128x, this fairly bright globular is
fairly large, roundish, ~6' diameter.
Broadly concentrated to a 3' core that brightens slightly to the
center. Within the halo and
scattered just outside the periphery of the ragged halo are two dozen faint
stars, though it was difficult to clearly distinguish these outliers from the
uniformly rich star field that surrounds the globular. At 228x, at least three dozen mag
14-15.5 stars are resolved and the core is very lively and granulated and I had
the strong impression that it was on the verge of more extensive
resolution. A mag 10 star lies
4.5' due south of center with a mag 11 star 3' NW. The halo extends to nearly the line connecting these two
stars. Forms a pair with globular NGC 5946 just over a degree following within
Norma.
8" (7/13/91
- Southern Baja): moderately bright, fairly small, 4' diameter, round,
gradually increases to bright core, lively but no resolved. Fainter gc NGC 5946 is 70' E. Viewed at only 14¡ elevation from Baja.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 5927 = D 389 = h3604 on 8 May 1826 and describing it (based on 8
observations) as "a very fine round pretty bright nebula, about 3'
diameter, gradually brighter towards the centre, and well defined at the
margin: this is resolvable. With a power of 260 it has a beautiful globular
appearance. The stars are considerably scattered on the south side." JH described it on 7 Jul 1834 as "globular, B, L, R, gbM,
diam in RA = 16 seconds. Comes up to a bright blaze in middle. Resolved by left
eye. Stars 17th mag." On a
later sweep he called it "globular, pB, fine highly condensed, vgbM, 3'
diameter, clearly resolved. I see all the stars (15th mag) well."
******************************
NGC 5928 = UGC
9847 = MCG +03-39-027 = CGCG 106-042 = PGC 55072
15 26 02.9 +18
04 25
V = 12.2; Size 2.2'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 105d
17.5"
(5/30/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 ~E-W, small bright
core. Located 6.0' SSW of mag 7.8
SAO 101554. Forms a pair with UGC
9841 14' NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5928 = H II-874 = h1923 on 24 May 1791 (sweep 1006) and recorded
"pB, pL, vgmbM, iR." JH
made the single observation "pB; S; R; psbM; a * 7.8m, 6' north." and
measured a fairly accurate position.
In the IC 1 Notes section, Dreyer mentions this galaxy is possibly M102.
******************************
NGC 5929 = Arp
90 NED1 = UGC 9851 = MCG +07-32-006 = CGCG 222-007w = I Zw 112 NED1 = VV 823
NED1 = Holm 710b = LGG 399-004 = PGC 55076
15 26 06.1 +41
40 14
V = 13.6; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3
18"
(5/3/08): this is the southwest member of a contact, interacting pair with
brighter NGC 5930. At 280x it
appeared moderately bright, small, round, 25" diameter, high surface
brightness, very small bright core, faint stellar nucleus. The pair is only 34" between
centers and barely resolved.
13.1"
(4/29/84): faint, very small, round, small bright nucleus. Forms a contact pair with NGC 5930
attached at the NE end 34" between centers.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5929 = h1924 on 13 May 1828 and recorded "the sp of 2 very
near constituting a double neb.
The fainter and smaller."
His description for h1925 = NGC 5930 reads "The nf [NGC 5930],
larger and brighter of a double neb.
Pos of the other [NGC 5929] 35¡ sp, dist about 15". Not described as double by my
Father." His single position
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5930 = Arp
90 NED2 = UGC 9852 = MCG +07-32-007 = CGCG 222-007 NED2 = I Zw 112 NED2 = VV
823 NED2 = Holm 710a = LGG 399-001 = PGC 55080
15 26 07.9 +41
40 34
V = 12.2; Size 1.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 163d
18"
(5/3/08): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE,
1.3'x0.6'. Contains a small,
bright round core. Interacting
pair (Arp 90) with NGC 5929 attached on the southwest side of the core.
13.1"
(4/29/84): fairly faint, slightly elongated, small bright nucleus. NGC 5929 is attached at the SW end with
just 34" separation between centers.
8"
(6/19/82): faint, small, diffuse, elongated SW-NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5930 = H II-651 = h1925 on 18 Mar 1787 (sweep 718) and noted
"F, pL, iF, easily resolvable."
JH made four observations and recorded on 13 May 1828 and recorded
"The nf [NGC 5930], larger and brighter of a double neb. Pos of the other [NGC 5929] 35¡ sp,
dist about 15". Not described
as double by my Father."
******************************
NGC 5931 = MCG
+01-39-023 = CGCG 049-180 = PGC 55233
15 29 29.5 +07
34 23
V = 14.0; Size 0.8'x0.4'; PA = 40d
24"
(6/13/15): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE, 0.5'x0.4',
weak concentration. A mag 12 star
is 1.9' W. Forms a pair with IC
1122 is 3' NW.
17.5"
(7/7/94): faint, small, round, 30" diameter, almost even surface
brightness. A mag 12 star is 1.5'
W and a mag 11 star is 3.4' SSE of center. NGC 5940 lies 28' ESE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5931 = Sw VI-81, along with NGC 5940, 5941, 5942 and 5944, on 19
Apr 1887. He noted "eF; pL;
R" and his position is just 4 sec of RA preceding CGCG 049-180 = PGC
55233. Barnard independently found
this galaxy on 15 May 1890 while searching for the asteroid Eucharis and called
it "vF, 13m neb, R, vgbM, 3/4' dia, a 11m star 1' p." Dreyer later assumed this was the same
as Bigourdan's IC 1122.
CGCG and MCG
mislabel NGC 5931 as IC 1122.
HyperLeda labels this galaxy as both NGC 5931 and IC 1122. But according to Thomson and Corwin, IC
1122 = Big. 192 is a very small and faint galaxy exactly where Bigourdan placed
it ~3' NW of NGC 5931. See Corwin's notes for more.
******************************
NGC 5932 = MCG
+08-28-033 = CGCG 249-023 = PGC 55109
15 26 48.2 +48
36 54
V = 14.1; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(7/15/93): faint, very small, round, small bright core, faint stellar
nucleus. Forms a pair with NGC
5933 2.2' E.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5932 = Sw VI-79, along with NGC 5933, on 21 Apr 1887 and
recorded "vF; pS; R; np of 2 [with NGC 5933]. His position is 8 sec of RA east and 2.6' north of CGCG
249-023 = PGC 55109.
******************************
NGC 5933 = MCG
+08-28-034 = CGCG 249-024 = PGC 55117
15 27 01.5 +48
36 48
V = 14.7; Size 0.5'x0.2'; PA = 25d
17.5"
(7/15/93): very faint, extremely small, round, faint stellar nucleus with
direct vision. A mag 15.5 star is
1' NE. Forms a pair with NGC 5932
2.5' W.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5933 = Sw VI-80, along with NGC 5932, on 21 Apr 1887 and
recorded "eeeF; vS; R; sf of 2 [with NGC 5932]. His position is 5 sec of RA east and 1.7' north of CGCG 249-024 = PGC 55117, but the
identifications are certain.
******************************
NGC 5934 = UGC
9862 = MCG +07-32-011 = CGCG 222-011 = I Zw 113 = PGC 55178
15 28 12.7 +42
55 47
V = 13.8; Size 0.6'x0.3'; Surf Br = 11.9; PA = 2d
24"
(7/28/16): at 375x; fairly faint or moderately bright, fairly small, oval 2:1
N-S, 0.6'x0.3', broad concentration.
There appears to be a very low surface brightness hazy extension off the
southwest side with averted vision (confirmed on the DSS and SDSS as a tidal
plume). Forms an interacting pair
with NGC 5935 1.1' NE. Located
6.5' NE of a mag 7.5 star (very wide pair with a mag 9.8 star). A mag 13/13.5 pair at ~20" is 2'
NW. In a group (distance ~250
million l.y. including NGC 5945 17' E and NGC 5943 19' SE
CGCG 222-012 =
PGC 55173 lies 4.8' N. It appeared
faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 WSW-ENE, 30"x15", low even surface
brightness (no core or zones). A
mag 14.3 star is at the north edge.
17.5"
(6/21/93): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 N-S, weak concentration. A mag 12.5 star is 1.9' E of
center. A closely matched mag
13/13.5 double star at 20" separation is 2' WNW. A wide unequal mag 7.6/9.7 pair at 41" separation lies
7' WSW. Forms a very close pair
with NGC 5935 1.1' NE. First in a
group of five including NGC 5945 16' E, NGC 5943 19' ESE, NGC 5947 and 29' ESE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5934 = St XI-33, along with NGC 5935, on 12 Jun 1880. His position is accurate. Harold Corwin notes that NGC 5935 is
misidentified in the UGC Notes (for NGC 5934 = UGC 9862) as "NGC
5934."
******************************
NGC 5935 = MCG
+07-32-013 = CGCG 222-013 = PGC 55183
15 28 16.6 +42
56 38
V = 14.2; Size 0.7'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 30d
24"
(7/28/16): at 375x; fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE,
30"x12", sharply concentrated with a very small or stellar
nucleus. Forms an interacting pair
with NGC 5934 1.1' SW. A mag 12.5
star is 1.2' SE. CGCG 222-012 is
4' NNW. In a group (WBL 569 and
WBL 572) that includes NGC 5945 16' E.
17.5"
(6/21/93): very faint, very small, slightly elongated SW-NE, very small
brighter core. A mag 13 star is
1.2' ESE. Forms a close pair with
NGC 5934 1' SW. Second in a group
of five galaxies with NGC 5945 16' E.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5935 = St XI-34, along with NGC 5934, on 12 Jun 1880. His position is accurate. Harold Corwin notes that NGC 5935 is
misidentified in the UGC Notes (for NGC 5934 = UGC 9862) as "NGC
5934."
******************************
NGC 5936 = UGC
9867 = MCG +02-39-030 = CGCG 077-137 = CGCG 078-001 = PGC 55255
15 30 00.8 +12
59 21
V = 12.5; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.0
13.1"
(6/4/83): fairly faint, fairly small, diffuse, almost even surface
brightness. Located 13' ESE of mag
7.1 SAO 101577.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5936 = H II-130 = Sf 24 on 12 Apr 1784 (sweep 190) and recorded
"F, not S, iF, resolvable."
There is nothing near his position, but 40 sec of RA east and 2' north
is UGC 9867, the only reasonably bright galaxy in the area. d'Arrest measured an accurate
micrometric position (in the NGC).
Truman Safford
found the galaxy again on 1 Jun 1866 with the 18.5-inch Clark refractor at the
Dearborn Observatory, assumed it was new, and included it in his 1887 discovery
list.
******************************
NGC 5937 = MCG
+00-40-001 = CGCG 022-002 = PGC 55281
15 30 46.2 -02
49 45
V = 12.3; Size 1.9'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 30d
17.5"
(7/7/94): moderately bright, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 1.2'x0.8', broad moderate
concentration although no distinct core.
An arc of four mag 11-13 stars curving N-S follows with the mag 11 star
3.4' NNE of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5937 = H II-401 = h1926 = h3606 on 14 Apr 1785 (sweep 400) and
recorded "pF, pL, vlbM, r, preceding 3 small stars that are in a
row." From the Cape of Good
Hope, JH logged "pB; S; R; gbM; 18"."
******************************
NGC 5938 = ESO
099-007 = PGC 55582
15 36 26.4 -66
51 37
V = 11.6; Size 2.8'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 177d
14" (4/2/16
- Coonabarabran, 160x): fairly faint, moderately large, oval 3:2 ~SSW-NNE,
1.0'x0.7'. Two stars are at
opposite ends of the galaxy; a mag 13.5 star is at the NNE edge and a mag 14.5
star is at the SSW edge. Also a
mag 12.5 star [7" double] is just off the south side and a 15th magnitude
star is superimposed. Situated in
a very rich Milky Way star field with a huge number of mag 13 and fainter stars! Located 33' S of mag 4.1 Epsilon
Triangulum Australe.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5938 = h3605 on 9 Jun 1836 and recorded "F, S, among a
crowd of milky way stars. No doubt
as to its nebulous character. All that is starry in the field is clearly resolved." His position from this single sweep
matches perfectly with ESO 099-007.
RNGC classifies
this number as an unverified southern object. As a result, it is not plotted on the first edition of the
Uranometria 2000.0 Atlas nor listed in the first edition of the Deep Sky Field
Guide.
******************************
NGC 5939 = UGC
9854 = MCG +12-15-007 = CGCG 338-008 = PGC 55022
15 24 46.0 +68
43 50
V = 13.0; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 11.9; PA = 35d
17.5"
(6/14/96): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 40"x25", even
surface brightness.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5939 = Sw I-45 on 11 Jul 1883 and noted "pB; lE;
pS." His position matches UGC
9854.
******************************
NGC 5940 = UGC
9876 = MCG +01-39-025 = CGCG 050-007 = Mrk 1511 = PGC 55295
15 31 18.0 +07
27 28
V = 13.4; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(7/7/94): faint, round, 45" diameter, weak concentration but no distinct
core. A mag 13.5 star is 1.3' WNW
of center. The HCG 76 quartet
(including NGC 5941, NGC 5942, NGC 5944) lies about 12' SE at the edge of the
225x field.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5940 = Sw VI-82, along with NGC 5941/42/44 on 19 Apr 1887 and
recorded "eF, pS, R, 1st of 4."
His position is 1.4' due north of UGC 9876.
******************************
NGC 5941 = HCG
76B = MCG +01-40-003 = CGCG 050-011e = PGC 55309
15 31 40.2 +07
20 20
V = 13.9; Size 0.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.7
48"
(5/20/17): at 375x; moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated,
0.4'x0.3', round, small bright core.
Forms a very close pair with HCG 76F 15" SW. The companion appeared faint, very
small, round, 10" diameter and was barely resolved off the southwest
side. NGC 5941 is one of the three
brightest members of HCG 76. HCG
76G, situated just 1.2' NW, appeared extremely to very faint, thin ghostly
streak with averted, ~8:1 NW-SE, ~40"x5", low even surface
brightness.
18"
(8/3/05): the brightest member of HCG 76 appeared faint, small, oval 4:3 SW-NE,
0.5'x0.35', contains a very small brighter core. Forms the northern vertex of a rectangular quartet with NGC
5942, NGC 5944 and MCG +01-40-002.
Although visually the brightest in the group, this galaxy does not
receive a NGC designation in any modern catalogue.
17.5"
(7/7/94): faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 SW-NE, 0.7'x0.5', weak
concentration to a brighter core, faint stellar nucleus. This is the brightest galaxy in HCG 76
with NGC 5944 2.6' SE, MCG +01-40-002 = HCG 76d and NGC 5942 1.8' SSW. This galaxy is not identified as NGC
5941 in any modern catalogue.
Lewis Swift discovered
NGC 5941 = Sw VI-83, along with NGC 5940/42/44, on 19 Apr 1887 and recorded
"eeeF; S; R; ee diff; 2nd of 4." NGC 5941/42/44 refer to 3 of the 4 members of HCG 76. Unfortunately his positions were not
accurate enough to easily pin down the identities. Modern catalogues identify NGC 5941 = HCG 76C, NGC 5942 =
HCG 76D and NGC 5944 = HCG 76A.
That leaves HCG 76B without an NGC number, although visually I found it
the most prominent in the group visually, so Swift would not have likely missed
it.
Based on
correspondence with Corwin, he agrees that NGC 5941 = HCG 76B, and all modern
catalogues are incorrect. Corwin
also suggests NGC 5942 = HCG 76C and NGC 5944 = HCG 76A. These agree with
Bigourdan's assignments (he picked up 3 members) and leaves HCG 76D without a
number. See Harold Corwin's identification notes for the full story.
******************************
NGC 5942 = HCG
76C = MCG +01-40-001 = CGCG 050-009 = PGC 55316
15 31 36.8 +07
18 45
V = 14.4; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8
48" (5/20/17):
at 375x; moderately to fairly bright, fairly small, round, well concentrated
with a bright core that increases to a stellar nucleus. A mag 14 star is 45" NW. One of the three brightest members of
the HCG 76 septet. NGC 5941 lies
1.6' NE. HCG 76D, situated 2' SE,
appeared moderately bright, fairly small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus.
18"
(8/3/05): at 257x appeared very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter,
very small slightly brighter core.
A mag 14 star is close NW.
Third brightest in a tight quartet (HCG 76) with NGC 5941, NGC 5944 and
MCG +01-40-002. This galaxy is identified as NGC 5941 in all modern catalogues!
17.5"
(7/7/94): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, stellar nucleus at
moments. A mag 14.5 star is off
the NW side 45" from center.
This is the third brightest of four in HCG 76 with MCG +01-40-002 = HCG
76D 2.0' SE, NGC 5944 2.7' E and NGC 5941 1.8' NNE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5942 = Sw VI-84, along with NGC 5940, -41 and -44, on 19 Apr
1887 and recorded "eeeF; S; R; eee diff; 3rd of 4." See notes for NGC 5941 on problems with
the modern identifications.
******************************
NGC 5943 = UGC
9870 = MCG +07-32-016 = CGCG 222-016 =WBL 572-002 = PGC 55242
15 29 44.0 +42
46 41
V = 13.2; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.7
24"
(7/28/16): at 260x; moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated perhaps
5:3 ~N-S, ~40"x32", well concentrated with a bright core that
gradually increases to the center.
In a group (WBL 572 and WBL 569) with NGC 5945 8.5' N, CGCG 222-015 =
PGC 55238 7.5' S, NGC 5947 10' ESE and NGC 5934/5935 19' NW. CGCG 222-015 appeared fairly faint,
small, round, 20" diameter, weak concentration.
17.5"
(6/21/93): faint, small, round, even surface brightness except for very small
brighter core. Third of five in a
group with NGC 5945 8.5' N and NGC 5947 10' ESE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5943 = St XIII-82, along with NGC 5947, on 18 Jun 1884. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5944 = HCG
76A = MCG +01-40-004 = CGCG 050-013: = PGC 55321
15 31 47.6 +07
18 29
V = 14.8; Size 0.6'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 111d
48"
(5/20/17): at 375x; moderately bright, fairly small, edge-on 7:2 WNW-ESE,
35"x10", bulges slightly in the center and tapers at the tips. Second brightest in the HCG 76
septet. HCG 76E lies 40" ENE.
18"
(8/3/05): at 257x appeared faint to very faint, small, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE
though took some effort to make out the elongation, 0.5'x0.25', low fairly even
surface brightness. Second
brightest in quartet and eastern vertex of the small rectangular grouping of
HCG 76.
17.5"
(7/7/94): very faint, round, 30" diameter, weak concentration, slightly
brighter core. Second brightest in
the HCG 76 with MCG +01-40-002 = HCG 76D 1.8' SW, NGC 5941 2.6' NW and NGC 5942
2.7' W.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5944 = Sw VI-85, along with NGC 5940, -41 and -42 on 19 Apr 1887
and recorded "eeeF; S; R; eee diff; 4th of 4." See notes for NGC 5941 on problems with
the modern identifications.
******************************
NGC 5945 = UGC
9871 = MCG +07-32-017 = CGCG 222-017 = PGC 55243
15 29 45.0 +42
55 07
V = 12.8; Size 2.1'x1.9'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 105d
24"
(7/28/16): at 260x; moderately bright and large, round, 1' diameter. Sharply concentrated with a very bright,
very small nucleus. A faint bar
extends ~N-S from the nucleus. A
mag 14.5 star is superimposed on the NNE end and a fainter mag 15-15.5 is on
the west side [20" from center].
In a group with NGC 5943 8.5' S, NGC 5934/5935 17' W and NGC 5947 15'
SE.
17.5"
(6/21/93): faint, round, 1.2' diameter, gradually brighter halo, small brighter
core. Fourth and brightest of five
in a group with NGC 5943 8.5' S.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5945 = St XI-35, along with NGC 5934 and 5935, on 12 Jun
1880. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5946 = ESO
224-SC7 = IC 4550
15 35 28.5 -50
39 35
V = 9.5; Size 7.1'; Surf Br = 1.7
18" (7/6/05
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 128x this globular appeared moderately
bright, moderately large, round.
The halo extends to 3' diameter with averted vision and surrounds a
brighter 1' core. At 228x a number
of very faint stars are just resolved around the periphery of the halo in
moments of better seeing with perhaps two dozen stars resolved in total
including a bright mag 12 star (superimposed field star?). Many of the resolved stars form a
semi-circular loop, ringing the halo along the entire eastern half of the
globular. Several mag 10-11 stars
form a long chain curving around from the SW to the east side, ~5' from the
cluster. Situated within a
beautiful Norma star field ~70' E of NGC 5927.
8" (7/13/91
- Southern Baja): faint, very small, 1.5' diameter, round, almost even surface
brightness with a weak concentration.
A mag 12 star is at the WSW edge (field star). The core appears displaced towards this star. No additional resolution was
evident. Located in a rich star
field with globular cluster NGC 5927 70' W. Viewed at about 14¡ elevation from Baja.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5946 = h3607 on 8 May 1826 and recorded "not vB; S; glbM;
90"; resolved into stars 16m, with one of 12m, at or a little beyond the
sp edge." His position (mean
of two observations) is accurate.
Harold Corwin
notes that James Dunlop may have been the first to discover this globular. Glen
Cozens, who examined a copy of Dunlop's original observing log, found about a
dozen objects that did not make it into Dunlop's published list and NGC 5946 is
probably one of them. Lewis Swift
independently found this globular on 24 May 1898 and reported list XI-180 as
"pB; pS; lE." His
position is 42 sec of time too far west, but as Harold Corwin notes, there are
no other possible nearby candidates.
This was his most southerly observation from California and one of his
very last. So NGC 5946 = IC
4550. See Corwin's identification
notes for more.
******************************
NGC 5947 = UGC
9877 = MCG +07-32-019 = CGCG 222-019 = PGC 55274
15 30 36.7 +42
43 00
V = 13.7; Size 1.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.9
17.5"
(6/21/93): extremely faint, fairly small, round, very low even surface
brightness. Last of five in a
group with NGC 5943 10' WNW. [Also see observations of MCG +07-32-015 and UGC
9873].
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5947 = St XIII-83, along with NGC 5943, on 18 Jun 1884. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5948
15 32 58.6 +03
58 58
=**?,
Gottlieb. Not found, RNGC.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5948 = St XII-73 on 14 Jun 1881. Very close to his position is a
tight pair of stars oriented northwest-southeast with a separation ~2". RNGC classifies the number as
nonexistent (Type 7).
******************************
NGC 5949 = UGC
9866 = MCG +11-19-008 = CGCG 319-016 = PGC 55165
15 28 00.8 +64
45 46
V = 12.0; Size 2.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 147d
13"
(5/14/83): fairly faint, moderately large, oval, even surface brightness.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5949 = H II-906 on 28 Nov 1801 (sweep 1103) and noted "F,
S, lE from sp to nf, vglbM."
His position is just 1' south of UGC 9866.
******************************
NGC 5950 = UGC
9884 = MCG +07-32-021 = CGCG 222-020 = PGC 55305
15 31 30.8 +40
25 48
V = 13.7; Size 1.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 37d
17.5"
(7/15/93): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE. A mag 13.5 star is just at the north
edge of the halo 1.0' from center. A nice right triangle of three brighter
stars is about 5' SW with mag 9 SAO 45583 at the vertex with a mag 10 star
40" N and a mag 11 star 50" E.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5950 = St XII-74 on 21 Jun 1882 and recorded "vF, S, R,
preceded by a small star a little north." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5951 = UGC
9895 = MCG +03-40-003 = CGCG 107-003 = KTG 62A = Holm 713a = LGG 400-001 = PGC
55435
15 33 43.1 +15
00 26
V = 12.7; Size 3.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 5d
24"
(6/8/13): fairly faint to moderately bright, large, excellent thin edge-on N-S,
2.4'x0.4'. Brighter along a thin
strip of the major axis (like a very thin bar) and brightens slightly in the
central 0.3'. The extensions fade
out towards the tips. First in the
KTG 62 triplet with NGC 5953/5954 = Arp 91 = VV 244 17' NE. Located 7' SW of a mag 9.1 star.
17.5"
(7/7/94): faint, moderately large, edge-on 5:1 SSW-NNE, 3.0'x0.6', fairly low
surface brightness, broad concentration with slightly brighter middle and very
faint extensions. Located 7.0' SW
of mag 8.9 SAO 101619. NGC
5953/NGC 5954 pair is 17' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5951 = H II-654 on 19 Mar 1787 (sweep 720) and recorded "F,
E about 1 1/2' long from np to sf, but nearer the meridian." His position is less than 2' southeast
of UGC 9895.
******************************
NGC 5952 = CGCG
050-030 = PGC 55496
15 34 56.4 +04
57 32
V = 14.4; Size 0.3'x0.3'
17.5"
(7/3/97): extremely faint, very small, round, 15" diameter, low even
surface brightness. Requires
averted but observation definite.
NGC 5955 lies 7' NE. An
uncertain sighting was made on 7/7/94 from Fiddletown.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 5952 = m 288 on 25 Mar 1865 and noted "eF, vS, alm
stell." His position matches
CGCG 050-030 = PGC 55496. Harold
Corwin notes that Bigourdan's IC 1126 applies to a nearby star, and not NGC 5952.
******************************
NGC 5953 = Arp
91 NED1 = VV 244a = UGC 9903 = MCG +03-40-005 = CGCG 107-008 = KTG 62B = Holm
714b = LGG 400-002 = PGC 55480
15 34 32.4 +15
11 37
V = 12.1; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 169d
24"
(6/8/13): very bright, moderately large, slightly elongated,
~45"x35", sharply concentrated with a very bright small core. A mag 15 star is at the SW edge. Forms a bright, partially overlapping
double system (Arp 91) with NGC 5954 on the NE side.
17.5"
(7/7/94): bright, very small, round, 0.8' diameter. Sharp concentration with a striking high surface brightness
20" core surrounded by a much fainter halo slightly elongated ~E-W. A mag 15-15.5 star is just visible at
the SW edge 23" from the center.
Forms a striking double system (Arp 91 = VV 244) with NGC 5954 attached
at the NE edge, 46" between centers.
NGC 5951 lies 16' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5953 = H II-178 = h1927, along with NGC 5954, on 17 Apr 1784
(sweep 200) and described both in sweep 200 as "Two, vS, stellar nebula,
very near each other; the southern one [NGC 5953] is the largest and their
nebulosities run into each other.
240x confirmed it." He
also observed the pair on two later sweeps (571 and 720) and measured an
accurate position (1' south). LdR
(or assistant Bindon Stoney) logged "pB, the nf one [NGC 5954] is larger
and the light of a more diffused character; that of the preceding one [NGC
5953] is more concentrated. A
small star precedes."
******************************
NGC 5954 = Arp
91 NED2 = VV 244b = UGC 9904 = MCG +03-40-006 = CGCG 107-008 = KTG 62C = Holm
714a = LGG 400-003 = PGC 55482
15 34 35.0 +15
12 00
V = 12.2; Size 1.3'x0.6'; Surf Br = 11.8; PA = 5d
24"
(6/8/13): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 5:2 or 3:1 N-S,
1.0'x0.35', broad weak concentration.
Merges or partially overlaps with NGC 5953 on the SW side, 45"
between centers.
17.5"
(7/7/94): forms the NE member of a striking double system (Arp 91 = VV 244)
with NGC 5953 attached at the SW side.
Fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 N-S, 1.0'x0.3'. Almost even surface brightness but
possibly brighter on the south end (photograph shows the core asymmetrically
placed on the south end). The
galaxy is preceded by a string of three mag 13 stars which are 4' W. A pair of mag 13 stars with 1'
separation lies 1.5' SE. A mag 10
star lies 6' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5954 = H II-179 = h1927, along with NGC 5953, on 17 Apr 1784
(sweep 200) and described both in sweep 200 as "Two, vS, stellar nebula,
very near each other; the southern one [NGC 5953] is the largest and their
nebulosities run into each other.
240x confirmed it."
See NGC 5953 for more.
******************************
NGC 5955 = MCG
+01-40-006 = CGCG 050-031 = PGC 55510
15 35 12.5 +05
03 47
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(7/7/94): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Appears as an unconcentrated glow
collinear with a mag 9.5 star 5.2' SE and a mag 10.5 star 7' SE. A mag 16 companion 2.5' NNE was not
seen.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 5955 = m 289 on 25 Mar 1865 and noted "eF, vS,
stellar." His position is 1' north of CGCG 050-031 = PGC 55510.
******************************
NGC 5956 = UGC
9908 = MCG +02-40-003 = CGCG 078-017 = LGG 401-001 = PGC 55501
15 34 58.6 +11
45 00
V = 12.3; Size 1.6'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(6/4/94): moderately bright, round, 1.2' diameter, sharp concentration with a
small prominent core. Located in a
small group of four stars.
Bracketed by a mag 15 star 1' NW and a mag 14 star 36" ENE of
center and 2' S are a pair of mag 12 and 13.5 stars oriented N-S that are
almost collinear with the galaxy.
NGC 5956 lies 19' NNE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 5956 on 29 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. He noted the mag 14
star at the east end (called mag 16), 25"-28" from center.
******************************
NGC 5957 = UGC
9915 = MCG +02-40-004 = CGCG 078-018 = LGG 401-002 = PGC 55520
15 35 23.2 +12
02 50
V = 11.7; Size 2.8'x2.6'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(6/4/94): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 4:3 E-W, 2.0'x1.5', weak
even concentration to a 15" diameter brighter core. A mag 15 star is at the SE edge 0.9'
from center. Located 2.5' SSE of a
mag 10.5 star. NGC 5956 is located
19' SSW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 5957 on 29 Apr 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position (measured
on 3 nights) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5958 = UGC
9909 = MCG +05-37-003 = CGCG 166-009 = PGC 55494
15 34 49.2 +28
39 18
V = 12.6; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.5
17.5"
(7/15/93): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter, moderate even
surface brightness. A mag 12 star
is 3.8' E and a mag 15 star 2.0' S of center. Located 11' WSW of mag 8.9 SAO 83900.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5958 = H II-399 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 397) and recorded
"pF, pL, bM, iR, r."
CH's reduction is 1.3' northwest of UGC 9909.
******************************
NGC 5959 = MCG
-03-40-002 = PGC 55625
15 37 22.4 -16
35 45
V = 13.5; Size 2.4'x1.6'; Surf Br = 14.8; PA = 25d
17.5"
(6/3/00): fairly faint, moderately large, irregular round, 1.2' diameter,
gradually increases to a small brighter core. Situated between two pairs of stars. Located 9' NNW of mag 8.3 SAO 159393.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 5959 = LM I-228 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory. The
"description" includes "mag 14.5, pS, vlE?, glsbMN." His rough position (nearest min of RA)
is essentially correct - just 8 sec of time preceding MCG -03-40-002 = PGC
55625.
******************************
NGC 5960 = MCG
+01-40-007 = CGCG 050-038 = PGC 55575
15 36 18.4 +05
39 55
V = 14.1; Size 0.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(6/4/94): faint, small, irregularly round (slightly elongated N-S?), almost
even surface brightness. A mag
14.5 star is 0.9' NNW of center. A
pair of mag 10/11 stars at 57" separation located 7' SE are collinear with
NGC 5960.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 5960 = m 290 on 12 Apr 1864 and noted "vF, S neb
*." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5961 = UGC
9918 = MCG +05-37-005 = CGCG 166-013 = Holm 715a = PGC 55515
15 35 16.3 +30
51 51
V = 14.1; Size 0.8'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 100d
17.5"
(7/15/93): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE, 0.9'x0.3',
fairly high even surface brightness.
A mag 12.5 star is just 0.9' ENE of center. Forms a pair with UGC 9920 3.7' S.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5961 = St XI-36 on 8 Jun 1880 and recorded "pF, S, E pf
(small spindle)". His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5962 = UGC
9926 = MCG +03-40-011 = CGCG 107-012 = Holm 716a = LGG 400-004 = PGC 55588
15 36 31.7 +16
36 28
V = 11.3; Size 3.0'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 110d
24"
(7/16/15): bright, large, oval 3:2 WNW-ESE, ~2.0'x1.5'. Sharply concentrated with a very bright
small core that increases to a stellar nucleus.
VV 132 = UGC
9912 lies 20' WSW. This irregular
blue spiral appeared fairly faint, moderately large, round, very low irregular
surface brightness with no core.
The surface brightness is not smooth and it appeared to have 1 or 2
slightly brighter patches.
17.5" (7/16/93):
fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 4:3 WNW-ESE, 2.0'x1.5'. Contains an elongated bright core, easy
stellar nucleus with direct vision.
The fainter outer halo surrounding the core is rounder. Located 16' WNW of mag 7.7 SAO
101654. This is the brightest
galaxy near the head of Serpens Caput.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5962 = H II-96 = h1928 on 21 Mar 1784 (sweep 183) and recorded
"pB, pL, bM, resolvable, not R but inclining to a parallelogram."
******************************
NGC 5963 = UGC
9906 = MCG +09-25-058 = CGCG 297-015 = KTB 63A = PGC 55419
15 33 27.9 +56
33 35
V = 12.5; Size 3.3'x2.6'; Surf Br = 14.7; PA = 55d
24"
(7/8/13): at 375x appeared fairly bright, fairly large, oval 4:3 SW-NE. Dominated by a large bright core with a
much fainter halo that quickly dims to a very low surface brightness. Two mag 13/14.4 stars just off the
southeast side are collinear with the core and a mag 15.8 star 2' NW is also on
this line. First in the large KTG
63 trio with NGC 5965 9' NNE and NGC 5971 19' ESE. A couple of very faint galaxies are close; PGC 3848996, 2.2' E, was extremely
faint (V = 16.2-16.3) and small, round, 8" diameter. PGC 214388, 3' NNW, appeared very faint
(V = 15.9), very small, elongated 2: 1 ~E-W, 15"x8".
17.5"
(5/22/93): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 WSW-ENE, brighter
core. Collinear with a mag 13 star
0.9' SSE and a mag 14 star 1.5' SSE of center. First in the NGC 5965 group with NGC 5965 8' NNE and NGC
5969 13' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5963 = H II-761 on 5 May 1788 (sweep 842) and logged "pF,
pS, iF." His RA is 38 sec too
small (systematic offset on the sweep) and his dec 3' too small. The NGC position from d'Arrest is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 5964 = UGC
9935 = MCG +01-40-008 = CGCG 050-047 = IC 4551? = PGC 55637
15 37 36.3 +05
58 25
V = 12.0; Size 4.2'x3.2'; Surf Br = 14.7; PA = 145d
17.5"
(7/3/97): fairly faint, fairly large, irregular glow, ~2.5' to no well-defined
edges. Contains a brighter core
that is also ill-defined but appears elongated (bar). This face-on galaxy has an unusual mottled appearance with
brighter spots with averted vision (extremely faint superimposed stars?). A couple of faint stars are clearly
superimposed which also confuse the view including a mag 14.5 star off the
north edge and a mag 15 star (double on DSS) is within the south side of the
halo.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5964 = h1929 on 24 Apr 1830 and recorded "vF, vL, R, vgbM,
r, diam = 9s of time. With long
attention it is seen to be composed of excessively minute stars like points
rubbed out; and is in fact a globular cluster, but to see it thus requires long
and perfect tranquility of the eye.
A very interesting object. (See figure 89)" His position matches UGC 9935, a large,
low surface brightness galaxy.
JH's description is unusual for a galaxy. There are several stars superimposed and in addition I
thought the galaxy appeared mottled, so this explains the description.
Lewis Swift
probably independently discovered this galaxy on 19 Aug 1897 and reported it in
list XII-12 as "eeeF, L, R, eee dif". His RA, though, is about 3.5 minutes too small and Dreyer
catalogued it again as IC 4551.
So, Harold Corwin suggests NGC 5964 = IC 4551.
******************************
NGC 5965 = UGC
9914 = MCG +10-22-020= CGCG 297-016 = KTG 63B = FGC 1918 = PGC 55459
15 34 02.5 +56
41 08
V = 11.7; Size 5.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 53d
24"
(7/8/13): bright, large, thin edge-on ~7:1 SW-NE, 4.0'x0.6', well concentrated
with a very bright core. Sharper
light cut-off on the following side due to dust. 2MASX J15335352+5641268 was picked up just 1.3' W of center
as a very faint, extremely small glow, ~12"x9".
17.5"
(5/22/93): fairly bright, fairly large, edge-on 5:1 WSW-ENE, 2.5'x0.5, small bright
core. Located 5.0' WSW of a mag 10
star. Largest and brightest of
four in a group with NGC 5963 8' SSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5965 = H II-762 = h1931 on 5 May 1788 (sweep 842) and recorded
"pF, pL, E." His RA is
44 sec too small (systematic offset on the sweep) and his dec 3' too small
(same offset as NGC 5963). JH
called it "F; L; R; 40"." The NGC position (from d'Arrest?) is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 5966 = UGC
9923 = MCG +07-32-032 = CGCG 222-028 = PGC 55552
15 35 52.1 +39
46 08
V = 12.2; Size 1.8'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 90d
24"
(6/13/15): moderately bright to fairly bright, oval 4:3 E-W, 1.0'x0.7', broad
concentration with a round bright middle.
Striking location 3.9' SSW of mag 7.5 HD 139323 and 3' SW of mag 6.8 HD
139341. This latter is also the
close binary pair STT 298 = 7.2/8.4 at 1.1". The pair was cleanly split at 375x into two sharp discs.
IC 4563 lies
4.4' NE, just 1' E of the mag 7.5 star.
It appeared fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 ~N-S, slightly
brighter core. IC 4560 lies 2.7'
N, just 2' NW of the close pair.
It appeared extremely faint, very small, elongated 3:2 E-W,
~9"x6", low surface brightness.
17.5"
(7/15/93): fairly faint, fairly small, round, broad concentration, faint stellar
nucleus. Forms the southwest
vertex of a right isosceles triangle with mag 6.8 SAO 64800 2.6' NE and mag 7.9
SAO 64799 3.7' NNE. IC 4563 4.4'
NE was not picked up.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5966 = H III-634 = h1930 on 18 Mar 1787 (sweep 718) and logged
"vF, vS, 300 confirmed it, sp 2 vB stars." His position is 45 sec of time too far east, but his note
about the stars clinches the identification. JH made two observations and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5967 = ESO
042-010 = PGC 56078
15 48 15.1 -75
40 23
V = 12.0; Size 2.9'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 90d
24" (4/4/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x appeared fairly bright, moderately
large, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, ~1.7'x1.2'.
Broad concentration with a large, slightly brighter core. The halo (arms) appears slightly
irregular or mottled. Located 34'
NE of a mag 6 star.
NGC 5967A lies
8' SW in the same field. At 260x,
it appeared fairly faint, moderately large but diffuse, with an ill-defined
edge and weak concentration.
Situated within a N-S string of stars including a mag 12.5 star at the
SW edge.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5967 = h3608 on 7 Jun 1836 and recorded "F; pL; R; vgbM;
2'." His single position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 5968 = ESO
450-005 = MCG -05-37-001 = PGC 55738
15 39 57.1 -30
33 09
V = 12.2; Size 2.1'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5":
moderately bright and large, round.
The 1.5' halo is weakly concentrated and contains a nearly stellar
core. A group of stars cradle the
galaxy around the north side. A
unequal pair of mag 11/13.5 stars lies 4' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5968 = h3609 on 3 Jun 1834 and recorded "vF; L; R; gbM; r;
90"." His single
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5969 = MCG
+09-25-059 = CGCG 297-018 = PGC 55491
15 34 50.9 +56
27 03
V = 14.4; Size 0.5'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.2
24"
(7/8/13): at 375x appeared fairly faint, small, slightly elongated 4:3 ~N-S,
20"x15", very small bright nucleus. NGC 5971 lies 6.4' ENE. Also in a low power field are bright galaxies NGC 5963 and
NGC 5965.
17.5"
(5/22/93): very faint, very small, round, 0.3' diameter, very small slightly
brighter core, small very faint halo.
Located 9' NE of mag 8.2 SAO 29575. In a group with NGC 5971 6' ENE, NGC 5963 14' NW and NGC
5965 16' NNW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5969 = Sw II-37, along with NGC 5971, on 5 Aug 1885 and logged
"eS; R; stellar." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5970 = UGC
9943 = MCG +02-40-006 = CGCG 078-034 = LGG 401-003 = PGC 55665
15 38 30.1 +12
11 12
V = 11.5; Size 2.9'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 88d
24"
(6/22/17): at 375x; bright, large, oval 2:1 E-W, at least 2'x1', perhaps
2.4'x1.2' with averted. Sharply
concentrated with a prominent elongated core that gradually brightens to a
central pip. Spiral structure was
strongly suggested in the halo, particularly on the east side, where a slightly
brighter section appeared to hook to the north. Mag 7.4 HD 139609 lies 5.3' NE.
IC 1131, 8' SE,
appeared fairly faint, small,
round, 18" diameter, broad concentration. A small trio of 14th magnitude stars is close west, with the
galaxy nearly forming a parallelogram
13.1"
(6/4/83): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 ~E-W, broad
concentration to core. Located
5.3' SW of mag 7.5 SAO 101663.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5970 = H II-76 on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 175) and recorded "pB,
R, brightest in the middle and gradually fainter from the center; not cometic;
a considerable star is in the field with it." CH's reduced position is 26 sec of RA east and 2' south of
UGC 9943.
******************************
NGC 5971 = UGC
9929 = MCG +09-26-002 = CGCG 297-019 = KTG 63C = PGC 55529
15 35 36.9 +56
27 42
V = 13.8; Size 1.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 136d
24"
(7/8/13): at 375x appeared fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 5:2 NW-SE,
~40"x16", contains a brighter core. NGC 5969 lies 6.4' WSW. Last in the KTG 63 triplet with NGC
5963 19' WNW and NGC 5965 19' NW.
17.5"
(5/22/93): faint, small, slightly elongated 4:3 NW-SE. A mag 15.5 star is 30" S. Last of four in the NGC 5965 group with
NGC 5969 6' WSW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5971 = Sw II-38, along with NGC 5969, on 5 Aug 1885 and logged
"eeF; vS; R; lbM. In field with GC 4114-15 [= NGC 5963/5965]." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5972 = UGC
9946 = MCG +03-40-016 = CGCG 107-018 = PGC 55684
15 38 54.1 +17
01 34
V = 13.6; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 5d
17.5"
(5/27/00): faint, small, round, 0.4' diameter, weak concentration. Based on DSS image, I viewed the
brighter core and missed very faint extensions N-S. Sandwiched between a mag 12 star 1.4' NW and a mag 13 star
1.0' SE. Also collinear is a mag
14 star 2.6' NE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5972 = St XI-37 on 29 Jun 1880. His position matches UGC 9946.
******************************
NGC 5973 = PGC
55757
15 40 15.6 -08
36 06
V = 15.3; Size 0.9'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 140d
17.5"
(5/27/00): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 0.6'x0.3'. Weak concentration to an irregular
brighter center. The DSS image
shows an edge-on with a star superimposed close to the center.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 5973 = m 291 on 26 May 1864 and noted "F, vS,
iR." His position, which he
verified, matches PGC 55757.
******************************
NGC 5974 = UGC
9952 = MCG +05-37-010 = CGCG 166-025 = PGC 55694
15 39 02.4 +31
45 34
V = 14.2; Size 0.6'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 110d
17.5"
(7/15/93): faint, very small, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE, 0.5'x0.25', even surface
brightness. Located 5' NW of mag
8.4 SAO 64828. A mag 9.5 star is
6' SSE and mag 7.6 SAO 64824 12' SSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5974 = h1932 on 29 Apr 1827 and logged "vF; S; R; bM;
12"." His single
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5975 = UGC
9963 = MCG +04-37-019 = CGCG 136-046 = Holm 718a = LGG 403-004 = PGC 55739
15 39 58.0 +21
28 13
V = 14.1; Size 1.0'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 171d
24"
(7/21/12): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated N-S, ~40"x16",
slightly brighter along the major axis but no well defined core. Located on the south side of AGC 2107
(in the foreground) and 8' NW of mag 8.4 HD 139952. CGCG 136-050, located 3.7' NE, appeared faint to fairly
faint, small, slightly elongated NNW-SSE, 20"x15", broad weak
concentration. A mag 11 star is
1.3' SSE.
17.5"
(4/7/89): faint, small, very elongated N-S, poorly concentrated.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5975 = St XII-75 on 19 Jun 1882. His position matches UGC 9963. This galaxy is apparently superimposed on AGC 2107.
******************************
NGC 5976 = MCG
+10-22-025 = CGCG 297-022 = PGC 55609
15 36 47.9 +59
23 51
V = 14.8; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 130d
24"
(7/6/13): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 or 5:2 NW-SE, ~28"x12",
low even surface brightness.
Located 8' W of NGC 5981 and 5' SE of a mag 10.5 star.
17.5"
(6/14/96): extremely faint, very small, roundish (elongated NW-SE on the
POSS). On a line with two mag
10/12 stars to the NW by 5' and 7'.
Located 8.2' W of NGC 5981, which is first of three in a striking linear
trio with NGC 5982 and NGC 5985.
NGC 5976A lies 11.6' NW (not looked for).
George Johnstone
Stoney discovered NGC 5976, along with NGC 5981, using LdR's 72" on 6 May
1850. He called it "eeF,
S" and measured an accurate offset from NGC 5981, although this galaxy was
only noticed on this single observation out of 7 at Birr Castle.
******************************
NGC 5977 = UGC
9967 = MCG +03-40-023 = CGCG 107-023 = PGC 55769
15 40 33.4 +17
07 40
V = 13.4; Size 1.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 155d
17.5"
(7/7/94): very faint, very small, round, very weak concentration, 20"
diameter. Located 3.5' NE of a mag 10.5 star.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5977 = St XI-38 on 29 Jun 1880 and recorded "eeF, S, R,
lbM." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 5978 = MCG
-02-40-002 = PGC 55838
15 42 27.2 -13
14 04
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(5/27/00): extremely faint, very small, round. Appears as a
30" diameter low surface brightness glow between two mag 14-15 stars 1' S
and 2' NNE. Located 15' SW of a
mag 6.7 SAO 159458.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 5978 = LM I-229 on 10 Jun 1885 and recorded
"eF, vS, sbMN, in a group of stars." His rough position, as well as the description, is a good
match with MCG -02-40-002 = PGC 55838.
Herbert Howe measured an accurate micrometric position with the 20-inch
refractor in Denver in 1899-00 (repeated in the IC 2 Notes).
******************************
NGC 5979 = PK
322-5.1 = ESO 136-PN3 = PN G322.5-05.2
15 47 41.0 -61
13 04
V = 11.8; Size 8"
18" (7/7/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 171x and UHC filter, NGC 5979 appeared
moderately bright, small, round.
The disc was ~15" diameter and fairly evenly lit. It appeared larger than the catalogued
size of 8". At 228x
(unfiltered), the surface brightness was slightly irregular with possibly a
very faint halo or the halo dims at the periphery. Set in a rich star field with a mag 10 star 2.7' S. A distinctive trail of mag 12-13 stars
meanders off to the east. Located
in the northwest corner of Triangulum Australe, about a degree from the Norma
border.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5979 = h3610 on 24 Apr 1835 and recorded "planetary
nebula. Not B; pF; S; R; with
something like a protuberance, which may arise from an accidental star, on or
close to the edge. Not quite
sharp; a little furred; light not quite uniform; an odd sort of mottling like a
resolvable light; taken at first for a vF double star out of focus; 12"
diameter; but seen with 240; 320 is too high a power for it. See figure 7, plate VI." On 16 Jun 1835, he recorded
"planetary; transit just missed; R; 5" diam; about equal in light to
a * 9m; of a feeble intensity of light; nearly equable; under 320 it is not
nebulous; but indistinct at the edges; a very singular kind of appearance - not
"mottled", not "curdled", but yet not planetary. In a field with about 100 or 150
stars. His position is accurate,
but due to a reduction error the NGC position is 1.0 minute too far west
(corrected in the IC 2 Notes section).
******************************
NGC 5980 = UGC
9974 = MCG +03-40-026 = CGCG 107-025 = Holm 720a = PGC 55800
15 41 30.5 +15
47 15
V = 12.6; Size 1.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 13d
17.5"
(6/4/94): moderately bright, elongated 2:1 N-S, 1.5'x0.7', large broadly
brighter core, overall fairly high surface brightness. A mag 14.5 star is 1' E and a mag 12
star lies 2.9' SE. Located 16' SSE
of 19 Serpentis (V = 6.0). Forms a
pair with IC 1133 13.6' SSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5980 = H II-655 = h1933 on 19 Mar 1787 (sweep 720) and recorded
"F, E in the meridian [N-S], about 1 1/2' long.." JH simply noted "vF, R",
though measured a fairly accurate position.
******************************
NGC 5981 = UGC
9948 = MCG +10-22-027 = CGCG 297-023 = Holm 719c = PGC 55647
15 37 53.4 +59
23 30
V = 13.0; Size 2.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 140d
24"
(5/29/14): moderately bright, fairly large, thin well-defined edge-on, at least
5:1 NW-SE, 2.0'x0.35'. Contains a
brighter elongated core that bulges very slightly and the tips taper down. First of three in the striking Draco
trio with NGC 5982 6.3' ESE. Also NGC 5978 lies 8' W.
18"
(6/17/06): fairly faint, fairly large thin edge-on 5:1 NW-SE, 1.5'x0.3'. Broad weak concentration though no
well-defined core. First of a
striking trio with NGC 5982 and NGC 5985 arranged in a 15' WNW-ESE line.
17.5"
(3/28/87): fairly faint, pretty, thin edge-on 5:1 NW-SE, brighter core. This edge-on galaxy is the first of
three with elliptical NGC 5982 6.4' ESE and spiral NGC 5985 13.8' ESE in the
same field!
13"
(5/14/83): faint, moderately large, narrow streak.
George Johnstone
Stoney discovered NGC 5981, along with NGC 5976, using LdR's 72" on 6 May
1850. He noted it as a "vF
ray." WH first
discovered this galaxy on 25 May 1788 (sweep 843). In his description of H II-764 = NGC 5982, he noted "A
vF [nebula] suspected preceding, lE." Due to his uncertainty, though, he didn't assign it an internal
discovery number, so he did not receive credit in the GC or NGC.
******************************
NGC 5982 = UGC
9961 = MCG +10-22-029 = CGCG 297-024 = Holm 719a = KTG 64B = LGG 402-001 = PGC
55674
15 38 39.8 +59
21 21
V = 11.1; Size 2.6'x1.9'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 110d
24"
(5/29/14): bright, moderately large, elongated 5:4 WNW-ESE, sharply
concentrated with a high surface brightness intense core that increases to a
stellar nucleus. The halo extends
up to 1.6'x1.3'. Second in the
Draco triplet with edge-on NGC 5981 6.3' WNW and spiral NGC 5985 7.5' ESE.
18"
(6/17/06): fairly bright, moderately large, slightly elongated, sharply
concentrated with a high surface brightness core increasing to a stellar
nucleus. The halo is much fainter and increases in size to ~1.5'x1.2'. This elliptical is the second of an
excellent trio in a 14' string with NGC 5981 (edge-on spiral) and NGC 5985
(face-on spiral).
17.5"
(3/28/87): fairly bright, fairly small, bright round core, stellar nucleus,
fainter halo elongated 3:2 ~E-W.
Second of a striking trio with NGC 5981 6.4' WNW and NGC 5985 7.5' ESE.
13"
(5/14/83): fairly bright, small, small bright nucleus, slightly elongated
E-W. In a trio with NGC 5981 and
NGC 5985.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5982 = H II-764 = h1934 on 25 May 1788 (sweep 843) and noted
"pB, S, iR. A vF [nebula]
suspected preceding, lE." H's
position (CH's reduction) is just off the southwest side. JH noted "B; R; psbM; r;
25"." His position is
midway between NGC 5982 and 5985 and only a single object was logged, so
perhaps the observation was rushed or interrupted. On 6 May 1850, Lord Rosse, or observing assistant George
Stoney, logged "B, condensed oval neb."
******************************
NGC 5983 = UGC
9983 = MCG +01-40-012 = CGCG 050-079 = PGC 55845
15 42 45.6 +08
14 28
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(6/4/94): faint, small, weak concentration, faint stellar nucleus, diffuse halo
that fades into background without a distinct edge. A mag 13 star is 1.2' WNW. A group of bright stars follows within 8' including three
mag 9.5-10.5 stars and three mag 11.5-12 stars; the nearest two are a mag 10.5
star 2.9' NE and a mag 11.5 star 3.2' SE.
In addition, mag 8.6 SAO 121148 is 12.7' SSE at edge of field.
Albert Marth discovered
NGC 5983 = m 292 on 25 Mar 1865 and noted "eF, eS, R, vlbM." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5984 = UGC
9987 = MCG +02-40-011 = CGCG 078-052 = PGC 55853
15 42 53.2 +14
13 54
V = 12.5; Size 2.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 144d
17.5"
(6/4/94): moderately bright, edge-on 4:1 NW-SE, 2.4'x0.6', broad concentration
with no distinct nucleus. A thin
isosceles triangle consisting of three mag 12.5/13 stars is 2' N.
8"
(4/24/82): faint, small, edge-on NW-SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5984 = H II-656 on 19 Mar 1787 (sweep 720) and logged "pB,
bM, E from np to sf, about 1 1/2' long." His position is 1.7' due south of UGC 9987.
******************************
NGC 5985 = UGC
9969 = MCG +10-22-030 =CGCG 297-025 = Holm 719b = KTG 64C = LGG 402-004 = PGC
55725
15 39 37.1 +59
19 55
V = 11.1; Size 5.5'x3.0'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 13d
24"
(7/6/13): bright, very large, oval 2:1 ~N-S, ~4'x2', broad concentration with a
bright 40"x30" core.
Spiral structure is evident in the uneven halo, with at least two long
sweeping arms giving the impression of a stretched "S" and slightly
darker gaps between the arms.
18"
(6/17/06): fairly bright, large, elongated 3:2 ~N-S, the halo extends to
~4'x2.5'. Broadly concentrated to
a brighter 40" core that increases slightly to the center. The halo is mottled and patchy giving a
strong impression of spiral structure.
This face-on spiral is the largest and brightest overall of an excellent
trio with NGC 5981 (edge-on spiral) and NGC 5982 (elliptical) arranged in a 14'
line oriented WNW to ESE.
17.5"
(3/28/87): fairly bright, large, small bright core, mottled oval disc
~N-S. There is possibly a sharper
light cut-off along the western side.
Third and brightest of three with NGC 5982 7.5' WNW and NGC 5981 13.8'
WNW.
13"
(5/14/83): moderately bright, moderately large, diffuse halo N-S. Brightest of trio.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5985 = H II-766 on 25 May 1788 (sweep 843) and noted "pB,
cL, iF, r." He measured an
accurate position (CH's reduction) and discovered NGC 5982 (NGC 5981 as only
noted as suspected).
George Stoney,
LdR's observing assistant on 6 May 1850, recorded "Suspect A to be a
spiral, to be re-examined on a fine night". A week later (14 May) he wrote "Examined A; new
spiral? Dark space round or on
either side of Nucl seen at moments, also a dark line running along the
south-following edge, splitting off a part of the neb, which had a bright knot
to south, also some ill defined dark space at N end."
******************************
NGC 5986 = ESO
329-SC18
15 46 03.4 -37
47 10
V = 7.5; Size 9.8'; Surf Br = 0.9
22"
(6/28/06 - Hawaii): at 273x this bright, fairly well concentrated globular was
well resolved into ~60 stars mag 13-15 over the entire cluster including the core. A loop of stars heads from the north
side and bends to the east ending in a nice pair of stars. A brighter string of stars runs along
the north side of the halo. The
surface is quite mottled and would probably resolve further in better seeing.
17.5"
(6/3/00): this fairly bright globular has a 4' halo surrounding a bright 2'
core. At 500x, about 30 stars are
resolved including a fairly prominent string along the north side (running
~E-W) and many faint stars in the halo and at the edge of the core. A brighter mag 12.5 star is off the
following end.
13"
(7/5/83): bright, moderately large, very mottled. About five stars are resolved on the north side including
the two brightest mag 13-13.5 stars at the NE edge.
13.1"
(6/19/82): only a few stars are resolved primarily in the NE region. One brighter star is detached off the
east side.
8"
(6/27/81): fairly bright, moderately large, very grainy. A few stars are
visible at the NE edge. Includes
one bright straggler.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 5986 = D 552 = h3611 on 10 May 1826 and described "a
beautiful round pretty bright nebula, about 2' diameter, pretty well
defined." Dunlop reported 3
observations and his published position was 5' too far north. JH made 2 observations and first
recorded on 28 Jun 1834 "globular, fine object, pgbM, diam 15', composed
to distinct stars 13..15th mag, one star 10th mag is eccentric, and 3 of 13th
mag in centre nearly."
Christian Peters independently found the cluster around 1849 and
reported it as new in 1856 (AJ 2).
******************************
NGC 5987 = UGC
9971 = MCG +10-22-032 = CGCG 297-026 = LGG 402-003 = PGC 55740
15 39 57.2 +58
04 47
V = 11.7; Size 4.2'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 60d
24"
(6/21/17): at 375x; bright, fairly large, very elongated 4:1 WSW-ENE. Very strong concentration with a very
bright core and occasionally stellar nucleus. The halo is much obvious on the northern side of the core,
creating an asymmetric appearance.
It was quickly apparent there is a sharp light cutoff (dust lane) just
south of the core, roughly paralleling the major axis. A low surface brightness portion of the
galaxy on the south side of the lane was mostly seen on the southwest end of
the galaxy. A 10th mag star is
1.4' NW of center.
Note: on the
PanSTARRS-1 image, the galaxy has two roughly parallel dust lane on the south
side
17.5"
(6/14/96): fairly bright, moderately large, very elongated 4:1 SW-NE,
2.0'x0.5'. Prominent, high surface
brightness core with much fainter extensions. A mag 10.5 star is 1.3' NW of center. Located 11' NE of mag 6.5 HD 140117.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5987 = H II-765 on 25 May 1788 (sweep 843) and recorded
"pF, vS." Heinrich
d'Arrest measured an accurate position as well as the mag 10 star that precedes
by 7 sec of time and just under 1' north.
The UGC PA = 165¡ is incorrect and the error is repeated in the RC3 and
Deep Sky Field Guide.
******************************
NGC 5988 = UGC
9998 = MCG +02-40-012 = CGCG 078-058 = PGC 55921
15 44 33.9 +10
17 35
V = 13.8; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 115d
17.5"
(5/27/00): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter (viewed core
only). Situated just 0.8' S of a
mag 12.5 star and 4' SE of a mag 10.5 star.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 5988 = Sw VI-86 on 17 Apr 1887 and recorded "eeF: pS; R; F
* nr north; D * sf." His
position is 11 sec of time west and 1.6' north of UGC 9998, but his description
is a perfect match.
******************************
NGC 5989 = UGC
9985 = MCG +10-22-034 = CGCG 297-028 = LGG 402-002 = PGC 55802
15 41 32.7 +59
45 17
V = 13.1; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.7
24"
(7/16/15): fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, irregularly round,
35"x30", very weak concentration, slightly mottled or irregular
surface brightness. Located 30'
NNE of NGC 5985 (largest in the Draco Triplet).
13.1"
(4/29/84): faint, fairly small, very slightly elongated, diffuse, even surface
brightness. Located 29' NNE of the
NGC 5981, NGC 5982, NGC 5985 trio.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5989 = H II-738 on 25 May 1788 (sweep 843) and noted "vF,
vS." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 5990 = UGC
10024 = MCG +01-40-014 = CGCG 050-101 = PGC 55993
15 46 16.4 +02
24 56
V = 12.4; Size 1.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 115d
17.5"
(6/11/88): moderately bright, fairly small, round, broad concentration, faint
stellar nucleus, diffuse halo. A
faint double is 3.5' ENE consisting of two mag 14.5 stars at 21"
separation.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5990 = H II-425 = h1935 on 5 May 1785 (sweep 409) and logged
"eF, vS, stellar. 240
confirmed it." JH made two
observations, first describing it as "F; R; gbM; 20"."
Wolfgang
Steinicke notes that NGC 5990 was observed on the last night of published
observations at Birr Castle on 5 May 1878. Dreyer logged "pB, pS, gbM, * about 13m nf, dist
77", * possibly nebulous [perhaps referring to a very faint
companion]."
******************************
NGC 5991 = MCG
+04-37-028 = CGCG 136-067 = PGC 55953
15 45 16.7 +24
37 50
V = 13.7; Size 0.4'x0.3'
17.5" (4/7/89):
fairly faint, very small, round, gradually increases to a very small bright
core. Located 7' SSE of mag 7.5
SAO 83981, which hampers viewing somewhat.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 5991 = St X-27 on 13 Jun 1879 and recorded "fairly faint,
small, round, strong concentration in the center." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 5992 = UGC
10003 = MCG +07-32-049 = CGCG 222-047 = Mrk 489 = PGC 55913
15 44 21.6 +41
05 09
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 130d
17.5"
(5/10/91): fairly faint, small, irregularly round, bright core. A mag 15 star is 30" off the NE
edge. Forms a pair with NGC 5993
2.5' NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5992 = H III-635 = h1936 on 18 Mar 1787 (sweep 718) and recorded
"Two, that of which the place is taken [NGC 5993] vF, vS. In verifying it with 300 I perceived
another sp [NGC 5992] still fainter, iF, vS, but rather larger than the
former. Distance about 1
1/2'."
******************************
NGC 5993 = UGC
10007 = MCG +07-32-050 = CGCG 222-048 = PGC 55918
15 44 27.7 +41
07 14
V = 13.1; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 140d
17.5"
(5/10/91): fairly faint, fairly small, oval 3:2 NW-SE, broadly concentrated
halo, substellar nucleus. Slightly
brighter of a pair with NGC 5992 2.5' SSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5993 = H III-636 = h1937 on 18 Mar 1787 (sweep 718) and recorded
"Two, that of which the place is taken [NGC 5993] vF, vS. In verifying it with 300 I perceived
another sp [NGC 5992] still fainter, iF, vS, but rather larger than the
former. DIstance about 1
1/2'."
******************************
NGC 5994 = Arp
72 NED1 = VV 16b = UGC 10033 NED1 = MCG +03-40-038 = Holm 721b = PGC 56020
15 46 53.2 +17
52 21
V = 14.2; Size 0.5'x0.2'; Surf Br = 11.5; PA = 87d
48"
(5/15/12): at 488x appeared fairly faint to moderately bright, small, elongated
2:1 E-W, 20"x10", gradually brightens to the center. This galaxy is the fainter member of
the interacting pair Arp 72, and is situated just 1.5' from the center of NGC
5996. A spiral arm from the NGC
5996 hooks southwest towards NGC 5994, but the pair is not connected.
17.5"
(5/14/88): fainter member of an interacting system with NGC 5996 (Arp 72). Very faint, extremely small. Appears as a barely non-stellar knot
just 1.5' SW of the center of NGC 5996.
A mag 14 star lies 1.3' SE.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 5994 on 9 Mar 1851with LdR's 72" and noted a "small nebula preceding [NGC
5996]." This observation was
not included in LdR's 1861 publication and the discover was not included in
either the GC or GCS. The rough
NGC position is 34 sec too far west (no position was measured at Birr Castle).
******************************
NGC 5995 = MCG
-02-40-004 = PGC 56081
15 48 24.9 -13
45 28
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 120d
17.5"
(5/27/00): faint, very small, round, 20" diameter (viewed core only). A mag 13 star is just 0.9' NW of
center. Located 15' S of mag 7.0
SAO 159506.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 5995 = h3613 on 5 Jun 1836 and logged "eF; S; R; follows a
vS *; 25"." His single
position and description matches MCG -02-40-004 = PGC 56081.
******************************
NGC 5996 = Arp
72 NED2 = VV 16a = UGC 10033 NED2 = MCG +03-40-039 = CGCG 107-036 = Mrk 691 =
PGC 56023
15 46 58.8 +17
53 05
V = 12.8; Size 1.7'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 20d
48"
(5/15/12): NGC 5996 is the brighter member of an interacting pair (Arp 72) with
NGC 5994. At 488x it appeared
quite bright, elongated over 2:1 SSW-NNE, though the brightest central section
(bar) is elongated ~E-W. The
galaxy is well concentrated with a very bright, elongated core or bar. It has an asymmetric appearance with a
long, bright arm attached on the east side. This arm hooks southwest towards NGC 5994 and appears
slightly clumpy (a knot in the arm is 24" S of the center). On the west end of the bar a shorter
arm shoots straight north and fades quickly as it starts to hook east, with the
brightest portion near the connection with the bar.
17.5"
(5/14/88): moderately bright, fairly large, elongated ~N-S, bright core, faint
stellar nucleus. A mag 14 star
lies 1.5' S. Forms a close
interacting pair (Arp 72) with NGC 5994 1.5' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5996 = H II-97 = h1938 = Sf 25 on 21 Mar 1784 (sweep 183) and
recorded "pF, vS, r, preceding 2 pB stars, the most south of which is the
brightest. Other stars besides in
the field of view." CH's
reduced position is 17 sec of RA following Arp 72 = VV 16. JH made two observations and measured
an accurate position. Truman
Safford later independently found this galaxy on 1 Jun 1866 and included it in
his 1887 discovery list at the Dearborn Observatory.
******************************
NGC 5997 = CGCG
050-015 = PGC 56044
15 47 27.6 +08
19 16
V = 14.4; Size 0.5'x0.4'
17.5"
(5/13/88): extremely faint and small, round. A shallow arc of three stars mag 13-14 of length 1.6' lies
4' SSW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 5997 = m 293 on 25 Mar 1865 and noted "eF, eeS,
stell." His position is
accurate. The CGCG classifies this
galaxy as a compact.
******************************
NGC 5998 = ESO
450-?019
15 49 30 -28 36
Size 6'
17.5"
(6/30/00): this asterism appears as a faint, elongated group of 9 stars. Most of these stars are arranged in an
arc concave to the NE. Appears
fully resolved and too poor to be a true cluster.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 5998 = H VII-29 on 30 Apr 1786 (sweep 559) and recorded "A
small cl of vS stars, pretty rich; coming just from the light, I saw it
imperfectly, about 5 or 6' long and near 4' broad, in the form of a parallelogram. Five minutes after it was past, I
returned to it, and saw it very well."
At his position
is group of stars that Dave Riddle called a "detached scatter of nine 13th
to 14th magnitude stars in a loose arrangement spanning about 3' across. The immediate field appeared bland,
making this cluster (asterism?) obvious." ESO and RNGC both report the object as not found. See Harold Corwin's identification
notes.
******************************
NGC 5999 = Cr
293 = ESO 178-SC001
15 52 09 -56 28
24
Size 5'
18" (7/7/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 229x, this is a fairly rich, moderately
large cluster. In the center is a
striking elliptical ring of roughly two dozen stars. Surrounding this annulus is a larger loop of stars forming a
heart-shaped asterism. The looping
star patterns make this an interesting visual target! The diameter is roughly 8', though with no distinct border.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 5999 = D 343 = h3612 on 8 May 1826 and described "a pretty
large faint nebula, with several minute stars in it; round figure, 4' or 5'
diameter, resolvable." His
position was off by ~10' west-southwest.
JH made a single observation on 9 Jul 1834 and reported "cluster VI
class. A pretty rich large cluster, round; little compressed in the middle,
12', stars 12..14th mag, nearly fills field; middle taken."
******************************
NGC 6000 = ESO
450-020 = MCG -05-37-003 = PGC 56145
15 49 49.3 -29
23 11
V = 12.2; Size 1.9'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 154d
17.5"
(4/7/89): fairly faint, small, very elongated NNW-SSE. A mag 13 star is 1' NW. Located 3.4' NE of mag 9 SAO
183830. This galaxy is the brightest
of the very few in Scorpius.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6000 = h3614 on 8 May 1834 and recorded "vF; S; R;
sbM." His single position
(corrected by 10 sec of time in the errata page to the CGH catalogue) is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 6001 = NGC
6002: = UGC 10036 = MCG +05-37-027 = CGCG 166-058 = PGC 56056
15 47 45.9 +28
38 31
V = 13.6; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 162d
17.5"
(6/15/91): fairly faint, fairly small, round, very weak concentration. Located 10' N of mag 7.5 SAO
84005. The very faint companion to
the southwest was not seen.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6001 = H III-371 on 11 Apr 1785 (sweep 397) and recorded
"vF, S, R. 240x showed it very distinctly." His position is within 1' of UGC 10036 = PGC 56056. This was last of 72 objects discovered
on 11 Apr 1785, perhaps his most productive night.
******************************
NGC 6002
15 47 44.4 +28
36 35
=*?, Gottlieb,
=NGC 6001, RNGC. "Not
found", Carlson.
Lawrence
Parsons, the 4th Earl of Rosse, discovered NGC 6002 on Apr 20 1873 while
observing NGC 6001. He noted "Nova Pos 197.3¡ [SSW], distance 97.6Ó
[~1.6']." A mag 16.7 star is
fairly close to his offset at PA 190¡ and separation 116" [~1.9'].
MCG and PGC
identify MCG +05-37-026 = PGC 56051 as NGC 6002. This dim edge-on is
situated 57" southwest of NGC 6001 in PA 225¡, a poor match with Parsons'
position and likely too faint to have been picked up, even in the 72".
Harold Corwin suggests the faint star is more likely NGC 6002, thought it
too is quite faint. So perhaps Parsons made some type of error such as
misidentifying NGC 6001.
Karl Reinmuth
reported "no neb 100" S of NGC 6001" based on his photographic
survey at Heidelberg (repeated by Dorothy Carlson) and RNGC classifies the
number as nonexistent with the comment NGC 6002 = NGC 6001.
******************************
NGC 6003 = UGC
10048 = MCG +03-40-048 = CGCG 107-043 = PGC 56130
15 49 25.6 +19
01 55
V = 13.4; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(5/14/88): faint, very small, round, small bright core. NGC 6004 lies 15' ESE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6003 = St X-28 on 19 Jun 1879. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6004 = UGC
10056 = MCG +03-40-051 = CGCG 107-046 = PGC 56166
15 50 22.7 +18
56 21
V = 12.3; Size 1.9'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 105d
17.5"
(5/14/88): moderately bright, moderately large, round, broad
concentration. NGC 6003 lies 15'
WNW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6004 = St X-29 on 14 Jun 1879. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6005 = Cr
294 = ESO 178-SC003
15 55 49 -57 26
12
V = 10.7; Size 4'
14" (4/5/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x): ~40 stars mag 13 and fainter in a small group, roughly
4' in diameter. Stands out well in
the field. A wide pair of mag 10.5
stars [~27" separation] is off the southwest side. The cluster is pretty rich, with many
stars arranged in two intersecting strings. A thin, winding chain of stars extends N-S through the
center. A second strip of stars
bisects this chain, angling WNW to ESE.
The central 45" of the cluster is fairly dense, with ~15 stars
packed into this region.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 6005 = D 334 = h3615 on 8 May 1826 and described "a faint
round nebula, about 1.5' diameter, very slightly bright towards the centre. A
small star is south, rather preceding the nebula, and Iota Normae is south
following." His position is
15' east of the cluster.
JH first
observed the cluster on 9 Jul 1834 and recorded "a milky way cluster; but
so densely concentrated as to merit as a fine cluster VI class; irregularly
round, gbM, stars 11..15th mag."
On a second sweep he noted "cluster, small, irregularly round, gbM,
a group or rather a small oval pretty much compressed cluster of stars 16..17th
mag. A few = 15th mag."
******************************
NGC 6006 = CGCG
078-093 = Mrk 862 = PGC 56295
15 53 02.5 +12
00 19
V = 14.4; Size 0.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 162d
17.5"
(5/13/88): very faint, very small, slightly elongated. In a trio with brighter NGC 6007 6' ESE
and NGC 6009 NE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6006 = m 294, along with NGC 6007 and 6009, on 2 Jun 1864 and
noted "vF, S." His position is accurate (to within 1' of polar
distance).
******************************
NGC 6007 = UGC
10079 = MCG +02-40-018 = CGCG 078-095 = PGC 56309
15 53 23.3 +11
57 33
V = 13.2; Size 1.7'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 65d
17.5"
(5/13/88): faint, fairly small, oval NW-SE, weak concentration. Brightest of three with NGC 6008 5.8'
WNW and NGC 6009 6' N.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6007 = m 295, along with NGC 6006 and 6009, on 2 Jun 1864 and
noted "F, pL." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6008 = UGC
10076 = MCG +04-37-052 = CGCG 136-110 = Holm 726a = LGG 403-006 = PGC 56289
15 52 56.0 +21
06 02
V = 13.0; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(5/14/88): faint, fairly small, round, small bright core. There is possibly an extremely faint
knot or star at the east end (there is a slightly brighter "arc" in
the eastern arm on the POSS).
Forms a pair with NGC 6008B = PGC 56301 3.3' ESE. Located 25' ENE of Rho Serpentis (V =
4.8).
NGC 6008B
appeared very faint, very small, round.
Collinear with two mag 14/15 stars close SE (the mag 14 star is 1.3'
SE).
13"
(6/29/84): faint, small, round, diffuse.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6008 = St XI-39 on 10 Jun 1880. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6009 = CGCG
078-096 = PGC 56312
15 53 24.2 +12
03 30
V = 14.6; Size 0.5'x0.2'; Surf Br = 11.9; PA = 168d
17.5"
(5/13/88): very faint, very small, round.
A mag 15 star is close east.
Located 6' N of NGC 6007 in a tight trio.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6009 = m 296, along with NGC 6006 and 6007, on 2 Jun 1864 and
noted "F, vS, stell." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6010 = UGC
10081 = MCG +00-40-013 = CGCG 022-048 = PGC 56337
15 54 19.2 +00
32 34
V = 12.6; Size 1.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 105d
17.5"
(6/11/88): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated WNW-ESE, small bright
core, stellar nucleus. A mag 14.5
star is 1.9' S and a mag 15 star 40" S of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6010 = H II-583 = h1939 on 3 May 1786 (sweep 562) and recorded
"vF, S, E, r." His
position is less than 1' south of UGC 10081. A second observation on 28 May 1786 (sweep 568) states
"pB, S, bM, E, nearly in the parallel." JH made the single observation "pB; S; lE in parallel
[E-W], gbM."
******************************
NGC 6011 = UGC
10047 = MCG +12-15-016 = CGCG 338-017 = PGC 56008
15 46 32.9 +72
10 09
V = 13.5; Size 2.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 110d
17.5"
(5/14/88): fairly faint, small, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE, bright core. A mag 14 star is off the east edge
[52" from the center].
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6011 = H III-313 on 16 Mar 1785 (sweep 389) and logged "vF,
vS, lE." His position is
within 3' of UGC 10047. On 6 May
1791 (sweep 1005) he noted "vF, cS, E nearly in the parallel, just
preceding a very small star."
MCG doesn't label its entry as NGC 6011.
******************************
NGC 6012 = UGC
10083 = MCG +03-40-059 = CGCG 107-054 = CGCG 108-003 = PGC 56334
15 54 13.9 +14
36 04
V = 12.0; Size 2.1'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 168d
17.5"
(5/13/88): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated NNW-SSE, brighter core,
mottled appearance. Several bright
stars in field and bracketed by mag 9 SAO 101806 2.0' S and a mag 10 star just
1.4' NE of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6012 = H II-657 on 19 Mar 1787 (sweep 720) and recorded "F,
bM; between, but a little preceding 2 bright stars."
******************************
NGC 6013 = UGC
10080 = MCG +07-33-004 = CGCG 223-007 = PGC 56287
15 52 53.0 +40
38 48
V = 13.6; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 174d
17.5"
(7/1/89): faint, fairly small, very elongated ~N-S, brighter center. Four mag 12-13 stars are within a 5'
radius including a pair of mag 13 stars 2.6' NNW with separation 28" which
are collinear with NGC 6013" (aligned NNW-SSE).
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6013 = St VII-1 on 21 Jun 1876. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6014 = UGC
10091 = MCG +01-41-002 = CGCG 051-007 = IC 4586 = PGC 56413
15 55 57.5 +05
55 56
V = 12.2; Size 1.7'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(5/13/88): fairly faint, fairly small, even surface brightness. A pair of mag 14/15 stars are at the NE
end [the mag 14 star is 32" from center].
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6014 = h1940 on 24 Apr 1830 and recorded "pB; pL; E;
30" l, 18" br." His
position is accurate.
Lewis Swift
found this galaxy again on 19 Aug 1897 and recorded IC 4586 = Sw XII-13 as
"eF, S, R, bet *8 following and curve of stars preceding." His description is a perfect
match with NGC 6014, though his RA is off by a minute too small, as well as his
dec by 5'. Dorothy Carlson equated
the two numbers in her 1940 paper on NGC/IC Corrections.
******************************
NGC 6015 = UGC
10075 = MCG +10-23-003 = CGCG 298-003 = CGCG 319-028 = PGC 56219
15 51 25.2 +62
18 35
V = 11.1; Size 5.4'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 28d
13"
(5/14/83): fairly faint, fairly large, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 4.0'x1.8',
diffuse, almost even surface brightness.
Located 2.3' E of a mag 11 star.
A mag 13.5 star is at the SSW end 1.9' from the center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6015 = H III-739 on 2 Jun 1788 (sweep 844) and recorded
"vF; R; about 3' diam; vgbM; easily resolvable." Dreyer also gives d'Arrest's summary
description "B, mE" in the NGC as it differs so much from WH's. In the IC 1 Notes, Dreyer mentions that
William Denning stated that d'Arrest's description was correct.
******************************
NGC 6016 = UGC
10096 = MCG +05-38-001 = CGCG 167-004 = PGC 56410
15 55 54.9 +26
57 59
V = 14.3; Size 1.0'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 26d
17.5"
(6/15/91): extremely faint, small, very elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE, low even surface
brightness. Located 5.4' SSW of
mag 8 SAO 84084.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6016 = m 297 on 28 Jun 1864 and noted "vF, S, E." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6017 = UGC
10098 = MCG +01-41-003 = CGCG 051-008 = PGC 56475
15 57 15.5 +05
59 54
V = 13.1; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 140d
17.5"
(5/13/88): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated NW-SE, small bright core.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6017 = h1941 on 9 May 1828 and recorded "pF; vS; R; much
condensed in the centre. A disc
with a burred borders. Almost a
planetary nebula." His
position is fairly accurate.
******************************
NGC 6018 = UGC
10101 = MCG +03-41-006 = CGCG 108-016 = IC 1150? = PGC 56481
15 57 29.8 +15
52 23
V = 13.4; Size 1.4'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 75d
17.5"
(5/13/88): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated SW-NE, weak
concentration. A mag 15 is 1'
S. In a trio with NGC 6021 5.1' N
and an anonymous companion 2.6' E.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6018 = H III-646 = h1942 on 19 Mar 1787 (sweep 720) and noted
"vF, lE, S." NGC 6021,
situated 5' north, was discovered 3 years earlier on 21 Mar 1784.
******************************
NGC 6019 = CGCG
319-031 = PGC 56265
15 52 09.1 +64
50 26
V = 15.4; Size 0.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(4/15/93): extremely faint, very small, 15" diameter, round, very low
surface brightness. Located 2.6' S
of a mag 10 star which detracts from viewing. A mag 11 star lies 3.5' ESE. Forms a pair with NGC 6024 8' NE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6019 = Sw IV-18, along with NGC 6024 on 28 Jun 1886 and recorded
"eeeF; S; R; double star points to it; ee difficult." His position is 24 sec east and
1' north of CGCG 319-031 = PGC 56265, but his comment "D * points to
it" clinches the identification.
The wide pair of stars is 2' north.
******************************
NGC 6020 = IC
1148 = UGC 10100 = MCG +04-38-002 = CGCG 137-005 = LGG 403-009 = PGC 56467
15 57 08.1 +22
24 16
V = 12.7; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 140d
17.5"
(5/14/88): fairly faint, small, round, broad concentration. Situated among a group of stars and at
the midpoint of a mag 11 star 1.9' WSW and a 13 star 1.9' ESE of center. Another mag 13 star is 1.7' SSE of
center.
Truman Safford
discovered NGC 6020 = Sf. 10 = St. VII-2 on 9 May 1866 with the 18.5"
refractor at the Dearborn Observatory.
The discovery list was not published until 1887 so Safford is not
credited in the main NGC table.
ƒdouard Stephan independently found the galaxy on 27 Jun 1876, measured
an accurate position, and was credited by Dreyer with the discovery. When Dreyer obtained Safford's list, he
apparently missed the equivalence with NGC 6020 and catalogued this galaxy
again as IC 1148. So, NGC 6020 =
IC 1148.
******************************
NGC 6021 = UGC
10102 = MCG +03-41-005 = CGCG 108-017
= PGC 56482
15 57 30.7 +15
57 22
V = 13.1; Size 1.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 160d
17.5"
(5/13/88): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, bright core. Brightest of three with NGC 6018 5.1' S
and an anonymous galaxy 5.5' SSE.
In the foreground of rich cluster AGC 2147.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6021 = H III-739 = h1943 on 21 Mar 1784 (sweep 183) and recorded
"eF, vS. I suspected it with
157 and 240 showed it very plainly."
He observed this galaxy three years later (19 Mar 1787) and also picked
up NGC 6018 to the south.
******************************
NGC 6022 = MCG
+03-41-009 = CGCG 108-020 = PGC 56495
15 57 47.7 +16
16 56
V = 14.7; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(5/13/88): extremely faint, small, oval.
Located 1.6' SSW of NGC 6023 in AGC 2147.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6022 = St XII-76, along with NGC 6023, on 19 May 1881. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6023 = UGC
10106 = MCG +03-41-010 = CGCG 108-021 = PGC 56492
15 57 49.6 +16
18 37
V = 13.1; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 70d
17.5"
(5/13/88): faint, small, round, gradually increases to a brighter core. Brightest in AGC 2147 with NGC 6022
1.6' SSW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6023 = St XII-77, along with NGC 6022, on 19 May 1881. His position is an exact match with UGC
10106.
******************************
NGC 6024 = MCG
+11-19-026 = CGCG 319-032 = PGC 56294
15 53 07.8 +64
55 05
V = 14.1; Size 0.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(4/15/93): faint, small, 30" diameter, round. Surrounding the galaxy are several stars: a mag 12.5 star is
off the WSW edge 49" from center, a mag 13 star 1.2' ESE and two mag 14
stars are off the north edge 31" from center and 1.2' SE. Also several mag 9-10 stars in field:
forms the vertex of a perfect isosceles triangle with mag 9 SAO 16879 6.2' WNW
and a mag 10 star 6.3' SW. Brighter
of a pair of galaxies with NGC 6019 8' SW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6024 = Sw IV-19, along with NGC 6019, on 28 Jun 1886 and
recorded "pF; pS; R; BM; * close; forms a little right angle with 2
stars." His position is 10
sec east of CGCG 319-032 = PGC 56294 and his description applies to this
galaxy.
******************************
NGC 6025 = Cr
296 = ESO 136-SC014
16 03 18 -60 25
54
V = 5.1; Size 12'
18" (7/7/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 76x with 27 Panoptic, this cluster is
loose but bright and large, ~13' diameter, with 50-60 stars resolved and a very
pretty sight. A couple of dozen
stars are mag 11.5 or brighter and seem to form a continuous loop or
exaggerated "S" shape with no central concentration! At 128x, ~80 stars are visible but the
cluster is really too large for a good view at this power. Two brighter mag 7 and 8 stars are at
the SE end with mag 8.5 and 9 stars near the NW edge. The cluster straddles TrA and Norma and is just visible
naked-eye. Abell 3627 (the core of
the "Great Attractor"!) lies 1.5 degree SE and deep images show a
number of very faint galaxies within and around the borders of the cluster that
are probably outlying members.
Nicolas-Louis de
Lacaille discovered NGC 6025 = Lac III 10 = D 304 = h1941 in 1751-1752 using a
1/2" telescope at 8x during his expedition to the Cape of Good Hope. With
this small telescope he noted "three faint stars in line in
nebulosity." Dunlop observed
the cluster 5 times with his 9-inch reflector from Parramatta and recorded "(Lambda
Circini) Lacaille describes this as three small stars in a line with nebula. No
particular nebula exists in this place. A group of about twenty stars of mixt
magnitudes, forming an irregular figure, about 5' or 6' long, answer to the
place of the Lambda. This is in the milky way; and there is no nebula in the
group of stars except what is common in the neighbourhood."
JH lists 4
observations in the Cape Catalogue: on his first sweep (22 Apr 1835) he logged
"VII.; loose; scattered; brilliant; stars large; much more than fills
field; 46 stars counted above 12th mag; chief star 7th mag taken." On a second sweep as ""Chief
star 7th mag of a large, oblong, bright scattered cluster, stars 7..10th
mag."
******************************
NGC 6026 = PK
341+13.1 = ESO 389-PN7 = PN G341.6+13.7
16 01 20.9 -34
32 39
V = 13.2; Size 54"x36"
18"
(6/7/08): fairly faint, moderately large glow surrounding a mag 13-13.5 central
star at 150x. Excellent contrast
gain using a NPB filter and the disc appeared moderately bright and crisply
defined and slightly elongated.
18"
(7/22/06): picked up unfiltered at 160x as a mag 13.5-14 star surrounded by a
40"x30" faint halo elongated SW-NE. A UHC filter increases the contrast so the disc appears
fairly faint to moderately bright (easy with direct vision). 325x provided a good view unfiltered
and the elongation appeared closer to WSW-ENE. The easy central star was visible steadily and the
dimensions roughly 45"x35".
18" (7/5/05
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x, this planetary appeared moderately
bright, moderately large, elongated 4:3 SW-NE, ~0.8'x0.6'. Dominated by a mag 13.5 central star
with an even surface brightness halo.
Nice contrast gain using a UHC filter at 228x.
17.5"
(6/30/00): at 220x this fairly faint PN appeared slightly elongated SW-NE,
~50"x35". The 14th
magnitude central star is easily visible encased by an evenly lit disc. The edges of the halo appear somewhat
ragged but the PN is crisp-edged at 280x using a UHC filter.
13"
(7/5/83): very faint, small, round.
A very faint mag 14 central star is visible. The planetary is visible with direct vision using a UHC
filter. Located 7.3' NW of mag 7.6
SAO 207243.
8": not
found.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6026 = h3617 on 8 Jun 1837 and recorded "F; S; R: 15";
gpmbM. There are 3 stars forming a
triangle about 60¡, np the nebula."
His position is at the west edge of the planetary.
NGC 6026 was
misclassified as an elliptical galaxy in the Shapley-Ames catalogue (dimensions
1.0'x0.8', mag(p) = 12.5). In the
course of a photographic survey of bright southern galaxies at Mt Stromlo, de
Vaucouleurs noticed the appearance suggest it might be a galactic PN. He notified Nicholas Mayall of Lick
Observatory who obtained a spectrogram, which established it was a planetary
nebula (announced in 1955PASP...67..418D).
******************************
NGC 6027 =
Seyfert's Sextet = HCG 79B = VV 115 = (VII Zw 631) = (UGC 10116) = MCG
+04-38-005 = (CGCG 137-010) = PGC 56575
15 59 12.5 +20
45 49
V = 14.3; Size 0.4'x0.2'; Surf Br = 11.7
48"
(5/15/12): the brightest components of Seyfert's Sextet were NGC 6027 = HCG 79b
and NGC 6027A = HCG 79a. Both were
moderately bright at 610x, though NGC 6027 was more elongated at 2:1 E-W,
~20"x10". NGC 6027E, a
diffuse plume, was easily visible extending 30" NE and narrowing near the
end where it brightens slightly. NGC 6027D = HCG 79e is situated barely off the
south side and appeared faint, extremely small, round, 6" diameter. NGC 6027B = HCG 79c (third brightest
member) is just 24" W and appeared fairly faint, small, oval 3:2 SW-NE,
18"x12". Finally NGC
6027C = HCG 79d is furthest south (fifth brightest) and appeared faint, fairly
small, very elongated 4:1 N-S, ~25"x7", with a low, nearly even
surface brightness.
18" (8/3/05):
at 257x, the brightest component of Seyfert's Sextet appeared faint, very
small, slightly elongated ~E-W, 15"x10", contains a faint stellar
nucleus with direct vision. A mag
14.5 star lies 1' ESE and two additional mag 14.5 stars lie close SE. Just resolved from HCG 79c which lies
22" W of center.
18"
(6/20/04): at 320x, a trio of galaxies forming a small equilateral triangle
were fairly easily resolved with careful viewing. The brightest of the trio (HCG 79b) is at the NE corner and
appeared elongated 3:2 E-W, ~20"x13". The other two members (HCG 79a and HCG 79c) are both
extremely small, round, ~10" diameter. Two mag 14.5 stars 1'-1.5' SE are collinear with HCG 79b and
a slightly brighter mag 14 star lies 2' W.
17.5"
(5/14/88): faint, small, elongated ~E-W.
17.5"
(6/6/86): this is Seyfert's Sextet = HCG 79, an extremely compact group! On close inspection, the confused
"clump" resolves into three components with the brightest component
(HCG 79b) appearing fairly faint, small.
Extremely close are HCG 79a = NGC 6027A just 36" SSW and HCG 79c =
NGC 6027B 22" W of center. A
mag 14.5 star is 1.1' ESE and other faint stars are near. These three galaxies are just resolved
at 220x.
13"
(6/18/85): slightly elongated E-W.
13"
(5/26/84): faint, very small, irregularly round, weak concentration.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6027 = St XII-78 on 20 Mar 1882 and measured an accurate
position. Although Stephan
recorded this ultra-compact group as only a single entry, his description
"eF, vF* inv, 2 vF st nr" implies he probably resolved two or three
members. Barnard ran across NGC
6027 while sweeping on 29 Jan 1889 with the 12-inch refractor at Lick
Observatory.
Carl Seyfert's
name was attached after his 1951 paper "A Dense Group of Galaxies in Serpens"
(PASP...63...72S). Different
lettering of the components were introduced by VV, RNGC and Hickson, so there
is often confusion on the designations.
There are likely only 4 galaxies in the group as NGC 6027D has a
discordant redshift over four times the other members and NGC 6027E is
considered either a tidal tail of HCG 79b or a partially dissolved
remnant. Seyfert's Sextet is
probably the densest (most compact) galaxy aggregate in the local Universe with
all 4 members fitting within the confines of the Milky Way.
******************************
NGC 6028 = NGC
6046 = UGC 10135 = MCG +03-41-043
= CGCG 108-063 = I Zw 133 = PGC 56716
16 01 28.9 +19
21 34
V = 13.5; Size 1.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 30d
48"
(5/15/12): this Hoag-type ring galaxy contains a bright, very small core,
~18" diameter. A star is
right at the south edge of the core.
The 1' diameter detached outer ring occasionally popped into view and
the galaxy appeared as a slightly elongated Cheerio! NGC 6028 is the nearest and brightest of the Hoag-style
rings.
17.5":
faint, very small, round, bright core, faint stellar nucleus. I only recorded the bright, inner core
of the ring galaxy. CGCG 108-053, located 7' NW, appeared very faint, very
small, round, weak concentration.
Guillaume
Bigourdan found NGC 6028 = B. 76 on 4 May 1886. His position matches UGC 10135. WH originally discovered this galaxy on 14 Mar 1784 and
catalogued as H III-33 = NGC 6046 (see notes), but with a 3.5 min error in
RA. NGC 6028 is the primary
designation because of Bigourdan's unambiguous position.
******************************
NGC 6029 = CGCG
079-023 = PGC 56756
16 01 58.7 +12
34 30
V = 14.5; Size 0.1'x0.1'; Surf Br = 9.3
17.5"
(5/13/88): very faint, small, elongated ~E-W, bright core, very faint stellar
nucleus. This is a double system
(not resolved).
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6029 = m 298 on 2 Jun 1864 and noted "vF, vS." His
position is 1' north of CGCG 079-023 = PGC 56756.
******************************
NGC 6030 = UGC
10139 = MCG +03-41-044 = CGCG 108-065 = LGG 403-010 = PGC 56750
16 01 51.4 +17
57 27
V = 12.8; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 43d
24"
(6/22/17): at 375x; bright, fairly small, oval 4:3 or 3:2 SW-NE. Contains a high surface brightness core
with a fainter elongated halo. A
mag 12.5 star lies 1' NNW of center.
LEDA 214444 lies 2.4' WSW.
This (physical) companion appeared extremely or very faint, very small,
round, 12"-15" diameter.
NGC 6030 is
located 12' NE of 5.1-magnitude 5 Herculi. The core of AGC 2151 (Hercules Galaxy Cluster) lies ~40'
ESE, though this galaxy is in the foreground.
17.5"
(5/13/88): fairly faint, small, bright core, elongated SW-NE. Two mag 13 stars are 1.0' NNW and 2.5'
N. Located between 5 Herculis (V =
5.1) 12' SW and mag 7.4 SAO 101890 14' NE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6030 = St XIII-84 on 17 Jun 1884. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6031 = Cr
297 = ESO 178-SC009
16 07 35 -54 00
54
V = 8.5; Size 2'
18" (4/5/16
- Coonabarabran, 236x): small, fairly rich cluster with 40-50 stars (with
careful viewing) packed into a 2.5' region. The cluster is roughly triangular with vertices on the
southwest, east and northeast ends.
Contains a tight knot of 4-5 stars within 20". A close double star (mag 11 primary,
separation <5") is 1' off the north end. Located 50' WNW of NGC 6067.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 6031 = D 359 = h3618 on 28 Jul 1826 and described "three
very minute stars forming a triangle, with a faint round nebula, about 20
arcseconds diameter in the centre, but none of the stars are involved in the
nebula." His position is 5'
south of the cluster. JH made a
single observation on 19 Jun 1835: "cluster, a small, compact knot of
stars 11..14th mag, in a magnificently full field and zone."
******************************
NGC 6032 = UGC
10148 = MCG +04-38-016 = CGCG 137-021 = LGG 403-001 = PGC 56842
16 03 01.1 +20
57 23
V = 13.5; Size 1.6'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 0d
13.1"
(4/10/86): very faint, fairly small, slightly elongated N-S. Appears as an unconcentrated diffuse
glow which requires averted vision.
Pair with NGC 6035 6.6' SE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6032 = St XI-40, along with NGC 6035, on 9 Jun 1880. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6033 = UGC
10159 = MCG +00-41-003 = CGCG 023-011 = PGC 56941
16 04 27.9 -02
07 15
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 90d
17.5"
(6/11/88): very faint, small, round.
A close very faint double star is 1' S.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6033 = m 299 on 23 Jul 1864 and noted "vF neb *." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6034 = MCG
+03-41-062 = CGCG 108-084 = PGC 56877
16 03 32.1 +17
11 55
V = 13.8; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 64d
17.5":
faint, very small, slightly elongated, small bright core, stellar nucleus. A mag 13.5 star is 0.8' SSE. Member of AGC 2151.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6034 = Sw IV-20 on 19 Jun 1886 and logged "eeeF; vS; R; eee
diff." His position is 1.5'
north of CGCG 108-084 = PGC 56877.
******************************
NGC 6035 = UGC
10154 = MCG +04-38-018 = CGCG 137-024 = PGC 56864
16 03 24.2 +20
53 29
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1
13.1"
(4/10/86): faint, fairly small, almost round. Slightly brighter of pair with NGC 6032 6.2' NW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6035 = St XI-41, along with NGC 6032, on 9 Jun 1880. His micrometric position is very
accurate.
******************************
NGC 6036 = UGC
10163 = MCG +01-41-010 = CGCG 051-032 = PGC 56950
16 04 30.8 +03
52 06
V = 13.4; Size 1.1'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 146d
17.5"
(6/11/88): faint, small, elongated NW-SE, small bright core, stellar
nucleus. A mag 14 star is 0.7' NE
and a fainter mag 15 star is just 0.8' NNW of center. Forms a pair with NGC 6037 3.3' S.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6036 = m 300, along with NGC 6037, on 23 Jul 1864 and noted
"vF, vS, R, stell." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6037 = MCG
+01-41-009 = CGCG 051-031 = PGC 56947
16 04 29.8 +03
48 54
V = 14.0; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(6/11/88): very faint, very small, round, broad concentration, can just hold
steadily with direct vision. Pair
with NGC 6036 3.3' N.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6037 = m 301, along with NGC 6036, on 23 Jul 1864 and noted
"vF, S."
******************************
NGC 6038 = UGC
10149 = MCG +06-35-026 = CGCG 195-008 = PGC 56812
16 02 40.5 +37
21 34
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(6/15/91): faint, fairly small, 1' diameter, round, low almost even surface
brightness with no discernable core, halo gradually fades into background. A mag 11 star is 40" off the SE
edge and 1.3' from center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6038 = H III-622 = h1944 on 17 Mar 1787 (sweep 715) and noted
"vF, S, R. I saw it in the
field while I was gauging otherwise it would have certainly been
overlooked." His position is
22 sec of RA east of UGC 10149. JH made 3 observations and measured an accurate
position.
******************************
NGC 6039 = NGC
6042? = MCG +03-41-079 = CGCG 108-104 = PGC 56972
16 04 39.5 +17
42 03
V = 13.9; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3
See observing
notes for NGC 6042. Possibly =*,
HC. Incorrect identification in
the RNGC; (R)NGC 6039 = NGC 6040B.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6039 = Sw IV-21 on 27 Jun 1886 on the west side of the Hercules
Galaxy Cluster and recorded "eeeF; vS; R; sp of 3 in a line, the other 2
being 2 of Stephan's, 3rd of 10."
The three galaxies near his position are NGC 6040, 6041 and 6042, with
NGC 6042 (the south-following of 3) 14 sec of RA east of Swift's position. He also added a note that "three
of the ten of more nebulae in this interesting group are M. Stephan's,
presumably [NGC 6040] and certainly [NGC 6041] and [NGC 6042]. Two or 3 more are suspected. They are very difficult objects to see
and especially to measure, atmospheric condition seldom allowing them to be
seen at all except Stephan's last two, which are quite interesting objects, but
those he describes as faint and small and very small, I call pretty
large."
Despite Swift's
note, NGC 6039 is mostly likely is a duplicate of NGC 6042, which is the third
in a line with NGC 6040 and 6041, though his description should reads "sf
of 3." RNGC misidentifies NGC
6040B = MCG +03-41-073 as NGC 6039.
This galaxy is attached to the southwest end of NGC 6040.
******************************
NGC 6040 = Arp
122 NED2 = VV 212a = UGC 10165b = MCG +03-41-074 = CGCG 108-096n = PGC 56932
16 04 26.8 +17
45 02
V = 14.2; Size 1.3'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 47d
24"
(6/4/16): at 322x; fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 SW-NE, small
brighter core. The southwest and
northeast extensions are slightly curved or misaligned. NGC 6040B, just 26" S of center,
appeared fairly faint, small, round, 12" diameter. Easily visible due to relatively high
surface brightness.
17.5"
(5/13/88): faint, small, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE, low even surface
brightness. Forms a close
interacting system with NGC 6040B 26" S. The companion appeared very faint, very small, slightly
elongated E-W.
First of three
NGC galaxies with NGC 6041 2.7' SE and NGC 6042 4.3' SE. Also, IC 1170 is just visible 2.0'
SSE. Located within the central
core of AGC 2151.
17.5"
(3/23/85): faint, small, elongated SSW-NNE. First of 3. NGC
6040B was not resolved.
13.1"
(5/14/83): very faint, small, diffuse.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6040 = St I-1, along with NGC 6041 and NGC 6042, on 27 Jun
1870. His micrometric position is
an exact match with the brighter northern component of this pair (Arp 71). Many sources label the northern component
as NGC 6040A with the southern galaxy NGC 6040B. MCG misidentifies this galaxy as IC 1170.
******************************
NGC 6041 = VV
213a = NGC 6041A = UGC 10170ne = MCG +03-41-078 = CGCG 108-101ne = PGC 56960
16 04 35.8 +17
43 18
V = 13.8; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 46d
24"
(6/4/16): at 322x; fairly faint/moderately bright, fairly small, slightly
elongated, 25"x20", well concentrated with a small bright core. Forms a double system with NGC 6041 at
the southwest end [19" between centers] with the companion faint,
extremely small, round, 6".
IC 1170, a small faint edge-on, is 1' due west.
17.5"
(5/13/88): very faint, very small, oval SW-NE. Forms a double system with NGC 6041B attached at the
southwest end. The fainter companion
appeared extremely faint and small or stellar. In a quadruple subgroup with NGC 6040 2.7' NW (another
double system!), NGC 6042 1.5' SE and IC 1170 0.9' W ("extremely faint and
small, elongated E-W, requires averted vision"). A mag 11 star lies 1.5' S. Located on the west side of the rich central region of AGC
2151.
17.5"
(3/23/85): faint, irregularly round or slightly elongated SW-NE. Suspected to be double.
13.1"
(5/14/83): very faint, very small, round, similar to NGC 6040 3' NW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6041 = St I-2, along with NGC 6040 and NGC 6042, on 27 Jun
1870. His position matches the
galaxy often called NGC 6041A.
******************************
NGC 6042 = NGC
6039? = MCG +03-41-079 = CGCG 108-104 = PGC 56972
16 04 39.6 +17
42 03
V = 14.2; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 60d
17.5"
(5/13/88): very faint, very small, round.
Third of three NGC galaxies on a line with NGC 6041 1.5' NW and NGC 6040
4.3' NW in the core of AGC 2151.
Also extremely faint IC 1170 lies 2.3' NW. Located 1.7' NE of a mag 11 star.
17.5"
(3/23/85): faint, very small, roundish.
Faintest in trio on a line in AGC 2151.
13.1"
(6/29/84): extremely faint, at visual threshold, very small, round.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6042 = St I-3, along with NGC 6040 and NGC 6041, on 27 Jun
1870. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6043 = MCG
+03-41-086 = CGCG 108-109 = PGC 57019
16 05 01.4 +17
46 32
V = 14.3; Size 0.65'x0.5'; PA = 35d
24"
(6/4/16): at 322x; fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, slightly
elongated, 20"x16", strong bright core. NGC 6045 is 1.9' SE.
A mag 15 star is 0.8' SSW and a mag 13 star is 1.8' S. NGC 6045 is 1.9' SE.
48"
(4/5/13): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE, 0.3'x0.2',
small bright core. Located 1.9' NW
of NGC 6045. I didn't look for the
faint companion attached at the SW edge, but it should be visible.
17.5"
(5/13/88): very faint, small, slightly elongated ~E-W, collinear with two stars
to the south including a mag 13.5 star 1.8' S. First of three NGC galaxies on a line with NGC 6045 1.9' SE
and NGC 6047 3.3' SSE. Also nearby
are NGC 6050 5.3' ESE and NGC 6044 5.6' N. This is a double system (not resolved) in the central region
of AGC 2151.
17.5"
(3/23/85): first of three galaxies aligned NW to SE with NGC 6045 and NGC 6047
in the core of the Hercules Galaxy Cluster. Faint, very small, round, faint star off the south side
(45").
13.1"
(5/14/83): extremely faint, small, round.
First of four in a subgroup of AGC 2151. A mag 15 star is off the south side.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6043 = Sw IV-22 on 27 Jun 1886, along with several other members
of the Hercules Galaxy Cluster. He recorded "eeF; lE; pS; 4th of
10." There is nothing at his
exact position, but 13 seconds of time east is CGCG 108-109 = PGC 57019. Guillaume Bigourdan measured an
accurate position in Jun 1888 (repeated in the IC 2 Notes).
******************************
NGC 6044 = IC
1172 = MCG +03-41-084 = CGCG 108-110 = PGC 57015
16 04 59.7 +17 52
13
V = 14.3; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(5/13/88): very faint, very small, round.
A mag 14 star lies 1.4' WSW.
Located 5.6' N of NGC 6043 in the core of AGC 2151.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6044 = Sw IV-23 on 27 Jun 1886, along with several other members
of the Hercules Galaxy Cluster.
His description reads "eeF; vS; R; vf * nr p[receding]; 5th of
10." and his position is 10 seconds west of CGCG 108-110 = PGC 57015.
Bigourdan found
the galaxy on 8 Jun 1888, assumed it was new and recorded Big. 199 = IC 1172
with an accurate position. CGCG
labels the galaxy as IC 1172, though MCG uses NGC 6044. In any case, NGC 6044 = IC 1172.
******************************
NGC 6045 = Arp
71 = UGC 10177 = MCG +03-41-088 = CGCG 108-112 = PGC 57031
16 05 07.9 +17
45 28
V = 13.9; Size 1.3'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 82d
48"
(5/15/12): fairly faint to moderately bright, edge-on 5:1 WSW-ENE, 1.0'x0.2',
slightly brighter core. A very
small companion is attached at the east end, dangling to the south perpendicular
to the major axis. It appeared
faint, small, elongated 2:1 N-S, 12"x6".
24"
(6/4/16): at 322x; faint to fairly faint, very elongated 7:2 WSW-ENE, 45"x
12", slightly brighter elongated core. NGC 6045B was occasionally glimpsed at or just off the east
end.
17.5"
(5/13/88): very faint, small, very elongated 4:1 WSW-ENE. Located in the core of AGC 2151 between
the NGC 6040/6041/6042 trio to the west and NGC 6050 3.8' E. The companion attached at the east end
was not seen.
17.5"
(3/23/85): second of a faint collinear trio. Very faint though slightly brighter than NGC 6043 1.9' NW
and NGC 6047 1.7' S, though the nearby stars to these two galaxies was more eye
catching.
13.1"
(5/14/83): very faint, elongated.
Second of four in subgroup of AGC 2151.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6045 = Sw IV-24 on 27 Jun 1886, along with several other members
of the Hercules Galaxy Cluster. He
logged "eeF; vS; R; v diff; 6th of 10." and his position is 13
seconds preceding UGC 10177 (a similar offset as NGC 6043). Bigourdan measured an accurate position
in June 1888 (repeated in the IC 2 Notes).
******************************
NGC 6046 = NGC
6028 = UGC 10135 = MCG +03-41-043
= I Zw 133 = PGC 56716
16 01 28.9 +19
21 34
V = 13.5; Size 1.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 30d
See observing
notes for NGC 6028.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6046 = H III-33 on 14 Mar 1784 (sweep 171) and recorded "A
nebula suspected by 157 and the suspicion strengthened by 240; but the latter
power does not remove all doubt.
It follows 3 pB stars making an arch [concave towards np or nnp
direction by a diagram], south of which arch there is a still brighter
star."
There is nothing
near WH's offset, but based on his description of the nearby stars, Harold
Corwin identifies NGC 6046 = NGC 6028 (correctly placed by Bigourdan). This galaxy is nearly 3.5 min of RA
west of WH's position. The 3 stars
are actually concave to the northeast and the "still brighter star"
is mag 9.0 HD 143614. RNGC
classifies the number nonexistent (Type 7).
******************************
NGC 6047 = MCG
+03-41-087 = CGCG 108-111 = 4C 17.66 = PGC 57033
16 05 09.0 +17
43 47
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.4
24"
(6/4/16): at 322x; fairly faint, small, round, very small bright core. A mag 13 star is just off the northwest
side, 25" from the center.
NGC 6045 lies 1.7' N.
48"
(4/5/13): moderately bright, fairly small, irregularly round, 24"
diameter, bright core. A mag 13.5
star is just off the northwest edge.
Located 1.7' S of NGC 6045.
17.5"
(5/13/88): very faint, very small, round.
A mag 13.5 star is just 26" NW of the center. This galaxy is the third of three in a
the central region of AGC 2151 with NGC 6043 3.3' NNW and NGC 6045 1.7'
NNW. Also nearby is NGC 6050 4.0'
NW.
17.5"
(3/23/85): third of trio in a line.
Appears very faint, small, a faint star is close preceding.
13.1"
(5/14/83): very faint, very small.
Third of four in a subgroup of AGC 2151 and located 2' SSE of NGC
6045. A mag 13.5 star is very
close west.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6047 = Sw IV-25 on 27 Jun 1886, along with several other members
of the Hercules Galaxy Cluster. He
logged "eF; R; pS; F * close north; 7th of 10." His position is 9 seconds west of CGCG
108-111 = PGC 57033 (similar offset in RA as NGC 6043 and 6045) and the comment
about the faint star applies.
******************************
NGC 6048 = UGC
10124 = MCG +12-15-038 = CGCG 338-032 = PGC 56484
15 57 30.2 +70
41 21
V = 12.3; Size 2.2'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 140d
17.5"
(7/9/88): fairly faint, small, round, bright core, faint stellar nucleus. Located 13' SSW of mag 7.3 SAO
8382. NGC 6071 lies 18' ESE.
17.5"
(4/18/87): fairly faint, small, oval, brighter core. Forms a pair with 2MASX J15575417+7039470 2.5' SE.
17.5"
(3/28/87): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, brighter center, faint
stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6048 = H II-873 on 6 May 1791 (sweep 1005) and noted "F, R,
bM, about 1' dia." CH's
reduced position is 37 sec of RA following UGC 10124.
******************************
NGC 6049 = SAO
121361 = HD 144426
16 05 37.9 +08
05 46
=*6.3 SAO
121361, Gottlieb. "Not found", Carlson. No nebulosity surrounds mag 6.3 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6049 = h1945 on 24 Apr 1830 and recorded "a * 7m which I
strongly incline to think has a nebulous atmosphere about 2' dia." On 14 May 1855 LdR noted the "star
looked quite sharp and well defined in the finding eyepiece", but on 26
May 1875 Lawrence Parsons commented "*7-8m with vF surrounded atmosphere
which could be traced about 1' from the star." Two days later, Henry Chamberlain Russell of Sydney
Observatory was also shown the star and the entry reads "Mr. H.C. Russell
from Sydney was not sure of the reality of the atmosphere, but I had no doubt
of it." Reinmuth wasn't sure:
"BD +8 3134; *6.8 with halo?"
All of these observations are spurious as there is no halo around the
star.
******************************
NGC 6050 = Arp
272 = VV 220a = IC 1179A = UGC
10186 = MCG +03-41-092 = CGCG 108-118 = PGC 57058 + PGC 57053
16 05 23.4 +17
45 32
V = 14.7; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 132d
48"
(5/15/12): this is an interconnected pair of galaxies with the brighter
component (NGC 6050A) on the northeast side. The pair appeared as a moderately bright, irregular glow, slightly
elongated SW-NE, and roughly 60"x45". They were not individually
separated at 375x although NGC 6050A has a slightly brighter nucleus and NGC
6050B (often called IC 1179) is a faint, diffuse glow attached to its southwest
side. NGC 6050B displayed a very
weak central brightening and a very faint nucleus. This double system is centered in an amazingly rich field of
galaxies, the closest being PGC 1540468, just 45" S.
17.5"
(5/13/88): very faint, small, round, diffuse. This member of AGC 2151 forms a close pair with NGC 6054
1.9' ENE. Follows the trio of NGC
6047 4.0' SW, NGC 6045 3.8' W and NGC 6043 5.3' WNW. This is an interacting pair with IC 1179 20" SW (not
individually resolved).
17.5"
(3/23/85): faint but easily visible, small, roundish. This is a double system, but IC 1179 was
not seen.
13.1"
(5/14/83): very faint, small, round.
Fourth of 4 in a subgroup of AGC 2151.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6050 = Sw IV-26 on 27 Jun 1886, along with several additional
members of the Hercules Galaxy Cluster.
He logged "eeeF; S; R; e diff.; 8th of 10." and his position
is 13 seconds west of UGC 10186 (similar offset in RA as NGC 6043, 6045 and
6047). Bigourdan measured an
accurate RA on 1 Jun 1888 (repeated in the IC 2 Notes).
Swift
"discovered" the galaxy again on 3 Jun 1888 and reported it in list
VII-71 (this time described as "11th of 12"). Dreyer added this second entry as IC
1179. Most modern sources
including PGC, HyperLeda and SIMBAD misidentify the southwest component (NGC
6050B) as IC 1179. It's extremely
unlikely that IC 1179 refers to the southwest galaxy in list VII, as Swift
described NGC 6050 as "eeeF" and NGC 6050B is much fainter and he
makes no mention of the nebula being double!
******************************
NGC 6051 = UGC
10178 = MCG +04-38-021 = CGCG 137-030 = AWM 4-1 = PGC 57006
16 04 56.6 +23
55 57
V = 13.1; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 165d
24"
(7/23/14): fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 4:3 N-S,
0.6'x0.45', weak concentration. A
mag 11.2 star is 0.7' SSE of center and a mag 16.7 star is 0.7' W of center.
Brightest in a faint compact cluster (AWM 4) with 5 members within 3'!
IC 4588 = PGC
57025 lies 2' SE and is very faint (B = 16.3), round, 10" diameter. PGC 57003, 2.9' NNW, is very faint (B =
16.4), round, 12" diameter.
PGC 57010, 2' N, is extremely faint (B = 16.9), round, 10"
diameter. PGC 57014, 2.3' NNE, is
very faint (B = 16.2), elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE, 25"x8". PGC 140564, 1.2' WNW, is extremely
difficult (B = 17.3), slightly elongated NW-SE, 12"x8".
17.5"
(6/15/91): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, weak concentration. A mag 11 star is just off the SSE edge
44" from center.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6051 = St XII-79 on 20 Jun 1881. His micrometric position is very accurate.
******************************
NGC 6052 = Arp
209 = VV 86a/b = NGC 6064 = UGC 10182 = MCG +04-38-022 = CGCG 137-032 = Mrk 297
= LGG 403-008 = PGC 57039
16 05 13.2 +20
32 33
V = 13.0; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 171d
48" (4/5/13):
the main glow of this disrupted system or merger appeared fairly bright, fairly
small, slightly elongated, irregular or mottled. The glow brightens along the eastern side and very thin,
faint extensions protrude along the eastern side to the north and south (more
prominent on the south end). The
appearance is similar to an edge-on galaxy attached to the larger, mottled
western component.
48"
(5/15/12): at 488x, the disrupted system NGC 6052 = Arp 209 had a very strange
appearance. Attached on the southeast
side is a faint, elongated glow, ~22"x6", extending out from the main
portion of the system and giving the strong impression that an edge-on galaxy
was involved in this merger. Also
on the northeast side, a fainter and broader extension or plume was visible
oriented N-S. Although these two
features seemed detached, they may be part of the same partially merged
galaxy. To the west of these
extended features is the most prominent region or core of the galaxy, which
appeared bright, irregular round and mottled. The halo was very irregular in shape and brightness,
particularly on the west side which had a mottled, tattered appearance.
24"
(7/23/14): using 375x, moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 N-S,
~25"x18". Contains an
extremely small nucleus that appears offset to the north side. The eastern component is merged, except
for a small, thin extension that juts out to the south on the southeastern
side. A mag 15 star lies 0.8' W.
24"
(6/28/14): at 375x, appeared fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 N-S,
30"x20", contains a quasi-stellar nucleus and mottled core that is
slightly displaced to the north side.
The two components were not clearly resolved.
18"
(7/12/10): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 N-S, 0.9'x0.3', fairly
even surface brightness except at 285x and 335x there was a very faint,
slightly brighter "bulge" or knot on the west side (VV 86a) in the
direction of a faint star 45" W.
On the SDSS, this is a highly disrupted system with jets or knots of
material appearing to shoot out on the west side.
17.5":
fairly faint, fairly small, oval ~N-S, bright core. Appears asymmetric as the galaxy is brighter on the west
side. The POSS reveals this is an attached contact system (Arp 209). A mag 14.5 star is 1' W.
13.1"
(7/5/83): faint, small, round, even surface brightness. In line with two mag 12/13 stars
equally spaced.
8"
(7/5/83): extremely faint, very small, at visual threshold.
Albert Marth
found NGC 6052 = m302 on 2 Jul 1864 and recorded "F, about 1' diameter,
irr R, ??III. 140 [NGC 6064]."
WH discovered H
III-140 = NGC 6064 on 11 Jun 1784 (sweep 225), but his position was 1 min 47
sec of RA too large, so Marth was uncertain if H. III-140 was the same
nebula. Dreyer concluded in his
1912 "Scientific Papers of William Herschel" that this number
"is no doubt = NGC 6052 (Marth 302).
H did not observe the neb in the centre of the field but applies a
correction of -0.7m, which appears to have been too small."
******************************
NGC 6053 = NGC 6057
= MCG +03-41-106 = CGCG 108-130 = PGC 57090
16 05 32.5 +18
09 34
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0
See observing
notes for NGC 6057. RNGC
misidentifies CGCG 108-129 as NGC 6053.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6053 = Sw III-86,
along with NGC 6055, on 8 Jun 1886 and recorded "eeeF, S, R, ee diff; 1st
of 4". His position is 8 sec
of RA west and 1.5' south of UGC 10191, but is a close match with his offset of
NGC 6055 from CGCG 108-130. Swift
likely discovered NGC 6053 just 2 nights earlier, and it was also catalogued as
NGC 6057. So, NGC 6053 = NGC 6057
= UGC 10191. See notes on NGC
6057.
Most modern
catalogues ignore the number NGC 6053, assigning NGC 6055 to UGC 10191 and NGC
6057 to CGCG 108-130. RNGC
misidentifies CGCG 108-129 as NGC 6053.
This galaxy is roughly 6' south of the pair.
******************************
NGC 6054 = IC
1183 = MCG +03-41-103 = CGCG 108-128 = PGC 57086
16 05 38.1 +17
46 04
V = 14.5; Size 0.8'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 70d
48"
(5/15/12): fairly faint to moderately bright, small, oval 4:3 WSW-ENE,
20"x15". Located 1.0' NE
of a mag 12.6 star with a mag 16 star 1' S. Brighter IC 1182 lies 2.1' NNW, fainter PGC 1541356 is
40" NE and MCG +03-41-099 (often identified as NGC 6054) is 1.8' W. NGC 6054 is identified as IC 1183 in
most sources
17.5"
(5/13/88): very faint, very small, slightly elongated. Located 1.0' NE of a mag 12.5 star. An
extremely faint galaxy (MCG +03-41-099) is 1.5' W with IC 1182 2.1' NNW. Member of AGC 2151.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6054 = Sw IV-27 on 27 Jun 1886, along with several other members
of the Hercules Galaxy Cluster.
His description reads "eeeF; pS; lE; f * v nr sp; 9th of
10." His position is 13
seconds west of CGCG 108-128 = PGC 57073 (similar offset as NGC 6043, 6045, 6047,
6050) and his comment "faint star very near south-preceding" applies
(the star is 1' southwest).
His position,
though, happens to fall closer to fainter CGCG 108-121, and MCG, PGC and RNGC
misidentify CGCG 108-121 as NGC 6054. But if this was the case, the star would
be southeast and he would have picked up brighter CGCG 108-121 in any
case. NGC 6054 was independently
found and measured by Bigourdan on 1 Jun 1888 and again by Stephane Javelle on
11 Aug 1892. Dreyer combined these
two observations as IC 1183. So,
NGC 6054 = IC 1183 = PGC 57073.
******************************
NGC 6055 = MCG
+03-41-106 = CGCG 108-130 = PGC 57090
16 05 39.6 +18
09 52
V = 14.7; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.4
18"
(7/13/07): very faint, very small, round, 15" diameter, very small or
stellar nucleus. Forms a pair with
brighter NGC 6057 just 1.7' WSW in the northern part of the Hercules Galaxy
Cluster.
17.5"
(6/14/96): extremely faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, low even
surface brightness. Situated in
the northeast portion of AGC 2151 1.7' ENE of brighter NGC 6057. Several faint galaxies lie northeast.
17.5"
(5/28/89): extremely faint and small, round. Forms a close pair with NGC 6057 1.7' WSW in the northern
region of AGC 2151.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6055 = Sw II-87 on 8 Jun 1886 and logged "eeeF; S; R; ee
diff; 2nd of 4 [with N6053, N6056 and N6057]. Although his description is not of much help, his position
is 5 seconds of time east of NGC 6053, also discovered the same night. Assuming NGC 6053 refers to UGC 10191,
this implies NGC 6055 = CGCG 108-130.
This contradicts modern sources, which apply NGC 6055 to UGC 10191 and
NGC 6057 to CGCG 108-130. It also
places NGC 6057 and NGC 6053 out of order in RA, but agrees with the historical
record. See notes on NGC 6057 for
more on these numbers.
******************************
NGC 6056 = IC
1176 = MCG +03-41-100 = CGCG 108-122 = PGC 57075
16 05 31.3 +17
57 49
V = 13.9; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 56d
18"
(7/13/07): faint, small, round, 25" diameter, broad and very weak
concentration.
17.5"
(5/13/88): faint, small, round, broad concentration. Forms a pair with MCG +03-41-096 3' SSW. This is one of the brighter galaxies in
AGC 2151.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6056 = Sw III-88 on 8 Jun 1886 and recorded "eeeF; pS; R;
ee diff; 3rd of 4 [with NGC 6053, 6055 and 6061 in the Hercules Cluster]. His position is 1.5' south of CGCG
108-122 = PGC 57075. Swift "discovered"
this galaxy again exactly two years later and recorded Sw VII-69 = IC 1176 as
"eeF; pS; iR; pB star near south." The positions for Swift's two observations are nearly
identical and his description of VII-69 clearly applies to CGCG 108-122. So, NGC 6056 = IC 1176.
CGCG and MCG
label this galaxy as IC 1176, though the NGC designation should apply by prior
discovery.
******************************
NGC 6057 = NGC
6053 = UGC 10191 = MCG +03-41-101 = CGCG 108-123 = PGC 57076
16 05 32.6 +18
09 34
V = 13.8; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 40d
18"
(7/13/07): faint, small, irregularly round, 30"x25". Brighter of a pair with NGC 6055 1.7'
ENE in the northeast section of the Hercules Galaxy Cluster.
17.5"
(6/14/96): very faint, small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 45"x30". Situated in the NE corner of AGC 2151
with NGC 6055 1.7' ENE, IC 1189 7' ENE, MCG +03-41-115 6' ENE, UGC 10195 6' NE
and NGC 6061 12' NE.
17.5"
(5/28/89): very faint, very small, almost round, weak concentration, faint
stellar nucleus. A mag 15 star is
40" WSW. Forms a pair with
NGC 6055 1.7' ENE in AGC 2151.
Lewis Swift discovered
NGC 6057 = Sw III-89 on 6 Jun 1886 and recorded "eeeF; eS; R." His position is 2' south of the pair
UGC 10191 and CGCG 108-130. Two
nights later he found Sw III-86 = NGC 6053 and Sw III-87 = NGC 6055 nearby and
assumed they were different. But
there are only two reasonably bright galaxies, UGC 10191 and CGCG 108-130,
close to his three positions.
Assuming he picked up the brighter of these two galaxies on the first
night, then NGC 6057 = UGC 10191.
Two nights later he logged both galaxies and placed them 5 seconds apart
in RA (the actual separation is 7 seconds). This implies NGC 6053 = NGC 6057 = UGC 10191 (observed both
nights) and NGC 6055 = CGCG 108-130 (observed only on the 8th of June). After an email exchange in Nov 2014
with Harold Corwin, he concurs with these identifications.
This changes the
standard identification in modern catalogues (UGC, MCG, CGCG, RNGC) that NGC
6055 = UGC 10191 and NGC 6057 = CGCG 108-130! It also places NGC 6057 to the west of NGC 6055, an
unfortunate result if we preserve the historical record.
******************************
NGC 6058 = PK
64+48.1 = PN G064.6+48.2
16 04 26.4 +40
40 59
V = 12.9; Size 24"x21"
18"
(7/20/06): picked up at 115x as a mag 13-13.5 star surrounded by a small
20" halo. Adding an OIII
filter the halo brightened significantly and increased slightly in size. Nice view at 225x as the central star
and halo are both prominently displayed.
At this magnification, the halo was slightly elongated NNW-SSE, roughly
25"x20" in size. At 325x,
the planetary was beautifully framed within an isosceles triangle that just
fits within the high power field of view.
Adding a UHC filter the halo appeared irregular in surface brightness
and dimmed around the periphery, perhaps extending to 30".
17.5"
(5/27/00): fairly bright, fairly small, slightly elongated NNW-SSE,
25"x20". Contains an
easy mag 13.5 central star which stands out well at all powers. At 380x, the halo appears to brighten
surrounding the central star.
Nicely framed within a triangle of mag 9-10 stars.
17.5"
(5/30/92): fairly bright, small, 20" diameter. A bright mag 13 central star is easily visible. Located within a bright isosceles
triangle consisting of mag 8.8 SAO 45874 4.8' NW, mag 8.7 SAO 45881 6.3' NE and
a mag 10 star 3.5' S.
13.1"
(7/5/83): fairly faint, small.
Fairly easy central star at 166x, two stars to the north form an
equilateral triangle. Can take
333x.
8"
(7/5/83): at 100x, faint, very small, round, even surface brightness. At 200x, an extremely faint mag 13.5-14
central star is visible surrounded by a small faint halo. Two mag 9 stars to the north form an
rough isosceles triangle.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6058 = H III-637 = h1946 on 18 Mar 1787 (sweep 718) and recorded
"vF, eS, 300 showed 2 very close stars affected with nebulosity, a very
small star in the field with it was perfectly free from that
nebulosity." CH's reduced
position is 16 sec of RA too large.
JH made two observations on consecutive sweeps and noted "pB, vS,
R, almost stellar or psbM; diam 10"."
LdR or assistant
noticed an annular ring. The observation on 5 Apr 1851 mentions "like [NGC
2392], dark ring plainer seen on p part of neb; vS * n, about 3/4' diam of neb
off. The following part of dark ring
a little broader than the preceding part." Samuel Hunter made a sketch on 9 May 1861 and this was
included at the last minute in the 1861 publication.
Based on
Crossley photographs at Lick, Curtis (1918) reported "an irregular oval
fading out at ends of major axis, brightest at north and south edges;
25"x20" in pa 77¡."
******************************
NGC 6059
16 06 48 -06 23
36
=Not found,
Corwin and RNGC. =**?, Gottlieb.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6059 = Sw III-91 on 6 May 1886 and recorded "vF; S;
R." There is nothing near his
position. Bigourdan claimed he
found NGC 6059 12 seconds of RA after the NGC position (20 Apr 1891 Comptes
Rendus), but there is nothing at his position except 3 stars 1.5' north. Jeff Corder suggested NGC 6059 might
apply to the faint double star about 25 seconds further west (and 1'
north). In any case, there are no
nearby galaxies Swift might have seen.
See Harold Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 6060 = UGC
10196 = MCG +04-38-025 = CGCG 137-036 = LGG 403-002 = PGC 57110
16 05 52.0 +21
29 05
V = 13.1; Size 2.0'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 105d
17.5":
fairly faint, moderately large, elongated WNW-ESE, large brighter core, fainter
extensions.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6060 = St VII-3 on 22 Jun 1876. His position is very accurate.
******************************
NGC 6061 = UGC
10199 = MCG +03-41-118 = CGCG 108-145 = PGC 57137
16 06 16.0 +18
15 00
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 95d
24"
(6/14/15): fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, round, 36"
diameter, very small bright core, stellar nucleus. Forms the northern vertex of a near perfect rhombus (sides
3') with three mag 10.5-11 stars to the south. Several galaxies are nearby including IC 1189 4' due south,
IC 1191 3' ENE and UGC 10195 6' WSW.
18"
(7/13/07): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 36" diameter, weak
concentration. Collinear with two
mag 10.5-11 stars 2.8' and 6' S.
Two additional mag 10.5 and 11.5 stars form a striking "Y"
asterism to the south of NGC 6061.
17.5" (6/14/96):
faint, small, slightly elongated E-W, 0.8' diameter, very weak
concentration. Forms the north
vertex of a near perfect rhombus (of sides 3') with three mag 10-11 stars in
the NE corner of AGC 2151. IC 1189
lies 4.0' S
17.5"
(5/28/89): faint, small, round, small bright core. Four bright stars form an upside down "Y" asterism
just south including a mag 11 star 2.9' SE and two mag 10 stars 3.1' SW and
2.8' S. Located in the northern
region of AGC 2151 with IC 1190: = UGC 10195 6' WSW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6061 = Sw III-90 on 8 Jun 1886 and recorded "eeeF; S; R; ee
diff; 4th of 4 [with NGC 6053, 6055 and 6056]; 4 B stars south with the nebula
form a cross like cross in Cygnus.
Neb. placed as is Deneb Cygni." His position is just 4 seconds west of UGC 10199 and his
description matches (three brighter stars just south form a parallelogram).
******************************
NGC 6062 = UGC
10202 = MCG +03-41-125 = CGCG 108-148 = Holm 728a = PGC 57145
16 06 22.7 +19
46 40
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 10d
24"
(6/13/15): at 260x; fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, oval 4:3
SSW-NNE, ~36"x27", broad weak concentration but no distinct
nucleus. Four brighter stars are
in the field including mag 9.8 SAO 101926 4' NW and mag 9.0 HD 144621 5' SW.
Forms a close
(physical) pair with NGC 6062B = MCG +03-41-122 just 1.2' SW. At 375x the companion appeared
extremely faint, very small, round, 12"-15" diameter, only visible
occasionally. It is situated
directly on a line with HD 144621 to the southwest.
17.5":
fairly faint, fairly small, oval SW-NE, weak concentration, fairly diffuse.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6062 = St XIII-84 on 20 Jun 1884. His position is accurate. NGC 6062B lies 1.3' southwest.
******************************
NGC 6063 = UGC
10210 = MCG +01-41-012 = CGCG 051-045 = PGC 57205
16 07 13.1 +07
58 44
V = 13.1; Size 1.7'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 159d
17.5"
(5/13/88): fairly faint, moderately large, diffuse, even surface brightness,
elongated NW-SE. Bracketed by a
mag 14 star 1.8' NNE and a mag 14.5 star 2.3' SW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6063 = St XII-80 on 10 Jun 1882. His micrometric position using the 31-inch silvered glass
reflector at Marseille Observatory is very accurate.
******************************
NGC 6064 = NGC
6052 = UGC 10182 = MCG +04-38-022 = CGCG 137-032 = VV 86 = Mrk 297 = Arp 209 =
PGC 57039
16 05 13.2 +20
32 33
V = 13.0; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 171d
See observing
notes for NGC 6052.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6064 = H III-140 on 11 Jun 1784 (sweep 225) and recorded
"vF, vS, r, 240 verified it; np a pB star, with another equally B st in
the field sp the former; also several eS stars in the field." There is nothing near his position and
III-140 was not found by Bigourdan."
But 1 min 47 sec of RA preceding his position (CH's reduction) is UGC
10182. Dreyer concludes in his
1912 "Scientific Papers of William Herschel" that this number
"is no doubt = NGC 6052 (Marth 302).
H did not observe the neb in the centre of the field but applies a
correction of -0.7m, which appears to have been too small." Karl Reinmuth, Dorothy Carlson
and Harold Corwin concur that NGC 6052 = NGC 6064.
******************************
NGC 6065 = MCG
+02-41-008 = CGCG 079-051 = PGC 57215
16 07 22.9 +13
53 16
V = 13.8; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(5/13/88): faint, small, slightly elongated, bright core. Collinear with two unequal double stars
due east; an unequal mag 10/14 double at 21" is 2' E and a mag 10/13
double at 29" is 4' E. Forms
a pair with NGC 6066 4.5' NNE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6065 = Sw IX-53, along with NGC 6066, on 19 Jun 1887 and
recorded "eeF; vS; R; D * follows point to it; sp of 2 [with NGC
6066]." The discovery was
communicated directly to Dreyer (indicated as list VI in the NGC), but not
published until 1890 (list IX).
The NGC positions are good but his published declinations for NGC 6065
and 6066 are reversed. See Harold
Corwin's notes for more.
******************************
NGC 6066 = CGCG
079-054 = PGC 57230
16 07 35.3 +13
56 37
V = 14.0; Size 0.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(5/13/88): faint, small, round, small bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 6065 4.5' SSW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6066 = Sw IX-54, along with NGC 6065, on 19 Jun 1887 and
recorded "eeF; vS; R; 2 pB stars near south both double; nf of 2 [with NGC
6065]." The discovery was
communicated directly to Dreyer (indicated as list VI in the NGC), but not
published until 1890 (list IX), where he accidentally switched the
declinations.
******************************
NGC 6067 = Cr
298 = ESO 178-SC012
16 13 11 -54 13
06
V = 5.6; Size 13'
22"
(6/28/06 - Hawaii): this stunning cluster was partially resolved in my 15x50 IS
binoculars. At 110x a few hundred
stars were resolved and formed a gorgeous group. A striking 11" pair (h4835) is in the center with the
western star a noticeable orange color.
Just south of the eastern star is a fainter, third close companion and
several other pairs are in the vicinity.
The cluster is compressed in the center with a number of curving chains
and loops of stars that appear to spiral out into the periphery. Located 25' N of mag 5 Kappa Normae.
18" (7/6/05
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 76x (27 Panoptic), this cluster was a
stunning sight with a few hundred stars sparkling in a 20' region. Appears comparable to one the richer
Messier clusters. The cluster is
compressed towards the center and thins out in the periphery, blending in with
the rich, surrounding Milky Way.
The cluster includes a few striking pairs including a bright mag 8.8/9.4
pair at 10" near in the center that is collinear with a much closer and
fainter equal mag pair. At 228x,
the cluster appear much more irregular and most of the stars seem to be
arranged in elegant loops and chains that enclose starless holes in the
cluster.
8" (7/13/91
- Southern Baja): At 83x, in excess of 100 stars mag 8-12 in a 20'
diameter. Very bright, large, very
rich, compressed towards the core which includes a striking double star at
center (h4835 = 8.8/9.4 at 10").
Many stars arranged in spirals and arcs, rich in faint stars. The brightest mag 7.8 star is located
at the south edge with a mag 8 star off the east edge. This is a beautiful open cluster in the
rich Norma starcloud!
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 6067 = D 360 = h3619 on 8 May 1826 and described "a pretty
large cluster of small stars of mixed magnitudes, about 12' diameter; the stars
are considerably congregated towards the centre, extended south preceding and
north following." He made 5
observations of the cluster and his position is unusually accurate.
JH made 3
observations: On 9 Jul 1834 he recorded "the chief star in middle of a
most superbly rich and large cluster, 20' at least in diameter, as it much more
than fills field; not much compressed in the middle, stars 10..12th mag."
On a second sweep he called it "place of a near double star in centre of a
superb cluster; very large and rich; composed of equal stars 12th mag, a fine
object, Much more than fills field."
******************************
NGC 6068 = UGC
10126 = MCG +13-11-019 = CGCG 354-031 = CGCG 355-005 = Holm 727a = PGC 56388
15 55 26.5 +78
59 48
V = 12.8; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 155d
17.5"
(5/14/88): moderately bright, moderately large, slightly elongated, small
bright core. Follows a triangle of
mag 13-14 stars 0.8' SSW, 1.3' NW and 2.5' WSW. Forms a close pair with NGC 6068A 2.0' WSW. The companion appeared faint, small,
elongated 2:1 N-S, brighter core.
Can hold steadily with direct vision. Located along the south side of a small triangle of mag
13-14 stars.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6068 = H III-973 on 6 Dec 1801 (sweep 1104) and recorded
"vF; S; lE in the meridian [N-S], r." His position is 2.3' south-southeast of UGC 10126, though he
missed NGC 6068A.
******************************
NGC 6069 = MCG
+07-33-043 = CGCG 223-042 = PGC 57237
16 07 41.7 +38
55 51
V = 14.2; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(6/24/95): very faint, very small, round.
Shows a weak concentration to a slightly brighter core and faint stellar
nucleus. A mag 14 star is 40"
SW of center. There are two bright
stars in the field; mag 8.9 SAO 65098 9' S and mag 7.7 SAO 65093 7' SW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6069 = St XII-81 on 21 Jun 1882. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6070 = UGC
10230 = MCG +00-41-004 = CGCG 023-017 = LGG 404-001 = Holm 729a = PGC 57345
16 09 58.6 +00
42 32
V = 11.8; Size 3.5'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 62d
24"
(6/28/14): fairly bright, large, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 2'x1', contains a large
brighter core, fades out around the periphery. A very faint "star" is
near the northeast tip is actually a compact HII region labeled as region IV in
the 2010 paper "Giant HII regions in NGC 7479 and NGC 6070". Located
8' SE of mag 6.7 HD 145204.
NGC 6070 is the
brightest in a trio with NGC 6070B = CGCG 023-018 (double) 4.2' NE and NGC
60670C = PGC 1175364 5.6' NE. NGC
6070B appeared very faint, small, elongated 2:1 ~N-S, low surface brightness. This is a close double system and the
noted elongation implies both systems were visible, but not individually
resolved. NGC 6070C is extremely
faint, very small, round, 12" diameter. The fainter companions are much more distant at ~590 million
l.y., compared to NGC 6070 (~100 million l.y.).
17.5"
(6/11/88): fairly bright, large, oval 2:1 SW-NE, broad moderate
concentration. Brightest of trio
with NGC 6070B 4.3' NE and 6070C 5.6' NE.
Located 7.9' SW of mag 7 SAO 121396.
13"
(6/4/83): fairly large, diffuse, elongated ~E-W, almost even surface
brightness. A mag 7 star is 7' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6070 = H III-553 = h1947 on 3 May 1786 (sweep 562) and recorded
"cF, iF, 4 or 5' long, 2 or 3' br." His position and description matches UGC 10230. JH called this galaxy "F; L; pmE;
vgbM; 2 1/2' long."
******************************
NGC 6071 = MCG
+12-15-047 = CGCG 338-041 = PGC 56767
16 02 06.9 +70
25 01
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(3/28/87): faint, small, round, weak concentration. Forms a pair with CGCG 338-039 4' SW. Located 13' SE of NGC 6071. A bright unequal double star 0··143 =
6.7/9.3 at 47" lies 17' SE.
This galaxy was identified as NGC 6071 by Harold Corwin, but is not
identified as NGC 6071 in any other catalogue except NED. (R)NGC 6071 = UGC 10157 lies 13' NW.
17.5"
(4/18/87): faint, small, round, brighter core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6071 = H III-883 on 6 May 1791 (sweep 1005) and noted "eF,
vS, 300 verified it."
CH's reduced position is 1
tmin east and 1.5' south of CGCG 338-041 = PGC 56767 and Harold Corwin
identifies this galaxy with NGC 6071.
Corwin also notes that his relative position from NGC 6079 (the next
object in the sweep) points to PGC 56767.
UGC and PGC
misidentify UGC 10157 as NGC 6071.
******************************
NGC 6072 = PK
342+10.1 = PN G342.1+10.8 = ESO 389-PN15 = Hb 3
16 12 58.1 -36
13 48
V = 11.3; Size 70"
18"
(7/22/06): viewed unfiltered at 225x, 325x and 435x as a moderately bright,
round, 1' disc of irregular surface brightness. The disc appears mottled with slightly darker and brighter
regions though I couldn't say there was a definite annularity. Inside the rim there appeared to be a
darker zone or darker patches that did not extend, though, all the way to the
center. In fact, the very center
appeared to brighten very slightly.
17.5"
(6/30/00): at 280x using a UHC filter this southerly PN appeared fairly bright,
round, 60" diameter. The
surface brightness was uneven with an irregularly brighter rim and a slightly
darker center.
13"
(4/10/86): moderately bright and large, roundish, 1.0' diameter, fairly
prominent with a UHC filter at 166x.
No structure at 332x although this planetary is far south for viewing
from northern California.
8"
(6/19/82): faint, fairly small, round.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6072 = h3620 on 7 Jun 1837 and recorded "pF; R; vgvlbM;
60"; with left eye slightly mottled; but not resolved."
******************************
NGC 6073 = UGC
10235 = MCG +03-41-139 = CGCG 108-160 = Holm 731a = LGG 43-011 = PGC 57353
16 10 10.8 +16
41 58
V = 13.5; Size 1.3'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 130d
17.5":
faint, fairly small, oval NW-SE, broad weak concentration and has a fairly even
surface brightness overall.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6073 = H III-74 = h1948 on 21 Mar 1784 (sweep 183) and noted
"vF, S, r. Pointed out by 157
and verified at 240." CH's
reduced position is 2' north-northeast of UGC 10235.
******************************
NGC 6074 = MCG
+02-41-015/016 = CGCG 079-075 = PGC 57418/57419
16 11 17.2 +14
15 32
V = 14.3; Size 0.2'x0.2'; Surf Br = 10.7
24"
(7/24/14): this contact pair was nearly tangent at 260x and barely resolved at
375x. The brighter component, MCG
+02-41-016, is on the north end and appeared faint, very small, round, 12"
diameter. The fainter component,
MCG +02-41-016, is attached at the south-southwest end (just 15" between
centers!) and was very faint, round, 9" diameter. Located 1.0' ENE of a mag 11.9
star. NGC 6078, another close
double system, lies 12' ESE.
2MFGC 13014,
located 3.7' NE, appeared extremely faint, small, elongated 2:1 N-S,
15"x8". At B = 17.3, it
required averted vision to glimpse.
17.5": very
faint, very small, round. A mag 12
star is 1.0' WSW. An extremely
faint anonymous companion is at south end 15" from the center. NGC 6078 lies 12' ESE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6074 = St VII-3 on 21 Jun 1874. His position is an exact match with the northern component
of this double system.
******************************
NGC 6075 = MCG
+04-38-038 = VV 380 = CGCG 137-055 = PGC 57426
16 11 22.6 +23
57 53
V = 14.2; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5":
faint, very small, broad concentration, faint stellar nucleus. Located 8' N of mag 8.8 SAO 84237.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6075 = St XII-82 on 27 Jun 1881. His position is accurate. Stephane Javelle found the galaxy again on 20 Jul 1903, but
he used the wrong sign on the declination offset and assumed J. III-1393 = IC
4594 was new. So, NGC 6075 = IC
4594.
******************************
NGC 6076 = UGC
10253 = MCG +05-38-023 = CGCG 167-034 = PGC 57409
16 11 13.3 +26
52 21
V = 14.4; Size 1.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 63d
24"
(6/14/15): at 225x; this double system appeared faint to fairly faint,
elongated 2:1 WSW-ENE, 24"x12".
At 375x, the elongated glow occasionally resolved into two extremely
small nuclei within a common halo.
The fainter eastern component (NGC 6076 NED2) is listed in HyperLeda as
PGC 200331. Located just 1.7' SE
of mag 7.5 HD 145676. Slightly
brighter NGC 6077 lies 3' N.
17.5"
(7/15/93): very faint, very small, round.
Forms a pair with NGC 6077 3.5' N.
Located 2' SE of mag 7.3 SAO 84233. A mag 14 star is 45" NE. This double system was not resolved.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6076 = m 303, along with NGC 6077, on 24 Jun 1864 and noted
"vF, S, E." His position
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6077 = UGC
10254 = MCG +05-38-024 = CGCG 167-035 = PGC 57408
16 11 14.1 +26
55 24
V = 13.3; Size 1.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5
24"
(6/14/15): slightly brighter of a pair with NGC 6076 (double system) 3.0'
S. At 260x it appeared fairly
faint, fairly small, round, 24" diameter, small bright core increases to
the center. The pair of galaxies
flank mag 7.5 HD 145676 with NGC 6077 2.3' NE of the bright star.
17.5"
(7/15/93): brighter of a pair with NGC 6076 3.5' S. Faint, small, round, broad concentration. Located 2.5' NE of a mag 7.3 star.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6077 = m 304, along with NGC 6076, on 24 Jun 1864 and noted
"F, sbM." His position
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6078 = MCG
+02-41-017 = CGCG 079-076 = PGC 57460
16 12 05.4 +14
12 32
V = 13.6; Size 0.9'x0.9'
24"
(7/24/14): moderately bright, fairly small, round, 30" diameter, increases
to a very small bright core and down to a stellar nucleus. This is dominant component of a very
close pair with MCG +02-41-018 attached to the south-southeast side, just
25" between centers! The
companion appeared faint, very small, round, 12" diameter, occasional
stellar nucleus. The pair was just
resolved at 260x. NGC 6074,
another double system, lies 12' WNW.
17.5":
fairly faint, small, round, small bright core, substellar nucleus. Two mag 14-15 stars are 1.1' WNW and
1.3' NNW of center. Located 5.9'
SE of mag 9.3 SAO 101996. NGC 6074
is 12' WNW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6078 = St VII-5 on 21 Jun 1876. His micrometric position using the 31-inch silvered glass
reflector at Marseille Observatory is very accurate.
******************************
NGC 6079 = IC
1200 = UGC 10206 = MCG +12-15-050 = CGCG 338-043 = PGC 56946
16 04 29.0 +69
40 05
V = 12.7; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 150d
17.5"
(3/28/87): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, brighter core. A mag 14 star is 1.1' SSE. Forms a pair with IC 1201 7.7' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6079 = H III-884 on 6 May 1791 (sweep 1005) and noted "vvF,
vS, 300 verified it very plainly, and showed it of a considerable
size." His position is 1 min
of RA east and 2' south of UGC 10206 (similar offset as H. III 883 = NGC 6071,
the previous object in the sweep).
Bigourdan measured an accurate position on 18 Jul 1884 (repeated in the
IC 2 notes).
Lewis Swift
independently found the galaxy on 2 Aug 1888 (and discovered IC 1201 to the
southeast) and reported it in list VII-77 (later IC 1200). His position is a close match with NGC
6079, as well as his relative offset from IC 1201. Dreyer must have felt Swift's VII-77 was a new object
because of the different position for H. III-884.
******************************
NGC 6080 = UGC
10268 = MCG +00-41-007 = CGCG 023-023 = PGC 57509
16 12 58.6 +02
10 38
V = 12.9; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 90d
24"
(6/12/15): at 225x and 375x; fairly faint to moderately bright, small, slightly
elongated, ~24"x18", very small bright nucleus. Forms a very close double system with
PGC 93131 at the northeast edge of the halo, just 18" between
centers! The physical companion
(identified in NED as NGC 6080 NED02) appeared very faint to faint, extremely
small, quasi-stellar (~6" diameter)
17.5"
(6/11/88): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, stellar nucleus. Forms a double system with a faint
companion (PGC 93131) attached at the north end. PGC 93131 is extremely faint and small, appears as a mag
15-15.5 "star" attached at the northeast end of NGC 6080.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6080 = Sw VI-87 on 30 Mar 1887 and recorded "pB; pS; R;
mbM." His position is 6
seconds west of UGC 10268. Herbert
Howe, observing with the 20-inch refractor in Denver in 1900, commented
"this is accompanied by a star of mag 12.5, 20" distant at 45¡, which
appeared to be nebulous." The
"star" is actually the compact companion PGC 93131.
******************************
NGC 6081 = IC
1202 = UGC 10272 = MCG +02-41-019 = CGCG 079-078 = PGC 57506
16 12 56.8 +09
52 02
V = 13.1; Size 1.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 131d
17.5":
faint, fairly small, very elongated WNW-ESE, small brighter core, very faint
extensions.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6081 = St II-1 on 26 Jul 1870. His micrometric position using the 31-inch silvered glass
reflector at Marseilles Observatory is an exact match with UGC 10272. Lewis Swift found the galaxy again on 7
Apr 1888 and reported it as new in list VII-79. Dreyer missed the equivalence and recatalogued the galaxy as
IC 1202. So, NGC 6081 = IC 1202.
Rudolph Spitaler also observed this galaxy (AN 2993).
******************************
NGC 6082 = ESO
390-?1 = IC 4597??
16 15 36 -34 15
=IC 4597??,
Corwin. Not found, Dreyer and
ESO. =**?, Gottlieb.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6082 = h3621 on 7 Jun 1837 and recorded "eF, E, lbM,
25." There is nothing at this
position and Frost reported it was not found on a plate of 4 hours
exposure. A close pair of mag 15
stars at 6" separation is 1' north of JH's position and another small
group is 1' further west. Harold Corwin suggests NGC 6082 may be identical to
IC 4597, though that would require a 2 minute error in RA as well as a 7' error
in declination.
******************************
NGC 6083 = MCG
+02-41-020 = CGCG 079-080 = PGC 57520
16 13 12.6 +14
11 07
V = 14.2; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5":
extremely faint, very small, round.
Surrounded by a triangle consisting of three mag 13-14 stars located
1.5' NNW, 2.4' WSW and 1.5' SE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6083 = St VII-6 on 21 Jun 1876. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6084 = UGC
10291 = MCG +03-41-143 = CGCG 108-168 = PGC 57575
16 14 16.6 +17
48 27
V = 13.9; Size 1.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 30d
17.5": very
faint, very small, slightly elongated SW-NE, small faint nucleus. A mag 14 star is 39" WNW of
center. Located just 1.9' NE of a
mag 10 star.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6084 = Sw III-92 on 6 Jun 1886 and logged "eeeF, pS, R, eee
diff." There is nothing at
his position, but 1.1 minutes east is UGC 10291 (same declination), the only
nearby candidate. Assuming this is
Swift's object, it's odd he didn't mention the bright mag 10 star close
southwest.
******************************
NGC 6085 = UGC
10269 = MCG +05-38-034 = CGCG 167-044 = PGC 57486
16 12 35.2 +29
21 54
V = 13.0; Size 1.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 165d
18"
(7/28/03): fairly faint, moderately large, roundish, ~0.9' diameter, well
concentrated with a suddenly brighter 20" core. The halo appears elongated or irregular at times, but the
orientation is difficult to pin down.
Located 1.9' W of a mag 11 star.
This galaxy is the second brightest of 9 galaxies viewed in AGC 2162 and
similar NGC 6086 is located 7' N.
17.5"
(5/30/92): faint, very small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, almost even surface
brightness. Forms a similar pair
with NGC 6086 7.2' N. These are
the two brightest members of AGC 2162.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6085 = m 305 on 2 Jul 1864 and noted "F, S." His position is 1' north of UGC 10269.
******************************
NGC 6086 = UGC
10270 = MCG +05-38-035 = CGCG 167-045 = PGC 57482
16 12 35.5 +29
29 05
V = 12.8; Size 1.7'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 0d
18"
(7/28/03): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 N-S, 0.8'x0.5', sharply
concentrated with a very small bright core. A mag 12.5 star is just off the NW edge, 40" from
center. This galaxy is the
brightest of 9 galaxies viewed in AGC 2162 with NGC 6085 7' S slightly
fainter. Forms the north vertex of
a right triangle with two mag 10.5 stars 3' SW and 3' S.
17.5"
(5/30/92): faint, very small, slightly elongated N-S, very small bright core,
stellar nucleus. A mag 12 star is
just off the NW edge 0.7' from center.
Located within a group of several fairly bright stars including three
mag 10 stars, the closest being 2.8' SW.
Forms a pair with NGC 6085 7.2' S and these two galaxies are the
brightest members of the AGC 2162 cluster.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6086 = m 306 on 24 Jun 1864 and noted "F, vS, with stellar
nucleus." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 6087 = Cr
300 = Mel 141 = Lund 693
16 18 51 -57 56
06
V = 5.4; Size 12'
8" (7/13/91
- Southern Baja): about three dozen stars mag 7-11 visible at 63x. Very bright, large, ~15' diameter. Contains several bright stars including
mag 6.7 south Normae (varies from 6.1-6.8 over 10 days) and three mag 8-9 stars
just south. Many stars form an
arrowhead outline with vertex at the north end. Also a bright string of stars is off the SW end of the
arrowhead aligned N-S. Impressive
although no dense spots.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 6087 = D 335 = h3622 on 8 May 1826 and described "a group
of very small stars of an irregular branched figure, 15' or 20' diameter. The
central part is very thin of stars."
Dunlop's position was 8' southeast of the center of the cluster.
JH credited
Dunlop with the discovery and made two observations: on 22 Apr 1835 he logged
"Cluster VIII class, large, loose, brilliant, irregular figure, fills
field, chief star about 7th mag taken." On a second sweep he called it
"Cluster VIII; large, coarse, bright, fills field, stars 7, 8, 9, 10th
mag; a star about 7th mag taken."
******************************
NGC 6088 = MCG
+10-23-029/030 = CGCG 298-013 = Holm 732a/b = PGC 57383
16 10 42.6 +57
27 59
V = 14.0; Size 0.7'x0.3'; PA = 138d
24"
(6/28/14): at 375x appeared faint, fairly small, elongated 5:3 NW-SE,
~25"x15", weak concentration with no defined core or nucleus. Forms a very close double with MCG
+10-23-030 = PGC 57384 at the southeast edge [22" between centers]. The companion was seen as an extremely
faint glow, very small, ~12" diameter. In moments of good seeing, it was barely detached from NGC
6088. The two components form a
physical pair at roughly 245 million l.y.
17.5"
(6/15/91): very faint, small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, weak concentration. Located 6.6' E of mag 8.6 SAO
29827. This is a double system on
the POSS, although in the observation the two components were not individually
resolved.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6088 = H III-812 on 24 Apr 1789 (sweep 928) and noted "vF,
vS, lE." His RA (CH's
reduction) is 30 sec preceding MCG +10-23-029/030 = PGC 57383. Bigourdan measured an accurate position
on 27 Apr 1886 (repeated in the IC 2 Notes).
This double
system (oriented northwest-southeast) is listed in the RNGC as NGC 6088A and
6088B and the MCG also has two entries.
******************************
NGC 6089 = MCG
+06-36-001 = CGCG 196-091 = PGC 57491
16 12 40.5 +33
02 10
V = 14.0; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5" (6/24/95):
faint, round, 40" diameter, weak even concentration to a slightly brighter
core and a faint stellar nucleus.
A mag 13 star is 1.7' SW of center. Located 7' ESE of mag 9 SAO 65135.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6089 = H III-889 = h1949 on 28 May 1791 (sweep 1014) and
recorded "vF; S; R; vglbM."
JH made the single observation "vF; S; R: bM" and measured an
accurate position.
******************************
NGC 6090 = UGC
10267 = VV 626 = MCG +09-26-064 = CGCG 275-029 = CGCG 276-002 = Mrk 496 = I Zw
135 = WBL 610-003 = PGC 57437
16 11 40.5 +52
27 24
V = 13.8; Size 1.5'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8
24"
(7/9/13): at 280x appeared moderately bright, fairly small, oval 4:3 SSW-NNE,
24"x18", high surface brightness. Inspection of the SDSS reveals a close double nucleus of a
merged pair with very low surface brightness plumes extending SW and NE.
Last and
brightest in a trio = WBL 610 with CGCG 275-28 3' W and UGC 10261 6' W. CGCG 275-28 was fairly faint, small,
round, very small brighter nucleus, 15" diameter and UGC 10261 appeared
fairly faint, moderately large, oval 4:3 NNW-SSE, 40"x30", weak
concentration.
17.5"
(6/15/91): faint, very small, elongated 4:3 SW-NE, even surface
brightness. Forms a pair with CGCG
275-028 3' W. Also nearby is UGC
10261 6' W which was not recorded.
This is a close double system, though was not resolved.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6090 = Sw IX-56 on 24 Jun 1887 and recorded "vF; S;
R." His position is 8 seconds
west of UGC 10267, though he missed the two companions to the west. This galaxy, itself, is a merged,
interacting system with tidal tails, etc. similar to the Antenna Galaxies.
******************************
NGC 6091 = MCG
+12-15-054 = CGCG 338-047 = PGC 57242
16 07 52.9 +69
54 17
V = 13.7; Size 0.4'x0.3'
24"
(6/14/15): fairly faint, fairly small, irregularly round, very small bright
core, 25" diameter. A mag 12
star is 1.4' NNW. IC 1204 lies
3.6' WNW.
17.5"
(4/18/87): faint, small, round, weak concentration.
Edward Swift,
Lewis' 14 year-old son, discovered NGC 6091= Sw II-39 on 8 Jul 1885 and noted
"vF; vS; R; * nr north."
Their position matches MCG +12-15-054, though MCG fails to label this
galaxy as NGC 6091. Lewis Swift credited his son with the discovery in the
errata to his 6th discovery list.
******************************
NGC 6092
16 14 04.6 +28
07 32
=**, Harold
Corwin. Not found, Malcolm
Thomson =UGC 10275, RNGC and RC3
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 6092 = Big. 77 on 11 May 1885. At his Comptes Rendus position is a
10" double star with a third wide companion. Harold Corwin identifies NGC
6092 with this double star.
RNGC, PGC and
other sources misidentify UGC 10275 as NGC 6092. This galaxy is 1.2 min west and 8' south of Bigourdan's
position.
******************************
NGC 6093 = M80 =
ESO 516-SC11
16 17 02.5 -22
58 30
V = 7.3; Size 8.9'; Surf Br = 0.6
18"
(7/24/06): at 325x appears bright, fairly large, round, pretty symmetrical
appearance, contains a blazing 1.5' core in a 5' to 6' halo. At 435x the halo and the periphery of the
core are well resolved into roughly 100 stars and additional extremely faint
stars pop in and out of visibility.
The core itself is overlayed with a number of faint stars. Beautiful view at 565x as the cluster
nearly fills the 7' field with stars from edge to edge with 100-150 stars and
the core region is well resolved.
The cluster appears asymmetric with the halo more extensive to the west
(core offset to the east).
17.5"
(6/3/00): fairly bright, round, 5' diameter, well concentrated with a bright 1.5'
core and an intense 30" nucleus.
At 500x, the nucleus is clearly offset east of center and the outer halo
is well resolved into at least 75 stars.
A dim galaxy, IC 4596, lies 25' NW.
13"
(7/5/83): contains a small intense unresolved core surrounded by fairly compact
halo 5' diameter. The nucleus is
offset to the east within the halo.
The outer shell resolves into a few dozen faint stars over haze.
8": a few
faint stars resolved at moderate to high power at edges, very grainy, difficult
to resolve.
Charles Messier
discovered M80 = NGC 6093 = h3624 on 4 Jan 1781. On 21 May 1784 (sweep 222), WH
reported "a large cluster of exceedingly small and compressed stars, about
6 or 7' in dia; a great many of the stars are visible, the rest so small as to
appear nebulous; those that are visible are of one size and are scattered all
over equally. The cluster is of an
iR form." On 24 May 1835
(sweep 588), JH logged "Glob. Cl.; v m comp M; psvmbM; diam 12.0'; st = 14
m; all resolved. Fine object."
******************************
NGC 6094 = UGC
10228 = MCG +12-15-052 = CGCG 338-045 = PGC 57167
16 06 33.9 +72
29 40
V = 13.2; Size 1.8'x1.4'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 120d
17.5"
(5/14/88): faint, very small, round, bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6094 = H III-314 on 16 Mar 1785 (sweep 389) and recorded
"eF, vS, lE, may be only a patch of a few eF small stars." His position is 8' southeast of UGC
10228, the only nearby galaxy.
Bigourdan measured an accurate position on 1 May 1886 (repeated in the
IC 2 Notes).
******************************
NGC 6095 = UGC
10265 = MCG +10-23-033 = CGCG 298-014 = PGC 57411
16 11 11.2 +61
16 04
V = 12.6; Size 1.8'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(6/15/91): faint, fairly small, round, fairly weak even concentration down to a
small bright core, faint stellar nucleus.
Very symmetrical appearance.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6095 = Sw III-93 on 27 May 1886 and recorded "eF; pS; R; in
line with 2 stars. His position is
13 seconds west and 1.8' south of UGC 10265 and the two stars in line are
equally spaced to the east.
******************************
NGC 6096 = MCG
+05-38-044 = CGCG 167-057 = Holm 735a = PGC 57598
16 14 46.7 +26
33 32
V = 14.2; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 122d
17.5"
(7/24/95): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, very weak even
concentration with a slightly brighter core. Located 2.1' NE of mag 9.4 SAO 84259. A mag 15 star is 1' SW midway between the
mag 9 star and the galaxy.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6096 = m 307 on 24 Jun 1864 and noted "vF, vS, R,
bM." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 6097 = MCG
+06-36-007 = CGCG 196-011 = PGC 57583
16 14 26.2 +35
06 33
V = 13.8; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 156d
17.5"
(6/27/87): faint, very small, round, small brighter core. Located 13.6' ESE of mag 7.5 SAO 65158
in Zwicky Cluster 1615.8+3505.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6097 = St XI-42 on 7 Jun 1880. His micrometric position using the 31-inch silvered glass
reflector at Marseille Observatory is very accurate.
******************************
NGC 6098 = VV
192b = MCG +03-41-145 = CGCG 108-170 = PGC 57634
16 15 34.2 +19
27 42
V = 12.2; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.6
24"
(7/20/17): at 375x; moderately bright, fairly small, round, 30"-40"
diameter, well concentrated with a bright core. An extremely faint 16th
magnitude star is close off the east side [24"from center]. A superimposed
15th mag star [just 7" S of center] was suspected but difficult to
confirm. NGC 6098 is the northwest
component of a similar contact pair of ellipticals with NGC 6099 0.6' SE. The halo of NGC 6098 seems slightly
larger.
17.5":
faint, very small, slightly elongated, stellar nucleus. Located 10.2' WSW of mag 7.7 SAO
102051. Forms a close double
system with NGC 6099 off the SE edge 36" between centers.
Truman Safford
discovered NGC 6098 = Sf 76 = Sw. VI-88, along with NGC 6099, on 24 Apr
1867. In his 1887 list (too late
to be included in the main NGC table) Safford described a "double nebula,
pretty faint, dist 40"."
His position is off the southeast side of this close pair. Lewis Swift found the pair again on 3
Apr 1887 and recorded "eF; vS; R; B * f 41s and is n of it; F * f 16s; np
of 2 [with NGC 6099]." Swift
is credited with the discovery in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 6099 = VV
192a = UGC 10299se = MCG +03-41-146 = CGCG 108-170 = PGC 57640
16 15 35.5 +19
27 11
V = 12.4; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.5
24"
(7/20/17): at 375x; moderately bright, fairly small, roundish, ~30"
diameter, sharply concentrated with a small very bright core, high surface
brightness. NGC 6099 and 6098 form
a contact pair of ellipticals with the companion just 36" NW between
centers. Situated 10' SW of mag
7.8 HD 146588.
17.5":
faint, very small, slightly elongated NW-SE, stellar nucleus. Forms a very close double system with
similar NGC 6098 off the NW edge and just 36" separation!
Truman Safford
discovered NGC 6099 = Sf 76 = Sw. VI-89, along with NGC 6098, on 24 Apr
1867. In his 1887 list (too late
to be included in the main NGC table) Safford described a "double nebula,
pretty faint, dist 40"."
His position is off the southeast side of this close pair. Lewis Swift found the pair again on 3
Apr 1887 and reported it as the 89th object in his 6th discovery list:
"eF; vS; R; forms D neb with above." Swift is credited with the discovery in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 6100 = UGC
10307 = MCG +00-41-012 = CGCG 023-032 = PGC 57706
16 16 52.5 +00
50 27
V = 13.0; Size 1.9'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 120d
17.5" (6/11/88):
faint, very small, slightly elongated NW-SE, stellar nucleus. A mag 15 star is at the east end. A wide unequal double star is 1.5' NW
consisting of a mag 9.5/13 pair at 30" separation.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6100 = Sw IV-28 on 3 Jul 1886 and recorded "eeF; vS; a B
and a F * nr np. point to it; an eeF * close p; e diff.". His position is 9 seconds west and 1.7'
north of UGC 10307 and his description applies, although the "eeF * close
p" should read close following.
******************************
NGC 6101 = ESO
069-SC004
16 25 48.5 -72
12 05
V = 9.2; Size 10.7'; Surf Br = 0.1
18" (7/6/05
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 171x about two dozen stars are resolved
over a fairly large but apparently loose globular with little central concentration. At 228x at least three dozen stars mag
14 and fainter are resolved including a clump of faint stars near the
center. At this power the
periphery is quite irregular and ragged with most of the brighter resolved
stars hugging close to the edges of the halo. A group of brighter mag 11 field stars are just off the NNE
side. A mag 10 star lies 8' NW of
center and a similar star is placed 7' SE. Located 28' SE of a mag 6.7 star.
18" (7/5/05
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 128x appears moderately bright, fairly
large, round, 4'-5' diameter. This
globular has an unusual appearance, as there is only weak concentration except
for a very small brighter nucleus.
At 228x a number of mag 14-15 stars are superimposed over the background
glow while a number of faint stars huddle around the edges of the halo. Several of the faint, resolved stars
reside very near the center and these may have been the "very small
brighter nucleus" I recorded at the lower magnification.
12"
(6/29/02 - Bargo, Australia): at 140x this moderately faint globular is ~4'
diameter with just a weak concentration.
A scattering of mag 14 stars pepper the face of the cluster and at the
edges of the irregular halo.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 6101 = D 68 = h3623 on 1 Jun 1826 and recorded "A pretty
large rather faint round nebula, about 3.5-4' diameter, a little brighter in
the middle. There is a very small nebula on the N.p. side joining the margin of
the large nebula." Dunlop's
position is off by a relatively small 4'.
On 18 Jun 1835
from the CGH, JH recorded "Globular cluster, large, faint, round, very
gradually a little brighter in the middle, all resolved into stars 15..18th
mag, 4' diam, with stragglers. A delicate and beautiful object." A week later he called it "pretty
bright, large, irregularly round, gradually brighter in the middle, resolved
into stars 13..16th mag; pretty compressed, diam 5' or 6' by estimation,
approx. 50 seconds in RA. A fine object."
******************************
NGC 6102 = UGC
10300 = MCG +05-38-047 = CGCG 167-060 = PGC 57639
16 15 37.0 +28
09 30
V = 13.8; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 70d
17.5"
(6/24/95): very faint, small, round, low even surface brightness. A mag 12 star lies 3.1' NNE of center.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6102 = m 308 on 24 Jun 1864 and noted "vF, S, R." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6103 = UGC
10302 = MCG +05-38-049 = CGCG 167-062 = PGC 57648
16 15 44.6 +31
57 50
V = 13.8; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 80d
17.5" (6/18/93):
very faint, small, round, 30" diameter, low even surface brightness. Located on line between a mag 14 star
1.2' WNW and a mag 14.5 star 1.6' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6103 = H III-888 = h1950 on 27 May 1791 (sweep 1013) and
recorded "eF; vS; R; 300 showed it very plainly and of a considerable
size." JH described it as
"vF; vglbM; 30...40"." and measured an accurate position (2
sweeps).
******************************
NGC 6104 = UGC
10309 = MCG +06-36-011 = CGCG 196-020 = PGC 57684
16 16 30.8 +35
42 28
V = 13.2; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.5
24"
(6/12/15): at 375x; fairly faint, fairly small, round, 30" diameter, broad
weak concentration, no nucleus.
Forms a physical pair with CGCG 196-022 3.9' E. The companion appeared faint, very small,
round, 15" diameter. Mag 8.3
HD 146914 lies 8.3' E and mag 8.2 HD 146621 is 10' SW.
17.5"
(6/27/87): faint, small, slightly elongated, weak concentration. Located 8.4' W of mag 8.3 SAO 65198 in
Zwicky Cluster 1615.8+3505.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6104 = H III-688 = h1951 on 16 May 1787 (sweep 739) and recorded
"vF, cS, iR." His RA was
10 seconds too large. JH made two observations and measured a more accurate
position.
******************************
NGC 6105 = MCG
+06-36-013 = CGCG 196-023 = PGC 57716
16 17 09.3 +34
52 44
V = 14.3; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8
18"
(7/13/07): faint, small, oval 3:2 NW-SE, 0.5'x0.35'. Forms a close pair with 2MASX J16171197+3452583 just off the
NE side. Located 2.6' SW of NGC
6107 in a large group and 2.8' SW of a mag 9 star.
17.5"
(5/10/86): faint, very small, slightly elongated, small brighter core. Located 2.6' SW of NGC 6107 in cluster.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6105 = St XI-43, along with NGC 6107, on 1 Jul 1880. His micrometric position is very
accurate. Stephan found all 7 NGC galaxies in this cluster and measured the
positions over three nights; July 1, 7 and 10.
******************************
NGC 6106 = UGC
10328 = MCG +01-41-016 = CGCG 052-001 = PGC 57799
16 18 47.3 +07
24 40
V = 12.2; Size 2.5'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 140d
17.5":
fairly faint, fairly small, gradually increases to a bright core, mottled
appearance. A knot is visible on
the west side (there is a brighter extension on the SW side on the POSS). A mag 15 star is 1.1' S of center and
an extremely faint mag 16 star is just off the NNW end.
13.1"
(7/5/83): fairly faint, fairly small, brighter core.
8"
(7/5/83): very faint, small, slightly elongated N-S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6106 = H II-151 = h1952 on 13 Apr 1784 (sweep 191) and recorded
"not vF, pL, bM, roundish, r."
JH logged "F; pL; lE; vgbM; 50" l, 40" br." and
measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 6107 = UGC
10311 = MCG +06-36-014 = CGCG 196-024 = PGC 57728
16 17 20.1 +34
54 05
V = 13.8; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 40d
18"
(7/13/07): the largest and possibly brightest of 12 members of a cluster
appears faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, broad concentration and then
suddenly increases to a very small brighter nucleus. Situated just 0.9' SE of a mag 9 star that detracts from
viewing. NGC 6105 and near stellar
companion lie 2.6' SW.
17.5"
(5/10/86): this is the brightest member of the NGC 6107 cluster. Fairly faint, small, almost round,
small bright core. A mag 9 star
(SAO 65201) lies just 0.9' NNW of center!
Forms a pair with NGC 6105 2.6' SW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6107 = St XI-44, along with NGC 6105, on 1 Jul 1880. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6108 = MCG
+06-36-015 = CGCG 196-025 = PGC 57734
16 17 25.6 +35
08 09
V = 14.3; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 124d
18"
(7/13/07): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 25" diameter. A 15th magnitude star is just off the
WSW edge, 0.6' from center. PGC 57737 lies 2' E.
17.5"
(5/10/86): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated. A mag 15 star is at the WSW edge
34" from center. This is one of the largest galaxies in the NGC 6107
cluster. NGC 6110 lies 4.7' SW and
PGC 57737 is 2.0' E.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6108 = St XI-45 on 10 Jul 1880. His micrometric position is very accurate.
******************************
NGC 6109 = UGC
10316 = MCG +06-36-016 = CGCG 196-026 = PGC 57748
16 17 40.5 +35
00 15
V = 12.7; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.7
18"
(7/13/07): faint, small, round, 20" diameter, 20" diameter, weak
concentration. Situated between
NGC 6107 7.5' SSW and NGC 6110 5' N.
17.5"
(5/10/86): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, brighter core. Member of the NGC 6107 cluster with NGC
6110 5.0' N.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6109 = St XI-46 on 7 Jul 1880. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6110 = CGCG
196-027 = PGC 57751
16 17 44.0 +35
05 13
V = 14.6; Size 0.6'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 105d
18"
(7/13/07): faint, fairly small, round, 25" diameter, weak
concentration. Slightly fainter
than NGC 6112 located 3.7' NE.
17.5"
(5/10/86): very faint, small, slightly elongated. In a trio with NGC 6112 3.7' ENE and an anonymous galaxy
1.9' SW, also nearby is NGC 6109 5.0' S.
This is the faintest NGC galaxy in the NGC 6107 cluster.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6110 = St XI-47 on 10 Jul 1880. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6111 = MCG
+11-20-007 = CGCG 320-014 = VII Zw 638 = PGC 57579
16 14 22.4 +63
15 38
V = 13.1; Size 0.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.0
17.5"
(6/24/95): faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, even surface
brightness. Located 4.5' NW of a
mag 9.5 star. Collinear with a
faint double star 3' S (13/14.5 at 18").
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6111 = Sw IX-57 on 31 May 1887 and recorded "vF; pS; lE; D
* nr south points to it." The
NGC position, based on personal correspondence from Swift, is in error. His published position in list IX is
nearly a degree further north and corresponds with CGCG 320-014 = PGC
57579. His comment "D * nr s
points to it" clinches the identification as a faint double star 3' south
(mag 13/14.5 at 18") is collinear with the galaxy. Dreyer published a correction to
Swift's position in the IC I Notes section. Bigourdan's "corrected" position from 1 May 1897
(repeated in the IC 2 Notes) corresponds with a star.
MCG and CGCG
fail to label this galaxy as NGC 6111 and it is misplotted on the first edition
of the Uranometria 2000 Atlas.
RNGC misidentifies IC 1210 as NGC 6111. IC 1210 is located 10' north of Swift's original position
and there is no double star to the south of this galaxy. Coincidentally, Swift discovered IC
1210 and placed it correctly in List IX.
The identification errors are discussed by Malcolm Thomson in his
unpublished "Catalogue Corrections", my RNGC Corrections #5 list and
Harold Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 6112 = MCG
+06-36-017 = CGCG 196-028 = PGC 57762
16 18 00.5 +35
06 37
V = 13.9; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.4
18"
(7/13/07): faint, fairly small, round, 25" diameter, weak
concentration. This member of the
NGC 6107 cluster is slightly brighter than NGC 6110 located 3.7' SW.
17.5"
(5/10/86): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, weak
concentration. Member of the NGC
6107 cluster with NGC 6110 3.7' WSW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6112 = St XI-48 on 7 Jul 1880. His micrometric position is very accurate.
******************************
NGC 6113 = MCG
+02-41-024 = CGCG 080-004 = PGC 57807
16 19 10.5 +14
08 01
V = 13.8; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 147d
17.5":
faint, very small, elongated NNW-SSE, small bright core. This galaxy is not identified as NGC
6113 in the CGCG or MCG.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6113 = Sw IX-59 on 19 Jun 1887 and recorded "eF; S;
R." The discovery was
communicated directly to Dreyer and referenced as list VI in the NGC, but it
was not published until list IX.
His position is 2' northeast of CGCG 080-004 = PGC 57807.
Neither CGCG nor
MCG label this galaxy as NGC 6113.
The RNGC position is 2' too far south.
******************************
NGC 6114 = MCG
+06-36-019 = CGCG 196-030 = PGC 57784
16 18 23.6 +35
10 27
V = 14.2; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 100d
18"
(7/13/07): very faint, very small, round, 15" diameter. Nestled in a "W" shaped
asterism of stars. Located 6' NE
of NGC 6112 and 6.4' WNW of NGC 6116 in the NGC 6107 cluster.
17.5"
(5/10/86): faint, small, slightly elongated. Member of the NGC 6107 cluster with NGC 6116 6.4' ESE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6114 = St XI-49 on 10 Jul 1880. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6115 = ESO
226-007 = Ru 118
16 24 26 -51 56
54
V = 9.8; Size 3'
18" (4/5/16
- Coonabarabran, 236x): ~30 stars resolved in a small 3' cluster. The brightest mag 10.8 star is at the
west edge and includes a number of mag 11.5-13 stars, mostly on the east
side. Unimpressive, though, as set
in a glorious rich Norma star field that overwhelms the cluster! Ruprecht 116, a scattered group of
bright stars (brightest is mag 8.6 SAO 243732), lies 10' WSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6115 = h3625 on 8 Jul 1834 and recorded "A part of the
milky way, so immensely rich as to be one vast cluster of clusters." His single position matches the cluster
Ru 118. James Dunlop's D 379
may be an earlier discovery. On 26
Jun 1826 he noted, "a small faint round nebula, with a bright centre",
and his position is just 5' northeast of Ru 118.
Sky Catalogue
2000.0 labels the cluster as Ru 118 and RNGC misclassifies the NGC 6115 as
nonexistent (Type 7).
******************************
NGC 6116 = UGC
10336 = MCG +06-36-021 = CGCG 196-032 = PGC 57800
16 18 54.6 +35
09 14
V = 14.3; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 12d
18"
(7/13/07): faint, moderately large, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE, 1.0'x0.4', low even
surface brightness. Last of a
dozen galaxies viewed in the NGC 6107 cluster.
17.5"
(5/10/86): faint, fairly small, broad concentration, elongated. NGC 6114 lies 6.4' WNW. Located at the east end of the NGC 6107
cluster.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6116 = St XI-51, along with NGCs 6108, 6110 and 6114, on 10 Jul
1880. His positions are all
accurate.
******************************
NGC 6117 = UGC
10338 = MCG +06-36-022 = CGCG 196-036 = Holm 737a = PGC 57816
16 19 18.2 +37
05 43
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.8
18"
(7/30/08): fairly faint, moderately large, oval N-S, 0.9'x0.65'. There appears to be a very small knot
or star on the south side that may be detached and the appearance is a bit
mottled as if this was a face-on spiral.
Located 2.6' S of a mag 9.7 star. Forms a pair with NGC 6117B = MCG
+06-36-024 1.7' SSE. The companion
appeared very faint, very small, round, 15" diameter.
17.5"
(6/27/87): very faint, small, round, weak concentration. A mag 14 star is 1.6' W of center. Located just 2.6' S of mag 9.5 SAO
65226.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6117 = m 309 on 5 Jul 1864 and noted "vF, S, R." His declination is 1' too far south.
******************************
NGC 6118 = UGC
10350 = MCG +00-42-002 = CGCG 024-008 = PGC 57924
16 21 48.6 -02
17 03
V = 11.7; Size 4.7'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 58d
13.1"
(6/4/83): moderately large, elongated WSW-ENE. This is a very diffuse object with no concentration and
ill-defined edges. Located 17' SW
of mag 6.2 SAO 141129 in the SE corner of Serpens Caput.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6118 = H II-402 = h1953 on 14 Apr 1785 (sweep 400) and recorded
"F, cL, E from sp to nf, about 3' l and 2' broad, r." JH made the single observation
"eF; vL; oval; 3' l, 2' br; cloudy; 3m preceding nearly in the parallel is
a fine double star [STF 2033]."
NGC 6118 is often mentioned as one of the most challenging objects on
the Herschel 400 list.
******************************
NGC 6119 = MCG +06-36-026
= CGCG 196-040 = PGC 57837
16 19 41.9 +37
48 23
V = 14.4; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(6/27/87): very faint, small, slightly elongated. A mag 15 star is at the south end just 19" from
center. Forms a trio with NGC 6120
2.3' SE and NGC 6122 5.5' E.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6119 = h1954 on 27 Apr 1827 while observing nearby NGC 6120 and
noted "vF; eS; R." His
position falls closer to NGC 6120, but his relative position from NGC 6120 (7
seconds west and 100" north) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6120 = UGC
10343 = MCG +06-36-029 = CGCG 196-041 = I Zw 141 = Holm 739a = PGC 57842
16 19 48.0 +37
46 27
V = 13.8; Size 0.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.2
17.5"
(6/27/87): fairly faint, very small, almost round, even surface brightness. Located 2' N of a wide unequal double
star mag 10/13 at 44".
Brightest of three with NGC 6119 2.3' NW and NGC 6122 4.6' ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6120 = H III-623 = h1955 on 17 Mar 1787 (sweep 715) and noted
"vF, vS, north of 2 stars.
300 confirmed it." JH
made 3 observations and measured an accurate position. Nearby NGC 6119 and
6122, were discovered by JH and Bigourdan, respectively.
******************************
NGC 6121 = M4 =
ESO 517-SC1
16 23 35.3 -26
31 32
V = 5.9; Size 26.3'; Surf Br = 1.1
24"
(8/16/12): M4 displayed several orange/red supergiants, including the brightest
star (mag 12) within the central bar.
This star is situated at the northern intersection point of the bar and
the partial oval ring of stars that extends mostly to the east of the bar. Another orange star is on the southwest
side of the core, 4' from center.
A bright, orange mag 10 star is on the SSW side of the halo, 6.5' from
center. A wide, bright pair of
orange stars (10.8/10.9 at 17") is SE of the bar (1.8' from center).
18"
(7/12/07): at 225x, the remarkable 10' central region is bounded by a nearly
complete ring of stars with a prominent string (bar) of brighter stars oriented
SSW-NNE nearly bisecting the central region. The center of this ridge of stars is intersected by a dense,
elongated ring of stars with major axis E-W, with the majority of the stars to
the east of the bar. A wide, brighter pair of stars (10.8/10.9 at 17") to
the SE of the bar has an orange tint.
Sprays of stars appear to emanate from the bar in all directions with a
beautiful arc of stars curving along the entire north side of the core. The outer halo is relatively sparse but
includes a number of brighter stars and appears to extend 15'-18' in diameter.
17.5"
(7/4/86): very bright, very large, 15' diameter. Resolved into an extremely dense swarm of several hundred
stars with many stars arranged in strings. Appears fully resolved at moderate power including the
distinctive bar extending N-S through the center. M4 is possibly the closest GC at a distance of 5600
light-years.
13.1"
(6/19/82): the core is beautifully resolved including the bar which resolves
into a number of faint stars. The
halo is fully resolved with many star lanes.
8": superb
resolution of mag 11-13 stars.
Philippe de
ChŽseaux discovered M4 = NGC 6121 = Lac I-9 in 1745-46. Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille found it
again in 1751-1752 with a 1/2" telescope at 8x during his expedition to
the Cape of Good Hope. WH did not
catalogue M4 as he tried to avoid repeating the Messier objects but described
M4 as "a rich cluster of considerably compressed small stars surrounded by
many straggling ones. It contains
a ridge of stars running through the middle from south preceding to north
following. The ridge contains 8 or
10 pretty bright stars. All the
stars are red." He noted in
his 1814 publication that the observed red color was probably owing to the low
elevation of M4, though there is one conspicuous red star in the bar. JH has no
entry in his Cape of Good Hope catalogue, though he undoubtedly observed this
showpiece.
******************************
NGC 6122 = MCG
+06-36-032 = PGC 57858
16 20 09.5 +37
47 53
V = 14.3; Size 0.9'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 156d
17.5"
(6/27/87): extremely faint, averted only, very small, round. Third and faintest of three in a group
and located 4.6' ENE of NGC 6120 and 5.5' E of NGC 6119.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 6122 = Big 78 on 6 May 1886. There is nothing at his Comptes Rendus (5 Dec 1887) position
but his corrected position 6' further north (published in the Corrections table
of his 1 Jul 1901 Comptes Rendus paper) matches MCG +06-36-032 = PGC
57858. The MCG doesn't label this
galaxy with the NGC designation. See Harold Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 6123 = UGC
10333 = MCG +10-23-060 = CGCG 298-028 = PGC 57729
16 17 19.7 +61
56 21
V = 13.8; Size 0.8'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.0; PA = 4d
17.5"
(4/15/93): faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 N-S, small bright core, thin
extensions. A mag 12.5 star is
1.4' SSW of center.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6123 = Sw II-40 in 1884-85 (exact date unknown) and recorded
"pF; vS; E; * nr." His
position is 15 seconds west of UGC 10333.
Bigourdan measured an accurate position on 31 Aug 1888 as well as Kobold
in Mar 1894.
******************************
NGC 6124 = Cr
301 = ESO 331-SC003
16 25 20 -40 39
12
V = 5.8; Size 29'
13.1"
(6/18/85): bright, fairly rich, large, roughly 125 stars are resolved. Appears partially resolved even in
16x80 finder.
8"
(6/27/81): fairly large but scattered, richer in center.
Nicolas-Louis de
Lacaille discovered NGC 6124 = Lac I-8 = D 514 = h3626 in 1751-1752 with a
1/2" telescope at 8x during his expedition to the Cape of Good Hope. He noted it as "a fairly big
tailless comet." James Dunlop
observed it on 10 May 1826 as "a round cluster of small stars of nearly
equal magnitudes, about 12' diameter, considerably congregated to the centre,
not rich in small stars. This answers to the place of 44 Normae, but there is
no nebula." Dunlop made a
total of 5 observations and his position is accurate.
On 5 Jun 1834 JH
logged "Viewed; a brilliant cluster class VII.; p rich, L, irregularly
scattered, fills field, stars 8,9,10,11th mag." On 4 Aug 1834 he recorded the cluster as "cluster,
bright, large, loosely scattered, not much compressed in the middle, fills
nearly a field, consists of about 50 or 60 stars 9..11th mag."
******************************
NGC 6125 = NGC
6130 = UGC 10347 = MCG +10-23-066 = CGCG 298-030 = PGC 57828
16 19 33.4 +57
36 55
See observing
notes for NGC 6127.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6125 = H II-810 on 24 Apr 1789 (sweep 928) and noted "pF,
pS, lE." His position is
close to NGC 6130 = UGC 10347 (independently discovered by Lewis Swift) but
Dreyer assumed that WH made a 20' error in dec (partly because Bigourdan was
unsuccessful on 4 attempts at WH's position) and that II-810 refers to NGC 6127
= NGC 6128 = UGC 10345.
But in an email
from 28 Jan 2013, Steinicke wrote that "I've now detected that [UGC 10345]
could not be seen by WH: It was well outside (north) of his sweep 928! Moreover, the zone of this 12 mag
galaxy was never swept, so he could not find it. His position, based on the 5th
mag reference star of Bode's catalogue (SAO 29727), clearly points to NGC 6130
[UGC 10347], located 24' south. His description "pF, pS, lE" matches
the elongated object, whereas [UGC 10345] is brighter and round. That he does
not mention the 9 mag star 3' west is nothing special. There is no PD error! The
position of NGC 6088 (III 812), based on the same star is also pretty good.
Another position, relative to Mu Draconis, confirms both nebulae.
This galaxy was
also found twice by Swift on 6 Jul 1886 and on 28 Jun 1886, so it received two
more NGC numbers, NGC 6127 = Sw IV-29 and NGC 6128 = Sw IV-30,
respectively. Swift's positions
and description make it clear he saw the same galaxy. Reinmuth equates NGC 6125 = NGC 6130, which coincidentally
has the same dec as H's original position but is 50 tsec E of the NGC position
for NGC 6125. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 6126 = UGC
10353 = MCG +06-36-035 = CGCG 196-055 = I Zw 144 = PGC 57908
16 21 27.9 +36
22 36
V = 13.6; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(6/18/93): faint, fairly small, round, 40" diameter, broadly concentration
halo, slightly brighter core.
Located 1.6' S of a mag 10.5 star.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6126 = St XII-83 on 19 Jun 1880. His micrometric position is very accurate.
******************************
NGC 6127 = NGC
6128 = UGC 10345 = MCG +10-23-065 = CGCG 298-029 = I Zw 142 = PGC 57812
16 19 11.5 +57
59 03
V = 12.0; Size 1.4'x1.4'; Surf Br = 12.7
17.5"
(6/15/91): moderately bright, fairly small, 1.5' diameter, round. Sharp concentration with a small very
bright core containing a stellar nucleus, faint round halo.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6127 = Sw IV-29 on 6 Jul 1886 and logged "pF; vS;
R." His position matches UGC
10345. He found this galaxy again
just 3 weeks later (28 Jul) and recorded it as Sw IV-30 = NGC 6128. His positions and descriptions are
nearly identical, so it seems odd that neither Swift nor Dreyer suggested the
equivalence NGC 6127 = NGC 6128.
It's been
assumed that this galaxy was first discovered by WH and catalogued as H II- 810
= NGC 6125 with a 20' error in declination. But Wolfgang Steinicke has shown that WH could not have seen
this galaxy, as it is too far north in his sweep. Instead, WH II-810 refers to NGC 6130 = UGC 10347.
******************************
NGC 6128 = NGC
6127 = NGC 6125 = UGC 10345 = MCG +10-23-065 = CGCG 298-029 = I Zw 142 = PGC
57812
16 19 11.5 +57
59 03
See observing
notes for NGC 6127.
Lewis Swift
found NGC 6128 = Sw IV-30 on 28 July 1886 and logged "pF, pS, R,
bM." His position is less
than 1' northeast of the center of UGC 10345. He discovered this galaxy just 3 weeks earlier on 6 July
1886 and included it in the same list as Sw IV-29 = NGC 6127. Neither Swift nor Dreyer assumed an
equivalence, although the positions and descriptions are very similar. So, NGC 6128 = NGC 6127. According to Wolfgang Steinicke, NGC
6125 = H II-180 is not the original observation of this galaxy. See notes on NGC 6125.
******************************
NGC 6129 = MCG
+06-36-037 = CGCG 196-048 = Holm 741a = PGC 57920
16 21 43.2 +37
59 45
V = 13.7; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0
24"
(7/22/14): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 24" diameter, weak
concentration. Forms a pair
(similar redshift) with CGCG 196-047 2.0' NW. The companion appeared faint, small, round, 18"
diameter, low surface brightness.
17.5"
(6/27/87): faint, very small, slightly elongated, weak concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6129 = H III-891 on 30 May 1791 (sweep 1015) and recorded
"eF, vS, R, lbM. 300
confirmed it with great ease."
His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6130 = UGC
10347 = MCG +10-23-066 = CGCG 298-030 = PGC 57828
16 19 33.4 +57
36 55
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 25d
17.5"
(6/15/91): fairly faint, small, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, almost even surface
brightness. Several brighter stars
in field including mag 8 SAO 29889 2.7' SW!
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6130 = Sw IV-31 on 28 Jun 1886 and recorded "pF; pL; R; B *
near preceding." His position
is just 4 sec of RA east of UGC 10347 and the comment about the bright star
applies.
According to
Wolfgang Steinicke, WH discovered this galaxy on 24 Apr 1789 (sweep 928) and
noted II-810 = NGC 6125 as "pF, pS, lE." Wolfgang states that WH's offset from SAO 29727 matches UGC
10347. In this case, NGC 6130 =
NGC 6125.
Dreyer assumed
that WH made a 20' error in dec for II-810 and NGC 6125 = NGC 6127 = NGC
6128. Corwin concurs with Dreyer's
identification.
******************************
NGC 6131 = UGC
10356 = MCG +07-34-004 = CGCG 224-004 = Holm 742a = PGC 57927
16 21 52.5 +38
55 56
V = 13.3; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(6/27/87): very faint, small, round.
Located 3.5' E of mag 9 SAO 65250.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6131 = St XII-84 on 15 Jun 1882. His position is very accurate.
******************************
NGC 6132 = IC
4602 = UGC 10363 = MCG +02-42-002 = CGCG 080-020 = PGC 58002
16 23 38.8 +11
47 10
V = 13.6; Size 1.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 127d
17.5"
(7/1/89): faint, small, elongated WNW-ESE, weak concentration. A mag 15 star is 1' SE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6132 = St VII-7 on 16 Jul 1876. His micrometric position is very accurate. Lewis Swift apparently found this
galaxy again on 22 Jul 1897 and recorded Sw XI-183 = IC 4602 as "eeeF; S;
lE; F * near following; 2 bright stars south nearly point to it; eee
diff." There is nothing near
Swift's position, but 1 degree south is NGC 6132 and his description of the
nearby stars fits. So NGC 6132 =
IC 4602. See Harold Corwin's identification notes for more on IC 4602.
******************************
NGC 6133
16 20 17.2 +56
39 08
=***??, Corwin.
=**?, Gottlieb.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6133 = Sw V-69 on 23 Oct 1886 and recorded "eeeF; S; cE; ee
diff." There is nothing at
his position. One possible candidate is CGCG 276-012, but this galaxy is 2.4
min of RA east and 4' south of Swift's position. A mag 14.7/15.1 double star at 15" separation is close
southeast of Swift's position, with a third fainter star forming a triple. Harold Corwin suggests this asterism
may have appeared nebulous to Swift, but this identification is very uncertain.
******************************
NGC 6134 = Cr
303 = ESO 226-SC009
16 27 46 -49 09
06
V = 7.2; Size 7'
18" (7/9/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 128x, this is a bright, fairly large
open cluster, at least 10' diameter, with roughly 150 stars mag 10 and
fainter. Many of the stars are
arranged in chains, loops and rings although there is no central concentration. The brightest mag 9.3 star is on the SE
side about 4' from the center. The
Norma Milky Way background is very rich in this region.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 6134 = D 412 = h3627 on 10 May 1826 and described as "a
pretty large round nebula, about 4' diameter, gradually a little brighter
towards the centre. There is a
small star on the north, and another on the south side, both involved. This is easily resolved into stars,
with slight compression to the centre." His position is 6' too far northeast.
On 5 Jul 1834,
JH recorded "a pretty rich loose large, roundish cluster of stars 12..14th
mag, 7' diameter, not m comp M." On 15 Apr 1836 he called it "VII
class, rich, L, gradually a little compressed in the middle, irregularly round,
12', stars 13,14,15th mag, nearly fills field."
******************************
NGC 6135 = MCG
+11-20-008 = CGCG 320-015 = PGC 57580
16 14 24.9 +64
58 58
V = 13.9; Size 0.9'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 45d
18"
(7/30/08): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated nearly 3:1 SW-NE,
0.9'x0.35', broad concentration. A
mag 14 star is just off the west edge [30" from the center]. The identification of this galaxy with
NGC 6135 is very uncertain as it differs quite a bit from Swift's position.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6135 = Sw IV-32 on 9 Jul 1886 and recorded "vF, vS, cE, 2
st nr." There is nothing near
his position. Harold Corwin
suggests NGC 6135 may apply to CGCG 320-015 = PGC 57580. This galaxy is elongated 3:1 and has a
couple of stars nearby, matching Swift's description. But his position is a particularly bad fit -- 5.5 minutes of RA too far east and 5'
too far north, so this identification is very uncertain.
RNGC classifies
NGC 6135 nonexistent and neither CGCG, MCG or PGC label PGC 57580 as NGC 6135.
******************************
NGC 6136 = MCG
+09-27-019 = CGCG 276-010 = PGC 57892
16 20 59.4 +55
58 14
V = 14.5; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 95d
17.5"
(6/15/91): extremely faint, very small, round, very low even surface
brightness. A nice row of stars is
just north consisting of four mag 11-12 stars oriented WNW-ESE ending at mag
8.5 SAO 29903 at the WNW end. NGC
6136 is located 5.5' SW of SAO 29903.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6136 = Sw IV-33 on 6 Jul 1886 and recorded "eeeF; S; R;
nearly between 5 pB stars in a curve north and 3 F stars in a curve south; ee
diff.". His position and
description matches CGCG 276-010 = PGC 57892.
******************************
NGC 6137 = UGC
10364 = MCG +06-36-039 = CGCG 196-053 = Holm 744a = PGC 57966
16 23 03.2 +37
55 19
V = 12.4; Size 1.9'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 175d
24"
(7/22/14): at 375x appeared fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 5:3 N-S,
0.8'x0.5', broad concentration with a brighter core. Increases in size with averted vision. A mag 14.3 star is 1' E and a mag 14.8
star is 1' NW.
Three galaxies
are aligned in a string to the NNW.
NGC 6137B = CGCG 196-052, 1.7' NNW, appears fairly faint (B = 15.8),
small, round, 18" diameter.
PGC 214491, 3.9' NNW, appears faint (B = 16.3), very small, round,
12"-15" diameter. PGC
3498453, 7.3' NNW appears faint, small, slightly elongated E-W,
18"x15".
17.5"
(6/27/87): faint, small, slightly elongated oval. Located between two mag 14 stars 1.0' NW and 1.0' E. Forms a close pair with NGC 6137B 1.7'
NW. The companion appeared
extremely faint, very small, round.
A mag 14.5 star is 0.8' S (same one 1' NW of NGC 6137).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6137 = H III-624 = h1956 on 17 Mar 1787 (sweep 715) and recorded
"vF, S, bM. Discovered with
300x." CH's reduced position is
1.5' southwest of UGC 10364.
******************************
NGC 6138 = NGC
6363 = UGC 10827 = MCG +07-36-005 = CGCG 226-008 = PGC 60164
17 22 40.0 +41
06 06
See observing
notes for NGC 6363. Incorrect
identification in the RNGC.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6138 = St II-2 around September 1872. His published position is roughly 25' west of NGC 6145
(within Abell 2197) and there are only faint stars near this position. But Stephan made an error with his
offset star and once corrected, his position matches NGC 6363 (found again by
Stephan on 24 July 1879 and assumed to be a new discovery). The error was caught and mentioned by
Emmanuel Esmiol in the introduction to his 1916 reduction of Stephan's
positions with a note that NGC 6138 is identical to NGC 6363. Esmiol, though, made a typo and called
NGC 6138 = NGC 6263. So, NGC 6138
= NGC 6363. Despite the earlier
discovery of NGC 6138, this galaxy is known as NGC 6363 due to its unambiguous
identification.
RNGC and PGC (as
well as secondary sources) misidentify MCG +07-34-020 = PGC 58070 as NGC
6138. This is an edge-on galaxy
located 7' north of NGC 6145.
******************************
NGC 6139 = ESO
331-SC004
16 27 40 -38 50
54
V = 9.0; Size 5.5'; Surf Br = 2.3
18"
(7/10/02 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is a moderately bright
globular which is well concentrated to a bright 1' core. The halo spans ~3.5' and the overall
structure is symmetric. A number
of very faint stars blink in and out of view with the seeing and it appears on
the verge of extensive resolution at 171x. Did not view with higher power.
8"
(6/27/81): faint, small, even concentration to core, easily visible but no
resolution.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 6139 = D 536 on 13 May 1826 and recorded "a round nebula,
about 1' diameter, bright immediately at the centre, and very faint from the
bright nucleus to the margin. Another observation makes the figure rather
elliptical, with a bright nucleus."
He observed the cluster twice and his position is pretty poor -- 23'
east of center.
JH acknowledged
Dunlop's discovery despite the poor position and observed the globular on 4
nights. On his first sweep of 24
Jun 1834 he logged "vB, R, pL, pgmbM, 2.5'. Evidently a globular, but
moonlight very bright and near full, and I cannot see the individual
stars." Two nights later he
wrote "B, R, pgbM, resolvable, 2'." Another two nights later he wrote "pB, R, pgbM,
resolvable, with left eye I can barely discern a few of the stars."
******************************
NGC 6140 = UGC
10359 = MCG +11-20-012 = CGCG 320-025 = PGC 57886
16 20 57.3 +65
23 23
V = 11.3; Size 6.3'x4.6'; Surf Br = 14.8; PA = 95d
24"
(7/22/14): fairly bright, moderately large, oval 3:2 WSW-ENE, broad
concentration. Often a thin
brighter "bar" oriented WSW-ENE stands out. It appears offset from center as the south portion of the
halo is very weak. At 375x, a narrow spiral arm oriented E-W is occasionally
visible just south of the bar, and it extends slightly further east than the
brighter central region. A mag
11.5 star lies 2.3' NW and several mag 15 stars are nearby.
17.5"
(7/9/88): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated ~E-W, broadly
concentrated halo, very faint extensions.
A mag 12 star lies 2.2' NW.
Bracketed by three mag 15 stars 1.4' SE, 1.6' NNE and 1.9' SW of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6140 = H III-740 on 3 Jun 1788 (only nebula in sweep 845) and
logged "cF, pL, iE."
There is nothing at his position but 95 sec of RA following is UGC
10359. Dreyer noted this error in
his 1912 Scientific Papers.
******************************
NGC 6141 =
2MASXi J1623063+405129 = PGC 58077
16 23 06.4 +40
51 30
V = 15.0; Size 0.4'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.5
17.5"
(7/18/01): very faint, very small, slightly elongated 25"x20". With direct vision contains a fairly
faint quasi-stellar nucleus. Since
this galaxy is not in the MCG or CGCG I expected the observation to be more
difficult. A wide pair of mag
11/12 stars lies 3.5' NE and a mag 14.5 star is 1.2' N. The RNGC incorrectly identifies NGC
6147 = MCG +07-34-023 as NGC 6141.
Member of AGC 2197.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 6141 = Big. 79 on 27 May 1886. There is nothing at his Comptes Rendus
position, but 3.2' due north is PGC 58077, and Harold Corwin associates NGC
6141 with this galaxy.
The RNGC and
HyperLEDA misidentifies NGC 6147 = MCG +07-34-023 as NGC 6141. This galaxy is located 2.7 minutes of
time east and 4.8' north of Bigourdan's position. See my RNGC Corrections #2 and Harold Corwin's
identification notes.
******************************
NGC 6142 = UGC
10366 = MCG +06-36-041 = CGCG 196-056 = PGC 57984
16 23 21.1 +37
15 29
V = 13.8; Size 1.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 165d
17.5"
(6/24/95): very faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, broad weak
concentration. A mag 15 star is
just off the SW edge 55" from center. Located almost at midpoint of two mag 12/12.5 stars 5.6' N
and 4.4' S. Two mag 14.5-15
between 2'-3' NW are collinear with the galaxy.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6142 = H III-892 on 30 May 1791 (sweep 1015) and recorded "eF,
S, bM." Recomputing his
offset from 25 Her shows his position is less than 1' too far south and exact
in RA. UGC does not label UGC
10366 as NGC 6142 but the galaxy is correctly labeled in MCG, CGCG and RC3.
******************************
NGC 6143 = UGC
10358 = MCG +09-27-024 = CGCG 276-011 = PGC 57919
16 21 42.4 +55
05 09
V = 13.2; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(6/20/87): fairly faint, fairly small, round, weak concentration. Bracketed by two bright stars; a mag 10
star 2.3' ESE and mag 8.7 SAO 29911 4.0' W.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6143 = H II-811 on 24 Apr 1789 (sweep 928) and recorded
"pB, iR, vgvlbM." His
position (CH's reduction) is 20 sec of RA east of UGC 10358.
******************************
NGC 6144 = ESO
517-SC6 = IC 4606:
16 27 14.1 -26
01 29
V = 9.1; Size 9.3'; Surf Br = 1.1
18"
(7/26/06): at 325x roughly two dozen stars were resolved over an irregular,
scraggly glow. A mag 12 star at the west edge is probably a field star. Very weak central condensation
(concentration class XI) so the appearance does not look like a typical
globular.
17.5"
(6/6/86): about 20 stars mag 12-14 resolved at 286x. The brightest mag 12 star is at the west edge. Located 37' NW of Antares. This globular is about 30,000 light
years away or 5 times the distance of nearby M4.
13.1"
(6/18/85): a dozen very faint stars are resolved at 220x over haze. Includes a string of stars to the SE.
13.1"
(6/19/82): just resolves in steady moments into perhaps 15 very faint stars
over haze. Otherwise the globular
is very lively and mottled.
8"
(6/27/81): faint, small. A mag 12
star is at the SW end but no other resolution. Located 40' NW of Antares.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6144 = H VI-10 = h3629 on 22 May 1784 (sweep 223) and recorded
"a very close considerably L cluster of the smallest stars imaginable; all
the stars are of a dusky red colour.
This cluster is the next step to an easily resolvable nebula." JH called the globular "pL; oval;
gbM; resolved."
David Frew
comments "I'm almost sure that IC 4606 (observed by Finlay from the Cape)
is just an observation of the globular cluster NGC 6144 with an error in
position [4.3 min of time too large]. His description fits perfectly:
"follows a faint star 4.5 secs., and is 0.5 [arcmin] S." There is a 12th magnitude star on the
north-preceding side of the core, so this identification seems very plausible.
******************************
NGC 6145 = MCG
+07-34-021 = CGCG 224-017 = Holm 747a = PGC 58074
16 25 02.4 +40
56 48
V = 14.1; Size 0.8'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 2d
18"
(7/29/08): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 N-S, 0.7'x0.35', weak
concentration. First of 3 in a
NNW-SSE line with NGC 6147 1.3' SSE and brighter NGC 6146 3.6' SSE within AGC
2197.
17.5"
(7/24/95): faint, fairly small, 1.0' diameter, slightly elongated N-S. Similar size to NGC 6146 but lacks the
central concentration. Only a very
weak brightening with no core or nucleus.
Forms a trio with NGC 6146 3.6' SE and NGC 6147 1.4' SE.
17.5"
(7/5/86): faint, weak concentration, elongated ~N-S. Forms a pair with NGC 6146 3.5' SE. Member of AGC 2197.
13.1"
(8/5/83): extremely faint, small, elongated N-S.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6145 = h1957 on 12 May 1828, while observing nearby NGC 6146
(discovered by his father), and recorded "F; R; bM; sky very
clear." His position is less
than 1' south of CGCG 224-017 = PGC 58074. Nearby NGC 6147 was discovered at Birr Castle.
******************************
NGC 6146 = UGC
10379 = MCG +07-34-024 = CGCG 224-018 = PGC 58080
16 25 10.4 +40
53 33
V = 12.5; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 75d
18"
(7/29/08): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 WSW-ENE, 0.9'x0.6',
well concentrated with a very small bright core, bright stellar nucleus. Two mag 13/14 stars 1.2' and 2' E. In a line with NGC 6147 2.3' NNW and
NGC 6145 3.6' NNW in AGC 2197.
17.5"
(7/24/95): moderately bright, fairly small, 1.0' diameter, slightly elongated
E-W. Broad concentration with a
fairly high surface brightness core, stellar nucleus. A mag 13 star is 1.2' E of center. Brightest of a collinear trio with NGC 6145 3.6' NNW and NGC
6147 2' NNW in AGC 2197.
17.5"
(7/5/86): fairly faint, almost round, bright core, stellar nucleus. Forms a pair with NGC 6145 3.5' NW.
13.1"
(8/5/83): fairly faint, moderately large.
Forms a pair with NGC 6145.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6146 = H III-638 = h1958 on 18 Mar 1787 (sweep 718) and noted
"vF, vS." CH's reduced
position is 7 sec of RA east of UGC 10379.
******************************
NGC 6147 = MCG
+07-34-023 = Holm 747b = PGC 58077
16 25 05.8 +40
55 44
V = 15.1; Size 0.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.0
18"
(7/29/08): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Located 2.3' NNW of NGC 6146 and 1.4'
SSE of NGC 6145 within AGC 2197.
The three galaxies are collinear.
17.5"
(7/24/95): extremely faint and small, 15" diameter, round. Only able to glimpse repeatedly <25%
of time with averted vision.
Faintest of trio and situated 1.4' SE of NGC 6145 and 2' NW of NGC 6146
in AGC 2197. Incorrect
identification in the RNGC.
George Johnstone
Stoney, LdR's assistant, discovered NGC 6147 on 26 May 1849. He noted "2 new neb, alpha (on
diagram) eF st, Beta small."
The diagram clearly shows NGC 6147 = PGC 58077 (labeled as Alpha) on a
line between NGC 6146 (not labeled) and NGC 6145 (labeled Beta), with NGC 6147
slightly closer to NGC 6145.
The direction of drift is not shown but is presumably down in the
diagram. Dreyer later added the parenthetical comment "Query h1957 [NGC
6145] and h1958 [NGC 6146] and one Nova." One faint star (labeled alpha) is shown on the diagram and
it appears to correspond with MCG +07-34-022 = PGC 58078. Since Stoney didn't record it as nebulous,
it didn't receive a NGC designation.
MCG and UGC
(notes section) does not label PGC 58077 as NGC 6147. The RNGC misidentifies PGC 58078 as NGC 6147 and mislabels
NGC 6147 as NGC 6141.
******************************
NGC 6148 = 2MASX
J16270405+2405357 = PGC 58162
16 27 04.0 +24
05 36
V = 16.1; Size 0.5'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 60d
24"
(7/7/13): at 282x appeared faint to very faint, very small, elongated 3:2
SW-NE, 15"x10", low even surface brightness. Can just hold steadily with averted. Located 9' SSE of mag 8.9 HD 148405
within a small trapezoid of mag 13-14.5 stars. This galaxy, found by Marth in 1864, is one of the faintest
he discovered with the 48" on Malta and was missed previously in my
17.5".
17.5"
(5/28/89): not found.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6148 = m 310 on 10 Jun 1864 and noted "vF, S, with
**." There is nothing at his
position. RNGC identifies PGC
58162 as NGC 6148. This faint
galaxy is 33 seconds of time east and 4.3' south of Marth's position, an
unusually poor match, and in RNGC Corrections #4, I listed the RNGC
identification as questionable.
But PGC 58162 is surrounded by a small group of a half-dozen stars and
may match Marth's comment "with **".
******************************
NGC 6149 = UGC
10391 = MCG +03-42-011 = CGCG 109-021 = PGC 58183
16 27 24.3 +19
35 50
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 22d
17.5":
faint, very small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus. Located 3.8' N of mag 8.7 SAO 102184.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6149 = Sw VI-90 on 3 Apr 1887 and recorded "vF; pS; R; pB *
nr south." His position is
just 6 seconds west of UGC 10391 and his description applies. UGC does not label this galaxy as NGC
6149.
******************************
NGC 6150 = MCG
+07-34-029 = CGCG 224-022 = Holm 748a = PGC 58105
16 25 50.0 +40
29 19
V = 14.0; Size 1.0'x0.4'; PA = 61d
18"
(7/30/08): fairly faint, small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 24"x16",
gradually increases to the center.
Forms a close pair with NGC 6150B = MCG +07-34-027 1.3' SW. The companion appeared very faint, very
small, round, 10" diameter. MCG +07-34-033 lies 9.5' E and was noted as faint,
fairly small, elongated N-S, 0.4'x0.3'.
A mag 12.5 attached at the north end confused the observation.
17.5"
(5/23/87): faint, small, elongated SW-NE, weak concentration. MCG +07-34-033 lies 9.5' E. This is a double system (unresolved) on
the southwest side of AGC 2197.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6150 = H III-639 = h1959 on 18 Mar 1787 (sweep 718) and noted
"eF, eS." CH's reduced
position is 10 seconds of RA east of CGCG 224-022 (double system).
******************************
NGC 6151
16 38 25.2 -73
15 09
Size 0.9'
18" (4/6/16
- Coonabarabran, 139x and 236x): at 139x, this asterism (very small group of
faint stars) appeared fairly faint grainy patch, less than 1' in diameter. At 236x, two or three mag 14.5-15 stars
were occasionally resolved.
Situated 2.5' WSW of a mag 11 star and nearly collinear with a closer
mag 13 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6151 = h3630 on 29 Jun 1835 and recorded "vF and S; is
pointed to by 2 small stars 9m and 14m; the * 9m is the only one of that
magnitude within 6'." His
position corresponds with a 1' group of at least 7 stars. A 10th and 14th magnitude star are
collinear to the east-northeast (by ~1.5' and 2.5'), matching his
description. Harold Corwin also
identifies this group of stars as NGC 6151.
ESO and PGC (and
modern sources that follow these sources) misidentify ESO 043-003 = PGC 58689
as NGC 6151. This galaxy is 50
seconds of RA following JH's position.
RNGC classifies the number as an "Unverified southern object."
******************************
NGC 6152 = Cr
304 = ESO 179-SC009
16 32 46 -52 38
36
Size 30'
18" (7/9/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): At 76x (27mm Panoptic), this is a large 30'
cluster in a glorious Milky Way field.
A couple of hundred stars generally mag 10 and fainter are resolved
including a few dense clumps of stars.
Many of the stars are arranged in loops and knots. A wide mag 8/10 pair is on the east
side. The surrounding region is
rich, so the cluster does no stand out except at low power.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6152 = h3631 on 8 Jul 1834 and logged a large and coarse milky
way cluster, tolerably insulated, composed of large stars." His position is near the center of this
large cluster.
******************************
NGC 6153 = PK
341+5.1 = ESO 331-PN6 = PN G341.8+05.4
16 31 30.5 -40
15 13
V = 10.9; Size 28"x21"
13.1"
(6/18/85): fairly bright, fairly small, almost round, picked up at 62x. Striking location as forms the southern
vertex of a small "kite" or cruciform asterism (rhombus) with two mag
10 stars 2.6' N and 2.7' NW and a mag 9.5 star 2.5' NE. This planetary is very far south for a
prominent planetary to be seen from northern California.
Ralph Copeland
discovered NGC 6153 on 27 May 1883 near Lake Titicaca, using a 6.1"
refractor with a direct vision Vogel-spectroscope. The position given in Copernicus III (1884) is just 1' too
far north.
******************************
NGC 6154 = UGC
10382 = MCG +08-30-012 = CGCG 251-016 = PGC 58095
16 25 30.6 +49
50 24
V = 12.7; Size 2.1'x2.0'; Surf Br = 14.1
17.5"
(7/1/89): fairly faint, fairly small.
Sharp concentration with an elongated NW-SE core and a faint rounder
halo with no distinct edges.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6154 = H III-680 on 15 May 1787 (sweep 737) and recorded
"eF, S, easily resolvable, near some small stars." CH's reduction is 10 sec of RA east and
2' north of UGC 10382. He observed
this galaxy again on 13 Apr 1788 (sweep 832) and noted "vF, S, R,
lbM." Bigourdan measured an
accurate RA (repeated in the IC 2 Notes) on 19 Jul 1884.
******************************
NGC 6155 = UGC
10385 = MCG +08-30-013 = CGCG 251-018 = PGC 58115
16 26 08.5 +48
21 59
V = 12.2; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 145d
17.5"
(7/1/89): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated NW-SE, broadly concentrated
halo. Located equidistant from two
double stars; a mag 9.5/12.5 at 30" separation is 3.2' SW and an evenly
matched mag 14 pair at 12" separation is 3.3' E.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6155 = H II-690 on 12 May 1787 (sweep 735) and recorded "F;
pL; gbM; iF." His position is
37 sec of RA too large. He logged
this galaxy again on 13 Apr 1788 (sweep 832) and noted "eF, S, iF." His RA on this sweep was 17 sec too
large. Bigourdan's measured an
accurate position on 29 May 1884 (repeated in the IC 2 Notes).
******************************
NGC 6156 = ESO
137-033 = LGG 407-004 = PGC 58536
16 34 52.3 -60
37 06
V = 11.6; Size 1.6'x1.4'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 0d
14" (4/3/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x): fairly bright, moderately large, slightly elongated
E-W, 0.8'x0.6', high but irregular surface brightness, slightly brighter
core. Appears brightest, though,
at the west end; either a faint star is superimposed or perhaps a knot in the
galaxy. Situated in a very rich
star field with a mag 11 star 1.7' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6156 = h3632 on 24 Apr 1835 and logged "pF; lE; glbM;
50" long." A second
observation called this galaxy "pF; R; gpmbM; 45"; in a field full of
small stars."
******************************
NGC 6157 = MCG
+09-27-039 = CGCG 276-018 = PGC 58101
16 25 48.4 +55
21 38
V = 14.5; Size 0.6'x0.5'; PA = 19d
17.5"
(6/20/87): very faint, very small, almost round, brighter core. A mag 15 star is off the SW edge just
20" from the center. Located
13' ENE of mag 7.0 SAO 29930.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6157 = Sw IV-34 on 28 Jun 1886 and recorded "eeF; pS; R; v
diff." His position is fairly
accurate.
******************************
NGC 6158 = MCG
+07-34-041 = CGCG 224-031 = Holm 749a = PGC 58198
16 27 40.9 +39
22 59
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 81d
18"
(8/12/10): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated E-W, 25"x20",
sharply concentrated with a very small bright core. PGC 58195, an extremely faint companion, is just 28"
SE.
13.1"
(5/26/84): faint, very small, round.
Located 2.1' NW of a mag 10 star and 5.3' N of a second mag 10
star. Brighter than the faint
companions of NGC 6166. Located
14' SW of NGC 6166 in AGC 2199.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6158 = H II-647 on 17 Mar 1787 (sweep 715) and recorded "F,
S, iF. Discovered with 300, but I
could see very well with the sweeping power. The time inaccurate." His rough position is ~1 min of RA east of CGCG 224-031 =
PGC 58198. Herman Schultz measured
an accurate position (used in the NGC) at the Uppsala Observatory.
******************************
NGC 6159 = UGC
10397 = MCG +07-34-038 = CGCG 224-029 = PGC 58185
16 27 25.1 +42
40 47
V = 14.2; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 14.2
17.5"
(7/1/89): faint, easy with direct vision, small, round, bright core. Collinear with mag 8.8 SAO 46092 5.4' W
and a mag 11 star 2.6' W. Pair
with CGCG 224-033 3.4' SE. The
companion was very faint, very small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6159 = St X-30 on 20 Jul 1879. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6160 = UGC
10400 = MCG +07-34-042 = CGCG 224-032 = PGC 58199
16 27 41.2 +40
55 36
V = 13.2; Size 1.8'x1.5'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 65d
18"
(7/29/08): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 5:3 SW-NE,
~40"x25", very small bright core ~10"x6". Two mag 14 stars are at the NE
end. A few times I glimpsed an
extremely faint star or stellar galaxy (2MASX J16273992+4054518) just off the
SW end. A number of faint galaxies
are huddled nearby with LEDA 214502 3.1' S, LEDA 214501 4' NE, LEDA 2173685 7'
ENE, LEDA 87321 8' ESE, 2MASX J16282511+4051298 9' SE and LEDA 2171275 10' SW.
LEDA
214502: extremely faint, very
small, 15" diameter.
LEDA 214501:
extremely faint and small, round, 6" diameter, requires averted.
LEDA 2173685:
very faint, very small, slightly elongated, 12"x9".
LEDA 87321:
faint, small, round, 20" diameter, very small slightly brighter core.
2MASX
J16282511+4051298: faint, small, round (elongated on DSS), 22" diameter,
very small brighter core.
LEDA 2171275:
very faint, small, slightly elongated, 20"x15".
17.5"
(7/5/86): fairly faint, fairly small, oval WSW-ENE, small brighter core. Two mag 14 stars are just off the NE
side 23" and 37" from the center. Member of the galaxy cluster AGC 2197 with NGC 6146 28' WSW.
13.1"
(8/5/83): faint, diffuse, moderately large, slightly elongated, extremely faint
star at the NE edge. Located 28' E
of NGC 6146.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6160 = H II-652 = h1960 on 18 Mar 1787 (sweep 718) and noted
"F, pL, r." CH's reduced
position is 10 sec of RA east of UGC 10400. JH made two observations and measured an accurate RA.
******************************
NGC 6161 = MCG
+06-36-046 = CGCG 168-013 = HCG 82C = PGC 58235
16 28 20.6 +32
48 38
V = 14.7; Size 0.7'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 159d
24"
(7/15/15): at 375x; fairly faint, small, elongated nearly 2:1 N-S,
24"x12", very small bright nucleus. A mag 16 star is at the south tip.
24"
(6/16/12): at 322x this member of HCG 82 appeared faint to fairly faint, small,
elongated 2:1 N-S, 0.4'x0.2,' very small brighter nucleus.
18"
(6/7/08): this is the third brightest member of the HCG 82 quarter. At 260x it appeared very faint, small,
elongated ~5:2 N-S, 33"x12".
Located 2.3' S of NGC 6162.
HCG 82D, the faintest member, lies 50" WNW.
18"
(8/3/05): the third brightest member of HCG 82 appeared very faint, very small,
slightly elongated N-S, just 0.3'x0.2'.
Forms the southwest vertex of a small right triangle with NGC 6162 2.2'
N and NGC 6163. The difficult 4th
member, PGC 58231 is just 48" west.
17.5"
(8/14/96): the third brightest member of HCG 82 appears very faint, very small,
elongated 2:1 ~N-S, slightly
brighter core. In a compact
quartet with HCG 82D 50" WNW and NGC 6162 = HCG 82A 2.3' due north.
17.5" (7/1/89):
very faint, very small, low even surface brightness. In a tight trio (HCG 82 group) with NGC 6162 2.3' N and NGC
6163 2.6' NNE. Located 10' NE of
mag 7 SAO 65320.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6161 = St I-4, along with NGC 6162 and 6163, on 30 Jun
1870. His positions are accurate.
******************************
NGC 6162 = UGC
10403 = MCG +06-36-047 = CGCG 168-014 = HCG 82A = PGC 58238
16 28 22.3 +32
50 57
V = 13.6; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 30d
24"
(7/15/15): at 375x; fairly faint, small, slightly elongated SSW-NNE,
24"x20", very small bright nucleus.
24"
(6/16/12): at 322x appeared fairly faint, small, slightly elongated SSW-NNE,
0.4'x0.3', very small bright core.
Slightly smaller and fainter NGC 6263 lies 1.2' E.
18"
(6/7/08): faint, small, elongated 4:3 SW-NE, 0.4'x0.25'. Forms a similar pair
with slightly fainter NGC 6163 just 1.2' E in the HCG 82 quartet. Located 10' NE of mag 6.9 HD 148616
(best to keep out of the field).
18"
(8/3/05): the brightest member of HCG 82 appeared fairly faint, small, slightly
elongated SSW-NNE, 0.4'x0.3'.
Contains a very small slightly brighter core with direct vision. Forms a very close pair with NGC 6163 =
HCG 82B just 1.2' E and a right triangle with NGC 6161 2' S.
17.5"
(8/14/96): this galaxy is the brightest in the very compact HCG 82. Appears faint, small, slightly
elongated, ~30" diameter, slightly brighter core, very faint stellar
nucleus. In the quartet are NGC
6163 1.2' E, NGC 6161 2.3' S and HCG 82D 2.5' SW.
17.5"
(7/1/89): faint, small, round, bright core. Brightest of HCG 82 with NGC 6163 1.2' E and NGC 6161 2.3'
S. Located 10' NE of mag 7 SAO
65320.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6162 = St I-5, along with NGC 6161 and 6163, on 30 Jun 187. His micrometric position is very accurate.
******************************
NGC 6163 = MCG
+06-36-048 = CGCG 168-015 = HCG 82B = PGC 58250
16 28 27.8 +32
50 47
V = 14.4; Size 0.8'x0.45'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 54d
24"
(7/15/15): at 375x; fairly faint, small, elongated N-S, 24"x18", very
small bright nucleus.
24"
(6/16/12): at 322x this member of HCG 82 appeared faint to fairly faint, small,
elongated N-S, 0.4'x0.25' very small brighter nucleus. Forms a very close pair with NGC 6162
1.2' W.
18"
(6/7/08): just slightly fainter than similar NGC 6162 1.2' W. At 260x appeared faint, small,
elongated N-S, 0.4'x0.25'. NGC
6161 lies 2.7' SW.
18"
(8/3/05): second brightest member of HCG 82 appeared faint, small, slightly
elongated N-S, 0.4'x0.3'. Appears
pretty similar to NGC 6162 1.2' W, but it slightly fainter with a less
concentrated core.
17.5"
(8/14/96): second brightest of four in HCG 82 located just 1.2' following NGC
6162. Appears very faint, small,
slightly elongated, ~30" diameter.
More weakly concentrated and slightly fainter than NGC 6162 but has a
similar size.
17.5"
(7/1/89): faint, very small, elongated N-S, weak concentration. Second brightest of three in HCG 82
with NGC 6162 1' W and NGC 6161 3' SSW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6163 = St I-6, along with NGC 6161 and 6162, on 30 Jun
1870. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6164 = ESO
226-EN012 = PK 336-0.1 = Ced 135a = Gum 52 = RCW 107
16 33 52.4 -48
06 40
Size 6'
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): this striking bi-polar nebula was
quite impressive at 200x and UHC filter.
The two bright loops or arcs are symmetrically placed along the rim,
2.6' NW and 3' SE of center with the southeastern arc brighter. The interior of the rim is filled with
a fainter glow and the entire object forms a slightly elongated, 6.2'x5.2'
oval. The nebula is dominated by
the mag 6.8 central star (HD 148937).
Mag 9 HD 148988 lies 3' NE of center.
18" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this bipolar emission nebula was a
startling sight at 171x and UHC filter!
A bright illuminating star (HD 148937 at V = 6.8) is surrounded by two
lobes or loops to the NW (NGC 6164) and SE (NGC 6165). Both loops contain brighter arcs
symmetrically placed at the opposite ends. This is a large object, ~6' diameter, with the southeastern
knot a bit brighter. A mag 9 star
is 3' NE, outside the nebulosity.
Located near the midpoint of mag 4.5 Epsilon Normae 1.3¡ NW and NGC 6188/6193
a similar distance SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6164 = h3633 on 1 Jul 1834, along with NGC 6165, and recorded
"Neb violently suspected immediately preceding a double star." His rough position (marked as
approximate in RA and Dec (nearest arcmin)) is less than 2' south of the northwest
wing of this large emission shell.
NGC 6165 refers to the southeast wing.
Several older
sources, including the RNGC, misclassify this object as a planetary
nebula. The illuminating star is a
massive, evolved O-star, losing mass from its outer layers through a strong
stellar wind (similar mechanism to
the Crescent Nebula = NGC 6188 and Thor's Helmet = NGC 2359).
******************************
NGC 6165 = ESO
226-EN014 = Gum 52 = RCW 107 = Ced 135b
16 34 03 -48 09
12
Size 6'
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): this striking bi-polar nebula was
quite impressive at 200x and UHC filter.
The two bright loops or arcs are symmetrically placed along the rim,
2.6' NW and 3' SE of center with the southeast arc brighter. The interior of the rim is filled with
a fainter glow and the entire object forms a slightly elongated, 6.2'x5.2'
oval. The nebula is dominated by
the mag 6.8 central star (HD 148937).
Mag 9 HD 148988 lies 3' NE of center.
18" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this bipolar emission nebula was a
startling sight at 171x and UHC filter!
A bright illuminating star (HD 148937 at V = 6.8) is surrounded by two
lobes or loops to the northwest (NGC 6164) and southeast (NGC 6165). Both loops contain brighter arcs
symmetrically placed at the opposite ends. This is a large object, ~6' diameter, with the southeast
knot a bit brighter. A mag 9 star
is 3' NE, outside the nebulosity.
Located near the midpoint of mag 4.5 Epsilon Normae 1.3¡ NW and NGC
6188/6193 a similar distance SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6165 = h3634 on 1 Jul 1834, along with NGC 6164, and recorded
"F; S; lE; vglbM; 35"; certain; follows a double star." His position corresponds with the
bright arc on the southeast end.
Harold Corwin notes the central star is not double on the DSS.
******************************
NGC 6166 = UGC
10409 = VV 364 = MCG +07-34-060 = CGCG 224-039 = 3C 338 = Holm 751a = PGC 58265
16 28 38.4 +39
33 05
V = 11.8; Size 1.9'x1.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 35d
18"
(7/13/07): moderately bright, moderately large, oval 4:3 SW-NE, clumpy with a
brighter core. The major axis is
collinear with mag 14 star 2.7' NE.
This cD galaxy is surrounded by a swarm of very small, faint galaxies
and 10 companions were viewed from Lassen within a 9' circle!
17.5"
(8/1/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 SW-NE, broad
concentration. Brightest and
largest of seven galaxies in AGC 2199 within a 5' circle! The following close companions were
viewed: NGC 6166A = MCG +07-34-050 2.3' SW, NGC 6166B = MCG +07-34-076 2.9' E, NGC 6166C = MCG +07-34-048 3.1'
NW, NGC 6166D = MCG +07-34-056 2.0' S, MCG +07-34-064 4.8' SSE and an anonymous
galaxy just off the south edge of NGC 6166.
13.1"
(5/26/84): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated. Brightest and largest in A2199. Several faint companions are near.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6166 = H II-875 = h1961 on 30 May 1791 (sweep 1015) and recorded
"pB, S, lE, vgmbM." His
position is poor - roughly 20 seconds of RA too far west and 3' too far north. JH made the single observation "F;
S; R." and measured an accurate position. See Harold Corwin's identification notes for a discussion of
the close companions and the letter designations.
******************************
NGC 6167 = ESO
226-SC16 = Cr 305 = Harvard 11
16 34 35 -49 46
18
V = 6.7; Size 8'
22"
(6/28/06 - Hawaii): this bright cluster contains roughly 150 stars in a 10'
region. The brightest mag 7.4 star
(HD 14919) is on the west edge of the cluster and the richest region is just
following this star. At the east
edge of this rich group is a nice double star. Several curving strings and
sprays of stars crisscross the cluster.
NGC 6164/6165 lies 1.7¡ north.
8" (7/13/91
- Southern Baja): about 50 stars within a 10' diameter at 63x. Bright, fairly large, rich and pretty
with both bright and faint stars.
Includes many faint stars over unresolved haze. Includes curved arcs of stars and a
nice string of stars to the south.
The brightest mag 7.4 star is at the west side. Located on the Norma-Ara border. Observation from Baja.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 6167 = D 400 = h3635 on 26 Jun 1826 with his 9-inch reflector
from Parramatta, New South Wales.
He recorded "a pretty large faint nebula, about 6' diameter, easily
resolvable, round figure, with two rows of small stars following." His position is 13' northeast of center
of the cluster. Apparently D 401
is a duplicate observation: "A very faint cluster of small stars, with a
branch extended; the head of the cluster is rich in small stars." His position for D 401 is 16.5'
east-southeast of the cluster and he notes 3 observations. JH recorded "a large irregular
cluster of loose stars 11..14th magnitude which fills field; place that of an
8th magnitude star in the preceding part."
******************************
NGC 6168 = UGC
10434 = MCG +03-42-016 = CGCG 109-028 = PGC 58423
16 31 21.4 +20
11 06
V = 14.3; Size 1.4'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 111d
17.5": very
faint, fairly small, very elongated WNW-ESE. A mag 14.5 star is attached at the east end 39" from
center.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6168 = Sw I-46 on 21 May 1884 and recorded "eeF; vE; F * at
p[receding] end; v diff." There is nothing at his position, and CGCG
109-025, 4' north-northwest, is small and round. When Howe observed the field in 1899-00, he remarked
"The "F * at p end" I did not see." His position, though, matches CGCG
109-025.
A more likely
candidate, though, is UGC 10434, which is 80 seconds of RA east of Swift's
position. This galaxy fits the
comment "vE" and has a star at its end, but on the following side. Neither UGC (10434), MCG (+03-42-016)
or CGCG (109-028) label this galaxy as NGC 6168, though it is taken as NGC 6168
in the RNGC.
******************************
NGC 6169 = Mu
Normae Cluster = Cr 306 = ESO 276-SC005
16 34 05 -44 02
42
Size 7'
18" (4/5/16
- Coonabarabran, 139x and 236x): at low power a number of scattered stars
surround mag 4.9 Mu Normae, but these are not eye-catching or cluster-like as
the star density is high in this area, especially to the north and west. At 236x, a number of very faint stars
surround Mu itself, particularly in a wreath-like shape on the north side and a
east-west trending chain of mag 12-13.5 stars about 5' south. A nice triangle of mag 12 stars (sides
~1') lies 4' S of Mu.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6169 = h3636 on 1 Jun 1834 and recorded "Cluster; place of
a * Mu Normae in it."
The 1973 study
by Vogt and Moffat "Southern Open Star Clusters III."
(1973A&AS...10..135M) states "According to the Catalogue of Star
Clusters and Associations this cluster has a diameter of 7' and is centered on
the bright super-giant mu Nor. However, there is no obvious clustering here. To
check this, three stars close to mu Nor were observed which show no genetic
relation to one another or to mu Nor." A 2011 study ("A Catalog of 120 NGC Open Star
Clusters") also found no CMD could be determined, so this group is an
asterism.
******************************
NGC 6170 = NGC
6176 = MCG +10-23-076 = CGCG 298-038 = PGC 58188
16 27 36.4 +59
33 45
V = 13.8; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.4
See observing
notes for NGC 6176.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6170 = Sw IV-35 on 9 Jul 1886 and recorded "eeF; vS; R; in
vacancy; many pB stars south; e diff." His position is 39 seconds of RA west of CGCG 298-038 = PGC
58188 and his description is a perfect match. Swift found this galaxy again less than 3 months later and
published it in list V-70 = NGC 6176, with a very similar description.
Jack Sulentic,
in the RNGC, equated NGC 6170 = NGC 6176 and Harold Corwin concurs. By prior discovery, this galaxy should
be identified as NGC 6170, but it is known as NGC 6176 because of the accurate
position.
******************************
NGC 6171 = M107
16 32 31.9 -13
03 13
V = 8.1; Size 13'; Surf Br = 1.0
18"
(7/26/06): beautifully resolved at 325x and framed by three mag 11.5-12.5 stars
to the east, west and south. In
the halo, roughly 35-40 stars were resolved and in addition the bright 1.5'
core was partially resolved into a large number of densely packed stars. The cluster extends roughly to 6'x4.5',
reaching the bright stars off the east and west side and elongated E-W at least
4:3.
17.5"
(7/10/99): this bright globular was well resolved at 220x, with a ~5'x3' halo
elongated in an E-W orientation although the sharply defined core is circular
and ~2' in diameter. Enclosing the
globular on the west, east and south sides are brighter mag 11.5-12.5
stars. Roughly 30 stars are
scattered throughout the outer halo at 280x and a couple of dozen densely
packed stars overlay the core of the globular in steady moments.
13"
(6/19/82): bright core with several faint stars resolved in the halo and a few
stars resolved at the edge of the core.
8": bright
core, fainter halo, mottled. A few
stars are visible at the northwest edge.
15x50 IS
binoculars: faint but not difficult.
Pierre MŽchain
discovered M107 = NGC 6171 = H VI-40 = h3637 in April 1782 and described to
Johann Bernoulli in a letter dated 6 May 6 1783: "In April 1782 I
discovered a small nebula in the left flank of Ophiuchus between the stars Zeta
and Phi, the position of which I have not yet observed any closer." This was the last of Mechain's
discoveries. WH independently
found the globular on 12 May 1793 (sweep 1043) and called it "a very
beautiful extremely compressed cluster of stars, extremely rich, R, about 5 or
6' dia, gradually more compressed toward the center." It was found again by Karl Harding
around 1823 and reported as new.
JH, observing from the Cape of Good Hope on 5 Jun 1836, recorded
"Globular; v rich; gpmbM; diam in RA = 20.0s; that of the most compressed
part 4.5s; stars well separated."
******************************
NGC 6172 = IC
1213 = UGC 10352 = MCG +00-42-003 = CGCG 024-009 = PGC 57937
16 22 10.2 -01
30 54
V = 12.8; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(7/24/95): fairly faint, small, round, 30" diameter. Moderate concentration with a very
small bright core which stands out well surrounded by a small halo. Preceded by three mag 13 and 14 stars
within 3'. Located 9' NW of a mag
10 star and 11' NE of a similar star. Incorrectly listed as nonexistent in
RNGC. Identified as IC 1213 in
UGC, MCG.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6172 = St XIII-86 on 21 Jun 1884. Due to a misprint in Stephan's list XIII, the RA is 10 tmin
too large. The position for his
comparison star (SAO 141069) is 16 16 19.5 -01 38 55 (2000) and once this
correction is applied the recomputed coordinates for NGC 6172 matches UGC
10352. The error was caught and
corrected by Esmiol in his 1916 re-reduction of Stephan's position. Esmiol dropped NGC 6172 from the list
and added an anonymous nebula at the position of UGC 10352.
Lewis Swift
found this galaxy on 19 Apr 1890, and reported Sw. IX-61 (later IC 1213) as
"F; vS; R." His RA is 9
seconds too small. So, NGC 6172 =
IC 1213 with priority to Stephan's observation. Because of the erroneous position for NGC 6172, the RNGC
misclassifies NGC 6172 as nonexistent and UGC 10352 is labeled as IC 1213,
instead of NGC 7172, in UGC, MCG and CGCG. RC3 has the correct identification.
******************************
NGC 6173 = UGC
10421 = MCG +07-34-083 = CGCG 224-049 = PGC 58348
16 29 45.0 +40
48 40
V = 12.1; Size 1.9'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 140d
18"
(7/29/08): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 NW-SE,
0.7'x0.45', contains a large bright core that gradually increases to the
center. Nearby companions included
PGC 58358 1.6' NE and NGC 6174 3.7' N.
Mag 7.9 HD 149025 lies 8.5' SE.
17.5"
(7/5/86): moderately bright, moderately large, strong bright core, oval
NW-SE. One of the brightest and
largest members of AGC 2197. NGC
6174 lies 3.5' N and NGC 6175 11.3' SSE.
Located 8.5' NW of mag 7.9 SAO 46127.
13.1"
(8/5/83): fairly faint, moderately large, brighter core, slightly
elongated. A mag 8 star is 9' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6173 = H III-640 = h1962 on 18 Mar 1787 (sweep 718) and noted
"vF, vS." His position
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6174 = MCG
+07-34-085 = IV Zw 63 = PGC 58351+ 58350
16 29 47.7 +40
52 19
V = 14.5; Size 0.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.4
18"
(7/29/08): faint, small, slightly elongated, 20" diameter. Appears to have an extremely faint star
involved. This is a double system
(IV Zw 63) with a nearly stellar companion on the northwest side, and the
"star" I noted is a compact galaxy (PGC 58350).
CGCG 224-047 =
PGC 58334 lies 4.5' W. This galaxy
was also discovered and sketched in the Birr Castle observation and Harold
Corwin favors it as NGC 6174. CGCG
224-047 appeared faint, small, round, 25" diameter, even surface
brightness. MCG +07-34-081 = PGC
58321 lies 2.5' further southwest and appeared faint, small, round, 20"
diameter, low even surface brightness.
17.5"
(7/5/86): very faint, small, slightly elongated, requires averted vision. Located 3.5' N of NGC 6173 in AGC
2197. This is a double system
(unresolved).
George Johnstone
Stoney, LdR's observing assistant, discovered two new nebulae in the field of
NGC 6173, on 26 May 1849. The 1861
LdR publication notes, "another near" in the entry for NGC 6160, 6173
and 6175. But the 1880 LdR
monograph includes a diagram and states, "3 new neb as in diagram, double
star suspected in Alpha, Beta faint, Gamma pL & eeF." The three nebulae shown in the diagram
are not labeled, but assuming the arrowed direction is west, the configuration
fits NGC 6173 (Gamma), the double system IV Zw 63 = PGC 58350 + 58351 (Alpha,
shown with two nuclei on the sketch!) to the north, and CGCG 224-047 = PGC
58334 (Beta) due west of the double system. The separations indicated on the sketch are too large -- IV
Zw 63 is marked 6' north (actual separation is just under 4') and CGCG 224-047
is marked 8' to its west (actual separation is 4.5'). Two years later (30 May 1851) Bindon Stoney confirmed
"Alpha is a double neb, Gamma is vF." Dreyer added the comment "diagram agreeing with the one
made in 1849."
JH only included
a single LdR nova in the GC based on the note in 1861 publication. In the NGC, Dreyer added a note to NGC
6174, "Second of 3, forming a rectangular triangle, the 2 others being
assumed to be h1962 [NGC 6173] and h1963 [NGC 6175], but the identity of the
group is doubtful." RNGC and
PGC identify the double system IV Zw 63 = PGC 58350 + 58351 as NGC 6174 (as
here). Harold Corwin and Wolfgang
Steinicke favor CGCG 224-047 = PGC 58334, as Dreyer didn't mention NGC 6174 was
double. Both assignments, though,
are reasonable. See Corwin's notes
for more.
******************************
NGC 6175 = UGC
10422 = MCG +07-34-087 = CGCG 224-050 = PGC 58362
16 29 57.6 +40
37 50
V = 13.7; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 100d
18"
(7/30/08): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE,
30"x20". The very small
brighter core appears offset from the center. A very faint star is just off the
WNW edge with a brighter mag 13 star 1.4' ESE. Located 8' SW of mag 7.9 HD 149025.
On the DSS, this
is an overlapping double system and my description of an offset core probably
refers to the compact companion PGC 200339 on the south side.
17.5"
(7/5/86): fairly faint, elongated ~E-W, fairly small, brighter core. Bracketed by a mag 15 star at the west
edge and a mag 13 star 1.5' E of center.
Located 11.3' SSE of NGC 6173 in AGC 2197.
13.1"
(8/5/83): faint, diffuse. A star
is off the east edge.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6175 = H III-641 = h1963 on 18 Mar 1787 (sweep 718) and noted
"vF, vS." His position
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6176 = NGC
6170 = MCG +10-23-076 = CGCG 298-038 = PGC 58188
16 27 36.4 +59
33 45
V = 13.8; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.4
17.5"
(6/20/87): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, brighter core, stellar
nucleus. Located 30' WSW of NGC
6176.
Lewis Swift
found NGC 6176 = Sw V-70 on 1 Oct 1886 and recorded "eF; eS; e diff.; in
vacancy; 2 others and Comet 1884 I near." His position is a good match with CGCG 298-038 = PGC 58188
(7 seconds east). Perhaps one of
the "2 others" nearby is NGC 6189. Swift discovered CGCG 298-038 just 3 months earlier and
published it in list IV-35 = NGC 6170.
His earlier position, though, was 39 seconds too far west and apparently
he didn't catch the equivalence.
So, NGC 6176 = NGC 6170.
There are several cases where Swift "discovered" a galaxy
twice and sometimes published both positions in the same list.
******************************
NGC 6177 = UGC
10428 = MCG +06-36-049 = CGCG 196-072 = PGC 58390
16 30 39.0 +35
03 22
V = 13.6; Size 1.7'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 10d
17.5"
(7/1/89): faint, small, elongated SSW-NNE, bright core. A mag 12 is 1.1' NE of center. Pair with NGC 6179 3.2' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6177 = H III-890 = h1964 on 28 May 1791 (sweep 409) and recorded
"vF; pL; lE; lbM." JH
logged "F; irr fig; r; 2 or 3 of its stars seen, also on 13m 30"
distance nf. RA reduction
fluctuating and uncertain in this sweep." Nevertheless, his mean position from two sweeps is
accurate. Nearby NGC 6179 was
discovered at Birr Castle.
******************************
NGC 6178 = Cr
308 = ESO 276-SC006
16 35 47 -45 38
36
V = 7.2; Size 4'
17.5"
(7/4/86): about 15 stars in a triangular outline with mag 8 SAO 226939 at the
NW vertex and similar star (SAO 226941) at the south vertex. A 10th magnitude star marks the NE
vertex. Fainter stars mag 10-14
are inside the triangle. Appears
fairly distinctive in the field.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6178 = h3638 on 27 Jul 1834 and noted "middle of a small
group of pB stars." On a
later sweep (20 Apr 1836) he recorded "Chief * 9m of a small, bright
clustering group of from 12 to 20 pL stars, with stragglers." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6179 = CGCG
196-073 = PGC 58401
16 30 47.0 +35
06 08
V = 14.9; Size 0.1'x0.1'; Surf Br = 9.8
17.5"
(7/1/89): extremely faint and small, stellar nucleus, very small halo with
averted. Located 3.2' NE of NGC
6177.
R.J. Mitchell,
LdR's assistant, discovered NGC 6179 on 19 Apr 1855. While observing NGC 6177, he noted "another neb 4' nf,
vF, S, has a nucl."
******************************
NGC 6180 = MCG
+07-34-095 = CGCG 224-058 = PGC 58386
16 30 34.0 +40
32 21
V = 14.1; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 9d
18" (7/30/08):
fairly faint to moderately bright, small, elongated 4:3 ~N-S,
30"x22", gradually increases to a very small bright core and faint
stellar nucleus. Forms a close
1.7' pair with MCG +07-34-097 to the southeast.
MCG +07-34-097
appeared very faint, very small, round, 20", low even surface
brightness. Forms a close 1.7'
pair to the SE of brighter NGC 6180.
17.5"
(5/23/87): faint, very small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus. A pair of mag 11/12 stars oriented E-W
are 2.5' WSW and 3.7' WSW, respectively.
Located on the east side of the core of AGC 2197.
17.5"
(7/5/86): fairly faint, very small, round, stellar nucleus. Two stars
preceding.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6180 = St VII-8, along with NGC 6184, on 23 Jun 1876. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6181 = UGC
10439 = MCG +03-42-020 = CGCG 109-031 = PGC 58470
16 32 21.2 +19
49 32
V = 11.9; Size 2.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 175d
17.5":
fairly bright, moderately large, elongated N-S, gradually increases to a small
bright core, mottled appearance, brighter along the major axis. There is a hint of arm structure at the
north and south ends.
8"
(4/24/82): fairly faint, elongated N-S, bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6181 = H II-753 on 28 Apr 1788 (sweep 835) and recorded
"pF, pS, mbM, vlE."
There is nothing at his position but 40 sec of RA west and 3' north is
UGC 10439 (only fairly bright galaxy around). A second observation on 24 May 1791 (sweep 1007) is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 6182 = UGC
10424 = MCG +09-27-048 = CGCG 276-024 = PGC 58338
16 29 34.2 +55
31 03
V = 13.5; Size 1.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 146d
17.5"
(6/20/87): fairly faint, fairly small, small bright core, thin fainter
extensions NW-SE. Located 3.0' SE of
mag 9 SAO 29964. Forms a pair with
CGCG 276-023 2.1' SSW. The
companion appeared very faint, very small, elongated ~E-W, brighter core,
visible continuously with averted at 222x.
17.5"
(6/18/88): faint, small, small bright core, elongated NW-SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6182 = H III-813 on 24 Apr 1789 (sweep 928) and logged "vF,
vS, iR." His position (CH's
reduction) is 25 sec of time following UGC 10424, the only nearby galaxy he
might have picked up. Bigourdan
measured an accurate position on 19 Jul 1884.
******************************
NGC 6183 = ESO
069-008 = PGC 58785
16 41 41.9 -69
22 21
V = 13.8; Size 1.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 36d
14" (4/3/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x and 230x): fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated
7:2 SW-NE, 1.0'x0.3', contains a small brighter core. A mag 13 star is 1.3' SSW of center and mag 8.5 HD 149556 is
3.8' SW. Located 42' SW of
mag 1.9 Alpha TrA (Atria).
ESO 069-009 lies
38' NE, just 7' SSW of orangish Atria. It was a challenging object due to the
glare of the bright star, but appeared faint, moderately large, slightly
elongated, 0.9'x0.7', low surface brightness, weak concentration. The best view was at 230x with Atria
kept outside of the field. A mag
8.5 star is 5' W.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6183 = h3639 on 25 Apr 1835 and noted "vF; eS; R; gbM;
10"." His single
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6184 = MCG
+07-34-109 = CGCG 224-070 = PGC 58432
16 31 34.5 +40
33 56
V = 14.0; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 128d
18"
(7/30/08): faint, small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 27"x20", very weak
concentration. Located on the SE
end of AGC 2197 and 11' ENE of NGC 6180.
17.5"
(5/23/87): faint, small, round.
Located 11.6' E of NGC 6180 in AGC 2197.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6184 = St VII-9, along with NGC 6180, on 23 Jun 1876. His positions for both galaxies are
accurate.
******************************
NGC 6185 = UGC
10444 = MCG +06-36-052 = CGCG 196-077 = PGC 58493
16 33 17.8 +35
20 32
V = 13.3; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 0d
17.5"
(7/1/89): faint, small, elongated SSW-NNE, weak concentration. A mag 12 star is 45" N of center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6185 = h1965 on 27 Apr 1827 and recorded "F; S; R; gbM; has
a * 11m 75¡ np (by diagram)."
His position is just off the east side of UGC 10444, though the nearby
star is due north.
******************************
NGC 6186 = UGC
10448 = MCG +04-39-015 = CGCG 138-038 = PGC 58523
16 34 25.5 +21
32 26
V = 12.9; Size 1.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5":
fairly faint, fairly small, small bright core, substellar nucleus, faint
extensions SW-NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6186 = H III-730 on 28 Apr 1788 (sweep 835) and recorded
"eF, vS, E." His
position is good. 11 minutes later
he noted the "moon very bright" and ended the short sweep.
******************************
NGC 6187 = MCG
+10-23-079 = CGCG 298-042 = PGC 58429
16 31 36.6 +57
42 24
V = 14.3; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.4
17.5"
(6/20/87): faint, small, round, bright core. Located 3.4' S of a mag 8 star and 8.2' SSE of mag 7.7 SAO
29975.
17.5"
(6/18/88): faint, very small, round, slightly brighter core. Located 3' S of a mag 8 star.
Charles Augustus
Young discovered NGC 6187 on 5 Oct 1883 with the 23" Clark refractor at
Halsted Observatory while observing Comet Pons-Brooks. His discovery position in Sidereal
Messenger, Vol II, page 252 matches CGCG 298-042 = PGC 58429.
******************************
NGC 6188 = ESO
226-EN019 = RCW 108 = Gum 53 = Ced 136a
16 40 06 -48 39
42
Size 20'x12'
18"
(7/10/02 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): With the 27mm Panoptic at 76x and
UHC filter, this is an amazing region of bright and dark nebulosity involving
open cluster NGC 6193 and extending throughout the entire 51' field in a N-S
orientation. The bright nebulosity is split into two large sections by a dark
lane that runs N-S. The eastern portion is the most prominent and
includes the scattered cluster NGC 6193 and its three brighter stars
(5.6/6.8/7). On the southern end of this section the nebulosity tapers
down towards the SW corner, 15' to 20' from the core of the cluster. The western rim of the nebula is
sharply defined with a locally brighter, crisp edge delineated by the dark
river that meanders N-S throughout the field. The eastern and northern
ends fade into the rich Milky Way background field.
A nearly perfect
ellipse of moderately bright stars is just SW of the main body of the cluster
and beyond the edge of nebulosity into the rift. The center of this ring is within the highest contrast
portion of the dark rift, although the eastern side of the ring intersects the
bright edge. This 15'x10' loop of
stars spans the two sections of nebulosity.
The western
portion of the nebulosity extends mostly NW of the elliptical ring and is clearly
fainter. The highest contrast is along its eastern rim and runs N-S,
roughly parallel to its brighter counterpart on the east side of the rift. The nebulosity fades towards the north
and west with no well-defined edge but again is quite extensive. The catalogued dimensions of 20'x12'
are too small and covers only the brightest portion of this much more extension
HII/dark nebula complex.
8" (7/13/91
- Southern Baja): very large faint nebulosity which envelops open cluster NGC
6193, about 20' diameter. Extends
roughly E-W through the cluster but also a very long brighter streak oriented
N-S extends mainly to the south on the west side of cluster. This streak
is well defined with an abrupt edge but there is no contrast gain with a UHC
filter.
8" (7/16/82):
faint, moderately large, low surface brightness glow on the west side of open
cluster NGC 6193. This object is very low on the horizon from Northern
California (less than 3 degrees max elevation).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6188 = h3640 on 15 Apr 1836 and recorded "The brightest
part of a vL, faint, diffused, branching nebula, which involves in it nf part
the star Brisbane 5789, and extends into the cluster D 413 [NGC 6193], which it
in part surrounds. No doubt about the nebula, which in the brightest part of it
precedes the cluster about 1 min of time. The following stars behind the double
star, and quite free of nebula. I presume the neb and cluster to be
unconnected."
******************************
NGC 6189 = NGC
6191? = UGC 10442 = MCG +10-23-081 = CGCG 298-043 = CGCG 299-003 = PGC 58440
16 31 40.9 +59
37 35
V = 12.7; Size 1.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 20d
17.5"
(6/20/87): moderately bright, moderately large, oval SSW-NNE, the halo is
weakly concentrated but has a sharp stellar nucleus or star superimposed.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6189 = Sw II-41 on 3 Aug 1885 and recorded "vF; pS; lE; v
coarse double star nr, forming with it an equilateral triangle." His position and description matches
UGC 10442. It's possible that
Swift found this galaxy again on 6 Jul 1886 and recorded it in discovery list
IV-36 = NGC 6191, but with a 50' error in declination. Swift mentioned two stars preceding and
but the "v coarse double star nr" is following, so this equivalence
is not certain.
******************************
NGC 6190 = UGC
10443 = MCG +10-23-082 = CGCG 298-044 = CGCG 299-004 = PGC 58458
16 32 06.6 +58
26 20
V = 12.6; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 60d
17.5"
(6/18/88): faint, small, slightly elongated, even surface brightness.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6190 = Sw II-42 on 30 Oct 1883 and recorded "vF; pS; R; F *
nr." His position is at the
west edge of UGC 10443 and a mag 14 star is 1' northeast.
******************************
NGC 6191 = NGC
6189? = UGC 10442 = MCG +10-23-081 = CGCG 298-043 = CGCG 299-003 = PGC 58440
16 31 40.9 +59
37 35
V = 12.7; Size 1.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 20d
See observing
notes for NGC 6189. Identification
uncertain.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6191= Sw IV-36 on 6 Jul 1886 and recorded "pF; pL; E; 2
stars near preceding." There is nothing near his position. If Swift made a 50' error in
declination, then NGC 6191 = UGC 10442, though the two nearby star are
following. Swift discovered this
galaxy on 3 Aug 1885, and it was catalogued in list II-41 = NGC 6189. As expected, Bigourdan was unable to
find NGC 6191. RNGC classifies the
number as nonexistent and the equivalence with NGC 6189 is very uncertain. See Harold Corwin's identification
notes for additional candidates.
******************************
NGC 6192 = Cr
309 = Mel 149
16 40 24 -43 22
00
Size 8'
8"
(6/19/82): 20 faint stars mag 11-12.5 over unresolved haze, small, fairly rich
with averted. Easy to identify in
the field, though very far south.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 6192 = D 483 = h3641 on 13 May 1826 and recorded "a cluster
of very minute stars, of a round figure, about 4' diameter, following v
Normae." He made 3
observations and his position is less than 4' north of center of the
cluster. D 470 is probably a
duplicate observation but his position is 19' too far east.
On 1 Jun 1834,
JH logged "Cluster VII, pretty rich, irr R, gbM, 10', stars 12..14th mag,
a straggling group." Two
nights later, he called it "a coarse but rich cluster of stars 11.12th
mag, which leaves dark lines unoccupied, forming sections (see fig 4, Plate
V)." The central section in
his sketch shows 4 circular wedges separated by dark lanes.
******************************
NGC 6193 = Cr
310 = ESO 226-SC020 = Gum 53 = Ced 136b
16 41 20 -48 45
48
V = 5.2; Size 15'
18"
(7/10/02 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): ~75 stars in a 15' field at 117x
surrounding the bright 10" double and ionizing source h4876, consisting of
mag 5.6 O3-type HD 150136 and mag 6.8 O6-type HD 150135. Also a mag 7 star is on the west side
of the cluster. There are also a
couple of very faint mag 15 companions to the bright double. The three bright stars are encased in
nebulous halos which respond to UHC filters. The cluster itself is scattered with no central
concentration and includes a mixture of mostly bright and some very faint
stars. A perfect ellipse of
moderately bright stars is just southwest of the main portion of the
cluster. Interestingly, the center
of this ring is mostly free of the nebulosity that permeates the field (see NGC
6188 for description) .
8" (7/13/91
- Southern Baja): 45 stars in a 15' diameter at 63x. Includes bright double star mag 5.6/6.8 at 10"
separation and mag 7 SAO 227038 6' W.
A circular group of seven fairly bright stars is just east of the double
star with a fainter curved string of stars in the center. There are several brighter stragglers
on the east side. Generally spread
out with no rich regions.
Extensive nebulosity is involved (see NGC 6188).
8"
(7/17/82): three bright stars including h4876 (6.0/7.0 at 10"). Many faint stars are visible with
averted vision. Includes
emission/reflection nebula NGC 6188.
Extreme southern object for observation from Fiddletown (Sierra
foothills).
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 6193 = D 413 = h3640 with his 9-inch f/12 reflector from
Parramatta, New South Wales. He
reported "A cluster of small stars, with a bright star in the preceding
side. A very considerable branch or tail proceeds from the north side, which
joins a very large cluster."
He did not mention any nebulosity.
On 15 Apr 1836,
JH described a "cluster VIII; consists of about a dozen stars 10..11m, and
perhaps as many less, with stragglers, which fill field. In its preceding part
is a fine double star [HJ 4876] and yet more preceding is a vL, faint nebula
[NGC 6188], in which the preceding part of the cl is involved."
******************************
NGC 6194 = MCG
+06-36-054 = CGCG 196-082 = PGC 58598
16 36 37.1 +36
12 01
V = 13.6; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.1
18"
(6/7/08): fairly faint, small, sharply concentrated with a very small bright
core surrounded by a 24" halo with averted.
17.5"
(6/6/86): fairly faint, small, round, bright core. Member of the NGC 6196 group with UGC 10473 13' NNE. Located 10' N of mag 7 SAO 65430.
13.1"
(8/5/83): faint, extremely small, visible without averted.
13.1"
(7/5/83): faint, very small, requires averted.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6194 = h1967 on 27 Apr 1827 and recorded "vF; vS; smbM to a
* 12m; 12"." There is
nothing at his single position, but 44 sec of RA west is CGCG 196-082 = PGC
58598. Herman Schultz measured an
accurate micrometric position at the Uppsala observatory.
******************************
NGC 6195 = UGC
10469 = MCG +07-34-118 = CGCG 224-075 = PGC 58596
16 36 32.6 +39
01 41
V = 13.0; Size 1.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 45d
17.5"
(7/1/89): faint, very small, slightly elongated, bright core. Located midway between a mag 12 star
1.0' WSW and a mag 13 star 1.1' E.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6195 = H III-893 = h1966 on 30 May 1791 (sweep 1015) and
recorded "eF, vS, iF.
300 confirmed it with some difficulty, but left no doubt." His position is good. JH made 3
observations, first logging "vF; S; between 2 stars."
******************************
NGC 6196 = IC
4615 = UGC 10482 = MCG +06-36-058 = CGCG 196-088 = PGC 58644
16 37 53.9 +36
04 22
V = 12.9; Size 2.0'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 140d
18"
(6/7/08): middle and brightest of three on a line. At 260x it appeared fairly faint, fairly small, slightly
elongated, sharply concentrated with a bright, 20" core that increases to
a stellar nucleus with direct vision and a 35"x25" halo. IC 4614 lies 3' NNW and NGC 6197 is 5'
SSE.
17.5"
(6/6/86): brightest in the NGC 6196 group. Fairly faint, small, slightly elongated NW-SE, bright core,
fairly faint stellar nucleus. A
pair of mag 15 stars are 1.3' S and 1.3' SSE. NGC 6196 is the middle of a linear trio with IC 4614 3.0'
NNW and NGC 6197 = IC 4616 4.8' SSE.
An extremely faint galaxy (2MASX J16374842+3603393) lies 1.3' SW.
13.1" (8/5/83):
fairly faint, bright core.
13.1"
(7/5/83): faint, small, round, small bright core. Brightest in group located 45' W and 24' S of M13!
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6196 = m 311, along with NGC 6197 and 6199, on 9 Jul 1864 and
noted "vF, vs, stellar."
There is nothing at his position,
but 39 seconds of RA east and 1.6' south is UGC 10482. The same offset applies to NGC 6197 =
CGCG 196-089. Because of Marth's
poor position, Bigourdan found NGC 6196 again on 28 Aug 1886, reported it as
new (B. 325) and Dreyer catalogued it as IC 4615. So, NGC 6196 = IC 4615.
MCG and CGCG
label this galaxy as IC 4615 and UGC does not use either the NGC or IC
designation. See Harold Corwin's
notes for more on this field.
******************************
NGC 6197 = IC
4616 = MCG +06-36-059 = CGCG 196-089 = PGC 58655
16 37 59.8 +35
59 43
V = 14.5; Size 0.6'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 38d
18"
(6/7/08): faint, small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 20"x14". Located 5' SSE of NGC 6196 and second
brightest in chain of three galaxies.
17.5"
(6/6/86): faint, very small, almost round. A mag 12.5 star lies 1.5' SE. This is the second brightest and furthest south in a trio
with NGC 6196 4.8' NNW and IC 4614 7.6' NNW. This galaxy is identified as IC 4616 in the CGCG and MCG and
RNGC misidentifies NGC 6197 with an extremely faint companion a 1.3' SW of NGC
6196.
13.1"
(8/5/83): very faint, very small, near visual threshold.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6197 = m 312, along with NGC 6196 and 6199, on 9 Jul 1864 and
noted "eF, E, stellar."
There is nothing at his position, but 39 sec of RA east and 1.4' south
is CGCG 196-089 = PGC 58655. This
is the same offset, though, as NGC 6196 = UGC 10482, so the identification is
certain. Because of Marth's poor
position, Bigourdan found NGC 6197 again on 28 Aug 1886, reported it as new (B.
426) and Dreyer catalogued it as IC 4616.
So, NGC 6197 = IC 4616.
CGCG, MCG and
UGC label this galaxy as IC 4616, though NGC 6197 technically should apply by
historical precedence. RNGC
misidentifies PGC 214518 as NGC 6197.
This extremely compact galaxy is situated 1.3' southwest of NGC
6196. Also, the data listed under
RNGC 6199 applies to NGC 6197. See
my RNGC Corrections #1, Malcolm Thomson's article in WSQJ July 1982, and Harold
Corwin's identification notes under NGC 6196.
******************************
NGC 6198 = UGC
10467 = MCG +10-24-003 = CGCG 299-007 = PGC 58554
16 35 30.6 +57
29 12
V = 13.6; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 90d
17.5"
(6/20/87): faint, small, slightly elongated, small bright core surrounded by a
diffuse halo. Located 16' S of mag
7.4 SAO 30011.
17.5"
(6/18/88): very faint, very small, round, low surface brightness.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6198 = Sw IV-37 on 28 Jun 1886 and recorded "vF; vS; R;
forms right angle with 2 stars following." His position is 12 second east and 1' north of UGC 10467 =
PGC 58554 and his description applies to this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 6199
16 39 29.0 +36
03 32
=*, Corwin. Incorrect identification in the RNGC.
(R)NGC 6199 = NGC 6197.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6199 = m 313, along with NGC 6196 and 6197, on 9 Jul 1864 and
simply noted "eF".
Marth's positions for both NGC 6196 and NGC 6197 are off by 39 seconds
in RA and 1.5' in declination.
Assuming NGC 6199 suffers from the same systematic error, his recomputed
position falls very close to a wide pair of mag 12.5 and 15.5 stars. Harold
Corwin suggests the fainter star applies to NGC 6199, though this is not
certain.
RNGC
misidentifies NGC 6197 as NGC 6199 and then reassigns NGC 6197 to PGC 214518,
located 1.3' southwest of NGC 6196.
See Malcolm Thomson's article on the identifications here in Webb
Society Quarterly Journal, July 1982 and in my RNGC Corrections #1.
******************************
NGC 6200 = Cr
311 = ESO 277-SC008
16 44 07 -47 27
48
V = 7.4; Size 12'
22"
(6/28/06 - Hawaii): at 110x this large, rich open cluster resolves into roughly
200 stars, extending over one-half the 22mm Panoptic field (~20'x15'). A very close triple star is near the center
(one component fainter) and a wider pair lies 3.5' NE.
11" (8/8/04
- Haleakala Crater): at 80x perhaps 150 stars were visible in a roughly 20'
cluster (the catalogued dimension of 12' appears significantly too small). Includes roughly 30 brighter mag
9.5-11.5 stars over a rich background of mag 12-14 stars. No distinct boundary to the
cluster. A mag 7 star is off the
SE side.
8" (7/13/91
- Southern Baja): about 75 stars in a 20' diameter at 63x. Bright, large, rich, many stars mag
9-11 over a carpet of faint stars.
Mag 7.1 SAO 227144 is off the SE edge 13' from the center of the
cluster.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6200 = h3643 on 1 Jul 1834 and recorded "a great space full
of milky way stars, so thickly sown as to merit being called a cluster." His position and description matches
this large cluster.
******************************
NGC 6201 = CGCG
138-053 = PGC 58727
16 40 14.4 +23
45 55
V = 14.6; Size 0.3'x0.2'; Surf Br = 11.4
17.5":
extremely faint, very small, round.
A mag 14.5 star is at the NE edge 26" from center. Forms a pair with NGC 6203 about 3' NE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6201 = m 314, along with NGC 6203, on 6 Jun 1864 and noted
"eF, vS." His position
matches CGCG 138-053 = PGC 58727.
******************************
NGC 6202 = NGC
6226?
16 36 12 +61 57
=Not found,
RNGC. =**?, Gottlieb. =NGC 6226?, Corwin
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6202 = Sw IV-38 on 9 Jul 1886 and recorded "eeF, pS, * nr
following". There are no
candidates near his position and RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent (not
found by Sulentic).
Harold Corwin
suggests NGC 6202 may be a duplicate of NGC 6226 as this galaxy has a mag 11.5
star 2' east and the declination is within a couple of arc minutes. But this
implies his RA would be 7 minutes too small, too large for a confident
identification, so this number is probably lost.
******************************
NGC 6203 = MCG
+04-39-019 = CGCG 138-055 = PGC 58729
16 40 27.4 +23
46 29
V = 14.0; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5": very
faint, very small, round. A mag
14.5 star is just 27" NNE of center.
Forms a pair with NGC 6201 about 3' SW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6203 = m 315, along with NGC 6201, on 6 Jun 1864 and noted
"eF, vS." His position
is fairly accurate. Bigourdan
measured a very accurate micrometric position on 14 May 1887.
******************************
NGC 6204 = Cr
312 = ESO 277-SC010 = OCl 982 = vdB-Ha 196 = Lund 723
16 46 09 -47 01
00
V = 8.2; Size 2.3'
22"
(6/28/06 - Hawaii): ~100 stars mag 10-14 in an 8' group. A number of the stars are arranged in
interesting chains and loops. A
north-south star chain on the east side leads to a knot of bright stars
including mag 7.5 HD 150958 and a mag 8.5 star. This detached group is catalogued as Hogg 22 and it may be a
separate cluster. Another long
curving string of stars (extended N-S) is located in the NE edge of the
cluster. But the richest
clustering is a 3' circular group including a nice trio of mag 13 stars with
separations of ~10".
18" (7/9/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 171x, this is a bright cluster with
roughly 80 stars in a 7' circle.
Near the center is knot of four stars with additional very faint stars
huddled around at 228x. Many of
the stars in the cluster are arranged in a few loops and chains. Most of the brighter stars in the
cluster are situated around the edges including a line of four stars at the
east edge. Four bright stars are
off the SE side including mag 7.3 SAO 227189 (catalogued as Hogg 22).
8" (7/13/91
- Southern Baja): about 40 stars in 8' diameter at 63x. Rich appearance over an unresolved
haze. A close triple star is in
the center with four bright mag 8-9 stars in a tight group off the SE edge
(this is a separate cluster Hogg 22).
8"
(7/16/82): only a few faint stars are visible over unresolved haze but appears
to be rich. This is one of the
southernmost clusters I've viewed from Northern California latitude.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 6204 = D 442 = h3644 on 13 May 1826 and recorded "seven or
eight small stars in a group, about 1' diameter, with a minute line of stars on
the north side." His position
is 15' too far northeast, typical of his rough positions.
JH first
recorded NGC 6204 on 1 Jul 1834 as a "cluster moderately compressed class
VIII; stars 11.12th mag; S.f. is a brilliant knot of stars, one of which is 8th
mag, and the others 9th magnitude."
On a later sweep he noted a "singular shaped cluster, irregularly
round, compressed VII class, set as it were in a nearly rectangular frame of
stars detached from cluster."
He included a sketch of the unusual star chains in Plate V, figure 6 and
the "brilliant knot of stars" south following is Hogg 22.
******************************
NGC 6205 = M13 =
Hercules Cluster
16 41 41.6 +36
27 27
V = 5.8; Size 16.6'; Surf Br = 0.1
17.5"
(7/9/94): several hundred stars in a 10'-12' diameter with a bright central
core of 6' diameter. Many stars
are arranged in strings and loops including a distinctive streamer attached on
the SE side which heads south and curves west forming a semicircle and another
string is attached on the west side of the core and precedes the cluster. Several chains of stars are also
resolved over the 6' core. Running
along the north edge of the core is a starless strip or a long dark lane which
separates the central region from the northern outer halo members. A dark "lane" protrudes into
the core on the SE side - this is one of three dark lanes that converge forming
a "Y" and referred to as the "Propeller" (first described
by Lord Rosse). NGC 6207 lies 28'
NE and extremely faint IC 4617 lies 14' NNE. HD 150998, a mag 6.8 orange K2 star, lies 17' ENE of center.
8": very
bright, very large, round, highly resolved into several hundred stars mag
11.5-13.5 over the entire disc.
Includes several star chains and streamers.
Naked-eye:
fairly easy object in a dark sky, appearing as a dim bloated star.
Edmond Halley
discovered M13 = NGC 6205 = h1968 in 1714 with a 24-foot (focal length)
refractor. He noted "This is
but a little Patch, but it shews it self to the naked Eye, when the Sky is
serene and the Moon absent."
Charles Messier independently found the cluster on 1 Jun 1764 and
reported (first Messier catalogue), "I have discovered a nebula in the
girdle of Hercules, of which I am sure it doesn't contain any star; having
examined it with a Newtonian telescope of four feet and a half [FL], which
magnified 60 times, it is round, beautiful & brilliant, the center brighter
than the borders.."
M13 was probably
the second deep-sky object that William Herschel observed (after the Orion
Nebula) before starting his sweeps.
Using one of his early telescopes on 22 Aug 1779 he noted M13 was
"without stars". On 16
May 1787 (sweep 739) he recorded, "a most beautiful cluster of stars,
exceedingly compressed in the middle and very rich, the scattered stars which
belong to it extend to 8 or 9' diam.
The most compressed part about 2' or 2 1/2'; the later is R. The former more irregular."
William Parsons
(LdR), in his 1850 monograph, noted "an unquestionable curvilinear sweep
in the disposition of the exterior stars." Bond later "confirmed" this spiral structure
(seems a case of imagining spiral arrangements in deep sky objects, which was
common at the time) in 1860.
Bindon Stoney's sketch on 26 May 1851, which clearly showed three dark
"lanes"was included in the 1861 publication. The dark lanes,
sometimes referred to as the "propeller" nowadays, were mentioned in
numerous observations.
******************************
NGC 6206 = IC
1227 = UGC 10506 = MCG +10-24-018 = CGCG 299-009 = PGC 58723
16 40 08.1 +58
37 02
V = 13.6; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.7
17.5"
(6/20/87): fairly faint, small, round, small bright core, stellar nucleus.
17.5"
(6/18/88): faint, very small, round, stellar nucleus.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6206 = Sw V-71 on 23 Oct 1886 and recorded "pF; eS; R;
stellar; 3 vF stars near north point to it." His position is 22 seconds west of UGC 10506, and his
comment about the 3 stars clinches this identification. Guillaume Bigourdan found the galaxy on
13 Aug 1888 while searching for NGC 6206 at Swift's position and reported it as
new (Big. 210). Dreyer
recatalogued the galaxy as IC 1227, though Bigourdan later realized his object
was equivalent to NGC 6206 (corrected in Comptes Rendus, 1 Jul 1901). Dreyer repeated that NGC 6206 = IC 2227
in the IC 2 Notes. See Corwin's notes on IC 2227 for the full story.
******************************
NGC 6207 = UGC
10521 = MCG +06-37-007 = CGCG 197-007 = PGC 58827
16 43 03.9 +36
49 57
V = 11.6; Size 3.0'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 15d
24"
(6/16/12): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE, sharply
concentrated with a very small bright core. A blazing stellar nucleus is apparently a superimposed star. The outer extensions clearly have an
irregular surface brightness and an asymmetric appearance.
17.5"
(6/6/86): fairly bright, very elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE, bright stellar nucleus,
possible asymmetric appearance.
Located 28' NE of M13. The
noted stellar nucleus is likely a superimposed 13th magnitude foreground star.
13.1"
(8/5/83): moderately bright and large, elongated SSW-NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6207 = H II-701 = h1969 on 16 May 1787 (sweep 739) and recorded
"pB, pS, E from sp to nf, vgmbM."
******************************
NGC 6208 = Cr
313 = ESO 179-SC014
16 49 28 -53 43
42
V = 7.2; Size 16'
18" (7/9/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): best at 76x with 27mm Panoptic. Appeared as a 10' cloud of mostly
fainter stars which blends into the surrounding field with many stars arranged
in an elongated, curving shape.
Includes a mag 10 star on the south side, though the majority are
12-13th magnitude.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 6208 = D 364 = h3646 on 28 Jul 1826 and recorded "A round,
faint nebula, about 1' diameter, with three small stars in it; a bright star
south of the nebula." His
position is 8' south-southwest of the center of the cluster. On 8 Jul 1834 from the CGH, JH logged
"A pretty insulated milky way cluster, class VII of large stars; 8'
diameter; stars 9...12th magnitude."
On a second sweep he called it a "cluster class VII; rich; not much
compressed in the middle; more than fills field; stars 11...14th mag but
chiefly small."
******************************
NGC 6209 = ESO
043-008 = AM 1649-723 = PGC 59252
16 54 57.7 -72
35 12
V = 11.8; Size 2.0'x1.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 10d
24" (4/4/08
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly bright, fairly large, oval 3:2
SSW-NNE. I noticed a faint star or
knot at the south end. A mag 11.5
star is located 4' and a couple of fainter stars are at the SW and SE ends.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6209 = h3645 on 28 Jun 1835 and recorded "eF; pL; vgvlbM;
2' dia; quite hopeless, except in the clearest and finest night, and with the
mirror bright.". The next
night he confirmed the observation: "Found in the place, and viewed. It is very visible, and PD is right per
index." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6210 =
Turtle Nebula = PK 43+37.1 = ·5 = PN G043.1+37.7
16 44 29.4 +23
48 00
V = 8.8; Size 20"x13"
48"
(5/5/16): at 488x; extremely bright, high surface brightness planetary, oval
5:4 WSW-ENE, somewhat rectangular main body. The central star was continuously visible and situated
slightly east of center. A small
darker region surrounds the central star.
On close inspection the main body has an irregular outline, is slightly
brighter along the north side and bulges out on the southwest end. A thin fainter "strip" or
shell with a much lower surface brightness and a pinkish color encases the main
body. Two or three broad
"jets" or wings (broadest at the base) extend out of the halo on the
north and south ends (images show the central part is NNW and SSE) with the
northern wing more obvious. A
third wing was sometimes visible on the west side.
24"
(6/12/15): at 375x and 500x; slightly elongated oval disc E-W or WSW-ENE. The very high surface brightness
central region is encased in a small, but obvious lower surface brightness
shell. Extremely faint
"wings" appear to extend to the north and south, though the northern
extension is more definite. These
are roughly in the direction of the minor axis.
28"
(7/8/13): viewed at 375x with an "inverse OIII" or central star
filter, which dramatically dimmed this extremely high surface brightness green
planetary. Without the filter the
central star was not seen at this magnification (the planetary had a strong
green color), but with the filter the central star was easily visible!
18"
(7/20/06): appears as a beautiful light blue cosmic egg at 225x with an
extremely high surface brightness.
Appears slightly elongated ~E-W, ~25"x20" with a very faint
thin outer envelope. At 325x and
435x the faint outer halo is obvious, increasing the size ~35"x28"
with the elongation possibly WSW-ENE.
Viewed in fairly poor seeing on 7/20 but on 7/22 in good seeing I was
able to use as much as 807x. With
these better conditions the surface brightness was irregular and the faint
outer shell fairly prominent. The
bright inner disc was oval but not symmetric.
17.5"
(5/27/00): beautiful bluish oval at 220x, elongated 4:3 E-W, roughly
24"x18". At 380x, there
appears to be a very small fainter halo.
At 500x, the narrow outer envelope is more evident and is elongated in
the direction of the major axis, increasing the size to ~30"x20".
17.5" (7/4/86):
very bright, small blue oval 20"x15" with an unusually high surface
brightness. At 572x, a fainter
outer envelope is suspected. An
evenly matched close double star ·2094 = 7.4/7.7 at 1.3" lies 17' SSW.
13.1"
(7/5/83): very bright, extremely high surface brightness, blue, takes very high
power. The mag 12.6 central star
was not seen.
Wilhelm Struve
discovered NGC 6210 = · 5 = h1970 in 1825 while searching for double stars with
the 9.6" Fraunhofer refractor at the Dorpat Observatory in Estonia.
It was included as #5 in a list of 9 "Nebulae dectae" in an
appendix to his main catalogue of double stars published in 1827. He
described a "bright planetary nebula, diameter 6", like a star of mag
7". The planetary was earlier catalogued as a star in Lalande's
catalogue of 1801 (LL 30510).
John Herschel
observed the nebula on 25 May 1830 and recorded, "Struve's fifth nebula,
very bright, equal to a star of 8 to 9m, 6" diameter and of uniform light,
but with the edges boiling and ragged. A fine object like a star out of
focus". Vogel observed and sketched the central star with the
27" Grubb refractor at the Vienna observatory on 4 Jun 1883. He
noted a "Bright planetary nebula of elliptical shape. A delicate
star is in the nebula, nearly at the centre. The nebula is surrounded by
a faint elliptical shell."
On 5 May 1850,
Johnstone Stoney (Lord Rosse's assistant) recorded, "intense blue centre
fading off to some distance all around. Small star nf to which neb nearly
extends. Fancied a projection from the bright centre towards np, but I
think it was only fancy." It is possible, though, that Rosse
detected the wing or extension to the northwest! James Keeler clearly
sketched the wings using the Lick 36-inch refractor.
Based on
Crossley photographs at Lick, Curtis (1918) reported, "Central star about
mag 11, surrounded by bright matter in the form of an oblong 8" in length.
Outside of this is an oblong of somewhat fainter matter 20" X 13",
from the ends of which extend two fainter ansae in p.a. 97-277¡. From the north and south sides of the
central oblong extend two longer ansae in p.a. 167-347¡, showing a ring
formation, making the nebula 43" long in this direction."
Wolfgang
Steinicke explained why William Herschel missed NGC 6210 in his sweeps:
"On 15 May 1784 he swept the region (sweep 217). However he stopped
for about 30 minutes for star counts, i.e. the sky passed horizontally through
the eyepiece. Unfortunately the strip runs about 1¡ below the nebula,
starting 25 tmin west and ending 6 tmin east of it. Thus the object could
not enter his field of view (15'). On 10 April 1785 he inspected the
field again (sweep 395), but saw only some Flamsteed stars in the morning
twilight."
******************************
NGC 6211 = UGC
10516 = MCG +10-24-027 = CGCG 299-014 = VII Zw 655 = PGC 58775
16 41 27.6 +57
47 01
V = 12.6; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 105d
18"
(6/23/09): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 5:4 SW-NE, 1.2'x1.0',
well concentrated. First of four
in a string of the galaxies to the NE (identical redshifts) with NGC 6213 2.2'
NE.
17.5"
(6/18/88): fairly faint, small, round, bright compact core.
17.5"
(6/20/87): moderately bright, moderately large, almost round, strong bright
core, stellar nucleus. Brightest
in chain of four with NGC 6213 2.2' NE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6211 = Sw IX-63, along with NGC 6213 on 25 Jun 1887 and recorded
"vF; pS; lE; D * nr south points to it." His position is 3' too far west-northwest, a similar offset
as NGC 6213. Swift's original
discovery was sent directly to Dreyer and noted as list VI in the NGC, but
wasn't published until list IX in 1890.
Bigourdan measured an accurate position on 27 Aug 1888 and Dreyer
published the correct position in the IC 2 Notes.
******************************
NGC 6212 = MCG
+07-34-142 = CGCG 224-096 = PGC 58840
16 43 23.2 +39
48 23
V = 14.1; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.6
17.5"
(7/1/89): very faint, very small, slightly elongated, gradually brightens but
no well-defined core.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6212 = St II-3 on 26 Jul 1870. His micrometric position is very accurate.
******************************
NGC 6213 = MCG
+10-24-030 = CGCG 299-017 = PGC 58778
16 41 37.2 +57
48 54
V = 14.7; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 57d
18"
(6/23/09): faint, small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 0.5'x0.25'. Second of four galaxies in a SW-NE
string with NGC 6211 2.2' SW, CGCG 299-018 2.3' NE and CGCG 299-019 6' NE.
CGCG 299-018 is
very faint, small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 0.4'x0.2'. Situated between two stars 1' NW and 1' ESE. CGCG 299-019 appeared very faint to
extremely faint, very small, round, 15" diameter. Located 1.3' N of a mag 14.5 star. Faintest of 4 on a line and furthest NE
with similar CGCG 299-018 3.9' SW.
17.5"
(6/18/88): very faint, very small, slightly elongated, low even surface brightness.
17.5"
(6/20/87): faint, small, elongated WSW-ENE, weak concentration, fairly low
surface brightness. Second of four
with NGC 6211 2.2' SW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6213 = Sw IX-64, along with NGC 6211 on 25 Jun 1887 and recorded
"eF; vS; R; nf of 2."
His position is 2' too far west-northwest, a similar offset as NGC
6213. Bigourdan measured an
accurate position on 27 Aug 1888 and Dreyer published the correct position in
the IC 2 Notes. Swift's original
discovery was sent directly to Dreyer and noted as list VI in the NGC, but
wasn't published until list IX in 1890.
******************************
NGC 6214 = UGC
10507 = MCG +11-20-024 = CGCG 320-036 = PGC 58709
16 39 31.9 +66
02 22
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 145d
17.5" (7/9/88):
faint, small, slightly elongated, bright core.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6214 = Sw I-47 = Sw IV-39 on 2 Aug 1884 and recorded "vF;
S; R: coarse double star in field north." His position is an excellent match with UGC 10507. He found this galaxy again on 3 Aug
1886 and recorded (IV-39) "eF; vS; R; forms a L equilateral triangle with
2 pB stars." His position was
12 seconds of RA too small (only 1.3') and the description matches. Dreyer combined both entries into NGC
6214.
******************************
NGC 6215 = ESO
137-046 = PGC 59112
16 51 06.9 -58
59 32
V = 11.5; Size 2.1'x1.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 78d
18" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): moderately bright and large, round, 1.3'
diameter, weak concentration. A
mag 12.5 star is superimposed on the north edge ~25" from the center and a
couple of additional faint stars are very near or involved. This spiral is situated in a rich star
field 11' ENE of mag 3.8 Eta Arae.
Brightest in a group along with NGC 6221 19' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6215 = h3647 on 9 Jul 1836 and recorded "pF; R; vglbM; has
a yellow * 5m preceding it [Eta Ara], 1min 19s +/- Delta RA, and 3' or 4'
south." His single position is on the south side of the galaxy.
******************************
NGC 6216 = NGC
6222 = ESO 277-SC14 = OCL-989 = Mel 152
16 49 25 -44 43
36
Size 4'
17.5"
(7/4/86): faint, fairly small, ~3' diameter, roundish. About a dozen faint stars are visible
over haze at low power.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 6216 = D 454 = h3648 on 13 May 1826 and described "a faint
nebula, about 4' or 5' diameter, irregular round figure, easily resolvable into
stars; with stars of larger magnitudes scattered in the preceding side of
it." He made 6 observations
of the cluster and his published position was 7' southeast of the center of the
cluster. On 1 Jun 1834, JH logged
the cluster as "a p rich cl of small stars, 11m and under, broken up into
2 or 3 groups; fill 2/3 of field."
Exactly a month later, he recorded "a round cl of stars 13m; gbM;
4'; with two appendages of stars, n and s, making together a long
cluster."
Just two nights
after his first observation (3 Jun 1834), he found the cluster again, but his
position was 1.4 minutes too far east and he assumed it was new! He recorded h3650 = NGC 6222 as "a
vL, v rich cl; not brilliant; not materially comp M; full 20' diameter; stars
12...13m." His descriptions
appear to describe the same object, so NGC 6216 = NGC 6222.
RNGC labels the
cluster NGC 6222, Lynga as NGC 6216 and ESO as NGC 6216 = NGC 6222.
******************************
NGC 6217 = Arp
185 = UGC 10470 = MCG +13-12-008 = CGCG 355-014 = Kaz 73 = PGC 58477
16 32 39.3 +78
11 54
V = 11.2; Size 3.0'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.2
48"
(10/22/11): at 375x, this beautiful, two-armed barred spiral spans ~2.3'x1.5'
NNW-SSE. A bright central bar is
well-defined, mottled and sharply concentrated with an intensely bright, very
small nucleus. A mag 15 star is
superimposed just SE of the nucleus.
The bar contains a brighter, mottled patch at the NNW end. A long spiral arm is attached at this
patch and wraps counterclockwise around the north and northwest side. A thinner second arm on the SSE side
wraps around the south side towards the west.
18"
(9/3/08): this fascinating barred spiral displays subtle spiral structure. At 280x, the main portion appears to be
a large central bar, 1.5'x1.0', oriented NNW-SSE. The bar is punctuated by an unusually bright stellar nucleus. An extremely faint star is close SSE
along the central bar. Off the
north end of the bar is a faint appendage or arm that gently curves to the SE
and increases the overall dimensions to 2'x1.5' . Off the SSE end of the bar, some very weak haze extends to
the southwest (beginning of an arm).
17.5"
(7/22/01): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, ~2.5'x1.5', small
bright core. Contains a bright
stellar nucleus. A very faint star
is just off the NW edge. At the NW
end a faint spiral arm is attached to the main body, winding north and then
trailing back nearly halfway along the NE flank (this increases the dimensions
to ~2.5'x2.0'). With concentration
a dark gap is visible between the arm and the main body (bar) of the
galaxy. A very short extension is
strongly suggested at the SE end, bending towards the west. All of these features were sketched and
later verified on the DSS.
17.5"
(5/14/88): bright, fairly large, bright stellar nucleus, elongated. Irregular appearance; either darker or
an indentation on one side (this is probably a gap between the spiral arms).
13" (8/24/84):
fairly bright, slightly elongated, stellar nucleus, fairly diffuse outer halo.
8": faint,
fairly small, slightly elongated.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6217 = H I-280 on 12 Dec 1797 (sweep 1071) and logged "cB,
cL, E, lbM. The extent points
almost to 2 np pB stars, or rather a little on the following side of them. This is one of the later galaxies he
discovered while searching closer to the pole to finish up his third catalogue.
******************************
NGC 6218 = M12
16 47 14.5 -01
56 52
V = 6.8; Size 14.5'; Surf Br = 0.6
18"
(7/11/07): at 325x this globular nearly fills the field and extends roughly 11'
in diameter. Contains a very
bright 3.5'x2.5' oval core, extended WNW-ESE. A mag 10 star with an orange tint is just south of the core,
2' from the center. Two other mag
10-11 stars lie 4' N and 5' ENE of center in the halo. The core is plastered with an immense
number of mag 12.5-13.5 stars and in the central 2' is an incredibly dense mat
of mag 13.5 and fainter stars. Very irregular sprays of stars emanate from the
central region and form part of the very scraggly outer halo.
17.5"
(7/15/99): at 220x this bright cluster is highly resolved over the entire
disc. Appears smaller than M10,
perhaps 11'-12' diameter with a fairly well-defined 3.5' core. Two bright field stars are embedded in
the north edge of the halo and a third bright star is off the following
end. A mag 10 star is also superimposed
just off the SE edge of the core.
A number of brighter resolved mag 12 stars appear to be grouped into
pairs and trios. There are a
couple of hundred fainter stars in the central 8' over unresolved haze. The outline is very irregular and there
are distinctive star-poor areas in the outer halo.
13.1"
(6/19/82) : bright, large, round, very intense core with faint stars scattered
over the core. The outer halo is
highly resolved into scores of stars.
Slightly inferior to M10 in faint stars.
8": the
outer halo is well resolved and partial resolution of the core. There are two or three brighter stars
in the outer halo.
Charles Messier
discovered M12 = NGC 6218 = h1971 on 30 May 1764. Johann Bode independently found M12, along with M10, on 14
Aug 1774. WH first observed the
globular on 21 May 1783, along with several other clusters, using his 8-inch
(10-ft focal length) reflector and noted a "cluster of close stars of
different sizes." Using his
18.7-inch (20-ft focal length) on 3 May 1786 (sweep 562), he recorded "a beautiful
cluster of very compressed and vS stars; they are however of various
magnitudes. The most compressed
part takes up about 2'; the whole not less than 7 or 8'. Very gradually most compressed in the
middle."
JH called M12 a
"v rich globular cluster. The
stars 10...16m; vgmbM, but has stragglers in lines and branches extending some
distance from the condensed part, which is 3' diam. Comes almost to a blaze in the middle, and has a * 10-11m in
the centre."
******************************
NGC 6219 = MCG
+02-43-001 = CGCG 081-004 = PGC 58944
16 46 22.5 +09
02 16
V = 14.0; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(7/1/89): very faint, very small, round, weak concentration, very faint stellar
nucleus.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6219 = m 316 on 10 Jun 1863 and noted" F, S." There is nothing at his position (marked
as verified) but 28 seconds of time preceding is CGCG 081-004 = PGC 58944. Hermann Kobold measured an accurate
position with the 18-inch refractor at Strasboug Observatory in May 1890.
******************************
NGC 6220 = UGC
10541 = CGCG 25-004 = PGC 58979
16 47 13.2 -00
16 32
V = 13.7; Size 1.6'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 135d
17.5"
(7/14/93): very faint, very small, slightly elongated NW-SE, broad
concentration, faint stellar nucleus.
A mag 15 star is at the SW edge of the halo and an extremely faint mag
16 star is highly suspected at the south edge of the halo. On the POSS there are several close mag
15-16 stars off the south side.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6220 = Sw IX-65 and recorded "eeF; pS; iR; 3 F stars south
point to it." His position is
1.5' northeast of UGC 10541 and his description clinches the
identification. The discovery was
sent directly to Dreyer, reported as list VI in the NGC, but not published
until list IX.
******************************
NGC 6221 = ESO
138-003 = AM 1648-590 = PGC 59175
16 52 46.1 -59
13 07
V = 9.9; Size 3.5'x2.5'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 5d
18" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly bright, fairly large, slightly
elongated N-S, ~2.5'x2.0', broad concentration to a small brighter core. I was surprised there was a strong
impression of a spiral arm on the west side of the halo extending to the
north. A very small knot was seen
at the northern end, probably within this spiral arm. Brightest in a group with NGC 6215 19' NW. Located 25' SE of mag 3.8 Eta Arae in a
rich Milky Way field.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6221 = h3649 on 3 May 1835 and recorded "pF; L; R; glbM;
80"." On a second sweep
(5 Jul 1836), he logged it as a "Globular cluster; pB; pL; R; gbM; 2 1/2'
dia; barely resolvable."
******************************
NGC 6222 = NGC
6259 = Cr 322 = Mel 158
17 00 45 -44 39
18
V = 8.0; Size 10'
See observing
notes for NGC 6259.
John Herschel
found NGC 6222 = h3650 on 3 Jun 1834 and recorded "a vL, v rich cl; not
brilliant; not materially comp M; full 20' diameter; stars 12..13m." There is nothing at his position, but
Harold Corwin checked the sweep record and found that JH made a transcription
error of 10 minutes in RA. Once
this correction is made, his position lands on the southeast of side of open
cluster NGC 6259. Interestingly,
he first observed this cluster just two nights previously and placed h3660 = D
456 (later NGC 6259) accurately.
So, NGC 6222 = NGC 6259 and not equal to NGC 6216 as previously assumed.
RNGC
misidentifies NGC 6216 as NGC 6222 and ESO equates NGC 6222 with NGC 6216.
******************************
NGC 6223 = UGC
10527 = MCG +10-24-040 = CGCG 299-021 = VII Zw 657 = PGC 58828
16 43 04.4 +61
34 44
V = 11.8; Size 3.5'x2.6'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 88d
18" (6/21/09):
moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 5:3 NW-SE, 1.0'x0.6'. Contains a large bright core and a
fainter envelope. UGC 10517 lies
20' SW.
17.5"
(6/18/88): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated ~E-W, very
bright core, faint halo. Contains
a stellar nucleus with direct vision.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 6223 on 24 Sep 1862, along with NGC 6226, with the
11-inch refractor at Copenhagen.
His position (2 measures) is fairly accurate. Lewis Swift independently found this galaxy on 16 Aug 1885
and included it in list II-43 with description "pB, vS, R." His position is 10 seconds of RA too
small.
******************************
NGC 6224 = UGC
10555 = MCG +01-43-002 = CGCG 053-010 = PGC 59017
16 48 18.6 +06
18 43
V = 13.5; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(7/1/89): faint, very small, round, small bright core. A mag 11 star is 1.6' N. Forms a pair with NGC 6225 5.4' S.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6224 = Sw IX-66, along with NGC 6225, on 15 Jun 1887 and
recorded "eeeF; vS; lE; pB * nr north both in trap; eee diff; np of 2
[with NGC 6225]." His RA is 9
seconds too large (similar offset as NGC 6224). The discovery was sent directly to Dreyer, reported as list
VI in the NGC, but not published until list IX.
******************************
NGC 6225 = UGC
10556 = MCG +01-43-003 = CGCG 053-011 = PGC 59024
16 48 21.7 +06
13 21
V = 13.8; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 156d
17.5"
(7/1/89): faint, very small, slightly elongated. A mag 16 star is involved at the east edge just 12"
from the center. Pair with NGC
6224 5' N.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6225 = Sw IX-67, along with NGC 6224, on 15 Jun 1887 and
recorded "eF; vS; lE; 2 or 3 vF stars involved; sf of 2 [with NGC
6224]." His RA is 8 seconds
too large (same offset as NGC 6224).
The discovery was sent directly to Dreyer, reported as list VI in the
NGC, but not published until list IX.
******************************
NGC 6226 = UGC
10532 = MCG +10-24-043 = CGCG 299-022 = PGC 58847
16 43 23.2 +61
59 02
V = 13.2; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 11.7; PA = 68d
17.5"
(6/18/88): fairly faint, fairly small, oval WSW-ENE, weak concentration. A mag 12 star is 1.8' ESE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 6226 on 24 Sep 1862, along with NGC 6223, with the
11-inch refractor at Copenhagen and noted it formed an equilateral triangle
with two mag 12/14 stars. His
single position is ~40" south of UGC 10532.
******************************
NGC 6227 = ESO
332-**5
16 51 33.7 -41
13 50
18"
(6/12/10): this description assumes NGC 6227 refers to the beautifully rich
fields to the east and northeast of mag 5.2 HD 151804 (at 16 51 37.7 -41 13
50), extending over a degree. At
108x, Tr 24 is a striking, very large, bright scattered grouping that overfills
the 56' field with no distinct borders. A number of the stars appeared to be grouped into long chains
with smaller knots and concentrations including vdB-Ha 202 and vdB-Ha 205. On the northern side is IC 4628, a very
large, irregular HII nebula that shows up best with a UHC filter. On the south edge of IC 4628 is mag 7.2
HD 152723 and 5' SW is a distinctive 8' string oriented NW-SE. About 20' S of the mag 7.2 star is a
mag 6.2 star (V861 Sco) and to the NW is another 20' string extending WNW. To the south of this string is another
20' string oriented NW-SE that includes vdBH 202.
vdB-Ha 202,
situated 10' NNW of mag 6.1-6.4 V861 Sco, is located in a beautifully rich
region on the SW side of Tr 24. Within this string is a 15" pair of mag 10
stars and just south of a mag 9 situated 2' NW of the double is vdB-Ha 202, a
faint, very rich dusting of stars that is elongated ~N-S. The cluster is dense, just 2' in length
and only partially resolved. A
group of faint stars spread out E-W off the south end.
vdB-Ha 205,
situated 20' NE of vdB-Ha 202, consists of 20 stars mag 7.5 to 13.5 in a
distinctive 4' group. The
brightest star is on the NW
side. The center and south
side of the group is devoid of stars.
A smaller clump of stars 7' S of vdB-Ha 205 is catalogued as ESO
332-011. Another string of stars
7' NE is listed as ESO 332-013.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6227 = h3651 on 5 Jun 1834 and noted "A star 5m in a great
cl, or an immensely rich milky way patch." His position corresponds with mag 5.2 HD 151804 at 16 51
37.7 -41 13 50 (2000). Although
the location is definite, the actual size of an "immense" and
"great cl" is uncertain.
This star is 45' NW of NGC 6231 but I would assume Herschel is referring
to the very rich fields to the east and northeast (Cr 316) which includes Tr 24
and specifically, the rich region around vdB-Ha 202 and vdB-Ha 205, which are
44' and 60' northeast of HD 151804.
Burnham's
Celestial Handbook mentions this object as a "rich milky way field
northwest NGC 6231. Not a true
cluster." The ESO description
reads "Part of Milky way only."
RNGC classifies NGC 6227 as a nonexistent cluster.
******************************
NGC 6228 = UGC
10558 = MCG +04-40-001 = CGCG 139-003 = VV 791 = VV 846 = PGC 59007
16 48 02.9 +26
12 46
V = 13.9; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 130d
17.5":
extremely faint, fairly small, edge-on NW-SE, very low surface brightness.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6228 = m 317 on 28 Jun 1864 and noted "vF, S." His position is just 1' south-southwest
of UGC 10558.
******************************
NGC 6229
16 46 58.8 +47
31 40
V = 9.4; Size 4.2'; Surf Br = 0.0
18"
(7/23/06): at 225x, appears bright, moderately large, slightly elongated, ~3.5'
diameter with a blazing core.
Several extremely faint stars pop in and out of view in the halo. At 435x a number of very faint stars
are clearly visible in the halo (roughly two dozen) and the core is quite
mottled with several brightness levels towards the center. The globular forms a perfect
equilateral triangle with two 8th magnitude stars 6' W and 6' SW. While searching for NGC 6229 I ran into
a neat little asterism of 6 stars (Leiter 6) located 27' NNW that I had
observed the previously month.
17.5":
bright, fairly small, very bright core, faint mottled halo. Roughly 10 extremely faint mag 15-16
stars are resolved around the edges of the halo at 280x. Forms an equilateral triangle with two
mag 8 stars 6' W and 6' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6229 = H IV-50 on 12 May 1787 (sweep 735) and recorded "vB,
R, about 4' dia. The whole of it
is almost equally bright with a faint, resolvable margin." It was misclassified as a planetary
nebula (class IV). CH's reduced
position is 4'-5' too far north.
Giuseppe Bianchi independently found this globular on 11 Jun 1839 and
announced the discovery in an AN letter, apparently unaware of WH's prior
discovery.
******************************
NGC 6230 = UGC
10575 = MCG +01-43-005 = CGCG 053-014 = PGC 59106
16 50 46.8 +04
36 16
V = 14.5; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8
24"
(6/12/15): at 375x; faint, small, round, 18" diameter. A mag 14.5 star is at the southeast
edge. A wide pair of mag 14.1/14.9 stars is less than 1' NW. Located 5' W of mag 9 HD 152087.
Forms a close
pair with PGC 214543 1' W. The
companion (identified in NED as NGC 6104 NED01) appeared very faint to faint,
small, round, 15" diameter, low surface brightness but not difficult. The components have a similar redshift
with a light-travel time of ~430 million years, though there is no obvious evidence
of interaction.
17.5"
(7/1/89): very faint, extremely small, round. A mag 15 star is off the south edge. NGC 6234 lies 22' SE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6230 = Sw IV-40 on 3 Jul 1886 and recorded "eeeF; pS; R;
between a distant B * following and a distant F * preceding; ee
diff." His position is 4
seconds of RA west and 1' north of UGC 10575 and his description matches the
field. Swift apparently missed the
small companion 1' west.
******************************
NGC 6231 = Gum
55 = Cr 315 = Mel 153 = "False Comet"
16 54 11 -41 49
30
V = 2.6; Size 240'
11" (8/8/04
- Haleakala Crater): at 103x this is a stunning open cluster with a half-dozen
stars brighter than 7th magnitude and a dozen mag 8 or brighter. This bright subset is set over a rich
carpet of 100-150 fainter stars in a roughly 20' field. This bright naked-eye cluster sits just
north of Zeta Scorpii. Extending
to the north following a chain of stars is the sprawling open cluster Tr 24
(60' diameter) that includes IC 4628, a large irregular HII region (see notes
below).
18" (6/12/10):
at 108x Tr 24 is a striking, very large, bright scattered group that overfills
the 56' field. A number of the
stars appeared to be grouped into long chains with smaller knots and
concentrations including vdBh 202 and vdBH 205. On the northern side is IC 4628, a very large, irregular HII
nebula that shows up best with a UHC filter. On the south edge of IC 4628 is mag 7.2 HD 152723 and 5' SW
is a distinctive 8' string oriented NW-SE. About 20' S of the mag 7.2 star is a mag 6.2 star (V861 Sco)
and to the NW is another 20' string extending WNW. To the south of this string is another 20' string oriented
NW-SE that includes vdBH 202.
IC 4628 is a
large, HII region embedded on the northern half of Tr 24. At 108x and UHC filter IC 4628 stood
out as a very large, fairly bright glow within Tr 24. The main glow was elongated E-W, roughly 30'x12' with mag
7.2 HD 152723 just off the south side.
A number of mag 8-10 stars are embedded along the SW and west end of the
nebulosity. A fainter extension begins on the east end and extends NE for ~15',
ending in a brighter patch with several stars involved.
11" (8/8/04
- Haleakala Crater): at 103x the 40' field to the north of NGC 6231is filled
with a huge, scattered grouping with no distinct boundaries.
8" (7/13/91
- Southern Baja): over 100 stars mag 8-12. Bright, very large, scattered. Divided into two main groups and fills the 40' field. Emission nebula IC 4628 is involved on
the north side (seen from Baja) and a trail of stars extends towards NGC 6231.
8"
(6/27/81): bright, large, scattered cluster in two main groups.
17.5"
(7/4/86): 100 stars at 84x in the main part including 10 bright stars. Impressive cluster at low power.
13"
(7/5/83): five bright stars are in the cluster with a dozen stars in the central
portion and 50 stars in a 20' field.
There is a 1¡ field to the NW and NE consisting of fairly bright stars =
NGC 6227 and Tr 24 = H12.
8" (7/13/91
- Southern Baja): bright group of stars in center like jewels over rich sprays
of stars, excellent low power field.
Located 30' N of Zeta Scorpii.
Partially resolved in 8x50 finder.
8"
(6/27/81): impressive cluster at 100x with a bright group of 8 stars in the
center. Partially resolved in the
8x50 finder.
Naked-eye
(numerous times): this is an easy naked eye cluster, even from northern
California, looking like a comet heading north from Zeta Scorpii. From further south (southern Baja
or southern Hemisphere), it is a very prominent naked-eye cluster.
Giovanni
Hodierna discovered NGC 6231 = Lac II-13 = D 499 = h3652 around 1650. Discovery credit is often given to
Nicholas-Louis de Lacaille, who observed it in 1751-1752 with a 1/2"
telescope at 8x during his expedition to the Cape of Good Hope. He noted a "close group of seven
or eight close faint stars".
But Edmund Halley clearly identified the cluster earlier in 1677. James Dunlop described "a cluster
of pretty bright stars of mixt small magnitudes, considerably congregated to
the centre, about 10' diameter, with a large branch of very small stars
extended on the north side; this is 150 Scorpii."
Ashworth argues
in the "Journal for the History of Astronomy" (1981) that Ptolemy
listed NGC 6231 in his catalogue as a star (14 Scopii), though did not observe
it as nebulous. It was included as
a star or nebula, in every major catalogue and atlas since, but it's position
and different labels were so inconsistent that it was not recognized as the
same object found by Lacaille in 1752.
For example, it was listed as Bayer's southern Mu, and Sharp's Zeta. It was depicted as the southern of a
pair of stars in Bayer's atlas and the northern in Hevelius' atlas.
******************************
NGC 6232 = UGC
10537 = MCG +12-16-007 = CGCG 339-016 = PGC 58841
16 43 20.1 +70
37 57
V = 12.5; Size 1.6'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(7/9/88): fairly faint, very small, round, small bright core, faint stellar
nucleus. A mag 15 star is at the
west edge. Located 10.9' SW of NGC
6236 in a group.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6232 = Sw I-48, along with NGC 6236, on 28 Jun 1884 and recorded
"pF; pL; lE. 1st of 4 [with
NGC 6236, 6237, 6245]." His
position RA is 15 seconds too small, but at this dec it abouts to just 1' west
of UGC 10537. Kobold measured an
accurate micrometric position with the 18" refractor at Strassburg. See notes on NGC 6237, which may be a
duplicate number.
MCG mislabels
NGC 6232 as NGC 6237. The RNGC has
the correct identification.
******************************
NGC 6233 = UGC
10573 = MCG +04-40-002 = CGCG 139-007 = PGC 59086
16 50 15.6 +23
34 47
V = 13.3; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 33d
17.5":
faint, small, almost round, gradually increases to a small bright core.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6233 = St XI-51 on 12 Jul 1880 and recorded "pF, S, R,
gbM." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 6234 = MCG
+01-43-007 = CGCG 053-018 = PGC 59144
16 51 57.3 +04
23 01
V = 14.5; Size 0.3'x0.3'; Surf Br = 11.7
17.5"
(6/8/91): very faint, very small, round, low surface brightness. Located 9.4' WNW of mag 8.8 SAO 121919. NGC 6230 lies 22' NW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6234 = m 318 on 17 Jun 1863 and noted "F, S, R." His position is 1' too far south.
******************************
NGC 6235 = ESO
586-SC5
16 53 25.3 -22
10 39
V = 10.2; Size 5.0'; Surf Br = 1.0
18"
(7/24/06): at 435x this globular was quite scraggly with a small, irregularly
shaped core surrounded by a much fainter low surface brightness halo extending
to 3'-3.5' diameter. At least 15
to 20 stars are resolved with 3 or 4 fairly easy brighter stars but most are
very faint, in the mag 15-16 range.
With extended viewing, several extremely faint stars pop in and out of
visibility in the halo increasing the overall total to 25-30 stars, though a
lower number were visible simultaneously.
17.5"
(6/8/91): fairly bright, small, 3' diameter, mottled. A few stars are resolved at the edges of the halo including
a fairly prominent mag 14 star at the east edge of the halo and another mag 14
star at the west edge of the core.
The remaining resolved stars are mag 15 or fainter. The core is elongated N-S. The globular has an irregular scraggly
halo due to unresolved star lanes.
Located within a triangle of three mag 12-13 stars.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6235 = H II-584 = h3653 on 26 May 1786 (sweep 566) and recorded
"pB, cL, gbM, easily resolvable.
No doubt that it consists of stars." His position is accurate. JH made the single observation "p comp; S; 2'; rather
triangular than R; mbM; resolved into stars 14...16m."
******************************
NGC 6236 = UGC
10546 = MCG +12-16-008 = CGCG 339-019 = Kaz 88 = PGC 58891
16 44 34.4 +70
46 52
V = 11.9; Size 2.9'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 15d
17.5"
(6/24/95): faint, moderately large, elongated 3:2 ~N-S, 2.0'x1.4', almost even
surface brightness. A mag 13 star
is 3.0' WSW.
17.5"
(7/9/88): fairly faint, fairly large, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, broad
concentration. Located 3.7' NW of
a mag 10.5 star. Brightest of
three with NGC 6232 10.9' SW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6236 = Sw I-50, along with NGC 6232, on 28 Jun 1884 and recorded
"F; pL; B * nr. 2nd of 4
[with NGC 6232, 6237 and 6245]."
His position is 2.5' due west (30 seconds of RA) of UGC 10546 and the
identification is certain.
Bigourdan measured an accurate position on 30 Aug 1888 and it was
repeated by Dreyer in the IC 2 Notes section. See identification notes on NGC 6245, which may be a
duplicate number.
******************************
NGC 6237
16 44 06 +70 38
=Not found,
Gottlieb and Thomson. =NGC 6232?, Corwin.
(R)NGC 6237 = NGC 6248.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6237 = Sw I-49 on 28 Jun 1884 and recorded "vvF; E; pL;
S. 3rd of 4 [with NGC 6232, 6236,
6245]." There is nothing at
his position, just 50 seconds of time due east of NGC 6232 = UGC 10537, which
was discovered the same night. Harold Corwin comments that NGC 6237 might refer
to a faint star(s), but perhaps Swift was confused and recorded NGC 6232 twice.
Interestingly, his position for (nonexistent) NGC 6245 is similar amount off
from NGC 6236, suggesting he might have recorded both objects twice. As this is just a theory, Corwin
classifies NGC 6237 as lost.
RNGC mislabels
NGC 6248 = UGC 10564 as NGC 6237.
See my notes for NGC 6248 as well as Corwin's write-up for NGC 6237 for
the complete story.
******************************
NGC 6238 = UGC
10563 = MCG +10-24-057 = CGCG 299-031 = Holm 756a = PGC 58980
16 47 16.7 +62
08 50
V = 13.8; Size 0.5'x0.3'; Surf Br = 11.6; PA = 17d
17.5"
(7/9/88): faint, very small, elongated SSW-NNE, very faint star involved. Second of three with NGC 6244 6' NE and
MCG +10-24-052 8.9' NW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6238 = Sw IV-41, along with NGC 6244, on 28 Jun 1886, and
recorded "eeF; eS; eF * very close; e diff; sp of 2 [with NGC
6244]." The faint star is at
the north edge.
******************************
NGC 6239 = UGC
10577 = MCG +07-35-001 = CGCG 225-002 = PGC 59083
16 50 05.6 +42
44 22
V = 12.4; Size 2.6'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 118d
24"
(7/2/16): at 375x; fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 5:3 WNW-ESE,
1.0'x0.6'. The north edge has a
sharper light cut-off apparently due to a dust lane and is slightly concave
near the center. A small, slightly
brighter core is offset from center, just south of the dust lane. The south edge gently bulges out, so
overall the galaxy has a weak "banana" shape. A small knot (blue HII region on the
SDSS) is just distinguishable at the WNW end of the galaxy.
17.5":
moderately bright, moderately large, oval NW-SE, bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6239 = H III-727 on 12 Apr 1788 (sweep 831) and recorded
"cF, S, E in the parallel [E-W]." His position was reduced exactly 1¡ too far south of UGC
10577 and copied by JH in the GC.
Stephan found the galaxy again on 27 Jun 1876 and reported it as new in
his list VII-10. Dreyer included Stephan's
position in the GC Supplement as 5832. The two GC designations were combined in
the NGC.
******************************
NGC 6240 = UGC
10592 = MCG +00-43-004 = CGCG 025-011 = VV 617 = IC 4625 = PGC 59186
16 52 58.9 +02
24 04
V = 12.9; Size 2.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 20d
48"
(4/6/13): this disrupted galaxy appeared fairly bright, moderately large,
elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, ~1.2'x0.8', though the shape is irregular. A prominent, thin extension or spike
extends 4:1 or 5:1 to the NNE from the central region. This wing is sharply defined and
narrow. A short, bright, broader
extension juts out to the SSW, in the opposite direction of the NNE wing. Finally, a faint, short wing
(~15"x5") extends south from the central region on the east side (on the
DSS, this branch curves at the south end). A mag 13.5 star is 30" E, a mag 15.5-16 star is 0.8'
SSE and a 12" pair of mag 13.5/15 stars lies 1.5' S.
24"
(7/22/14): the Rumpled Starfish appeared fairly faint to moderately bright,
moderately large, irregular but roughly elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE,
~60"x40", though increases in size with averted vision. The surface brightness is irregular,
with a mottled texture. The
brightest portion has an offset nucleus or knot on the east side. On the northeast side, a faint narrow
wing extends to the north. A very
short extension was also glimpsed on the southeast side. A mag 13.5 star is 0.6' NE and a mag
15.7 star is 50" SSE of center.
24"
(8/15/12): this irregular galaxy appeared fairly faint, moderately large, elongated
2:1 SSW-NNE, ~1.0'x0.5', broad concentration with a slightly brighter
core. The shape is unusual as the
NNE end is narrow, like an edge-on, while the south-southwest end appears
wider. With careful viewing, a very faint extension branches south from the
central region, creating a forked appearance with the brighter portion trending
SSW. A mag 13.5 star is 0.6' NE
and a mag 15.5 star is 0.8' SE of center.
18"
(7/22/03): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 0.8'x0.4', weak
concentration, appears slightly brighter along the major axis. With extended viewing, there is an
impression of an irregular shape with a very faint extension off the main bar
near the center.
17.5"
(6/8/91): fairly faint, small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, even surface brightness. A mag 13 star is at the NE edge 0.6'
from center.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6240 = St II-4 = Big 80 on 26 Jul 1870. His position is ~6' southeast of UGC
10592, an unusual error. Guillaume
Bigourdan independently found this galaxy on 2 Jul 1886 and measured an
accurate position. Dreyer realized
the equivalence and added a note in the NGC that "Stephan's comparison
star must have been LL 30519.
Adopting this star his observation agrees well with Bigourdan's."
E.E. Barnard
independently found the galaxy again on 7 Jul 1888 and noted (from observing
log) "Ran upon a nebula close sp a 10m star. 2 seconds p the star and 1/4' +/- south." Assuming it was probably new, Dreyer
recatalogued it as IC 4625 though added the note "? = 6240" Barnard's position is 2' too far north,
but NGC 6240 = IC 4625.
******************************
NGC 6241 = MCG
+08-31-007 = CGCG 252-005 = PGC 59085
16 50 11.0 +45
25 15
V = 13.8; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2
24"
(7/19/12): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 30" diameter, gradually
increases to a very small brighter nucleus. UGC 10586 lies 6.7' ESE and Zwicky's Triplet = Arp 103 lies
8' WNW. The UGC appeared faint or
fairly faint, fairly small, round, 30" diameter, broad weak concentration
(face-on spiral).
17.5"
(8/22/98): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 ~E-W,
50"x35". Weak, even
concentration to a slightly brighter core and very faint quasi-stellar nucleus. Picked up while observing Zwicky's
Triplet ~7' WNW.
17.5"
(6/18/88): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated ~E-W, weak
concentration. In a group with UGC
10586 6.7' ESE and "Zwicky's Triplet" = Arp 103 6.6' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6241 = H III-735 on 29 Apr 1788 (sweep 838) and recorded
"eF, pS, 300 verified it and shows iF." His position matches CGCG 252-005 = PGC 59085." This is one of the fainter galaxies
that WH discovered.
******************************
NGC 6242 = Cr
317 = Mel 155 = Lund 732
16 55 33 -39 27
42
V = 6.4; Size 9'
22"
(6/28/06 - Hawaii): bright, rich group of ~100 stars in a 12' region with most
of the stars to the north of a mag 7.3 orange luminary. The group is elongated N-S and
highlighted by a N-S string of 8 or 9 brighter mag 9-10 stars on the west side
of the cluster.
11" (8/8/04
- Haleakala Crater): 80-100 stars in a 12' cluster including a mag 7.3 orange
star (HD 152524) on the SE side.
There is an elongated group (N-S) of ten mag 10 stars to the NW of the
bright star. These brighter stars
are set over a rich carpet of mag 13-14 stars. A couple of curved chains of stars forms the southern
boundary of the cluster.
17.5"
(7/16/93): ~100 stars in a 10' region at 220x, rich in faint stars. Includes red mag 7.3 SAO 101654 in the
SE corner of cluster and 8 brighter mag 10-11 stars. Includes several curving arcs of stars with a few dozen mag
13 stars and a rich background carpet of mag 14.5-15.5 stars.
8"
(6/27/81): two dozen stars mag 8-11, fairly rich, compact, nice at low
power. Faint stars are visible
with averted vision.
Nicolas-Louis de
Lacaille discovered NGC 6242 = Lac I-10 = D 520 = h3654 in 1751-1752 with a
1/2" telescope at 8x, during his expedition to the Cape of Good Hope. He simply noted an "elongated
faint oval spot." James Dunlop observed the cluster on 13 May 1826 with
his 9-inch f/12 reflector and recorded "a cluster or group of small stars,
about 4' diameter, with branches extending S.p. and N.f., with considerable
compression of the stars towards the centre of the group. This answers to the
place of 155 Scorpii, but there is no nebula." He made 3 observations and his position is 4'-5' west of
center of the cluster.
JH first
observed the cluster from the CGH on 5 June 1834 and logged "a p rich
brilliant cluster of stars 10...12th mag, with one 7-8th mag near
middle." Later in month (28
Jun) he recorded "cluster VI class, B, L, rich, discrete, 12', irregular
figure, vlbM, fine object; place of a red star 9th mag, rest 11th mag,
white." The next night he
logged it as "a fine large rich cluster, class VII, stars 9..12th mag, fills
field, place of a red star 8-9th mag in centre."
******************************
NGC 6243 = UGC
10591 = MCG +04-40-004 = CGCG 139-013 = PGC 59161
16 52 26.4 +23
19 57
V = 14.1; Size 1.0'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 154d
17.5": very
faint, small, elongated NW-SE, weak concentration.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6243 = St XI-52 on 10 Jun 1880. His micrometric position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6244 = UGC
10568 = MCG +10-24-059 = CGCG 299-032 = Kaz 96 = PGC 59009
16 48 03.8 +62
12 01
V = 13.5; Size 1.5'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 140d
17.5"
(7/9/88): faint, fairly small, very elongated NW-SE. A mag 12.5 star is 0.9' W. Third of three with NGC 6238 6.4' SW and MCG +10-24-052 13'
WNW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6244 = Sw IV-42, along with NGC 6238, on 28 Jun 1886, and
recorded "vF; vS; R; bet 2 stars; nf of 2 [with NGC 6238]."
******************************
NGC 6245
16 45 24 +70 48
=Not found,
Gottlieb or Corwin. =NGC 6236?,
Corwin. (R)NGC 6245 missed in
17.5" on 3 occasions (including 6/24/95 from Fiddletown and 7/27/95 from
Sierra Buttes using GSC chart).
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6245 = Sw I-51 on 28 Jun 1884 and recorded "vF; pL; R. 4th of 4 [with NGC 6232, 6236,
6237]." There is nothing at
his position, just 48 seconds of time east of NGC 6236 = UGC 10546, which was
discovered the same night. Harold
Corwin comments that NGC 6245 might refer to a faint star(s), but perhaps Swift
was confused and recorded NGC 6245 twice.
Perhaps coincidentally, his position for NGC 6237 is similar amount off
from NGC 6232, suggesting he might have recorded both objects twice. Without additional information, Corwin
classifies NGC 6245 as lost.
RNGC and PGC
misidentify PGC 58917 (at J16 45 19.2 +70 49 53) as NGC 6245. HyperLeda still identifies this galaxy
as NGC 6245, though with B magnitude of 18.0, it is clearly much too faint to
have been seen by Swift.
******************************
NGC 6246 = UGC
10580 = MCG +09-27-098 = CGCG 277-005 = CGCG 276-048 = PGC 59077
16 49 53.4 +55
32 34
V = 13.6; Size 1.5'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 43d
17.5"
(7/4/86): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, broad
concentration. Forms a pair with
UGC 10584 = NGC 6246A 10' SSE.
This galaxy is incorrectly identified as NGC 6246A in the RNGC.
17.5"
(6/19/88): faint, fairly small, elongated WSW-ENE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6246 = Sw IV-43 on 28 Jun 1886 and recorded "eF; S;
R." His position is just 9
tsec of RA west of UGC 10580, so this identification is certain.
The RNGC has reversed
the identifications of NGC 6246 and NGC 6246A = UGC 10584, which is located 10'
south-southeast of NGC 6246.
Although these galaxies have similar magnitudes, NGC 6246 is more
prominent visually due to a higher surface brightness. NGC 6246 is correctly identified in
UGC, MCG and RC3. The error was
mentioned in my RNGC Corrections #2.
******************************
NGC 6247 = IC
1233 = UGC 10572 = CGCG 320-044 = PGC 59023
16 48 20.4 +62
58 34
V = 12.9; Size 1.0'x0.3'; Surf Br = 11.4; PA = 58d
17.5"
(7/9/88): fairly faint, small, very elongated WSW-ENE, weak concentration.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 6247 on 24 Sep 1862 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. He noted the nearby
mag 12 star, which he measured as 15.1 seconds east and 35" north. His position for the galaxy is
~40" south of UGC 10572, the same offset as NGC 6226.
Harold Corwin
notes that Lewis Swift found this galaxy again (on 24 Jul 1889) and reported
Sw. IX-70 (later IC 1233) as "eF; vS; vE; bet. 2 stars." His position is 10' too far north, but
his description is an exact match (Dreyer questioned if IC 1233 = NGC 6247 in
the IC description).
******************************
NGC 6248 = UGC
10564 = MCG +12-16-009 = CGCG 339-020 = PGC 58946
16 46 22.8 +70
21 20
V = 13.1; Size 3.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 150d
17.5"
(7/9/88): very faint, fairly large, very diffuse, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, weak
concentration.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6248 = Sw II-44 on 11 Aug 1885 in a group with NGC 6232 and NGC
6236, discovered the previous year.
He reported "eeF; pL; R; bet a bright star and 3 stars in a line; v
diff." His position is less
than 2' west of UGC 10564 and the description is a perfect match. NGC 6248 is an irregular blue barred
spiral.
Nevertheless,
the RNGC misidentifies UGC 10564 as NGC 6237. In addition, RNGC and CGCG mislabel CGCG 339-036 as NGC
6248. UGC doesn't label 10564 as
NGC 6248, but MCG (+12-16-009) has the correct identification. The identifications of these galaxies
is covered in my RNGC Correction list #3, Malcolm Thomson's article in the Webb
Society Quarterly Journal, July 1989, and Harold Corwin's identification notes
for NGC 6237.
******************************
NGC 6249 = Cr
319 = ESO 277-SC019
16 57 41 -44 48
42
V = 8.2; Size 6'
14" (4/5/16
- Coonabarabran, 142x and 184x): bright, moderately large cluster with ~50
stars mag 10 to 14 scattered over a 7' region. Many of the stars are arranged roughly in a "C" or
horseshoe shape open to the east.
The most prominent part includes 4 mag 10-11 stars in a small
trapezoidal shape (parallel sides N-S).
Three additional mag 10-11 stars are spread out south of this trapezoid;
the northern one is a 10" pair and several additional pairs caught my eye. NGC 6259, a showpiece cluster, lies 33'
NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6249 = h3655 = D 455? on 1 Jun 1834 and recorded "cluster
VIII class, coarse, p rich, stars 9...12m." On a second sweep (27 Jul
1834) he logged it as "VII class, p rich, loose irreg fig; large and small
stars, 9...15m; 10' long, 7' broad."
James Dunlop
*may* have been the first to find this cluster on 31 Jul 1826 with his 9-inch
homemade reflector from Parramatta NSW, and described D 455 as "an
extremely faint ill-defined nebula, easily resolvable into stars; this is in
the milky way." His position,
though is just over 40' WSW of the cluster, so the identification is very
uncertain.
******************************
NGC 6250 = Cr
320 = ESO 277-SC020
16 57 56 -45 56
12
V = 5.9; Size 8'
22"
(6/28/06 - Hawaii): small group of a dozen stars in a tight 2' cluster
including mag 9.2 HD 152822.
Surrounding this knot is a larger, 14' scattered group of stars,
elongated ~E-W, that appears to be a separate superimposed cluster. Three mag 7.5-8.5 stars are in this
larger group to the SW, SE and E of the central clump and a mag 9 star is among
a small subgroup at the east edge.
11" (8/8/04
- Haleakala Crater): at 127x a dozen stars are packed into a tight 2'
group. Consists of a knot of 6
stars on the NE side and a looping curve of 5 or 6 stars on the SW side. This "core" is surrounded by
a scattered 10' group of perhaps three dozen stars including three mag 7.5-8.5
stars to the SW and SE by 3' and to the east by 6'.
13.1"
(4/10/86): tight, rich group of 6-10 stars over an unresolved haze. Set among a larger scattered group of
bright stars.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6250 = h3656 on 1 Jul 1834 and recorded a "cluster VIII
class; loose and straggling; place that of a D * [HJ 4899 = 9.8/10.0 at
2"] in central more condensed group; has a * 8m sf, 5' dist, and another
7m more remote. His position is on
the close double star.
******************************
NGC 6251 = UGC
10501 = MCG +14-08-010 = CGCG 367-013 = PGC 58472
16 32 31.8 +82
32 16
V = 12.6; Size 1.8'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5" (8/1/86):
fairly faint, fairly small, round.
Contains a sharp, bright core which rises to a bright stellar
nucleus. Pair with NGC 6252 2.4'
NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6251 = H III-974, along with NGC 6252, on 1 Jan 1802 (late sweep
1106) and recorded "Two, the preceding [NGC 6251] cF, S, bM. The following [NGC 6252] vF, vS. The place is that of the first. The 2nd is about 3' more north, and
only a few seconds of time following, they being nearly in the same
meridian." His description is
accurate, though his position is 2.8' too far north. This is the second most
northerly galaxy that WH discovered.
It wasn't until the later sweeps that the large 20-ft was used to search
for nebulae near the pole as it was mechanically difficult to observe and
accurately record positions in that direction.
******************************
NGC 6252 = MCG
+14-08-011 = CGCG 367-014 = PGC 58456
16 32 40.2 +82
34 36
V = 14.2; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 60d
17.5"
(8/1/86): fairly faint, round, weak concentration, can hold with direct
vision. NGC 6252 is slightly
smaller and has a much smoother surface brightness than NGC 6251 2.4' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6252 = H III-975, along with NGC 6251 on 1 Jan 1802 (sweep 1106)
and recorded "Two, the preceding [NGC 6251] cF, S, bM. The following [NGC 6252] vF, vS. The place is that of the first. The 2nd is about 3' more north, and
only a few seconds of time following, they being nearly in the same
meridian." This is the most
northerly galaxy that WH discovered.
******************************
NGC 6253 = ESO
180-SC2 = Cr 321 = Mel 156
16 59 05 -52 42
30
V = 10.2; Size 5'
14" (4/4/16
- Coonabarabran, 71x, 184x and 230x): fairly small 5' cluster, but quite rich
with 60-70 stars mag 12-14.5 resolved at 230x. Stands out as a bright, partially resolved glow at 71x. Irregular shape but expands E-W on the
south side and tapers on the north side.
Contains no bright stars but a mag 8.9 star is just off the southwest
side. Located 27' NNW of 4th
magnitude Epsilon1 Arae. This
well-studied cluster is an old, very metal-rich with an age of ~4 billion
years.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 6253 = D 374 = h3657 on 14 May 1826 and described "a very
faint nebula, of an irregular round figure, about 2' diameter, slightly bright
towards the centre, easily resolvable into very minute stars, slightly
compressed to the centre; this also precedes Epsilon Arae." His position was off by ~8' (too far
southeast). JH recorded it on 8
Jul 1834 as "a small triangular cl 2' diameter; stars = 13m."
******************************
NGC 6254 = M10
16 57 08.9 -04
05 58
V = 6.6; Size 15.1'; Surf Br = 0.9
18"
(7/14/07): large, gorgeous GC at 225x, extends ~15' in diameter and fills most
of the field. The cluster is
sharply concentrated with an intense 5' core containing a huge number of
resolved mag 13-15 stars over an unresolved background glow and beautiful
strings of stars in the halo. At
323x the core is slightly elongated SW-NE, ~5'x4' in size. Strings of stars crisscross the core
with a very small triangle of stars at the geometric center. At 393x, one of the 3 stars in this
central triangle is a very close double. The core is pretty uniformly rich and
evenly resolved and does not compress towards the center.
17.5" (7/15/99):
beautifully resolved at 220x. The
halo appears to extend to nearly 14' although the star density is very low in
the outer edge of the halo. The
inner halo is sharply concentrated with a very bright 5'x4' core which is
elongated SW-NE. The cluster is
highly resolved into mag 12/13 stars from edge to edge (too numerous to count)
with the stars very densely packed over the core. A second layer of mag 13/14 stars is superimposed over the
core. The halo contains a number
of strings including a long string to the south which curves east and a string
to the north which curves west.
Also two parallel linear strings head north or NNE from the core.
13.1"
(6/19/82): very bright, fairly large, intense core richly covered with fairly
bright stars. Scores of stars are
resolved in the outer halo.
8": bright
lively core highly resolved. The
outer halo is highly resolved with several long, distinct streamers.
Charles Messier
discovered M10 = NGC 6254 = h1972 on 29 May 1764. WH first observed the globular on 21 May 1783 with his
8-inch (10-ft focal length) and noted "With 227 I suspected it to consist
of stars; with 460 I can see several of them, but they are too small to be
counted." In 1784 and 1791 he observed M10 with his 18.7-inch and noted "A
beautiful cluster of extremely compressed stars; it resembles the 53d [M53];
and the most compressed part is about 3 or 4 minutes in diameter." JH recorded on 1 Jun 1831 "a
superb cluster of very compressed stars, gbM. The stars are 10...15m, and run up to a blaze in the centre,
but I see no nucleus. Diam about
6'; a noble object."
******************************
NGC 6255 = UGC
10606 = MCG +06-37-014 = CGCG 197-018 = PGC 59244
16 54 47.1 +36
30 07
V = 12.7; Size 3.6'x1.5'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 85d
24" (6/12/15):
at 375x; fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 E-W, 1.5'x0.6', low
but uneven surface brightness. At
the east end of the galaxy is either a blue dwarf companion (HS 1653+3634) or
more likely an intensely active star forming complex. At 375x it appeared as a very small, nearly stellar knot,
just off the east end of the main glow.
The knot had a higher surface brightness than the main galaxy.
17.5"
(7/1/89): very faint, moderately large, very diffuse, low even surface
brightness, elongated 5:2 E-W. A
mag 14 star is off the south edge 1.8' from the center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6255 = H III-689 = h1973 on 16 May 1787 (sweep 739) and recorded
"eF, cL, iE nearly in the parallel." JH made the single observation "eF; vL; E in parallel;
2' l, 1' br." On 6 May 1850,
LdR (or observing assistant George Stoney) noted "Query is it a double
streak with a nucleus or a * at f end." The "star" at the following end is an HII complex
seen in my observation.
******************************
NGC 6256 =
vdB-Ha 208 = Lund 1104
16 59 32.6 -37
07 17
V = 11.3; Size 1.5'; Surf Br = 3.4
18" (7/9/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is a small, faint globular with a
small, brighter core. A brighter
mag 12 field star is attached at the south edge. At 171x appears just 2' diameter with a few mag 15 stars
resolved around the periphery and occasionally over the mottled core.
13"
(5/30/87): very faint, small, round, requires averted but definite at 62x and
166x. A faint star is visible at
the SW end.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6256 = h3658 on 28 Jun 1834 and recorded "globular cluster;
eF; vL; vglbM; 4' diam; perceived with the upmost attention to be resolved into
vS stars 20th magnitude." The
next night he logged "VI. class.
A vL neb, or rather vF, R, cl VI class; vF; irreg R; vglbM;
4'." His position is fairly
accurate.
Sky Catalogue
2000.0 misidentifies Terzan 12 as NGC 6256.
******************************
NGC 6257 = CGCG
225-012 = PGC 59274
16 56 03.5 +39
38 44
V = 15.1; Size 0.8'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 123d
17.5"
(6/24/95): extremely faint, very small, round, 15" diameter (elongated
NW-SE on the POSS). Requires
averted vision but sighting certain using GSC field chart. A mag 13 star is 1.7' SW (part of
collinear string of stars oriented NW-SE). Uncertain RNGC identification.
17.5": not
seen in fairly poor seeing and transparency.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6257 = h1974 on 16 May 1831 and recorded "a suspicious
object. It is pointed to by a
faint double star nf. Doubtful whether
a nebula or a vF double star, with perhaps a third star near (of course ill
seen)." He called it an
uncertain nova ("Nova?") and there is nothing at his position. It was looked for, but not found at
Birr Castle.
RNGC, CGCG and
PGC identify CGCG 225-012 as NGC 6257, though this galaxy is 70 seconds of RA
east of Herschel's position (and 2' north) and there isn't a reasonably bright
"F double* nf" as per his description. Also, it may be too faint for JH to have picked up. So, the standard identification is very
unlikely. Karl Reinmuth, in his
1926 photographic survey "Die Herschel-Nebel" was probably the first
to equate CGCG 225-012 with NGC 6257, though his position is 2.5' too far
southwest. Harold Corwin, in
response to an email I sent, took a look at the field and was unable to find a
good alternate candidate (UGC 10599 doesn't match his description, either).
******************************
NGC 6258 = UGC
10595 = MCG +10-24-073 = CGCG 299-035 = PGC 59165
16 52 29.9 +60
30 51
V = 13.4; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 70d
17.5"
(6/18/88): faint, very small, slightly elongated, small bright core. A mag 15-15.5 star is in contact at the
NW end. Located 5' ENE of mag 8.4
SAO 17245.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6258 = Sw IV-44 on 28 Jun 1886 and recorded "eF; vS; R; a
bright star and a double star near preceding." His position is 7 seconds west and 1' north of UGC 10595 and
his comments apply. The double
star is Espin 1829 = 10.7/11.5 at 8.5".
******************************
NGC 6259 = NGC
6222 = Cr 322 = Mel 158
17 00 45 -44 39
18
V = 8.0; Size 10'
18" (7/9/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 128x this cluster appears as a
beautifully rich cloud of stars. A
couple of hundred stars are resolved in an 8' diameter. Fairly uniform in density and magnitude
and roughly circular (similar to NGC 7789). This very rich cluster would be a showpiece for U.S.
observers if further north! NGC
6249 lies 33' SW.
8"
(7/16/82): 12 faint stars mag 11-12.5, over unresolved haze, elongated
N-S. Appears to be rich but
observed at a very low altitude which diminished the view.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 6259 = D 456 = h3660 on 13 May 1826 and described "a very
large patch of strong nebula, about 20' long, and 16' broad, rich in small and
extremely minute stars." His
position (only to the nearest minute of time in RA) was 11' too far
southeast. On 1 Jun 1834, JH
called it "a superb, vL, v rich cluster, which fills field; R, vglbM,
stars 11..12th mag, thickly sown at intervals from each other from 10" to
20"." On a second sweep he described it as "vL, v rich, fills
more than a field, has one or two straggling appendages p and s; stars 11 and
12th mag, nearly equal." JH
also found the cluster on 3 Jun 1834 but made a 10 minute transcription error
in RA. As a result, h3650 = NGC
6222 is a duplicate observation.
******************************
NGC 6260 = MCG
+11-20-029 = CGCG 320-046 = PGC 59142
16 51 50.6 +63
42 52
V = 13.8; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(7/9/88): faint, small, round, even surface brightness.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6260 = Sw IV-45 on 5 Aug 1886 and recorded "eF; pS; R; near
south-following are 4 or 5 stars in form of a curve." His position and description matches
CGCG 320-046 = PGC 59142. The
closest star in the chain is mag 9.8 and 2.6' southeast. MCG doesn't label this
galaxy as NGC 6260.
******************************
NGC 6261 = UGC
10617 = MCG +05-40-006 = CGCG 169-013 = PGC 59286
16 56 30.5 +27
58 39
V = 14.0; Size 1.2'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 88d
17.5" (7/1/89):
very faint, very small, slightly elongated E-W. Bracketed by two mag 15 stars. First of eight in the NGC 6269 group.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6261 = St XI-53 on 13 Jul 1880. His position is just off the south side of UGC 10617.
******************************
NGC 6262
16 53 36 +56 56
=Not found, RNGC
and Corwin.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6262 = Sw V-72 on 23 Oct 1886 and recorded "eeeF, pS, R,
eee diff". His position falls
on a blank piece of sky and the number is not associated with a galaxy in any
modern catalogue. Harold Corwin
suggests two possible (distant) candidates, but these are just guesses as his description is unhelpful and the
observation might also apply to a faint star or stars.
******************************
NGC 6263 = UGC
10618 = MCG +05-40-008 = CGCG 169-014 = PGC 59292
16 56 43.1 +27
49 19
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(7/1/89): very faint, extremely small, round. A mag 13.5 star is just off the south edge 40" from
center. Located 2.6' S of a mag 9
star. Second of 8 in the NGC 6269
group with NGC 6264 and NGC 6265 in the field 7.5' ENE and 10.2' ENE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6263 = m 319 = St II-5 on 28 Jun 1864, along with NGC 6264,
6265, 6269, 6270, and noted "eF, vS, R." His position is accurate. ƒdouard Stephan independently found this galaxy, along with
the other four, on 22 Jul 1871, apparently unaware of Marth's earlier
discoveries.
******************************
NGC 6264 = MCG
+05-40-009 = CGCG 169-015 = Holm 763a = PGC 59306
16 57 16.1 +27
50 59
V = 14.4; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 15d
17.5"
(7/27/95): very faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 1.0'x0.5'. Two mag 13.5 and 14.5 stars lie 1' SW
and 1' S, respectively. Forms a
pair with NGC 6265 2.9' ESE in the NGC 6269 group.
17.5"
(7/1/89): very faint, fairly small, elongated SW-NE, very low surface
brightness. Two faint stars off
the south side; a mag 14 star 1.1' SW and a mag 15 star 1.0' S. Third of eight in the NGC 6269 group
with NGC 6265 2.9' ESE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6264 = m 320 = Sf 38 = St II-6 on 28 Jun 1864 and noted
"eF, vS." Truman Safford
rediscovered this galaxy (along with NGC 6265 and 6269) on 11 Jul 1866 at the
Dearborn Observatory. ƒdouard
Stephan found it again on 22 Jul 1871, apparently unaware of Marth's earlier
discoveries, and measured a very accurate position.
******************************
NGC 6265 = UGC
10624 = MCG +05-40-011 = CGCG 169-017 = PGC 59315
16 57 29.0 +27
50 39
V = 14.2; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 35d
17.5"
(7/27/95): faint, small, slightly elongated 4:3 SSW-NNE, 40"x30",
very faint stellar nucleus. A mag
11 star is 2.4' ENE. Located 6.4'
W of NGC 6269 in a group. Forms a
pair with NGC 6264 2.9' WNW.
17.5"
(7/1/89): very faint, small, very low surface brightness, elongated SW-NE. Fourth of 8 in NGC 6269 group with NGC
6264 2.9' WNW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6265 = m 321 = St II-7 on 28 Jun 1864 and noted "eF,
vS." Truman Safford
rediscovered this galaxy (along with NGC 6264 and 6269) on 11 Jul 1866 at the
Dearborn Observatory. ƒdouard
Stephan found it again on 22 Jul 1871.
All three positions are good.
******************************
NGC 6266 = M62 =
ESO 453-SC14
17 01 12.5 -30
06 44
V = 6.6; Size 14.1'; Surf Br = 1.4
18" (7/9/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 171x this is a very striking globular
set in a fine star field. The halo
is very irregular and elongated due to a flattening along the SE side. The halo is easily resolved into
several dozen faint stars, many in strings and chains. A long string of stars extends from a
mag 10.5 star off the SE side along the east edge of the halo. The center appears offset due to the
flattening and is very compressed with a large, blazing core.
13.1"
(6/19/82): very bright nucleus, asymmetric appearance with a flattened SE
region. The outer halo is very
mottled and just resolved into many faint stars at 220x.
8": bright
nucleus, nonsymmetrical appearance, fans out to the west from an off-center
core. A few very faint stars are
resolved at the west edge.
Charles Messier
discovered M62 = NGC 6266 = D 627 = h3661 on 7 June 1771 and described a
"very beautiful nebula, discovered in Scorpio, it resembles a little
Comet, the centre is brilliant & surrounded by a faint glow."
WH first observed
the globular on 28 May 1783 with his 6-inch (10-foot telescope) and noted
"With 250 power, a strong suspicion, amounting almost to a certainty, of
its consisting of stars. In
observations with his 18.7-inch (20-foot telescope) in 1785 and 1786, he called
the cluster "Extremely bright, round, very gradually brighter in the
middle, about 4 or 5' in diameter; 240 power with strong attention showed the
stars of it. The cluster is a miniature of the 3d of the Connoissance."
On 8 May 1834,
JH was the first to note its off-center core: "globular, vB, L, R, pgvmbM,
perfectly resolved with left eye, hardly with right. The most condensed part is
a perfect blaze, but not quite in the centre. The southern part runs out
further. A beautiful object (See figure 13, Plate VI). [Semi] Diam = 13.5 seconds in RA."
******************************
NGC 6267 = UGC
10628 = MCG +04-40-009 = CGCG 139-025 = PGC 59340
16 58 08.8 +22
59 05
V = 13.1; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 35d
17.5"
(8/1/89): faint, moderately large, almost round, low but irregular surface
brightness, appears slightly brighter on the north side. An extremely faint mag 15.5 star is
involved on the south side.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6267 = H III-123 on 15 May 1784 (sweep 217) and recorded
"vF, pL, R, lbM. Following
and near a star; with several other stars in the field following." CH's reduction is 2' northeast of UGC
10628.
******************************
NGC 6268 = Cr
323 = ESO 332-SC017
17 02 10 -39 43
42
Size 6'
8"
(6/27/81): 30-40 stars mag 10-12.5 in a 10' diameter. A denser group of stars in the center is arranged in a line.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 6268 = D 521 = h3662 on 5 Jun 1826 and described "2 rows or
lines of pretty bright small stars in the parallel of the equator, with a
multitude of minute stars resembling a faint nebula, 5' diameter." He made 2 observations and his
published position is just 2.5' northwest of center of the cluster. On 3 Jun 1834, JH recorded a
"cluster, rich, pL, brilliant, 8', stars irregularly scattered 10..12th
mag, place of a double star in the following angle of a triangular condensed
group."
******************************
NGC 6269 = UGC
10629 = MCG +05-40-012 = CGCG 169-019 = PGC 59332
16 57 58.0 +27
51 16
V = 12.2; Size 2.0'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 80d
17.5"
(7/27/95): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated E-W, 1.5'
diameter. Even concentration to a
bright core and stellar nucleus. A
mag 13.5-14 star with an extremely faint companion lies 1.3' S of center. Brightest in a "poor" group
of faint galaxies (AWM 5).
17.5" (7/1/89): fifth and brightest in a
string of 8 NGC galaxies with NGC 6264 6.5' W and NGC 6265 9.4' W. Fairly faint, fairly small, slightly
elongated E-W, gradually increases to a small bright core.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6269 = m 322 = St II-8 on 28 Jun 1864 and noted "F, S,
R." Truman Safford
rediscovered this galaxy (along with NGC 6264 and 6265) on 11 Jul 1866 at the
Dearborn Observatory.
ƒdouard Stephan found it again on 22 Jul 1871 and his micrometric
position is very accurate.
******************************
NGC 6270 = PGC
95562
16 58 44.0 +27
51 33
Size
0.6'x0.4'; PA = 93d
17.5"
(7/27/95): very faint, very small, slightly elongated E-W, 20"
diameter. Very weak concentration
with an occasional very faint stellar nucleus. Can hold steadily with averted vision although not included
in the UGC, MCG or CGCG. Located
10' E of NGC 6269 in the AWM 5 group (6th of 8). Misidentified in the RNGC.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6270 = m 323 = St II-9 on 28 Jun 1864 and noted "eF, S,
R." His position is 5' north of PGC 95562. ƒdouard Stephan independently found this galaxy on 22 Jul
1871 and reported an accurate position in discovery list II-9.
The RNGC and PGC
misidentify MCG +05-40-015 = PGC 59362 as NGC 6269. This galaxy is located 16' south of Stephan's position! Because of this error, the NGC
6270 is not included in the original PGC but has a HyperLeda designation (and
no NGC label) of 95562. I
mentioned this error in RNGC Corrections #4.
******************************
NGC 6271 = MCG
+05-40-016 = CGCG 169-021 = PGC 59365
16 58 50.8 +27
57 53
V = 14.0; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(7/1/89): extremely faint, very small, round. Seventh of 8 in the NGC 6269 group and forms a close pair with
NGC 6272 3' SSE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6271 = m 32, along with NGC 6270 and 6272, on 28 Jun 1864 and
noted "vF, R." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6272 = CGCG
169-022 = PGC 59367
16 58 58.3 +27
55 51
V = 14.4; Size 0.5'x0.2'
17.5"
(7/1/89): extremely faint, very small, round. Forms a pair with NGC 6271 3' NNW. Located along a line of faint stars and last of 8 in the NGC
6269 group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6272 = m 325, along with NGC 6270 and NGC 6271, on 28 Jun 1864
and noted "vF". His
position is within 1' of CGCG 169-022 = PGC 59367.
******************************
NGC 6273 = M19 =
ESO 518-SC7S
17 02 37.6 -26
16 05
V = 6.8; Size 13.5'; Surf Br = 1.2
17.5"
(6/3/00): bright, moderately large globular, unusual appearance with an
extended halo ~6'x4.5' (elongated N-S) and a bright 3.5' core. The cluster breaks up into several
dozen stars at 220x and at 500x at least 50 stars are resolved over the entire
face of the globular. There are a
couple of strings of stars on the SE side of the halo with a dark lane between
the strings. The brightest star is
on the northeast side.
13"
(7/27/84): bright, elongated N-S, very mottled, brighter core. The outer edges barely resolves into
one or two dozen stars at 220x.
13.1"
(7/17/82): a number of faint stars just resolve at 280x, particularly around
the south edge.
8": lively,
two or three very faint stars are resolved at the north edge.
Charles Messier
discovered M19 = NGC 6273 = h1975 = h3663 on 5 June 1764 and reported a
"Nebula without stars, on the parallel of Antares between Scorpius and the
right foot of Ophiuchus: this nebula is round; one can see it very well with an
ordinary telescope of 3.5-foot focal length."
WH first
resolved the cluster using his 6-inch (10-foot focal length) on 28 May 1783,
before his sweeps began. "I can count 5 or 6; & all the rest of the
light appears mottled like other nebulas when not sufficiently magnified and
illuminated to shew the stars."
JH, observing from Slough on 16 Apr 1828, recorded "a fine globular
cluster, stars vS, 12...18m, with one = 10m, and one 10-11m; nearly R; vgpmbM,
but does not come up to a blaze.
Insulated; 3' diam. It
forms a link between I. 70 [NGC 5634] and M10 or M12."
******************************
NGC 6274 = UGC
10654 = CGCG 169-027 = PGC 59414
17 00 35.2 +29
43 33
V = 14.4; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 170d
24"
(7/15/15): faint to fairly faint, small, slightly elongated N-S,
18"x12", small slightly brighter nucleus. A mag 15 star is just off the southwest side [20" from
center]. Forms a pair with NGC
6282 6.2' NNE.
UGC 10643, which
is identified as NGC 6274 in the RNGC, PGC, NED and SIMBAD is located 21'
NW. At 225x and 375x it appeared
faint to fairly faint, small, roundish, ~22"x18", small slightly
brighter nucleus. UGC 10643b = MCG
+05-40-020 is a very challenging galaxy (B = 16.5) attached on the south
end. At 225x; UGC 10643b was occasionally
visible as an extremely faint glow (too brief/faint for shape). At 375x I could tell it was elongated
to the southeast when it popped.
17.5"
(7/1/89): faint, very small, slightly elongated N-S, weak concentration. A mag 15 star is off the southwest edge
19" from the center. Located
6' SSW of NGC 6282.
UGC 10643, which
is identified as NGC 6274 in the RNGC and PGC, is located 21' NW. It appeared faint, small, possibly elongated E-W, brighter core. Located 2' E of an isosceles triangle
consisting of three mag 13-14 stars.
The nearest of these stars is a close double.
Albert Marth discovered
NGC 6274 = m 326 on 28 Jun 1864 and noted "eF, vS." There is nothing close to his position.
RNGC and PGC
identify UGC 10643 as NGC 6274, though not the UGC, CGCG and MCG. UGC 10643 is a double system (with PGC
59381) situated 11' north and 15 sec of RA west of Marth's position, so it's a
pretty poor match. Karl Reinmuth
was the first to suggest this identification in his 1926 photographic survey
"Die Herschel-Nebel".
UGC 10654 is a
more likely candidate. It is
situated 1.0 minute of time east of Marth's position, so is only off in one
direction and a digit error would account for the error. Harold Corwin concurs with my
suggestion that NGC 6274 = UGC 10654, particularly as NGC 6274 would be within
6' of NGC 6282, which Marth also discovered the same night.
******************************
NGC 6275 = CGCG
321-007 = Mrk 503 = Mrk 890 = VII Zw 667 = PGC 59262
16 55 33.4 +63
14 32
V = 14.3; Size 0.5'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 120d
48"
(4/21/17): at 375x; fairly faint, small, slightly elongated ~N-S,
~20"x15", slightly brighter core. With averted vision a very faint tail or "hook"
extends east on the south end. On
the SDSS, this is the beginning of a knotty loop (tidally deformed tail?) that
extends to the north end of this disrupted galaxy.
LEDA 2653385,
picked up 9' NW, appeared faint, small, round, 12" diameter. The redshift implies a light-travel
time of just over 1 billion years, so it lies far in the background of NGC
6275.
17.5"
(7/9/88): extremely faint, very small, round, small slightly brighter core.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6275 = Sw IV-46 on 5 Aug 1886 and recorded "eeeF; S; lE;
eee diff.; nearly in center of a large vacancy." His position is 1' west (10 seconds of RA) of CGCG 321-007
and the identification is certain.
******************************
NGC 6276 = IC
1239 = MCG +04-40-010 = CGCG 139-028 = PGC 59419
17 00 45.0 +23
02 39
V = 14.6; Size 0.4'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.2
17.5": very
faint, small, round. Forms a pair
with NGC 6278 2.3' SE. Two faint
mag 14.5/15 stars are 2' E. The
northern of these two stars is NGC 6277.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6276 = m 328 = St. II-10 on 10 Jun 1864 and noted "vF,
S." His position is 1'
northwest of CGCG 139-028 = PGC 59419.
ƒdouard Stephan independently discovered the galaxy again on 13 Jul 1871
and measured an accurate micrometric position. Finally, Bigourdan found this galaxy again on 19 Jun 1887,
reported it as a "nova" in Comptes Rendus list V-213, and Dreyer
recatalogued it as IC 1239, though added the comment "= NGC 6276?". In the NGC main table, Dreyer
mistakenly equates NGC 6277 with m 328 and NGC 6276 with m 327.
The RNGC
misidentifies UGC 10650 as NGC 6276.
In addition, CGCG and RNGC mislabel NGC 6276 as NGC 6277 and MCG and UGC
refer to it as NGC 6276 = NGC 6277.
The identifications are sorted out in the Webb Society Quarterly Journal
#87, Malcolm Thomson's unpublished Catalogue Corrections, my RNGC Corrections
#4 (on the NGC/IC Project site) and Harold Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 6277
17 00 48.8 +23
02 22
17.5": this
number refers to a mag 14 star just under 1' ESE of NGC 6276. It was noted in the observation of NGC
6276, along with a fainter mag 15 star about 15" south.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6277 = St II-11 on 6 Jun 1864, very close to NGC 6276. Stephan's micrometric position matches
a faint star (northern of a 16" pair). In the main NGC table, Dreyer equated m 328 (from Albert
Marth) with NGC 6277, but m 328 refers to NGC 6276 (corrected by Dreyer in his
comments section of the NGC).
The RNGC and
CGCG misidentify NGC 6276 as NGC 6277. The UGC and MCG incorrectly equate NGC
6276 = NGC 6277. See Harold
Corwin's notes for more.
******************************
NGC 6278 = UGC
10656 = MCG +04-40-011 = CGCG 139-029 = Holm 765a = PGC 59426
17 00 50.3 +23
00 40
V = 12.4; Size 2.0'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 130d
17.5":
fairly faint, small, dominated by a very small bright core with stellar
nucleus, faint halo elongated NW-SE.
Close pair with NGC 6276 2.3' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6278 = H III-124 on 15 May 1784 (sweep 217) and logged "vF,
stellar, 240 verified it."
His position (copied into the GC) is 25 sec of RA east of UGC 10656. Stephan found the galaxy again on 13
July 1871 and reported St II-12 as new, along with NGC 6276 and NGC 6277. Stephan's position (used in the NGC) is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 6279 = UGC
10645 = MCG +08-31-017 = CGCG 252-013 = PGC 59370
16 59 01.3 +47
14 14
V = 13.6; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 10d
17.5"
(8/1/89): faint, small, round, gradually increases to a small bright core.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6279 = Sw V-73 on 23 Oct 1886 and recorded "vF; pS; lE;
wide double star near north-following." His position and description (the two stars are mag 11-12)
applies to UGC 10645.
******************************
NGC 6280 = MCG
+01-43-008 = CGCG 053-026 = PGC 59464
17 01 57.5 +06
39 58
V = 14.5; Size 0.5'x0.2'; Surf Br = 11.8; PA = 144d
17.5"
(7/20/90): faint, small, slightly elongated WNW-ESE, small bright core. Located 4.5' NE of mag 8.7 SAO 122019
in a rich star field.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6280 = m 329 on 8 May 1864 and noted "pB, S, lE." Although his position is within 1' of
CGCG 053-026 = PGC 59464, I'm surprised he called this galaxy "pB"
(it's small and faint), as most of his discoveries are called F, vF or eF.
******************************
NGC 6281 = Cr
324 = Mel 161
17 04 41 -37 59
06
V = 5.4; Size 8'
18"
(6/12/10): bright, 10' cluster resolved in the 80mm finder at 25x. Excellent in the 18" at 175x with
roughly 50 stars to mag 14 including two dozen brighter mag 9-10.5 stars in a
distinctive, well-defined outline.
Includes several double stars with h4915 = 9/10.8 at 11" on the NE
side and a 10" pair of mag 10.5/11.5 stars in the center. Several of the cluster's fainter stars
are situated on the south side. A
number of the brighter stars are in two strings forming a right angle. The northern line is oriented SW-NE and
the southwest line is oriented NW-SE.
The vertex is at the west end of these strings. Located 2.5 degrees east of Mu1/2 Sco.
8"
(6/27/81): two dozen stars mag 9-11 in a distinct fairly bright, rectangular
group of ~10' diameter.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 6281 = D 556 = h3664 on 5 Jun 1826 and described "a
curiously curved line of pretty bright small stars, with many very small stars
mixt." Dunlop made 3
observations of the cluster and his position is 20' too far east. JH made a single observation on 28 Jun
1834 and recorded "a p rich, L, pB, cluster VII class, of loose stars 9,
10, 11th mag, which fills 2/3 of field." His position is on the double star HJ 4915 on the north side
of the main group.
******************************
NGC 6282 = CGCG
169-029 = PGC 59418
17 00 47.2 +29
49 15
V = 14.1; Size 0.7'x0.5'; PA = 36d
24"
(7/15/15): fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, roundish, 25"
diameter, even surface brightness.
A mag 15 star is at the east edge [0.4' from center]. Forms a pair with UGC 10654 6.2' SSW.
17.5"
(7/1/89): faint, very small, irregularly round, no concentration. A mag 15 star is attached at the east
end. Forms a pair with UGC 10654
7' SSW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6282 = m 330 on 28 Jun 1864 and noted "vF, S, R." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6283 = UGC
10652 = MCG +08-31-018 = CGCG 252-014 = PGC 59386
16 59 26.4 +49
55 18
V = 12.9; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(6/18/88): fairly faint, moderately large, broad concentration. A double star lies 3.7' SW (mag 12/14
at 20").
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6283 = H III-728 on 13 Apr 1788 (sweep 832) and noted "vF,
cS, iR." CH's reduction is an
excellent match with UGC 10652
******************************
NGC 6284 = ESO
518-SC009
17 04 28.8 -24
45 53
V = 9.0; Size 5.6'; Surf Br = 0.9
18"
(7/12/07): easily picked up at 25x in the 80mm finder with a very bright core
and fainter halo. At 220x, this
globular is sharply concentrated with an intense core that increases to the
center. The 2' halo is very lively
and several very faint stars are just visible. Clouds then interrupted this observation and I wasn't able
to use high power.
17.5"
(6/3/00): moderately bright, small, round, 2' diameter, bright core, very small
intense nucleus. At 500x, ~12-15
stars are resolved, mostly in the outer halo, and the cluster is very clumpy as
if on the verge of more extensive resolution.
13.1"
(6/19/82): very small intense core, fainter halo with a few faint stars
resolved over a mottled haze.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6284 = H VI-11 = h1976 = h3665 on 22 May 1784 (sweep 223) and
recorded "a cluster of stars, in respect of the size of the whole, as well
as the distance and magnitude of the stars in it, a good miniature of the
preceding. The colour of the stars
also preserve a faint red; about 1.5 or 2' in diam. It may be called the next step to an easily resolvable
nebula." He later commented
"It is a good miniature of the 19th of the Connoiss. not only with respect
to the size of the cluster, but also with regard to the mutual distance the
reduced magnitude of the stars of which it consists." From the CGH, JH recorded
"globular cluster; B; R: gbM; diam = 7.0s; resolved into stars 16m."
******************************
NGC 6285 = Arp
293 NED1 = MCG +10-24-081 = CGCG 299-037 = PGC 59344
16 58 24.0 +58
57 22
V = 13.5; Size 1.3'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 95d
48"
(5/15/12): moderately bright to fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 5:2
E-W, ~40"x12", well concentrated with a bright core, faint
extensions. Very low surface arm
structure is just visible at the east and west ends of the bar. Smaller and fainter of a pair (Arp 293)
with NGC 6286.
24"
(7/20/17): at 322x; moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 5:2 E-W, broad
concentration with a relatively large brighter core. I wasn't able to see arm structure coming off the central
bar with any confidence. Forms an
interacting pair Arp 293 (with low surf. br. tidal bridge and plumes) with NGC
6286 1.5' SE.
24"
(6/28/16): at 375x; fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 E-W (central
bar), ~30"x10", small bright core. Occasionally, very low surface brightness haze (arms) can be
glimpsed on the north side of the west end of the bar and the south side of the
east end. Forms an interacting
pair (Arp 293) with NGC 6286 1.5' SE.
18"
(7/14/07): faint, fairly small, very elongated E-W, 0.6'x0.2, small brighter
core. Fainter member of an
interacting pair (Arp 293) with NGC 6286 1.5' SE.
17.5"
(6/18/88): faint, very small, oval WNW-ESE, weak concentration. Forms a close pair with brighter NGC
6286 1.5' SE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6285 around 1886 and recorded "eeF, S, R, v diffic, np of
2". The discovery was
communicated directly to Dreyer, who referenced it to Swift's 6th, but Swift
never published the discovery. His
position is just 7 seconds west and 1' north of this galaxy. Nearby NGC 6286 was discovered earlier
on 13 Aug 1885.
******************************
NGC 6286 = Arp
293 NED2 = UGC 10647 = MCG +10-24-084 = CGCG 299-040 = PRC C-51 = PGC 59352
16 58 31.8 +58
56 13
V = 13.3; Size 1.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.6
48"
(5/15/12): fairly bright, fairly large, very elongated 7:2 SW-NE, ~1.5'x0.4',
well concentrated with a slightly bulging core and thin extensions. The outer loop on the southeast side
was not seen. Brighter member of
an interacting system (Arp 293) with NGC 6285 just 1.5' NW.
24"
(7/20/17): at 322x; moderately bright and large, edge-on 5:1 SW-NE,
~1.2'x0.25', contains a bright bulging core. Slightly brighter of an interacting pair (Arp 293) with NGC
6285 1.5' NW. UGC 10641, an
extremely low surface brightness superthin 4.4' SW, was just glimpsed and only
the core region, ~15"x5", extending E-W was seen with confidence. Situated 0.4' NW of a mag 13.7 star.
24"
(6/28/16): NGC 6286 is the slightly brighter of an interacting pair (Arp 293)
with NGC 6285 1.5' NW. At 375x it appeared moderately bright and large, edge-on
5:1 SW-NE, 1.2'x0.25', well concentrated with a bright core, the extensions
taper at the ends.
UGC 10641, an
extremely low surface brightness edge-on, lies 4.5' SW. It appeared extremely faint and slender
8:1 E-W, ~40"x5". A mag
13.7 star is 0.4' SW of center.
Based on the DSS image and low magnitude (mag 16.2-16.5B) I was
surprised to pick up this superthin with certainty. The SQM-L reading at the time was over 21.8.
18"
(7/14/07): fairly faint, moderately large, edge-on 9:2 SW-NE, ~1.5'x0.3', very
weak concentration with a small slightly brighter core. A 52" pair of mag 10/11 stars is
in the field 7' NE.
17.5"
(6/18/88): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE, bright
core. Form a close pair with NGC
6285 1.5' NW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6286 = Sw I-45, along with NGC 6290 and 6291, on 13 Aug 1885 and
recorded "eF; pS; R."
His position was just 5 seconds of time too small. He missed nearby NGC 6285 on this
observation, but discovered it on a later observation.
******************************
NGC 6287 = ESO
518-SC010
17 05 09.3 -22
42 29
V = 9.3; Size 5.1'; Surf Br = 1.9
18"
(7/24/06): this fairly faint 3' cluster was surprisingly partially resolved at
435x and 565x. At 565x the cluster
was very lively and mottled with roughly 20 stars barely resolved over the disc
(some popping in and out of visibility). The core was only weakly
compressed. The cluster appeared
on the verge of being well resolved with a number of extremely faint mag 16
stars sometimes momentarily sparkling and increasing the total to perhaps three
dozen stars.
17.5"
(6/8/91): fairly bright, irregular, 3' diameter, mottled but not resolved at 280x. The core is elongated SW-NE. Two very faint unresolved star lanes
stream to the north and east from the core giving the appearance of a tail.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6287 = H II-195 = h3666 on 21 May 1784 (sweep 222) and recorded
"pB, cL, iR, r, lbM." JH
made the single observation "globular cluster; irreg R; gpm comp M; 3'
diam; barely resolved into stars 16...18m." and measured an accurate
position.
******************************
NGC 6288 = MCG
+11-21-006 = CGCG 321-008 = PGC 59312
16 57 24.5 +68
27 26
V = 14.5; Size 0.8'x0.4'; Surf Br = 14.5; PA = 105d
17.5"
(7/9/88): very faint, very small, round, very small bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 6289 4' NNE.
Edward Swift,
Lewis' 13 year-old son, discovered NGC 6288 = Sw I-52 (along with NGC 6289) on
19 Aug 1884 and they recorded "vvF; vS; R; vF * nr; sp of 2 [with NGC
6289]." The Swifts' RA is
only 12 seconds too far east.
******************************
NGC 6289 = MCG
+11-21-007 = CGCG 320-056 = PGC 59322
16 57 44.9 +68
30 53
V = 14.5; Size 0.8'x0.6'; PA = 13d
17.5"
(7/9/88): very faint, very small, round.
A pair of stars is 1.5' NE and a mag 15.5 star is at the SW edge. Forms a pair with NGC 6288 4' SSW.
Edward Swift,
Lewis' 13 year-old son, discovered NGC 6289 = Sw I-53 (along with NGC 6288) on
19 Aug 1884 and recorded "eF; eE; pL; 2 B stars nr n; nf of 2 [with NGC
6288]." The Swifts' RA is
~0.4 minutes too large (small distance at this declination) and the description
matches CGCG 320-056 = PGC 59322.
******************************
NGC 6290 = UGC
10665 = MCG +10-24-088 = CGCG 299-043 = PGC 59428
17 00 56.4 +58
58 13
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 30d
17.5"
(6/18/88): fairly faint, small, round, bright core, faint stellar nucleus. Brightest of three in a compact group
with NGC 6291 2.0' S and MCG +10-24-085 2' WSW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6290 = Sw II-46, along with NGC 6291 and 6286, on 13 Aug 1885
and recorded "eF; pS; R; * nr following; 2 bright stars nearly point to
it; n of 2 [with NGC 6291]."
The note "2 bright stars nearly point to it" refer to 2 mag 10
stars to the northwest, but there is no star "nr following."
MCG
misidentifies NGC 6290 as NGC 6291.
******************************
NGC 6291 = MCG
+10-24-086 = CGCG 299-042 = PGC 59433
17 00 55.9 +58
56 16
V = 13.9; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.0
17.5"
(6/18/88): faint, small, round, small bright core. Forms a close pair with brighter NGC 6290 2.0' N.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6291 = Sw II-47, along with NGC 6290 and 6286, on 13 Aug 1885 and
recorded "eeF; eS; R; s of 2 [with NGC 6290]." MCG fails to label this galaxy as NGC
6291, though the identification is certain.
******************************
NGC 6292 = UGC
10684 = MCG +10-24-093 = CGCG 299-047 = PGC 59498
17 03 03.7 +61
02 37
V = 13.5; Size 1.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 105d
17.5"
(6/18/88): faint, very small, elongated ~E-W, weak concentration. Located within a star group with a mag
15 star at the east end.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6292 = Sw II-48 on 8 Jul 1885 and recorded "eF; E; several
vF stars near; v diff." His
position is 30 seconds too far west, but the description confirms the
identification with UGC 10684.
Bigourdan measured an accurate position on 10 Sep 1888, and Dreyer
published the correction in the IC 2 Notes.
******************************
NGC 6293 = ESO
519-SC005
17 10 10.4 -26
34 54
V = 8.2; Size 7.9'; Surf Br = 1.1
17.5"
(6/6/86): small, compact, 10-20 stars resolved at 286x and on the verge of more
extensive resolution.
13"
(7/27/84): fairly bright, high surface brightness, compact core, much fainter
mottled halo. Between 6-12 very
faint stars are resolved in the halo at 360x.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6293 = H VI-12 = h1977 = h3667 on 24 May 1784 (sweep 224) and
noted "a miniature cluster of stars of the former cluster [M19]; such as
described sweep 223 [NGC 6284], but rather coarser." From the CGH, JH recorded
"globular cluster; B; R; psbM; diam 7.0s; resolved into stars 16m."
******************************
NGC 6294 = ESO
519-**6
17 10 16.2 -26
34 29
=** off the
following side of GC NGC 6293!, Dreyer.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6294 = h1978 on 16 Apr 1828 and recorded "F; S; vsbM; is a
companion to the globular cluster VI. 12 [NGC 6293, observed just previously in
the sweep]." His position (corrected by a small offset for NGC 6293)
corresponds with pair of mag 13 stars at 10" separation. Herbert Howe, was the first to make
this identification in 1898, observing with the 20-inch refractor in
Denver. He noted "This
follows 6293 closely, and appears to be simply a very faint double star of mag
13 and 13.5, with an angle on 315¡, and distance of 8"."
******************************
NGC 6295 = UGC
10682 = MCG +10-24-092 = PGC 59510
17 03 15.4 +60
20 16
V = 14.5; Size 0.9'x0.4'; PA = 77d
24"
(7/20/17): at 322x; faint or fairly faint, elongated 5:2 WSW-ENE,
~40"x16", broad weak concentration but no distinct core. A dust lane bisects the galaxy, but it
was not seen. The brighter component of a 25" pair of mag 14/15 stars
(oriented SW-NE) lies 45" N of center.
17.5"
(6/18/88): extremely faint, very small, elongated WSW-ENE. A mag 14 star is 30" N. The NGC 6306/6307 pair is 40' NE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6295 = Sw. IV-47 on 9 Jun 1886 and recorded "eF; S; cE; F *
nr." His position is 10
seconds east and 2.5' north of UGC 10682.
There are no other nearby candidates, so this identification is fairly
secure. His "F * nr"
probably refers to the mag 13.8 star less than 1' north.
******************************
NGC 6296 = UGC
10719 = MCG +01-44-002 = CGCG 054-003 = PGC 59690
17 08 44.6 +03
53 37
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 130d
17.5"
(7/19/90): faint, small, slightly elongated NW-SE, broad concentration. On line with mag 7.8 SAO 122127 8.9'
SSE and a mag 9 star 4.9' SSE.
Pair with IC 1242 9.3' N.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6296 = m 331 on 17 Jun 1863 and noted "pB". His position is 2' too far north.
******************************
NGC 6297 = NGC
6298 = UGC 10690 = CGCG 299-050 = PGC 59525
17 03 36.4 +62
01 32
V = 13.6; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 90d
17.5"
(7/9/88): faint, very small, round, bright core. Located between a mag 12 star 1.8' ESE and a mag 13 star
0.9' WNW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6297 = Sw II-49 on 8 Jul 1885 and recorded "pB; pS; R; bet
2 stars; np of 2 [with NGC 6298]."
His RA is 20 seconds too small, but the comment "bet 2 stars"
clinches this identification. NGC
6298, discovered by Swift three weeks later, he almost certainly a duplicate
observation. Bigourdan measured an
accurate position on 1 Sep 1888.
******************************
NGC 6298 = NGC
6297 = UGC 10690 = CGCG 299-050 = PGC 59525
17 03 36.4 +62
01 32
See observing
notes for NGC 6298. Incorrect
identification (and RA typo) in the RNGC.
Lewis Swift
found NGC 6298 = Sw II-50 on 1 Aug 1885 and recorded "vF; eS; R; between 2
stars, nf of 2 [with NGC 6297]."
This observation was made just 3 weeks after discovering NGC 6297 = Sw
II-49. His two positions are
nearly identical and there is only 1 galaxy here "between 2 stars",
though on the first observation he called it "pB". Swift probably added the comments
"sp of 2" and "nf of 2" later, assuming he had observed
different nebulae on the two nights.
In any case, NGC 6297 = NGC 6298.
Bigourdan observed this galaxy and corrected the RA but of course failed to find NGC 6298.
The RNGC
misidentifies some "very flat" galaxy as NGC 6298 (possibly 2MASX
J17042122+6202573, but the position has an obvious typo (RA listed as 11h) so
it is difficult to interpret. I
reported this error in my RNGC Corrections #3 list.
******************************
NGC 6299 = MCG
+10-24-097 = CGCG 299-051 = PGC 59561
17 05 04.3 +62
27 28
V = 14.1; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(7/9/88): faint, very small, round, stellar nucleus or faint star superimposed.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 6299 on 27 Oct 1861 (first official night of nebula
hunting) with the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen.
******************************
NGC 6300 = ESO
101-025 = VV 734 = PGC 60001
17 16 59.4 -62
49 14
V = 10.2; Size 4.5'x3.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 118d
18"
(7/11/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): NGC 6300 is a very unusual galaxy
at a low galactic latitude with an appearance similar to a fairly large
emission nebula in a rich Milky Way star field! The shape seemed irregular, but elongated 5:3 NW-SE,
~3.0'x1.8' with a weak concentration to a slightly brighter core. Two brighter stars (mag 12.5) are
superimposed on the core and another two mag 13.5 stars are superimposed near
the north and south ends of the halo!
These stars confuse the observation of this strange looking galaxy (a
dusty barred spiral with ring).
Located 9.5' SW of mag 7.6 HD 155797.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6300 = h3668 on 30 Jun 1826 and recorded "F; vL; R; vgvlbM;
3'; has several stars, one = 11m; involved but being on a rich ground, there
appears no connection." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6301 = UGC
10723 = MCG +07-35-034 = CGCG 225-049 = IC 4643 = PGC 59681
17 08 32.9 +42
20 19
V = 13.4; Size 2.3'x1.4'; Surf Br = 14.5; PA = 115d
17.5"
(8/1/89): faint, moderately large, oval WNW-ESE. A mag 13 star is embedded in the SW portion. Forms a pair with CGCG 225-050 4' SE. The companion was extremely faint and
small, round, weak concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6301 = H IV-57 on 11 Jun 1787 (sweep 746) and recorded
"suspected stellar; but too faint to be verified." He confirmed the discovery on 12 Apr
1788 (sweep 831) and noted "F, stellar or a vS star involved in extremely
F nebulosity. Suspected in sweep
746." His mean position (two
observations) matches UGC 10723.
Johann Palisa apparently independently rediscovered this galaxy at
Vienna. It was announced in AN 143
(#3412), and later recatalogued as IC 4643. As Palisa's position matches NGC 6301, it's surprising
Dreyer did not notice the equivalence with NGC 6301.
******************************
NGC 6302 = PK
349+1.1 = Bug Nebula = Sh 2-6 = Gum 60 = RCW 124 = Ced 139 = PN G349.5+01.0
17 13 44.6 -37
06 12
V = 9.7; Size 83"x24"
18"
(7/22/06): fascinating view unfiltered at 325x. In the center is a very high surface brightness
"core" of only 10"-12" in diameter that brightens slightly
to the center and is encased in a larger, fainter envelope. Extending from the central core are two
remarkable wings oriented WSW-ENE.
The following wing is much shorter but slightly brighter and this
extension abruptly shoots towards the southeast near the end. The much longer preceding wing heads
WSW and is cut by a darker lane that detaches the western tip.
17.5"
(6/30/00): at 280x (unfiltered) the Bug Nebula is a remarkable, high surface
brightness object, elongated 3:1 WSW-ENE, ~2.0x0.7'. The intensely bright 10" core appears elongated SW-NE
and is offset to the east of center. A quasi-stellar nucleus sharpens to a
stellar point when the seeing steadies (this is not the central star,
though). The western wing is
longer and is nearly split at the midpoint by a dark slash oriented N-S with a
brighter condensation at the west end.
The shorter eastern wing is more pinched and just past its midpoint
there is a kink and it angles towards the SE.
13.1"
(7/27/84): structure highly suspected with the western extension cut by a dark
lane. The eastern extension bends
north following the core.
13.1"
(7/5/83): bright, fairly small, elongated E-W, very high surface
brightness. Subtle structure but
the western extension is notably longer, brighter and possibly cut by a dark
lane.
8"
(6/27/81): fairly bright, small, elongated, bright core and brighter along the
western extension.
E.E. Barnard
discovered NGC 6302 in 1880 with his 5-inch refractor. He described "A small flickering
indefinite nebula slightly elongated (e and w) with 5-inch refractor."
This was the first nebula that Barnard found, though the discovery was not
published until 1884 (AN 108, 369 and Sidereal Messenger, Vol 2, p226). He noted "Prof. Swift, with his 16
inch refractor finds it to be a triple and elongated; its major axis nearly
perpendicular to the meridian; a smaller nebula at each end, one of which is
exceedingly faint. Its place is
from one observation with the meridian circle." In 1892 Barnard made a detailed observation and sketch with
the 36-inch refractor at Lick Observatory (See http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1906AN....173..123B). As far as the popular nickname, Barnard
comments "from its singular appearance, I have called it the "Bug
Nebula".
Dreyer noted
"seems to be Dunlop 567 [found on 5 Jun 1826]" in the IC 1
Notes. Dunlop's description reads
"a very faint small ill-defined nebula, with a small star in it, with two
small stars south of it, but not involved." If this description applies to NGC 6302, his position was
particularly bad -- 1.1¡ NE of the planetary. But Glen Cozens, in a 2010 article in the "Journal of
Astronomical History and Heritage" states "D567 is an asterism, not
the planetary nebula NGC 6302, as suggested by Hartung." It's surprising the John Herschel missed
this bright planetary during his sweeps.
******************************
NGC 6303 = UGC
10711 = MCG +12-16-017 = CGCG 321-013 = PGC 59573
17 05 02.9 +68
49 40
V = 13.7; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 60d
17.5"
(7/9/88): very faint, small, slightly elongated WSW-ENE, weak concentration.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6303 = Sw I-54 on 14 Oct 1884 and noted "vvF; cE; pL;
nearly bet. 2 stars."
There is nothing near his position. Bigourdan's "corrected" position on 15 Sep 1890
(repeated in the IC 2 Notes) refers to a star.
Harold Corwin
equates UGC 10711 with NGC 6303.
This galaxy is situated 28' north of Swift's position and 30 seconds of
time east, but matches his comment "nearly between 2 stars." Malcolm Thomson disagrees (in his CGCG
Corrections) due to the discrepancy in RA and Dec. All modern catalogues identify UGC 10711 as NGC 6303.
******************************
NGC 6304 = ESO
454-SC002
17 14 32.5 -29
27 44
V = 8.4; Size 6.8'; Surf Br = 1.7
17.5"
(8/27/92): fairly bright, moderately large, slightly elongated E-W. The brightest portion is 2' diameter
although a very faint halo increases the diameter to 3'-3.5'. Appears flattened on the south
side. There was no significant
central condensation although the central region was very mottled and a few
faint mag 15-15.5 stars popped in and out of view. Within the faint halo 10-20 very faint mag 15-16 stars are
just resolved.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6304 = H I-147 = h3670 on 30 Apr 1786 (sweep 559) and recorded
"vB, R, gmbM, between 2 & 3' dia. A very pretty object.
A miniature of M62."
His position is accurate.
JH made two observations from the Cape of Good Hope and described the
cluster on sweep 478 as "B; R; at first s, the vgvlbM; brighter part 2'
diam; but there is a much fainter portion which extends a good deal further;
stars 16-17 mag."
******************************
NGC 6305 = ESO
138-019 = PGC 60029
17 18 00.5 -59
10 18
V = 12.2; Size 1.8'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 133d
14" (4/3/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x and 230x): moderately bright, small, slightly elongated,
20"x15" (probably the core region). Two mag 13.5-14 stars just off the north side are collinear
with the galaxy. Located 32' NNW
of mag 5.9 HD 156091 in a fairly rich star field.
The Stingray
Nebula (He 3-1357), the youngest known planetary nebula, lies 23' SW. It appeared ~13th magnitude and was
stellar up to 230x. It was easy to
confirm by blinking with an NPB filter at 184x. A mag 10.8 star is 35" W and provided an excellent
comparison. This star is noticeably brighter unfiltered, but dimmer after
inserting an NPB filter, so there was a very good filter response due to its
strong OIII lines.
Up until around
1980, He 3-1357 was an ordinary B1 post-AGB star, but then it suddenly sprouted
bright emission lines like a planetary nebula, and soon afterwards the HST
discovered a small PN halo around the star, so apparently a star was caught in
the act of ionizing a PN.
The brightening
of the nebula likely stopped in the early 1990Õs with the turn-off of the fast
stellar wind associated with the 1980s ionization event. The fading of the
nebula started afterwards in the early 1990s. At this time, the central star
underwent fast fading and its illumination of the nebula declined from V =
~10.5 to currently ~12.5.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6305 = h3669 on 5 Jul 1836 and logged "vF; vS; R; glbM;
12"." RNGC classifies
this galaxies as an unverified southern object.
******************************
NGC 6306 = UGC
10724 = MCG +10-24-098 = CGCG 299-053 = Holm 769b Kaz 5 = PGC 59654
17 07 37.1 +60
43 42
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 166d
17.5"
(6/18/88): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated ~N-S, bright core. Forms a close pair with NGC 6307 1.4'
NE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6306 = Sw II-51 on 8 Jul 1885 and recorded "vF; vS;
lE. Close to 4278 [NGC 6310]. South-preceding of 2 [with NGC
6310]. Dreyer assumed the
"North-following" of two" referred to NGC 6307, but his position
and description of II-52 applies to NGC 6310. If that's the case, then his comment "close to
4278", should be "close to 4277 [NGC 6307]."
******************************
NGC 6307 = UGC
10727 = MCG +10-24-099 = CGCG 299-054 = Holm 769a = PGC 59655
17 07 40.6 +60
45 02
V = 12.9; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 145d
17.5"
(6/18/88): fairly faint, small, elongated NNW-SSE, bright core. A mag 13.5 star is at the north end
0.5' from center. Forms a close
pair with NGC 6306 1.4' SW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 6307, along with NGC 6310, on 27 Oct 1861 with the
11-inch refractor at Copenhagen (first night he made discoveries with this
telescope). He noted the mag 13
star at the north end (measured at 20") and his position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6308 = UGC
10747 = MCG +04-40-021 = CGCG 139-043 = PGC 59807
17 11 59.8 +23
22 47
V = 13.4; Size 1.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 150d
17.5":
fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated ~N-S, diffuse. A mag 15 star is at the north edge 0.7'
from center. First and largest of
three with NGC 6314 11.2' SE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6308 = m 332, along with NGC 6314 and 6315, on 6 Jun 1863 and
noted "vF, S, R, sbM."
These were the first three galaxies he discovered with William Lassell's
48-inch on Malta.
******************************
NGC 6309 = PK
9+14.1 = Box Nebula = PN G009.6+14.8
17 14 04.2 -12
54 39
V = 11.5; Size 52"
24"
(8/13/15): this very bright, bipolar, compact planetary was viewed at 375x and
500x. The two lobes are extended at least 3:2 NNW-SSE with an overall size of
~25"x16" and create a pear shape. A bright, roundish lobe is on the NNW side and a 12th
magnitude star is off this side in the direction of the major axis [22"
from center]. The smaller lobe on
the SSE end is slightly fainter and separated by a small darker gap near the
center. A mag 15 star is just off
the west edge [14" from center].
An extremely faint outer shell or extension was just visible, bulging
out on the east side perhaps 10", and creating an asymmetric appearance.
24"
(7/16/15): excellent view at 450x unfiltered. The larger and brighter lobe on the north-northwest end
appeared roughly circular and slightly brighter along the outer rim. The smaller knot on the south-southeast
end is slightly irregular and the nebulosity dims near the center. A mag 12 star is just north of the
north-northwest end.
18" (7/22/06):
superb view at 807x! This bipolar
elongated planetary appears pear-shaped with the brighter, larger lobe on the
north-northwest end and a smaller, slightly fainter nodule on the
south-southeast end. The
nebulosity dims between the lobes but there appears to be a very small bridge
of faint haze bridging the knots.
18"
(7/20/06): at 325x this bi-lobed planetary is striking with a mag 12 star
situated just off the northwest edge.
The PN is elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE in the direction of the neighboring star. At the north-northwest end is the
larger and brighter lobe with a smaller, fainter condensation forming the
south-southeast end. A very faint
irregular halo encases the entire structure. In moments of better seeing (overall the seeing was poor), the
lobes were nearly resolved.
17.5"
(6/30/00): at 280x using a UHC filter, this bright but compact PN was elongated
2:1 in the direction of a 12th magnitude star at the NNW edge, with dimensions
of ~25"x12". There is a
large, bright lobe or condensation at the north end with a smaller, fainter
knot at the SSE end. At moments
the lobes appear completely "resolved" with a darker gap in the
center. The view at 500x was
excellent! The fainter southern
lobe appears elongated and slightly offset from the major axis of the PN. The lobes are bisected by a darker lane
oriented SW-NE and oblique to the minor axis. The brighter knot at the north end has a mottled appearance
and irregular shape.
13"
(7/27/84): moderately bright, small, elongated NNW-SSE. A mag 12 star is at the NNW edge
20" from the center. Appears
slightly brighter or a condensation is at the SSE end.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 6309 = T I-46 in 1876.
His first position in list I (AN 93, p. 59) was approximate but he later
measured an accurate position (given in list V-31). Edward Pickering found the planetary on 15 Jul 1882 with the
15-inch refractor at Harvard College Observatory using a direct-vision
spectroscope and noted "nebula found by Tempel (GC 4851). Tempel's
description 'between 2 stars' does not seem applicable." There is only one close star. Herbert Howe described NGC 6309 as a
close double nebula, using the 20-inch refractor in Denver. NGC 6309 is the only planetary
discovered by Tempel.
Based on
Crossley photographs at Lick, Curtis (1918) reported "at first sight this
nebula appears binuclear, but the southern condensation is not stellar. Quite irregular; about
19"x10" in p.a. 163¡.
The southern condensation is 7.5" from the central star."
******************************
NGC 6310 = UGC
10730 = MCG +10-24-100 = CGCG 299-055 = PGC 59662
17 07 57.6 +60
59 24
V = 13.1; Size 2.0'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 69d
17.5"
(6/18/88): fairly faint, fairly small, edge-on 5:1 WSW-ENE, 1.5'x0.3', small
bright core.
Heinrich d'Arrest
discovered NGC 6310, along with NGC 6307, on 27 Oct 1861 with the 11-inch
refractor at Copenhagen (first night he made discoveries with this
telescope). Lewis Swift
independently rediscovered this galaxy on 8 Jul 1885 and reported it as new in
list II-52. His description reads
"pF; vE; 3 stars in line point to it. nf of 2 [with NGC 6306]." Dreyer assumed this observation referred to NGC 6307, and
references Swift as an "Other Observer" for NGC 6307. It's possible, though, that Swift's
II-51 refers to NGC 6307.
******************************
NGC 6311 = UGC
10741 = MCG +07-35-039 = CGCG 225-059 = PGC 59750
17 10 43.7 +41
39 04
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(8/1/89): faint, small, irregularly round, weak concentration. Forms a pair with CGCG 225-056 4.8' SW,
which appeared extremely faint and small, round, substellar nucleus, very small
halo.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6311 = St VII-11 on 30 Jun 1876. His position is very accurate.
******************************
NGC 6312 = MCG
+07-35-040 = CGCG 225-060 = PGC 59751
17 10 48.1 +42
17 15
V = 14.2; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(8/1/89): very faint, small, round, low even surface brightness. A mag 14 star is 0.7' NW of center.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6312 = St X-31 on 25 Jul 1879. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6313 = UGC
10742 = MCG +08-31-025 = CGCG 252-022 = PGC 59739
17 10 20.9 +48
19 53
V = 13.8; Size 1.3'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 156d
17.5"
(8/1/89): faint, fairly small, edge-on NNW-SSE. Bracketed between two mag 14 stars at the north tip and off
the south end 0.8' from center.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6313 = Sw IX-74 on 21 Apr 1887 and recorded "eeF; vS; F *
on each side in meridian."
Both stars are mentioned in my observation. The discovery was relayed directly to Dreyer as he was
compiling the NGC and referenced as list VI in the NGC, though Swift published
the discovery a couple of years later in list IX.
******************************
NGC 6314 = UGC
10752 = MCG +04-40-022 = CGCG 139-044 = PGC 59838
17 12 38.7 +23
16 12
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 175d
17.5":
fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 N-S, small bright core, substellar
nucleus. Forms a pair with NGC
6315 3.3' SE. NGC 6308 lies 11.2'
NW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6314 = m 333, along with NGC 6308 and 6315, on 6 Jun 1863 and
noted "F, vS, R, bM."
These were the first three galaxies he discovered with William Lassell's
48-inch on Malta and his position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6315 = MCG
+04-40-023 = CGCG 139-045 = PGC 59843
17 12 46.1 +23
13 25
V = 13.2; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5": very
faint, very small, 30" diameter, low surface brightness, slightly
elongated. A mag 14 star is off the
NW edge 0.8' from center. Last and
faintest of three with NGC 6314 3.3' NW and NGC 6308 14' NW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6315 = m 334, along with NGC 6308 and 6314, on 6 Jun 1863 and
noted "eF, S." These
were the first three galaxies he discovered with William Lassell's 48-inch on
Malta and his position is fairly accurate.
******************************
NGC 6316 = ESO
454-SC004
17 16 37.4 -28
08 24
V = 9.0; Size 4.9'; Surf Br = 1.7
17.5"
(8/27/92): moderately bright, fairly small, round, 2' diameter, broad
concentration with no distinct core.
This globular was mottled across the disc but only a marginal resolution
into a few mag 16 stars was visible.
A brighter mag 12 field star is off the SE edge by 1'. Also two mag 13 field stars are at the SW
side and 2' W of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6316 = H I-45 = h3671 on 24 May 1784 (sweep 224) and recorded
"B, R, mbM, but the brightness decreasing very gradually. A faintish dusky
red colour is still perceptible.
It is a perfect miniature of the former miniature [NGC 6293, which is
itself a miniature cluster of the 19th of the Connoissance des
Temps." So he recognized NGC
6316 as a distant globular.
Dunlop probably
observed the globular on 13 May 1826, recording "a very small faint round
nebula, about 8" or 10" diameter, bright in the centre. There is a
very small star south of the nebula, distant about 10" from it, but it is
not involved or connected with the nebula." Observed once, and his position is 36' too far
east-southeast, so his identification is not certain.
JH made two
observations from the Cape of Good Hope.
On 30 Jul 1834 he recorded "globular, B, R, gbM, resolvable,
90", has 2 small stars very near." On a later sweep he logged "globular, pB, S, R, pgvmbM,
2', resolved into stars 16..17th mag."
******************************
NGC 6317 = MCG
+11-21-009 = PGC 59708
17 08 59.5 +62
53 53
V = 15.0; Size 1.2'x0.4'; Surf Br = 14.1
17.5"
(7/9/88): extremely faint, small, oval ~E-W, low even surface brightness. A mag 15 star is off the north side
51" from center. Pair with
NGC 6319 6.8' NE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6317 = Sw I-55, along with NGC 6319, on 2 Jun 1883 and recorded
"eeF; S; R; F * nr; sp of 2 [with NGC 6319]." His position is 14 seconds of RA too
large and the faint star is ~50" north. Bigourdan measured an accurate position on 7 Sep 1888, which
Dreyer repeated in the IC 2 Notes. MCG and UGC (notes section) fail to label
this galaxy as NGC 6317.
******************************
NGC 6318 = ESO
333-SC1 = Cr 325 = Mel 166 = Lund 742 = vdB-Ha 218
17 16 12 -39 25
30
Size 4'
13.1"
(7/27/84): large, fairly rich group of stars mag 11 and fainter, fairly
prominent, elongated N-S. The NGC
RA is 1.6 tmin too far east and this cluster is misplotted on U2000.
James Dunlop discovered
NGC 6318 = D 522 = h3672 on 13 May 1826 and described "an exceedingly
faint nebula, about 1.5' long and 1' broad, elliptical in the direction of the
meridian, with two or three very small stars in it.". Dunlop made 4 observations and his
published position is 18' too far east.
JH observed the cluster on 5 Jun 1834 and wrote "cluster VII class.
Rich, pL, R, gbM, stars 12...14th mag, not a globular." He gave a very approximate position
(nearest minute +/- in RA and arcmin of Dec). In the GC, JH improved the position, but it is still 1.5
minutes of time too large. Gšsta
Lynga (open cluster catalogue) and NGC 2000.0 repeat the erroneous NGC
position.
******************************
NGC 6319 = UGC
10744 = MCG +11-21-010 = CGCG 321-015 = PGC 59717
17 09 44.1 +62
58 23
V = 13.5; Size 0.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 11.4
17.5"
(7/9/88): faint, small, round, bright core, faint stellar nucleus. Forms a pair with difficult NGC 6317
6.8' SW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6319 = Sw I-56, along with NGC 6317, on 14 May 1885 and noted
"vS; vF; lbM; nf of 2 [with NGC 6317]." His position is 25 seconds of time too small. Bigourdan measured a fairly accurate
position on 7 Sep 1888, which Dreyer repeated in the IC 2 Notes. MCG fails to identify this galaxy as
NGC 6319.
******************************
NGC 6320 = UGC
10761 = MCG +07-35-044 = CGCG 225-067 = PGC 59852
17 12 55.8 +40
15 58
V = 13.8; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 85d
17.5"
(8/1/89): very faint, slightly elongated E-W, 0.8'x0.6', low even surface brightness,
very diffuse. A mag 14 star is
attached on the south side, 25" from the center.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6320 = St IV-1 on 27 Jul 1872. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6321 = UGC
10768 = MCG +03-44-002 = CGCG 111-015 = PGC 59900
17 14 24.3 +20
18 50
V = 13.4; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(8/1/89): faint, moderately large, round, almost even surface brightness. A mag 14 star is at the west edge
40" from center and a mag 13 star 1.0' SE of center.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6321 = St II-13 on 14 Jul 1871. His micrometric position is very accurate.
******************************
NGC 6322 = Cr
326 = ESO 278-SC006
17 18 26 -42 56
00
V = 6.0; Size 10'
14" (4/5/16
- Coonabarabran, 71x and 184x): very distinctive, eye-catching cluster outlined
by a very bright equilateral triangle (sides, 6', 6', 7') consisting of mag 7.6
HD 156189, mag 7.5 HD 156292 and mag 7.7 HD 156234. In the interior is a 34" pair of mag 9/9.5 stars, along
with a 16" pair of mag 10.5 stars (both oriented roughly N-S). Another mag 9.2 star (HD 156271) is at
the southeast side of the cluster.
Roughly 50 stars total are resolved within a 9' region, including a
number of mag 12-14 stars in addition to the prominent ones mentioned.
8"
(7/16/82): consists of a near equilateral triangle of mag 7.5, 7.6 and 7.8
stars (sides ~7') with roughly 12 faint stars scattered nearby, moderately
large.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6322 = h3673 on 1 Jun 1834 and recorded "vl cl VII. class,
of loose st, on a v rich ground of S stars. The chief *, 6m, at the nf edge taken. The next sweep 2 nights later he logged
"Coarse B cluster VII mainly included within an equilateral triangle
formed by 3 B stars 5 and 6m. The
nf of these taken."
******************************
NGC 6323 = UGC
10764 = MCG +07-35-048 = CGCG 225-071 = PGC 59868
17 13 18.1 +43
46 57
V = 13.9; Size 1.1'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 172d
18"
(7/27/03): faint, fairly small, very elongated 4:1 ~N-S, 0.6'x0.15'. Contains a small brighter core. A mag 13.5 star lies 1.9' NW. Second of 8 in the NGC 6329/6332
group. CGCG 225-070 lies 5.4' SSW. Located 10' ENE of mag 7.2 SAO 46565.
17.5"
(8/1/89): very faint, small, very elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, weak
concentration. First of five in a
group with NGC 6329 12' ESE and NGC 6327 11' SE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6323 = St VII-12 on 12 Jul 1876. His position is very accurate.
******************************
NGC 6324 = UGC
10725 = MCG +13-12-016 = CGCG 355-025 = PGC 59583
17 05 25.1 +75
24 26
V = 12.8; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 11.9; PA = 78d
17.5"
(5/14/88): fairly faint, very small, slightly elongated, diffuse, small
brighter core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6324 = H III-945 on 12 Dec 1797 (sweep 1071) and logged
"vF, S, E. I saw it also with
320x. A small star is south of it;
a 2nd is preceding and a 3rd following." His description is a perfect match with UGC 10725. Bigourdan measured an accurate position
on 22 Jul 1884 (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 6325 = ESO
519-SC11
17 17 59.2 -23
45 58
V = 10.7; Size 4.3'; Surf Br = 2.8
17.5"
(5/30/92): fairly faint, small, 2' diameter, slightly mottled but no
resolution, weak central concentration.
At 412x appears very granular with a brighter core that is offset to the
west. A faint star visible off the
WSW edge of the halo may be a field star.
Located 30' N of the double star 39 (Omicron) Ophiuchi (5.4/6.9 at
10").
8"
(6/27/81): very faint, weak concentration, small, no resolution.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6325 = h3676 on 24 May 1835 and logged "pF; R; gbM; r;
60". No doubt it is a
globular cluster." His single
position is good.
******************************
NGC 6326 = PK
338-8.1 = PN G338.1-08.3 = ESO 228-PN1
17 20 46.3 -51
45 16
V = 11.1; Size 16"x11"
18" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): very bright, small, round compact PN in a
dense field of stars. A couple of
mag 13-14 stars are just off the north and east sides. At 171x and UHC filter,
the crisply defined periphery is slightly elongated and evenly illuminated with
no hint of a central star. The diameter appears to be ~15" with a V mag of
approximately 10.5. Located 3.5¡
NE of gc NGC 6397 and a similar distance SSW of gc NGC 6352.
James Dunlop
possibly discovered NGC 6326 = D 381 = h3675 on 26 Aug 1826 and described
"an extremely faint small nebula, about 12" diameter, with a bright
point in the centre." The
size certainly fits, though his position was off by 24' (too far east) and this
identification is uncertain.
JH gave two very
detailed observations. On 19 Jun
1835 he logged "planetary nebula, delicate, F, vS, diam = 6 or 7
arcseconds, exactly round, perfectly uniform (as respects the graduation of the
light from the centre to the edges), but the light a very little curdled. Not
the slightest haziness, but like a star out of focus. 320x shows rather more fur at the edges than I think it
would to a planet of equal size and light. Its light is = a star 10-11th mag.
It would be quite useless to look for this object under less favourable
circumstances -- of instrument and sky. A night of gloriously perfect
definition! It is in a very rich place. There are 40 or 50 small stars in
field. Measures of the two companions; 1st pos = 351 degrees, dist = 1 diam
from edge, star = 14th mag; 2nd pos = 91.4, dist = 2/3 diam, star = 13th mag.
Showed it to my attendant, J Stone, who saw it well". His sketch in on Plate VI, figure 6.
In a later sweep
(6 Jun 1837) the comment was added "Referring to the description of D 381,
I see no ground to suppose that this can by possibility have been the object
intended by that place and description.
At all events the remarkable planetary character has escaped notice by
the author of that description."
******************************
NGC 6327 = CGCG
225-074 = PGC 59889
17 14 02.3 +43
38 57
V = 15.0; Size 0.2'x0.2'; Surf Br = 11.4
18"
(7/27/03): very faint, small sliver oriented ~NNW-SSE, 0.5'x0.15'. Squeezed between two mag 13/14 stars
0.8' N and 0.6' S with a 3rd mag 13 star 1.6' E. Third of 8 galaxies in a group and situated 3.2' SW of NGC
6329.
17.5"
(8/1/89): extremely faint and small, round. Located between a mag 14.5 star at the southern tip 0.6'
from center and a mag 13 star 0.8' N of center. Located 3.2' SW of NGC 6329 and the second of five in a
group.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6327 = St VII-13 on 18 Jul 1876. His position is very accurate.
******************************
NGC 6328 = ESO
102-003 = AM 1718-645 = PGC 60198
17 23 41.0 -65
00 37
V = 12.3; Size 2.4'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 157d
14" (4/5/16
- Coonabarabran, 184x): fairly faint, fairly small oval NNW-SSE, 0.8'x0.5',
broad weak concentration to a slightly brighter core. Mag 8.9 HD 156534 lies 7' NW and a mag 12 star is 1.3' NNW. The latter has a 14.5 companion at
11" separation. Situated
within a rich Ara star field with numerous mag 12-14 stars.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6328 = h3674 on 2 May 1835 and recorded "vF; R; gbM;
15". He logged it again on 20
Jun 1835 and noted, "vF; vS; lE; lbM; 15" l, 12" br." His position matches ESO 102-003 = PGC
60198, nevertheless RNGC classifies this number as a non-existent cluster. The RNGC was probably misled by DeLisle
Stewart's comment (based on a Harvard plate) in the IC 2 Notes: "eF pair
of stars only, one star hazy".
Because of the RNGC classification, Brent Archinal includes this object
in his monograph on the RNGC nonexistent clusters.
******************************
NGC 6329 = UGC
10771 = MCG +07-35-051 = CGCG 225-077 = PGC 59894
17 14 15.0 +43
41 05
V = 12.8; Size 1.8'x1.8'; Surf Br = 14.1
18"
(7/27/03): fairly faint, fairly small, irregularly round, 0.7' diameter. Contains a small bright core that
increases to a distinct stellar nucleus.
Fourth of 8 galaxies and second brightest in the NGC 6332/6339 group
(located roughly 50' NW of M92!) with NGC 6327 3.2' SW and NGC 6332 8.1' ESE.
17.5"
(8/1/89): fairly faint, small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus. Third of five in a group with NGC 6327
3.2' SW and NGC 6332 8.1' ESE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6329 = St VII-14 on 11 Jul 1876. His position is accurate. A week later he discovered NGC 6327 to the southwest.
******************************
NGC 6330 = UGC
10776 = MCG +05-41-005 = CGCG 170-007 = PGC 59961
17 15 44.6 +29
24 13
V = 14.0; Size 1.4'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 160d
17.5"
(8/1/89): very faint, fairly small, edge-on N-S. A mag 15 star is just off the NE end 35" from
center. Located 4.8' SSE of mag
8.5 SAO 84956.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6330 = St XI-54 on 12 Jun 1880. His position is on the east side of the galaxy.
******************************
NGC 6331 = MCG
+13-12-015 = CGCG 355-024 = PGC 59513
17 03 34.1 +78
37 48
V = 14.2; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 126d
24"
(8/7/13): brightest member of Abell Galaxy Cluster 2256 and first in a 6'
string to the east containing a total of 6 galaxies. At 375x appeared fairly faint, fairly small, oval 5:3 NW-SE,
~30"x18", broad concentration, brighter core. This is a very close double system (two
nuclei on the SDSS) with a companion on the NW side. A mag 13 star lies 1.8' E and this star is attached on the
southwest side of CGCG 355-026.
PGC 84834, an extremely faint and small galaxy lies 1.1' E, on line with
the mag 13 star. Also in the
string is UGC 10726 2.7' ENE, MCG +13-12-019 3.7' ENE, PGC 59471 4.4' SW and
MCG +13-12-020 6' E. In addition,
PGC 59495 lies 2.4' SW.
UGC 10726: faint
to fairly faint, irregularly round, ~35" diameter, broad weak
concentration. This galaxy and NGC
6331 are the two largest in the cluster.
MCG +13-12-019:
faint, fairly small, round, 18" diameter.
PGC 59471:
extremely faint and small, only 6" diameter.
MCG +13-12-020:
very faint, small, round, 18" diameter, low even surface brightness. A mag 11.3 star is 1.4' E.
PGC 59495: very
faint, extremely small, round, 10" diameter.
18"
(7/5/08): at 280x, appeared fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE
(a very faint companion at the WNW end may contribute to the impression of
elongation), 40"x20", even surface brightness. Brightest in the core of distant AGC
2256 (~800 million light years) with 6 faint companions picked up within
6'. NGC 6331 is the first in a
3.7' curving chain of 5 galaxies extending to the east. A mag 13.9 star lies within this chain
1.7' E.
17.5"
(5/14/88): faint, small, elongated NW-SE.
A mag 13.5 star is 1.8' E.
UGC 10726 lies 2.7' E. This
is the brightest galaxy in AGC 2256 galaxy cluster and a triple system in a
common halo.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6331 = H III-951 on 20 Dec 1797 (sweep 1075) and noted "eF,
S, better with 320 power."
The NGC position is ~3' southwest of CGCG 355-024 = PGC 59513. Bigourdan measured an accurate position
on 22 Jul 1884.
This galaxy is
certainly one of the most distant in the NGC at 800 million light years (z =
.059), although it is relatively easy to view, so must be intrinsically
extremely bright.
******************************
NGC 6332 = UGC
10773 = MCG +07-35-054 = CGCG 225-082 = PGC 59927
17 15 02.9 +43
39 36
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 42d
18"
(7/27/03): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 or 4:3 SW-NE, 0.9'x0.7',
broad concentration to a slightly brighter core. Two mag 14 stars are 1.3' and 1.7' NW. Appears slightly more prominent than
NGC 6329 8.7' WNW and these two galaxies are the brightest in a group of 8
galaxies ~50' NW of M92. Located
6' SW of mag 9.4 SAO 46585.
17.5"
(8/1/89): very faint, fairly small, elongated SW-NE, even surface
brightness. NGC 6329 lies 8.7'
WNW. Fourth of five in a group.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6332 = St VII-15 on 11 Jul 1876. His declination is slightly off, but Emmanuel Esmiol
correction the position in his 1916 re-reduction ("RŽduction des
Observations de NŽbuleuses DŽcouvertes par M. Stephan").
******************************
NGC 6333 = M9 =
ESO 587-SC5
17 19 11.7 -18
30 59
V = 7.6; Size 9.3'; Surf Br = 1.2
17.5"
(8/1/92): at 220x, bright, fairly large, 4' diameter. The bright core is elongated N-S somewhat like M4. The outliers or unrelated field stars
appear to extend the halo E-W. The
halo is fairly well resolved into two dozen mag 13.5-14.5 stars. The core is very mottled and lively and
just breaks up into numerous, densely packed mag 14-15 stars. At 420x, the core is easily
well-resolved and two very close double stars are at the west and east edges of
the halo. The dark nebula B64 lies
close SW.
13.1"
(6/19/82): the central region is very bright and mottled. A number of faint stars are resolved in
the outer region of the core at 150x as well as a number of stragglers.
8": very
mottled, few stars resolved at edges at high power especially on the east
side. Dark nebula B64 is close
SW. NGC 6356 lies 75' NE and NGC
6342 75' SSE.
Charles Messier
discovered M9 = NGC 6333 = h1979 on 28 May 1764 and recorded a "Nebula,
without star, in the right leg of Ophiuchus; it is round and its light is
faint. Diam. 3 arc-minutes".
WH's first
observed this globular on 3 May 1783 with an 8-inch (10-foot focal length) and
noted "With a power of 250, I see several stars in it, and make no doubt a
higher power, and more light, will resolve it all into stars. This seems to be
a good nebula for the purpose of establishing the connection between nebulae
and clusters of stars in general."
Using his 18.7-inch on 18 June 1784 (sweep 230) at 157x, he recorded
"A vL and vB cluster of excessively compressed stars. The stars are but
just visible, and are of unequal magnitudes: the large stars are red; and the
cluster is a miniature of [M53].
Again on 28 May 1786, he reported "a cluster of extremely
compressed, excessively small stars, with a very few scattered one chiefly to
the north of it."
******************************
NGC 6334 =
"Cat's Paw" Nebula = ESO 392-EN9 = RCW 127 = Sh 2-8 = Gum 61/62/63/64
= Ced 140
17 20 53 -36 04
21
Size 40'x30'
18"
(7/17/07): The "Cat's Paw Nebula" is a fascinating HII complex and
molecular cloud (RCW 17) with several distinct sections. At 73x and OIII or UHC
filter, the brightest section or toe is on the southeast side (NGC 6334 = Gum
62) and consists of a 4'-5' glow extending mostly north of a mag 8.5 star (HD
156738) at 17 20.9 -36 04 (2000).
The nebulosity appears weaker on the SW side of the star and slightly
brighter wrapping around the eastern side of the star. John Herschel only described this
section of the entire RCW 127 complex.
A second large
section or toe forming the southwest component (VdBH 86 = Gum 61) lies 13' to
the west and consists of a faint, 5' glow involving a 17" pair (HD 319703
at 17 19.8 -36 06). This piece is
asymmetric and appears as a broad fan sweeping north to SE from the central
stars and is very weak or nonexistent to the SW of the stars.
A group of
smaller pieces forming the northeast toe (Gum 64b) is 12'-15' N of the brighter
SE section. First is an obvious 2'
glow surrounding a mag 10 star (HD 319702 at 17 20.8 -35 52. A small, faint knot of nebulosity lies
3' W, no more than 1' in diameter.
This knot is also situated 2' SSE of a mag 9.5 star that is free from
nebulosity. But to the NW of this
star another few arc minutes is a third detached piece of nebulosity (brightest
part of Gum 64c), ~2' in diameter.
Very weak nebulosity appears to connect the NE section (Gum 64b) with
the SE section (Gum 62).
Finally, midway
between Gum 64b and Gum 61 a small extremely faint detached glow (Gum 64a) was
glimpsed close SE of a mag 11 star at 17 20.1 -35 57.
13.1"
(7/5/83): fairly easy nebulosity surrounds mag 8 star with UHC filter and
extends 30' N. This is an
unusually large nebulosity, mostly visible surrounding stars and includes a
close faint triple star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6334 = h3678 on 7 Jun 1837 and recorded "pB; vL, v irr
oval, in which, though eccentric is a *8, whose place is that taken. One side of the neb is brighter than
the other." The next night he
called this nebula "vF; vL; vglbM; 5'x4', out of M is a *8.9 or 9 mag,
whose place is taken. The densest
part of the nebula follows this star 4.5 sec on the same parallel."
Massive HII
region/molecular cloud complex with five distinct centers of massive star
formation.
The nickname
"Cat's Paw" apparently is from astrophotographer Jerry
Lodriguss. He writes "I
believe that I was also the one who actually gave the "Cat's Paw"
nebula its popular name. I started calling it that because of its resemblance
to, of all things, a cat's paw (!), and because of its proximity to the
"Cat's Eyes", Lambda and Upsilon Scorpii. I think the name was first
published in an article I wrote in Sky and Telescope magazine in August of
1998, and documented in Hartmut Frommert's "A Collection of Some Common
Names for Deep Sky Objects" on the SEDS web site."
******************************
NGC 6335 = ESO
454-**10 = Ced 141
17 19 32 -30 09
54
24"
(7/7/13): at 125x this Milky Way field (roughly 15') includes a mix of faint
and moderately bright stars overlaying a bright Milky Way background glow. Includes a 6' string, oriented NW to
SE, of mag 11-12 stars as well as a group of a half-dozen stars mag 9.5-12
stars (brightest is HD 156543) about 9' SW. Only some faint stars are visible between these groups over
the glowing background, so it is not eye-catching. South of this group the background glow dims due to dust
clouds.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6335 = h3679 on 27 Jun 1837 and recorded "The whole lower
end of the zone is strongly affected with nebulous patches." There is no distinguishable cluster or
nebula at his position, though Harold Corwin notes "the Southern Sky
Survey films show a patchy field of star clouds, defined by the dust of dark
nebulae. It is apparently these star clouds that JH saw in the summer of 1837,
giving him the impression of patchy nebulosity all through his
field." Herbert Howe was
unable to find NGC 6335, searching on a good night with both the 20-inch
refractor and its 5-inch finder in Denver.
JH's original
Cape position is 4¡ too far south, but he made a correction to the declination
on his errata page at the end of the CGH.
The corrected position was used in his GC and copied by Dreyer from
there into the NGC.
******************************
NGC 6336 = UGC
10786 = MCG +07-35-057 = CGCG 225-089 = PGC 59976
17 16 16.6 +43
49 14
V = 13.6; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 170d
18"
(7/27/03): faint, small, slightly elongated ~N-S or NNW-SSE, 0.7'x0.5'. The outer halo is ill-defined but contains
a slightly brighter, rounder core ~15" diameter. Located 2.5' N of mag 10 SAO 46594. Last of 8 galaxies in the NGC 6329/6332
group (5 NGCs).
17.5"
(8/1/89): faint, fairly small, elongated ~N-S, small bright core. Last in a group of five NGC galaxies
located roughly 50' NW of M92.
Located 2.5' N of mag 10 SAO 46594.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6336 = St VII-16.
His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6337 = PK
349-1.1 = ESO 333-PN5 = Cheerio Nebula = PN G349.3-01.1
17 22 15.6 -38
29 01
V = 12.0; Size 49"x45"
18"
(7/16/07): at 220x and UHC filter the "Cheerio Nebula" is a gorgeous
annular planetary, ~45" diameter with a large, dark circular hole of
25"-30" diameter. The
rim is uneven in surface brightness and perhaps brighter on the northeast
side. A mag 12.5 star is inside
the northeast rim and a similar mag star is off the southwest side, along with
a mag 13.5 companion. An extremely
faint star is on the SSW edge of rim.
At 323x, the striking rim appears brighter in a 50-60¡ arc centered on
the brighter star on the NE side.
The amount of structure was surprising given the low altitude at -38.4¡
declination.
17.5"
(6/30/00): very pretty annular planetary at 280x, ~45" and set in a rich
star field. A mag 12 star is superimposed
on the inner edge of the NE rim and an extremely faint star is symmetrically
placed at the SW edge. The darker
hole is 20"-25" diameter and perfectly circular. The outer rim appears irregularly lit.
13.1"
(5/30/87): at 166x with a UHC filter appears fairly faint, fairly small,
roundish. Slightly darker center
(annular) with averted vision although the contrast with the rim is low due to
the elevation. No central star
seen.
13.1"
(7/5/83): at 144x-166x appears fairly small, faint but fairly easy, darker
center (annular), somewhat like a smaller and dimmer version of M57.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6337 = h3680 on 28 Jun 1834 and recorded an "Annular
Nebula. A delicate, eF, but
perfectly well defined annulus 15-20" diameter. The field crowded with stars, two of which are on the nebula
(see figure 3, Plate VI." A
later observation records "A beautiful delicate ring, of a faint
ghost-like appearance, about 40" diameter; in a field of about 150 stars,
11 and 12 mag and under. In it is
one *12 mag very conspicuous, and one 15 mag much less so. Near it are two stars 14 and 15 mag,
and south of it at distance 60" is another."
******************************
NGC 6338 = UGC
10784 = MCG +10-24-116 = CGCG 299-066 = WBL 636-002 = PGC 59947
17 15 23.0 +57
24 40
V = 12.3; Size 1.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 15d
24"
(7/21/17): NGC 6338 is the brightest in a compact group of 10 galaxies that was
viewed at 375x. It appeared
bright, moderately large, slightly
elongated ~N-S, 1.25'x1.0'.
Moderately concentrated with a bright core that increases to a small
brighter nucleus.
The following
galaxies lie within 7' distance: CGCG 299-067 = VII Zw 700 is 1.2' N, NGC 6345
is 3.7' S, IC 1252 is 4.6' SE, NGC 6346 is 5.3' S, LEDA 2566799 (V = 15.5) is
5.6' NNE, LEDA 2567181 (V = 15.9) is 6.8' N and IC 1250 is 7.3' W. CGCG 299-067, a merged double system
with twin nuclei just 6" separation, appeared faint to fairly faint, small, round, 20" diameter. A 20" pair of 13th magnitude stars
is less than 1' NNE. The object
was suspected to be double but the nuclei were not cleanly resolved.
18"
(7/12/07): brightest in a compact group of 7 galaxies (WBL 636 = NGC 6338
Group) viewed within a 10' circle.
At 262x, appears fairly faint, fairly small, oval 3:2 SSW-NNE,
0.6'x0.4', broad weak concentration.
A 22" pair of mag 13 stars lies 2' N.
Forms a close
pair with MCG +10-24-117 just 1.2' N (sandwiched between NGC 6338 and the pair
of stars). The companion is very
faint, small, round, 20" diameter.
Other members include NGC 6345 3.6' S, NGC 6346 5.3' S and IC 1252 4.5'
SE.
17.5"
(6/18/88): fairly faint, fairly small, oval SW-NE, broad concentration. Brightest in a group with NGC 6345 4' S
and NGC 6346 6' S in field.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6338 = H II-812 on 24 Apr 1789 (last object in sweep 928) and
noted "F, S, R, vglbM. The
increase at a distance from the center." His position (CH's reduction) is 30 sec of RA west of UGC
10784. Bigourdan measured an
accurate RA and noted the NGC RA was 16 seconds too small in the 18 Jan 1897
Comptes Rendus paper.
MCG
misidentifies CGCG 299-067 (just north) as NGC 6338 and labels NGC 6338 as NGC
6345. Error noted by Malcolm
Thomson.
******************************
NGC 6339 = UGC
10790 = MCG +07-35-059 = CGCG 225-092 = PGC 60003
17 17 06.5 +40
50 41
V = 12.7; Size 2.9'x1.7'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 10d
24"
(7/16/15): fairly faint to moderately bright, large, overall low surface
brightness but contains an easily visible "bar" 3:1 or 4:1 WNW-ESE,
~25"x7". The large, roundish
halo is slightly elongated N-S and contained a hint of (spiral) structure.
MCG +07-35-062 =
PGC 60007 lies 3' NE. This
challenging edge-on (B = 15.9) appeared extremely faint and thin,
~25"x5". It required
averted vision and was only occasionally glimpsed. CGCG 225-097 (polar-ring galaxy) lies 10' SE and appeared
faint, small, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, 18"x12".
13.1"
(6/18/85): large, slightly elongated.
Very diffuse appearance with a broad concentration. NGC 6343 lies 13' NNE.
Lewis Swift discovered
NGC 6339 = Sw IX-78, along with NGC 6343, on 21 Apr 1887 and recorded "vF;
pL; iR; sp of 2 [with NGC 6343]."
His position is 6 seconds of time too large and 1.8' north of UGC 10790,
a low surface brightness SBd galaxy.
The discovery was relayed directly to Dreyer as he was compiling the NGC
and referenced as list VI, though Swift published the discovery a couple of
years later in list IX.
******************************
NGC 6340 = UGC
10762 = MCG +12-16-023 = CGCG 339-031 = PGC 59742
17 10 25.1 +72
18 17
V = 11.0; Size 3.2'x3.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 120d
17.5"
(7/16/93): fairly bright, moderately large, slightly elongated WNW-ESE,
2.2'x1.8', prominent bright core, stellar nucleus with direct vision. A double star mag 11.5/12.5 is off the
NW edge 1.7' from core. Forms a
trio with IC 1251 6.4' N and IC 1254 6.8' NE.
IC 1251 was
recorded as "faint, fairly small, slightly elongated 4:3 ~E-W, fairly low
almost even surface brightness.
Located in a string of stars which ends at the double star adjacent to
NGC 6340 6' SSE." IC 1254 was
described as "faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, even surface
brightness. Slightly fainter than
IC 1251 6' W."
17.5"
(7/9/88): fairly bright, moderately large, round, very small bright core. A wide mag 11/12 double star is 2'
NW. Brightest of three with IC
1251 and IC 1254 in field.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6340 = H II-767 = h1980 on 6 Jun 1788 (sweep 847) and recorded
"pB, pL, vgmbM, R." JH
made the single observation "vF; R; gbM; 25" sf a small double star
2' dist."
******************************
NGC 6341 = M92
17 17 07.2 +43
08 11
V = 6.5; Size 11.2'; Surf Br = 0.1
18"
(7/24/06): at 435x the cluster overfilled the 9' field with several hundred
stars resolved stars. The 3' to 4'
core itself was highly resolved into roughly 100 densely packed stars
(including a very compact knot of stars) with long streams of stars appearing
to spiral out from the core.
17.5": very
bright, large, very high resolution of 150-200 stars many in curving
lanes. A tight knot of stars in
the core is resolved.
13"
(6/29/84): highly resolution over entire disc, dozens of stars resolved in
bright core. A bright knot in the
core is partially resolved at 416x.
8"
(7/9/80): very bright, moderately large.
Well resolved into many long streamers from the small bright nucleus and
some core resolution.
Johann Bode
discovered M92 = NGC 6341 on 27 Dec 1777.
Charles Messier independently rediscovered M92 on 18 Mar 1781. WH's earliest observation was on 25 Aug
1783 using his 12-inch, calling it "A most beautiful sight. I can count 50 or 60 stars besides
numberless that only distinguish themselves by twinkling..." JH has no observations listed in his
Slough Catalogue. Christian Peters
reported finding it around 1850, while at Capodimonte Observatory in Naples and
claimed it did not appear in any of the books.
******************************
NGC 6342 = ESO
587-SC6
17 21 10.1 -19
35 15
V = 9.9; Size 3.0'; Surf Br = 1.4
18"
(7/26/06): at 325x this small 2' globular was well concentrated to a fairly
bright 40" core. A mag 12.5
star is off the SW side of the halo, ~1.5' from the center. Perhaps a half dozen stars are resolved
in the halo including three close stars on the NE side. Additional stars are sometimes visible
in the WSW side and the north side of the halo. The core is very mottled and there is a strong impression of
a couple of star lanes below the threshold of visibility. Located 70' SE of M9. B259, a large dark nebula, is located
~20' NE.
17.5"
(7/27/92): moderately bright, fairly small, 2' diameter with an irregular
outline, increases to fairly well-defined bright core, mottled. A mag 12 is just off the south tip and
a very faint extension or lane extends towards this star. One or two very faint stars mag 14.5-15
are at the NE edge. A less
well-defined extension to the SW includes one or two threshold stars. The cluster has a lively appearance but
there was no additional resolution.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6342 = H I-149 on 28 May 1786 (sweep 569) and recorded "cB,
lE, pS, easily resolvable."
His position is at the northwest edge of the globular.
******************************
NGC 6343 = MCG
+07-35-060 = CGCG 225-095 = PGC 60010
17 17 16.3 +41
03 10
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.6
13.1"
(6/18/85): faint, small, round, compact.
Located 12.5' NNE of brighter NGC 6339.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6343 = Sw IX-79, along with NGC 6339, on 21 Apr 1887 and
recorded "vF; S; lE; nf of 2 [with NGC 6339]." His position is 10 seconds of time too
large and 1.4' north of CGCG 225-095 = PGC 60010 (similar offset as NGC
6339). The discovery was relayed
directly to Dreyer as he was compiling the NGC and referenced as list VI,
though Swift published the discovery a couple of years later in list IX. Kobold later measured an accurate
position in 1898 at Strasbourg.
******************************
NGC 6344
17 17 18.2 +42
26 03
17.5"
(8/1/89): this is a pair of mag 12/13 stars just 1' S of PGC 60004
(misidentified as NGC 6344 in the RNGC).
PGC 60004 appeared extremely faint and small, round. Located 2.1' SW of mag 8 SAO 046612!
Gerhard Lohse
discovered NGC 6344 around 1886 with the 15.5-inch refractor at the private
Wigglesworth Observatory in England and communicated directly to Dreyer. The NGC description states "F, S,
R, *12 nf, nr." At his
position is a wide mag 13.5/12.5 pair at 23" that Harold Corwin identifies
as NGC 6344. From his description
"*12 nf", though, it appears the fainter southwest star is NGC
6344. In any case, considering
Lohse's poor record of logging double stars as nebulous, this identification is
fairly certain.
RNGC and PGC
misidentify PGC 60004 as NGC 6344.
This galaxy is only 1' north of Lohse's micrometric position, but Harold
Corwin feels it is too faint to have been picked up by Lohse - and there is no
nearby mag 12 star north-following.
HyperLeda now classifies NGC 6344 as a double star.
******************************
NGC 6345 = MCG
+10-24-115 = CGCG 299-065 = WBL 636-005 = PGC 59945
17 15 24.3 +57
21 01
V = 14.3; Size 0.8'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 33d
24"
(7/21/17): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE,
~30"x10", very small bright core. Lies on a N-S line between NGC6338 3.7' N and NGC 6346 1.7'
S. IC 1252 lies 3.6' ENE.
18"
(7/12/07): faint, small, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE, 0.6'x0.2', weak
concentration with a slightly brighter core. Located 3.6' S of NGC 6338 in a compact group. Forms a close pair with NGC 6346 1.7' S
and IC 1252 lies 3.6' E.
17.5"
(6/18/88): faint, very small, elongated SW-NE, small bright core. Member of a close trio with NGC 6346 2'
S and NGC 6338 4' N.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6345 = Sw VI-91, along with NGC 6346, on 13 May 1887 and
recorded "eeeF; vS; R; eee diff; middle of 3, one being [GC] 4291 [= NGC
6338]." His position is 2'
north of CGCG 299-065 = PGC 59945, and falls closer to NGC 6338. The third galaxy is NGC 6346.
MCG mislabels
NGC 6345 as NGC 6346 (error noted by Malcolm Thomson). Swift's position for NGC 6346, given as
2' south of NGC 6345, happens to fall on NGC 6345, causing the confusion.
******************************
NGC 6346 = MCG
+10-24-114 = CGCG 299-064 = WBL 636-004 = PGC 59946
17 15 24.5 +57
19 21
V = 14.2; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 90d
24"
(7/21/17): at 375x; fairly faint or moderately bright, fairly small, slightly
elongated E-W, ~30"x25", gradually increases to the center. At the south end of a north-south
string with NGC 6345 1.7' N and NGC 6338 5.3' N.
IC 1252 lies
4.4' NE and LEDA 2562439 is 3.3' ESE. The latter galaxy (misidentified in NED as IC 4650)
appeared faint, very small, round, 15" diameter.
18"
(7/12/07): faint, small, oval, 0.5'x0.35', broad weak concentration. Forms a
close pair with NGC 6345 1.7' N.
Located 5' S of NGC 6338 in a group.
17.5" (6/18/88):
faint, very small, slightly elongated ~E-W, gradually brighter halo. Forms a close pair with NGC 6345 2' N
in a NGC 6338 group.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6346, along with NGC 6345, on 13 May 1887. Swift must have communicated the
position (2' south of NGC 6345) directly to Dreyer and his entry in list VI-91
is for NGC 6345 and he only mentioned a third galaxy (no position) along with
NGC 6338, without giving a position or offset.
Malcolm Thomson
notes that MCG mislabels NGC 6345 as NGC 6346. Then it misidentifies NGC 6346 as IC 4650.
******************************
NGC 6347 = IC
1253 = UGC 10807 = MCG +03-44-004 = CGCG 111-021 = PGC 60086
17 19 54.7 +16
39 39
V = 13.7; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 100d
17.5"
(8/1/89): faint, fairly small, elongated NW-SE, low even surface
brightness. Three mag 14 stars in
a line SW-NE are just off the NW edge and a mag 15.5 star is involved at the NW
end 23" from center.
Truman Safford
discovered NGC 6347 = St. X-55 on 6 Jun 1866. His position for Sf. 29 is accurate. ƒdouard Stephan independently
rediscovered the galaxy on 6 Jul 1880 and also measured a good position. Stephan is credited in the NGC as
Safford's discovery was not published until 1887, too late to be incorporated
into the main NGC table.
Harold Corwin
notes that Dreyer made an error of 2¡ in declination when he precessed
Safford's (correct) position and so missed the equivalence with Stephan's
object and recatalogued the galaxy as IC 1253 with credit to Safford. So, NGC 6347 = IC 1253.
******************************
NGC 6348 = MCG
+07-35-063 = CGCG 225-098 = PGC 60036
17 18 21.2 +41
38 51
V = 14.5; Size 0.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(8/1/89): very faint, very small, slightly elongated. A mag 15 star is 30" SW. Pair with NGC 6350 located 4.9' NE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6348 = St XI-56, along with NGC 6350, on 29 Jun 1880. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6349 = MCG
+06-38-016 = CGCG 198-036 = PGC 60060
17 19 06.5 +36
03 39
V = 14.9; Size 0.8'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 81d
17.5"
(8/1/89): faint, very small, round, weak concentration. Forms a close pair with NGC 6351 0.9' E
and CGCG 198-034 lies 7' SW.
Located 16' ESE of mag 7.6 SAO 65925.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6349 = St X-32, along with NGC 6351, on 15 Jul 1879. His position is just off the southeast
side.
******************************
NGC 6350 = UGC
10800 = MCG +07-35-064 = CGCG 226-001 = PGC 60046
17 18 42.3 +41
41 39
V = 13.2; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5" (8/1/89):
fairly faint, small, round, bright core, faint stellar nucleus. Forms a pair with NGC 6348 4.9'
SW. Located 10' S of TX Herculis.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6350 = St XI-57, along with NGC 6348, on 29 Jun 1880. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6351 = MCG
+06-38-017 = PGC 60063
17 19 11.1 +36
03 37
V = 15.0; Size 0.6'x0.4'
17.5"
(8/1/89): very faint, very small, slightly elongated ~N-S. Two very faint mag 15.5 stars are off
the south edge. Forms a close pair
with NGC 6349 0.9' W.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6351 = St X-33, along with NGC 6349, on 15 Jul 1879.
******************************
NGC 6352 = ESO
228-SC003
17 25 29.1 -48
25 22
V = 8.2; Size 7.1'; Surf Br = 0.7
11" (8/8/04
- Haleakala Crater): at 127x appears fairly bright, moderately large, ~5'
diameter, broadly concentrated to a 2' core. Fairly well-resolved into ~30 stars, particularly along the
south and southwest side of the halo.
A few faint stars are just resolved directly over the core.
18"
(7/10/02 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly bright, fairly large. Even at 128x, fairly well-resolved into
~75 stars. Rather loose
concentration class with a broad concentration to a moderately bright 3'
core. The irregular halo extends to
nearly 8' diameter. Set in a rich
Milky Way field.
8" (7/13/91
- Southern Baja): moderately bright, fairly large, 5' diameter, fairly low
surface brightness, not condensed, brighter core but no sharp nucleus. Partially resolved into 5-10 faint
stars mostly on the SW side.
13"
(7/12/86): faint, small, diffuse, low surface brightness spot. A few faint stars are off the SW edge
but there is no resolution. This
is the farthest southern globular observed from Northern California (Digger
Pines).
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 6352 = D 411 on 14 May 1826 and recorded "A rather faint
nebula, of an irregular round figure, 4' diameter, slightly branched; easily
resolvable into stars, with slight compression of the stars to the
centre." His position is ~15'
too far east (typical error). JH didn't observe this globular from the Cape, so
it doesn't have a GC number. E.E.
Barnard independently found it on 7 Jul 1885 and announced the discovery in
Sidereal Messenger 4, p223 though he mentions Lewis Swift informed him of
Dunlop's prior discovery.
******************************
NGC 6353
17 21 12.5 +15
41 19
18"
(6/7/08): at 63x visible as a small, hazy knot probably less than 15" in
diameter. Increasing the
magnification to 260x resolved the clump into a trio of mag 14.5 stars packed
into a tight 10". A 4th member is just off the south side. Located 0.9' SSW of a mag 9.8 star.
Gerhard Lohse
discovered NGC 6353 around 1886 with the 15.5-inch refractor at the private
Wigglesworth Observatory in Scarborough, England. His position (communicated directly to Dreyer) and
description "pB, pS, 3 S st inv, * 10 nf 1'." applies to a small
clump of stars. RNGC classifies
the number nonexistent (Type 7).
******************************
NGC 6354 = ESO
333-**8
17 24 34 -38 32
30
=4*, DC.
E.E. Barnard
discovered NGC 6354 in 1884 with the 6-inch refractor at Vanderbilt
University. His description,
published in Sidereal Messenger, Vol 3, p184, reads "small, faint object
in a 6-inch telescope, the light being of an even tint. There is a faint star a little south,
which confuse the light of the nebula". At his position there are three mag 12 and 13 stars in a
tight knot, with a 4th fainter star.
Both Dorothy Carlson, in her 1940 NGC Correction paper, and ESO identify
NGC 6354 with this group of stars.
******************************
NGC 6355 = ESO
519-SC15
17 23 58.6 -26
21 12
V = 9.6; Size 5.0'; Surf Br = 2.4
17.5"
(7/27/92): fairly faint, fairly small, 2' diameter, slightly elongated N-S,
gradually increases to a 1' core.
At 280x, appears granular and three or four very faint mag 15 stars are
just visible. The brightest two
stars are on north side of core.
8"
(5/21/82): faint, small, round, diffuse, no resolution.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6355 = H I-46 = h3681 on 24 May 1784 (sweep 224) and recorded,
cL, rather B, R, r, brighter in the middle and colourless. It was preceded by many vacant fields
and I had just been saying that I was upon nebulous ground." From the CGH, JH made the single
observation "vF; L; R; gbM; 2' diam; resolved into stars 18m." In early catalogues NGC 6355 was
described as an open cluster, with designations Cr 330 and OCl-1036 (Alter et
al. 1970).
******************************
NGC 6356 = ESO
588-SC1
17 23 34.9 -17
48 47
V = 8.3; Size 7.2'; Surf Br = 0.9
17.5"
(7/10/99): this fairly bright globular is ~3.5' in diameter and sharply
concentrated with a prominent 1.5' core.
The core appears slightly elongated N-S, although the halo is circular
or slightly elongated WSW-ENE. At
220x the globular appears lively and mottled but there is no obvious
resolution. At 280x and especially
380x, the edge of the halo is very ragged and the surface extensively
mottled. Around the periphery some
threshold stars pop in and out of view, particularly on the south side.
13.1"
(7/5/83): bright core surrounded by a round, even glow. No resolution evident in poor seeing.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6356 = H I-48 = h3683 on 18 Jun 1784 (sweep 230) and recorded
"a large, bright, round, easily resolvable nebula, bM and the brightness
diminishing gradually. It is a
miniature of the last [M9, which itself a miniature of M53] and I suppose if I
had looked enough I might have perceived some of the stars that compose
it." From the Cape of Good
Hope, JH recorded "globular, vB; R; vgvmbM; 90" resolved into stars
barely resolvable with left eye. A
beautiful softly shaded object."
******************************
NGC 6357 = Gum
66 = RCW 131 = ESO 392-SC10 = Sh 2-11 = Ced 14 = War and Peace Nebula = Lobster
Nebula
17 24 44 -34 12
06
Size 50'x40'
18"
(7/16/07): at 115x a faint elongated hazy glow was visible just north of a nice
15" pair of mag 11/12 stars.
Adding an OIII filter dramatically improves this HII region and shows a
bright, elongated nebulosity oriented WSW-ENE, ~5'x2'. Appears brighter in the middle just
north of the double star. A faint
star is off the north side, oppositely placed from the double. At 174x the nebula is slightly brighter
and clumpy in the middle on the south side and a couple of very small slightly
brighter knots are occasionally visible.
The group of stars to the south (including the double) is catalogued as
Pismis 24. Only the brightest
portion of this huge HII complex was noticed. NGC 6357 is located 8' WNW of mag 7 HD 157528 and this star
is the northernmost of a 27' line of four mag 6-7 stars that extends to the
south (nicknamed "Las Cuatro Juanitas" in Chile). NGC 6334, the Cat's Paw Nebula, lies
two degrees southwest..
17.5"
(5/30/92): at 82x using an OIII filter, this emission nebula is a bright,
distinctive object, elongated 3:1 E-W, 4.0'x1.5'. A close mag 11/12 double star is at the south edge. The whole field appears weakly nebulous
and the nebulosity is just very faintly visible without a filter at 220x. Excellent contrast gain with the OIII
filter! A group of a dozen faint
stars is just south (= Pismis 24) including a double star. This nebula is associated with the
Wolf-Rayet star HD 157504 = WR 93, which is located east of the bright section.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6357 = h3682 on 8 Jun 1837 and recorded "F; L; E; vglbM;
milky nebulosity; 2' l; 1 1/2' br; close to and almost involves a double
star." His position is on the
double star mentioned in my observation.
******************************
NGC 6358 = UGC
10810 = MCG +09-28-033 = CGCG 277-034 = PGC 60054
17 18 53.0 +52
36 55
V = 14.1; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 110d
17.5"
(6/18/88): faint, small, elongated ~E-W, even surface brightness. A double star
is 1.8' WNW consisting of two mag 12 stars at 18" separation E-W.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6358 = Sw VI-92 on 2 May 1887 and recorded "eF; S; R;
double star near north-preceding."
There is nothing at his position but 2.0 minutes of RA east is UGC
10810, and the double star is less than 2' northwest. The RA in the NGC is correct, so Swift's position that he
sent directly to Dreyer before publication of the NGC was correct.
******************************
NGC 6359 = UGC
10804 = MCG +10-25-001 = CGCG 299-072 = CGCG 300-005 = PGC 60025
17 17 53.0 +61
46 50
V = 12.6; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 145d
24"
(6/28/16): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated NNW-SSE,
40"x30", strong concentration, high surface brightness. A mag 10 star is 2.8' N. Located 9' WNW of mag 7.7 HD 157425.
17.5"
(6/18/88): fairly faint, fairly small, very bright core, stellar nucleus, faint
oval halo NNW-SSE. Located 2.8' S
of mag 9.3 SAO 17423. Forms a pair
with UGC 10796 11' NW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 6359 on 27 Oct 1861 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen (first night he made discoveries with this telescope). He measured the mag 10 star to the
north as 3.4 seconds east and 168.4" north and computed an accurate
position. Lewis Swift rediscovered the galaxy on 1 Aug 1885, and reported Sw
II-53 as "vF; vS; R; forms arc of a circle with 2 stars; nebula
between."
******************************
NGC 6360 = ESO
454-**20 = Ced 143
17 24 28 -29 52
18
17.5"
(8/2/97): I'm not certain of the identification but the most noticeable object
near Herschel's position in the 100x field is an elongated group of a dozen
stars in a 8' string oriented NW-SE, which is just north of mag 7.5 SAO 185358
and ~15' NW of the NGC position.
There is a second mag 7.5 star 6' further NW and perhaps the two bright
stars draw attention to this weak grouping but the patchy Milky Way background
is also locally brighter here and immediate east of the group. There was nothing of note at JH's
position. This object is just a
Milky Way region as noted in ESO.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6360 = h3685 on 3 Aug 1834 and recorded "A portion of the
milky way which is decidedly nebulous, and by no means rich in L
stars." There is no
distinguishable cluster at his position and ESO says "stars only. In a crowded region of the milky
way." Harold Corwin notes the
"nebulous" appearance is due to dust in the Milky Way and affects a
large region. The brightest
patches of stars is about a tmin W of JH's position and ~7'-8' N. This corresponds with the ESO position.
Herbert Howe reported
"on one good night nothing definite was discernible here. However, the general background of the
sky in this region was noted as being not so dark as would be expected if no
nebulous matter were present."
******************************
NGC 6361 = Arp
124 = UGC 10815 = MCG +10-25-004 = CGCG 300-009 = PGC 60045
17 18 41.1 +60
36 29
V = 13.1; Size 2.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 54d
48"
(5/15/12): fairly bright, fairly large, nearly edge-on 4:1 SW-NE, 1.8'x0.45',
sharply concentrated with a bright elongated core. The center bulges slightly and the tips taper. The SW arm has a very faint extension
(partial bridge) in the direction of the companion MCG +10-25-003, increasing
the total length to 2.0'. MCG +10-25-003, situated 1.8' SW of center, appeared
fairly faint, very small, oval 3:2 ~N-S, ~15"x10", very small bright
core, stellar nucleus. A mag 15.9
star lies 24" NW.
17.5"
(6/18/88): fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 4:1 SW-NE, brighter
core. A mag 14.5 star is 1.5' SE
and a pair of mag 14 stars at 22" separation lie 1.5' NW. Forms a pair (Arp 124) with extremely
faint MCG +10-25-003 1.8' SW. The
companion is extremely faint and small, round. A mag 15 star lies 25" NW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6361 = Sw IV-48 on 18 Aug 1886 and recorded "vF; pS; eE;
spindle, nearly bet 2 pB distant stars, nearer the preceding." His position is 1' northwest of the
center UGC 10815 and his description "eE, spindle" applies to this
edge-on.
******************************
NGC 6362 = ESO 102-SC008
17 31 54.8 -67
02 52
V = 7.5; Size 10.7'; Surf Br = 0.3
18"
(7/11/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly impressive globular
cluster; bright, large, scraggly, with roughly 60 stars resolved over a 7'-8'
diameter. A distinctive string of
resolved stars passes through the entire cluster in a NNW to SSE
orientation. A mag 10 star is near
the edge of the halo on the south side 3.5' from center.
12"
(6/29/02 - Bargo, Australia): at 186x, this fairly loose globular is moderately
bright and large and broadly concentrated. It was resolved into 25-30 stars, several arranged in a line
bisecting the cluster. The ragged
halo is roughly 8' diameter.
Located 1.2 degrees NE of mag 4.7 Zeta Apodis.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 6362 = D 225 = h3684 on 25 Jun 1826 and described a "
pretty large rather bright round nebula, 3' or 4' in diameter, very moderately
condensed to the centre, resolvable into extremely minute stars; the stars are
more scattered on the south side."
On 22 Jul 1835,
JH recorded "globular cluster, B; L R; vgmbM; diam. in RA = 50 second;
diam 7' or 8'; stars all seen, 12..16th mag with outliers extending a good
way."
******************************
NGC 6363 = NGC
6138 =UGC 10827 = MCG +07-36-005 = CGCG 226-008 = PGC 60164
17 22 40.0 +41
06 06
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 140d
17.5"
(8/1/89): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, gradually increases
to a small bright core.
ƒdouard Stephan
found NGC 6363 = St X-34 on 24 Jul 1879.
His position matches UGC 10827.
This galaxy was discovered nearly 7 years earlier by Stephan in 1872 and
catalogued as NGC 6138 = St II-2, though he transposed the digits of the offset
star, so his published position (and the NGC) are in error. Emmanuel Esmiol corrected the position
when he re-reduced all of Stephan's discoveries at the Marseille Observatory
(published in 1916). So, NGC 6138
= NGC 6363. Nevertheless, modern
sources such as the RNGC misidentify NGC 6138, using the erroneous NGC
position.
******************************
NGC 6364 = UGC
10835 = MCG +05-41-013 = CGCG 170-027 = PGC 60228
17 24 27.4 +29
23 23
V = 12.9; Size 1.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 5d
17.5"
(8/1/89): fairly faint, very small, round, small bright core, 0.6'
diameter. A mag 13.5 star is just
off the north edge 0.5' from the center.
Auguste Voigt
discovered NGC 6364 = Sf 49 = St X-35 = Sw II-54 around June 1865 with the
31-inch Silver-on-glass Marseille reflector. Truman Safford found this galaxy
again on 5 Sep 1866. Next, ƒdouard
Stephan rediscovered the galaxy on 21 Jul 1879 at Marseille again and measured
an accurate position. Finally,
Lewis Swift found the galaxy again on 11 Sep 1885 and reported "pF; vS; R;
F * close; stellar." His RA
was 20 seconds too small. So, this
galaxy was independently "discovered" 4 times before the NGC was
published, and is tied for the most independent discoveries, along with NGC
1360 and NGC 7422, according to Wolfgang Steinicke.
Voigt's
discovery was never published (his log was published in 1987) and Safford's
discovery list was not published until 1887, so Dreyer credited Stephan in the
NGC.
******************************
NGC 6365 = Arp
30 = VV 232a/b = UGC 10832/10833 = MCG +10-25-018+019 = CGCG 300-020 = PGC
60171/60174
17 22 43.7 +62
10 12
V = 14.0; Size 1.3'x1.1'+1.1'x0.2'
48"
(5/15/12): NGC 6365A is fairly faint, moderately large, round, ~50"
diameter, broad concentration with a brighter core. NGC 6365B is attached at the NW edge and appears faint,
edge-on 4:1 NNW-SSE, 0.6'x0.15', low surface brightness, very weak
concentration. . The pair is 1.6'
SW of a mag 10.2 star that detracts somewhat from viewing. A mag 14-15 pair at 6" separation
lies just 1' NNE.
24"
(7/20/17): at 322x and 375x; NGC 6365A appeared fairly faint, fairly small,
round, 40" diameter, broad concentration but no definite core or
nucleus. This face-on spiral forms
an overlapping pair (Arp 30) with NGC 6365B, a low surface brightness edge-on
at the northwest edge. The
companion appeared extremely faint, very small, elongated ~2:1 SSW-NNE,
~20"x10", extremely low surface brightness. The pair is situated ~1.5' WSW of a mag 10 star that
interferes somewhat with viewing.
A mag 14/15 double star lies 1' NNE.
24"
(6/28/16): at 375x; NGC 6365A is the southern and brighter member of Arp
30. At 375x it appeared faint to
fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, 40"x35", weak
concentration. NGC 6365B (perhaps
Arp's "heavy arm"), attached at the northwest edge, appeared
extremely faint to very faint, edge-on ~3:1 SSW-NNE, ~30"x10", very
low surface brightness so difficult to judge size. A distracting mag 10.2 star is ~1.5' NE and a 6" pair
of mag 14-15 stars is 1' NE.
17.5"
(7/16/88): this is a double galaxy (Arp 30) with a separation of 30"
oriented NNW-SSE with the brighter component at the SSE end. NGC 6365A is very faint, small, weak
concentration, very diffuse.
Bracketed by two mag 14 stars off the SW and NE ends. NGC 6365B is attached at the NW end of
NGC 6365A and appears extremely faint, small, very elongated SW-NE [1.1x0.2],
requires averted vision.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6365 = Sw IV-49 on 15 Aug 1884 and recorded "eeeF; pL; iR;
sev eF stars involved; B * nr south-following." There is nothing at his position, though 1.1 minutes of RA
due east is Arp 30 = UGC 10832/10833 (double system). The bright star in his description is actually
north-following. MCG fails to
identify either MCG +10-25-018 or -019 as NGC 6365.
******************************
NGC 6366
17 27 44.3 -05
04 36
V = 9.0; Size 8.3'; Surf Br = 2.2
18"
(7/26/06): at 325x, 30-35 stars can be resolved with careful viewing in a 4'
region with roughly two dozen of these generally visible and another dozen
sparkling in and out of visibility.
The resolved stars seem spread out over the entire disc, which is only
weakly concentrated. The outline
of the halo is quite irregular and ill-defined and may reach to a larger extent
than 4'. Several brighter stars,
which are clearly not part of the cluster, are around the border. Located just 17' E of mag 4.5 47
Ophiuchi. Faintly visible in 15x50
IS binoculars.
17.5"
(7/20/98): at 220x appears as a diffuse irregular glow, ~4' diameter, with only
a weak concentration. Two mag 9
and 10 stars are off the west side, the nearest is less than 4' from center and
a closer pair of mag 11.5-12 stars [45" separation] is at the south edge.
There are perhaps a half dozen faint but obvious stars visible over the
ill-defined glow including a couple of mag 14 stars 2' S of center, one a
similar distance east of center and an addition pair on the SE side. About a dozen stars are visible with
careful viewing. At 280x, the
cluster is pretty clumpy and starting to really break up into numerous very
faint stars. Roughly two dozen
stars can be glimpsed with averted vision, many near the threshold of
visibility. The full extent of the
cluster is difficult to trace but extends beyond the central 4' region.
13.1"
(7/5/83): large, diffuse, very weak concentration. About a dozen faint stars
are resolved over a hazy background.
Located 17' E of 47 Ophiuchi (V = 4.5).
13.1"
(6/19/82): few faint stars resolved over a large, hazy region.
8" (6/27/81
and 5/21/82): large, very diffuse, unresolved. Located 15' E of a mag 4.5 star that detracts from viewing.
August Winnecke
discovered NGC 6366 = Au 36 on 12 Apr 1860 with a 3-inch comet-seeker at the
Pulkovo observatory and noted "faint, 2 to 3' diam, no significant central
brightening." Auwers included
it in his 1862 catalogue of new nebulae.
******************************
NGC 6367 = MCG
+06-38-020 = CGCG 198-041 = PGC 60251
17 25 08.9 +37
45 35
V = 13.9; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 161d
17.5"
(8/1/89): very faint, very small, round, weak concentration, very faint stellar
nucleus or star superimposed.
Located 4.3' WSW of mag 7.9 SAO 66035!
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6367 = St XI-58 on 5 Jul 1880. His micrometric position is very accurate.
******************************
NGC 6368 = UGC
10856 = MCG +02-44-004 = CGCG 082-032 = PGC 60315
17 27 11.6 +11
32 33
V = 12.3; Size 3.8'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 42d
17.5"
(6/22/90): fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 4:1 SW-NE, broadly
concentrated halo. A mag 14 star
is at the SW end 0.9' from center and a mag 15 star is at the NE end 1.5' from
center. The bright double star
·2166 = 7.1/8.9 at 27" lies 14' SE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6368 = m 335 on 9 Jul 1863 and noted "F, S, E." His position and description matches
UGC 10856.
******************************
NGC 6369 =
Little Ghost Nebula = PK 2+5.1 = PN G002.4+05.8
17 29 20.4 -23
45 35
V = 11.5; Size 30"
18"
(7/14/07): striking view of this annular planetary at 280x. The 30" halo is punctured by a
relatively large 18" hole.
The rim is noticeably uneven in surface brightness with a brighter arc
along the northern side.
Spectacular at 700x and the brighter northern rim has a couple of very
small brighter spots.
18"
(7/22/06): beautiful view at 435x.
The 30" annular ring is brightest along a "C" shaped
section from NE moving clockwise to the SW and locally brighter at the NW
end. The central hole is round,
well-defined and relatively large compared to the rim.
17.5"
(6/30/00): at 500x this planetary has a beautiful annular appearance with a
25-30" halo perforated by a 12" dark hole. The northern rim is noticeably brighter with a nearly
stellar spot near its center.
Located 31' NW of mag 4.8 51 Ophiuchi.
17.5"
(6/5/99): bright, beautiful annular planetary at 380x with a well-defined dark
central hole. The rim is clearly
brighter along the north edge and slightly weaker on the following edge.
17.5"
(7/4/86): bright, fairly small, about 30" diameter, green-blue color. Appears as a perfect annular ring at
286x with a 15" central "hole". No central star visible.
13.1"
(8/5/83): use at least 220x to clearly resolve the annularity.
13.1"
(7/16/82): beautiful ring at 214x and UHC filter, small, slightly
elongated. Visible with direct
vision as annular. The north edge
of the rim appears brighter at 312x.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6369 = H IV-11 = h1981 = h3686 on 21 May 1784 (sweep 222) and
recorded "a curious round, tolerably defined pB nebula 30 or 40" in
diameter." On 26 May 1786
(sweep 566), he called it "pB, R, S, of equal brightness
throughout." From the Cape of
Good Hope, JH gave a detailed description: "Annular Nebula. Exactly round; pF; 12" diameter;
well terminated; but a very little cottony at the edge, and with a decided
darkness in the middle; = a * 10m at the most. Few stars in the field [situated in the bowl of the Pipe
Nebula!]; a beautiful specimen of the planetary annular class of
nebulae." Sketch on Plate VI,
figure 4.
Based on
Crossley photographs at Lick, Curtis (1918) described NGC 6369 as "a
regular, nearly round ring, slightly longer in p.a. 120¡; much fainter at the
eastern end of the major axis and brightest at the north. Diameter 28" center of ring
perfectly blank. Quite faint; the ring just shows in 10m on S27. The central
star is magn. 16."
******************************
NGC 6370 = UGC
10836 = MCG +10-25-020 = CGCG 300-021 = PGC 60192
17 23 25.4 +56
58 26
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.6
24"
(6/30/16): at 324x; moderately bright, fairly small, round, 25"-30"
diameter, bright core. Situated
just 2.2' SSE of mag 6.5 HD 158013.
The extremely low surface brightness outer halo was not seen.
NGC 6370 is the
brightest member of a cluster (SDSS-C4-DR3 3375). The Ring Galaxy CGCG 277-42 lies 10' SE. At 324x; fairly faint, small, round,
12" diameter, faint stellar nucleus.
The detached outer ring was not seen although the halo occasionally
increased in size with averted vision.
Forms the northwest vertex of a triangle with a mag 11 star 3.6' S and a
mag 11.5 star 3.1' ESE. FGC 2132
is 15' SE. This superthin appeared
extremely faint, small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, ~15"x7" (brighter core
region). A mag 11.5 star is 3.2'
WNW and a mag 13 star is 0.9' NE.
17.5"
(6/18/88): fairly faint, small, round, weak concentration. Located 2.2' S of mag 6.6 SAO 30366!
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6370 = Sw I-57 on 19 Apr 1885 and recorded "vF; vS; R; B *
nr n." His position is just
off the west side of UGC 10836 with the mag 6.5 star 2.3' north.
******************************
NGC 6371 = MCG
+04-41-012 = CGCG 140-027 = PGC 60322
17 27 20.6 +26
30 18
V = 14.2; Size 0.8'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 162d
17.5"
(8/1/89): very faint, small, oval 3:2 N-S, low even surface brightness. Located 3.1' NW of brighter NGC 6372.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6371 = m 336 on 24 Jun 1864 and noted "vF, S, R." His position is accurate. Dreyer added the comment "np of 2
[with NGC 6372]" in the NGC. Truman Safford independently rediscovered
this galaxy on 1 Aug 1866 with the 18.5-inch Clark refractor at the Dearborn
Observatory and listed it as Sf 45 in the 1887 publication.
******************************
NGC 6372 = UGC
10861 = MCG +04-41-013 = CGCG 140-028 = PGC 60330
17 27 32.0 +26
28 29
V = 12.9; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 90d
17.5"
(8/1/89): faint, moderately large, diffuse halo elongated E-W, small brighter
core. Forms a pair with NGC 6371
3' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6372 = H III-137 on 19 May 1784 (sweep 220) and recorded
"vF, not vS, irregular long."
CH's reduction is 2' northwest of UGC 10861. He noted "daylight very strong" just previously in
the sweep, so I'm surprised he could pick up this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 6373 = UGC
10850 = MCG +10-25-023 = CGCG 300-022 = PGC 60220
17 24 08.2 +58
59 42
V = 13.6; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 90d
17.5"
(6/18/88): extremely faint, fairly small, very diffuse. Appears very faint for V = 13.6.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6373 = Sw I-58 on 13 Jun 1885 and recorded "eeeF; pL; vv
diff.; forms a right angle triangle with two stars, preceding star in the same
parallel 30 seconds distant."
His position is matches UGC 10850, a face-on SBc galaxy with low surface
brightness arms. The star that
Swift mentions "in the same parallel" is 32 seconds following, not
preceding.
******************************
NGC 6374 = NGC
6383 = ESO 393-SC007
17 34 43 -32 35
00
See observing
notes for NGC 6383.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6374 = h3687 on 27 Jun 1837 and recorded "Cluster VIII
class, 3' or 4' in extent, a bright * (= B 6125) taken." But there is no bright star near his
single position, and ESO classifies the number as uncertain.
Jenni Kay
suggested this number is identical to NGC 6383 with a 2.5 minute error in
time. Brian Skiff confirmed that B
6125 (Brisbane Catalogue) is identical to the mag 5.7 star SAO 208977 = HD
159176 which is the central star of NGC 6383. See Harold Corwin's identification notes for more.
******************************
NGC 6375 = UGC
10875 = MCG +03-44-009 = CGCG 111-042 = PGC 60384
17 29 21.8 +16
12 24
V = 13.9; Size 1.6'x1.6'; Surf Br = 14.9
17.5"
(8/1/89): fairly faint, moderately large, even concentration to a small bright
core, substellar nucleus.
Surrounded by several mag 14-15 stars including a mag 14 star 0.6' NE
and a mag 15 star 0.9' E. Forms a
pair with UGC 10873 2.8' SW. The
companion appeared extremely faint, fairly small, thin edge-on N-S. NGC 6379
lies 18' ENE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6375 = m 337, along with NGC 6379, on 15 May 1864 and noted
"F, vS, R." His position
is less than 1' too far north.
Brightest in a group, though he missed nearby UGC 10873.
******************************
NGC 6376 = UGC
10855w = MCG +10-25-025 = CGCG 300-024 = VII Zw 712 = PGC 60258
17 25 19.2 +58
49 01
V = 15.1; Size 0.6'x0.3'; PA = 172d
24"
(7/20/17): at 375x; fairly faint, small, slightly elongated ~N-S, 15"x10",
no core or zones. Fainter of an
interacting pair with NGC 6377 [0.6' NE of center]. On the SDSS this is a highly distorted galaxy with numerous
blue knots of star formation.
LEDA 2582497 (=
MAC 1725+5845), situated 3.5' SSW, appeared very faint, very small, round,
12"-15" diameter, low even surface brightness. The bright mag 9.8 star 2' NW
interferes a bit with viewing.
17.5"
(6/18/88): very faint, very small, slightly elongated, weak concentration. Forms an interacting pair with NGC 6377
35" NE of center.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6376 = Sw. IV-50, along with NGC 6377, on 1 Sep 1886, and
recorded "eeF; eS; R; e diff; sf of 2 [with NGC 6377]." His position is fairly close and the
relative offsets for the pair are accurate.
******************************
NGC 6377 = UGC
10855e = MCG +10-25-026 = VII Zw 712 = KAZ 136 = PGC 60264
17 25 23.2 +58
49 22
V = 14.1; Size 0.7'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 58d
24"
(7/20/17): at 375x; moderately bright, fairly small, very elongated 3:1
WSW-ENE, 30"x10". Contains a very small bright core and that increases to a
stellar nucleus. Forms an
interacting pair with NGC 6376, just 0.6' SW. The major axis of NGC 6377 "points" to the center
of the companion, which is highly disturbed. The pair is located 3' NE of a mag 9.8 star and the two
galaxies are collinear with the star.
17.5"
(6/18/88): faint, very small, round, small bright core, faint halo. Forms a contact pair with NGC 6376
35" SW of center. Located 12'
NNW of mag 6.5 SAO 30387.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6377 = Sw. IV-51, along with NGC 6376, on 1 Sep 1886, and
recorded "eF; eS; R; lbM; in center of equilateral triangle; np of 2 [with
NGC 6376]; verified both with 200x."
His position is fairly close and the relative offsets for the pair are
accurate. His note "np of
2" should read "nf of 2".
******************************
NGC 6378 = UGC
10884 = MCG +01-44-009 = CGCG 055-001 = PGC 60418
17 30 42.1 +06
16 55
V = 13.4; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 5d
17.5"
(7/20/90): faint, fairly small, oval 3:1 N-S, almost even surface
brightness. Forms the vertex of a
right angle with two mag 11 stars 1.5' W and 1.0' S. Located in a rich star field.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6378 = St VII-17 on 13 Jul 1876. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6379 = UGC
10886 = MCG +03-44-010 = CGCG 111-044 = CGCG 112-002 = PGC 60421
17 30 35.0 +16
17 19
V = 12.9; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(8/1/89): faint, fairly small, round, very diffuse, broad mild concentration,
no distinct core. Located 4.8' E
of a mag 10 star. Member of the
NGC 6375 group with NGC 6375 18' WSW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6379 = m 338, along with NGC 6375, on 15 May 1864 and noted
"vF, pL." His position
is 1' too far north.
******************************
NGC 6380 = ESO
333-SC014 = Ton 1 = Pismis 25
17 34 28.2 -39
04 10
V = 11.3; Size 3.9'; Surf Br = 3.6
12"
(6/29/02 - Bargo, Australia): faint but not difficult. Appears as a 2' diffuse glow with no
concentration. A mag 10 star at
the south-southwest edge hampered the observation. Ton 2 is located 37' NE.
13"
(5/30/87): extremely faint, small, very low surface brightness, visible only
20% of time with averted. Mag 9.7
HD 159073 is attached 40" SSW of center. Located 36' ESE of Howe 87 = 7.5/8.8 at 3". Failed to find on several previous
attempts. This globular, along
with NGC 6749, are the two most difficult NGC globulars.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6380 = h3688 on 29 Jun 1834 and recorded "A star 9m, with a
very evident eF nebulous wisp 90" l, 30" br." A note was added "The wisp by the
diagram is fan-shaped and extends in the np direction from the star. See figure 18, Plate VI."
Although his
position is excellent, the RA is 1.0 minute too far east in Hartung's 1968
"Astronomical Objects for Southern Telescopes", Sulentic and Tifft's
1974 "Revised New General Catalogue", Sinnott's 1988 NGC 2000.0, the
first edition of the Sky Atlas 2000.0, the first edition of the Uranometria
2000.0 atlas, Sky Catalogue 2000.0, etc.
******************************
NGC 6381 = UGC
10871 = MCG +10-25-038 = CGCG 300-034 = Kaz 460 = WBL 641-002 = PGC 60321
17 27 16.7 +60
00 50
V = 12.9; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 25d
24"
(7/2/16): at 225x and 375x; moderately bright and large, elongated 4:3 SSW-NNE,
1.0'x0.75', irregular surface brightness.
A mag 15-15.5 star is at the southwest edge. Forms a close pair with UGC 10870 1.2' SW. The companion appeared faint, small,
elongated 3:2 E-W, 0.3'x0.2', low even surface brightness.
24"
(7/15/15): moderately bright to fairly bright, slightly elongated SSW-NNE,
1.0'x0.8', broad concentration. A
mag 15 star is at the southwest edge [30" from center]. Located 12' ESE of mag 5.7 SAO 17472 =
HD 158460.
Brightest in a
group (WBL 641) with UGC 10870 1.3' NW.
UGC 10870 appeared faint to fairly faint, elongated 2:1 E-W, 0.4'x0.2',
fairly low even surface brightness.
NGC 6390 (and two companions in an east-west string) lies 10' NE.
17.5"
(6/18/88): fairly faint, fairly large, diffuse oval SW-NE, even surface brightness. A mag 15 star is at the WSW edge
30" from center. Located 12'
ESE of mag 5.7 HD 158460.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6381 = Sw I-59, along with NGC 6390, on 7 Jul 1885 and recorded
"vF; pL; E; DM +60¡1754 much interferes with visibility. His position and description matches
UGC 10871, though the bright star is 12' distant
******************************
NGC 6382 = MCG
+09-29-001 = CGCG 277-044 = PGC 60342
17 27 55.2 +56
52 08
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(6/18/88): faint, very small, round.
A mag 11.5 star is 1.2' SSE of center.
Edward Swift,
Lewis' 12 year-old son, discovered NGC 6382 = Sw I-60 on 2 Jun 1883 with the
16-inch refractor at the Warner Observatory. Their description reads "pF; pS; R; * near." This was Edward's first of 25 objects
in the NGC (two of these are lost -- NGC 5309 and NGC 6666). An additional 23
discoveries are in the IC. Lewis
credited him with the discovery in the errata to his 6th discovery list.
******************************
NGC 6383 = NGC 6374
= ESO 393-SC7 = Cr 335 = Gum 67 = Ced 147 = RCW 132
17 34 43 -32 35
00
V = 5.5; Size 5
17.5"
(8/27/92): 20 stars mag 12-14 surrounds mag 5.7 SAO 208977. Elongated WNW-ESE in a 5' string. The bright star has 4 or 5 faint
companions within 1' (h4962 = 5.7/10.5/10.5 at 5"/13"). Also just west is 20' scattered string
of 20 stars including 8 mag 10-11 stars visible in the 80mm finder. This is a striking cluster.
8"
(6/27/81): Includes a mag 5.8 star and 12 faint stars, excellent with averted,
brightest star appears triple.
Surrounded by very large, very faint nebulosity.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6383 = h3689 on 3 Aug 1834 and recorded "a curious cluster
consisting of one L * 6-7m, and some 15 or 20 small ones 13m clustering close
to it." His position is on
the bright star. On a second sweep
he reported "a star 7m with a cl of st 12m assembled about it. The great * occupies the centre. A very remarkable object." NGC 6374 is a duplicate observation,
verified by his mention of the bright star.
******************************
NGC 6384 = UGC
10891 = MCG +01-45-001 = CGCG 055-007 = PGC 60459
17 32 24.4 +07
03 37
V = 10.4; Size 6.2'x4.1'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 30d
24"
(8/14/15): at 260x; fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE. There are three distinct zones. Towards the center is a sharply
concentrated, bright, elongated 2:1 nucleus. The nucleus is surrounded by an oval central region, roughly
1.5'x1.0'. The central region is
surrounded by a large, very low surface brightness halo, extending
~4.0'x2.5'. Although spiral
structure was not seen, the outer regions were noted as irregular. A mag 12.5 star is on the northeast
side of the halo, 1.8' from center, and a mag 13.3 star is 1.3' SE of center.
17.5"
(7/20/90): moderately bright with a large core slightly elongated SSW-NNE,
broad moderate concentration, large faint halo. Two mag 12 stars are at the SE and NE ends 1.3' and 1.7'
from center, respectively.
8"
(6/22/81): faint, diffuse, slightly elongated, brighter core.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6384 = m 339 = St II-14 on 10 Jun 1863 and noted "pB, S,
vlE." This is the brightest
galaxy that Marth discovered, although his position is 4' too far north.
Heinrich d'Arrest independently rediscovered NGC 6384 on 8 Apr 1866 with the
11-inch refractor at Copenhagen.
In addition, ƒdouard Stephan found it again on 19 Jul 1870 and reported
it new in list II-14.
******************************
NGC 6385 = UGC
10877 = MCG +10-25-044 = CGCG 300-035 = PGC 60343
17 28 01.5 +57
31 19
V = 13.1; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(6/18/88): faint, small, round, brightens gradually. Located 2.9' ENE of mag 8 SAO 30401, which detracts from
viewing. Pair with NGC 6387 3.3'
ENE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6385 = Sw IV-52, along with NGC 6387, on 22 Jul 1886, and logged
"eF; S; R; B star nr s[outh]; sp of 2 [with NGC 6387]. His position is
fairly accurate, though the bright star is 2.9' WSW.
******************************
NGC 6386 = MCG
+09-29-004 = CGCG 277-045 = PGC 60367
17 28 51.7 +52
43 24
V = 13.8; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(6/18/88): faint, small, round, weak concentration, low surface brightness.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6386 = Sw I-61 on 8 Jun 1883 and logged "vF; pS; R; be 2
st." His position is just 10
seconds east of CGCG 277-045 = PGC 60367.
******************************
NGC 6387 = CGCG
300-037 = I Zw 189 = PGC 60355
17 28 23.8 +57
32 44
V = 14.2; Size 0.3'x0.2'; Surf Br = 11.0
17.5"
(6/18/88): faint, very small, round, weak concentration. Close pair with brighter NGC 6385 3.3'
WSW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6387 = Sw IV-53, along with NGC 6385, on 22 Jul 1886 and logged
"eF; S; R; nf of 2 [with NGC 6385]; this and the preceding point to the
bright star about 8th magnitude."
His position and description matches CGCG 300-037. This is a compact double system (not
resolved in my observation) O.30'x0.22' and 0.25'x0.18'.
******************************
NGC 6388 = ESO
279-SC002
17 36 17.0 -44
44 06
V = 6.8; Size 8.7'; Surf Br = 1.1
18" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 171x, this bright globular appears
moderately large, round and granular but with no definite resolution. The appearance was very symmetric and
strongly concentrated with a blazing core that ranks as one of the highest
surface brightness gc cores.
13"
(7/12/86): bright at 214x, moderately large, increases to a small very bright
core. Has a grainy, lively
appearance but no resolution.
8"
(6/19/82): bright, moderately large, intense core, fainter halo, no resolution.
James Dunlop discovered
NGC 6388 = D 457 = h3690 on 13 May 1826 and described "a beautiful round
nebula, about 5' diameter, with a bright round well-defined disk or nucleus,
about 15" diameter, exactly in the centre; this has the appearance of a
planet surrounded by an extremely faint diluted atmosphere; there is a small
star involved in the faint atmosphere: the atmosphere is at least 6'
diameter." His position is
just 1.5' south of center.
JH, observing on
5 Jun 1834, recorded "globular, vB, R, at first pg, then psvmbM to an
intense almost nuclear light. The right eye does not resolve or barely makes it
resolvable; the left resolves it completely into stars 17...20m. A superb
object on a rich ground of milky way." On 1 Jul 1834 he logged "globular, vB, R, first p g,
then psvmbM, 4' diam, easily resolved with left eye into stars 17m, more
difficulty with right eye into 18m, excessively close and comp; shading off
insensibly in borders into the general ground of the heavens."
******************************
NGC 6389 = UGC
10893 = MCG +03-45-001 = CGCG 112-005 = PGC 60466
17 32 39.8 +16
24 06
V = 12.1; Size 2.8'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 130d
17.5"
(8/1/89): moderately bright, moderately large, oval NW-SE, sharp small bright
core. A mag 16 star is
superimposed on the south side.
Several mag 11.5-12 stars are near, the closest 2.3' SE. Located 15' WNW of mag 5.7 SAO 102917.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6389 = H II-901 on 29 Jun 1799 (sweep 1090) and recorded
"F, S, iF, er, about 2' long."
CH's reduced position is 20 seconds west of UGC 10893. Christian Peters independently found
this galaxy on 7 Jul 1878 while observing comet 1878a. His position is a very good match with
UGC 10893.
******************************
NGC 6390 = UGC
10881 = MCG +10-25-047 = CGCG 300-040 = WBL 641-004 = PGC 60356
17 28 28.1 +60
05 39
V = 13.8; Size 1.6'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 8d
24"
(7/2/16): at 225x and 375x; fairly faint to moderately bright, moderately
large, edge-on 4:1 N-S, 0.8'x0.2', broad weak concentration, no distinct
core. Brightest in a linear
triplet with CGCG 300-036 4.4' W and CGCG 300-042 4.2' E. Located 20' ENE of mag 5.7 HD 158460.
NGC 6381 is 10'
SW (close pair with UGC 10870) and UGC 10888 is 19' NE. At 375x, the latter galaxy appeared
fairly faint, slightly elongated NW-SE, contains a small bright nucleus. The halo, initially 0.4' diameter,
increases with averted vision to ~40"x30".
24"
(7/15/15): fairly faint to moderately bright, moderately large, very elongated
3:1 or 7:2 N-S, 0.9'x0.3', broad concentration but no sharp zones. Brightest and middle of three in an
east-west line with CGCG 300-036 4.5' W and CGCG 300-042 4.2' E. NGC 6381 lies 10' SW.
CGCG 300-036 (V
= 14.4) was fairly faint, fairly small, round, 20" diameter, gradually
increases to the center. CGCG
300-042 (V = 15.2) appeared faint to fairly faint, fairly small, round,
18" diameter, low even surface brightness.
17.5"
(6/18/88): faint, moderately large, edge-on N-S, low even surface
brightness. Second of three in a
string with CGCG 300-036 4' W and CGCG 300-042 (not seen) 4' E. CGCG 300-036 appeared very faint,
extremely small, round, faint stellar nucleus.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6390 = Sw I-62, along with NGC 6381, on 7 Jul 1885 and recorded
"eeeF; cE; ee diff; one of my minima visible." There is nothing at his position, but
6' south is UGC 10881, a faint edge-on that fits his description. Father Hagen classified this as a
"dubious object" (probably meaning he failed to find it) and it was
called "doubtful" on Mount Wilson plates. MCG gives the NGC designation as uncertain although Swift's
comment "considerably elongated" applies to this edge-on.
******************************
NGC 6391 = MCG
+10-25-049 = CGCG 300-041 = PGC 60358
17 28 49.0 +58
51 03
V = 14.0; Size 0.7'x0.5'; PA = 85d
17.5"
(6/18/88): very faint, very small, round, bright core, very faint stellar
nucleus.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6391 = Sw IV-54 on 1 Sep 1886 and logged "eF; vS; R; nearly
bet 2 stars." His position is
13 seconds of time too far west. The two stars he mentions are 3.2' south and
3.0' northwest.
******************************
NGC 6392 = ESO
070-012 = PGC 60753
17 43 30.3 -69
47 06
V = 11.6; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.0
25" (4/5/16
- Coonabarabran, 318x): fairly bright, fairly small, round, 45" diameter,
the surface brightness is fairly high and irregular (probably due to a
superimposed mag 15.5 star on the southeast side). A mag 13 star is 50" WSW of center and a mag 15 star is
at the southwest edge [20" from center]. Situated in a rich Apus star field with a mag 8.8 star 7'
ESE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6392 = h3691 on 17 Jun 1835 and logged "pF; S; R; glbM;
20"; 50 stars in field."
His position (measured on two nights) matches ESO 070-012 = PGC 60753. RNGC classifies the number as an
unverified southern object, though the identification is certain.
******************************
NGC 6393 = MCG
+10-25-054 = PGC 60405
17 30 08.5 +59
31 55
V = 15.7; Size 0.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.6
18"
(7/30/08): extremely faint, very small, round, 15" diameter, low even
surface brightness. I could just
barely hold this galaxy continuously with averted vision once it was identified
but it took knowing the exact position to initially pick up. This galaxy is generally identified as
NGC 6394. Although Swift's description for NGC 6393 is a better match with this
galaxy it's possible that it is too faint for Swift to have picked up.
17.5"
(6/18/88): not found
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6393 = Sw I-64, along with NGC 6394 and 6399, on 7 Jul 1885. His description for NGC 6393 reads
"vvF, pS, R, 2 B st nr north; south of 2" and for NGC 6394,
"vvF, pS, R, 2 st point to it, the nearest is D[ouble]; the other and the
nebula are equally distant from D star; north of 2." The description of NGC 6394 is a
perfect match UGC 10889 and NGC 6393 is possibly MCG +10-25-054. The (unequal) double star is HD 159266,
located 3.9' NW of NGC 6393. This
star is midway between NGC 6393 and a mag 11 star further NW. Swift found the northern galaxy (NGC
6394) again on 15 Jun 1890 and included it in list IX-81, this time at the
correct position. The
identification NGC 6393 = MCG +10-25-054 is uncertain as the separation in
declination between the pair is 6.5', while Swift's gives just 3.5' and MCG
+10-25-054 is perhaps too faint for Swift to have picked up with his 16-inch
(see my visual description).
Swift's poor
declination for NGC 6393 coincidentally matches UGC 10889. As a result, all modern galaxy
catalogues misidentify UGC 10889 as NGC 6393. RNGC and PGC reverse the identifications of NGC 6393 and NGC
6394, labeling the fainter southern galaxy as NGC 6394. MCG does not attach a NGC label to MCG
+10-25-054. See Harold Corwin's
notes for NGC 6394.
******************************
NGC 6394 = UGC
10889 = MCG +10-25-055 = PGC 60410
17 30 21.4 +59
38 23
V = 14.5; Size 1.3'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 42d
18"
(7/30/08): faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE, 0.6'x0.2', very
weak concentration. An extremely
faint star is off the NNE tip.
Located 3.9' SE of mag 8.0 HD 159266, which detracts from viewing. NGC 6393 = MCG +10-25-054 (identified
as NGC 6394 in RNGC, MCG and PGC) is located 6.6' SSW. NGC 6399 lies 11' ESE.
17.5"
(6/18/88): very faint, fairly small, very elongated SW-NE. Three mag 14/15 stars are near the
north end. Located 3.8' SE of mag
8 SAO 30431. Pair with NGC 6399
11.3' ESE.
Note: This
galaxy is misidentified as NGC 6393 in all modern catalogues.
See
identification notes for NGC 6393.
******************************
NGC 6395 = UGC 10876
= MCG +12-16-039 = CGCG 339-044 = PGC 60291
17 26 31.1 +71
05 43
V = 12.3; Size 2.4'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 15d
24"
(6/28/16): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated ~5:2 SSW-NNE,
~1.5'x0.6'. The surface brightness
is low but irregular on the northern end and brighter on the southern
half. The galaxy is somewhat
mottled or knotty, though one knot is probably the core. A mag 15 star is just east of the
northern end. IC 1261 (double
system) lies 18' NW.
17.5"
(6/11/88): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated SSW-NNE. Two mag 12 stars are at the north end
1.5' and 2.5' NNE of center and a mag 14.5 star is off the south end 2.3' from
center.
Edward Swift,
Lewis' 13 year-old son, discovered NGC 6395 = Sw I-63 on 18 Sep 1884. The description reads "vF; pL; lE;
double star north; 2 stars near point to it." His position is 30 seconds
of time too large. Bigourdan's
measured an accurate position on 8 Aug 1888 (repeated in the IC 2 Notes).
******************************
NGC 6396 = Cr
339 = ESO 393-SC010
17 37 36 -35 01
36
V = 8.5; Size 3'
17.5"
(6/8/91): consists of a dozen mag 9-13 stars in a small group of 4'
diameter. Includes four stars in a
distinctive 2' string oriented NNW-SSE and continuing north a pretty double
star (h4966 = 9.8/10.8 at 12") which is oriented E-W. The brightest star mag 9 SAO 209043 is
just off the WSW edge 4' from the center.
Not rich or impressive but stands out well. Also a large scattered group of fairly bright stars is
roughly 20' to the north.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6396 = h3693 on 7 Jul 1836 and recorded "Cluster VIII;
small, 5', place of chief D star".
His position is 35 seconds east of the double star at the northwest side
of the cluster, and well outside the confines of the cluster. Herschel's poor RA is used in the RNGC,
NGC 2000.0 and the Sky Catalogue 2000.0.
The ESO and Uranometria 2000.0 Atlas position is correct.
******************************
NGC 6397 = ESO
181-SC004
17 40 41.3 -53
40 25
V = 5.7; Size 25.7'; Surf Br = 0.6
18" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): amazing view of this bright globular at
nearly 70¡ elevation at 171x. It
extended across 2/3 of the field - perhaps 20' in diameter. The cluster was very highly resolved
into hundreds of stars, many surprisingly bright at mag 10-11 and overall
noticeably brighter than most globulars (1st in ranking of brightest
stars). The globular appears fully
resolved in the halo and even the blazing core is covered wall-to-wall with stars. Many of the stars are arranged in small
groups, chains, curves, etc. The
concentrated core is ~3.5' diameter and at 228x has a 3-dimensional effect with
the mag 10.5-11.5 stars layered over a dense, uneven background mat. Visible naked-eye.
20" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): I also had a fantastic view in the 20"
f/5 at 212x - the stars seemed to radiate out from the core in spiral curves
and completely filled the 23' field!
8" (7/13/91
- Southern Baja): very bright, very large, 10' diameter, irregularly
round. At least 50 stars mag 10-12
are resolved at 63x. Bright
intense core 3' diameter with dozens of stars superimposed and at edges of
core. Contains a large halo with
many faint and brighter stars superimposed over a mottled background. Beautiful globular although observed at
only 13¡ elevation from Baja. This
is the nearest globular and first in ranking by brightest stars.
10x30 (8/8/04 -
Haleakala Crater): picked up while sweeping in IS binoculars close to the SSW
horizon from Haleakala. Once the
position was pinpointed, this mag 5.8 globular was just visible naked-eye less
than 1 degree NNE of mag 5.3 Pi Arae.
Nicolas-Louis de
Lacaille discovered NGC 6397 = Lac III-11 = D 366 = h3692 in 1751-1752 with a
1/2" telescope at 8x, during his expedition to the Cape of Good Hope. He simply noted "faint star in
nebulosity." James Dunlop
independently found this globular on 28 Jun 1826 with his 9-inch reflector and
described "a pretty large nebula, extended nearly in the parallel of the
equator, brightest and broadest in the middle; a group of very small stars in
the middle give it the appearance of a nucleus, but they are not connected with
the nebula, but are similar to other small stars in this place which are
arranged in groups. The nebula is resolvable into stars." Dunlop made 4 observations and his
position was 5' east of center.
On JH's first
observation (8 Jul 1834), he recorded "globular cluster; fine; large;
bright; round; gradually brighter to the middle; not very compressed; 5'
diameter, but stragglers extend a great way. In the middle is a more compact
group of much smaller stars. The stars at circumference are larger than in the
middle; at N.f. border is a double star."
******************************
NGC 6398 = ESO
139-018 = AM 1738-614 = PGC 60735
17 42 43.9 -61
41 39
V = 12.5; Size 2.0'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 6d
25" (4/5/16
- Coonabarabran, 318x): moderately bright and large, slightly elongated N-S,
45"x35", strongly concentrated with a bright core surrounded by a
faint halo. A mag 14.5 star is at
the west edge and a mag 15.5 star is at the northeast edge. A mag 12.5 star (close double) is 1.3'
NW. Situated in a rich Pavo star
field. Forms a pair with NGC 6403
4.7' ENE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6398 = h3694, along with NGC 6403, on 7 Jul 1836 and recorded
"eF; S; R; almost certain it is not small double star. Definition much improved. It is certainly a nebula, and with long
attention, I see another [NGC 6403], still fainter, exactly on parallel, and 30
seconds following." His
position is accurate.
Nevertheless,
the RNGC classified both galaxies as nonexistent (Type 7) probably because
DeLisle Stewart reported "eF, hazy * only" based on plates taken at
Harvard's Boyden Station, in Arequipa, Peru.
******************************
NGC 6399 = UGC 10896
= MCG +10-25-059 = CGCG 300-047 = PGC 60442
17 31 50.4 +59
36 55
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 5d
18"
(7/30/08): faint, very small, slightly elongated N-S, 25"x20",
sharply concentrated with a very small bright nucleus. NGC 6394 (generally listed as NGC 6393)
lies 11' WNW. An extremely faint
mag 16.7B companion was glimpsed a couple of times 54" NNE.
17.5"
(6/18/88): faint, small, slightly elongated, bright core, very faint halo
SSW-NNE. Forms a pair with NGC
6393 11.3' WNW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6399 = Sw I-66, along with NGC 6393 and 6394, on 7 Jul 1885 and
recorded "vvF; vS; R."
His position is 1' too far southwest.
******************************
NGC 6400 = Cr
342 = Mel 177 = Lund 767
17 40 13 -36 56
54
Size 8'
17.5"
(6/30/00): ~50 stars are resolved in an 8'x5' region at 220x. The stars are fairly uniform in
brightness though irregular in outline.
The cluster is elongated N-S with a nice string extending through the
cluster to the SSE and NNE with a slight bend near the center. At the kink in the string is a denser
clump of stars. There are circular
voids on the NW and SW ends. The
two brighter strings (on the following side) and two less distinct rows of
stars create a vague "X" shape through the cluster with a close loop
on the north end.
8"
(6/27/81): faint, fairly small, fairly rich. Many stars are aligned in rows.
James Dunlop
discovered = D 568 = h3696 on 13 May 1826 and described "a very faint
cluster of very small stars, resembling faint nebula; the stars are
considerably congregated to the centre, irregular round figure." Dunlop observed the cluster 3 times and
his position is only a couple of arc minutes too far south. JH observed the cluster on 28 Jun 1834
and recorded "Cluster class VII, p rich; pL, irr R, 8', stars
9..10m." His position is 0.6
minutes of time too small. The
RNGC position is 0.6 minutes too far east.
******************************
NGC 6401 = ESO
520-SC11
17 38 36.9 -23
54 32
V = 9.5; Size 5.6'; Surf Br = 2.2
17.5"
(7/27/92): fairly faint, small, round, 1.5'-2.0' diameter. Unusual appearance as a mag 12 field
star is embedded southeast of the core within the halo. No other resolution was seen and the
globular has a very weak concentration.
8"
(6/27/81): faint, small, round, compact, diffuse. A single bright mag 12-13 star is involved.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6401 = H I-44 = h1982 = h3697 on 21 May 1784 (sweep 222) and
recorded "cB, pL, having a kind of nucleus towards the following
side." On 26 May 1786 (sweep
566), he called it "pB, gbM, L, r, some of the stars visible." From the Cape of Good Hope, John
Herschel logged "pB; R; vgbM; 25"; a * 13m involved, following the
centre."
Sven Cederblad
catalogued this globular as the nebula Ced 149.
******************************
NGC 6402 = M14
17 37 36.1 -03
14 45
V = 7.6; Size 11.7'; Surf Br = 1.9
24"
(7/30/16): at 432x; very bright, large, nearly fills the 10' field. The outer halo is resolved into dozens
of star, perhaps 50 or 60 total.
The relatively large core is plastered with tiny resolved stars; roughly
50 additional stars were resolved over a lively background, so overall at least
a 100 total though difficult to count due to density and the bright background
glow. The outer halo is slightly
elongated E-W as well as the core, but the overall appearance is
symmetrical. The core only
exhibits a broad, weak concentration.
17.5"
(7/1/00): this bright, large, fairly symmetric globular appears elongated ~E-W
and ~7'x5' in size at 220x. The
bright core is relatively large at 4', very lively and granular with a layer of
very faint stars. At 280x, ~30
stars are resolved in the small halo and at the edge of the intense core. A rich, even sprinkling of faint stars
cover the core. It was difficult
to count the resolved stars as numerous dim stars pop out with averted vision
over the bright background haze, but perhaps 60-70 stars in total were
glimpsed.
17.5"
(7/16/88): bright, large, 25-30 very faint stars are resolved mostly at the
edges which have a ragged appearance.
13"
(7/5/83): fairly large, broad concentration. About a dozen very faint stars are resolved across the
disk. The outer halo fades out
smoothly.
Charles Messier
discovered M14 = NGC 6402= h1983 on 1 June 1764 and noted a "Nebula
without star, discovered in the garb which dresses the right arm of Ophiuchus,
and situated on the parallel of Zeta Serpentis: This nebula is not large, its
light is faint, one can see it nevertheless in an ordinary telescope of
3.5-foot [FL]; it is round, near it is a small star of 9th magnitude."
WH, observing
with his 12-inch (small 20-foot) on 23 Jul 1783 noted "With a power of
200, I see it consists of stars. They are better visible with 300. With 600,
they are too obscure to be distinguished, though the appearance of stars is
still preserved. This seems to be one of the most difficult objects to be
resolved. With me, there is not a doubt remaining; but another person, in order
to form a judgment, ought previously to go through all the several gradations
of nebulae which I have resolved into stars." On 25 May 1791 (sweep 1010),
he recorded with his 18.7-inch "eB, R, easily resolvable. With a power of 300 I can see the
stars. Resembles the 10th of the
Connoiss. which probably would put on the same appearance as this, if it were
off half as far again as it is."
******************************
NGC 6403 = ESO
139-019 = PGC 60750
17 43 23.7 -61
40 56
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1
25" (4/5/16
- Coonabarabran, 318x): moderately bright, fairly small, irregularly round,
30" diameter, broad concentration with a slightly bright nucleus. Situated
in a rich Pavo star field with a mag 11.2 star 1.1' SSE. Forms a pair with NGC 6403 4.7'
WSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6403 = h3695, along with NGC 6398, on 7 Jul 1836 and simply
noted "eeF. The following of
2." His position, though 10
seconds too small, clearly applies to ESO 139-019 = PGC 60750. DeLisle Stewart recorded NGC 6403
"extremely faint, hazy star only", based on plates taken at Harvard's
Arequipa station.
RNGC
misclassifies the number as nonexistent. See notes for NGC 6398.
******************************
NGC 6404 = Cr
340 = ESO 393-SC013
17 39 37 -33 14
48
Size 5'
13.1"
(7/5/83): 20 stars mag 12-14 over unresolved haze. The three brightest stars form a small triangle on the west
edge, most other stars are very faint.
Located one degree south of M6.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6404 = h4020 on 27 Jun 1837 and recorded "a p rich, L, F,
cluster; class VII; nearly fills field; composed of concave flakes; no m comp;
stars 13 or 15m." The observation was included in a list of "omitted
observations of nebulae and supplementary nebulae" at the end of the Cape
Catalogue. Dreyer identified these
objects as "h o n" ([John] Herschel Omitted Object) in the NGC. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6405 = M6 =
Butterfly Cluster = Cr 341
17 40 21 -32 15
18
V = 4.2; Size 25'
18"
(7/21/04): at 92x roughly 200 stars are visible in this beautiful naked-eye
cluster. There are four bright mag
6-7 stars in the main group which form a perfect parallelogram with longer
sides of 7' oriented WSW-ENE and shorter sides of 4' oriented NW-SE. A string of stars connects the two
stars on the long southern side of the parallelogram (the star at the SE vertex
is orange tinged BM Sco) with a nice double star embedded in the string. The NW vertex is part of a bright
isosceles triangle with two mag 8-9 stars and ~7' further NW of this star is a
small, nice asterism consisting of a trio and a double. Also a wedge-shaped group of 7 stars
extends between this NW vertex (which also has two additional fainter
companions) and the SW vertex (short side of parallelogram) Another distinctive
string of stars runs through the center of the parallelogram roughly parallel
to the two long sides. A nice mag
9/10 double resides along the long northern side of the parallelogram. An additional mag 7 star is the SW of
the parallelogram. Around the main
group there are numerous scattered stars and the cluster does not have a distinct
border. Over 70 stars in the
cluster are brighter than 11th magnitude.
13.1"
(7/5/83): very bright, fairly large.
Includes a curving rows of stars and a close group of 7 stars near the
center. The brightest star BM
Scorpii is on the east side.
Smaller than M7 but richer.
Fairly easy naked-eye cluster.
Giovanni
Hodierna discovered M6 = NGC 6405 = Lac III-12 = h3699 before 1654 and recorded
18 stars. De ChŽseaux
independently found the cluster in 1745-46. Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille found the cluster again in 1752
with a 1/2" telescope at 8x, during his expedition to the Cape of Good
Hope, and found a "remarkable group of faint stars in parallel lines
making a diamond 20-25 minutes diameter filled with nebulosity." Lacaille is credited with the discovery
in the NGC. James Dunlop's D 612 may refer to M6 as his position falls on the
east side of the cluster, though D 612 could apply to NGC 6416, given his often
poor positions. Although a
naked-eye cluster, it apparently was not included in any earlier list.
In his Messier
survey, WH logged on 30 Jul 1783 "I counted about 50 stars; it contains
the greatest variety of magnitudes of any nebula I recollect. The compound
eye-piece shows more of them variously and intermixed."
According to Sue
French, the popular nickname "Butterfly Cluster" may come from
"Splendour of the Heavens" (1923), as M6 is described as
"somewhat irregular in shape, with central rib of stars, and resembles a
butterfly with open wings."
******************************
NGC 6406
17 38 19.1 +18
49 58
=**?,
Gottlieb. Not found, RNGC.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 6406 = Big. 81 on 10 Jun 1885 and noted "mag
13.3, 7" or 8" diameter, stellar appearance." Two mag 14 stars
with a similar separation are very close to his Comptes Rendus position, so
this identification is certain.
******************************
NGC 6407 = ESO
139-022 = LGG 411-004 = PGC 60796
17 44 57.6 -60
44 22
V = 12.3; Size 2.1'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 60d
25" (4/5/16
- Coonabarabran, 318x): bright, moderately large, slightly elongated WSW-ENE,
50"x40", sharply concentrated with a very bright, relatively large
core and a much fainter halo. Mag
9.4 HD 160674 is 1.7' SE, a mag 12 star is 1.2' SE, a mag 13 star is 0.7' NE
and a mag 14.5 star is 0.7' SSE. Situated
in a fairly rich star field.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6407 = h3700 on 7 Aug 1834 and recorded "eF; S; R: lbM;
15"; near 3 stars." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6408 = UGC
10930 = MCG +03-45-007 = PGC 60637
17 38 47.3 +18
52 40
V = 12.7; Size 1.6'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(8/1/89): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated ~E-W, weak
concentration, fairly low surface brightness. Located in a rich star field between a mag 13.5 star 1.8' W
and a mag 14 star 1.1' SE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6408 = m 340 = St II-15 on 2 Jun 1864 and noted "F, S, R,
gbM." His position is 1' too far north. ƒdouard Stephan independently rediscovered the galaxy on 16
Jul 1871. His micrometric position
is very accurate.
******************************
NGC 6409 = CGCG
253-020 = PGC 60565
17 36 35.4 +50
45 57
V = 13.8; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 60d
17.5"
(7/19/90): faint, small, round, broad concentration.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6409 = Sw I-67 on 18 Jun 1885 and noted "vF; S;
R." His position is 30
seconds of RA too far west. Bigourdan measured an accurate position on 7 Aug
1888 (repeated in the IC 2 Notes).
******************************
NGC 6410
17 35 20.5 +60
47 32
=**?,
Gottlieb. =*, RNGC.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6410 = Sw VI-93 on 2 May 1887 and recorded "eeF, S, R,
nearly between 2 stars, GC 4320 [NGC 6411] nr nf". His position is 3' west of NGC 6411. A close pair of mag 14.7/15.3 stars at
8" separation, located 2' southwest of NGC 6411, matches Swift's
description. RNGC identifies NGC 6410 as a star and Harold Corwin specifically
tags this double star.
******************************
NGC 6411 = UGC
10916 = MCG +10-25-068 = CGCG 300-052 = PGC 60536
17 35 32.5 +60
48 48
V = 11.8; Size 2.3'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 70d
17.5"
(6/22/90): fairly faint, fairly small, oval 3:2 SW-NE, 1.1'x0.8', gradually
increases to a very small bright core.
A mag 13.5 star is 20" off the SW edge and 57" from the
center.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 6411 on 27 Oct 1861 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position (measured
on 4 nights) is accurate and noted the mag 12 star 6 seconds preceding and
30" south. The MCG declination is 30' too far south, and NGC 6411 is not
referenced.
******************************
NGC 6412 = Arp
38 = UGC 10897 = VV 444 = MCG +13-12-026 = CGCG 355-034 = CGCG 356-004 = KAZ
146 = PGC 60393
17 29 37.0 +75
42 15
V = 11.8; Size 2.5'x2.2'; Surf Br = 13.4
48"
(10/22/11): at 375x appeared bright, large, round, 2' diameter. Broad concentration with a large,
brighter 30" core, hint of spiral structure in the halo though it was
difficult to trace the arms. An
HII knot or companion was easily seen superimposed at the edge of the halo on
the north side (37" from center) and appeared faint, small, oval,
~12"x8". A mag 13.5 star
lies 1' SW and a mag 16 star is 1.8' SW; both stars are collinear with the
core. A bright mag 11.3 star lies
2' SE. Listed by Arp as a spiral
with a "low surface brightness companion on arms", but the
"companion" may be an HII region.
17.5"
(7/9/88): moderately bright, irregularly round, 2.0' diameter, diffuse halo,
weak even concentration to a brighter core. A mag 13.5 star is at the SW edge 1.1' from center. A string of three equally spaced stars
begins with a mag 11 star 2' SE and includes two bright stars; mag 8.3 SAO 8824
4.1' S and mag 9.3 SAO 8821 7.6' SSW.
8"
(8/5/83): very faint, small, diffuse.
Located north of two mag 8 stars in field.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6412 = H VI-41 on 12 Dec 1797 (sweep 1071) and surprisingly
described this galaxy as a cluster of class VI (very condensed and rich
clusters of stars) -- "round, resolvable, about 3' diameter, vgbM. I
suppose it to be a cluster of stars compressed extremely. 320 power confirms
the supposition, and shews a few of the stars; it must be immensely
rich." CH's reduced position
is 30 tsec west (only 1.8' at this dec) of Arp 38 = UGC 10897. Bigourdan measured an accurate position
on 24 Jul 1884.
******************************
NGC 6413
17 40 40.7 +12
37 26
=***, Gottlieb.
Not found, RNGC.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6413 = Sw II-16 on 20 Jul 1870. At his exact position is a group of three or four close
stars with the brightest two a 3" double. The RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 6414 = UGC
10906 = MCG +12-16-041 = CGCG 339-047 = CGCG 340-005 = PGC 60416
17 30 36.7 +74
22 34
V = 14.4; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 145d
17.5"
(7/9/88): very faint, extremely small, round, very small bright core. Bracketed by two faint mag 14.5/15
stars.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6414 = Sw III-94 on 30 May 1886 and recorded "eeeF; pS; R;
ee diff.; bet 2 stars; 4 F stars near preceding in form of arc of
circle". His position is just
1' south of UGC 10906 and his description fits this galaxy. UGC 10906 is the
furthest north of any Swift discovery.
******************************
NGC 6415 = ESO
393-?18
17 44 40 -35 03
=Not found, RNGC
and ESO.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6415 = h3701' on 26 Aug 1826 and recorded "a great Nebulous
projection of the milky way." His RA is given roughly to the nearest
minute of time. In the Cape
Catalogue, JH did not assign a number, but placed it (in RA order) after h3701,
so Dreyer called it h3701' in the NGC.
This is likely just a rich section of the Milky Way and RNGC and ESO
list the number as "Not found".
Harold Corwin places the center about 1 minute of time larger than JH's
position and 3'-4' south.
Wolfgang
Steinicke lists James Dunlop with the discovery (numbers D 595 and D 596), but
Glen Cozens associates these number with Ruprecht 128. Dunlop described a much
smaller object than JH's h3701' -- D 595 is only 1' diameter and D 596 is 5' x
30".
******************************
NGC 6416 = Cr
344 = ESO 455-SC032
17 44 20 -32 21
42
V = 5.7; Size 18'
17.5"
(8/2/97): best view at 100x as it fills the 220x (9mm Nagler) field. The most detached portion consists of a
large cloud of at least 15' diameter and containing roughly 75 stars. There are four brighter stars
(including mag 8.6 SAO 209208) but most of the stars are pretty uniform in
brightness and fairly evenly distributed at 100x. The cluster may extend further north than the region
described above but the star density quickly decreases to the general Milky Way
appearance.
8"
(6/19/82): almost two dozen faint stars, large, scattered, not impressive as
fairly coarse.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6416 = h3702 = D612? on 3 Aug 1834 and recorded "Cl class
VIII of stars 11m; fills field; not rich; stars in zig-zag lines." His position is accurate. James Dunlop possibly discovered the
cluster earlier on 13 May 1826 and described "a cluster of small stars of
mixt magnitudes, about 15' diameter, irregular figure." His position, though, is nearly 40'
west of the cluster and actually falls on the east side of M6, 13' from the
center. So, his identification is
uncertain though seems to describe NGC 6416 better.
******************************
NGC 6417 = UGC
10945 = MCG +04-42-001 = CGCG 141-004 = PGC 60709
17 41 47.9 +23
40 19
V = 13.1; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(8/1/89): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, almost even surface
brightness. Located 4.9' S of mag
7.8 SAO 85328!
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6417 = m 341 on 2 Jul 1864 and noted "pF, S,
vlbM." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 6418 = MCG
+10-25-074 = CGCG 300-054 = PGC 60610
17 38 09.3 +58
42 54
V = 14.4; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.3
17.5"
(7/19/90): faint, very small, slightly elongated. A mag 15 star is at the east edge 17" from the
center. Contains a very faint
stellar nucleus or a mag 15 star involved.
Edward Swift,
Lewis' 14 year-old son, discovered NGC 6418 = Sw I-68 on 4 May 1885 and
recorded "eF: pS; R; forms a right angle triangle with 2 stars, one
mB." Their position is just
1' north of CGCG 300-054 = PGC 60610 and the two stars might be 1.6' southeast
and 2.6' northeast.
******************************
NGC 6419 = UGC
10924 = MCG +11-21-012 = PGC 60543
17 36 06.2 +68
09 20
V = 14.6; Size 1.0'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 134d
17.5"
(6/11/88): very faint, very small, elongated NW-SE, bright core. Two mag 15 stars are close north (one
is 43" NNW of center). In a
group of 6 galaxies with NGC 6423 4.5' ENE, NGC 6420 6.3' S, NGC 6422 6.2' SSE
and CGCG 321-023 = PGC 60529 5.4' SW (see description under NGC 6422).
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6419 = Sw II-55, along with NGC 6420, on 17 Aug 1883 and
recorded "eeF; eS; R; e diff.
n of 2." His position
is 14 seconds of RA west of UGC 10924 (distance = 1.4'). Bigourdan measured an accurate position
on 6 Sep 1888 (reported in the IC 2 Notes).
Harold Corwin
notes it is very possible that NGC 6423 (discovered by Swift 16 days earlier)
is an earlier observation of this galaxy and NGC 6422 is an earlier observation
of NGC 6420. But Guillaume
Bigourdan assigned the numbers to the four brightest galaxies in the field,
which are a good match with Swift's declinations (the RAs are 14 to 24 seconds
too small). Bigourdan's corrected
positions for all 4 galaxies (measured in Sept 1888), were published in the IC
2 Notes.
******************************
NGC 6420 = MCG
+11-21-013 = CGCG 321-025 = PGC 60553
17 36 16.2 +68
03 08
V = 14.5; Size 0.65'x0.2'; PA = 54d
17.5"
(6/11/88): very faint, very small, round, bright core. In a compact trio with NGC 6422 1.3'
ENE and MCG +11-21-014 1.3' NNE.
Located 6.3' S of NGC 6419.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6420 = Sw II-56, along with NGC 6419, on 17 Aug 1883 and
recorded "eeF; eS; R; ee diff.
s[outh] of 2 [with NGC 6419].
His description is not of any real help, but his position is 23 seconds
of RA west of CGCG 321-025 (off by 2.2').
Bigourdan measured an accurate position (matching the CGCG) on 6 Sep
1888. See notes for NGC 6419.
******************************
NGC 6421 = ESO
393-?22
17 45 44 -33 41
36
24"
(7/7/13): large, bright Milky Way cloud at 125x (50' field). Sharply defined by dust clouds on the
west edge and along the east side up to the north end. Includes a nice string of a half-dozen
stars (mag 9.5-11.5) on the southeast side and a couple of 1' pairs (oriented
N-S) of mag 10.5-11.5 stars are at the east end of the cloud.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6421 = h3702' on 3 Aug 1834 and recorded "A most
remarkable, well insulated, semi-nebulous milky way patch of a branching
rounded figure, within the limits of the field, quite insulated on the p, n and
f side, and only connected on the south side by a narrow isthmus with a branch
of the milky way, which runs meridionally to a great extent. It forms a VI. class cluster of the
utmost tenuity, barely resolvable, no resolved. See [sketch] fig 1, plate V." JH listed this observation (and coordinates) after
h3702, but didn't assign it a unique h-designation (it's called 3702 1/2 in his
list of sketched nebulae), indicating it was just an interesting field and not
a discrete object. He included it,
though, in the GC as h3702', but Dreyer dropped the prime in the NGC. As a result there are NGC listings for
h3702 (NGC 6416 and NGC 6421).
******************************
NGC 6422 = MCG
+11-21-015 = CGCG 321-026 = PGC 60558
17 36 29.9 +68
03 31
V = 14.1; Size 0.6'x0.6'
17.5"
(6/11/88): faint, very small, round, bright core. In a compact trio with similar NGC 6420 1.3' WSW and MCG
+11-21-014 1' NW. The MCG was the
faintest of the trio and appeared extremely faint, very small, round, even
surface brightness. Located in a
group with NGC 6419 6.3' NNW and CGCG 321-023 = PGC 60529 7' WNW. The CGCG appeared very faint, extremely
small, round. A mag 15 star is off
the south edge.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6422 = Sw II-57, along with NGC 6423, on 1 Aug 1883 and recorded
"eF; pS; R; nearly between a F and a B *." His position is 16 seconds west of CGCG 321-025 = PGC
60553, the brightest of four galaxies in a 3' circle. The "B *" in the description probably refers to
the mag 8.9 star 3' east.
Bigourdan measured an accurate position on 6 Sep 1888 (repeated in the
IC 2 Notes). MCG does not label
this galaxy as NGC 6422. See notes
for NGC 6419.
******************************
NGC 6423 = MCG
+11-21-016 = CGCG 321-027 = PGC 60576
17 36 53.3 +68
10 17
V = 14.8; Size 0.3'x0.2'; Surf Br = 11.6; PA = 165d
17.5"
(6/11/88): very faint, very small, round, weak concentration. Forms a pair with NGC 6419 4.5' W.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6423 = Sw II-58, along with NGC 6422 = Sw II-57, on 1 Aug 1885,
and recorded "eeF; vS; R; * nr east; v diff." His position is 12 seconds west and
0.8' south of CGCG 321-027 = PGC 60576.
Bigourdan's position, measured on 7 Sep 1888, matches PGC 60756. There is no star "nr east",
though a mag 12 star is 1.5' north.
MCG does not label this galaxy as NGC 6423. See notes for NGC 6419.
******************************
NGC 6424 = UGC
10932 = MCG +12-17-001 = CGCG 340-011 = PGC 60552
17 36 11.9 +69
59 20
V = 13.4; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.5
17.5"
(6/11/88): very faint, extremely small, round. Appears as a stellar nucleus with a small, round halo.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6424 = Sw II-59 on 5 Aug 1885 and logged "vF; pS; R." His position is less than 1' from UGC
10932, so the identity is certain.
******************************
NGC 6425 = Cr
348 = ESO 455-SC038
17 47 02 -31 31
48
V = 7.2; Size 8'
17.5"
(8/2/97): roughly three dozen stars in a 16'x7' detached region about 20 of
which are mag 11 and the remainder mag 12-13.5. The group stands out well using a 14mm UltraWide, although
the stars are fairly scattered with no dense regions. Near the center is a nice 30" equilateral triangle
(brightest of the trio is at the SE vertex) of mag 10.5-11.5 stars. Following this triangle is a large
"hole" in the cluster devoid of any stars. The brighter stars form an
irregular border although there are two noticeable strings of stars in the
cluster. Located 1.5 degrees NE of M6.
8"
(6/27/81): 15 stars mag 11-13 in a triangular outline.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6425 = h3703 on 3 Aug 1834 and recorded "Small cl VIII
class; 8' dia; has 20 or 30 st 10...12, nearly insulated." His position is good.
******************************
NGC 6426
17 44 54.7 +03
10 13
V = 11.2; Size 3.2'; Surf Br = 1.1
24"
(7/30/16): at 260x and 432x; fairly faint, round, moderately large, 2.5' diameter. Contains a very small, slightly
brighter core that is elongated N-S and lively. A few faint stars are resolved around at the edges of the
halo and several additional stars occasionally sparkle within the halo. A 15-15.5 magnitude star is at the
north edge of core. In addition, five slightly brighter stars are arranged N-S
along the west side of the halo; a single mag 14 star is near the NW side, two
mag 14.5-15 stars on the west side, and two mag 15/15.5 stars on the SW side.
18"
(8/23/03): at 160x, appears fairly faint with an irregular triangular outline,
2.5' diameter. There is only a
weak concentration though the surface has a patchy, irregular appearance with a
few faint stars superimposed. At
435x, the brightest resolved star is at the northwest edge. A few others are collinear in the halo
along the western side. The
slightly brighter core is offset east of the geometric center and just resolved
into several extremely faint stars at moments. A total of up to 10 mag 15/16 stars are barely resolved.
17.5"
(5/30/92): fairly faint, 3' diameter, slightly elongated, only a weak central
condensation, slightly granular.
Two or three faint stars are resolved at the edge of the halo. At 286x, a few additional very faint
stars are resolved over the core for a total resolution of just six stars. A striking double ·2202 = 6.2/6.6 at
21" lies 36' S.
8"
(6/22/81): faint, small, round, diffuse.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6426 = H II-587 = St VII-18 on 3 Jun 1786 (sweep 572) and
recorded "F, cL, iF."
His position is reasonably accurate. Stephan found the cluster 90 years later on 13 Jul 1876 and
included it in his 7th list. As a
result, Dreyer catalogued it again as GCS 5870, but he combined both GC entries
in the NGC.
The position
given in Sky Catalogue 2000.0, Deep Sky Field Guide (first version) and NGC
2000.0 is 10' too far south!
******************************
NGC 6427 = NGC
6431 = UGC 10957 = MCG +04-42-003 = CGCG 141-006 = PGC 60758
17 43 38.7 +25
29 38
V = 13.3; Size 1.5'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 36d
17.5"
(8/1/89): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 SW-NE, small bright core,
faint extensions. A mag 15 star is
just off the SW end 26" from the center and a mag 14.5 star is 36" S
of center. Forms a pair with NGC
6429 10.4' SE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6427 = m 342 on 2 Jul 1864 and noted "vF, vS,
stellar." His position is 1'
north of UGC 10957 = PGC 60758.
Truman Safford independently found this galaxy on 28 Aug 1866 and
recorded "pB, pL, vmbM."
His position is 20' too far north, but matches in RA (he noted
"position not certain" in a footnote). ƒdouard Stephan rediscovered this galaxy again on 23 Jun
1870 and reported it in list I-7 (later NGC 6431), but he misidentified his
reference star and his position is erroneous. So, NGC 6427 = NGC 6431. E.E. Barnard found NGC 6427 and 6429 on 29 Jan 1889 and made
a field sketch, though was able to later correctly identify the galaxies,
though he labeled NGC 6429 as NGC 6428.
******************************
NGC 6428
17 43 52.9 +25
33 23
=*, Corwin. Not
found, RNGC. =**?, Gottlieb.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 6428 = Big. 82 on 7 Jul 1885. A 13" double star is near
his Comptes Rendus position, though Harold Corwin notes that Bigourdan
references the northern star as the intended "object". RNGC
classifies the number as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 6429 = UGC
10960 = MCG +04-42-004 = CGCG 141-007 = PGC 60770
17 44 05.4 +25
21 01
V = 13.1; Size 1.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 23d
17.5"
(8/1/89): fairly faint, small, elongated SSW-NNE, small bright core, stellar
nucleus. A very close faint double
star mag 14.5/15.5 is off the south side 33" S of center. Forms a pair with NGC 6427 10' NW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6429 = m 343 on 2 Jul 1864 and noted "F, S,
stellar." His position is 1'
too far north.
******************************
NGC 6430 = UGC
10966 = MCG +03-45-019 = CGCG 112-035 = LGG 414-005 = PGC 60805
17 45 14.3 +18
08 18
V = 13.5; Size 1.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 97d
17.5"
(8/7/02): at 220x appeared as a faint, moderately large edge-on oriented E-W,
1.2'x0.3' with a low even surface brightness. A mag 13.7 star is at the following end 50" from the
center and the galaxy extends nearly due west.
Albert Marth's
position for NGC 6430 was off by
38 tsec in RA and although his description matches, modern catalogues and the
U2000 (second edition) identify this galaxy as UGC 10966. Karl Reinmuth identified NGC 6430 as a
chain of 4 stars and the RNGC followed suit classifying NGC 6430 as
nonexistent.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6430 = m 344 on 2 Jun 1864 and noted "vF, S, mE." There is nothing at his position, but
38 seconds of time east is UGC 10966, and Marth's description is appropriate
for this galaxy.
Karl Reinmuth
failed to find NGC 6430 in his photographic survey using Heidelberg plates and
wrote "no mE neb seen; a chain of 4 st 14-15, 150¡, in 17h 38.9m (1860)". Based on Reinmuth, RNGC misclassifies
the number as nonexistent with the note "4 stars".
******************************
NGC 6431 = NGC
6427 = UGC 10957 = MCG +04-42-003 = CGCG 141-006 = PGC 60758
17 43 38.7 +25
29 38
V = 13.3; Size 1.5'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 36d
See observing
notes for NGC 6427.
ƒdouard Stephan
found NGC 6431 = St I-7 on 23 Jun 1870.
This was his first "discovery" but Bigourdan (visually) and
Reinmuth (on Heidelberg plates) found nothing at his position. However, Harold Corwin found that
Stephan misidentified his comparison star and once corrected his position
matches NGC 6427 = UGC 10957, which Albert Marth had discovered earlier on 2
Jul 1864. So, NGC 6431 = NGC 6427. This is one of Stephan's few errors
that were not caught by Emmanuel Esmiol during his re-reduction of Stephan's
positions ("RŽduction des Observations de NŽbuleuses DŽcouvertes par M.
Stephan", 1916).
******************************
NGC 6432 = ESO
520-**25
17 47 23 -24 53
12
=4*12-13, Howe.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6432 = h1984 on 1 Jul 1826 and noted "a cl of vs
stars. Twilight." A group of 4 stars within 40" is
just 1' north of his position.
Herbert Howe was the first to make this identification in 1899. Using the 20-inch refractor in Denver,
he reported "This 'cluster' contains only four stars, two of mag 12 and
two of mag 13."
******************************
NGC 6433 = UGC
10962 = MCG +06-39-015 = CGCG 199-013 = PGC 60766
17 43 56.3 +36
48 01
V = 13.3; Size 2.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 163d
17.5"
(8/1/89): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated NNW-SSE, small bright
core. Pair with CGCG 199-014 4.3'
N.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6433 = m 345 on 9 Jul 1864 and noted "vF, S, pmE,
bM." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 6434 = UGC
10934 = MCG +12-17-002 = CGCG 339-053 = CGCG 340-013 = PGC 60573
17 36 49.0 +72
05 20
V = 12.4; Size 2.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 100d
17.5"
(6/11/88): moderately bright, fairly small, very elongated WNW-ESE, bright core. Located 2.0' N of mag 7.3 SAO 8860,
which detracts from viewing.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6434 = H III-741 = h1987 on 6 Jun 1788 (sweep 847) and recorded
"eF, stellar. A few minutes
north of a considerable B star, verified by 300, which showed it lE in the
parallel [E-W]." JH made the
single observation "vF; vS; R; bM; 6"; 90" n of a * 8m."
******************************
NGC 6435 = UGC
10947 = MCG +10-25-080 = CGCG 300-058 = PGC 60667
17 40 11.1 +62
38 29
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 5d
17.5"
(7/21/90): faint, very small, slightly elongated, small bright core, stellar
nucleus. Forms a pair with CGCG
300-059 5.2' ESE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6435 = Sw IX-86 on 15 Jun 1887 and recorded "eeF; vS; R; vF
double star near following."
His position is 2' too far northeast, but the double star, which is 2.8'
northeast, clinches the identification.
Swift relayed the discovery directly to Dreyer, who assigned it to list
VI in the NGC, but the discovery was not published until a couple of years
later in list IX (along with others he didn't include in list VI).
******************************
NGC 6436 = UGC
10951 = MCG +10-25-082 = CGCG 300-060 = PGC 60695
17 41 13.2 +60
26 59
V = 14.0; Size 1.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 177d
17.5"
(7/19/90): faint, elongated 2:1 N-S, even surface brightness. An extremely faint 16th magnitude star
is just west of the core. Almost
collinear with three mag 13 stars off the south edge which are aligned E-W.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6436 = Sw V-74 on 25 Sep 1884 and recorded "eeF; pS; lE; v
close n of the s * of 3 in a line."
His position is just 50" north of UGC 10951 and the three stars are
close southwest as in my visual description.
******************************
NGC 6437 = ESO
393-?28
17 48 45 -35 26
00
Size 20'x5'
18"
(8/19/09): at 73x (31mm Nagler) appeared as a very large group or star cloud of
over 100 stars, mostly mag 10-13, in a 30'x15' region elongated NW to SE. The mass of stars is just west of mag
7.3 HD 161855 and is fairly well detached in the Milky Way field except on the
NW side where a stream of stars extends to the north and then spreads out into
another rich star cloud. The
brightest star within NGC 6437 is mag 7.6 HD 161561 on the NW side with a faint
companion 25" N. The
background glow of the Milky Way surrounding the group is bright, patchy and
overall very striking in the entire 67' field.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6437 = h3704 on 7 Jun 1837 and recorded "A very decided,
tolerably defined semi-nebulous mass in milky way, with abundance of vS st,
forming altogether a telescopic magellanic cloud. It fills about a field, and has branches and sinuses and is
altogether a remarkable object".
On the DSS, this is a rich Milky Way field (JH's position is at the southeast
side), which is detached on the east end by dust. ESO did not include it as a cluster and RNGC also classifies
the number as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 6438 = ESO
010-001 = VV 682 = LGG 417-002 = AM 1806-852 NW = KTS 56B = PGC 61787
18 22 17.7 -85
24 07
V = 11.1; Size 1.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 11.8; PA = 156d
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 260x, the appearance of this
interacting pair was very strange!
NGC 6438 appeared moderately bright, small, round, 0.4' diameter. NGC 6438A (a disrupted peculiar galaxy)
is attached on the east side and appeared as a faint, diffuse glow, elongated
SW-NE, ~0.8'x0.5'. This system is
the second closest NGC galaxy to the south celestial pole and is located 4' NE
of a mag 9.5 star (an uncatalogued double star) and 16' NE of mag 8 HD 160820.
NGC 6438A
appears highly disrupted on the DSS, with two extensions or arms (perhaps two
different interacting galaxies).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6438 = h3701 on 2 Jun 1835 and logged "pB; R; vgbM. RA rudely taken, and may be very
erroneous." His RA is 3
minutes too large, though this only corresponds with 3.6' in the sky at this
declination.
******************************
NGC 6439 = PK
11+5.1 = PN G011.0+05.8
17 48 19.8 -16
28 44
V = 12.7; Size 6"x5"
18"
(7/25/06): easily picked up at 115x as a quasi-stellar light-blue mag 12.5
"star" just 1' S of a mag 10.4 star. Very good response to the OIII filter. A very small disc was visible at 225x,
perhaps 3" in size. Adding a
UHC filter this compact planetary was similar in brightness to the mag 10.4
star and appeared to increase slightly in diameter. At 435x a small oval, ~4"x3" was resolved of
uniform surface brightness except it seemed to fade around the periphery,
hinting at a thin faint envelope.
Located in the NW corner of Sgr near the border of Ophiuchus and Serpens
Cauda.
13.1"
(7/12/86): fairly bright stellar planetary at 79x, verified with OIII
blinking. At 166x a mag 10.5 star
just 1.2' N is perfectly placed for blinking comparison! Appears stellar at 214x. Estimate V = 12.0-12.5.
Edward Pickering
discovered NGC 6439 on 18 Aug 1882 with the 15-inch refractor at Harvard
College Observatory using a direct-vision spectroscope. He reported the
discovery in AN 2459 and Sidereal Messenger, Oct 1882 and noted "mag 13. A
star, mag 11, north 1' and follows 1 second." His position and description is accurate. Megastar (and probably other sources)
misidentify the mag 13 star that is 1' north as NGC 6439.
Based on
Crossley photographs at Lick, Curtis (1918) described NGC 6439 as "a
minute round disk 5" in diameter, there is a very wind in p.a. 290¡. The disk is slightly fainter at the
edges."
******************************
NGC 6440 = ESO
589-SC008
17 48 52.6 -20
21 35
V = 9.1; Size 5.4'; Surf Br = 3.3
24"
(8/14/15): at 375x; bright, relatively small globular, sharply concentrated
with a very bright core and a much fainter, well-defined circular halo, roughly
2' across. The core is mottled and
very granular but unresolved. NGC
6440 is collinear with an 11' string of four mag 11-12 stars extending from NW
to SE, barely fitting in the field, with the closest star 1.7' NNW of
center. At 500x, a few extremely
faint stars were resolved in the halo.
The bright core contains a handful of resolved stars (mag 16.5 or
fainter) that pop in and out of view over the extremely granular background.
NGC 6440 is a
highly obscured, metal-rich globular at a low galactic latitude, so resolution
is quite difficult.
17.5"
(7/14/99): this globular forms an unusual pair with planetary NGC 6445 just 21'
NNE and is situated within a string of four mag 11-12 stars oriented
NW-SE. It appears fairly faint,
round, at least 2' diameter. At
280x the diffuse halo increases to a moderately bright, round core. Although the globular appears granular,
there was no resolution is good seeing except for a very faint star that was
intermittently visible off the north edge of the core.
13"
(6/29/84): moderately bright, small, broadly concentrated to a brighter core,
no resolution. Forms a striking
pair with planetary NGC 6445 20' NNE.
Brightest member stars are only V =17.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6440 = H I-150 = h1985 on 28 May 1786 (sweep 569) and recorded
"cB, R, vgmbM, about 1 1/2' diameter."
******************************
NGC 6441 = ESO
393-SC034
17 50 12.8 -37
03 04
V = 7.4; Size 7.8'; Surf Br = 1.4
17.5"
(7/14/99): at 220x appears moderately bright, round, ~2.7' diameter, fairly
sharp concentration with a prominent 1' core. A mag 11 foreground star is at the southwest edge of the
halo (1.3' SW of center), a mag 13.5 star is just inside the west edge of the
halo (1.2' from center), and a mag 12.5-13 star is just off the northwest
side. No definite resolution was
visible although the globular has a granular appearance. Located just 4.5' following G Scorpii
(V = 3.2). H 1-36, a symbiotic
star (mimics a stellar planetary), is located just 1.3' NW of the mag 3.2 star!
13"
(6/18/85): very bright core, mottled halo but no certain resolution. Located just 4.5' E of G Scorpii (V =
3.2), which hampers viewing.
8"
(5/21/82): bright, intense core.
80mm finder
(7/14/99): the globular is easily visible at 21x in the finder.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 6441 = D 557 = h3705 on 13 May 1826 with his 9-inch f/12
reflector at Paramatta. He
described "a small well-defined rather bright nebula, about 20 arcseconds
diameter, a very small star precedes it, but it is not involved; following
gamma Telescopii." He
observed this globular on 5 nights and his position is just 2' south of center
(unusually accurate for him).
JH first
recorded on 28 Jun 1834, "globular cluster, B, R, 90", vgbM,
resolvable (barely so), a very regularly graduating neb or cluster; in field
with gamma Telescopii." The
next night he logged "globular, B, R, vgbM, up to a blaze. In field with
Gamma Telescopii, and nearly on the same parallel; with left eye I barely see
it resolved into stars 18 or 20m. The whole ground of the heavens, for an
immense extent, is thickly sown with such stars. A beautiful object." Christian Peters claimed he discovered
it around 1850, while at the Capodimonte Observatory in Naples (AJ 2, 1856).
******************************
NGC 6442 = UGC
10978 = MCG +03-45-021 = CGCG 112-038 = PGC 60844
17 46 51.3 +20
45 40
V = 12.6; Size 1.9'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.8
17.5"
(8/1/89): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated NNW-SSE, small
well-defined core, faint halo.
Pair with UGC 10979 7' NE within the NGC 6460 group. UGC 10979 appeared faint, small, round,
diffuse, even surface brightness.
A mag 10.5 star is at the SW edge.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6442 = m 346 on 2 Jun 1864 and noted "pF, S, irr R,
gbM." His position is 1' too
far north.
******************************
NGC 6443 = UGC
10967 = MCG +08-32-018 = CGCG 253-033 = PGC 60783
17 44 33.9 +48
06 50
V = 13.8; Size 1.2'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 128d
17.5"
(8/1/89): faint, fairly small, very elongated NW-SE, almost even surface
brightness. Located along one side
of a thin isosceles triangle of three mag 14 stars (two lie 1.6' N and 1.5'
S). A mag 11 star is 3.3' E.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6443 = Sw V-75 on 22 Oct 1886 and recorded "eeF; pS; lE; e
diff." His position is less
than 1' north of UGC 10967.
******************************
NGC 6444 = ESO
393-SC030 = Ru 132 = OCl-1023 = Dunlop 597?
17 49 35 -34 49
12
Size 12'
17.5"
(7/8/94): about 50 stars in a 10' string oriented due E-W. Stands out reasonably well in the field
at 100x. Very uniform in mag 12-13
stars over some unresolved haze. A
more ill defined branch of stars begins at the west end and trails NE. An arc of stars begins at the east end
and curls back west on the south side.
Located in the same low power field with globular NGC 6453 20' NE and
53' due west of the center of M7.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6444 = h3706 = D 597? on 7 Jun 1837 and recorded "A very
fine L, rich sc cl of st 12...13m."
His position is 40 seconds of RA too large, but marked the coordinates
with a +/-, indicating uncertainty.
James Dunlop
possibly discovered the cluster earlier on 28 Jun 1826 and logged a
"pretty large faint nebula, easily resolvable. This precedes a cluster of stars." Dunlop made a single observation and
his position is 26' too far east-southeast, but this cluster is due west of M7
by 52', so this identification is certainly reasonable. RNGC misclassifies the number as
nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 6445 = Box
Nebula = PK 8+3.1 = ESO 589-PN9 = PN G008.0+03.9
17 49 15.3 -20
00 34
V = 10.9; Size 38"x29"; Surf Br = 9.9
24"
(8/14/15): this highly structured planetary was observed using 500x. NGC 6445 has an unusual rectangular
shape, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, with dimensions ~45"x30". The planetary is brighter in fairly
narrow strips along the four sides, creating an annular appearance. The short northwest facing side is
slightly brighter and contains a bright knot or section near the middle. In addition, a faint knot is at the north
vertex. Another bright knot is at
the east vertex and either a faint knot or very faint star is at the south
vertex. The short southeast facing
side is sharply defined and quite straight. A very low surface brightness glow
can be seen outside (east) of the eastern vertex. In addition, with careful viewing an extremely faint outer
shell or loop is outside the long southwest facing side, connected at the two
vertices along this side. A mag
~15.5 star is just outside the midpoint of the loop. The outer shell or loop on the northeast side was not seen.
18"
(7/22/06): this fascinating planetary was viewed at 435x. The overall shape is rectangular with
the longer sides oriented NW to SE.
Both ends are noticeably brighter giving an annular appearance. The NW end is slightly brighter and
irregular in surface brightness with a brighter spot or two. The rim at the northwest end is
slightly bowed out and has a well-defined boundary edge in the interior. The rim at the southeast end of the
planetary is unusually straight and well-defined. With averted vision it appeared to extend slightly beyond
the main body of the planetary.
The bright lobe at this end is bar-shaped and extended SW to NE in the
direction of the minor axis.
17.5"
(7/14/99): this bright PN is striking at 280x with a great deal of structure
evident. It has a boxy appearance,
elongated NW-SE with dimensions ~45"x30". The ends of the major axis are clearly brighter with a
bright, shallow arc or crescent-shaped curve on the NW end. This lobe has an irregular surface
brightness with a couple of brighter spots. The SE lobe is brighter but has an oddly flat edge. At 380x, the eastern end of the
southeast lobe is brighter and has a small extension or nodule that bulges out
beyond the rectangular outline to the east. The center is clearly darker and with careful viewing
appears as a dark band running SW-NE.
A mag 12 star lies ~45" NW of center and the planetary precedes a
wide uneven mag 8/10.5 pair by 5'.
The planetary forms an unusual pair with GC NGC 6440 20' SSW.
13"
(8/5/83): bright, fairly small, elongated NW-SE, brighter along the NW
side. A darker center visible at
288x appears to cut through the minor axis. The NW edge is slightly curved
while the other sides and corners are "boxy" giving an irregular
rectangular outline. The ends of
the minor axis are fainter. A wide
double star h2810 = 7.7/10.5 at 41" lies 5.3' E. A mag 12 star is just off the NW end about 40" from the
center. Forms a striking pair with
globular cluster NGC 6440 20' SSW in the same low power field.
13.1"
(7/16/82): dark center at 280x appears to bisect the planetary ~E-W.
8"
(6/27/81): fairly bright, elongated, uniform. Located within string of four mag 11/12 stars.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6445 = H II-586 = h1986 on 28 May 1786 (sweep 569) and recorded
"pB, S, iF." He placed it in his class II of "Faint
Nebulae". JH called this planetary "pB; pL; R; r;
40"." On 11 Mar 1848,
LdR (or assistant William Rambaut) described NGC 6445 as "curious
circular-shaped neb with large dark spot at one side [f side in a diagram],
around which is a close cluster of well defined vS stars." Edward Pickering apparently found NGC
6445 while searching with a direct-vision spectroscope at Harvard College
Observatory (Sidereal Messenger, Oct 1882). In 1887, Frank Muller reported with the 26-inch refractor at
the Leander McCormick Observatory, "Two nuclei forming an elliptical
nebula, elongated 150¡, largest diameter 26", northern nucleus
brighter. A sketch shows each
nucleus to be elongated in the direction 90¡ +/-, the center being almost
devoid of nebulosity. The nuclei
are entirely separated from each other except by very faint nebulosity, and are
of the 12.5 magnitude."
Based on
Crossley photographs, Curtis (1918) reported "..the brighter portioin is a
very irregular "square-shouldered ring 38"x29"; from this extend
very faint ring like ansae in p.a. 50-230¡, along which the total length is
about 50". Brightest on NW
edge..."
The Sky
Catalogue 2000, Volume 2 and the Deep Sky Name Index 2000 incorrectly refer to
NGC 6445 as the "Little Gem".
The nickname applies to NGC 6818 (from John Mallas).
******************************
NGC 6446 = MCG
+06-39-018 = CGCG 199-018 = PGC 60825
17 46 07.5 +35
34 10
V = 14.6; Size 0.3'x0.3'
17.5"
(8/1/89): very faint, very small, round, weak concentration. A pair of mag 14 and 15 stars is 0.9'
NNE and 1.2' N of center, respectively.
Forms a close pair with NGC 6447 1.9' E.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6446 = m 347, along with NGC 6447, on 9 Jul 1864 and noted
"eF, vS, irr R." His
position is accurate. Rudolph
Spitaler rediscovered both galaxies on 26 May 1884 while observing Comet 1858
III (AN 2446).
******************************
NGC 6447 = UGC
10975 = MCG +06-39-019 = CGCG 199-019 = PGC 60829
17 46 17.2 +35
34 20
V = 12.7; Size 1.6'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 145d
17.5"
(8/1/89): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated N-S, brighter middle with faint
extensions. Forms a close pair
with NGC 6446 1.9' W.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6447 = m 348, along with NGC 6446, on 9 Jul 1864 and noted
"vF, S, R." His position
is accurate. Rudolph
Spitaler rediscovered both galaxies on 26 May 1884 while observing Comet 1858
III (AN 2601).
******************************
NGC 6448
17 43 42.8 +53
32 44
18"
(8/27/11): At 175x I identified a mag 11.6 star that possibly appeared to have
one or more faint companions as there was a slightly hazy glow very near
extended E-W. At 393x, three
close, very faint companions were resolved; two following and one preceding,
with all 4 stars roughly collinear.
The two companions to the east are at 17" and 30" from the
brighter star, while the companion to the west is at a separation of
19". The brightest of the
three faint stars is at the east end, though all three are near V = 15.5. Located 15' S of 5.8-magnitude HD
161693.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6448 = Sw II-60 on 16 July 1885 and logged "vF, pS, R,
lbM". There are no galaxies
near his position, but about 30 seconds of RA preceding is a east-west string
of 3 very faint stars and one brighter star that may be Swift's object. According to Harold Corwin's
identification notes, Jeff Corder suggested this possible identification. RNGC
classifies the number as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 6449 = UGC
10965 = MCG +09-29-020 = CGCG 278-020 = PGC 60762
17 43 46.3 +56
48 14
V = 13.8; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 135d
17.5"
(7/19/90): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated NW-SE. Three faint stars very near; a mag 15.5
star is at the south edge, a mag 15 star is just west of the core and a mag 14
star is off the north edge.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6449 = Sw I-69 on 19 Apr 1885 and recorded "vF; pS; R;
bM." His position is at the
northeast edge of the galaxy.
******************************
NGC 6450
17 47 30 +18 35
=Not found,
Dreyer.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6450 = Sw II-61 on 1 Jul 1884 and logged "vF; vS; B * f 8
seconds; bet 2 sts." There
are only faint stars near his position and the nearest faint galaxies in the
CGCG have no nearby bright star, so clearly there is an error in his
position. Both Bigourdan and
Herbert Howe were unsuccessful in finding NGC 6450. Father Hagen notes in the Vatican Zone Catalogue that there
no "B*" in this place.
No modern
catalogue has an entry for NGC 6450 and Harold Corwin was also unable to
recover this object despite the specific description.
******************************
NGC 6451 = Cr
352 = Mel 181 = Lund 783
17 50 42 -30 12
30
Size 8'
13.1"
(6/18/85): about three dozen stars in a 8' diameter. The brighter stars around the edges form the outline. Includes many very faint stars inside
the bright border but unconcentrated towards the center.
8"
(6/27/81): faint but rich group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6451 = H VI-13 = h3707 on 24 Jun 1784 (sweep 232) and recorded
"a cluster of small and pretty compressed stars of several magnitudes;
about 5 or 6' in diam, not very rich." On 3 Aug 1834 (sweep 478), JH logged "a remarkable
cluster; divided into two by a broad, vacant, straight band; irreg R; 8' diam;
st 12...15m. See fig 5, Pl
V." His sketch shows two
elongated groups of stars separated by a starless lane.
******************************
NGC 6452 = CGCG
112-043 = PGC 60876
17 47 58.5 +20
50 16
V = 14.4; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7
17.5"
(7/1/89): very faint, very small, round, low surface brightness. Situated almost between two mag 14/15
stars aligned E-W. Located about
12' WNW of NGC 6458 in the NGC 6460 group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6452 = m 349, along with NGC 6458 and 6460, on 2 Jul 1864 and
noted "eeF, S." His
position is less than 2' north of CGCG 112-043. Karl Reinmuth correctly identified NGC 6452 in his 1926
photographic survey "Die Herschel-Nebel" and stated "eF, be 2 F
st; identification doubtful."
The two faint stars are mentioned in my observation.
******************************
NGC 6453 = ESO
393-SC036
17 50 52 -34 36
00
V = 9.9; Size 3.5'; Surf Br = 2.0
17.5"
(7/4/86): at 220x appears very faint, small, very mottled. A few stars are resolved at the edges
(possibly foreground stars).
Located beyond the NW edge of M7 about 40' from the center. Open cluster NGC 6444 lies 20' SW.
8": faint,
small, diffuse. Located NW of M7
in the field.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6453 = h3708 on 8 Jun 1837 and recorded "a highly condensed
nebulous mass, 3' diam, or an irreg R neb; pmbM; resolvable." His position is 27 seconds of time too
large, but his RA is rounded to the nearest minute (marked as +/-) and the
description fits.
******************************
NGC 6454 = MCG
+09-29-026 = CGCG 278-024 = PGC 60795
17 44 56.6 +55
42 17
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(7/19/90): faint, very small, round, small bright core. A mag 14 star is superimposed or
contains a fairly bright stellar nucleus.
Located 5.9' SE of mag 8.7 SAO 30546. This is the brighter of a pair with NGC 6459 8' NE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6454 = Sw I-70 on 19 Apr 1885 and noted "vF; pS; R;
lbM." His position is
18 seconds of RA too small.
Bigourdan remeasured an accurate RA on 4 Oct 1890 (repeated in the IC 2
Notes).
******************************
NGC 6455 = ESO
394-?3
17 51 08 -35 20
18
24"
(7/7/13): at 125x (50' field), this position corresponds with a very large,
bright Milky Way field just southwest of M7. The field includes a nice mix of mag 7 and fainter stars
centered near a bright, very wide pair (mag 7 HD 162145 and mag 8.5 HD
320780). The Milky Way background
here is glowing, but the field itself is not special considering the region,
and it certainly does not appear cluster-like.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6455 = h3709 on 7 Jun 1837 and recorded "a very extensive
nebulous clustering mass of the milky way. The stars of excessive smallness, and infinite in
number." His position is marked
uncertain, possibly due to the large size of the field but falls close to mag
7.3 HD 162287. Harold Corwin notes
this is probably just a random clumping of Milky Way stars near SAO 209348.
RNGC classifies
the number as nonexistent and ESO has only a placeholder for the NGC
designation.
******************************
NGC 6456 = CGCG
321-034 = CGCG 322-004 = WBL 645-002 = PGC 60729
17 42 31.7 +67
35 33
V = 14.6; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 45d
24"
(8/23/14): at 375x appeared fairly faint, fairly small, irregularly round,
20"-24" diameter, slightly brighter middle. A mag 16.6 star is 0.4' N of center.
17.5"
(6/11/88): very faint, very small, round, weak concentration. First of 7 and in a trio with NGC 6463
6.0' E and PGC 2701716 6' SE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6456 = Sw V-76, along with NGC 6471, 6472 and 6477, on 25 Sep
1886 and recorded "eeeF; eS; R; ee diff; between 2 stars; 1st of
6." His position is 11 sec of
RA west and 1' north of PGC 60729,
the brightest of several faint galaxies near his position. MCG misidentifies CGCG 321-032 = PGC
60721 as NGC 6456.
******************************
NGC 6457 = UGC
10964 = MCG +11-21-021 = CGCG 321-035 = CGCG 322-005 = PGC 60738
17 42 53.0 +66
28 33
V = 14.2; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 140d
17.5"
(6/11/88): fairly faint, very small, slightly elongated, gradually increases to
a small bright core.
Edward Swift,
Lewis' 14 year-old son, discovered NGC 6457 = Sw I-71 on 8 Jun 1885 and
recorded "F; vS; R; bM."
The position matches UGC 10964.
Lewis noted his son discovered this object in the errata to his 6th
discovery list.
******************************
NGC 6458 = UGC
10994 = MCG +03-45-029 = CGCG 112-051 = PGC 60911
17 49 10.9 +20
48 15
V = 13.4; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 155d
17.5"
(7/1/89): faint, very small, almost round, weak concentration. Located in a N-S string of three mag 14
stars. Pair with NGC 6460 5.2' ESE
in a group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6458 = m 350, along with NGC 6460, on 2 Jul 1864 and noted
"eF, vS, stellar." His
position is within 1' of UGC 10994.
MCG misidentifies NGC 6460 (5' southeast) as NGC 6458.
******************************
NGC 6459 = MCG
+09-29-029 = CGCG 278-025 = PGC 60817
17 45 47.1 +55
46 36
V = 14.3; Size 0.7'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 78d
17.5"
(7/19/90): faint, very small, round.
Located 1.6' NNE of a mag 9.5 star. Forms a pair with NGC 6454 8' SW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6459 = Sw I-72 on 19 Apr 1885 and recorded "eF; vvS; R; vv
diff.; stellar. May be a few eF
stars." His position is
accurate, despite his uncertainty. MCG mislabels this galaxy as NGC 6460.
******************************
NGC 6460 = UGC
10997 = MCG +03-45-031 = CGCG 112-055 = PGC 60925
17 49 30.3 +20
45 49
V = 13.1; Size 1.9'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 157d
17.5"
(7/1/89): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE, weak concentration. Located between mag 7.6 SAO 85445 7.6'
S and mag 7.7 SAO 85452 10' NNE.
Brightest in a group with NGC 6458 5' WNW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6460 = m 351, along with NGC 6458, on 2 Jun 1864 and noted
"vF, pL, iR." His
position matches UGC 10997 = PGC 60925.
CGCG misidentifies this galaxy as NGC 6459 and MCG misidentifies it as
NGC 6458.
******************************
NGC 6461 = UGC
10954 = MCG +12-17-004 = CGCG 339-055 = CGCG 340-017 = PGC 60659
17 39 56.7 +74
02 03
Size
1.0'x0.5'; PA = 20d
18"
(8/12/07): faint, small, slightly elongated SSW-NNE, ~20"x16". Located 1.4' NW of a mag 10.5
star. NGC 6461 is incorrectly
identified as CGCG 340-015 in the CGCG and PGC.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6461 = Sw V-77 on 18 Sep 1884 and recorded "eF; pS; R; nr
terminal * of 5 forming semi-circle." There is nothing near his position. The nearest galaxy is CGCG 339-054 =
PGC 60631, which is 1.6 minutes of RA west and 7' north of his position (10'
separation). But this galaxy
doesn't fit the description of the star field. Bigourdan's position for NGC 6461 measured on 13 Aug 1888
applies to a double star. The CGCG, RNGC and PGC (and secondary sources such as
Megastar) misidentify PGC 60631 as NGC 6461.
Harold Corwin
identifies UGC 10954 as NGC 6461.
This galaxy is situated the northeast end of a loop of 5 stars forming a
semi-circle, matching his description.
This galaxy is located 38' north of Swift's position (and 12 seconds of
RA west).
******************************
NGC 6462 = MCG
+10-25-085 = CGCG 300-063 = VII Zw 740 = PGC 60790
17 44 48.8 +61
54 38
V = 13.9; Size 0.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 11.8
17.5"
(6/11/88): faint, extremely small, round, weak concentration.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6462 = Sw I-73 on 5 Jun 1885 and noted "F; vvS; R; planetary." His position is 15 seconds of RA too
large.
******************************
NGC 6463 = MCG
+11-21-022 = CGCG 321-037 = CGCG 322-007 = WBL 645-003 = PGC 60755
17 43 34.2 +67
36 13
V = 14.1; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0
24"
(8/23/14): fairly faint, round, 24" diameter, very weak
concentration. Near the center of
a group of faint galaxies with NGC 6472, 6470, 6471, 6477 and PGC 2701716 all
within 5'!
17.5"
(6/11/88): very faint, very small, round, diffuse. Third of seven in NGC 6456 group with NGC 6472 3.2' ENE, NGC
6470 4.0' E and NGC 6471 3.7' ESE.
Located 6.0' E of NGC 6456.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6463 = Sw IV-55, along with NGC 6470, on 9 June 1886, and logged
"eeF; S; R; v diff; p of 2 [with NGC 6470]." His position is less than 1' south of
CGCG 321-037 = PGC 60755. Swift
also found 4 additional nearby galaxies on 25 Sep 1886 - NGC 6456, 6470, 6471
and 6477. Due to the compact size
of the group, there is confusion on several of these identifications.
******************************
NGC 6464 = MCG
+10-25-087 = CGCG 300-065 = PGC 60818
17 45 47.6 +60
53 51
V = 14.3; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(7/27/92): very faint, very small, round, low even surface brightness. Preceded by an elongated group of 10
stars mag 14-15. A distinctive
trapezoid of four mag 11 stars with bases oriented N-S lies between 2' and 6'
N. The galaxy is collinear with
the shorter east base and is located 3' further south.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6464 = Sw I-74 on 18 Sep 1884 and recorded "eeeF; R; pS; ee
diff.; south of 4 stars in form of a square." His position is 1.2' too far north and his description of
the four stars to the north matches the sky.
******************************
NGC 6465 = ESO
521-**2
17 52 55 -25 23
54
=2 double stars,
Howe.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6465 = h1988 on 1 Jul 1826 and noted "suspected; small;
twilight." At his position is
a small group of 5 stars, including two double stars (an additional star is to
the southeast). Herbert Howe,
observing in 1888-1889 with a 20-inch refractor, reported "search was made
for this on two nights. On the
first no nebula could be found. On
the second, it was discovered that, instead of a nebula, there are simply two
doubles of mag 12. In each pair
the distance is 4", and the two pairs are 15" apart." Harold Corwin concurs with this
identification.
******************************
NGC 6466 = CGCG
278-030 = MCG +09-29-032 = PGC 60883
17 48 08.1 +51
23 57
V = 14.1; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 111d
24"
(7/15/15): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, 0.4'x0.3', brighter stellar
nucleus. Nearby are CGCG 278-028
5' NW, UGC 10984 15' SW and NGC 6478 15' SSE. CGCG 278-028 (V = 15.3) appeared faint, small, round,
15" diameter. UGC 10984 is
fairly faint, moderately large, oval 4:3 NNW-SSE, ~40"x30", broad
concentration with a brighter core.
A mag 11.6 star is 2.8' SSW.
17.5"
(6/22/90): faint, very small, slightly elongated, very small bright core. NGC 6478 lies 16' SSE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6466 = Sw I-75 on 18 Sep 1884 and recorded "eF; vS; R; bet
2 stars which with 2 others forms a cross like cross in Cygnus. Neb placed as in Gamma
Cygni." His position is 27
seconds of RA west of CGCG 278-030 = PGC 60883, though his description is a
perfect match with this galaxy.
Hermann Kobold measured an accurate position on 27 Oct 1897 with the
18-inch refractor at Strassburg.
Dorothy Carlson
(in her 1940 NGC Correction paper) equated NGC 6466 with NGC 6478 (based on Mt
Wilson photographs). RC 1, RC 2
and Sky Catalogue 2000 (first edition) all repeat this misidentification. RNGC and CGCG correctly identify NGC
6478. Both Harold Corwin and
Malcolm Thomson (in his unpublished "Catalogue Corrections") report
this error.
******************************
NGC 6467 = NGC
6468: = UGC 11004 = MCG +03-45-035 = CGCG 112-058 = Holm 772a = LGG 414-001 =
PGC 60972
17 50 40.1 +17
32 16
V = 12.5; Size 2.6'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 77d
17.5"
(7/1/89): faint, fairly small, round, low even surface brightness. Located in a rich star field among a
group of stars. Unusual appearance
as appears similar to an unresolved clump in an open cluster.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6467 = m 352, along with NGC 6468, on 2 Jun 1864 and noted
"vF, vS, lE." His
positions for both objects is a good match with UGC 11004 = PGC 60972, the only
galaxy at his position. Perhaps he
accidentally recorded the same object twice??
******************************
NGC 6468 = NGC
6467: = UGC 11004 = MCG +03-45-035 = CGCG 112-058 = Holm 772a = LGG 414-001 =
PGC 60972
17 50 40.1 +17
32 16
V = 12.5; Size 2.6'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 77d
See observing
notes for NGC 6467.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6468 = m 353, along with NGC 6467, on 2 Jun 1864 and noted
"vF, S, R." His position
is just 1 second of time east of NGC 6467, but there is only a single galaxy
here.
Karl Reinmuth
identifies NGC 6468 with three mag 13-14.5 stars east of NGC 6467 (separations
of 17", 19" and 24"), but these are wide enough to easily
resolve. Alternatively, a single
mag 14.5 star is 49" southeast of NGC 6468.
As the
descriptions for NGC 6467 and 6468 are similar, perhaps Marth accidentally
recorded this galaxy twice. RNGC
equates the two NGC designations and Corwin tentatively agrees as there is no
other compelling nearby candidate.
******************************
NGC 6469 = Cr
353 = Mel 182 = Lund 788
17 53 12 -22 16
30
Size 12'
17.5"
(8/27/92): 75 stars in a 15'x10' scattered region. Bordered by two brighter rows of stars oriented SSW-NNE and
WNW-ESE that intersect at a mag 10 star in the west corner of the cluster. A close faint double star is just
east. At the end of the ESE string
is a wide double star (h4990 = 9.5/11 at 23"). Between the two strings the cluster extends north forming a
triangular outline and consists mainly of mag 13 stars except for three mag
10-11 stars at the east boundary.
The planetary nebula M1-31 is located near the west edge of NGC 6469!
At 105x with an
OIII filter, M 1-31 appeared as a faint but easy stellar object, estimate V =
14.5-14.8. It was just visible
unfiltered and the filter provided an excellent contrast gain.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6469 = h3711 on 27 Jun 1837 and recorded "a pretty rich
insulated milky way cluster; place of a coarse double star in it. The milky way hereabouts is very
poor."
******************************
NGC 6470 = UGC
10974 = MCG +11-21-025 = CGCG 321-039 = CGCG 322-009 = Kaz 159 = WBL 645-005 =
PGC 60778
17 44 14.8 +67
37 10
V = 14.2; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 159d
24"
(8/23/14): at 375x appeared faint, fairly small, slightly elongated N-S,
24"x18", small bright core.
A mag 14 star is 0.7' NE.
Brightest in a rich knot of galaxies with NGC 6471 = UGC 10973 1.6' SSW
and NGC 6472 = PGC 2703230 1.3' NW and NGC 6477 = PGC 2702901 1.5' SE.
17.5"
(6/11/88): very faint, very small, slightly elongated, small bright core. A mag 14 star is off the NE edge 0.7'
from center. Member of the NGC
6456 group with NGC 6472 1.3' NW, NGC 6471 1.6' S, NGC 6477 1.5' SE and NGC
6463 4.0' W.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6470 = Sw IV-56, along with NGC 6456, on 9 Jun 1886 and logged
"eeeF; vS; R; ee dif; f of 2 [with NGC 6456]. His position is 4 tsec W and 0.4' south (41" southwest)
of UGC 10974. Although several
other galaxies are very nearby, including UGC 10973 just 1' south of his
position, UGC 10974 is the brightest one and the mostly likely to have picked
up by Swift. On 25 Sep he went
through the cluster again and picked up several fainter galaxies, whose
identities are not well determined.
RNGC, UGC, CGCG
and MCG misidentify UGC 10973 as NGC 6470. See Harold Corwin's identification notes for NGC 6456.
******************************
NGC 6471 =
(R)NGC 6470 = UGC 10973a = MCG +11-21-023 = CGCG 321-038w = CGCG 322-008w = WBL
645-004 = PGC 60773
17 44 13.0 +67
35 35
V = 14.6; Size 1.3'x0.2'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 173d
24"
(8/23/14): extremely faint or very faint, small, very elongated 3:1 N-S,
20"x6". Located 1.6' S
of brighter NGC 6470 and 3.7' ESE of NGC 6463.
17.5"
(6/11/88): extremely faint and small, round. Forms a double system with UGC 10973b 30" ESE (possibly
seen as a faint mag 15 "star") in the NGC 6456 group. In a tight
quartet with NGC 6470 1.6' N and NGC 6472 2.4' NNW. Also nearby is NGC 6463 3.7' W.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6471 = Sw V-78, along with NGC 6456, 6472 and 6477, on 25 Sep
1886. His description simply
mentions how faint and difficult the observation was and that NGC 6471 was the
"4th of 6". His position
is very close southeast of UGC 10973, a thin edge-on.
UGC 10973 is
misidentified as NGC 6470 in RNGC, UGC, CGCG, MCG. PGC labels it NGC 6470 = NGC 6471, but NGC 6470 is a
separate brighter galaxy 1.6' north.
The RNGC and CGCG misidentify MCG +11-21-024, a compact galaxy just off
the east edge of NGC 6471, as NGC 6471.
See Corwin's identification notes for NGC 6456.
******************************
NGC 6472 =
(R)NGC 6477 = PGC 2703230
17 44 03.0 +67
37 49
V = 15.0; Size 0.6'x0.35'; PA = 10d
24"
(8/23/14): very faint, very small, round, 12" diameter. A mag 17.0 star (based on SDSS
photometry) was occasionally glimpsed 30" E. Located 1.3' NW of NGC 6470.
17.5"
(6/11/88): extremely faint and small, round. In a crowded region of NGC 6456 group with NGC 6470 1.3'
ESE, NGC 6471 2.4' SSE and NGC 6463 3.2' SW. Misidentified as NGC 6477 in the RNGC.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6472 = Sw V-79, along with NGC 6456, 6471 and 6477, on 25 Sept
1886. His description simply
comments on how faint and small this galaxy appeared. He notes this is the "5th of 6" in the group, and
the declination is the furthest north.
His position is 7 sec of RA east and 1' north of PGC 2703230 (the
furthest north), though this galaxy precedes both the candidates for NGC 6470
and 6471. Still, the most reasonable assignment is NGC 6472 = PGC 2703230.
NGC 6472 is
mislabeled as NGC 6477 in the RNGC.
Furthermore, NGC 6470 = UGC 10974 (discovered by Swift earlier on 9 Jun
1886) is misidentified as NGC 6472 in RNGC, UGC, CGCG and MCG. See Corwin's notes to NGC 6456 for
more.
******************************
NGC 6473
17 46 54 +57
18.5
=Not found,
Gottlieb. Possibly = UGC 10980,
HC.
Lewis Swift
found NGC 6473 = Sw IV-57, along with NGC 6474 = Sw IV-58, on 22 Jul 1886 and
recorded "eeF; S; R; s of 2."
UGC 10989 is the only galaxy close to his two nearly identical positions. A mag 16.5 star is close north of this
galaxy and a mag 17.5 star a bit further south, but these are probably too
faint for Swift to have picked up.
His very detailed description for NGC 6474 clearly establishes its
identity with UGC 10989.
Unless he
somehow recorded NGC 6474 twice that evening, Harold Corwin mentions UGC 10980
as a possibility (suggested by Jeff Corder). This galaxy is bright enough to be picked up by Swift,
though is located nearly 10' west-southwest. I'm skeptical, though, because of the discrepancy in
position and because there is no reference to a mag 13.5 star at its west
edge. So, I've listed NGC 6473 as
"Not Found" here.
******************************
NGC 6474 = UGC
10989 = MCG +10-25-092 = CGCG 300-068 = PGC 60850
17 47 05.5 +57
18 04
V = 14.2; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 75d
17.5"
(7/19/90): very faint, small, slightly elongated 3:2 WSW-ENE, small bright
core.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6474 = Sw IV-58 on 22 Jun 1886 and recorded "eF; pS; R; 3
st. in a line nr and 3 others in a line point to it; e diff; n of 2." His position is 12 seconds of RA west
of UGC 10989 = PGC 60850 and his description applies. The "3 st. in a line nr" are probably the three
equally spaced stars to the southwest in a 3.7' string. The "3 others in a line point to
it" refer to three stars to the northeast. See NGC 6473, recorded the same night as the "s of
2", has a nearly identical position.
But, there is only a single galaxy here, so Swift made some error. See that number for more.
UGC identifies
UGC 10989 as NGC 6473, MCG labels it NGC 6474, and CGCG labels it NGC 6473 =
NGC 6474. Since the description of
NGC 6474 is more complete and unambiguous, it makes sense to use it as the
primary designation.
******************************
NGC 6475 = M7 =
ESO 394-SC9 = Cr 354 = Ptolemy's Cluster
17 53 51 -34 47
36
V = 3.3; Size 80'
18"
(7/21/04): at 92x at least 300 stars are visible in the cluster, though very
difficult to count due to the very large size (overfills the 42' field). The more concentrated part of the
cluster spans perhaps 30' and includes a dozen stars of mag 7.5 or brighter in
the main body. This cluster is
much larger and brighter (very prominent naked-eye), but it is much more
scattered than M6 and so is less impressive. There are several bright, distinctive strings in the cluster
including a N-S string of ~8 stars on the east side of the central region. An equilateral triangle of mag 6, 7 and
8 stars with sides of 3' is on the NW side of the core of the cluster. A clump of 5 stars is near the center
including two mag 6 and 7 stars.
On the south side of the center of the cluster is an 11' string of 5 mag
5.6 to 7.8 stars oriented SW-NE with the bright mag 5.6 star (HD 16258) on the
SW end a distinctive yellow color.
13.1": very
bright, very large, impressive but scattered, overfills 52' field. Open cluster H18 lies 45' SE and
globular cluster NGC 6453 40' WNW of center. Prominent naked-eye cluster in dark sky. Includes several blue-white and
yellowish stars.
8":
overfills 40' field, not many faint stars, scattered.
Ptolemy included
M7 = NGC 6475 = Lac II-14 = h3710 in his Almagest as "nebulous" patch
(found ~138 BC). But David Frew
mentions that G Scorpii is the object described as nebulous as Ptolemy may have
accidentally precessed the position of G Scorpii in Hipparchus' catalogue. Giovanni Hodierna made the first
telescopic observation before 1654 and resolved M7 into at least 30 stars. Edmund Halley independently discovered
the cluster in 1678 from St. Helena and Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille
"discovered" it again on 15 Jun 1752 from the Cape of Good Hope, as
he unaware of Hodierna's earlier observations. At a declination of -34.7¡, M7 culminates only 7¡ above the
horizon from Paris, so Messier's confirmation on 23 May 1764 is
impressive. Halley is credited
with the discovery in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 6476 = ESO
456-?8
17 54 02 -29 08
39
18"
(8/19/09): at 73x appeared as a very large, bright Milky Way patch that was
very elongated N-S, ~20'x6'. A
number of faint stars are superimposed, but the unresolved glow really caught
my eye first. Near the NE side is
mag 9.4 HD 185916 with a faint companion 28" N. The 1.2 degree field is stunning with a very large,
elongated dark lane (B259) roughly 25' to the east. A very prominent stream of Milky Way extends through the
field in a N-S direction on the east side of B259.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6476 = h3712 on 15 Jul 1836 and simply noted "Nebula. No description. It is probably only nebulous portion of
the Milky Way." His RA and
Dec are both given as approximate but correspond with a 10th magnitude star at
the west edge of a very rich Milky Way field. RNGC classify the number as nonexistent (Type 7) in the RNGC
and ESO only includes a placeholder for the NGC number.
******************************
NGC 6477 = 2MASX
J17443006+6736380 = PGC 2702901
17 44 30.1 +67
36 38
Size 0.5'x0.2'
24"
(8/23/14): at 375x, extremely faint and small, round, 6" diameter. At moments it appeared essentially
stellar (perhaps only the nucleus seen).
Located 1.6' SE of NGC 6470 and 1.9' NE of NGC 6471.
17.5"
(8/25/95): extremely difficult, perhaps 10" diameter, round. Only detected for moments using averted
vision and knowing the exact location.
Located 1.6' SE of NGC 6470 = UGC 10974 (misidentified as NGC 6472 in
modern catalogues). A mag 14.5
star is just 30" due north.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6477 = Sw V-80, along with NGC 6456, 6471 and 6472, on 25 Sept
1886. His description simply
comments on how faint and small this galaxy appeared and notes it is the
"6th of 6". There is
nothing close to his position, except for a mag 16.5 star, perhaps too faint to
have been picked up.
Corwin proposes
that NGC 6477 may be PGC 2702901.
This galaxy is 15 tsec of RA west and 1.5' south of Swift's
position. But is it too
faint? I found this galaxy was
very marginal object in my 17.5" and even challenging in my 24". So, I'm not convinced at all of this
identification and would more likely consider it lost. In any case, the RNGC misidentifies NGC
6472 as NGC 6477. This error was
included in my RNGC Corrections #3.
******************************
NGC 6478 = UGC
10998 = MCG +09-29-032 = CGCG 278-033 = PGC 60896
17 48 38.4 +51
09 25
V = 13.3; Size 1.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 37d
24"
(7/15/15): moderately bright and large, very elongated 4:1 SW-NE, 1.2'x0.3',
brighter core. Appears mottled
(perhaps dust) along the major axis.
NGC 6466 lies 15' NNW.
17.5"
(6/22/90): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:1 SW-NE. Appears brighter along the major axis
with a bright core. NGC 6466 is
16' NNW. Located 23' N of 30
Draconis (V = 5.0).
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6478 = Sw III-95 on 30 May 1886 and recorded "pB; S; eE;
spindle." His position is 10
seconds west and 1.5' south of UGC 10998 (off by 2.2') and his description
applies so the identification is certain.
See notes on NGC 6466, which is not identical to this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 6479 = UGC
10996 = CGCG 278-032 = PGC 60890
17 48 21.7 +54
08 56
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(5/10/91): faint, fairly small, round, fairly low almost even surface
brightness with a very weak concentration. Observation hampered by mag 6.6 SAO 30593 6.5' NE. Collinear with three stars to NNW
including two mag 12 stars at 2.9' and 4.3' and a mag 10 star at 7.7'.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6479 = Sw I-76 on 20 Apr 1885 and recorded "pS; eF; R; 3
stars north point to it, the north one the brighter." His position is less than 1' northeast
of UGC 10996 and his description applies.
I'm surprised, though, he made no mention of the mag 6.6 star 6.5'
northeast.
******************************
NGC 6480 = ESO
456-?13
17 54 26 -30 27
07
18"
(7/2/11): NGC 6480 is a bright, rich, glowing section of the Milky Way that is
sharply cut off by LDN 1795 to the east.
The dust cloud creates a distinctive "V" shaped wedge to the
Milky Way glow pointing east with the vertex in the middle of the dark
cloud. There is no termination to
the Milky Way star cloud on the west side and no indication of a true
cluster. On the south side of the
"V", LDN 1795 cuts off the Milky Way to the south (not as dramatic)
creating a "zig-zag" border to the Milky Way. The view may be more impressive in the
80mm finder at 25x as the much larger field displays the full dark cloud
(roughly 30') as well as dark "finders" and "pools" of dust
that intrude into the Milky Way on the north side.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6480 = h3713' on 27 Jun 1837 and recorded "An extraordinary
B nebulous portion of the Milky Way, on a black ground vL; an angle taken where
there is a *12m". His
position corresponds with a mag 12 star at the east edge of a rich Milky Way
field outlined on the east side by dark cloud LDN 1795. His sketch (plate V, figure 2) captures
the appearance of this object very well.
NGC 6480 follows
h3713 in the CGH catalogue, but was not given a separate designation, though JH
used the designation h3713' in the GC and h3713 1/2 in his list of figured
nebulae. Dreyer dropped the prime
in the NGC, leaving two objects (NGC 6480 and 6483) equivalent to h3713.
******************************
NGC 6481
17 52 48.9 +04
10 04
=****, HC. =**, DC
Christian Peters
discovered NGC 6481 around 1881 with the 13.5-inch refractor at Hamilton
College Observatory. Close to his
micrometric position is a line of four stars oriented east-west. Dorothy Carlson classifies this object
as a double star and Harold Corwin calls it four stars.
******************************
NGC 6482 = UGC
11009 = MCG +04-42-008 = CGCG 141-017 = PGC 61009
17 51 48.9 +23
04 19
V = 11.4; Size 2.0'x1.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 70d
17.5"
(7/1/89): fairly bright, small, very bright stellar nucleus (this is a
superimposed star 8" from center!), small halo WSW-ENE. Forms the southern vertex of an
isosceles triangle with two mag 10 stars 2.4' NW and 2.5' NE.
13.1"
(7/5/83): fairly bright, very small, compact, bright stellar nucleus
(superimposed star), surrounded by a faint halo with averted. Located in a rich star field.
NGC 6482 is the
nearest "Fossil Group" -- the end-product of extensive merging of a
once normal group, leaving a massive central galaxy that dominates the
luminosity of a X-ray luminous group (delta Rmag ³ 2.0 with next brightest
group member).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6482 = h1989 on 12 Jul 1830 and recorded "a S, R, very
perceptible disc 1" or 1.5" dia, with a vF nebula surrounding it
– among many stars 12 and 14m, none of which are so affect. A curious object." His position is accurate and his
description reflects the sharp stellar or quasi-stellar nucleus.
******************************
NGC 6483 = ESO
102-020 = AM 1754-634 = LGG 415-002 = PGC 61233
17 59 30.7 -63
40 07
V = 11.9; Size 1.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 122d
25" (4/5/16
- Coonabarabran, 318x): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 NW-SE,
1.0'x0.5'. Contains a bright,
roundish core that increases to the center. Situated in a striking star field with a number of bright
stars and on a line between a mag 10.0 star 2.3' SW and a mag 9.7 star 1.5'
NE. A mag 9.7 star is 6' S and a
similar star is 7' N. A mag 8-9
variable star (OW Pavonis) lies 10' WNW.
NGC 6483 forms a
close (physical) pair with ESO 102-02A 2.0' SE. The companion is fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2
SW-NE, 30"x20" (core), broad concentration with no well-defined
nucleus. A mag 10 star is 2.7' W
(same one as above). PGC 61288,
found 14' SE, appeared fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE,
24"x16", broad weak concentration, no distinct zones.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6483 = h3713 on 8 Jun 1836 and recorded "F; S; E; bM;
between 2 stars 10m 45¡ sp and nf (diagram)." His position and description matches ESO 102-020. He missed fainter ESO 102-020A, just 2'
SE.
******************************
NGC 6484 = UGC
11010 = MCG +04-42-007 = CGCG 141-019 = Mrk 1118 = KTG 67A = LGG 413-001 = PGC
61008
17 51 47.0 +24
29 00
V = 12.3; Size 1.9'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.5
24"
(7/9/13): at 375x appeared bright, fairly large, slightly elongated E-W. Sharply concentrated with a relatively
large, intense oval core ~30"x20", that gradually increases to the
center. The core is embedded in a
fairly large, low surface brightness halo that increases in size with averted
to 1.5'x1.2'. MCG +04-42-010 and
-011, a 30" pair of faint galaxies, are situated 5.8' NE. MCG +04-42-010 appeared faint, small,
elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, 24"x12", low even surface brightness. MCG
+04-42-011, just 30" SE, was extremely to very faint, elongated 2:1
WSW-ENE, just 10"x5".
24"
(6/8/13): at 282x appeared
moderately bright to fairly bright, sharply concentrated with a fairly
oval core of high surface brightness, ~24"x18", oriented SW-NE. The core is centered within a very low
surface brightness halo, ~1.4'x1.0' E-W.
Pou 3316, a mag 11.3/12.5 pair at 14", lies 4.2' SW. MCG +04-42-010 and -011, a close pair of
faint edge-ons, lies 5.8' ENE; MCG +04-42-010 appeared very faint, small,
elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE, 18"x8" and the companion -011 is very faint,
very small, elongated 2:1 WSW-ENE, 12"x6". NGC 6484 is the brightest member of KTG 67 with UGC 11027 at
21' NE and UGC 11029 at 28' E.
17.5"
(7/1/89): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated WSW-ENE, small bright
core, fairly faint stellar nucleus.
Truman Safford
discovered NGC 6484 = Sf 41 = St VII-19 on 11 Jul 1866 with the 18.5-inch
refractor at the Dearborn Observatory. ƒdouard Stephan independently discovered
the galaxy on 27 Jun 1876. His micrometric
position is accurate. As Safford's
discovery list wasn't published until 1887 as the NGC was being prepared to go
to press, Stephan is credited with the discovery in the GC Supplement and the
NGC.
******************************
NGC 6485 = UGC 11014
= MCG +05-42-004 = CGCG 171-009 = PGC 61013
17 51 52.7 +31
27 45
V = 12.9; Size 1.5'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(8/1/89): fairly faint, fairly small, round, bright core, diffuse halo. Situated in a rich star field.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6485 = m 354 = St II-17 on 27 Jul 1864 and noted "vF, vS,
R." ƒdouard Stephan
rediscovered the galaxy on 15 Jul 1871. His micrometric position is very
accurate. Both observers are recognized in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 6486 = MCG
+05-42-006 = CGCG 171-012 = PGC 61033
17 52 35.2 +29
49 05
V = 13.8; Size 0.8'x0.8'
17.5"
(8/1/89): faint, small, round, weak concentration. Two mag 14 stars are 0.7' S and 2.1' SE. Forms a pair with NGC 6487 1.9' NE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6486 = St XI-59, along with NGC 6487, on 28 Jul 1880. His micrometric position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6487 = UGC
11022 = MCG +05-42-008 = CGCG 171-014 = PGC 61039
17 52 41.9 +29
50 20
V = 11.9; Size 1.9'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5" (8/1/89):
fairly faint, fairly small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus. Forms a pair with NGC 6486 1.9' SW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6487 = St XI-60, along with NGC 6486, on 28 Jul 1880. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6488 = IC
1270 = MCG +10-25-098 = CGCG 300-076 = PGC 60918
17 49 20.8 +62
13 22
V = 13.8; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.3
17.5"
(6/11/88): fairly faint, very small, round, weak concentration. Located within a curving lane of 8 mag
11-14 stars oriented NW-SE including three mag 11 stars roughly 2' NW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6488 = Sw. IV-59 = Sw. V-81 on 1 Sep 1886 and recorded "pF;
pS; E; between a pair of stars and a trio of stars in form of a
semi-circle." His position is
21 seconds of RA west of CGCG 300-076 = PGC 60918 and his description
applies. He found this galaxy
again four weeks later and reported it as new in list V-81 with comment
"eeF; S; R; bet. a * and distant triangle." His second position was quite similar (16 seconds too far
west) and he later made a correction (errata to list VIII) "for distant
triangle, read: little triangle."
Dreyer combined the two entries in the NGC. This is one of several cases where Swift included the same
object on two lists or even the same list. Kobold measured an accurate position in 1899, though it
wasn't published until 1907.
Harold Corwin
concludes that Swift rediscovered this galaxy a third time on 11 Jun 1888 and
reported in list VII-93 (later IC 1270), "eeeF S R; bet. a * and 3 st.
slightly curved; np of 6488; eee diff." There is nothing at his position, but NGC 6488 follows by 1
1/2 minutes of RA (same Dec) and his description applies with the 3 stars to
the north west and a star (more than 1) to the southeast. Corwin suggests Swift added the comment
"np of 6488" when preparing his table for publication based on his
earlier position. So, IC 1270 =
NGC 6488.
******************************
NGC 6489 = MCG
+10-25-099 = CGCG 300-079 = PGC 60928
17 50 01.3 +60
05 32
V = 14.2; Size 0.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 24d
17.5"
(7/27/92): very faint, very small, round, even surface brightness. Located between two mag 10-11 stars
oriented WNW-ESE with separation of 2.5'.
Also two mag 13.5 stars are 1' WSW. About 5' SE is a faint double star and the eastern component
appears nebulous. CGCG 300-078
lies 17' NNW. On the POSS, the
eastern component of the double star has a mag 16 companion very close north.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6489 = Sw I-77 on 5 Jun 1885 and recorded "eeeF; pL; lE;
between 2 stars; ee diff.; coarse double star south." His position is 30 seconds of RA west
and 1' south of CGCG 300-079 = PGC 60928 but the description applies, so the
identification is certain.
MCG and PGC
misidentify PGC 2597969 as NGC 6489.
RNGC and CGCG have the correct identification.
******************************
NGC 6490 = UGC
11033 = MCG +03-45-038 = CGCG 112-068 = CGCG 113-002 = PGC 61079
17 54 30.4 +18
22 33
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 115d
17.5"
(7/1/89): faint, very small, slightly elongated, bright core. Forms a small triangle with a mag 14
star 40" S and a mag 13 star 52" SE of center. Forms a pair with NGC 6495 5.6' SE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6490 = m 355 = St II-18 on 11 May 1864 and noted "vF, vS,
stellar." His position is
within 1' of UGC 11033. ƒdouard
Stephan rediscovered both galaxies in July 1871. Stephan's micrometric position is very accurate, though
Esmiol has a typo of 6 minutes in RA in his re-reduction published in 1916.
******************************
NGC 6491 = UGC
11008 = MCG +10-25-103 = CGCG 300-080 = PGC 60949
17 50 00.6 +61
31 54
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 39d
18"
(7/27/03): fairly faint, small, round, sharply concentrated with a very small
bright core and stellar nucleus.
The outer halo has a very low surface brightness and core may be offset
within the halo. Brightest of a
close trio with NGC 6493 3.1' NE and UGC 11007 4.6' NNW.
17.5"
(8/4/94): fairly faint, fairly small, round, even concentration to a small
bright core, stellar nucleus.
Forms a pair with NGC 6493 3.1' ENE. The identifications of NGC 6491 and NGC 6493 are reversed in
the RNGC.
17.5"
(6/11/88): very faint, very small, slightly elongated. NGC 6493 3.1' NE not visible.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6491 = Sw I-78 on 13 Jun 1885 and recorded "pF; vvS; vF* in
or just in contact with it, np of 2 [with NGC 6493]." The other galaxy mentioned is NGC 6493
= Sw I-79, discovered a week earlier (June 5th) and logged "F; vvS; R;
planetary; F* v nr; sf of 2".
Swift perhaps observed both galaxies on the 13th and tacked on the
comments "np of 2" and "sf of 2". His position for NGC 6491 is just 10 seconds of time
preceding UGC 11008, though there is no "vF * in or just in contact with
it". I'm guessing he saw the
sharp stellar nucleus mentioned in my observing notes.
NGC 6493 = Sw
1-79 is assumed to refer to UGC 11011, a round, face-on Sc situated 3'
northeast of NGC 6491. A mag 14
star less than 1' north may be the "F* v nr". But Swift's position (and description)
for NGC 6493 places it southeast of NGC 6491, contradicting the orientation in
the sky. As a result of this
error, the RNGC reversed the identifications of NGC 6491 and NGC 6493, labeling
the southwestern of the pair as NGC 6493.
This error is mentioned in my RNGC Corrections #3 and Malcolm Thomson's
"Corrections of Some Errors Resulting From Conflicting Catalogue
Data".
Another
possibility, though, is that Swift observed UGC 11008 on both nights and never
saw UGC 11011. Perhaps he later
assumed his observations referred to different objects and added the comments
"np of 2" and "sf of 2" when he submitted his list for
publication. In support of this
idea, it's reasonable to assume he picked up the brighter, more obvious galaxy
on the first night -- that is UGC 110081, certainly not the low surface
brightness face-on UGC 11011 to its northeast, which I found "extremely
faint" in my 18". Also,
his descriptions are similar enough they could easily apply to the same object.
With two NGC
numbers and two galaxies it seems reasonable to assign the NGC numbers to the
two galaxies in order or RA, but I think it's more likely that NGC 6491 = NGC
6493 = UGC 11008.
******************************
NGC 6492 = ESO
102-022 = AM 1757-662 = PGC 61315
18 02 48.4 -66
25 50
V = 11.5; Size 2.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 75d
25" (4/5/16
- Coonabarabran, 318x): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 2:1 WSW-ENE,
~1.8'x0.9', brighter along the major axis. Situated in a bright star field, along numerous faint stars. A mag 11.2 star is at the east edge,
50" from center, a mag 13.5 star is 1.2' SW and a mag 14.5 star is
40" SE of center. A mag 6.8
yellow-orange star (HD 163880) lies 8' SE, mag 8.4 HD 163544 is 6.8' SW, and
two additional mag 10/11 stars are 5' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6492 = h3714 on 22 Jul 1835 and recorded "pF; S; pmE; in
direction of the parallel; precedes a * 12m, which is all but
involved." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 6493 = UGC
11011 = MCG +10-25-105 = CGCG 300-084 = PGC 60961
17 50 22.7 +61
33 34
V = 14.4; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.5
18"
(7/27/03): extremely faint, fairly small.
Appears as a very low surface brightness glow with averted vision. Two mag 14 stars 1' N and 1.3' NE. Located 3' NE of NGC 6491 in a trio
with extremely faint UGC 11007 5' NW.
17.5"
(8/4/94): extremely faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter, very low even
surface brightness. A mag 14 star
is about 30" off the north edge.
Located 3.0' ENE of NGC 6491.
Not found on previous observation 6/11/88.
See notes for
N6491.
******************************
NGC 6494 = M23 =
ESO 589-SC22 = Cr 356
17 57 05 -18 59
06
V = 5.5; Size 27'
18"
(8/12/10): stunning bright, rich cluster at 175x with several hundred stars
visible in the 35' field with a large number of mag 9-11 stars sprinkled
throughout the cluster. Many of
the stars are arranged in long chains and loops with a distinctive chain of 5
stars curving NNW to SSE near the center and a longer curve of stars to the
southwest. A string of stars heads
NW out of the cluster to mag 6.5 HD 163245 outside the field. The stars are fairly evenly distributed
with the density gradually thinning towards the edges. Two catalogued double stars are ARA 718
(10.9/12.3 at 5") near the center and ARA 719 (9.8/13.0 at 15") on
the SE side. The Milky Way has a
bright background glow just west of the cluster.
13.1"
(6/29/84): bright, large, rich, appears fully resolved. Very pretty open cluster.
8": bright,
fairly large with long star lanes to the edge of the field.
Charles Messier
discovered M23 = NGC 6494 = h1990 on 20 June 1764. On 18 Jun 1784 (sweep 230), WH recorded "a cluster of
beautifully scattered large stars, nearly of equal magnitudes; (visible in my
finder) it extends much farther from the field of the telescope will take in,
and in the finder seems to be a nebula of a lengthened form extending to about
half a degree." JH made 3
observations, logging on sweep 269 ( 15 July 1830) "A star 10m in the
centre of a beautiful discrete cluster of 60 or 70 stars 10 and 11m and one of
9-10. They run in lines and arches. It is loose and straggling, and the sky
around it has a dotted appearance."
******************************
NGC 6495 = UGC
11034 = MCG +03-45-039 = CGCG 112-070 = CGCG 113-004 = PGC 61091
17 54 50.7 +18
19 37
V = 12.2; Size 2.0'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(7/1/89): fairly faint, fairly small, round, increases to a small very bright
core, substellar nucleus. Pair
with NGC 6490 5.6' NW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6495 = m 356 = St II-19, along with NGC 6490, on 11 May 1864 and
noted "F, S, R." His
position is fairly accurate.
ƒdouard Stephan rediscovered both galaxies in July 1871. Stephan's micrometric position is very
accurate.
******************************
NGC 6496 = ESO
279-SC013
17 59 03.2 -44
16 02
V = 9.0; Size 6.9'; Surf Br = 0.5
18"
(7/10/02 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): moderately bright, low surface
brightness globular of 4'-5' diameter.
Loose concentration class with little central condensation. About a dozen stars are resolved over
the face although some of these may be foreground stars as it is set in a very
dense Milky Way star field. Three
of the stars are 12th magnitude with the remainder mag 14-15. Situated on the Scorpius/Corona
Australis border ~25' following mag 4.8 yellow HD 163145.
8"
(6/19/82): faint, diffuse, two faint stars at edge. Located 24' ENE of mag 4.9 SAO 228562 on the Scorpius-Corona
Australis border. Very far south
for viewing from northern California.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 6496 = D 460 = h3715 on 28 Jun 1826 and described "a very
faint nebula, extended about 2 1/4' in length, oblique to the equator, with a
bright point in each extremity; the northern, I think, is a very small star;
but the southern of the two, or the one at the southern extremity, is a small
nucleus or condensation of the nebulous matter. This follows 16 Telescopii." His position is 12.5' northwest of the cluster -- a typical
error. Dunlop's position for D 461
is exactly 4 tmin of RA further east with the same declination, so this could
be a clerical error.
JH noted a
possible equivalence with D 460 and D 461 and observed the cluster on two
sweeps. On 1 Jun 1834 he logged
"Cluster very rich, irregularly round, including to triangular; vglbM, 4'
or 5' diam, with many large and small stars in it. Nebulous." Then 2 nights later he swept the area
again and reported "a distinctly nebulous insulted group, mE, 2' long,
1.5' broad, many stars of considerable size, mixed."
******************************
NGC 6497 = NGC
6498: = UGC 11020 = MCG +10-25-109 = CGCG 300-087 = PGC 60999
17 51 18.2 +59
28 14
V = 13.5; Size 1.4'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 113d
17.5"
(7/19/90): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, bright core. A mag 14 star is 37" N of center.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6497 = Sw I-80 on 16 Sep 1884 and recorded "vvF; pS; lE;
diff.; close s of middle * of 3 in a line, middle * the fainter; np of
2." His position is 15
seconds of RA west and 1.3' north (or 2.4' northwest) of UGC 11020. This galaxy is just south of a mag 14 star so the
identification is certain. NGC
6498 is apparently a duplicate observation just 10 days later (see that
number). So, NGC 6497 = NGC 6498
with historical precedence to NGC 6497.
******************************
NGC 6498 = NGC
6497: = UGC 11020 = MCG +10-25-109 = CGCG 300-087 = PGC 60999
17 51 18.2 +59
28 14
See observing
notes for NGC 6497.
Lewis Swift
found NGC 6498 = Sw I-81 on 26 Sep 1884 and recorded "pF; pS; R; B * nr; F
* v[ery] nr; sf of 2." His position
is just 14 seconds of RA west of NGC 6497 = Sw I-80, discovered by Swift just
10 days earlier. UGC 11020 is the
only galaxy near his position and his description applies (the "B *
nr" is probably the mag 11 star 2.3' east and the "F * v nr" is
the 14th mag star off the north side).
Swift perhaps thought these were different nebulae as NGC 6497 was
logged as "vvF", compared to "pF" for NGC 6498. He later added the qualifiers "np
of 2" and "sf of 2" as he prepared his first discovery
list. By prior discovery, NGC 6497
should be the primary designation.
Harold Corwin suggested the equivalence of these numbers. See NGC 6491 and 6493, which may be
another situation where he recorded the same galaxy on different nights and
later assumed they were different.
******************************
NGC 6499
17 55 20.0 +18
21 35
=**, Carlson.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6499 = m 357 on 11 May 1864 and noted "small D* in
neb." Close to his position
is close 4" pair of stars, with a third star 25" west. Karl Reinmuth, using a Heidelberg plate
identified NGC 6499 as a "**14 and 15 pf, ? inv in F vs neb?" Dorothy Carlson, in her 1940 list of
NGC corrections, identifies NGC 6499 as a double star and Harold Corwin
concurs.
******************************
NGC 6500 = UGC
11048 = MCG +03-46-003 = CGCG 113-008 = LGG 414-003 = PGC 61123
17 55 59.8 +18
20 18
V = 12.2; Size 2.2'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 50d
17.5"
(7/1/89): moderately bright, fairly small, round, small bright core, stellar
nucleus. Forms a pair with similar
NGC 6501 2.3' NNE. Located 6.1'
WNW of mag 6.6 SAO 103227!
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6500 = H III-957 = St XII-85, along with NGC 6501, on 29 Jun
1799 (sweep 1090) and recorded "Two, both vF, vS. The place is that of the following one
[NGC 6501], the preceding one is about 4' more south and about 5 or 6 sec of
time preceding." His position
is about 25 sec of time too far west and 3' too far south. ƒdouard Stephan independently found the
pair a century later (15 Jul 1880) and noted his object was probably identical
to GC 4348 [NGC 6500], but he was not certain as WH's position was poor.
******************************
NGC 6501 = UGC
11049 = MCG +03-46-004 = CGCG 113-009 = PGC 61128
17 56 03.7 +18
22 23
V = 12.0; Size 2.0'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(7/1/89): moderately bright, fairly small, round, small bright core, stellar
nucleus. Twin of NGC 6500 2.3'
SSW. Located 5.6' NW of mag 6.6
SAO 103227.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6501 = H III-958 = St XII-86, along with NGC 6500, on 29 Jun
1799 (sweep 1090). See comments on
NGC 6500.
******************************
NGC 6502 = ESO
103-002 = AM 1759-652 = PGC 61352
18 04 13.7 -65
24 35
V = 12.6; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 42d
25" (4/5/16
- Coonabarabran, 318x): moderately bright and large, slightly elongated,
roughly 1.0'x0.8', gradually increases to a small brighter core and a faint
stellar nucleus. A mag 13.7 star
is at the west edge [24" from center] and a small string of very faint
stars is just off the southeast edge.
Floats in a rich star field with a mag 9.5 star 7' SE and a mag 10 star
9' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6502 = h3716 on 20 Jun 1835 and noted "the following star
(14m) of a vF double * 11m is nebulous.
The nebula is excessively faint, but I am sure of its existence. The preceding star is free." On a second observation he logged
"vF; 30"; involves 2 or 3 stars." His mean position is on the east side of the halo.
******************************
NGC 6503 = UGC
11012 = MCG +12-17-009 = CGCG 340-019 = PGC 60921
17 49 26.3 +70
08 42
V = 10.2; Size 7.1'x2.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 123d
17.5"
(6/11/88): very bright, large, very elongated 3:1 NW-SE, large brighter
core. The surface has a mottled
appearance. A mag 13.5 star lies
2.2' NNE of center. Located 3.9' W
of mag 9 SAO 8937.
8"
(6/27/81): moderately bright, very elongated, high surface brightness. A mag 9 star is 4' E.
Arthur Auwers
discovered NGC 6503 = Au 37 on 22 Jul 1854 with his 2.6" Fraunhofer
refractor while a 15-year old student at Gottingen University. He showed the new nebula to his friend
Friedrich Winnecke, who was also a student there at the time. Winnecke, using a 9.6-inch Fraunhofer
refractor in 1856 in Berlin, described "..a beautiful object; very bright,
slightly brighter in the middle and extraordinarily extended from north
preceding to south following, 3-4' long, 50" wide." Auwers observed NGC 6503 again on 19
Feb 1862 with the Konigsberg heliometer and wrote "bright 3'-4' long, at
most 1' wide; gradually brighter in the middle. There appears to be a faint star in the northern part, which
makes the nebula nearly look like a double nebula." Auwers' description
was published in his 1862 list of 50 new nebulae.
WH missed NGC
6503, mainly because of the high northern declination which he only searched in
his later sweeps, though he did discover NGC 6434, which is about 3¡ from NGC
6503.
******************************
NGC 6504 = UGC
11053 = MCG +06-39-027 = CGCG 199-029 = PGC 61129
17 56 05.7 +33
12 31
V = 12.5; Size 2.2'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 94d
17.5"
(8/1/89): moderately bright, edge-on E-W, sharp concentration, almost stellar
nucleus. Situated between a mag 11
star 1.9' N and a mag 10.5 star 2.1' SE of center.
13.1"
(6/18/85): fairly faint, small, pretty edge-on WNW-ESE, bright core, thin faint
extensions. Located 22' SW of a
mag 7 star.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6504 = m 358 on 27 Jul 1864 and noted "F, vmE, sbM, 2'
l." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6505 = UGC
11026 = MCG +11-22-007 = CGCG 322-018 = PGC 60995
17 51 07.3 +65
31 51
V = 14.0; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(6/11/88): very faint, small, round, weakly concentrated, very diffuse halo.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6505 = Sw IV-60 on 27 Jun 1884 and recorded "eeF; vS; R;
bet. 2 pairs of coarse D[ouble] st."
His position is 14 seconds of RA east and 1' north of UGC 11026 (1.6'
separation). Bigourdan measured an
accurate position on 8 Oct 1890.
******************************
NGC 6506 = ESO
521-SC6
17 59 53 -24 41
00
17.5"
(8/3/97): at 100x appears as a weak, circular Milky Way enhancement of
approximately two dozen mag 13-14.5 stars over an unresolved glow situated in a
rich portion of the Milky Way. At 220x, this group is ~6' diameter, although it
is not very well detached so the borders are somewhat arbitrary. As many as 50
stars are now visible as a number of mag 15 and fainter stars are
resolved. Some unresolved
background haze is still evident. Also noticed at 100x was Ru 136, a smaller
circular glowing spot ~8' WSW of NGC 6506. At 220x, Ru 136 appeared ~2.5' diameter with about 10
extremely faint stars are resolved over the background glow. It is situated just NW of two mag 10-11
stars.
John Herschel's
description for NGC 6506 probably applies to the entire low power Milky Way
field and this object is listed as nonexistent in the RNGC.
17.5"
(7/20/96): at 220x, the most noticeable grouping is a small cloud of roughly
two dozen mag 13-15 stars in a 5' diameter over unresolved background
haze. Situated in a fairly rich
Milky Way field of mixed stars, so does not stand out.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6506 = h3717 on 29 Jul 1834 and recorded "A very loose but
rich cluster, which fills many fields. Stars small." This is a rich region of the Milky Way,
though probably not a true cluster.
The position is
given here is from Harold Corwin's NGC positions file and is 2' southeast of
JH's position. Skiff &
Luginbuhl recorded 30 stars 11-14 in a 7-8' area although JH's description
refers to several fields. ESO
(521-SC60) classifies this as a questionable cluster and RNGC as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 6507 = Cr
358 = Lund 797 = OCL-32
17 59 50 -17 27
00
Size 7'
17.5"
(6/8/91): about 30 stars mag 13-14 in a 7' diameter elongated N-S. Loose appearance with no dense
spots. Stars are fairly uniform in
brightness. The brightest member
is variable WX Sagittarii (9.6-11.3) just west of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6507 = H VIII-53 on 27 Jun 1786 (sweep 576) and recorded "a
cluster of scattered small stars; about 8' diam; not very rich. His position is ~3' too far north. The position in the Gosta Lynga
catalogue (and other modern sources such as the RNGC) is ~5' too far northwest.
******************************
NGC 6508 = UGC
11023 = MCG +12-17-010 = CGCG 340-021 = PGC 60938
17 49 46.3 +72
01 16
V = 12.8; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(6/11/88): fairly faint, small, round, even concentration to a small bright
core.
Ernst Hartwig
discovered NGC 6508 = Sw I-82 on 19 Sep 1883 with the 18-inch refractor at the
Strasbourg Observatory, while searching for comet Swift. Hartwig's position in AN 2544 is
accurate. Lewis Swift
independently found this galaxy on 17 Jun 1884 and recorded "vF; S; forms
with 3 stars a square." Swift's
position is 39 seconds of RA too far east, but the description of the nearby
stars, which lie to the north, clinches the identification.
******************************
NGC 6509 = UGC
11075 = MCG +01-46-002 = CGCG 056-006 = LGG 416-003 = PGC 61230
17 59 25.5 +06
17 12
V = 12.5; Size 1.6'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 105d
17.5"
(7/9/90): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated 3:2 E-W, weak
concentration. A mag 14.5 star is
at the east edge 41" from the center. Located 7.9' S of mag 7.1 SAO 122988.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6509 = St X-36 on 20 Jul 1879 and recorded "eF, pL, irr R,
lbM." His micrometric
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6510 = NGC
6511 = UGC 11051 = MCG +10-25-114 = CGCG 300-092
17 54 39.4 +60
49 05
V = 13.6; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 30d
See observing
notes for NGC 6511.
Lewis Swift
found NGC 6510 = Sw IV-61 on 30 May 1886 and recorded "eeF; pS; lE; e
diff.; in vacancy except one vF *
nr." His position is 21
seconds of RA west of NGC 6511 = UGC 11051, the only reasonably bright galaxy
near his position and his description applies. Swift discovered this galaxy earlier on 9 Oct 1884. His first position was 19 seconds of RA
too large, so perhaps he felt these were different objects. In any case, NGC 6510 = NGC 6511 with
NGC 6511 the primary designation (due to earlier discovery). Dreyer himself added the query "?
= last one" in the summary description for NGC 6511. Bigourdan measured a position for NGC
6510 on 6 Oct 1890 (repeated in the IC 2 Notes), but his position is well off
and probably refers to a faint star.
.
******************************
NGC 6511 = NGC
6510 = UGC 11051 = MCG +10-25-114 = CGCG 300-092 = PGC 61086
17 54 39.4 +60
49 05
V = 13.6; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 30d
24"
(7/21/17): at 375x and 500x; fairly faint, fairly small, irregular shape and
changes shape/orientation with averted, slightly brighter core, ~30"
diameter. A mag 14 star is 2.6' W. The spiral arm on the east side was not
seen with confidence.
LEDA 214647, a
17th magnitude galaxy, lies 2' W and 0.6' E of the mag 14 star. This extremely challenging galaxy
popped 3 times in the same position, so the sighting was fairly confident.
17.5"
(7/27/92): at 140x appears faint, small, slightly elongated, broad mild
concentration with no well-defined nucleus, overall diffuse. Located between mag 8.8 SAO 17685 10.8'
SE and mag 8.0 SAO 17673 15.5' NNW.
17.5"
(6/11/88): faint, small, slightly elongated, slightly brighter core, diffuse.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6511 = Sw. I-83 on 9 Oct 1884 and recorded "F; pL; BM; 2
nearest of 3 st in a curve point to it." His position is 19 seconds of RA east of UGC 11051 but his
description applies to three stars to the south. Swift probably found this galaxy again on 30 May 1886,
entered it in his 4th list as #60 (later NGC 6510). His position in list IV was 21 seconds of RA too far
west. So, NGC 6510 is likely NGC
6511. Bigourdan measured an
accurate RA on 6 Oct 1890 (repeated in the IC 2 Notes).
******************************
NGC 6512 = MCG
+10-25-115 = CGCG 300-093 = PGC 61089
17 54 50.2 +62
38 42
V = 13.9; Size 0.7'x0.5'
17.5"
(6/11/88): very faint, very small, round, weak concentration. A mag 15 star is at the south edge just
21" from the center. First of
three with NGC 6516 3.4' NE and NGC 6521 6.9' ESE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 6512, along with NGC 6516 and 6521, on 27 Oct 1861 with
the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen.
His single position is accurate.
Lewis Swift independently discovered all three of these galaxies on 28
May 1886 and recorded "eF; pS; vE; np of 2". Swift's position is 24 seconds too far
west and the description should read "sp of 2 [with NGC 6516]."
******************************
NGC 6513 = UGC
11078 = MCG +04-42-018 = CGCG 141-038 = PGC 61235
17 59 34.3 +24
53 14
V = 13.3; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 40d
17.5"
(7/1/89): faint, very small, round, small bright core. Several bright mag 9-11 stars are in
the field including a mag 9 star 4.3' NW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6513 = m 359 = St I-8 on 7 Aug 1864 and noted "vF, vS,
stellar." ƒdouard Stephan
independently rediscovered this galaxy on 22 Jun 1870. Dreyer credited both in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 6514 = M20 =
Trifid Nebula = B85 = LBN 27 = Cr 360 = Sh 2-30 = Ced 151 = Gum 76 = RCW 147
18 02 42 -22 58
18
V = 6.3; Size 29'x27'
18"
(8/12/10): the emission component of M20 was sketched and observed carefully at
175x. At the intersection of the
dark lanes is the multiple central star HN 40 with a mag 7.6/10.4 pair at
6" and a tight mag 8.7/10.5 pair at 2.3", with the two pairs are
separated by 11". Four lanes
(B85) emanate from the bright central hub. A narrow lane starts NW of the multiple star and heads 2.5'
due N, where it stops at a mag 10 star.
Near the base of this lane another branch heads west to the edge of the
nebula. Another lane heads SSE for
~2.5', tapering at the end. A
prominent lane shoots 3.5' NE and has a few short branches, including one just
NE of the central stars. This lane
is bordered by a couple of mag 10.5-11 stars on its south edge. There is an extension at the NE end
that bends to the north and exits the main nebulosity and merging with a dusty
region just SE the reflection component to the north. A mag 9.4 star is at the north edge of the main emission
component. The blue reflection
component surrounds mag 7.3 HD 164514 and extends ~6' with an irregular structure.
13.1"
(7/16/82): bright, fairly large, contains three inky black dark lanes (B85)
with sharp edges. Structure is
visible along the dark lanes and in the center. The prominent central star is a quadruple (4th star
difficult) consisting of a mag 7.6/10.4 pair at 6" and a mag 8.7/10.5 pair
at 2.3", the brighter stars separated by 11". The NW lane is wider and fainter than
the other two lanes. A round,
bluish reflection nebula is separated, but very close north. The view improves using a UHC filter.
8": the
famous rift structure is fairly prominent with a triple star at the
center. The NW rift is more
subdued. An easily visible
reflection nebula is close north.
15x50 IS
binoculars: visible as a small, faint glow surrounding a the central
"star".
Charles Messier
discovered M20 = NGC 6514 = H IV-41 = H V-10/11/12 = h1991 = h3718 on 5 June
1764 and noted a cluster of stars.
WH first observed M20 on 12 Jul 1784 (sweep 236) and record it
"Three nebulae, but they seem to join faintly together, forming a kind of
triangle; in the middle of which is less nebulous, or perhaps free from nebulosity
is a double star of the 2nd or 3rd class.
As I intended to revisit this place very soon I passed on, but think
more very faint nebulosities are following." He assigned it three catalogue numbers, V 10, V 11 and V
12. His reference star was misidentified,
though (4 Sgr = SAO 186061 instead of 5 Sgr = SAO 186074), so his position is
incorrect. WH also reobserved the
Trifid on 26 May 1786 (sweep 566) and recorded IV-41 using a different
reference star as "a double star with extensive nebulosity, of different
intensity; about the double star is a black opening, resembling the nebula in
Orion, on a small scale." So
WH essentially catalogued the Trifid four times. JH combined these numbers into a single GC entry
(4355). Harold Corwin notes he
made the same error with NGC 6533.
JH first used
the name "Trifid" to describe M20 in the Slough Catalogue (1 Jul
1826): "vL; trifid, three nebulae with a vacuity in the midst, in which is
centrally situated the double star Sh 379, neb = 7' in extent. A most remarkable object."
Interestingly neither William or John referred to this object as M20, possibly
because of positional confusion or because Messier called it a "star
cluster". The equivalence was
given in the GC 4355.
In JH's Cape
Observations (1847) and "Outlines of Astronomy" (1849) he described
"One of the them [several nebulae in Sagittarius] is singularly trifid,
consisting of three bright and irregularly formed nebulous masses, graduating
away insensibly externally, but coming up to a great intensity of light at
their interior edges, where they enclose and surround a sort of three-forked
rift, or vacant area, abruptly and uncouthly crooked, and quite void of
nebulous light. A bright triple
star is situated precisely on the edge of one of these nebulous masses just
where the interior vacancy forks out two channels. A fourth nebulous mass spreads like a fan or downy plume
from a star at a little distance from the triple nebula."
******************************
NGC 6515 = UGC
11071 = MCG +08-33-003 = CGCG 254-004 = PGC 61167
17 57 25.3 +50
43 40
V = 13.0; Size 1.6'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 10d
17.5"
(6/22/90): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, broad concentration,
stellar nucleus. Several mag 10-11
stars in field and mag 9.0 SAO 30650 9' W. Located 45' S of Etamin = Gamma Draconis (V = 2.2).
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6515 = Sw III-99 on 2 Jul 1884 and recorded "vF; vS; R; 2 B
stars near; in finder field with Gamma Draconis." His position is 4 seconds of RA east
and 1' N of UGC 11071 (1.1' separation).
The "2 B stars near" are two mag 10-10.5 stars 2' and 3' west.
******************************
NGC 6516 = MCG
+10-25-118 = CGCG 300-094 = CGCG 301-001 = PGC 61109
17 55 16.8 +62
40 11
V = 14.8; Size 0.6'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 147d
17.5"
(6/11/88): very faint, extremely small.
A mag 15.5 star is at the north edge. Second of three in the NGC 6521 group with NGC 6512 3.4' SW
and NGC 6521 5.0' SE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 6516, along with NGC 6512 and 6521, on 27 Oct 1861 with
the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen.
Lewis Swift independently discovered all three of these galaxies on 28
May 1886 and recorded Sw III-97 as "eeF; vS; R; pB * nr; sf of 2". Swift's position is 30 seconds of RA
too far west and the description should read "nf of 2 [with NGC
6512]."
******************************
NGC 6517
18 01 50.5 -08
57 32
V = 10.3; Size 4.3'; Surf Br = 3.3
24"
(7/30/16): at 260x, moderately bright, round, 2.5'-3' diameter, well
concentrated with a brighter, round core that increases to the center. A little lively but no definite
resolution. The cluster appeared
clumpy at 432x but only a couple of star were at the edge of visibility. At 500x, the nucleus was very clumply
several extremely faint stars started to resolve (V tip magnitude = 16.0).
17.5"
(6/8/91): fairly faint, small, irregularly round, 2' diameter. The faint halo is slightly elongated
SSW-NNE and increases to a small bright core. No resolution at 280x.
8"
(5/21/82): faint, small, brighter core, no resolution.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6517 = H II-199 = h3719 on 16 Jun 1784 (sweep 228) and logged
"pB, pL, R, bM, r and the brightness diminishing gradually." JH made two observations, first
recording it (sweep 591) as "globular cluster; F; R; psbM; 90"; r;
with left eye I discern the stars in it."
******************************
NGC 6518 = MCG
+05-42-024 = CGCG 171-041 = PGC 61238
17 59 43.7 +28
52 00
V = 14.2; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.5
17.5"
(8/1/89): very faint, extremely small, round. A mag 14 star is just at the west edge. Appears like a close double star with
one component "fuzzy".
In a rich star field with UGC 11086 and UGC 11090.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6518 = St XIII-87 on 18 Jun 1884 and recorded "2 vF similar
stars in vF and vS nebulosity."
His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6519 = ESO
456-?41
18 03 20.1 -29
48 15
=**. Not found, RNGC and ESO.
Julius Schmidt
discovered NGC 6519 in Oct 1860 with the 6.2" refractor at Athens
Observatory. The discovery was
mentioned in a 1865 paper (AN 65, 261-268) with a micrometric position in AN
70, 343 (1868) that matches a double star.
******************************
NGC 6520 = Cr
361 = Mel 187 = Lund 805
18 03 24 -27 53
12
Size 6'
17.5"
(7/8/94): striking cluster following the remarkable dark nebula B86. Roughly 75 stars are visible in a 6'
diameter. The "Inky"
black dark nebula B86 to the east wraps around the cluster like a tentacle
along the south side and also appears to wind through a large portion of the cluster. In the cluster's core is a very dense
perfectly circular group of about two dozen stars in a 1.5' diameter punctuated
with the brightest star at the exact center! Enveloping this core is a dark void except for a few stars
that break through to the north.
Surrounding this irregular dark annulus is a 6' incomplete oval ring
formed by six brighter and several fainter stars. Located in a rich star field. Globular clusters Djorgovski 2 lies 21' WNW and NGC 6540 is
37' ENE!
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6520 = H VII-7 = h3721 on 24 May 1784 (sweep 224) and recorded
"a cluster of stars, chiefly large ones; considerably rich, but rather
coarsely scattered; a little more compressed towards the middle. It is visible in the finder." Nearly 5 minutes earlier, he noted
"Daylight very strong", though observed a couple more objects.
******************************
NGC 6521 = UGC
11061 = MCG +10-25-119 = CGCG 300-095 = PGC 61121
17 55 48.5 +62
36 44
V = 12.9; Size 1.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 160d
17.5"
(6/11/88): fairly faint, fairly small, large brighter core. Bright wide pair O·· = 7.2/7.7 at
55" is 4' E and detracts from viewing. Brightest in a group and third of three with NGC 6516 5.0'
NW and NGC 6512 6.9' WNW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 6521, along with NGC 6512 and 6516, on 27 Oct 1861 with
the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen.
His position (measured on 2 nights) is fairly accurate and he measured
the bright wide pair of stars are 32.5 and 37.7 seconds following. Lewis Swift independently discovered
all three of these galaxies on 28 May 1886 and recorded Sw III-98 as "eF;
2 B st nr foll.". Swift's
position is 30 seconds of RA too far west (same offset as NGC 6516).
******************************
NGC 6522 = ESO
456-SC043
18 03 34.0 -30
02 02
V = 8.5; Size 5.6'; Surf Br = 1.5
17.5"
(7/11/99): this globular is the larger and brighter of a fairly faint pair with
NGC 6528 in the same field just 16' E.
At 220x the halo is ~2' diameter with a very small bright core. A mag 12.5-13 star is embedded in the
NE side. At 280x, the 25"
core appears offset east of center and the halo is slightly elongated E-W. Passing through the core is apparently
an unresolved string or bar of stars oriented WNW-ENE (just slightly fainter
than the core). The globular is
lively but without resolution.
With averted vision the outer haze increases in size to ~3'.
13"
(6/29/84): moderately bright, mottled.
A single brighter 13th mag star is on the ENE side. This is the larger and brighter of a
pair with globular NGC 6528 15' E in Baade's Window.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6522 = H I-49 = h3720, along with NGC 6528, on 24 Jun 1784
(sweep 232) and recorded "B, pL, bM, r." JH logged this cluster twice, first recording on 3 Aug 1834,
"Globular cluster; pB; S; R; 80: resolved into stars 16m." On a later sweep ne recorded "GC;
B; R; gvmbM; in a nebuloid portion of the milky way; resolved; stars
16...17m."
******************************
NGC 6523 = M8 =
Lagoon Nebula = NGC 6526 = NGC 6533 = IC 1271 = LBN 25 = Sh 2-25 = Gum 72 = RCW
146 = Ced 152a
18 03 41 -24 22
48
V = 5.8; Size 90'x40'
17.5"
(6/6/86): extremely bright, detailed nebulosity that nearly fills a 50'
field. Extensive fainter
nebulosity fills the region to the north and a thin extension is to the
east. Cut by a large high contrast
dark lane ("Lagoon") oriented SW-NE. The brightest luminary within the nebula is 9 Sagittarii (V
= 6.0), situated to the west of the dark lane with a mag 7 companion 3'
NNE. A very bright 30"
nebulous knot ("Hourglass Nebula", ionized by O7 star Herschel 36) is
situated 3' SW of 9 Sagittarii.
NGC 6530, a bright open cluster, is on the east side of the dark
lane. Barnard 89 is a fairly
well-defined roundish dark nebula ~6' following NGC 6530. The Lagoon is a prominent naked-eye
object in dark sky. See observing
notes for NGC 6530 and IC 1271.
The Trifid Nebula (M20) lies 85' NNW.
Giovanni
Hodierna discovered the associated cluster NGC 6530 in M8 = Lac III-13 = h3722
and listed it as II. 6 in his 1654 catalog "De Admirandis Coeli
Caracteribus". John Flamsteed described it as a "nebula" around
1680 but Guillaume Le Gentil was perhaps the first to recognize
(telescopically) the mix of nebulosity and stars around 1747. Using a small 18- to 20-foot focal
length refractor, he noted "a small nebulosity like the tail of a comet
with numerous stars." His
position was off, though, by more the one degree.
Earlier
observers appear to have thought the naked-eye glow resolved into stars in a
telescope. When Philippe de Cheseaux
reviewed Flamsteed's observation in 1745-46 he concluded the object appeared as
a "truly nebulous" star naked-eye but as a star cluster through a
telescope. Nicolas-Louis de
Lacaille catalogued M8 as a nebulous star (III. 13), based on his observation
at the Cape in 1751-52, though with a 1/2-inch telescope he couldn't resolve
the object. Messier's 1764
observation mentioned "a cluster of stars that appears to be a nebula when
observed with a simple three-foot refractor; with an excellent instrument,
however, one sees only a large number of faint stars. Near this cluster there is a fairly bright star [9 Sgr],
which is surrounded by a very faint glow."
WH observed M8
on 22 May 1784 (sweep 223) and logged "large, extended, pretty bright,
broad. The nebulosity of the milky kind, there are some pB stars in it, but
they seem to have no connection with it, being of very different sizes
[magnitudes] and colours and resembling the other stars that are everywhere
scattered about in this neighborhood. This is probably the star surrounded with
nebulosity mentioned by Messier. There is indeed one of the stars which are in
the nebula that is somewhat larger [brighter] than the rest and may be the only
one he saw." John Herschel
produced a beautiful drawing of the nebula with carefully positioned stars
(Plate I, fig 1), though Wilhelm Tempel questioned it as differing
significantly from his own.
******************************
NGC 6524 = UGC
11079 = MCG +08-33-005 = CGCG 254-006 = PGC 61221
17 59 14.9 +45
53 13
V = 12.8; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 155d
17.5"
(8/1/89): fairly faint, very small, round, small bright core, fairly high
surface brightness.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6524 = Sw V-82 on 22 Oct 1886 and noted "pF; pS;
lE." His position is 1.3' too
far north.
******************************
NGC 6525
18 02 04.7 +11
02 17
Size 10'
17.5"
(7/24/95): bright, large, very scattered group. On the west side is the prominent subgroup highlighted by a
pair of mag 9.5/10 stars at 32" separation with three other mag 12/13
stars within 1'. There are about
two dozen stars total in a 5' rectangular group with the brighter stars
scattered around the outline but no dense spots or core. Appears to be an asterism with no
distinct borders.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6525 = h1992 on 29 Jul 1829 and recorded "A coarse and poor
cluster of L stars." At his
position is a small group of stars.
Based on a Heidelberg plate, Karl Reinmuth reported "a very loose
Cl of pB st, not well defined."
RNGC misclassifies the number as nonexistent (Type 7), though the status
as a true cluster is uncertain.
******************************
NGC 6526 = M8 =
NGC 6523 = Lagoon Nebula = Sh 2-28 = LBN 25 = Gum 74
18 04 06 -24 26
30
See observing
notes for NGC 6523. This is the
southeast portion of M8 = Lagoon Nebula.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6526 = H V-9 on 22 May 1784 (sweep 223) and recorded
"large, extended, broad; its nebulosity is of the milky kind, but fainter
and more uniform, than the preceding [M8]; otherwise in situation and shape, it
resembles it pretty much. It may
be taken into the field with the preceding [M8]." Dreyer comments, in his 1912
"Scientific Papers of William Herschel" that the "NPD in GC and
NGC is 1 degree too small; the error dates from C.H.'s Zone Catalogue. The nebulosity is just following M8 and
is = IC 1271 (Swift, VIII)."
The "corrected" NGC position is then 18 04 15 -24 27.5 (2000)
and places it within the main M8 complex.
Corwin suggests
(e-mail on 6/1/96) that NGC 6526 applies to the part of the Lagoon following
the dust lane which swings up to include the star cluster NGC 6530. Swift's IC 1271 (VIII) apparently
applies to a nebulous knot near the end of the "branch" heading east
of the main complex, so is not equal to NGC 6526 as Dreyer stated.
RNGC places NGC
6526 at 18 04.8 -23 40 (2000) which corresponds with the center of the large,
irregular nebulosity plotted on the Uranometria 2000 about 45' NNE of M8. Sky Catalogue 2000 gives a position of
18 02.6 -23 35, repeated in Sinnott's NGC 2000.0.
******************************
NGC 6527 = UGC
11094 = MCG +03-46-009 = CGCG 113-014 = PGC 61297
18 01 46.3 +19
43 43
V = 13.4; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 150d
17.5"
(7/1/89): faint, fairly small, elongated NW-SE, weak concentration, faint
stellar nucleus.
Truman Safford
discovered NGC 6527 = Sf 46 = Sw IV-64 on 1 Aug 1866 with the 18.5-inch
refractor at the Dearborn Observatory. and noted "pB, pS, vmbM." His position is 2' north of UGC 11094. Lewis Swift independently rediscovered
this galaxy on 6 Jun 1886 and recorded "eeF; vS; R." Swift's position was 1.8' too far
south. Swift was credited with the
discovery in the NGC as Safford's discovery was not announced until 1887, too
late to be included in the main NGC table.
******************************
NGC 6528 = ESO
456-SC048
18 04 49.5 -30
03 21
V = 9.5; Size 3.7'; Surf Br = 1.7
17.5"
(7/11/99): this is the smaller and fainter of an unusual double pair of
globulars with NGC 6522 just 16' W.
At 220x, it appears round, ~1.5' in diameter. The brightness gradually increasing towards the center but
with no distinct core. The surface
brightness is fairly smooth overall and the outer halo is fairly well
defined. A mag 13.5 field star is
at the SW edge. The surrounding
field is noticeably more vacant than around NGC 6522. Both clusters can be placed at the edges of the 14' field of
the 7mm Pentax XL. Situated within
"Baade's Window" (absorption hole in the Milky Way).
13"
(6/29/84): fairly faint, small, 2' diameter, not resolved. This is a smaller and fainter version
of globular cluster NGC 6522 15' W.
8"
(6/19/82): fairly faint, small, easily visible but no resolution.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6528 = H II-200 = h3723, along with NGC 6522, on 24 Jun 1784
(sweep 232) and logged "F, pL, unequally bright, r." On 3 Aug 1834, JH recorded
"globular cluster, B; R; R; glbM; resolved into stars 16m. Both this and I. 49 [NGC 6522] occur on
a ground so astonishing rich and stippled over with stars 17m individually
discernible, as hardly to admit a pin's point between the stars, and this fills
more than the whole field or many fields."
******************************
NGC 6529 = ESO
394-?28
18 05 29 -36 17
48
=Not found,
Corwin. =Concentration of stars,
ESO. =No cluster, JS.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 6529 = D 569 = h3724 on 3 Sep 1826 and recorded "A pretty
large faint nebula, round figure, 5' or 6' diameter, resolvable into very
minute stars, with nebula remaining." He lists 2 observations. JH made a single observation on 8 Jun
1837 and recorded "A large milky way patch, much compressed, one portion
much more so." His position
(to the nearest min of RA and arcmin in Dec) is marked as approximate and falls
~6' southwest of Dunlop's. But,
there is no recognizable cluster or group of stars that stands out near either
position.
ESO classifies
this object as a concentration of stars and RNGC calls it nonexistent. Harold Corwin was unable to find a
candidate for NGC 6529 (either at the published position or JH's re-reduced
position), so it is classified here as "Not Found".
******************************
NGC 6530 = Cr
362 = ESO 521-SC021
18 04 31 -24 21
36
V = 4.6; Size 15'
17.5"
(7/8/94): bright scattered group of 40-50 stars at the east edge of M8 just
following the edge of the dark "Lagoon" lane which runs SW-NE. The group forms a rough triangular
outline 10'x6' oriented N-S with the longest base along the east side running
N-S. The cluster is encased in the
fairly bright eastern portion of the M8 nebulosity that passes directly through
most of the cluster.
8": 30
stars mag 7-13 in a 10' diameter.
Bright, moderately large.
Located on the east edge of M8!
Giovanni
Hodierna discovered NGC 6530 = h3725, the cluster within M8, around 1654 and
reported it in his catalog "De Admirandis Coeli Caracteribus". Messier described "a cluster of
stars that appears to be a nebula when observed with a simple three-foot
refractor; with an excellent instrument, however, one sees only a large number
of faint stars. Near this cluster
there is a fairly bright star [9 Sgr], which is surrounded by a very faint
glow." John Herschel recorded
(sweep 474) "a B, p Rich, irreg R cl; place that of a double * in the
following part of the cluster, which is itself involved in the great nebula
M8."
******************************
NGC 6531 = M21 =
ESO 521-SC19 = Cr 363
18 04 13 -22 29
24
V = 5.9; Size 13'
18"
(8/12/10): In the center of the cluster is the brightest member; mag 7.2 HD
164863. This star forms a 30"
pair (South 698) with mag 8.7 HD 313693. A third bright star, mag 8.8 HD 164883
lies 1.2' NE of the brightest star and extending in a short line NE are two
additional mag 10 and 11 stars.
Just north of this central clump is a beautiful ring of a dozen stars
mag 9.5-12 stars. ARA 1841, a pair
of 12.4/12.7 stars at 8" lies 1.5' WNW of South 698. An incomplete larger ring of stars
surrounds the entire group and includes ARA 1841. A total of roughly 50 stars are within 7'.
17.5"
(8/10/91): M21 consists of roughly 50 stars in a 5' diameter. Very bright, fairly small although
outliers greatly increase the diameter.
Includes a wide double star south 698 = 7.9/8.8 at 30". Just north of these stars is a remarkably
symmetric ring consisting of a mag 9.5 star and ten mag 12-13 stars. A close mag 14/14 double star is on the
west side of the bright double star.
Just west is a 10' string of mag 8/9 stars oriented NW-SE including two
double stars. M20 lies 45' SW. Easily visible in 15x50 IS binoculars
as a small knot.
Charles Messier
discovered M21 = NGC 6531 = h1993 on 5 Jun 1764. On 26 May 1786 (sweep 556), WH noted "a rich cluster of
large stars." On 28 Jul 1830,
JH recorded "A tolerably rich, sc, coarse cl; one star 9m, the rest
10....12." His single
position was 6' too far east.
******************************
NGC 6532 = UGC
11085 = MCG +09-29-045 = CGCG 278-042 = PGC 61220
17 59 14.1 +56
13 54
V = 13.9; Size 1.8'x0.9'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 123d
17.5"
(7/19/90): very faint, fairly small, elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE, low even surface
brightness. Located 1¡ SW of Xi
Draconis (V = 3.8).
Edward Swift,
the 15 year-old son of Lewis, discovered NGC 6532 = Sw V-83 on 19 Sep
1886. Lewis recorded "eeF;
pS; R; e diff.; in a small vacancy; 3 F stars in line point to it." The position is 25 sec of RA preceding
UGC 11085, the only nearby galaxy.
His comment "3 F stars in line point to it" probably applies
to a string of stars to the west. Bigourdan measured an accurate position on 6
Sep 1888 (repeated in the IC 2 Notes).
******************************
NGC 6533 = NGC
6523 = M8 = Lagoon Nebula = LBN 25 = NGC 6526 = IC 1271
18 03 41 -24 22
48
See observing
notes for NGC 6523 = M8.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6533 = H V-13 on 12 Jul 1784 (sweep 236) and recorded
"extensive milky nebulosity divided into two parts, the most northern part
is the strongest and of more than 15' extent; the southern one is followed by a
parcel of stars." This
description appears to describe M8, but using the reference star 5 Sgr, WH's
position falls on a empty portion of the sky ~30' south-southeast of M8.
Harold Corwin
found (personal email on 1 Jun 1996) that the same reference star was used by
WH in his observation of V10, V11, V12
= M20. His offset again
points 30' SSE of M20 indicating an error in the offset star which should be 4
Sgr = SAO 186061. Once this
correction is made, his position points to the center of M8. See Harold Corwin's identification
notes for the full story.
******************************
NGC 6534 = MCG
+11-22-013 = CGCG 322-022 = PGC 61126
17 56 08.6 +64
17 01
V = 14.4; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 16d
24"
(9/1/16): fairly faint, small, round, 15" diameter, occasional faint
stellar nucleus. Located just
48" of a mag 10.4 star. A 1'
pair of mag 10/11 stars is 3.5' NE.
Forms a close pair with LEDA 2666218 1.2' S. The companion is faint, small, round, 15" diameter, low
even surface brightness.
CGCG 322-010
lies 11' NW. At 220x it appeared
fairly faint, small, slightly elongated ~N-S, 15"x10". Contains a faint stellar nucleus
surrounded by a faint halo. A mag
11.8 star is 2' S, a mag 14 star is 2' ESE and a mag 13.5 star is 2' NE. CGCG 322-010 fits Swift's published
description much better than CGCG 322-022, but is a poorer match in position.
17.5"
(8/4/94): very faint, extremely small, round. Located 50" S of a mag 10 star. With direct vision appears stellar,
about mag 15. With averted vision a
very small halo is visible, perhaps 15" diameter. Located 22' NW of mag 7.7 SAO
17717. On the POSS this galaxy is
almost stellar with a very faint ring.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6534 = Sw IV-63 on 28 Jun 1886 and recorded "eeF; pS; R; in
center of a semi-circle of 4 stars."
There is nothing at his position, but 70 seconds of RA west and 1.2'
south is CGCG 322-022 = PGC 61126, which the RNGC, CGCG and PGC identify as NGC
6534. But this galaxy doesn't fit
Swift's description as there is no semi-circle of 4 stars surrounding the
galaxy. Furthermore, a mag 10 star
is less than 1' north and Swift would have likely mentioned it. Harold Corwin agrees this
identification is very uncertain due to the discrepancy with the description
and mentions CGCG 322-020 as another candidate. It fits Swift's description (the semicircle is immediately
east), but the positional match is poor.
******************************
NGC 6535
18 03 50.6 -00
17 49
V = 10.6; Size 3.6'; Surf Br = 1.1
24"
(7/30/16): at 500x; moderately bright and large, roundish, ~3' diameter, fairly
weak concentration with a slightly brighter core. A mag 13 star is on the
southwest side of the halo, two mag 13.5 stars on the west side and another
near the northwest edge. A
half-dozen stars additional stars are resolved in the halo with a few
additional around the edges of the halo.
A number more scintillate in and out of view, emerging for brief moments
in better seeing, ~20-25 total seen in the halo. The core region includes another half-dozen stars with one
standing out more prominently.
18"
(8/23/03): at 435x, appears fairly faint, ~3' diameter with an irregular
outline, and just a weak concentration.
A trio of mag 13-13.5 stars is easily resolved on the west edge and the
middle star has two close, mag 14.5 and 15.5 companions. With careful viewing about a dozen
extremely faint stars sparkle over the central glow, often popping in out of
averted vision. At 538x, the
cluster barely breaks up into a swarm of extremely faint stars in steady
moments.
17.5"
(8/10/91): moderately bright, roughly circular, 3' diameter. Three mag 13 stars and a mag 14 star
are almost on a line oriented N-S on the west edge. Very mottled and granular appearance with an irregular
outline. Can just steadily resolve
a few very faint stars and another half a dozen extremely faint stars pop in
and out of view over the core.
Located within a rich star field.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6535 = H on 26 Apr
1852 (sweep 478) WH discovered NGC 6535 = Au 38 on 24 Aug 1780 with his
6.2-inch reflector (used to discover Uranus) during his initial inspection of
Flamsteed stars. According to
Wolfgang Steinicke, who uncovered this observation ("a nebula with
stars") in his Herschel research, this was the first nebula he
discovered! As a result NGC 7009 =
Saturn Nebula, found on 7 Sep 1782 with the same reflector, was his second
discovery. The same night he also
observed M8 ("a Nebula not marked in the map full of stars in via
Lactea"), before being aware of Messier's catalogue.
John Russell
Hind independently discovered NGC 6535 on 26 Apr 1852 (MN, 12, 208) with a
7-inch Dolland refractor at George Bishop's private observatory in London and
recorded "a nebulous object which does not occur in any of the Catalogues
of Nebulae hitherto consulted. It
is very small and rather faint, perhaps 1' in diameter and is preceded a few
seconds by a very minute hazy-looking star." Hind is credited with the discovery in the NGC. Auwers
observed it with the 6-inch Heliometer at Kšnigsberg Observatory and reported
"pF, round, 2' diameter, gradually very slightly bM."
******************************
NGC 6536 = UGC
11077 = MCG +11-22-016 = CGCG 322-025 = PGC 61166
17 57 16.5 +64
56 16
V = 13.4; Size 1.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(6/11/88): faint, small, slightly elongated WNW-ESE, unconcentrated.
Edward Swift,
Lewis' 13 year-old son, discovered NGC 6536 = Sw I-84 on 18 Aug 1884 and
recorded "vF; R; pL; 3 stars in form of a triangle near." Their position is 10 sec of RA east and
less than 1' south of UGC 11077 = PGC 61166. The triangle probably refers to 3 mag 11 stars to the north.
******************************
NGC 6537 = Red
Spider Nebula = PK 10+0.1 = PN G010.1+00.7 = ESO 590-PN1
18 05 13.0 -19
50 35
V = 11.9; Size 5"
17.5"
(8/17/01): picked up at 220x as a fuzzy mag 12 "star" forming the
eastern vertex of an obtuse, isosceles triangle with two similar stars 1.5' W
and 2.4' NW. Excellent view at
380x and 500x. Clearly nonstellar
at the higher powers, ~5" diameter with a bluish color and occasionally a
slightly brighter center.
13"
(8/17/85): appears mag 12.0 or fainter with OIII filter at 79x. In the field SW of a mag 7 star forming
the southern "star" of an arc of three stars.
13"
(8/11/85): stellar at 166x, estimate mag V =12.5. Just non-stellar at 220x and clearly nebulous at 360x, about
4" diameter. Appears fainter
than computed V magnitude. Located
7' SW of mag 6.8 SAO 161056 and forms the east vertex of an obtuse triangle
with two mag 12 stars 1.5' WNW and 2.4' NW.
Edward Pickering
discovered NGC 6537 on 15 Jul 1882 with the 15-inch refractor at the Harvard
College Observatory. NGC 6565 was
the 5th of 17 planetaries he found using a direct-vision spectroscope attached
to the large refractor. He
announced the discovery of the first dozen in Sidereal Messenger, Oct 1882 (no
descriptions) and in Astronomische Nachrichten 2454, he noted it as "small
and bright". His position in
Sidereal Messenger was accurate.
Based on
Crossley photographs, Curtis (1918) reported NGC 6537 as "a minute disk
5" in diameter, just distinguishable from a star. Round, with clear-cut edges; a slightly
condensation at center is suspected, and a very faint ansa in p.a.
25". The huge
hourglass-shapes structure visible in deep images that surrounds the central
part was missed in the Lick photographs.
******************************
NGC 6538 = UGC
11062 = MCG +12-17-012 = CGCG 340-025 = PGC 61072
17 54 17.1 +73
25 27
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 48d
17.5"
(7/9/88): faint, very small, elongated SW-NE, small bright core. Located directly between a mag 14 star
1.2' NW and a mag 15 star 1.0' SE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6538 = Sw IV-62 on 30 May 1886 and recorded "eF; vS; lE;
between 2 eF stars." His
position is 25 seconds of RA west and 44" south of UGC 11062 (2'
separation) and his description applies (the stars are northwest and
southeast). Bigourdan measured an
accurate position on 10 Oct 1890.
******************************
NGC 6539
18 04 49.7 -07
35 09
V = 9.8; Size 6.9'; Surf Br = 3.1
24"
(7/30/16): at 260x; fairly faint, moderately large, round, ~3' diameter, very
weak concentration. A brighter mag
12.8 star is just off the northwest edge and a mag 13.5 star is off the
southwest edge. The cluster was very lively at 432x and several faint to
extremely faint stars are resolved around the edges of the halo including a few
easy ones just off the west side. Several very faint to extremely faint stars scintillate over
the core and main portion of the halo, popping in and out of view with the
seeing, though only a couple of these are consistently visible.
18"
(7/19/04): at 225x appears fairly faint, moderately large, round, weakly
concentration. The diameter is
~3.5' diameter with averted vision.
A few mag 15-15.5 stars are along the west edge of the halo with some
brighter mag 13 stars off to the west and NW. At 435x, 3 or 4 mag 15 stars are grouped near the west edge
of the halo and a single mag 15.5-16 star is near the center. The edges appear ragged at this
magnification.
18"
(8/23/03): at 323x appears fairly faint, round, pretty diffuse with only a
broad, fairly weak concentration.
A mag 12.5 star is off the NW side and a few mag 13 stars are off the SW
edge and further off the SE side.
A couple of mag 15 stars are resolved between the two brighter stars on
the west side. At 435x, the surface brightness is quite mottled and seems on
the verge of resolution but only one or two extremely faint stellar sparkles
are intermittently visible.
17.5"
(8/10/91): fairly faint, moderately large, 3' diameter, round, diffuse, broad
weak concentration. A number of
stars are very near including a mag 12.5 star off the NW edge and a fainter mag
13.5 star off the SE edge. In
addition, an extremely faint 15th mag star is resolved near the NW edge and a
mag 15 star is visible near the center but no other resolution was evident.
8"
(6/22/81): faint, moderately large, very diffuse, no resolution.
Theodor Johann
Christian Brorsen discovered NGC 6539 = Au 39 in Sep 1856 at the Senftenberg
Observatory in the present-day Czech Republic, probably using a 9.4-cm
comet-seeker. Arthur Auwers
observed this globular on 10 Oct 1860 with the Konigsberg 6-inch refractor and
reported (in the notes to his 1862 list of new nebulae) it "looked faint,
but pretty well at 65x; it appears to be a faint star group of about 3'
diameter, centrally surrounded by numerous stars 12m." (translation by
Wolfgang Steinicke). NGC 6539 is
one of the brighter southern objects missed by JH.
******************************
NGC 6540 = ESO
456-SC053 = Cr 364 = Djorgovski 3
18 06 08.5 -27
45 55
V = 10.4; Size 1'; Surf Br = 2.0
18"
(7/11/07): this very unusual globular is buried within a small asterism and
requires careful viewing. At 325x
a very distinctive 1.5' string or shallow arc of stars is oriented E-W and
contains 6 stars (these are possible cluster members). Within this shallow arc is a 20"
knot just east of the midpoint and this knot is probably the core of the
globular. The entire string is
superimposed on a rich Milky Way background so it was very difficult to
determine a diameter for the outer halo.
17.5"
(7/10/99): this interesting globular is located nearly midway along a short
1.5' E-W arc of a half dozen or so mag 13-14 stars that are bowed out to the
north. The globular is a faint,
round, 40" glow, embedded just inside the center of this string which
extends beyond the globular to the west and east. At 100x, this string, along with the haze of the cluster
creates the impression the globular is quite elongated.
13"
(9/3/83): very faint, small, rich spot, slightly elongated E-W, mottled but no
resolved. Also a group of six
faint stars in an arc to the SE.
Dark nebula B86 lies 41' W.
Originally
listed as an open cluster, this object was reclassified as a globular in 1987
by Djorgovski.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6540 = H II-198 on 24 May 1784 (end of sweep 224) and recorded
"pF, crookedly extended easily resolvable nebula; or rather a cluster of
very close stars; not large."
Guillaume
Bigourdan's description mentions a size of 1.5' x 25", elongated E-W,
stars mag 13 and fainter containing possible "nebulous
material". So, Bigourdan was
clearly describing the entire string of stars.
******************************
NGC 6541 = ESO
280-SC004
18 08 02 -43 43
00
V = 6.1; Size 13.1'; Surf Br = 0.4
22"
(6/28/06 - Hawaii): spectacular view at 200x as the globular is well
concentrated with a blazing core and a large halo extending to at least
8'. Roughly 200 stars are
resolved, mostly in the halo but even close to the center of the core. Includes a few brighter stars in the
halo on the NE side and towards the south and SSE.
11" (8/8/04
- Haleakala Crater): excellent view at 127x! Well concentrated to a small, intense 1.5' core. The halo extends to roughly 8' and is
well-resolved into perhaps a 100 stars.
A brighter star is at the NE side of the halo and a couple of brighter
stars are at the south and SW edge of the cluster. Prominent in 10x30 IS binoculars.
18" (7/9/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this beautiful globular is set in a rich
star field and is strongly compressed with a blazing core. At 171x, the halo is ~8' and highly
resolved into a couple of hundred stars mag 12 and fainter. A few brighter stars (field?) are mixed
in including mag 11 stars on the east and SW side of the halo. The stars are densely packed towards
the core - another southern showpiece globular!
8"
(7/16/82): bright, fairly small, well concentrated to bright core. Mottled halo but no resolution. Located 20' SE of a mag 5 star (h 5014
= 5.8/5.8 at 1.8"). Very far
south for viewing from Northern California.
Niccolo
Cacciatore, an assistant to Giuseppe Piazzi, discovered NGC 6541 = D 473 = h
3726 on 19 Mar 1826, probably using the 3-inch refractor in Palermo. James Dunlop independently discovered
this globular a few months later on 3 Jul 1826 and described "a very
bright round highly condensed nebula, about 3' diameter. I can resolve a
considerable portion round the margin, but the compression is so great near the
centre, that it would require a very high power, as well as light, to separate
the stars; the stars are rather dusky." He notes 5 observations were made and his position is 6'
northwest of the center. John
Herschel's first observation was on 1 Jun 1834 (h3726) and he reported
"globular, B, R, e comp, v Fine; diameter of most comp part = 11 seconds
of time in RA; stars 15..16m. The scattered stars extend to three times the
diameter and die away very gradually." He references D 473 in the Cape catalogue but wasn't aware
of Cacciatore's earlier observation.
******************************
NGC 6542 = UGC
11092 = MCG +10-25-126 = CGCG 300-103 = CGCG 301-009 = PGC 61239
17 59 38.9 +61
21 33
V = 13.3; Size 1.3'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 98d
17.5"
(6/11/88): faint, small, very elongated WNW-ESE, brighter core, faint stellar
nucleus. Located 3.9' SE of a mag
10.5 star.
Lewis Swift discovered
NGC 6542 = Sw IV-65 on 22 Jul 1886 and recorded "eF; S; eE; coarse
D[ouble] * sp points to it."
His position matches UGC 11092 and his description applies. The coarse double star is 8' southwest.
******************************
NGC 6543 = Cat's
Eye Nebula = PK 96+29.1 = Helical Nebula = PN G096.4+29.9
17 58 33.2 +66
37 59
V = 8.1; Size 22"x19"
48"
(4/1/11): the extremely bright inner section [22"x19"] of the Cat's
Eye was a vivid green color at 375x. But besides the bright central star I
didn't take notes on the interior structure. A fairly faint (middle) halo was easily visible, extending
~1.4' diameter and dramatically increased the generally observed size. This halo had a well-defined periphery
and was slightly elongated N-S or the border on the east and west sides were
very slightly flattened. A very
faint star is near the west edge.
Surrounding the
middle shell is a much larger and fainter outer halo that extends ~5' in
diameter. IC 4677 appeared as a
prominent, triangular or wedge-shaped knot with the vertex pointing east,
situated 1.8' due west of center near the edge of this outer halo. It appeared
much larger than previously seen, ~50"x30", and brighter along a
well-defined, straight southern edge.
The north side is brightest near the east end at the vertex. A 15th magnitude star lies 45" NE
and a mag 9.8 star is 1.2' NW. A
second fainter knot in the outer halo is located 2.6' ESE of center, just
30" N of a mag 14.5 star.
This knot was only 15"-20" in size and had a low surface brightness.
18"
(7/21/04): at 435x, it was fairly clear that there were two shells in the main
body of different sizes and orientations creating a complex overlapping
appearance. Surrounding the high surface brightness main body was a thin, very
faint outer envelope (inner portion of the outer envelope). The central star
was visible continuously.
IC 4677 was
easily visible at 160x using a UHC filter as a slightly elongated, low surface
brightness glow 1.7' W of center of NGC 6543 and 1.5' SE of a mag 11 star which
lies 2.7' WNW of NGC 6543. This
shock-excited knot in the outer halo was elongated 3:2 SW-NE, roughly
20"x13". At 225x it was
barely visible unfiltered, but could be held continuously at this power adding
a UHC filter.
18"
(6/21/03): remarkable view at 538x.
The central star shone steadily in the center of what appeared to be two
superimposed shells, offset in orientation by ~90 degrees. Interior filamentary or arc-like
structure was highly suspected.
17.5"
(6/11/88): viewed at 280x and 412x; the Cat's Eye nebula appears very bright,
fairly small, oval SW-NE, blue-green color. Appears darker (annular) surrounding the mag 11 central
star. The prominent visual portion
is surrounded by a very faint oval outer envelope (386") which was not
seen but includes the bright irregular knot IC 4677 1.7' W of center. NGC 6552 is located 10' following.
IC 4677 was
suspected at 220x without filtration close to a mag 15 star located 1' W of the
planetary. Using a UHC filter, IC
4677 was clearly visible with averted vision as a very faint elongated patch,
~25"x15" oriented SW-NE.
Requires averted for a good view but could hold steadily almost
continuously. It was also visible
at 140x with an OIII filter and 280x with the UHC, but 220x provided the best
view.
13"
(7/27/84): at 400x appears very bright, oval N-S, blue color, central star
visible with averted.
8": bright,
elongated, blue, high surface brightness.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6543 = H IV-37 on 15 Feb 1786 (sweep 523) and recorded "vB,
about 35" diameter. A planetary disk, but very ill defined edge; the
center of it is rather more luminous than the rest. With long attention a very
bright, well defined, round center becomes visible. This seems to be a nebula that connects my former planetary
ones with two other sorts; viz with those that are very bright in the middle
and suddenly grow more diluted; and with those that have a bright central star,
or nucleus and a milky chevelure."
In 1790, Lalande
included this object as a 9th magnitude "star" (LL 38303 in his major
star catalogue. Giuseppe Bianchi
independently rediscovered it on 16 Jun 1839 and announced the discovery an
Astronomische Nachrichten letter, apparently unaware of WH's prior discovery
(there were many similar cases).
NGC 6543 does not appear in JH's Slough catalogue, which was more
accessible and easier to check than WH's catalogues.
Sir William
Huggins examined NGC 6543 with a spectroscope on 29 Aug 1864 (the same night he
viewed NGC 6572, 6828, 6818, 7009, 6720, 7662, 6853). He wrote "On the evening of the 29th of August, 1864, I
directed the telescope for the first time to a planetary nebula in Draco [NGC
6543]. The reader may now be able to picture to himself to some extent the
feeling of excited suspense, mingled with a degree of awe, with which, after a
few moments of hesitation, I put my eye to the spectroscope. Was I not about to
look into a secret place of creation? I looked into the spectroscope. No
spectrum such as I expected ! A single bright line only!" At first, I suspected some displacement
of the prism, and that I was looking at a reflection of the illuminated slit
from one of its faces. This thought was scarcely more than momentary; then the
true interpretation flashed upon me. The light of the nebula was monochromatic,
and so, unlike any other light I had as yet subjected to prismatic examination,
could not be extended out to form a complete spectrum." Based on
subsequent observations, Huggins showed nebulae had bright [OIII] emission
lines, unlike the broad spectrum expected of unresolved stars. He concluded these objects were
enormous masses of hot luminous gas or vapour which would never be resolved
into stars.
The 1888 paper
"Observations of Nebulae at the Lick Observatory"
(1888MNRAS..48..388H) included a schematic labeled "Helical Nebula in
Draco (Holden)" showing two overlapping ellipses or coils, along with a
detailed sketch and description of the nebula. Heber Curtis wrote "We have, therefore, ventured to
designate this object as a helical nebula - the first of its class - because
its brighter portions unquestionably appear to the eye in a helical and not
simply in a spiral form; and also because it seems to us at least probable that
the real disposition of the brighter parts in space may be in the form of a
helix." Generally, the
nickname "Cat's Eye Nebula" is used today.
E.E. Barnard
discovered IC 4677, a shock-excited knot in the outer halo of NGC 6543, on 24
Apr 1900 with the 40-inch Yerkes refractor. See Harold Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 6544 = ESO
521-SC028
18 07 20.6 -24
59 50
V = 8.2; Size 7'; Surf Br = 2.4
24"
(7/30/16): at 260x; bright, moderately large, irregular scraggly halo, ~4'x3'
roughly E-W. Well concentrated
with a bright irregular core with resolved stars. A mag 11.2 is at the southwest side of the halo, 1.5' from
center. Roughly 15-20 stars are
resolved in the halo (horizontal branch magnitude Å 15.2), though some of these
are likely field stars. At least a
half-dozen stars are resolved in the central core including a pair of close
brighter stars and a third nearly in line. At 375x at least a dozen stars were resolved over an
irregular core region.
17.5"
(5/10/91): bright, 4'x3', elongated NW-SE, irregular and scraggly outline,
mottled. Located in a rich star
field. About six stars are
superimposed including two or three mag 13 stars in a tight knot near the
center. In addition, several faint
stars are resolved at the edges (or nearby field stars). A double star with components mag
11.5/13.5 lies 2' SW.
8"
(8/23/84): at 200x, appears moderately bright with two stars are visible at the
center and two or three stars are resolved at edges. The appearance is grainy with a brighter core.
8"
(7/31/81): fairly faint, small, brighter core, easy but no resolution.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6544 = H II-197 = h1994 on 22 May 1784 (sweep 223) and recorded
"pB, pL, iR, r." JH made
the single observation "F; L; lE; bM; resolved."
******************************
NGC 6545 = ESO
103-006 = PGC 61551
18 12 14.8 -63
46 34
V = 13.2; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 151d
25" (4/5/16
- Coonabarabran, 318x): fairly faint or moderately bright, small, round,
24" diameter, contains a small brighter nucleus. The field is rich in faint stars with four mag 13-15 stars
in a small quadrilateral close east (sides 30"-50") and a mag 15 star
is at the southwest edge. In the
field is a mag 9.7 star 4' S and a mag 10 star 6.7' NE. NGC 6545 resides 14' SW of mag 6.5 HD
166251.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6545 = h3727 on 20 Jun 1835 and recorded "eeeF, vvvS, R,
4". This is the smallest
nebula I recollect to have seen.
Its light is not greater than that of a *14m. A diagram made for
security of finding it again. See
figure 16, Plate VI." His
position is a perfect match with ESO 103-006, though this galaxy is not
especially small on the DSS.
Perhaps JH only noticed a very small brighter nucleus. RNGC misclassifies this
object as nonexistent; "not found, Sulentic".
******************************
NGC 6546 = Cr
365 = ESO 521-SC029
18 07 23 -23 17
48
V = 8.0; Size 13'
17.5"
(8/27/92): bright, large, scattered, 10' diameter. Including three mag 9 stars on the east side, 10 mag 11-12
stars mag and roughly 70 stars total.
Between the three mag 9 stars is a very faint, rich group of 15-20
stars. Near the west edge is a
faint, very close double. The
majority of the cluster stars are fairly evenly distributed with no other dense
regions. Situated in a rich Milky
Way field.
8"
(8/23/84): scattered group of about 40 stars with 20 stars easily visible and
three brighter mag 9 stars on the east side, elongated ~E-W. A mag 8 star is in the field to the NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6546 = h3729 on 27 Jun 1837 and noted "the middle of a
great and rich cluster in the milky way." The ESO position is about 5' further south.
******************************
NGC 6547 = UGC
11110 = MCG +04-43-001 = CGCG 141-048 = CGCG 142-001 = PGC 61378
18 05 10.0 +25
13 58
V = 13.6; Size 1.3'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 136d
17.5"
(7/1/89): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated NW-SE, very small bright
core. A well-matched double star is
2' S (12.5/12.5 at 16").
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6547 = m 360 on 7 Aug 1864 and noted "F, vS, E,
mbM." His position matches
UGC 11110.
******************************
NGC 6548 = UGC
11115 = MCG +03-46-013 = CGCG 113-020 = PGC 61404
18 05 59.1 +18 35
14
V = 11.7; Size 3.0'x2.8'; Surf Br = 13.9
17.5"
(7/1/89): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated NNW-SSE, sharp
concentration with a very bright core dominating a faint halo. Forms a pair with NGC 6549 3.7' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6548 = H III-555 on 22 Jun 1786 (sweep 574) and noted "cF,
S, iF, lE, r." His re-reduced
position, with respect to 101 Her, is within 1' of UGC 11115. But CH's reduced position (used in the
GC and NGC) was 3.5' southwest of UGC 11115 and close northwest of NGC 6549 =
UGC 11114. E.E. Barnard swept up
NGC 6548 on 29 Jan 1889, and also nearby NGC 6549 on 3 Feb 1889 with the
12-inch refractor at Lick Observatory.
He correctly identified the pair.
The MCG
(+03-46-013) misidentifies NGC 6548 as NGC 6550 and the UGC and CGCG mislabel
it as NGC 6548 = NGC 6550. NGC
6550 is a duplicate of NGC 6549 instead (see that number).
******************************
NGC 6549 = NGC
6550 = UGC 11114 = MCG +03-46-012 = CGCG 113-019 = PGC 61399
18 05 49.5 +18
32 16
V = 13.7; Size 1.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 53d
17.5"
(7/1/89): faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE, low even surface
brightness. A very faint mag 16
star is involved. Forms a pair
with NGC 6548 3.7' NE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6549 = m 361 on 27 Jul 1864 and noted "vF, pL, iR (near
III. 555 [= NGC 6548])." His
position matches UGC 11114, a fainter companion to NGC 6548. ƒdouard Stephan independently found
this galaxy on 19 Jul 1882 and measured an accurate micrometric position. But Stephan, in the notes to list XII,
incorrectly mentioned that XII-87 = NGC 6550 is distinct from GC 4377 [NGC
6548] and GCS 5892 [NGC 6549].
There are only two galaxies here, so NGC 6549 = NGC 6550, with discovery
priority to Marth. E.E. Barnard
swept up NGC 6548 on 29 Jan 1889 and also noted NGC 6549 on 3 Feb, using the
12-inch Lick refractor. MCG
incorrectly equates NGC 6548 = NGC 6549.
******************************
NGC 6550 = NGC
6549 = UGC 11114 = MCG +03-46-012 = CGCG 113-019 = PGC 61404
18 05 49.5 +18 32
16
See observing
notes for NGC 6549.
ƒdouard Stephan
found NGC 6550 = St XII-87 on 19 Jul 1882. His micrometric position is a perfect match with UGC
1111. Albert Marth discovered this
galaxy earlier on 27 Jul 1864 and it was catalogued as m 361 = GC 5892 = NGC
6549. Stephan, though, in the notes to list XII, incorrectly stated that XII-87
was distinct from NGC 6548 and 6549.
Whatever Stephan felt was NGC 6549, it is clear that NGC 6550 = NGC
6549.
Lewis Swift must
have examined the field and realized there were only two galaxies here. In his notes to his large discovery
list XI, he mentions "NGC 6550 = H III 555 [NGC 6548]. 6550 must be struck out." In the IC 2 notes, Dreyer repeated that
NGC 6550 is identical to NGC 6548 (from Swift), instead of NGC 6549. This error is repeated in UGC, CGCG,
NGC 2000.0 and Deep Sky Field Guide (to the Uranometria Sky Atlas). This error is mentioned in Malcolm
Thomson's unpublished "Catalogue Corrections". See Harold Corwin's notes for more.
******************************
NGC 6551 = ESO
456-**60?
18 08 45 -29 34
06
=NGC 6528 or NGC
6522?, Corwin. =concentration of
stars in Milky Way, ESO.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 6551= LM I-230 on 7 Jul 1885 and noted "vF, vS,
R, rr." His rough position
(nearest minute of RA) is just 17 seconds west of ESO 456-**60, an asterism of
a half-dozen stars within 4'.
Herbert Howe, probably found this asterism with his 20-inch at Denver
around the turn of the century and remarked "simply a few stars of mag
13." ESO (Lauberts) calls it
a "Concentration of stars in Milky Way."
But Harold
Corwin, who examined Leavenworth's sketch, notes that it shows a globular
cluster-like object between two stars and does not match this asterism. So, the group of scattered stars near
his position seen by Howe is very unlikely. Corwin suggests NGC 6528 or perhaps NGC 6522 as candidates,
though the nearby stars are not a good match with the sketch.
******************************
NGC 6552 = UGC
11096 = MCG +11-22-018 = CGCG 322-026 = PGC 61252
18 00 07.2 +66
36 54
V = 13.6; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 105d
17.5"
(6/11/88): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated ~E-W, bright core. Located just 10' E of NGC 6543, the
Cat's Eye Nebula! Position is
nearly coincident with the North Ecliptic Pole so the RA and Dec are virtually
constant over time!
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 6552 on 6 Oct 1866 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen while observing H IV 37 [NGC 6543]. Lewis Swift independently found this galaxy on 27 May 1886
and recorded Sw IV-66 as "vF; S; cE; [NGC 6543] in field."
******************************
NGC 6553 = ESO
521-SC036
18 09 15.6 -25
54 28
V = 8.3; Size 6'; Surf Br = 1.9
24"
(7/30/16): at 260x, moderately bright and large, ~3' diameter, weak concentration
with no well defined core. A mag
11.8 star is on the northwest side of the halo and fainter stars are on the
northeast side (pair) and southwest side, bounding the cluster into a somewhat
rectangular appearance. At 432x,
the cluster was very lively or mottled with a couple of additional resolved
stars and others just on the verge of resolution. A few additional stars were resolved around the edges of the
halo.
17.5"
(6/6/86): grainy, mottled globular with a single bright star at the north edge
and four or five additional stars at the edges may also be resolved
members. Located in a rich
field. The brightest member star
is V =14.7.
8"
(7/31/81): fairly bright, moderately large. A single star is at the north edge, elongated or fan-shaped
N-S, no resolution.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6553 = H IV-12 = h3730 on 22 May 1784 (sweep 223) and recorded
"pB, L, difficulty resolving; the nebulosity inclining to milkiness. It is unequally bright." JH called this cluster "globular;
vF; a little oval; vglbM; barely r; stars 20m; one * 14m; diam in RA = 7.5
sec." Christian Peters
independently found the cluster around 1849 at the Capodimonte Observatory in
Naples and claimed it did not appear in any catalogue.
******************************
NGC 6554 = ESO
590-?003
18 08 59 -18 26
06
18"
(9/3/05): at 115x appears as a large, scattered group of ~100 stars in a 25'
x10' region. Most of the brighter
stars form a triangular outline with a 15' string of stars oriented NW to SE
forming the western leg of the triangle being most evident. A number of faint stars pepper the
interior at 225x, though at this power the group filled the field and was not
recognizable at all. This appears
to be a random Milky Way asterism although the triangular outline is somewhat
detached in the field at low power.
Contains a number of mag 10.5-11.5 star although there is no single
brighter star. A fairly small
triangle of stars including a mag 11 pair at 27" is off the west side.
17.5"
(8/12/01): large, very scattered, elongated group at 100x. Roughly three dozen stars are visible
in an arbitrary 20'x6' region, extended NW-SE. A close quadruple is at the west side of the NW end. There are no rich concentrations and
the group looks just like an random asterism. At 220x, ~50 stars are seen with some faint clumps visible
but as the group now fills the field I would not have noticed it at all at this
power. The outline is easier to
trace along the western flank and around the NW end. An evenly matched mag 12 pair is off the west side but is
not within the main group. Listed
as a nonexistent cluster in the RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6554 = h1995 on 14 Jul 1830 and recorded "A v coarse and
scattered but p rich cluster of L and S stars. Has several double stars in it." A 24" pair of mag
10/12 stars just 1' north of JH's position in a Milky Way field. Karl Reinmuth reported "many st in
milky way, no distinct Cl" and RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent
(Type 7). Harold Corwin notes that
although this is likely not a true cluster, JH's position and description
matches this field.
******************************
NGC 6555 = UGC
11121 = MCG +03-46-015 = CGCG 113-022 = Holm 774a = PGC 61432
18 07 49.3 +17
36 17
V = 12.4; Size 2.0'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 110d
17.5"
(7/1/89): moderately bright, moderately large, almost round, mild concentration
but no sharp core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6555 = H II-902 on 29 Jun 1799 (sweep 1090) and recorded
"F, pL, R, vgbM, about 3 1/2' dia." A few minutes earlier he noted that twilight was very
strong. His time is 20 seconds too
small and declination 1' too far south.
Herman Schultz measured a micrometric position at Uppsala (used in the
NGC), but it was 40 seconds of time too small, so he probably either made a copying
error or misidentified the comparison star. Bigourdan measured an accurate position on 16 Jun 1884
(repeated in the IC 2 Notes).
******************************
NGC 6556 = ESO
456-?61
18 09 57 -27 31
30
24"
(7/7/13): very bright but patchy Milky Way field, rich in faint stars at 125x
(21mm Ethos). Excellent region to
scan, although no distinct boundaries or dark clouds to isolate the object, so
does not stand out conspicuously.
The position, though, was easy to identify as an as a large triangle (sides
~12') with four mag 7-8 stars (including HD 165873, 165708, 165787) is off the
southwest side.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6556 = h3732 on 15 Jul 1836 and recorded "Cl VI. An oval
patch comprised within limits of the field, barely resolvable into infinitely
minute points, but which, without attention, appears as a great nebula 15' l;
12' br; hardly bM." In his
survey of NGC objects with the 20-inch refractor at Denver, Herbert Howe wrote
"I see nothing in the entire region except thousands of the minutest
stars." Dreyer noted "No
nebulosity (Howe)" in the IC 2 Notes.
Although there
is no cluster per se, Harold Corwin writes that JH's position falls in a
"complex region of star clouds and obscuring dust clouds near the Galactic
Center."
******************************
NGC 6557 = ESO
045-001 = AM 1814-763 = PGC 61770
18 21 24.8 -76
34 59
V = 13.0; Size 1.6'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 77d
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 260x appeared moderately
bright, elongated 3:2 WSW-ENE, 1.0'x0.7', brighter core. Located 14' E of mag 7.1 HD 15844 and
8.6' W of a 25" pair of mag 10.4/12.5 stars.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6557 = h3728 on 30 Jun 1835 and logged "vF; R; glbM;
15"." His position in
the Cape Catalogue and GC is accurate, but Dreyer made a typo in the NGC and
placed this object 50¡ too far north.
The error was caught and corrected in the IC 1 Notes.
RNGC classifies
this as an "Unverified Southern Object" (Type 0). it is missing from the ESO-LV, Deep Sky
Field Guide and the first edition of the Uranometria 2000.0 Sky Atlas.
******************************
NGC 6558 = ESO
456-SC062
18 10 18.3 -31
45 49
V = 9.8; Size 3.7'; Surf Br = 1.4
17.5"
(7/29/92): moderately bright, small, 1.5'-2.0' diameter, irregular
outline. Has a fairly smooth halo
with a small bright core offset to the north side with a stellar nucleus
sometimes visible. Five or six
very faint mag 14.5-15 stars are embedded within the halo. Located in a rich star field.
8"
(7/31/86): faint, small, round, six faint stars lie to the south.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6558 = h3731 on 3 Aug 1834 and recorded "globular cluster;
not vB; R; glbM; 2'; resolved. The
stars barely discernible." On
sweep 794 (June 1837) he logged "globular; pB; irreg R; gmbM; composed of
st 16m, on a milky way ground of mixed L and vS stars." This object may be a compact open
cluster.
******************************
NGC 6559 = ESO
521-*N40 = LBN 28 =Ced 154f = Gum 75
18 09 58 -24 06
36
Size 8'x5'
17.5"
(7/20/96): at 140x an irregular glow is easily visible surrounding a group of 5
stars and brightest around a 30" pair of mag 9.5/10.5 stars. The 4'x3' nebulosity extends mainly to
the west and NW of this pair. Best
view probably unfiltered at 140x (nebulosity dims with OIII and similar with
UHC), but with a UHC filter a very large hazy nebulosity ~10' diameter stands
out to the northwest involving a number of brighter stars.
17.5"
(7/17/93): observation made at 100x using an OIII filter: Brightest portion of
extensive nebulous complex, most prominent along two converging rows of stars
oriented SW-NE and NW-SE. A mag 10
star is located in the second chain.
This description appears to describe the large region of nebulosity to
the NW of NGC 6559 mentioned in the July '96 observation.
17.5"
(6/20/87): 88x with UHC filter: fairly bright, fairly large nebulosity about 5'
diameter. Surrounds two mag 11
stars and extending to four or five fainter mag 12/13 stars.
13"
(7/16/82): fairly faint, curved strip of nebulosity, includes five stars.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6559 = h1996 = h3733 on 1 Jul 1826 and recorded "several
stars affected with nebulosity; the brightest taken." His position corresponds with a mag 8.8
star (brighter of pair) clearly involved with nebulosity. The CGH catalogue lists a similar
position and notes "vF; L; oblong; 5' long; 3' broad; place of a D*
involved; 6 other st near. Query,
if involved."
******************************
NGC 6560 = UGC
11117 = MCG +08-33-019 = CGCG 254-015 = PGC 61381
18 05 14.0 +46
52 53
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 55d
24"
(7/20/17): at 225x and 375x; moderately bright and large, oval 3:2 SW-NE,
~45"x30", broad concentration, small slightly brighter core. There is a strong suggestion of a
spiral arm on the southeast side [galaxy is a bit "beefier" on this
end], extending a short distance north.
Situated 2' SW of a mag 10.4 star (with a companion at ~30") and
two 10th magnitude stars lie 5' ESE.
17.5"
(8/1/89): faint, small, slightly elongated SW-NE, low almost even surface
brightness.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6560 = Sw V-84 on 22 Oct 1886 and recorded "eeF; pS; iR; 5
stars near sf in a line, middle one double." His position is 1' too far northeast and the distinctive
string of stars is 4'-5' east-southeast.
******************************
NGC 6561
18 10 30 -16 43
30
17.5"
(7/27/95): very large, fairly rich Milky Way field, roughly 15'x10' elongated
~N-S. Along the eastern border are
four mag 9 stars with a 28" pair at the midpoint of the other two bright
stars which are oriented SW-NE at 7' separation. The stars are fairly evenly distributed and includes a large
number of mag 12-13 stars with a background of very faint stars at 220x. Unable to determine any specific
borders or count the large number of stars but the group stands out reasonably
well at 80x.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6561 = H VIII-54 = h1997 on 27 Jun 1786 (sweep 576) and recorded
"a coarsely scattered cluster of considerably L stars. The place is that of a small triangle
or treble star." JH observed
this group of stars twice, first noting on 2 Aug 1826, "very coarsely
straggling and loose, hardly entitled to be called a cluster. The place (roughly taken) is that of 2
or 3 bright stars." RNGC
classifies this object as a nonexistent cluster.
******************************
NGC 6562 = MCG
+09-29-051 = CGCG 278-046 = CGCG 279-001 = PGC 61376
18 05 00.9 +56
15 47
V = 13.7; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(7/19/90): faint, very small, round, 0.5' diameter, small bright core. A mag 14 star is about 30" off the
SW edge and 51" from center.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6562 = Sw I-85 on 8 Jun 1885 and logged "F; pS; BM; R; bet
2 st." His position is 10
seconds of RA too large. Howe
measured an accurate micrometric position in 1899-00.
******************************
NGC 6563 = PK
358-7.1 = ESO 394-PN33 = PN G358.5-07.3
18 12 02.5 -33
52 06
V = 10.8; Size 50"x37"; PA = 50d
18"
(7/16/07): at 323x appears as a fairly bright, sharply defined disc, slightly
elongated SW-NE and perhaps 48"x40". The disc exhibits a subtle irregularity in surface
brightness but there was no evident annularity. A couple of extremely faint stars occasionally sparkled over
the disc, though it was difficult to tell if one was situated right at the
center.
17.5" (6/28/00):
at 280x this moderately bright PN appears elongated 5:4 SW-NE,
~50"x40". The surface
brightness is pretty smooth and no central star was visible. A UHC filter provides a moderate
contrast gain. Set is a rich star
field.
13"
(8/17/85): observation at 166x and 220x: fairly faint, moderately large,
slightly elongated ~N-S, no annularity.
Prominent using UHC filter, moderate surface brightness. Located in a rich star field 15' ESE of
mag 6.2 SAO 209817.
8"
(7/16/82): faint, elongated N-S, fairly small.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6563 = h3734 = D 606? on 7 Jun 1837 and recorded "a L, F,
oval, planetary nebula, about 60" long, 50" broad, or 55";
considerably hazy, or rather indistinctly terminated at the borders, but not
bM; a star 6-7m precedes it, just 1 diameter of the field and nearly in the
parallel."
James Dunlop
possibly discovered this planetary on 3 Sep 1826 and reported a "faint
nebula, about 1 1/4' long and 30" or 40" broad, with a considerable
brightness near each end and faint in the middle, resembling two small nebulae
joined." His position (single observation) is 36' northeast of NGC 6563, a
fairly large error even for Dunlop, but the size is reasonably close.
Based on
Crossley photographs at Lick, Curtis (1918) reported NGC 6565 as "a faint
oval 50"x37" in p.a. 50¡; stronger regions at the ends of the minor
axis give it an indistinct ring or shell effect; it is considerably fainter
along, and at the ends of the major axis."
******************************
NGC 6564
18 09 02.4 +17 23
40
=**?,
Gottlieb. =***?, Corwin. Not found, RNGC.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6564 = m 362 on 15 May 1864 and noted "eF, vS." There is nothing near his position and
no galaxy catalogue has a listing for NGC 6564. RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent.
Harold Corwin
suggests NGC 6564 may be a triple star at the position given here, though this
is very uncertain as his description is of no help.
******************************
NGC 6565 = PK
3-4.5 = PN G003.5-04.6 = ESO 456-PN70
18 11 52.4 -28 10
43
V = 11.4; Size 10"x8"
17.5"
(8/17/01): picked up at 100x as fuzzy mag 12 star. At 500x in good seeing, I
had an excellent view of a crisp, slightly elongated 10" disc with an
irregular surface brightness. In
steadier moments, annularity was evident and there appeared to be a tiny darker
hole in the center with a brighter rim but no hint of a central star. NGC 6565 is situated within a rich
Sagittarius star field with a few faint stars within 1' and several brighter
stars in the field.
13.1"
(8/17/85): at 166x and UHC filter; moderately bright, small, round, clearly
non-stellar, 10" diameter, high surface brightness. Easy at 360x without filter, appears
slightly elongated NW-SE, no central star visible. Similar view on 8/11/85.
Edward Pickering
discovered NGC 6565 = HN 42 on 14 Jul 1880 with the 15-inch refractor at
Harvard College Observatory. NGC
6565 was the second of 17 planetaries he found using a direct-vision
spectroscope attached to the large refractor. He announced the discovery of the first dozen in Sidereal
Messenger, Oct 1882. Compared to
NGC 6644, which was discovered the next night, NGC 6565 was "somewhat
fainter, but with a larger disk" (The Observatory, 1881).
Based on
Crossley photographs at Lick, Curtis (1918) reported NGC 6565 as "a minute
oval ring 10"x8" in p.a. about 5¡. Considerably fainter along the major axis, and the center is
relatively vacant."
******************************
NGC 6566 = MCG
+09-30-001 = CGCG 279-002 = PGC 61418
18 07 00.6 +52
15 37
V = 14.4; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(7/19/90): very faint, extremely small, round. A mag 15 star is 0.6' W of center and an extremely faint mag
16 star is at the NW edge.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 6566 on 27 Oct 1861 with the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen. His single position is 1.4' too far
north. He mentions a mag 16 star
is near. This may be either of the
stars mentioned in my observation.
******************************
NGC 6567 = PK
11-0.2 = ESO 590-PN8 = PN G011.7-00.6
18 13 45.2 -19
04 33
V = 10.9; Size 11"x7"
18"
(8/14/07): picked up at 94x as a "bloated" blue star of 11th
magnitude. Easy to verify with a
UHC blink though only a moderate contrast gain. Situated in a beautiful star field on the southwest side of
the Small Sagittarius Star Cloud.
A very long dark lane (part of Barnard 304) crosses the low power field
from SW to NE, passing to the north of the planetary. In the 80mm finder at 25x this lane extends NE and is
attached to the prominent dark cloud B92 on its southwest side. At 260x this high surface brightness
planetary displays a 10" disc with a 13th magnitude star barely off the
east edge.
17.5"
(7/8/94): bright very compact planetary at 220x with a mag 13 star at the east
edge. Excellent contrast gain with
OIII filter. A high surface
brightness small disc is visible at 280x that is cleanly resolved from the
following star. Has a brighter
center but no central star seen.
Located in a very rich Milky Way field on the SW side of the Small
Sagittarius Star Cloud (M24).
8"
(8/15/82): appears as a mag 11 "star" at 100x. Slightly non-stellar at 200x. A slightly elongated disc N-S is
visible at 400x. Forms a close
pair with a mag 12 star just east.
Situated in a rich star field.
Edward Pickering
discovered NGC 6567 on 18 Aug 1882 using a direct-vision spectroscope with the
15-inch refractor at the Harvard College Observatory. NGC 6567 was the 9th of 17 planetaries he found using this
technique. His RA, though, was 1.5
minutes too small. The discovery
was announced in AN 2459 and Sidereal Messenger, Oct 1882.
Based on
Crossley photographs at Lick, Curtis (1918) reported NGC 6567 as "an oval
dic, growing rapidly brighter toward the center; 8"x5" in p.a. 150¡
in the shorter and about 11"x7" in the longer exposures. Exceedingly faint ansae are suspected
in the prolongation of the major axis, making the total length 20", but
these may be very faint stars..."
******************************
NGC 6568 = Cr
369 = ESO 590-SC006
18 12 44 -21 37
42
Size 13'
17.5"
(8/1/92): at 82x, 75 stars mag 11-14 in 15'x10' region elongated N-S. Appears as a large enhancement of the
Milky Way with no sharp edges.
Most stars are at the periphery and the central region is devoid of
stars. Irregular outline is formed
by winding arcs of stars in a "S" pattern with most stars 13th
magnitude. The densest region is a
very winding lane along the NW edge.
8"
(6/27/81): faint, rich dusting of mag 11-13 stars, forms a nice arc. A mag 5.5 star is 30' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6568 = H VII-30 = h1998 = h3735 on 26 May 1786 (sweep 566) and
recorded "a cluster of pS, scattered stars; above 15' diameter." His position is good. From the Cape of Good Hope, JH called
this object a "cluster VIII class; loose; scattered; fills field; is
decidedly richer than any part of the milky way that has occurred
tonight."
******************************
NGC 6569 = ESO
456-SC077
18 13 38.8 -31
49 35
V = 8.7; Size 5.8'; Surf Br = 1.6
17.5"
(5/10/91): fairly bright, fairly small, round, 2.5' diameter, weakly concentrated
but no distinct core. Irregular
surface brightness and mottled with darker areas on the east side but there was
no definite resolution into stars.
Four stars cradle the globular to the SW and SE and mag 6.6 SAO 209873
is 9' S.
8" (7/31/81):
faint, small, round, no resolution.
A mag 7 star is 9' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6569 = H II-201 = D 619 = h3736 on 13 Jul 1784 (sweep 237) and
recorded "F, pL, lbM, r."
His position (CH's reduction) is 9' too far northeast. This globular was the second most
southerly object WH discovered.
James Dunlop observed NGC 6569 on 2 Jun 1826 and recorded "a pretty
well-defined round nebula, about 2' diameter, slight condensation to the
centre." He made 2
observations and his position was 14' too far east.
On 3 Aug 1834,
JH described the cluster as "globular; pB; L; R; glbM; 4' diam, resolved
into stars 15m." He also
noted that on 16 Jul 1836, the cluster was "Found in equatorial [5-inch
refractor] in a zone review for double stars, where it appeared as a F, R neb
1' diam."
******************************
NGC 6570 = UGC
11137 = MCG +02-46-008 = CGCG 084-022 = VV 537 = LGG 419-001 = PGC 61512
18 11 07.3 +14
05 34
V = 12.7; Size 1.8'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 30d
17.5"
(7/1/89): fairly faint, oval SSW-NNE, fairly small, very weak concentration,
rich star field. Bracketed by four
mag 13-14 stars.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6570 = m 363, d'A on 2 Jun 1864 and noted "pF, pL,
R." His position and
description matches UGC 11137. Heinrich d'Arrest independently found NGC 6570
on 23 Aug 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen and observed the galaxy
on 3 consecutive nights.
******************************
NGC 6571 = MCG
+04-43-006 = CGCG 142-010 = PGC 61504
18 10 49.4 +21
14 19
V = 14.3; Size 0.3'x0.3'
17.5"
(7/16/88): very faint, small, slightly elongated, broad concentration. First in the large NGC 6579/NGC 6580
group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6571 = m 364 on 27 Jul 1864 and noted "eF, vS,
stell." His position is less
than 1' due south of CGCG 142-010 = PGC 61504.
******************************
NGC 6572 = Blue
Racquetball = Emerald Nebula = PK 34+11.1 = PN G034.6+11.8 = ·6
18 12 06.3 +06
51 13
V = 8.0; Size 16"x13"
48"
(4/4/11): I only took a quick look at this colorful planetary in the 48-inch at
the end of the last night when the seeing the poor, but I could tell the very
high surface brightness blue/green component was surrounded by much fainter
outer halo that appeared pinkish!
24"
(9/1/16): at 200x, 375x and 500x; extremely high surface brightness, saturated
blue-green disc slightly elongated oval N-S, perhaps 14"x10". A very thin shell appears to encase the
disc and occasionally an extremely low surface brightness outer halo appears to
extend mostly north and south.
18" (8/2/05):
at 225x I noticed an interesting color effect; although the color was a quite
prominent bluish-green, while staring at the center the planetary decreased in
size and the color changed to a deep emerald green.
18"
(8/14/04): at 225x, strikingly bright emerald green oval, slightly elongated
~N-S, ~15"x12".
Increasing to 435x this compact planetary appears elongated 3:2,
~16"x11" and brightens towards the center with direct vision, although
the color becomes bluish and washed out.
The surface brightness is too high to pick out a central star. There appears to be small, faint
envelope encasing the planetary.
18"
(7/19/04): at 225x this small planetary is very bright, with an obvious
blue-green color. Generally, the
color appeared a vivid emerald green and other times there was bluish tint to
the color. The main body is only
~8" in size with a thin halo elongated ~SW-NE increasing the size to
roughly 15"x11". It
appears to have a much larger, very low surface brightness halo, though perhaps
this is scattered light as the planetary has such as a high surface
brightness. This halo is still
evident at 322x, roughly 30" in diameter.
17.5"
(6/3/00): at 220x appears as a very bright, small, intense blue oval,
~15"x12". At 280x-500x,
a thin outer envelope is obvious with the inner oval a uniform high surface
brightness. No central star
visible.
13"
(8/24/84): very bright, small, about 15" diameter, slightly elongated N-S,
extremely high surface brightness, blue color. Very faint outer halo is elongated N-S. No central star seen.
8" (7/79):
bright, small, very high surface brightness.
Wilhelm Struve
discovered NGC 6572 = · 6 = h2000 on 18 Jul 1825 with the 9.6" Fraunhofer
refractor at the Dorpat Observatory.
It was included in his list of 9 "Nebulae detectae" in an
appendix to his main catalogue of double stars, which was published in
1827. According to Wolfgang
Steinicke, Bessel earlier measured NGC 6572 in 1822 during his "Zone
observations" at Konigsberg, but didn't mention it as being nebulous.
John Herschel
first observed this planetary on 9 May 1828 and recorded "a beautiful
round, perfectly well defined and brilliant disc, equally a star 8-9 mag. White equably bright. Well seen in broad morning
twilight. A * 9-10m follows, 2'
dist. The sweeping power shows it
as a * of large diameter, which could not escape examination in a good night;
with 240 the disc seen as described.
It cannot be more than 4" diameter." On 19 Aug 1830, JH showed the planetary to Wilhelm Struve at
Slough. Auwers made several
measurements of the size, including 6.4"x5.3", and Secchi (1856)
measured it at 7.5"x7.2" and noted a brighter center. At Birr Castle, the color was described
as "very blue".
Based on
Crossley photographs at Lick, Curtis (1918) reported NGC 6572 as "an oval
disk, fading out slightly towards edges, 14"x9" in a 5 min exposure
and 16"x13" in the long exposure. No structural details
visible."
******************************
NGC 6573 = ESO
590-**7
18 13 54 -22 09
48
Size 12'
24"
(7/7/13): at 125x this is a nice 12' field (not a cluster) with the stars
mostly arranged in three distinct groups.
On the west side is an 8' string oriented NW-SE with a clump at the NW
end. On the north side is more
scattered circular group of a couple dozen stars. Finally on the east side is another elongated group oriented
NW-SE with the brighter stars on the SE end. This field is located 25' due west of the rich cluster NGC
6583.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6573 = h1999 on 28 Jul 1830 and reported "A cluster
composed of 2 or 3 clusters of very small stars, and loose large ones. Perhaps this is an outlier of V. 31
[NGC 6583]." NGC 6583 lies
2.0 min of RA east of JH's position.
ESO calls this number NGC 6573 a "Concentration of 5 or 6 stars
only".
According to
Harold Corwin, Jeff Corder suggested this was a large scattered clump of stars
right around JH's position, based on an observation with his 17/5-inch. This is the same group of stars
described in my observation.
******************************
NGC 6574 = NGC
6610 = UGC 11144 = MCG +02-46-010 = CGCG 084-024 = CGCG 113-026 = PGC 61536
18 11 51.2 +14
58 54
V = 12.0; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 160d
17.5"
(7/1/89): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, 0.9'x0.6',
broad concentration. A mag 14 star
is involved at the south end 30" from the center.
8"
(6/19/82): faint, small, slightly elongated N-S.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6574 = m 365 on 9 Jul 1863 and noted "pB, S, R." His position is accurate. Stephan independently rediscovered this
galaxy on 10 Jun 1864 and included it in list VII-21 (later NGC 6610), but his
position was poor due to an error with his offset star. So, NGC 6574 = NGC 6610, with discovery
priority to Marth.
******************************
NGC 6575 = UGC
11138 = MCG +05-43-006 = CGCG 172-009 = PGC 61506
18 10 57.6 +31
06 57
V = 12.7; Size 1.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 65d
17.5"
(8/1/89): fairly faint, fairly small, oval SW-NE, bright core. Forms a pair with IC 1277 9' SW. Located 8.0' S of mag 8.2 SAO 66720.
Truman Safford
discovered NGC 6575 = Sf 33 = St XII-88 on 7 Jun 1866 and recorded "bN
(12m) diam 20"." ƒdouard
Stephan independently found this galaxy on 1 Jul 1880 and called it "mB,
S, R." As Safford's discovery
was not published until 1887 when the NGC was going to press, Stephan is
credited with the discovery.
******************************
NGC 6576 = CGCG
142-014 = PGC 61530
18 11 48.0 +21
25 42
V = 14.5; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(7/16/88): extremely faint, very small, round, weak concentration. Located 3.3' SW of NGC 6577 in the NGC
6579/6580 group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6576 = m 366, along with NGC 6577, 6579 and 6580, on 7 Aug 1864
and noted "eF, vS." His
position is 1' too far north.
******************************
NGC 6577 = UGC
11148 = MCG +04-43-009 = CGCG 142-017 = PGC 61543
18 12 01.2 +21
27 49
V = 12.6; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(7/16/88): faint, small, round, small bright core. A mag 14/15
double star is 1' E.
Located in the NGC 6579/NGC 6580 group with NGC 6576 3.3' SW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6577 = m 367 = Sf 30, along with NGC 6576, 6579 and 6580, on 7
Aug 1864 and noted "vF, S." His position is accurate. Truman Safford rediscovered this galaxy
on 6 Jun 1866 with the 18.5-inch Clark refractor at the Dearborn
Observatory. The discovery was not
announced until the 1887 Dearborn Observatory publication.
******************************
NGC 6578 = PK
10-1.1 = PN G010.8-01.8 = ESO 590-PN12
18 16 16.4 -20
27 02
V = 12.6; Size 13"x10"
17.5" (8/17/01):
Situated within a clump of stars at 100x and appeared stellar at low
power. At 500x, a small unevenly
lit 4" disc was easily visible close ENE [21"] of a mag 11 star. An
extremely faint star is just off the SE edge and an evenly matched 20" pair
of mag 11 stars lie 1' SE. Located
7' NW of a mag 7 star.
13"
(6/18/85): just non-stellar at 220x, estimate V = 13.0, 5" diameter. Suspected nebulous at 144x, confirmed
by UHC blinking. Located 7.2' NW
of mag 7.1 SAO 186575 (17 Sagittarii?).
Forms a close double with a mag 11 star 21" WSW and a pair of mag
11 stars is 1' SE. This PN is
plotted incorrectly on the Sky Atlas 2000.0.
Edward Pickering
discovered NGC 6578 on 18 Aug 1882 using a direct-vision spectroscope with the
15-inch refractor at the Harvard College Observatory. NGC 6578 was found on the same night with NGC 6439 and NGC
6567. His RA, though, was 1.5
minutes too small (same error as NGC 6567) and his declination was 10' too far
north. The discovery was announced
in AN 2459 and Sidereal Messenger, Oct 1882.
Based on
Crossley photographs at Lick, Curtis (1918) reported NGC 6578 as "nucleus
almost stellar; mag 15. Disk
nearly round, 8.5" in diameter; no ansae or structural details
discernable."
******************************
NGC 6579 = MCG
+04-43-011 = CGCG 142-022 = Holm 775b = PGC 61562
18 12 31.8 +21
25 14
V = 13.5; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 11.9
17.5"
(7/16/88): very faint, very small, slightly elongated. A mag 15.5 star is 30" SW (this is
a double star on the POSS). Nearly
attached at the SW edge of NGC 6580 (34" separation) in a large group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6579 = m 368, along with NGC 6580, 6576 and 6577, on 7 Aug 1864
and noted "F, Dneb [with NGC 6580]." His position is less than 1' north of CGCG 142-022 = PGC
61562.
CGCG
misidentifies CGCG 142-020 as NGC 6579 = NGC 6580. This galaxy is 11' NNE of the NGC 6579/6580 double system.
******************************
NGC 6580 = MCG
+04-43-012 = CGCG 142-022 = Holm 775a = PGC 61566
18 12 33.7 +21
25 35
V = 13.1; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 126d
17.5"
(7/16/88): faint, small, elongated NW-SE, small bright core, diffuse halo. A mag 12 star is off the north
edge. Forms a double system with
NGC 6579 off the SW edge 34" from centers. Brightest in the cluster.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6580 = m 369 = Sf 31, along with NGC 6579, 6576 and 6577, on 7
Aug 1864 and noted "F, Dneb [with NGC 6579]." His position matches CGCG 142-022 = PGC
61566. Truman Safford rediscovered
this galaxy on 6 Jun 1866 with the 18.5-inch Clark refractor at the Dearborn
Observatory. CGCG misidentifies
CGCG 142-020 as NGC 6579/6580.
This error is mentioned in Malcolm Thomson's unpublished "Catalogue
Corrections".
******************************
NGC 6581 = IC
1280 = MCG +04-43-010 = CGCG 142-021 = PGC 61571
18 12 18.4 +25
39 44
V = 14.5; Size 0.6'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 57d
17.5"
(7/1/89): faint, small, round. A
mag 14.5 star is at the NE end and a mag 15 star at the south end. Image confused by these two close faint
stars. A wide pair of stars is 12'
SW. Located in the UGC 11156 group
and incorrectly identified as UGC 11155 in the RNGC.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6581 = St I-9 on 1 Jul 1870 and recorded "barely visible,
seems hazy, very small, between two faint stars." There is nothing at his position. But Harold Corwin found the coordinates
of his 8th magnitude offset star are off by 11 seconds of RA east and 30" of
dec south. Once that correction is
applied, Stephan's position is just 2 seconds of RA east of CGCG 142-021= PGC
61571. This galaxy has a mag 14 star at the northeast end and a mag 15 star at
the south end, matching Stephan's description. Esmiol made an error in his 1916 re-reduction of Stephan's
positions, as he picked the wrong offset star.
Bigourdan
independently found this galaxy on 1 Jul 1886 while searching for NGC 6581 and
listed it as Big. 222 in his fifth Comptes Rendus list. Dreyer recatalogued the galaxy as IC
1280, so NGC 6581 = IC 1280. MCG,
CGCG and UGC label this galaxy IC 1280.
RNGC misidentifies UGC 11155 as NGC 6581. UGC 11155 is 13' south of the (erroneous) NGC position. This error is included in my RNGC
Corrections list #4. Malcolm
Thomson also discusses the identification of NGC 6581 and IC 1280 in his
unpublished "Catalogue Corrections" and as well as Harold Corwin in
his NGC/IC identification notes.
******************************
NGC 6582 = UGC
11146 = MCG +08-33-029/030 = CGCG 254-023 = VV 818 = PGC 61510 + 61513
18 11 05.2 +49
54 33
V = 14.3; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0
24"
(7/28/16): at 260x; the brighter eastern member (MCG +08-33-030) of the NGC
6582 pair appeared fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, round,
30", fairly sharp concentration with a small bright core. The western member of the pair (MCG
+08-33-028) appeared faint to fairly faint, very small, round. Contains a very small bright nucleus
and a faint 15" halo. The
centers of the two galaxies are separated by 33" WNW-ESE and the halos are
just separated. NGC 6582 is the
brightest in a group of galaxies at roughly 700 million l.y.
MCG +08-33-026,
located 6' W, appeared fairly faint, small, round, 15" diameter, weak
concentration to the center. A mag
15.0 star is off the NW side [27" from center]. This galaxy is often misidentified as NGC 6582. UGC 11149, 3' SE, is faint, small,
slightly elongated NNW-SSE, ~20"x15", very small slightly brighter
nucleus. A group of 5 stars is
close south and east with a mag 11.5 star 1.5' E. MCG +08-33-023, 13' WNW, is faint to fairly faint, fairly
small, round, 20" diameter, weak concentration.
17.5"
(7/22/01): the eastern component of this double system is faint, fairly small,
round, ~30" diameter. Just
off the northwest end is MCG +08-33-029, a fainter companion that was cleanly
resolved in good seeing. It
appeared very faint, very small, slightly elongated, 0.3'x0.2'. CGCG 254-021 (often misidentified as
NGC 6582), located 6' W, appeared very faint, extremely small, round, 10"
diameter. A mag 15 star is
close northwest [28" between
centers]
17.5"
(8/1/89): this is the following member of a double system. Faint, small, round, weak
concentration, faint stellar nucleus.
A companion is very close west just 33" separation between centers
and appears very faint, small, round, low surface brightness.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6582 = Sw IV-67 on 24 Jul 1884 and recorded "eeF; pS; R; in
vacancy, between 6 stars like sickle in Leo, and 4 like alpha, beta, gamma and
delta Ursae Majoris." His
position is 14 seconds of RA west of the double system UGC 11146 (apparently he
only noticed the brighter eastern component). The 4 stars forming a little bowl are south and the 6 stars
forming a sickle are north.
Bigourdan measured an accurate position on 14 Aug 1892 as well as Howe
in 1899-00. Howe also noted
"a star of mag 13.5 precedes about 2 seconds." The mag 13.5 "star" is MCG
+08-33-029, the western component of the double system.
MCG and PGC (and
secondary sources including Megastar software) misidentify CGCG 254-021 as NGC
6582. This galaxy is fainter than
UGC 11146 and not between the group of stars described by Swift. UGC has the correct identification.
******************************
NGC 6583 = Cr
370 = ESO 590-SC011
18 15 49 -22 08
18
Size 3'
24"
(7/7/13): excellent, very rich cluster at 175x with at least 50 stars mag
12-15, many of which are arranged in long intersecting lanes. Three distinct strings of stars stand
out. Some brighter stars are off
the south side. NGC 6573
(asterism) lies 25' due west.
17.5"
(8/1/92): fairly faint, small, very rich.
Contains 30 mag 13-15 stars in a 3'x2' field. Appears elongated SSW-NNE due to string of five stars
through the center. Also a curving
string of a half-dozen stars extends out of the cluster to the west. Three mag 11-12 stars are a few arc
minutes off the SE edge.
8"
(7/16/82): few faint stars resolved over haze, appear rich but stars too faint
to resolve well.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6583 = H VII-31 = h2001 = h3739 on 26 May 1786 (sweep 566) and
recorded "a cluster of very small, and pretty compressed stars,
considerably rich; 2 or 3' diam, but twilight too strong to see it
well." From the CGH, JH
logged "oblong cluster, not v rich nor v compressed, but well insulated;
stars 13m; 5' long; 4' broad."
His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6584 = ESO
229-SC014
18 18 37.6 -52
12 55
V = 8.6; Size 7.9'; Surf Br = 0.3
11" (8/8/04
- Haleakala Crater): at 127x appeared fairly faint, ~3.5' diameter, broadly
concentrated to a 2' core. The
globular seemed slightly elongated ~NNW-SSE. Three mag 11 stars cradle the globular on the S, east and NW
sides but appear to be field stars. A few faint stars are just resolved in the
halo but the central region is unresolved.
18" (7/9/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 171x this globular appeared fairly
bright, moderately large, ~4' diameter with a broad concentration and a fairly
symmetric appearance. Resolved
into a couple of dozen faint stars, mostly in the halo, which is a bit
ragged. The central core is very
mottled but unresolved. A few
brighter mag 11 stars are just outside the halo, but these appear to be
foreground stars. A mag 7.5 star is 13' NW and mag 7.0 star 15' NNE. Located 2.8¡ SE of mag 3.7 Theta Arae
at a distance of ~45,000 light years.
8" (7/13/91
- Southern Baja): moderately bright, fairly small, 3' diameter, round, broad
concentration to core. Slight
resolution at edges and three brighter field stars are off the NW, west and SW
sides. Observed at 14¡ elevation
from Baja.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 6584 = D 376 = h3737 on 5 Jun 1826 and described a "pretty
bright round nebula, about 1 1/4' diameter, moderately condensed to the centre;
three very small stars involved in the preceding margin." He claims 4 observations and his
position is 6.5' due west of center.
JH made two observations, first recording on 8 Jul 1834, "globular
cluster; B; R; gmbM; entirely resolved into stars 16m; easily seen."
******************************
NGC 6585 = UGC
11159 = MCG +07-37-024 = CGCG 227-020 = PGC 61553
18 12 21.6 +39
37 58
V = 12.8; Size 1.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 50d
17.5"
(8/1/89): fairly faint, fairly small, edge-on SW-NE, weak concentration. Located within a group of 10 mag 10-12
stars including a mag 11 star 1.5' N and a mag 10 star 2.5' NE collinear with
the major axis.
Edward Swift,
the 16 year-old son of Lewis, discovered NGC 6585 = Sw IX-87 on 25 May 1887 and
recorded "eeeF; pS; E; eee diff; between several bright stars." The position is 3' north of UGC 11159
(typical error) and the description applies as several fairly bright stars
surround the galaxy. The discovery
was communicated directly to Dreyer and published in 1890 after the NGC. Bigourdan measured an accurate postion
on 14 Jul 1890. Howe also measured
a good position in 1899-00 and noted "the elongation is at 45¡, the nebula
being 1.0' or more in length, and brighter in the middle. It appeared to have a backbone or
central stripe of greater
brightness than the rest."
******************************
NGC 6586 = UGC
11164 = MCG +04-43-016 = CGCG 142-028 = PGC 61600
18 13 38.6 +21
05 24
V = 13.9; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 105d
17.5"
(7/16/88): faint, small, elongated ~E-W, weak concentration. A mag 13 star is off the south edge
0.6' from center. Forms a pair
with NGC 6591 5' SE within the NGC 6579/NGC 6580 group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6586 = m 370, along with NGC 6591, on 27 Jul 1864 and noted
"eF, S, R." His
position is within 1' of UGC 11164.
******************************
NGC 6587 = UGC
11166 = MCG +03-46-020 = CGCG 113-031 = PGC 61607
18 13 50.8 +18
49 31
V = 12.9; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(7/1/89): fairly faint, small, almost round, very bright core, stellar
nucleus. A mag 12 star is 1.4'
NNW. Located in a rich field.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6587 = m 371 on 31 Jul 1864 and noted "F, vS, R,
stell." His position is
accurate to within 30".
******************************
NGC 6588 = ESO
103-**14
18 20 33 -63 48
30
=several faint
stars, ESO. Not found, Dreyer.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6588 = h3738 on 8 Jun 1836 and recorded "eF; S; among
st. A * 6m sp 10'
distant." There is nothing
but faint stars near his position, which seems to be accurate as a mag 6.2 star
(HD 167425) is 12' southwest.
DeLisle Stewart reported "not seen, several vF stars, no neb",
based on plates taken at Arequipa, Peru and the ESO also states "several
faint stars". Harold Corwin
lists three possible groups of stars or asterisms in his NGC positions file,
but I've listed the number as "Not Found", as these are all
uncertain.
******************************
NGC 6589 = IC
4690: = ESO 590-N14 = LBN 46 = vdB 118 = Ced 157a
18 16 53 -19 46
42
Size 5'x4'
17.5"
(8/18/01): at 100x (unfiltered) this is a bright, roundish glow, ~4' diameter,
surrounding a wide pair of mag 10/11.5 stars. On the following side, a small 1' glow seems overlapping,
causing the east side to bulge out and extending the diameter to 5'x4'. Forms a prominent pair with NGC 6590 6'
SSE in a weakly luminous Milky Way field.
17.5"
(6/20/87): at 88x with UHC filter appears as a bright, prominent nebula
surrounding a mag 9 star. The
nebulosity is more extensive on the following side of the star. Forms a pair with reflection nebula NGC
6595 7' SSE.
13"
(7/16/82): very faint, larger than NGC 6590 to the south. Surrounds two stars. IC 1283/1284 lies just NE.
Truman Safford
discovered NGC 6589 = Sf 81 = Sw II-63 on 28 Aug 1867 and noted "*10m
[with] pF nebulosity." His
position is 2.6' too far north, but accurate in RA. Lewis Swift independently discovered this reflection nebula
on 12 Jul 1885 and recorded "Another D* in center of an eF, pL nebulosity;
np of 2 [with NGC 6590]. Except
for the inequality of the stars and the excessive faintness of the nebula, it
would resemble the preceding [Sw II-62 = NGC 6590]." Swift's position was 35 seconds of time
too far west (same error as NGC 6590, found the same night). As Safford's discovery list was not
published until 1887 when Dreyer had already compiled the NGC table, Swift was
credited with the discovery. E.E.
Barnard measured an accurate micrometric position, which was published in AN
3101 and repeated in the IC I Notes section.
Finally, Harold
Corwin suggests that Barnard's IC 4690 may a duplicate entry. In "Some notes on nebulae and
nebulosities" (AN 4239), Barnard writes "The two stars BD -19d 4881
and -19d 4946 are closely and densely nebulous. The nebulosity about -19d 4881 is somewhat extended nf and
sp." BD -19d 4881 is not
involved in any nebulosity, but Corwin suggests he meant BD -19d 4940 instead,
and the extended nebula should read -19d 4946. If that's the case, then IC 4690 = NGC 6589 and IC 4700 =
NGC 6590.
******************************
NGC 6590 = NGC
6595 = IC 4700 = ESO 590-SC15 = Lund 819 = LBN 43 = vdB 119 = Ced 157b
18 17 05 -19 52
00
Size 4'x3'
17.5"
(8/18/01): at 100x, this reflection nebula appears as a bright, round glow
surrounding a similar pair (h2827) of 10th magnitude stars separated by
20". The glow is fairly
large, extending roughly 4' in diameter.
Forms a similar pair of RN with NGC 6589 6' NNW. The entire field is weakly glowing and
this nebulosity is connected to the large region IC 1283/84 to the NE. A dark patch or globule on the NW side
was not seen with certainty.
17.5"
(6/20/87): at 88x with UHC filter appears as a bright, prominent nebulosity
surrounding a pair of mag 10 stars.
Similar or slightly larger than NGC 6589 in field 7' NNW.
13"
(7/16/82): moderately bright, small, surrounds a closely matched double star.
Lewis Swift
found NGC 6590 = Sw II-62, along with NGC 6589, on 12 Jul 1885 and recorded
"A nebulous D*; pF; sf of 2.
A D* in center of a pF, pL circular atmosphere, each * of the 8.5 mag
and about 20" distant. A
wonderful object, not diff".
His position is 45 seconds of RA too far west, but his description
clearly applies to this bright reflection nebula.
JH was the
original discoverer on 14 Jul 1830 and it was catalogued as h2002 = GC 4395 =
NGC 6595. JH's position was good,
so it's surprising that Swift didn't realize the prior discovery. E.E. Barnard corrected Swift's poor RA
in AN 3101 and Dreyer noted NGC 6590 = NGC 6595 in the IC 1 Notes section. By order of discovery, NGC 6595 should
take precedence, though for some reason this reflection nebula is generally
called NGC 6590. Barnard's IC 4700
is probably another equivalent identity.
See Corwin's identification notes..
******************************
NGC 6591 = PGC
61610
18 14 03.5 +21
03 48
Size
0.3'x0.1'; PA = 95d
17.5"
(7/16/88): extremely faint, small, possibly elongated. A mag 15 star is at the south edge and
a wide mag 13.5 pair is 1' NW.
Located 5' SE of NGC 6586 in the NGC 6579/80 group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6591 = m 372, along with NGC 6586, on 27 Jul 1864 and noted
"eeF, vS, stell." His
position is 3 seconds west and less than 1' south of PGC 61610 (separation
1.0'). HyperLeda lists a total blue magnitude of 16.4 for PGC 61610, but this
is certainly within the range of Lassell's 48-inch.
******************************
NGC 6592 = MCG
+10-26-018 = CGCG 301-016 = VII Zw 771 = PGC 61477
18 09 50.8 +61
25 19
V = 14.4; Size 0.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.6
24"
(7/19/12): fairly faint, small, round, 20" diameter, small brighter
core. A mag 12.3 star lies 1.7'
W. First in a group of 8 NGC
galaxies (all discovered by Swift) and one IC.
17.5"
(6/11/88): very faint, very small, round, bright core. An extremely faint star is possibly at
the west edge. First in a group of
at least 7 extremely faint galaxies.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6592 = Sw I-86 on 14 Jun 1885 and recorded "vF; vS; R;
nearly bet. 2 stars." His
position is 14 seconds of RA west of CGCG 301-016 = PGC 61477, the only galaxy
near his position. There are a few
pairs of surrounding stars that fit his description. Swift later added the comment "1st of 8 [in a
group]." Bigourdan measured
an accurate position on 3 Oct 1890 as well as Howe in 1899-00, though Dreyer
didn't include a corrected position in the IC 2 Notes section.
******************************
NGC 6593 = MCG
+04-43-018 = CGCG 142-030 = PGC 61617
18 14 03.5 +22
17 02
V = 14.3; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 162d
17.5"
(7/16/88): very faint, very small, round, weak concentration, faint stellar
nucleus. A mag 14 star is 30"
N.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6593 = m 373, St VII on 10 Jun 1864 and noted "vF,
vS." His position was 1.8'
south of CGCG 142-030 = PGC 61617.
Stephan independently found this galaxy on 23 Jun 1876 and reported it
in list VII-20 as "excessively small and faint, round, slightly brighter
middle." His micrometric
position is accurate to within 1 second of RA.
******************************
NGC 6594 = MCG
+10-26-019 = CGCG 301-017 = PGC 61482
18 10 05.5 +61
08 00
V = 14.2; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 90d
24"
(7/19/12): fairly faint, fairly small, oval 4:3 E-W, 24"x18". Second in a group of 8 NGC galaxies
(and one IC), with NGC 6597 8.7' ENE.
Mag 8.2 HD 167347 lies nearly between these two galaxies.
17.5"
(6/11/88): extremely faint, very small, slightly elongated ~E-W. Located 5.8' SW of mag 7.8 SAO
177948. Second in a group with NGC
6597 8.7' ENE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6594 = Sw I-87, along with NGC 6597, on 14 Jun 1885 and recorded
"vF; vS; R; between a F and a more distant B *. 2nd of 8."
His position is at the north edge of CGCG 301-017 = PGC 61482 and the
"more distant B *" is mag 8.2 HD 167347, which lies 6' northeast near
NGC 6597.
******************************
NGC 6595 = NGC
6590 = IC 4700 = ESO 590-SC15 = Lund 819 = LBN 43 = Cr 371 = vdB 119 = Ced 157b
18 17 05 -19 52
00
Size 4'x3'
17.5"
(8/18/01): at 100x, this reflection nebula appears as a bright, round glow
surrounding a similar pair (h2827) of 10th magnitude stars separated by
20". The glow is fairly
large, extending roughly 4' in diameter.
Forms a similar pair of RN with NGC 6589 6' NNW. The entire field is weakly glowing and
this nebulosity is connected to the large region IC 1283/84 to the NE. A dark patch or globule on the NW side was
not seen with certainty.
17.5"
(6/20/87): at 88x with UHC filter appears as a bright, prominent nebulosity
surrounding a pair of mag 10 stars.
Similar or slightly larger than NGC 6589 in field 7' NNW.
13"
(7/16/82): moderately bright, small, surrounds a closely matched double star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6595 = h2002 on 14 Jul 1830 and recorded "a double * h2827,
involved in a pB large nebula 50".
See description of that star." He reobserved this object the next two nights as well as
sketched it. The RA was only
measured on one sweep, but his position and description clearly apply the
bright RN surrounding the double star h2827. Lewis Swift independently found this reflection nebula on 12
Jul 1885, though his position for Sw II-62 = NGC 6590 is 45 seconds of RA too
far west. Barnard also mentioned
this object again in AN 4239 and it received the designation IC 4700. Dreyer missed the equivalence with the
previous NGC identifications, but NGC 6590 = NGC 6595 = IC 4700 (see NGC 6590 for more).
Sky Catalogue
2000.0 labels the nebula as NGC 6590/6595 and NGC 6595 is also catalogued as an
open cluster at the same position (from Lynga). The RNGC has an error in declination, placing NGC 6590/6595
9' too far south.
******************************
NGC 6596 = Lund
821 = OCL-41
18 17 33 -16 39
00
Size 5'
17.5"
(8/10/91): about two dozen stars in a 5' diameter. Unusual arrangement as the stars form a perfect ellipse
outline elongated N-S. The
brightest mag 10.5 star is at the north end. A small group is to the southeast of the mag 10.5 star. The ellipse is only broken on the east side
and the center is void of stars.
Two nice faint double stars are on the northwest side. Just barely stands out in a very rich
field with many bright stars.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6596 = H VIII-55 = h2003 on 27 Jun 1786 (sweep 576) and recorded
"a coarsely scattered cluster of large stars." His position is on the north side of
the cluster. JH made a single
observation and simply noted "a cluster with a triple star in it."
******************************
NGC 6597 = MCG
+10-26-020 = CGCG 301-018 = PGC 61520
18 11 13.4 +61
10 50
V = 14.8; Size 0.9'x0.45'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 99d
24"
(7/19/12): faint, small, elongated 3:2 ~E-W, 18"x12", gradually
increases to a faint stellar nucleus.
Situated 3.3' E of mag 8.2 HD 167347. In a 30' group of 9 NGC/IC galaxies with NGC 6594 8.7' WSW.
17.5"
(6/11/88): extremely faint, very small, elongated ~E-W. Located 3.3' E of mag 7.8 SAO 17798,
which detracts from viewing. Third
in large group of faint galaxies with NGC 6594 8.7' WSW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6597 = Sw I-89, along with NGC 6594, on 14 Jun 1885 and recorded
"vF; vS; R; diff. by proximity to a B *." His position is just 9 seconds of RA too small and the
bright star is mag 8.2 HD 167347.
******************************
NGC 6598 = UGC
11139 = MCG +12-17-018 = CGCG 340-037 = PGC 61462
18 08 56.0 +69
04 04
V = 13.2; Size 1.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 40d
17.5"
(6/11/88): faint, very small, round, weak concentration. A mag 15.5 star is at the east end.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6598 = Sw I-88 on 6 Sep 1883 and recorded "vvF; pS; R; in
vacancy; 3 st in a curve south."
Swift's position is just off the south edge of UGC 11139 and the closest
of the "3 st in a curve south" is 3.7' south-southeast.
******************************
NGC 6599 = NGC
6600? = UGC 11178 = MCG +04-43-019 = CGCG 142-031 = PGC 61655
18 15 43.0 +24
54 45
V = 12.6; Size 1.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(7/1/89): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated E-W, small bright core. Two mag 13 stars are 32" W and
1.1' NW of center and a fainter mag 14 star is 30" WNW. Forms a pair with NGC 6602 14' NE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6599 = St XII-89 on 27 Jul 1880 and recorded "pF, vS, R,
gbM, tangent to a very small star."
His position matches UGC 11178.
Harold Corwin suggests Albert Marth may have discovered this galaxy on 6
Jun 1864 and recorded it as m 374 = NGC 6600, but his declination was 7' too
far north. As the identification
of NGC 6599 is certain, this number is the primary designation.
******************************
NGC 6600 = NGC
6599? = UGC 11178 = MCG +04-43-019 = CGCG 142-031 = PGC 61655
18 15 43.0 +24
54 45
See observing
notes for NGC 6599.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6600 = m 374 on 6 Jun 1864 and noted "F, vS,
stell." The observation is
marked as "verified", but there is nothing at his position. However, 52 seconds of RA further east
is NGC 6602 = UGC 11184 (separation of 12') and 7' due south of his position is
NGC 6599 = UGC 11178. So, either
an error in RA or Dec leads to a galaxy he could have seen. There is nothing (except a pair of very
faint stars) at Bigourdan's "corrected" position of 1 Jul 1886.
The RNGC equates
NGC 6600 with NGC 6602.
However, Harold Corwin suggests NGC 6600 is more likely a duplicate of
NGC 6599, as it is brighter and has a higher surface brightness. Stephan independently found NGC 6599 on
27 Jul 1880, measured an accurate position and reported it in list XII-89. As the identity of NGC 6599 is not in
doubt, that is the primary designation.
******************************
NGC 6601 = MCG
+10-26-022 = CGCG 301-019 = PGC 61533
18 11 44.2 +61
27 10
V = 14.7; Size 0.7'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 42d
24"
(7/19/12): fairly faint, small, elongated 5:3 SW-NE, ~20"x12", very
small brighter nucleus. A group of
stars including two mag 9 and 10 lies 4' N. Fourth of 9, including 8 NGC galaxies discovered by Lewis
Swift.
17.5"
(6/11/88): very faint, very small, round.
A mag 14 star is 1.1' W.
Fourth in a large group of extremely faint galaxies.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6601 = Sw I-90 on 4 Aug 1883 and logged "eF; R; pS; near
end of a curve of stars. 4th of
8." His position is 13
seconds of RA west of CGCG 301-019 = PGC 61533 and the comment "near end
of a curve of stars" applies to this galaxy. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 with
the 20-inch refractor at Denver.
******************************
NGC 6602 = NGC
6600 = UGC 11184 = MCG +04-43-021 = CGCG 142-035 = PGC 61674
18 16 34.2 +25
02 38
V = 13.8; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 0d
17.5"
(7/1/89): faint, small, slightly elongated, even surface brightness. A mag 14 star is attached at the east
end. Located in the field of NGC
6599, which lies 14' SW.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 6602 = Big 83 on 1 Jul 1886 and recorded "appears
to be a cluster of 30" dia, consisting of very dim stars, perhaps
interspersed with nebulosity, distinct from GC 5907 [=NGC 6600]. There is nothing at his Comptes Rendus
position but exactly 41 seconds of RA east is UGC 11184. A star at the east edge, perhaps gave
Bigourdan an impression it was a cluster.
He later corrected the RA in the 6 May 1901 Comptes Rendus paper
(repeated in the IC 2 Notes).
UGC, MCG and
CGCG fail to label this galaxy as NGC 6602. It is labeled NGC 6602 in the RNGC. NGC 6600 may be a duplicate (earlier)
observation of this galaxy (see notes on NGC 6600).
******************************
NGC 6603 = Cr
374
18 18 27 -18 24
24
Size 5'
13.1"
(8/17/85): excellent resolution into 30-50 faint stars including a string
oriented NW-SE running through the center. The outline forms an arrowhead shape pointing to the
east. Situated in the northeast
corner of M24 in a glorious region of the Small Sagittarius Star Cloud! Located 4' N of mag 8 SAO 161294. The dark nebula B93 lies ~30' NW.
17.5"
(7/4/86): between 50 and 70 stars are resolved, extremely dense.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6603 = h2004 on 15 Jul 1830 and recorded "a glorious
concentrated part of Milky Way, almost amounting to a globular cluster. Star 14 and 15m. The next night he logged "fine
cluster of stars 15m; R; 6'; the stars are all of a size. The cl seems connected with the Milky
Way. JH gave M24 as a synonym and
this was mistakenly repeated in his GC and NGC, but his description and
position applies to the small, rich cluster within M24 (the Small Sagittarius
Star Cloud). In the NGC, Dreyer
noted "h2004 = M24. h's two
observations hardly consist with this description [!, Cl, vRi, vmC, R, st 15 (M
Way)], and their deviation of nearly +3m from Messier's place makes it very
doubtful whether he really saw this object."
IC 4715 refers
to M24 (the entire star cloud).
Barnard described the star cloud in detail (AN 4239) based on photos he
took in 1905 and Dreyer assumed it was new. But his position for the center is ~10 min of RA too large,
so the connection with M24 was not made until more recently. See Harold Corwin's identification
notes.
******************************
NGC 6604 = Cr
373
18 18 03 -12 14
35
V = 6.5; Size 5'
17.5"
(8/10/91): at 140x appears as a prominent 2' arc of five stars including a mag
7.5 star and a double star on the southwest end. Surrounding this arc is a 5' group of roughly two dozen
stars elongated N-S, which includes two faint pairs. My observation of the
surrounding emission complex Sh 2-54 is appended below.
16x80 finder
(8/10/91): very large, very faint emission haze (Sh 2-54 = Gum 84) surrounding
a very large group of stars, improves with UHC filter. The Eagle Nebula was very prominent in
the field to the south. On the
north side of this large HII region is a small brighter knot = Simeis 3-132
that was visible in the 17.5" at 64x using a UHC filter as a moderately
bright, 3'x2.5' glow, slightly elongated N-S. The eastern side of this HII knot has a sharper, linear
border. Also viewed at 220x
unfiltered and a group of a half dozen mag 12-13 stars extended N-S in a string
are superimposed near the eastern boundary. This obscure, but relatively easy nebula is located 30' N of
open cluster NGC 6604 on the north end of Sh 2-54.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6604 = H VIII-15 = h3740 on 15 Jul 1784 (sweep 238) and noted
"a cluster of coarsely scattered stars." His position is roughly 9' too far north-northeast. JH made the single observation (sweep
617) "a poor cl class VIII having coarse stragglers to a great
distance. The chief * 7m
taken."
******************************
NGC 6605 =
OCL-47 = Lund 820
18 16 21 -15 00
06
Size 29'
18"
(8/27/05): at 73x, this is a very undistinguished group of 80-100 stars
scattered over 20' and appears to be just a typical Milky Way field. Includes a mag 7.8 star (HD 167498) on
the NW side and just NW of this star are a number of faint stars. Otherwise, there is a noticeable lack
of any rich spots or concentration and the central region is noticeably lacking
in stars. The only reason I can
see Herschel may have been recorded this object is because it's somewhat
detached in a low power field.
Listed as nonexistent in the RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6605 = h2005 on 31 Jul 1826 and logged "A loose straggling
cluster of stars 11...12m."
There is nothing at his position but 2 minutes of RA preceding is a
scattered group of bright stars that Corwin identifies as probably NGC 6605. Karl Reinmuth simply reported "no
Cl" and RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent (Type 7).
******************************
NGC 6606 = UGC
11174 = MCG +07-37-025 = CGCG 227-021 = PGC 61633
18 14 41.7 +43
16 07
V = 13.6; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 105d
17.5"
(8/1/89): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated ~E-W, small very bright
core, stellar nucleus, faint extensions.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6606 = St XIII-88 on 8 Aug 1883 and logged "vF, S, R, gbM,
vf * center." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 6607 = MCG
+10-26-023 = CGCG 301-020 = PGC 61550
18 12 14.8 +61
19 59
V = 14.6; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.3
24"
(7/19/12): faint, small, round, 24", low even surface brightness. In a
trio with brighter NGC 6608 2.3' E and extremely difficult NGC 6609
(identification uncertain) 2.7' SE.
Fifth of 7 or 8 faint NGC galaxies discovered by Swift in a 30' group.
17.5"
(7/21/98): this very difficult object required averted to glimpse a 15"
spot just 2.2' W of brighter NGC 6608.
17.5"
(6/11/88): extremely faint and small, round. Forms a pair with slightly brighter NGC 6608 2.2' E. This galaxy is misidentified as NGC
6608 in the CGCG.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6607 = Sw I-91, along with nearby NGC 6608 and 6609, on 4 Aug
1883, and recorded "eF; pS; R; v
difficult." His position
is 17 seconds of time due west of CGCG 301-020 = PGC 61550. As NGC 6609 = CGCG 301-021 = PGC 61559
was placed 20 seconds east (the actual separation is 19 seconds), the
identification is certain. Herbert
Howe was unsuccessful in finding NGC 6607 on 3 nights with the 20"
refractor at Denver in 1899-00, though on one night he "suspected"
one or two objects in the vicinity.
CGCG mislabels CGCG 301-020 as NGC 6608.
******************************
NGC 6608 = MCG
+10-26-024 = FGC 2194 = PGC 61556 = PGC 2615431
18 12 28.9 +61
17 53
V = 15.6; Size 0.8'x0.1'; PA = 42d
24"
(7/19/12): at 375x momentarily glimpsed 3 or 4 times as an extremely thin
ghostly streak, perhaps 20"x5".
Verified, though, as this difficult galaxy popped out just west of the
midpoint of two mag 11 and 11.5 stars oriented NW-SE with a separation of
5.5'. Located 2' SSW of NGC 6609
and 2.7' SE of NGC 6607. The
identification of this faint edge-on with NGC 6608 is very uncertain, though,
and is likely too faint to have been picked up by Swift with his 16"
refractor. This galaxy is misidentified as NGC 6609 in MCG, RNGC and PGC.
17.5"
(7/20/98): not found.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6608 = Sw I-92, along with NGC 6607 and 6609, on 4 Aug 1883 and
recorded "vvS; R; vF; vF * nr."
His position is just 5 seconds of RA preceding NGC 6609 = CGCG 301-021 =
PGC 61559. Although his positions
for NGC 6607 and 6609 are offset 16-17 seconds of RA too far west, there is no
third galaxy on the same parallel, just preceding NGC 6609. However, MCG +10-26-024 = PGC 61556, is
2.3' south of his "corrected" position. Since there are three NGC numbers from Swift and three
galaxies, it's reasonable to assign MCG +10-26-024 to NGC 6608. But there are several issues with this
identification, besides the position.
MCG +10-26-024
is an extremely faint, narrow edge-on that I missed in my 18-inch on several
attempts and I doubt Swift could have picked it up in his 16-inch
refractor. Howe missed it with a
20" when he examined the field in 1899-00. Furthermore, there is no "vF * nr" to MCG
+10-26-024 as in the description. Finally, MCG +10-26-024 is extremely thin, so "R" does not
apply. Despite these
inconsistencies, Corwin still favors NGC 6608 = MCG +10-26-024.
As an
alternative, perhaps NGC 6608 is a duplicate of NGC 6609 = CGCG 301-021. His description for NGC 6608 also fits
this galaxy, but that implies Swift was confused and recorded the same galaxy
twice. MCG reverses the
identifications of NGC 6608 and 6609 given here. See Corwin's notes for NGC 6607 for the full story.
******************************
NGC 6609 = NGC
6608? = MCG +10-26-025 = CGCG 301-021 = VII Zw 773 = PGC 61559
18 12 33.6 +61
19 55
V = 14.3; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0
24"
(7/19/12): fairly faint, very small, round, 18" diameter, weak
concentration. Bracketed by a mag
14.5 star 30" SSW and a mag 15.2 star 35" NE. A mag 11 star lies 1.5' E. Brightest in a close trio with NGC 6607
2.2' W and NGC 6608 (identification unlikely) 2.1' SSW. MCG and PGC misidentify this object as
NGC 6608
17.5"
(7/21/98): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, brighter
core. A mag 14.5 star is off the
south edge 30" from center.
17.5"
(6/11/88): very faint, extremely small, round. A mag 14 star is 1' S.
Forms a close pair with NGC 6607 2.2' W.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6609 = Sw I-93, along with NGC 6607 and 6608, on 4 Aug 1883 and
recorded "vF; lE; pS; F * nr."
His position for NGC 6607 is 17 seconds of RA too far west, so applying
this same offset to his position for NGC 6609, lands at the north edge of CGCG
301-021 = PGC 61559, the brightest of three galaxies in a small group. The "F * nr" applies to a mag
14.5 star off the south side, so this identification is certain.
Herbert Howe
searched for these 3 galaxies in 1899-00 with the 20" at Denver and
reported "a nebula supposed to be 6609 was measured in 2 nights. Its position differs from that given by
Swift only 16 seconds in RA and 0.4' in declination. The "F * nr" is of mag 12, and lies about 25"
south of the nebula, a little preceding.
There is another star of mag 13.5 which is one the opposite side of the
nebula, at about the same distance."
His position matches CGCG 301-021.
MCG and PGC
misidentify CGCG 301-021 as NGC 6608, instead of NGC 6609. CGCG and RNGC have the correct
identification. See notes on NGC
6608, which has an identification problem.
******************************
NGC 6610 = NGC
6574 = UGC 11144 = MCG +02-46-010 = CGCG 084-024 = CGCG 113-026
18 11 51.2 +14
58 54
See observing
notes for NGC 6574. Identification
uncertain.
ƒdouard Stephan
found NGC 6610 = St VII-21on 13 Jul 1876 and recorded "F, S, E, mbM,
r." There is nothing at
Stephan's position but Esmiol's 1916 re-reduction of Stephan's observations
(http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1916TOMar...4D...9E), replaces NGC
6610 with an "anonymous" nebula, using a different offset star and
separations. The computed position
coincides with NGC 6574 (discovered by Marth on 9 Jul 1863). So, based on Esmiol's corrections, NGC
6610 = NGC 6574, with priority to Marth.
See Harold Corwin's identification notes. NGC 218 is a similar case I uncovered. See notes for that
one.
******************************
NGC 6611 = M16 =
IC 4703 = LBN 67 = Ced 159 = RCW 165 = Sh 2-49 = Gum 83 = Eagle Nebula = Star
Queen Nebula
18 18 48 -13 48
24
V = 6.0; Size 35'x28'
13.1"
(8/17/85): a thin dark "finger" extends towards the cluster,
positioned just south and beyond the two bright mag 9 stars near the
center. This is an extension of
the wider projection seen previously several times and which is better defined
along the south edge.
13.1"
(8/15/82): the "Eagle Nebula" is a fairly bright 30' nebulosity in a
striking outstretched eagle shape with a bright scattered cluster
superimposed. There is a
considerable contrast gain to the nebulosity using a UHC or OIII filter. With a UHC filter, a dark projection
(called the "Star Queen") enters on the SE edge of the nebula and
extends inward to the west. The cluster members surrounding the
"head" of the eagle include ten mag 8-10 stars and a bright pair of
mag 8.5 stars (8.2/8.8 at 27").
A dark triangular wedge is visible off the north side.
13.1"
(5/26/84): dark protrusion fairly easy at 88x.
Philippe Loys de
ChŽseaux discovered M16 = NGC 6611 = h2006 in 1745-46 and reported it as a star
cluster to the French Academy of Sciences. Charles Messier independently found it on 3 Jun 1764 and
stated "appears nebulous in a small telescope" and "enmeshed in
a faint glow" but this is due to the poor resolution of the stars - not
the involved nebulosity. WH,
observing on 30 Jul 1783 with his small 20-foot (12-inch reflector), described
"Large stars with small ones among them; within a small compass I counted
more than 50, and there must be at least 100 without taking a number of straggling
ones, everywhere dispersed in the neighborhood." So, WH didn't note any nebulosity either.
Isaac Roberts
discovered the nebulosity in the "Eagle Nebula" on a photographic
plate taken in 1894 and it was catalogued separately as IC 4703. But Wolfgang Steinicke claims that
ƒtienne LŽopold Trouvelot made a visual discovery in 1876 with the 26-inch
refractor at the USNO!
******************************
NGC 6612 = MCG
+06-40-011 = CGCG 200-014 = I Zw 204 = PGC 61665
18 16 10.8 +36
04 43
V = 14.5; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(8/1/89): very faint, extremely small, slightly elongated. A mag 16 star is involved at the NE
edge, a mag 15 star is 1' NE and a mag 13.5 star is 1.6' SSW. Located 4.5' NNE of a mag 10 star.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6612 around 1886 and communicated the discovery directly to
Dreyer. In the NGC, Dreyer
referenced the yet unpublished list VI, but NGC 6612 was not included in either
list VI or IX, where he published a number of objects found before the
NGC. His description reads
"eeF; eS; R; v diff." and his position is 12 seconds of RA west and
3' north of CGCG 200-014 = PGC 61665, the only nearby galaxy. Bigourdan measured an accurate position
for this galaxy on 3 Jul 1897.
Howe reported "I was unable to find anything at the NGC position
for this "v. diff." object, but I measured a supposed nebula about 5'
away, making at the time of observation the note "eF, eS"; a little
question whether there really is nebulosity here." Possibly 6612 is identical with [IC]
1279, with an error of 5 minutes in R.A." His position for the measured nebula matches CGCG 200-014.
******************************
NGC 6613 = M18
18 19 58.5 -17
06 07
V = 6.9; Size 9'
17.5"
(8/1/92): at 100x, bright, scattered, includes three mag 9 stars and 10 mag 11
stars. The bright stars form a
"V" asterism with the vertex to the NNE. Includes a few wide double stars. At 220x, 40 stars are visible in a 7' diameter, scattered
but distinctive. The bright group
of 15 stars forming the "V" asterism is surrounded by a dark circular
void. The rest of the cluster is
to the south and west of the "V". Only a few faint stars are involved and the cluster appears
fully resolved.
Charles Messier
discovered M18 = NGC 6613 = h2007 on 3 Jun 1764 and recorded "A cluster of
small stars, a little below above nebula, No. 17, surrounded by slight
nebulosity, this cluster is less obvious than the preceding, No. 16: with an
ordinary telescope of 3.5-foot [FL], this cluster appears like a nebula; but
with a good telescope one sees nothing but stars. (diam. 5'). On 22 Jun 1784 (sweep 231), WH logged
it as "a cl of coarsely scattered L stars, not rich." On 16 Jul 1830, JH called it "A
poor and coarse cluster. Contains about a dozen stars 10m and 15 or 20 more 12
.. 15m."
******************************
NGC 6614 = ESO
103-018 = LGG 422-002 = PGC 61852
18 25 07.2 -63
14 53
V = 12.8; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 65d
25" (4/5/16
- Coonabarabran, 318x): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 4:3 WSW-ENE,
~40"x30",broad concentration to an ill-defined brighter core. Situated in a rich Pavo star field 14'
S of a mag 6.1 star. There are
several fairly bright stars along with a large number of faint stars in the
field. A mag 11.2 star lies 1.5'
S. To the NW are three collinear
stars; a mag 9.4 star at 3.1', a mag 11.2 star at 4.9' and a mag 12 star at
7.5'. Probably an outlying member of ACO S805 = Pavo II cluster.
ESO 103-019 lies
8' SE. This edge-on appeared faint
or fairly faint, very elongated 4:1 N-S, 40"x10", low surface
brightness streak, no concentration.
Three nearby stars are collinear; a mag 14 star at the northwest edge
and two mag 12-13 stars 3' WNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6614 = h3741 on 20 Jun 1835 and recorded "eF; S; R; or vlE;
vlbM; it follows a * 9m about 7 or 8 sec of time, and is about 3' S of
it." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 6615 = UGC
11196 = MCG +02-46-013 = CGCG 084-034 = PGC 61713
18 18 33.6 +13
15 53
V = 13.1; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 165d
17.5"
(7/1/89): faint, very small, round, small bright core, stellar nucleus, in a
rich star field.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6615 = m 375 on 9 Jul 1863 and noted "vF, vS." His position is 1.8' too far
south.
******************************
NGC 6616 = UGC
11192 = MCG +04-43-022 = CGCG 142-036 = PGC 61693
18 17 41.0 +22
14 18
V = 13.8; Size 1.4'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 59d
17.5"
(7/16/88): very faint, small, elongated SW-NE, broad concentration. A mag 13 star is 1.1' W of center.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6616 = Sw II-64 on 14 July 1885 and recorded "vF; eS; eE;
forms S equilateral triangle with 2 F st." There is nothing at his position, but 25 seconds of RA west
is UGC 11192 and his description applies (the stars are southwest and west). Herbert Howe measured an accurate
micrometric position in 1898-99 (repeated in the IC 2 Notes).
******************************
NGC 6617 = UGC
11176 = MCG +10-26-029 = CGCG 301-025 = PGC 61613
18 14 02.5 +61
19 10
V = 14.6; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 14.7; PA = 80d
24"
(7/19/12): very faint, fairly small, slightly elongated ~E-W,
~22"x18", low even surface brightness. Based on my size estimate, I missed the extremely low
surface brightness halo with a ~1' diameter. Located 11' E of NGC 6609 and last in a group of 8 faint NGC
galaxies.
17.5"
(6/11/88): faint, very small, round, bright core. Last in a group of 7 faint galaxies. Located 12' E of the NGC 6607/NGC 6608
pair.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6617 = Sw I-94 on 14 Jun 1885 and noted "eeeF; pL; R; ee
diff.; in vacancy. 8th of 8."
in a group. His position is just 8
seconds of RA west of UGC 11176 and the description applies (faintest in the
group). Herbert Howe measured a
more accurate position in 1899-00, though Dreyer didn't include this correction
in the IC 2 Notes.
******************************
NGC 6618 = M17 =
Swan Nebula = Omega Nebula = LBN 60 = Sh 2-45 = Gum 81a = Ced 161 = RCW 160
18 20 47 -16 10
18
V = 6.0; Size 46'x37'
13.1"
(7/16/82): the "Swan Nebula" is very bright, very large, with
fantastic detail along the bright bar.
Has a turbulent texture with dark areas near the "hook". A nebulous halo surrounds the brighter
star to the south.
8": very
bright, large, very detailed. The
brightest portion consists of a long bright ray that hooks south at the west
end. A fainter section oriented
N-S section follows. The main bar
is mottled. The irregular hooked
portion is clearly mixed with a dark nebula intruding. Fainter nebulosity is visible north and
south of the main bar.
Philippe Loys De
ChŽseaux discovered M17 = NGC 6618 = h2208 in 1745-46 and described "It
has perfectly the form of a ray, or of the tail of a comet, of 7' length and 2'
broad; its sides are exactly parallel and rather well terminated, as are its
two ends. Its middle is whiter than the borders. Charles Messier rediscovered M17 on 3 Jun 1764 and described
"a train of light without stars, 5' or 6' in extent, in the shape of a
spindle, a little like that in Andromeda's belt, but the light is very
faint..."
WH, using his
small 20-ft (12-inch aperture) telescope on 2 Aug 1783, called M17 "a
curious train of light. I cannot
resolve it." On 27 Jun 1786
(sweep 576) he logged "an extensive milky nebulosity of more than 20' in
length, with a hook to the preceding side, bended towards the south; the extent
is from np to sf and looses itself imperceptibly. The hook includes a dark place, almost resembling that in
the nebula of Orion."
On 6 Aug 1823
(sweep 48), JH recorded "A large extended nebula. Its form is that of a
Greek Omega with the left (or following) base-line turned upwards. The curved
(or horse-shoe) part is very F, and has many stars in it. The preceding
base-line hardly visible. The following, which is the principle branch,
occupies nearly half the field (7 1/2').
Its light is not equable, but blotty. Strong twilight."
******************************
NGC 6619 = UGC
11200 = MCG +04-43-025 = CGCG 142-039 = PGC 61721
18 18 55.7 +23
39 21
V = 13.0; Size 1.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3
24"
(7/15/15): fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, round, 25"
diameter, increases to a very small, very bright nucleus and stellar
center. A couple of mag 15 stars
are at the edges, including one 25" S of center and one 15" W of
center, and two mag 11-11.5 stars are 1'E and 1.7' S. NGC 6623 is 11' NE.
17.5"
(7/16/88): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, bright core, faint
halo. Several mag 15 stars are
near including a mag 15 star at the west edge just 15" from the center. Two mag 12 stars with faint companions
are following. Pair with NGC 6623
11.4' ENE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6619 = m 376, along with NGC 6623, on 6 Jun 1864 and noted
"F, S, E." His position
is 1' too far south.
******************************
NGC 6620 = PK
5-6.1 = ESO 522-PN26 = PN G005.8-06.1
18 22 54.1 -26
49 18
V = 12.7; Size 5"
13.1"
(7/12/86): stellar planetary at 79x located 2.1' NW a mag 10.5 star. Verified with OIII blinking. At 214x and UHC filter appears
moderately bright and a very small disc about 4" diameter is visible. A mag 13 star lies 0.9' E.
Edward Pickering
discovered NGC 6620 = HN 43 on 3 Sep 1880 using a direct-vision spectroscope on
the 15-inch refractor at Harvard College Observatory. Pickering noted in The Observatory (1881) this is "the
smallest planetary nebula known and could not be distinguished from a 13th
magnitude star in an ordinary telescope." His position is exactly 1 minute of time too far west.
Based on
Crossley photographs at Lick, Curtis (1918) reported "round; about 5"
in diameter; just distinguishable from a star. No structural details can be made out, although faint ansae
are suspected in p.a. 70-250¡..."
******************************
NGC 6621 = Arp
81 NED1 = VV 247a = UGC 11175 = MCG +11-22-030 = CGCG 322-036 = VII Zw 778 =
KAZ 194 = PGC 61582
18 12 55.2 +68
21 49
V = 13.1; Size 2.1'x0.8'; PA = 145d
48"
(5/5/16): at 610x and 697x; NGC 6621/6622 is a spectacular interacting system
(Arp 81 = VV 247) with an amazing tidal tail that wraps around both galaxies.
NGC 6621 is sharply concentrated with a very bright, roundish core that
increases to the center. The main
halo or arms is elongated ~3:1 NW-SE, ~60"x20" with slightly brighter
"handles" (ends of the spiral arms) on the NW and SE end. The enhancement on the NW side is more
evident.
The southeast
end merges with the halo of NGC 6622 with the cores of the galaxies separated
by 40". A very small knot (at
most 10" in size) was visible on a line between the two cores [16" NW
of NGC 6622 and 26" SE of NGC 6621]. The HST image reveals this is a
prominent blue starburst complex at the edge of the two galaxies.
On the northwest
end, a broad tidal arm wraps sharply counterclockwise to the southeast (the arm
is easily visible in this part), dims into a narrow tail and extends southeast,
paralleling (about 30" to the east) the major axis of NGC 6621. This
one-sided tail extends ~1.5' in length in the direction of a mag 15 star due
east of NGC 6622 and ends in a slightly brighter knot, ~25" NE of NGC
6622.
48"
(10/22/11): at 488x the main body of NGC 6621, which completely merges with NGC
6622, appears bright, fairly large, elongated nearly 3:1 NNW-SSE,
~1.1'x0.4'. Including NGC 6622 at
the southeast end, the entire glow extends ~1.6'x0.4'. NGC 6621 is fairly sharply concentrated
with a bright 20" core that gradually increases to the center. At 610x, a faint spiral arm is fairly
evident attached at the NNW end and winding around counterclockwise to the
north side of the main glow. On
the HST image this is the beginning of a long tidal tail that wraps around the
north side of both galaxies.
18"
(7/14/07): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 NW-SE, ~1.0'x 0.4', small
bright core. Brighter of a double
system with NGC 6622 (Arp 81) attached at the southeast end in a common
envelope. The two nuclei of the
galaxies generally appear as two knots near the ends of a single elongated bar
though at moments the pair seems barely resolved.
17.5"
(6/11/88): fairly faint, small, irregularly round, small bright core, stellar
nucleus. Forms a double galaxy in
a common envelope with NGC 6622 just 40" SE of center. A mag 15 star is 30" E.
Edward Swift,
the 14 year-old son of Lewis, discovered NGC 6621 = Sw I-95 on 2 Jun 1885. The Swifts' position is 19 sec of RA
too far east. This galaxy is the
brighter of a very close double system, just 40" between centers. Apparently Lewis took another look in
the eyepiece and discovered NGC 6622 = Sw I-96. The note "n of 2" and "s of 2" were
probably added after noticing it was double. Lewis Swift "discovered" this close pair again
just two months later on 11 Aug 1885 and placed them in his second list (II-65
and II-66). He noted "forms a
close double with the preceding.
Very difficult to separate with power of 265. Well seen."
Dreyer combined
the two observations in the NGC, though the position is 14 seconds of RA east
and 2' south of UGC 11175. In
addition, the RA is identical, though the orientation is northwest-southeast,
and NGC 6622 is placed 0.2' north of NGC 6621. Bigourdan measured an accurate
position for the pair on 28 Aug 1891 as well as Kolbold in May 1899. When Herbert Howe measured the
positions in 1899-00, he assigned NGC 6622 to the northwest galaxy and NGC 6621
to the southeast (agreeing with Swift's dec values), but modern catalogues
reverse the identifications, placing the numbers in order of RA.
******************************
NGC 6622 = Arp
81 NED2 = VV 247b = UGC 11175 = MCG +11-22-031 = CGCG 322-036 = VII Zw 778 =
PGC 61579
18 12 59.5 +68
21 15
V = 15.3; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.8
48"
(5/5/16): at 610x and 697x; fairly bright, small, slightly elongated E-W,
25"x20", high surface brightness, very small intense core. A mag 15 star is 0.6' E. NGC 6622 and 6621 form a spectacular
interacting pair (Apr 81 = VV 247) with NGC 6622 fully merged on the southeast
end of this trainwreck. The cores
of the two galaxies are separated by 40". A small knot is clearly visible directly on a line between
the two cores [16" NW of NGC 6622].
The HST image reveals this is a prominent blue star-forming complex at
the edge of the two galaxies. The
amazing tidal tail of NGC 6621 that parallels the galaxy on the east side
extends as far south as NGC 6622.
48"
(10/22/11): at 488x, NGC 6622 appears bright, fairly small, slightly elongated,
30"x25", sharply concentrated with a bright core that increases to
the center. Merged with NGC 6621
on the NW side. A mag 15.5 star
lies 35" due east.
18"
(7/14/07): faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Forms the fainter member of an
interacting pair with NGC 6621 (Arp 81) and appears as a knot at the southeast
end of NGC 6621 in a common halo.
At moments this galaxy appeared barely detached.
17.5"
(6/11/88): faint, very small, possibly round. Forms an interacting double system with NGC 6621 and visually
both galaxies appear enveloped in a common envelope with NGC 6621 just 35"
NW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6622 = Sw I-96 on 2 Jun 1885, although his son Edward was
credited with the discovery of NGC 6621 = Sw I-95. Apparently Lewis took a look in the eyepiece and noticed the
smaller southeast component of this double galaxy. His position is 18 sec of RA too far east. Swift found the close pair again on 11
Aug 1885 and reported the discovery again in his second list (II-65 and
II-66). Dreyer combined both
observations in the NGC. Howe
measured an accurate micrometric position, though called this galaxy NGC 6621
as Swift's position is slightly south of NGC 6622.
******************************
NGC 6623 = UGC
11203 = MCG +04-43-026 = CGCG 142-040 = PGC 61739
18 19 42.9 +23
42 33
V = 13.3; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 155d
24"
(7/15/15): fairly faint to moderately bright, moderately large, roundish, ~0.9'
diameter, sharply concentrated with a very small bright nucleus. A mag 14 star is 45" NE of center.
Resides in a rich star field 4.1' NW of mag 8.8 HD 168670. NGC 6619 lies 11' SW.
MCG +04-43-027 =
PGC 61744 is at the south edge of the halo [27" S of center]. At 375x it
appeared as an extremely to very faint knot, round, 12" diameter.
17.5"
(7/16/88): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated NW-SE, bright core, diffuse
halo. Located 4.1' NW of mag 8.6
SAO 85932. Pair with NGC 6619
11.4' WSW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6623 = m 377, along with NGC 6619, on 6 Jun 1864 and noted
"pF, S, R, bM." His RA
is 6 seconds too large.
******************************
NGC 6624 = ESO
457-SC011
18 23 40.6 -30
21 39
V = 8.1; Size 5.9'; Surf Br = 0.9
17.5"
(5/10/91): bright, fairly small, round, 3' diameter. Very symmetric appearance as increases to a sharp, small
bright core and brighter stellar nucleus.
There are hints of resolution in the halo particularly on the north
edge. Approximately six mag 14-15
stars are glimpsed. A close mag
12/14 double star at 10" separation is 1.7' WSW of center. Located 45' SE of Delta Sagittarii in a
rich star field.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6624 = H I-50 = h3742 on 24 Jun 1784 (sweep 232) and recorded
"cL, R, vBM. The brightness
appears to be at least 3/4 of the whole visible diameter, but I suppose if the
altitude was more considerable a different proportion would be seen. The nebulosity appears to be of the
milky kind, but from similar phenomena in low situations, I have no doubt that
it is resolvable." JH made
three observations from the Cape of Good Hope, first logging on 3 Aug 1834,
"Globular Cluster; B; S; R; psmbM; diam 6 seconds in RA; barely resolved
so as to be sure it consists of stars." On a later sweep, the cluster was "clearly resolved
into stars 16m; a fine object."
******************************
NGC 6625 =
OCL-58 = Lund 829
18 23 01 -12 01
24
Size 39'
17.5"
(8/3/97): at 100x, appears to be a Milky Way field in a large triangular region
roughly bordered by mag 5.7 HD 169033 star at the SE vertex, a mag 8 star ~12'
NW and a mag 9 star ~9' W. This
identification is uncertain as the region is completely indistinguishable from
surrounding fields in star density and does not have any resemblance to a
cluster although the Milky Way background seems locally brighter (also, JH does
not mention the mag 5.7 star). At 220x, there is a fairly well-defined edge to
portions of this Milky Way background and there is a small extension to the
west near the star at the NW vertex.
Listed as nonexistent in RNGC, though may be a true cluster. Located just east of Sh 2-54, a large,
faint HII complex and the slightly enhanced Milky Way background may be caused
by the glow of Sh 2-54.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6625 = h2009 on 31 Jul 1826 and logged "A loose straggling
cluster of stars 11...12m.".
His position is very close to mag 5.7 HD 169033, although if his
position is accurate I'm surprised he didn't mention the nearby bright star.
Harold Corwin
identifies NGC 6625 with a group of stars (possibly a cluster) to the west of
the bright star or perhaps a larger Milky Way field. Brian Skiff could not make a visual identification on two
attempts and nothing stood out in my observation. Karl Reinmuth also reported no clustering was found on a
Heidelberg Observatory plate. See
Corwin's notes for more.
******************************
NGC 6626 = M28 =
ESO 522-SC023
18 24 32.8 -24
52 11
V = 6.9; Size 11.2'; Surf Br = 1.2
17.5"
(7/10/99): striking globular at 220x, with the halo appearing ~4.5' in diameter
and a very bright core ~2'x1.5' elongated SSW-NNE. Extensive resolution at 280x and 380x with roughly 50 stars
resolved in the halo. At 380x the
edges of the core really start breaking up into numerous stars and a rich
sprinkling of stars is superimposed on the well-defined core. On the north side of the halo a long
star chain heads directly north and a fainter but richer chain starts to trail
off the east side of the core but abruptly turns in a chain heading NNW.
13.1"
(6/29/84): a prominent star chain extends to the north.
13.1"
(7/16/82): very bright, fairly large, sharp concentration with a lively
unresolved core. A few stars are
resolved at the edges of the core over haze and many stragglers resolved
including long spidery chains. A
total of a few dozen stars resolved.
Excellent view at 290x and a star chain to the north is prominent.
8": bright,
sharp concentration, lively halo just resolves into many faint stars at 200x!
Charles Messier
discovered M28 = NGC 6626 = h2010 = h3743 on 27 July 1764. WH first observed this globular
on 4 Jul 1783 with his 12-inch (small 20-foot) and noted "if the night
were clearer I double not of its being stars that might be seen very
distinctly." On 12 Jul 1784
(sweep 236) he logged "A cl of exceedingly compressed stars, vBM, R, with
3 or 4 small, irregular branches. The large stars red."
JH recorded
(sweep 474 from the CGH) "globular; vB; R; vm comp; gbM, but not to a
nipple; diam in RA = 12 seconds; resolved into st 14...16m; a fine object. Occurs in the milky way, of which the
stars here are barely visible and immensely numerous."
******************************
NGC 6627 = UGC
11212 = MCG +03-47-001 = CGCG 114-004 = PGC 61792
18 22 39.0 +15
41 52
V = 13.3; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 70d
17.5"
(7/1/89): faint, small, slightly elongated E-W. Contains a very small brighter core within a diffuse outer
halo. Located in a rich star
field.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6627 = m 378 on 13 Jul 1863 and noted "vF, pL." His position is 1' south of UGC 11212.
******************************
NGC 6628 = UGC
11211 = MCG +04-43-029 = CGCG 142-041 = PGC 61790
18 22 21.8 +23
28 41
V = 12.9; Size 1.9'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 90d
17.5"
(7/1/89): faint, very small, slightly elongated, small bright core, faint
stellar nucleus. Located 3.0' WNW
of mag 8.7 SAO 85980.
17.5"
(7/16/88): fairly faint, very small, round, small bright core, faint stellar
nucleus.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6628 = m 379 on 6 Jun 1864 and noted "vF, S, lE,
bM." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 6629 = PK
9-5.1 = ESO 522-PN26 = PN G009.4-05.0
18 25 42.3 -23
12 10
V = 11.4; Size 16"x14"
17.5"
(8/10/91): at 140x, very bright, small, 15" diameter, round, high surface
brightness, crisp-edged. The mag
13 central star is visible with direct vision. Mag 9.4 SAO 186802 lies 2.1' SE. At 280x, the central star is easier to pick out within the
high surface brightness nebulosity. A mag 15 star is visible 30" NNW and a
mag 15.5 star is right at the NE edge.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6629 = H II-204 = h3744 on 7 Aug 1784 (sweep 245) and reported
"I suspected a pB, S, stellar nebula np a pB star, but there was too much
daylight to verify it." JH
recorded (sweep 793 from the CGH) "pB; vS; 4" at the utmost in
diameter; a good deal furry at the edges, and ? if not a little brighter in the
M. It is not a "Stellar
Nebula", but rather a link between a planetary and a globular; it probably
a v distant and highly compressed globular; has a * 9m 3' dist, sf; night
superb and vision perfect. This is
one the smallest if not the very smallest nebulous objects I remember to have
seen. It is a very remarkable
object."
Based on
Crossley photographs at Lick observatory, Curtis (1918) reported "..the
central star is about mag 13. The nebular disk is 16"x14" in p.a.
150¡, and is nearly equal density throughout, without ansae or other structural
details."
******************************
NGC 6630 = ESO
103-026 = PGC 62008
18 32 34.5 -63
17 32
V = 13.9; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1
30"
(11/3/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly faint, fairly small, irregularly round,
30"x25" diameter, weak concentration. Located 17' SE of mag 7.9 HD 169714. IC 4723 lies 23' ESE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6630 = h3745 on 8 Jun 1836 and recorded "pF; S; R; gbM;
15"." His position is a
perfect match with ESO 103-026 = PGC 62008.
David Frew
mentions in a Sky & Space article (Oct 1995) that Harlow Shapley
misclassified NGC 6630 and IC 4723 as a pair of planetaries in his 1936 article
"Five Planetary Nebulae and a Globular Cluster" (Harvard Bulletin No.
902). The same list includes
Shapley 1, Shapley 3 and IC 4642.
Evans & Thackery (1950) first imaged NGC 6630 (Plate II, No. 19) and
they questioned the PN classification. "The classification is by
appearance. We find an object with
a quadrilateral of 4 stars or nuclei surrounded by a nebulous envelope. The object is difficult, and it seems
open to doubt whether the object is correctly classified as a planetary nebula. Dimensions about
19"x15"." As a
result of Shapley's error, Burnham's "Celestial Handbook", MOL
(Master Optical List) and the NGC 2000.0 catalogue (Sinnott) misclassify this
galaxy as a planetary nebula. It
was omitted, though, in Perek and Kohoutek's 1967 Catalogue of Galactic Planetary
Nebula. RNGC misclassifies NGC
6630 as nonexistent (Type 7).
******************************
NGC 6631 = Cr
379 = Lund 833 = OCL-59
18 27 11.4 -12
01 52
Size 5'
17.5"
(7/1/89): at 220x about 40 stars are resolved in a 5' region over unresolved
background haze. A mag 11 star is
at the NW edge but most stars are mag 13/14. Includes an equal mag 11.5/12 double star off the SE
edge. Barnard 95, a large dark
nebula lies 30' NW.
8"
(7/16/82): a dozen star are resolved over unresolved haze. A double star mag 11/11.5 at 10"
is at the south edge.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6631 = h3746 on 12 Jul 1836 and recorded "cl VII class; p
rich; 5' diam; with appendages, st 12...15m. Much richer than any part of the milky way seen
tonight."
******************************
NGC 6632 = UGC
11226 = MCG +05-43-018 = CGCG 172-032 = PGC 61849
18 25 03.2 +27
32 07
V = 12.1; Size 3.0'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 155d
17.5"
(7/1/89): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated NW-SE, large brighter
core. A pair of mag 12 and 13
stars lie 1.3' W and 1.0' NW of center, respectively. A group of brighter stars are about 7' S including mag 6.3
HR 6904 8.5' S.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6632 = m 380 on 24 Jun 1864 and noted "F, S, R,
gbM." His position is fairly
accurate. E.E. Barnard found it
while sweeping on 30 Jan 1889 with the 12-inch refractor at Lick Observatory
and noted "Faintish, R, vgbM, 2 small stars involved preceding, 1'
diameter." He later added in
his logbook the correct identification.
******************************
NGC 6633 = Cr
380 = Mel 201 = Lund 834
18 27 15 +06 30
30
V = 4.6; Size 27'
15x50mm IS
binoculars (6/19/09): this easy naked-eye cluster is more obvious than nearby,
larger IC 4756, which has a lower surface brightness. Partially resolved in binoculars with several resolved
clumps of stars.
13.1"
(9/9/83): very bright, very large but loose and scattered. At 62x, 150 stars are visible in a 60'
field with several bright stars on the SW side and many bright stars are
outside this field including mag 5.5 SAO 123516 15' SSE. This is a naked-eye open cluster in
dark skies.
Philippe Loys de
ChŽseaux discovered NGC 6633 in 1745-46.
Caroline Herschel rediscovered the cluster on 13 Jul 1783. On 30 Jul 1788 (sweep 850), WH called
it "a coarsely sc. cl. of L stars."
******************************
NGC 6634
18 29 57 -33 30
48
18"
(6/30/11): this is an unusual asterism of 4 brighter stars mag 8.4-9.2 forming
a near isosceles trapezoid with a longer base of 4.4' and shorter base
1.5'. Three of the stars were
easily resolved in my 80mm finder at 12.5x and all four at 25x. The asterism is striking at 115x in the
18-inch due to the shape and brightness of the stars. The identification of NGC 6634 is uncertain and is
traditionally applied to M69.
Nicolas-Louis de
Lacaille discovered NGC 6634 = Lac I-11 in 1751-52 with a 1/2" telescope
at 8x, during his expedition to the Cape of Good Hope. Messier thought this entry was
duplicate of M69, though JH assigned it a separate GC designation (5076) and
Dreyer followed in the NGC. If NGC
6634 = M69, then Lacaille made a one degree error in declination.
But Glen Cozens
argues that M69 is fainter than other objects discovered by Lacaille with his
1/2-inch telescope and the position is further out than others he
discovered. But near Lacaille's
position is a small group of 4 stars that he may have mistook for nebulous with
his small telescope. See Harold Corwin's notes for more on this identification
and Jeff Corder's observations.
RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 6635 = UGC
11239 = MCG +02-47-003 = PGC 61900
18 27 37.1 +14
49 09
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(7/1/89): faint, very small, slightly elongated, small bright core, stellar
nucleus. A mag 12 star is 1.0'
S. Located 7.7' NNW of mag 8.6 SAO
103741 in a rich star field.
Planetary nebula M3-27 is 20' S.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6635 = m 381 on 9 Jul 1863 and noted "vF, S, R." His RA is accurate but his dec is 2'
too far south.
******************************
NGC 6636 = VV
368 = VV 679 = VII Zw 790 = UGC 11221 = MCG +11-22-046 = CGCG 322-041 = PGC
61782
18 22 02.7 +66
36 58
V = 13.4; Size 2.3'x0.35'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 3d
48"
(5/5/16): fairly bright, fairly large, warped edge-on 6:1 ~N-S, 1.8'x0.3',
bright elongated core. The southern
half of the galaxy (including the core region) is slightly bowed out towards
the west. The northern extension,
though, is subtly convex to the east.
So the opposite ends seem slightly misaligned and form a weak integral
sign. Adding to the asymmetry, the
outer half of northern extension has a much lower surface brightness than the
southern arm. MCG +11-22-047 = PGC
61780 is a bright but very compact Seyfert II galaxy, ~10" diameter, just
20" NE of the core and attached to the east edge of the galaxy. It is dominated by a bright stellar
nucleus with just a small halo. A
mag 11 star is 2.1' due south and a mag 11.5 star (very unequal 6" pair)
is 1' SE.
24"
(7/21/12): moderately bright, moderately large, very elongated 7:2 ~N-S,
1.1'x0.3', small slightly brighter core.
Forms a contact pair with MCG +11-22-047 = PGC 61780, which is attached
on the east side of the northern half.
The companion was easily visible as a very small "knot",
perhaps 10" diameter with a fairly bright stellar nucleus that sometimes
dominated the small halo. The core
of NGC 6636 (much lower surface brightness than PGC 61780) was close
south-southwest of the companion.
Two mag 11 stars are 1.2' SE and 2.1' S. An extremely faint, slightly non-stellar glow between these
stars is a very close (~5") unresolved pair of mag 16.5-16.7 stars.
17.5"
(6/11/88): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated SSW-NNE, even surface
brightness. The compact companion
attached at the northeast side was not seen.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6636 = Sw IV-68 on 23 Jul 1884 and recorded "eeeF; pS; R;
forms triangle with 3 st."
His position is at the west edge of UGC 11221 and the description
fits. Herbert Howe, observing in
1899-00, reported "the 3 stars mentioned by Swift are of mags 9, 9.5 and 10.5. The one of mag 9.5 follows the nebula 4
seconds, 1.0' south. The others
precede, and are also south."
******************************
NGC 6637 = M69
18 31 23.2 -32
20 53
V = 7.7; Size 7.1'; Surf Br = 0.6
17.5"
(7/29/92): M69 is bright, moderately large, 3' diameter, round, fairly
symmetric appearance with a large core surrounded by a small halo. A bright mag 12.5 star is embedded in
the core or contains a bright stellar nucleus. Several easy mag 13.3-14.0 stars are resolved around the
edges of the halo and 15-20 very faint mag 14-15 stars are visible in the halo
with averted vision. Additionally,
a few stars are also detected over the core. This is a pretty globular with
averted vision. Located 4.5' SE of
mag 7.9 SAO 21059.
8": fairly
bright, bright core, lively halo, few stars at edges, difficult to achieve
resolution.
15x50mm IS
binoculars (8/3/11): small, fairly faint glow. The mag 7.9 star 4.5' NW was cleanly resolved from the
globular.
Charles Messier
discovered M69 = NGC 6637 = D 613 = h3747 on 31 Aug 1780 and described "a
nebula without star in Sagittarius... Near to it is a 9 mag star; the light is
very faint; can be seen only in a good sky, and the least illumination of the
micrometer wires extinguishes it... This nebula has been observed by M. de
Lacaille and reported in his catalogue. It resembles the nucleus of a little
comet. Diam. 2'." Glen Cozens
notes that Messier was incorrect in assuming Lac I-11 referred to M69. Lacaille's observation more likely
refers to an asterism. See NGC
6634 or more.
WH observed it
in 1784 and noted "Very bright, pretty large, easily resolvable, or rather
an already resolved cluster of minute stars. It is a miniature of the 53d of
the Connoissance [M53]."
James Dunlop observed it 4 times and described "a pretty bright
round well-defined nebula, about 1 1/4' diameter, gradually condensed to the
centre; there is a small star about 1' south of the nebula." JH made 3 observations from the Cape of
Good Hope. On 1 Aug 1834, he
logged "globular, B, R, vgbM, resolved into stars 14..15m, diam 10 seconds
in RA." Two nights later he
noted "globular, pB, R, 3' diam, stars 14..15m." Christian Peters reported finding it
around 1850 in Naples (AJ 2, 1856) and claimed it do not appear in any of his
books.
******************************
NGC 6638 = ESO
522-SC030
18 30 56.2 -25
29 47
V = 9.2; Size 5.0'; Surf Br = 1.3
18"
(7/22/06): at 435x this globular appeared fairly bright, ~3' in diameter with
an intense 1' core. The core
appears very mottled and just begins to break up into a swarm of faint stars,
particularly around the edges.
Several very faint stars pepper the halo and pop in and out of
visibility. The halo has an
irregular scraggly appearance. I
was able to pick up this globular with 15x50 IS binoculars as a very small,
faint glow along with a mag 9.4 star close south.
17.5"
(5/10/91): fairly bright, fairly small, round, 2.5' diameter, gradually
increases to a bright core. The
halo has a fairly even surface brightness. A few extremely faint mag 15-16 stars are resolved at the
mottled edges. Located 3.6' N of
mag 9.4 SAO 186904.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6638 = H I-51 = h3748 on 12 Jul 1784 (sweep 236) and recorded
"a pretty cons. easily resolvable R nebula, vBM and faint red
perceivable. A second miniature of
that near the 42nd Comae [M53]."
JH made the single observation "B; S; R; psbM; diam in RA = 4.5s;
barely resolved; a very delicate object; doubtless a globular cluster." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6639 =
OCL-57
18 30 59 -13 09
18
17.5"
(7/24/95): unimpressive group of two dozen stars at 220x in a 5' region. The brightest mag 11 star is at the
west side, with most stars mag 12.5-13.5.
There are two small elongated subgroups of stars close NE and SE of the
mag 11 star. Located in a rich
field 5' NE of mag 8.8 SAO 161547.
There are several richer pockets of stars, so this group appears to be
another asterism.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6639 = h2011 on 31 Jul 1826 and noted "A closely clustering
portion of the milky way, which is one continued cluster here." His position is a close match with this
group of stars. Although listed as
a cluster in the RNGC, the RA is 48 seconds too small.
******************************
NGC 6640 = UGC
11247 = MCG +06-40-018 = CGCG 200-021 = PGC 61913
18 28 08.2 +34
18 10
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 153d
17.5"
(7/7/94): faint, small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, 0.9'x0.6', weak
concentration. A mag 14.5 star is
close east of the core, a mag 13.5 star is 1.5' N and a mag 11 star is 4.0'
SSE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6640 = St XIII-89 on 21 Aug 1884. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6641 = UGC
11250 = MCG +04-43-035 = PGC 61935
18 28 57.4 +22
54 10
V = 13.3; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 102d
17.5"
(7/1/89): faint, small, oval 4:3 E-W, 0.8'x0.6', even surface brightness. A mag 13.5 star is 1.0' NW.
Truman Safford
discovered NGC 6641 = Sf 47 = St V-2 on 9 Aug 1866 and noted "pB, pS,
vmbM." ƒdouard Stephan
independently found the galaxy on 20 Aug 1873 and recorded "vF, vS, R,
bM." Both positions are
accurate. Stephan was credited in
the GC Supplement and the NGC as Safford's discovery was published too late.
******************************
NGC 6642 = ESO
522-SC032
18 31 54.2 -23
28 34
V = 9.4; Size 4.5'; Surf Br = 1.2
24"
(8/23/14): at 375x, this fairly bright gc contains a very bright core and an
irregular 2' halo. Stars stream
out to the east and west creating an impression of elongation. The core is very lively and a few
brighter stars are clearly resolved, though packed together very tightly. Roughly 20 stars are resolved in the
halo. At 500x, 30-35 stars are
resolved (many popping in/out of view) including 8-10 in a clump at the center
and close to the core. A single
brighter star is just south of the core and a nice pair (~3" separation)
is in the halo on the NNE side. A
string of stars extends out of the cluster to the north. Easily visible in the 80mm finder at
25x and the finder field contains M22 just 1.1¡ SE.
18"
(7/14/07): at 393x appears as a fairly small but fairly bright globular with a
very bright 30" core and 2' halo.
The small core is very mottled and partially resolved into 2 or 3
clumps. Roughly 15-20 mag 14.5-16
stars are just visible in the halo including a very close pair on the NNE
edge. Located just 1.1 degrees NW
of M22.
17.5"
(5/10/91): fairly bright, fairly small, round, 2' diameter, bright core seems
slightly offset. Half a dozen mag
14-15 stars are resolved in the mottled halo. A mag 11 field star 2.2' NW and a mag 13.5 star 1.5' NW of
center are collinear with the core.
Located in a field rich in faint stars.
8"
(6/19/82): fairly bright, small, bright core, fainter halo, no resolution.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6642 = H II-205 = h2012 = h3749 on 7 Aug 1784 (sweep 245) and
recorded "pB, cL, irregularly E, bM." His position is at the east edge of the globular. From the Cape of Good Hope, JH reported
(sweep 793) "globular cluster; pB; R; gpmbM; 2'; resolved into visible,
but vS stars 15...16m." His
position is good. From Slough
(sweep 275), he logged "a beautiful little globular cluster of excessively
minute stars, 60" diam; seen in twilight. It must be pB when seen in dark sky."
******************************
NGC 6643 = UGC
11218 = MCG +12-17-021 = CGCG 340-043 = PGC 61742
18 19 46.6 +74
34 08
V = 11.1; Size 3.8'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 38d
17.5"
(7/9/88): fairly bright, large, oval 2:1 SW-NE, broadly concentrated halo. Forms the east vertex of a triangle
with two mag 11.5 stars 1.6' NW and 2.0' W. Also a mag 15 star is off the west edge 1.4' from center.
8"
(6/19/82): faint, diffuse, moderately large, elongated SW-NE. Two mag 12 stars are at the west edge.
Eduard Schšnfeld
discovered NGC 6643 = Au 40 = HN 21 in 1858 while measuring stars for the
Bonner Durchmusterung (BD +74 766).
This relatively bright galaxy was missed by both Herschels. Horace Tuttle rediscovered the galaxy
on 1 Sep 1859 using a 4-inch comet-seeker at Harvard College Observatory and
called it "an elongated faint nebula" (reported in AN 1337).
Using the 6-inch Heliometer at Kšnigsberg, Auwers described the nebula as
"fairly bright, gradually brighter in the middle, elongated in PA 50¡, 2.5
'l, 1.5' br. Two small star are immediately preceding; the major axis of the
nebula is inclined only slightly with respect to their connecting line."
Around the time
of discovery there was discussion this was possibly a "variable
nebula" (a popular topic in the mid to late 19th century), based on very
disparate descriptions by Tuttle and d'Arrest (4 observations in "Siderum
Nebulosorum"). Wolfgang Steinicke provides the observational history
in his book on the NGC discoveries.
******************************
NGC 6644 = PK
8-7.2 = ESO 522-PN23 = PN G008.3-07.3
18 32 34.6 -25
07 44
V = 10.8; Size 2.5"
17.5"
(8/1/86): bright bluish "star" at 105x that brightens dramatically
with OIII blinking. A mag 12 star
(good for blinking comparison) is 1.0' N.
At 286x, a small disc is visible about 3" or 4" diameter. Estimate V=11.0.
Edward Pickering
discovered NGC 6644 on 13 Jul 1880 (Sidereal Messenger, Oct 1882) with the
15-inch refractor at Harvard College Observatory. This was first of 17 planetaries he found using a
direct-vision spectroscope (15 new discoveries in the NGC). Pickering noted in The Observatory
(1881) that "its disk is so small that it can scarcely be detected with an
ordinary eyepiece even if brought into the field of view."
Based on
Crossley photographs taken at Lick, Curtis (1918) reported "this objec is
indistinguishable from a star on the Crossley negatives, but visual
observations made by Mr. Moore and Aitken with the 36-inch refractor show that
it is a minute disk 2" to 3" in diameter."
******************************
NGC 6645 = Cr
383 = Mel 205 = Lund 844
18 32 37 -16 53
00
Size 10'
17.5"
(8/1/92): at 82x, this is a striking, rich cluster of 20' diameter! Quite rich in faint stars but a
noticeable "hole" in center is devoid of stars. A rich knot of stars is on the south
side of void and a close triple star is on the north side. A string of stars extends out of the
cluster to the east. Three mag 7-8
stars are in the field to the NE.
At 220x on the south side of the void are 8 stars in a "V"
asterism. Roughly 75 stars are
resolved within the central 10' diameter.
A rich clump of 8 stars is just resolved at the south edge of the
circular hole.
8": about
50 stars resolved, moderately large, unresolved haze, including close triple
star, rich in faint stars, several dense patches.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6645 = H VI-23 = h2013 on 27 Jun 1786 (sweep 576) and recorded
"a beautiful cluster of vS stars; very rich, the stars are of various
sizes and some of them form an almost circular row in the middle. About 15' diameter." JH made the single observation "a
rich, p comp cluster; irreg figure having a vacancy in the middle; stars =
11...15m."
******************************
NGC 6646 = UGC
11258 = MCG +07-38-008 = CGCG 228-010 = PGC 61944
18 29 38.8 +39
51 54
V = 12.6; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 50d
24"
(7/19/17): at 375x; fairly bright, moderately large, slightly elongated SW-NE,
~1.2'x1.0', strong concentration with a bright core that increases to a small
brighter nucleus. Mag 8.8 SAO
67027 lies 4' NNW and mag 9.5 SAO 67032 is 3.4' ESE. NGC 6646 is the brightest in a physical trio with IC 1288
10' SSW and IC 1289 7.5' NE.
13.1"
(7/20/85): fairly faint, fairly small, small brighter core, diffuse halo. Forms an obtuse angle with mag 8.5 SAO
67027 3.9' NNW and mag 9.5 SAO 67032 3.3' ESE. Forms a trio with IC 1288 9' SSW and IC 1289 7.5' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6646 = H II-907 on 26 Jun 1802 (sweep 1109) and recorded
"F, S, iF." This is one
of the last few "nebulae" that WH discovered and the only one that
evening. He probably observed that
evening solely to reach the 500 threshold for a new catalogue, although after
the manuscript was submitted to the Royal Society, Caroline discovered the list
only included 497 new entries. So,
there were a couple of additional sweeps made in late September to bring the
total past 500.
******************************
NGC 6647 =
OCL-45 = Lund 838
18 32 49 -17 13
42
24"
(7/7/13): patchy Milky Way star cloud at 125x (50' field). Unimpressive and does not stand out
from the surrounding region except the position is centered on a scattered
group of a half-dozen mag 10-11 stars, spread out over 7' in a SE to NW
orientation. Located ~23' SSE of
the rich open cluster NGC 6645.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6647 = H VIII-14 = h2014 on 18 Jun 1784 (sweep 230) and recorded
"A cluster of scattered stars filling the field; not rich and stars less
than those in the foregoing [M25]."
There is no significant clustering at his position on the DSS. JH made the single observation "a
very loose parcel of very small stars, hardly noticeable as a cluster."
His position is ~7' further east-southeast, but again there is nothing
noticeable.
Harold Corwin
identifies this number with a Milky Way field (unknown size) centered about 3'
north-northeast of WH's position.
RNGC classifies the number as a nonexistent cluster. See his identification notes for more.
******************************
NGC 6648 = ·7 =
·2332:
18 25 37.8 +64
58 34
Size 11"
18"
(6/30/11): at this position is a 10" double star (·7) oriented ~E-W with
the brighter component on the east side and a difference of ~2 magnitudes. Easily resolved at 175x. Located 9' NNE of mag 6.9 HD 170527.
Wilhelm Struve
discovered NGC 6648 = · 7 = Au 41 in 1825 or 1826 with the 9.6" Fraunhofer
refractor at the Dorpat Observatory.
It was included in his list of 9 "Nebulae dectae" in an
appendix to his main catalogue of double stars. He also listed it in his main catalogue of double stars as
·2332. Struve's sketch (shown in
Wolfgang Steinicke's book on the NGC) shows a double star encased in an oval
nebula. Using the 6-inch
Kšnigsberg Heliometer in Feb 1861, Auwers found a double star, which he
measured at 10" separation in PA 260¡, but no nebulosity. Note: the WDS position for ·2232 is on
a brighter star 4.5' southwest -- perhaps this is due to Struve's poor
position.
******************************
NGC 6649 = Cr
384 = Mel 206 = Lund 847
18 33 27 -10 24
12
V = 8.9; Size 6'
17.5"
(7/1/89): 40-50 stars in a 5' diameter, fairly rich, over unresolved haze. The brightest star is the close double
ADS 11441 with components 9.7/11.4 at 4" located at the south edge.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6649 = h3751 on 10 Jul 1787 and recorded "a cluster of very
small and pretty compressed stars of various sizes; but it seems to be of the
same nature with the Milky Way, which is at a little distance towards the
south." Because of his
uncertainty, he didn't assign it an internal discovery number or list it in his
catalogues, but the position is a good match.
JH found this
cluster on 27 May 1835 and recorded "cl VIII class; a small well insulated
group of a roundish figure, 5' diam; st 12...13 m; one * 9m, at the southern
edge." His position is
accurate. JH is credited with the discovery
in the GC and NGC.
******************************
NGC 6650 = CGCG
322-043 = VII Zw 794 = PGC 61857
18 25 27.9 +68
00 21
V = 13.9; Size 0.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 11.8
17.5"
(6/11/88): faint, very small, round, only a very small weak concentration at
the center. A mag 14 star is 1.0'
NNW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6650 = Sw II-67 on 11 Sep 1883 and noted "vF; vS; R; 2
stars range with it." His
position is just 7 seconds west of CGCG 322-043 = PGC 61857. Bigourdan measured an accurate RA on 25
Nov 1897. This galaxy is missing from the UGC, MCG and RC3.
******************************
NGC 6651 = UGC
11236 = MCG +12-17-020 = CGCG 340-044 = PGC 61836
18 24 19.7 +71
36 06
V = 13.1; Size 1.6'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 30d
17.5"
(6/11/88): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, bright core.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6651 = Sw IV-69 on 18 Jun 1884 and recorded "eeF; pS; lE; e
diff.; between a F[aint] nr *, and a distant B[right] one." His position is 24 seconds of RA west
of UGC 1126 (separation of only 2').
Corwin suggests the "bright" star is ~5' west-southwest of the
galaxy while the "faint near" star is roughly 2' east-southeast. I'd suggest the distant bright one is
mag 7.4 HD 171044 11' NE, but in any case the identification is secure. Bigourdan measured a more accurate
position on 3 July 1896 as well as Herbert Howe in 1899-00 with the 20"
refractor at Denver.
UGC and CGCG and
misidentify UGC 11193 = CGCG 340-042 as NGC 6651. UGC 11193 is located nearly a degree southwest of NGC 6651. Because of this error the magnitude for
NGC 6651 in the RNGC applies to CGCG 340-042. MCG, RC2, PGC, RC3 and RNGC have the correct identification. See Harold Corwin's identification
notes.
******************************
NGC 6652 = ESO
395-SC11
18 35 45.7 -32
59 25
V = 8.9; Size 3.5'; Surf Br = 0.3
17.5"
(5/10/91): fairly bright, fairly small, slightly elongated E-W, 2.0'x1.5',
sharp small bright core with a substellar nucleus embedded. The mottled halo is not resolved except
for a mag 13 star 1' WSW of the core near the edge of the halo and a mag 14
star at the east edge. Located 7'
SE of mag 6.9 SAO 210344.
8"
(7/31/81): moderately bright, small, compact bright core. A mag 13 star is at the SW edge but
there is no other resolution.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 6652 = D 607 = h3747 with his 9-inch f/12 speculum reflector on
28 Jun 1826. He described "a
rather bright well-defined round nebula, about 12 or 14 arcseconds diameter,
following a star of the 6th mag."
He claims 2 observations and the published position is 33' too far
east. The cluster is located 7' SE
of a mag 6.8 star, so his identification seems secure, despite the rather small
estimated size and poor position.
JH observed this
globular on 4 sweeps. On 31 Jul
1834 he logged "B; pmE in parallel; gmbM, 60" long, 35" broad,
all clearly resolved." A few
nights later he wrote "pB; S;
lE; 90" long, 75" broad, stars 15m." On a third sweep he described "vB; S; 40";
resolved. Among close stars, which give it an elongated appearance, but do not
seem to belong to it."
******************************
NGC 6653 = ESO
045-013 = PGC 62342
18 44 38.6 -73
15 48
V = 12.2; Size 1.7'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 51d
24"
(4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 260x this Pavo galaxy appeared
moderately bright, slightly elongated SW-NE, 1.1'x0.9', weak even concentration
to the center. A faint star is at
the NE edge 32" from the center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6653 = h3750 on 28 Jun 1835 and recorded "vF; lE; glbM;
20"." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6654 = UGC
11238 = MCG +12-17-023 = CGCG 340-045 = VII Zw 793 = PGC 61833
18 24 07.9 +73
10 59
V = 12.0; Size 2.6'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 0d
17.5"
(7/9/88): moderately bright, moderately large, round. Sharply concentrated with a very bright, just non-stellar
nucleus embedded in a large low surface brightness halo. A mismatched mag 11/14.5 double star
lies 2.4' W.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6654 = Sw I-97 on 11 Sep 1883 and initially thought it might be
a comet. While searching for this
possible "Comet Swift", Johann Palisa, on 20 Sep 1883, and Ernst
Lamp, on 23 Sep 1883, both found this galaxy (UGC 11238) and assumed it was a
new discovery. Lamp's position in
AN 2544 is accurate. Swift
responded in AN 2561, explaining his error and his surprise that so bright an
object would have been previously missed.
His description in list I reads "pB; R; mbM. Looks like a comet." and his
published position is at the east edge of UGC 11238.
******************************
NGC 6655
18 34 30.8 -05
55 15
V =
13.3/13.3; Size 11"
18"
(7/1/11): The identification of NGC 6655 is uncertain but may apply to an
11" pair of mag 13.3 stars that was easily resolved at 175x. A third star of similar magnitude lies
35" NNW. Located in a rich
Milky Way field near the edge of the Great Rift and 17' E of mag 6.4 HD
171149. Although there is no
non-stellar object near Winnecke's position, his description: pF, S, E,
10"x3", would apply to this pair and the double might appear nebulous
in poor seeing.
August Winnecke
discovered NGC 6655 = Au 42 in June of 1855 with the 9.6-inch Fraunhofer
refractor at the Berlin Observatory and recorded "pF, S, E, 10" x
3". There is nothing near his
position and Arthur Auwers couldn't find this object on two attempts in 1859
and 1860 at Kšnigsberg, but included it in his 1862 catalogue of new
nebulae. In 1865, Heinrich
d'Arrest found a "small, inconspicuous, easily resolvable star cluster."
Harold Corwin
suggests this may be a 11" pair of mag 14 stars, situated 19 seconds of
time west, and 3.3' north of Winnecke's position. See his identification notes. RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 6656 = M22 =
ESO 523-SC4
18 36 24.1 -23
54 12
V = 5.2; Size 24.0'; Surf Br = 1.1
24"
(7/21/12): M22 displayed a few distinct orange/red supergiants. Two colored stars are on the southwest
and southeast side of the core. A
third fainter star forming an isosceles triangle to the north (closer into the
core) is also orange/red.
17.5"
(8/4/94): at 220x appears 10' diameter although outliers may significantly
increase the total diameter. The
very bright core is irregularly round and 3.5'-4' diameter but not concentrated
to the center. M22 is extensively
resolved to the center and there is no distinct nucleus. At the NE edge of the core is rich
small clump with 8-10 stars that collectively stands out well and an easy
bright pair is at the SE edge of the core. The very irregular halo appears more extensive on the NE
side and appears elongated SW-NE.
Dark lanes appear to intrude into the cluster and involve the
surrounding region though this may be an optical effect.
8": very
bright, very large, extremely rich.
A few hundred mag 11-13 stars are resolved and the globular appears
highly resolved down to the core.
A bright clump is visible in the NE section of the core. Varying magnitudes to the cluster
members. M22 is the second best
globular for viewing from Northern California (next to M13, although has
brighter members).
Naked-eye
(8/19/09 and 8/3/11): fairly easy naked-eye fuzzy (non-stellar) glow. Bracketed by two mag 5.5-6 stars about
35' NE and a similar distance west.
Naked eye: This
is the third brightest globular in integrated magnitude (V = 5.2) and generally a difficult
naked-eye object in a dark sky from northern California. It was a fairly easy naked-eye from
Australia, though not as obvious as I expected.
Abraham Ihle
discovered M22 = NGC 6656 = Lac I-12 = h2015 = h3753 on 26 Aug 1665 while observing
Saturn. It was reported that
Hevelius had seen it earlier, but he didn't include M22 in his list. Edmund Halley observed and included
this globular in his 1715 list of six nebulae. Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille observed M22 on 6 Apr 1752 with a
1/2" telescope at 8x, during his expedition to the Cape of Good Hope. WH noted it was "All resolved into
stars" on 4 Jul 1783 using his 12-inch reflector (small 20-foot). On 12 Jul 1784 (sweep 236), he called
it "a most beautiful extensive cluster of stars of various magnitudes,
very compressed in the middle. R and about 8' dia besides the scattered ones
which do more than fill the extent of the field, L, r."
From the Cape of
Good Hope, JH recorded (sweep 793), "globular cluster; vB; vL; vm comp;
vgvmbM; 7' diam. The stars are of
two magnitudes, viz., 15..16m and 12m; and what is remarkable, the largest of
these latter are visibly reddish; one in particular, the largest of all (=
11-12m) sf the middle, is decidedly a ruddy *, and so I think are all the other
large ones."
******************************
NGC 6657 = UGC
11271 = MCG +06-41-003 = CGCG 201-008 = PGC 62019
18 33 01.4 +34
03 38
V = 13.6; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 138d
13.1"
(7/20/85): fairly faint, diffuse, slightly elongated NW-SE, fairly small, broad
concentration with no distinct core.
Located in a rich star field.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6657 = St VII-22 on 16 Jul 1876. His micrometric position is very accurate.
******************************
NGC 6658 = UGC
11274 = MCG +04-44-002 = CGCG 143-002 = LGG 421-004 = PGC 62052
18 33 55.8 +22
53 19
V = 12.9; Size 1.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 5d
17.5"
(7/1/89): faint, small, edge-on N-S, small very bright core with very faint
extensions. A mag 13 star is just
off the east side of the north edge 40" from center. Pair with NGC 6661 9.7' ENE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6658 = m 382, along with NGC 6661, on 6 Jun 1864 and noted
"F, vS, lE."
******************************
NGC 6659
18 33 59 +23 35
42
17.5"
(8/3/97): at 100x a very unimpressive scattered group of ~15 stars elongated
SW-NE is visible just south of a mag 9 star. This weak collection includes 5 brighter mag 10-11 stars and
a mag 9.5 star on the south end. I
would have passed over this grouping without using a GSC plot centered on the
mag 9.5 star at JH's position. At
220x, ~20 stars were counted in a 7'x3' region over some background Milky Way
haze. A small extension of this faint
glow was seen to the south of the group with a few mag 15 stars resolved. Looks entirely like a weak asterism and
it is very surprising that it was logged as a cluster. Listed as nonexistent in RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6659 = h2016 on 12 Jul 1830 and simply noted "A very poor
cluster 8th class." His
position corresponds with a mag 9.5 star, the brightest in a 6'x4' (or larger)
asterism, mostly north of this star.
Karl Reinmuth described "a very loose clustering of a few st
10...15."
******************************
NGC 6660 = NGC
6661 = UGC 11282 = MCG +04-44-003 = CGCG 143-003 = PGC 62072
18 34 36.7 +22
54 35
See observing
notes for NGC 6661.
Lewis Swift
found NGC 6660 = Swift II-68 on 14 Jul 1885 and recorded "pB; pS; R; mbM;
between 2 stars. Larger and
brighter than [GC] 5918 [= NGC 6658]." There is nothing at his position, but exactly 10' north is
NGC 6661 (discovered by Albert Marth on 6 Jun 1864) and his description applies
(the two stars are north and south).
NGC 6660 is noted as identical to NGC 6661 in the IC 1 Notes (PechŸle,
AN #3259). Herbert Howe measured
an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 6661 = NGC
6660 = UGC 11282 = MCG +04-44-003 = CGCG 143-003 = PGC 62072
18 34 36.7 +22
54 35
V = 12.1; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 145d
17.5"
(7/1/89): moderately bright, moderately large, bright core, elongated
NW-SE. Located just south of a
shallow arc consisting of five mag 12-13 stars and just north of a line of four
mag 11 stars oriented SW-NE. Forms
a pair with NGC 6658 9.7' WSW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6661 = m 383 = St II-20 on 6 Jun 1864 and noted "F, vS,
R." His RA is accurate and
his dec is 1' south. ƒdouard
Stephan rediscovered the galaxy on 16 Jul 1871 and measured a very accurate
micrometric position. Stephan must
not have had a copy of Marth's discovery list as he independently found quite a
few of Marth's objects. NGC 6660,
found by Lewis Swift on 14 Jul 1885, is a duplicate observation. See that number.
******************************
NGC 6662 = UGC
11280 = MCG +05-44-003 = CGCG 173-007 = PGC 62059
18 34 11.3 +32 03
51
V = 13.7; Size 1.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 20d
13.1"
(9/3/86): faint, small, very elongated SSW-NNE, brighter core. A mag 11 star [4" pair] is 2.2'
NE. Not identified as NGC 6662 in
the UGC or CGCG.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6662 = St XIII-90 on 7 Aug 1883. His micrometric position is accurate. Neither UGC nor CGCG label this galaxy
as NGC 6662, despite the good position.
MCG, RNGC and RC3 have the correct designation. Malcolm Thomson noted this omission in
his unpublished "Catalogue Corrections".
******************************
NGC 6663 = UGC
11276 = MCG +07-38-011 = CGCG 228-014 = PGC 62032
18 33 33.8 +40
02 56
V = 13.9; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 140d
17.5"
(8/1/89): very faint, fairly small, almost round, extremely weak central
brightening, diffuse.
Edward Swift
discovered NGC 6663 = Sw IX-88 on 29 May 1887. The position is 3.4' due north of UGC 11276, the only nearby
galaxy. The same night Edward
discovered NGC 6685 and NGC 6686, all three within 1.5¡ of Vega. The discoveries were communicated
directly to Dreyer and weren't published until after the NGC (list IX in 1890).
******************************
NGC 6664 = Cr
385 = Lund 850 = OCL-68
18 36 30 -08 11
V = 7.8; Size 16'
17.5"
(7/1/89): at 220x, about 100 stars in a 15' scattered field including several
mag 11 stars. Many stars are
arranged in strings although no dense parts. Located 29' E of Alpha Scuti (V = 3.9).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6664 = H VIII-12 = h3754 on 16 Jun 1784 (sweep 228) and recorded
"a cluster of very coarsely scattered stars; or, the milky way uncommonly
crowded. The cl. did more than
fill my field of view." His
position is on the east side of the cluster. JH made the single observation "a cl of L stars. It is the commencement of the bright
milky way, which here comes on suddenly in the main body."
******************************
NGC 6665 = MCG
+05-44-004 = CGCG 173-010 = PGC 62065
18 34 30.0 +30
43 14
V = 13.6; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 30d
13.1"
(9/3/86): faint, fairly small, very diffuse, very weakly concentrated
core. Located 24' ENE of mag 5.5
SAO 67090.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6665 = St II-21 on 19 Jul 1871. His micrometric position is very accurate. The CGCG fails to label this galaxy NGC
6665, although the identification is certain.
******************************
NGC 6666
18 34 44 +33 35
=Not found, RNGC
and Corwin.
Edward Swift
discovered NGC 6666 = Sw IX-9 on 25 May 1887 and noted "eF; S;
R." This discovery was
directly communicated to Dreyer but it was later included in list IX-89,
published in 1890 after the NGC.
There is nothing near the Swifts' position or Bigourdan's
"corrected" position from 3 Jul 1897. Howe reported "an unsuccessful
search for this was prosecuted on two nights. As it is called "v diff", the region may well be
examined with a larger telescope."
No modern catalogue has an entry for NGC 6666. So for now it is lost.
See Harold Corwin's NGC identification notes.
******************************
NGC 6667 = NGC
6668 = NGC 6678? = UGC 11269 = MCG +11-22-053 = CGCG 332-044 = PGC 61972
18 30 40.1 +67
59 14
V = 12.7; Size 2.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 105d
17.5"
(6/11/88): fairly faint, moderately large, oval 2:1 WNW-ESE, weak
concentration.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6667 = Sw II-69 on 11 Sep 1883 and recorded "vF; pL; lE; vF
D * near." His position is at
the west edge of UGC 11269. There
are few faint pairs in the area that might be his "vF double star
near". Swift found the galaxy
again on 31 Jul 1886 and reported it in list IV-70. His position on that night was exactly 50' too far south, so
assuming a digit error in reading the declination, NGC 6667 = NGC 6668. It's also possible that NGC 6678 = Sw
I-99 is a third observation of this galaxy!
******************************
NGC 6668 = NGC
6667 = NGC 6678? = UGC 11269 = MCG +11-22-053 = CGCG 332-044
18 30 40.1 +67
59 14
See observing
notes for NGC 6667.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6668 = Sw IV-70 on 31 Jul 1886 and logged "pB; pS;
vE." There is nothing near
his position. Herbert Howe,
observing in 1899-00, reported "this is called 'pB, pS, mE' by its
discovered, and therefore ought to be an easy object. I have searched for it on 3 nights unsuccessfully, and
conclude that no such nebula exists in or near the place given for it. It may be identical to [NGC] 6677,
which follows about 3 min at about the same declination." Bigourdan was also unable to find NGC
6668. Dreyer noted in the IC 2
Notes that NGC 6668 was probably identical to NGC 6677, based on Howe's suggestion.
Instead, Harold
Corwin suggests NGC 6668 is a duplicate observation of NGC 6667. This galaxy is exactly 50' north of
Swift's position and his description "vE" applies (the NGC
description is "mE"). It
is also possible that Swift's NGC 6678 is another observation of NGC 6667, in
which case NGC 6667 = NGC 6668 = NGC 6678, all found by Swift. See Corwin's identification notes. RNGC classifies NGC 6668 as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 6669
18 37 15.1 +22
11 45
18"
(7/21/04): at 225x, this is just an inconspicuous, 20" hazy patch that is
lively. A couple of extremely
faint stars are on the verge of visibility. Several bright and faint pairs are in the field including a
faint, close pair 2.4' NW.
17.5"
(8/7/02): at 100x, I noticed a very faint, small hazy patch at the plotted
position. At 263x, the glow was
still faint, ~1' diameter, with an irregular surface brightness with three very
faint stars resolved (two of these are on opposite sides of the glow). Located 10' NE of a mag 6.8 star.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6669 = m 384 on 2 Jul 1864 and noted 'eF, pL." Just 1' north of his position is a very
faint, rich knot of stars that could fit his description. Harold Corwin equates NGC 6669 with
this group of stars.
RNGC and PGC
probably misidentify UGC 11302 as NGC 6669. This galaxy is located 45 seconds of RA east of Marth's
position but also 6.5' south.
Furthermore Marth would have probably mentioned a mag 12 star
superimposed on the north side.
See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 6670 = UGC
11284 = MCG +10-26-044 = CGCG 301-031 = VII Zw 812 = PGC 62033
18 33 37.3 +59
53 22
V = 14.1; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.5
48"
(11/2/13): this fascinating interacting pair was observed at 488x and 813x. NGC
6670B, the western component, appeared as a moderately bright, very thin
edge-on, 5:1 WSW-ESE, 0.6'x0.12'.
NGC 6670A is the brighter eastern component and was slightly detached
(perhaps by 12") from the western component. At 488x it appeared moderately bright with a high surface
brightness, very elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE, 0.6'x0.2', contains a bright elongated
core. An extremely small knot
(LEDA 200359) is at the east-southeast tip. Using 813x, this knot (listed separately in the UGC notes,
but probably a compact star forming region in NGC 6670A) was occasionally just
cleanly detached, round, ~5" diameter, situated barely south of the major
axis. A mag 12.5 star lies 1' ESE
of the eastern component. Located
4.4' due E of mag 9.0 HD 238901.
CGCG 301-32, 5' SE, appeared moderately bright, fairly small, elongated
3:2 SW-NE, 21"x14", brighter core.
24"
(7/21/12): the main two components of this interacting triple were easily
resolved at 322x. The western
component (NGC 6670B) appeared fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated
WSW-ENE, 25"x8", even surface brightness. NGC 6670A is nearly in contact at the east end and appeared
fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE, 24"x12". The tiny companion at the eastern tip
of NGC 6670A was not resolved. Located
4.5' E of mag 9 HD 238901.
Nearby is CGCG
030-032 5' SE, CGCG 030-030 9' W, and 2MFGC 14471 10' SSE. CGCG 030-032 appeared faint, very
small, irregularly round, 15" diameter. CGCG 030-030 is fairly faint, small, round,
15"-18" diameter, slightly brighter nucleus. Located 4.6' WSW of mag 9.0 HD
238901. 2MFGC 14471 = LEDA 2597427
is extremely faint and small, 12" diameter. This low surface brightness edge-on is too faint to see any
shape or structure. Situated
between a mag 11.5 star 0.8' NNW and
a mag 11 star 1.2' S.
17.5"
(7/20/90): very faint, very small.
With close inspection resolves into two galaxies oriented WSW-ENE
(actually a triple system). The
ENE member is larger and brighter and a mag 13 star is 30" SE of the ENE
component. Forms a trio with CGCG
301-032 5' ESE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6670 = Sw IV-71 on 31 Jul 1886 and recorded "eeF; S; cE; e
diff.; between a F and a pB *, nearer the former." His position is fairly accurate and the
"pB *" is mag 9 HD 238901, located 4.7' due west. Swift did not resolve this double
system.
******************************
NGC 6671 = UGC
11299 = MCG +04-44-006 = CGCG 143-006 = PGC 62148
18 37 26.2 +26
25 01
V = 12.9; Size 1.7'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.9
17.5"
(8/2/86): moderately bright, small, high surface brightness. A mag 13.5 star is at the ENE edge
28" from center. A line of
brighter mag 11-12 stars begins with a mag 11.5 star 0.7' NW and extends to the
NW. Situated in a rich star field.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6671 = m 385 = St II-22 on 6 Jun 1864 and noted "vF, vS,
R." His position is
accurate. ƒdouard Stephan
rediscovered the galaxy on 19 Jul 1871 and measured a very accurate micrometric
position.
******************************
NGC 6672
18 36 14.4 +42
56 51
=close double
star, Thomson and Gottlieb.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6672 = St X-37 on 24 Jul 1879 and recorded "Two faint
stars, the northern one appears wrapped in almost imperceptible
nebulosity." At his position
is a 12" pair of star, with the northern star a close double (~3"),
matching his description.
Bigourdan measured an object just 1' from Stephan's position and also
described it as "a double star which appears to have a trace of
nebulosity."
The RNGC and
CGCG misidentify CGCG 228-015 as NGC 6672. This galaxy is almost 40' WSW of Stephan's position! This error was noted in my RNGC
Corrections #6.
******************************
NGC 6673 = ESO
140-044 = AM 1840-622 = PGC 62351
18 45 06.5 -62
17 49
V = 11.6; Size 2.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 26d
30" (11/3/10
- Coonabarabran, 264x): bright, fairly large, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, sharply
concentrated with a very bright core.
A star is just off the east edge and at the south tip. A mag 9 star (HD
172584) is in the field 7.5' SSE.
Located 50' W of mag 4.1 Lambda Pavonis and 21' WSW of mag 7 HD 173167.
Forms a pair
with ESO 140-043 4.4' SSW. This galaxy appeared faint, moderately large. Its sharply concentrated appearance was
unusual with a very small, very bright elongated core surrounded by a very
faint, ill-defined halo, ~1.5'x1.0' N-S.
In addition, IC 4751 and 4753, a 1.6' pair, lies 16' NW and IC 4754 is
20' NNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6673 = h3755 on 7 Aug 1834 NGC and recorded "pF; R; psbM;
r; 25"." His position
(measured on two nights) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6674 = UGC
11308 = MCG +04-44-007 = CGCG 143-008 = PGC 62178
18 38 34.0 +25
22 30
V = 12.2; Size 4.0'x2.2'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 143d
17.5"
(7/1/89): fairly faint, fairly large, very diffuse, elongated NW-SE, bright
core, faint stellar nucleus or a faint star is superimposed. Several faint stars are near.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6674 = m 386 = Sf 32 = St II-23 on 6 Jun 1864 and noted "F,
pS, bM." Truman Safford
rediscovered the galaxy on 6 Jun 1871 and noted "pB, pL". A month later ƒdouard Stephan found it
again on 18 Jul 1871 and measured a very accurate micrometric position. Stephan is credited with the discovery
in the GC Supplement and both Marth and Stephan are listed in the NGC. Safford's discovery was not published
until 1887.
******************************
NGC 6675 = UGC
11305 = MCG +07-38-013 = CGCG 228-019 = PGC 62149
18 37 26.6 +40
03 28
V = 12.4; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 130d
17.5"
(7/5/86): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, mottled,
broad concentration.
13"
(7/27/84): faint, fairly small, almost round, fairly low even surface
brightness.
Auguste Voigt
discovered NGC 6675 = Sf 54 = St VII-23 in 1865 with the 31-inch
silver-on-glass Marseille reflector.
Truman Safford independently found this galaxy on 28 Sep 1866 with the
18.5-inch Clark refractor at Dearborn Observatory and noted "pB, pS,
gbM." ƒdouard Stephan found
it again on 27 Jul 1870 and measured an accurate micrometric position. Voigt's discovery was never published
and Safford's was published late, so Stephan was credited with the discovery in
the GCS and NGC.
******************************
NGC 6676 = UGC
11286 = MCG +11-22-054 = CGCG 322-045 = PGC 62021
18 33 09.9 +66
57 32
V = 14.4; Size 1.6'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 142d
17.5"
(6/11/88): extremely faint, fairly small, edge-on NNW-SSE, requires averted
vision. Located 10' S of NGC
6677/NGC 6679.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6676 = Sw IV-72 on 30 May 1886 and recorded "eeeF; pS; lE;
lbM; ee diff.; 2 or 3 others in field.". His position is 13 seconds of RA west of UGC 11286 W of UGC
11286. His "2 or 3
others" probably refer to NGC 6677 and 6679. Bigourdan measured an accurate position on 5 Sep 1891 as
well as Herbert Howe in 1899-00 with the 20-inch refractor at Denver.
******************************
NGC 6677 = UGC
11290 = MCG +11-22-057 = CGCG 322-047 = CGCG 323-002 = PGC 62035
18 33 36.1 +67
06 36
Size
0.9'x0.35'; PA = 102d
48"
(10/22/11): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 3:1 ~E-W, 0.9'x0.3',
broad concentration with a slightly brighter core. A mag 14.5 star is just
south of the eastern end. NGC 6679
lies 1.7' NNW. This galaxy is
identified as IC 4763 in UGC, CGCG and PGC.
24"
(8/27/14): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE, very weak
concentration, ~40"x16".
A mag 14.5 star is barely off the SE end.
17.5"
(6/11/88): fairly faint, small, very elongated WNW-ESE. A mag 14 star is off the SE end
18" from center. Forms a
close pair with NGC 6679 1.7' NNW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6677 = Sw I-98 on 8 Jun 1885 and logged "pF, pS,
R." His position is 17 sec of
RA west and 2' north of UGC 11290, the largest of a compact trio. Swift made a second observation on 25
Oct 1885, assumed it was a new object and included it in list III-100. His second position was 12 sec of RA
west of UGC 11290. His notes
mention "between a * v close and a vF D *". The "* v close"
is probably a mag 14 star off the southeast end. So, Sw III-100 likely refers to UGC 11290, while Sw I-98 may
apply to UGC 11290 or perhaps nearby NGC 6679 = UGC 11288, which is more
compact and a higher surface brightness.
The NGC position appears to be a mean of Swift's positions.
Bigourdan's
position from 5 Sep 1891 matches UGC 11290 as well as Kobold's in 1899 with the
18-inch refractor at Strasbourg. Herbert Howe, observing in 1899-1900 with the
20" refractor at Denver reported "The NGC says "bet. * v close
and vF D *." I did not notice
the very faint double star; the other is mag 12, and follows the nebula 2
seconds, 10" south." His
position corresponds with UGC 11290, though Dreyer did not publish his
corrected position in the IC 2 Notes.
So, NGC 6677 = UGC 11290.
UGC and CGCG
misidentify NGC 6677 as IC 4763, though RNGC appears to have the correct
identification. Malcolm Thomson
discusses the identification in his unpublished "Catalogue
Corrections". Harold Corwin
arrives at some different conclusions for identifications of NGC 6677, NGC 6679
and IC 4763.
******************************
NGC 6678 = NGC
6667? = NGC 6668? = UGC 11269 = MCG +11-22-053 = CGCG 332-044
18 30 40.1 +67
59 14
See observing
notes for NGC 6667.
Lewis Swift
found NGC 6678 = Sw I-99 on 8 Jun 1885 and noted "pF; pS; R." There is nothing obvious near his
position that he might have picked up and the closest galaxy is NGC 6667 = UGC
11269, situated 2.5 minutes of RA west and 8' further north. Harold Corwin suggests that NGC 6678
may be a duplicate observation of NGC 6667, which Swift discovered earlier on
11 Sep 1883. In addition, Swift's
IV-70 = NGC 6668 may be a third observation of this galaxy (his position is off
by 50' in declination). So, it's
possible NGC 6667 = NGC 6668 = NGC 6678 refer to UGC 11269. Due to Swift's poor position, neither
Bigourdan nor Herbert Howe could find NGC 6678. See Harold Corwin's identification notes for more.
******************************
NGC 6679 = IC
4763 = UGC 11288s = MCG +11-22-055 = CGCG 322-046s = CGCG 323-001s = VV 672 =
VII Zw 814 = PGC 62029
18 33 30.3 +67
08 13
Size 0.4'x0.3'
48"
(10/22/11): bright, fairly small, round, high surface brightness, 20"
diameter. A 14th magnitude star is
attached at the southwest edge and a mag 16.5 star is 20" NE. In a close trio with NGC 6677 1.7' SSE
and MCG +11-22-056 = PGC 62026 is 0.6' N.
The MCG companion (identified as IC 4763 in MCG and as NGC 6679 in PGC
and Megastar) appeared fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, 0.3'x0.2'. A
15th magnitude star is 18" NNE.
Zwicky described
the pair (VII Zw 814) with MCG +11-22-056 as "post-eruptive blue patchy
compacts interconnected by a broad uniform bridge, separation = 30"
NNE-SSW."
24"
(8/27/14): fairly faint to moderately bright, small, round, 18" diameter,
fairly high surface brightness. A
mag 14.5 star is attached at the southwest edge.
MCG +11-22-056 =
PGC 62026 lies just 0.6' N. At 375x it appeared extremely faint or very faint,
round, just 8"-10" diameter.
Once in my averted vision sweet spot, I could nearly hold this galaxy
continuously. A mag 15 star
(brighter than the galaxy) lies 0.3' NNE.
17.5"
(6/11/88): fairly faint, very small, elongated SW-NE. One or two extremely faint stars are possibly involved or
close off the edge. Forms a close
pair with NGC 6677 1.7' SSE. MCG
+11-22-056, a nearly stellar galaxy just 38" N was not seen.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6679 = Sw IX-90 on 24 Jun 1887 and described "an extremely
close double with [NGC] 6679; suspected with 132, confirmed with 200; perfectly
separated with 250." This was the third time he visited the field, the
previous nights on 8 Jun 1885
(I-98) and 25 Oct 1885 (III-100).
Dreyer concluded the first two numbers referred to NGC 6677, which is
probably UGC 11290, the largest in the compact triplet. Swift's position for IX-90 also matches
UGC 11290, but in a 1894 issue of Popular Astronomy, Swift clarified that NGC
6679 is a close double, which is a better fit with MCG +11-22-055 = PGC 62029,
which has a faint star at its southwest edge.
Dreyer made an
error in the declination of NGC 6679, placing it nearly 10' further north than
Swift's position in list IX.
Confusing the issue further is that NGC 6679 is a double system with an
extremely faint component 35" north.
Bigourdan made an observation on 5 Sep 1891. He couldn't find NGC 6679
at Dreyer's incorrect place, but accurately measured PGC 62029 and Dreyer
recatalogued this galaxy as IC 4763.
When Howe observed the field in 1899-00, he measured NGC 6677 and 6679
and described NGC 6679 as "a nebulous double star of mag 12.5, distance
5" and angle 60¡. The NGC
place is 8.5' out in declination."
His position for NGC 6679 is an exact match with PGC 62029. So, NGC 6679 = IC 4763.
The double
system UGC 11288 is misidentified as NGC 6677 + NGC 6679 in the UGC and CGCG
and NGC 6677 + IC 4763 in the MCG.
It doesn't appear that the northern component (MCG +11-22-056 = PGC
62026 ) was seen by Swift, Bigourdan or Howe although IC 4763 is often
incorrectly assigned to this compact galaxy. Malcolm Thomson (in his unpublished "Catalogue
Corrections") and Harold Corwin assign different identifications for this
confusing situation.
******************************
NGC 6680 = CGCG
143-010 = PGC 62210
18 39 44.0 +22
18 58
V = 14.4; Size 0.7'x0.5'
17.5"
(8/1/89): faint, small, round, diffuse, weak concentration. An extremely faint star is possibly
involved. Located within a line of
six mag 14-15 stars in a very rich star field!
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6680 = m 387 on 2 Jul 1864 and noted "eF, S, close to a
small *." His position is
accurate. This system appears to
have at least two components and several superimposed stars and knots. Perhaps one of these components is
Marth's "small *".
******************************
NGC 6681 = M70 =
ESO 458-SC3
18 43 12.6 -32
17 31
V = 8.1; Size 7.8'; Surf Br = 0.2
17.5"
(7/14/99): At 220x, M70 displays a 3' round halo and is very well concentrated
to a small bright core and intense nucleus. A string of three brighter stars extends to the north from
the northeast end and a number of stars are resolved in the halo. At 280x, ~15-20 faint stars are
resolved in the halo and at the edge of the core, particularly on the south
side over a very lively background.
13": very
small bright core, faint stars are resolved at the edges. A bright string of stars at the
following side trails to the NNE.
8": few
faint stars resolved at high power, bright core. The halo appears flattened on the east side.
15x50mm IS
binoculars (8/3/11): very small, fairly faint glow, brighter center, not
difficult.
Charles Messier
discovered M70 = NGC 6681 = D 614 = h3756 on 31 Aug 1780 and described "a
nebula without star, near the preceding [M 69] and on the same parallel. Near
to it is a 9 mag. star and four small telescopic stars, almost in the same
straight line, close to one another and situated below the nebula as seen in a
reversing telescope. Diam.
2'." On 13 Jul 1784 (sweep
237), WH recorded "easily resolvable, cB, pL, iR. A very faint red
perceivable." James Dunlop
recorded it on 2 Jun 1826 as "a pretty bright round nebula, about 1 1/2'
diameter, very much condensed to the centre." Dunlop claims 5 observations in his catalogue. On 1 Aug 1834 JH recorded
"globular, B, R, gmbM, diam in RA = 7 seconds; resolved into stars
14...17m."
******************************
NGC 6682
18 39 37 -04 48
48
17.5" (8/12/01):
this appears to be a large Milky Way field in the Scutum Star Cloud, at the
eastern edge of the great rift. At
64x (31 Nagler), there is no obvious cluster but two large, fairly rich,
elongated condensations were noted.
The larger southern group is about 20' in size, extended NW-SE. Connected on the following end to the
north is another Milky Way patch, perhaps 15' in size. Both groups are fairly rich with a background
of haze. The star density
dramatically drops just east of this cloud (part of Great Rift) and then the
Milky Way bursts into view again on the opposite side of the rift. So the grouping only barely stands out
due to location in an absorption hole at edge of the Great Rift. Listed as a nonexistent cluster in the
RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6682 = h2017 on 25 Jul 1827 and recorded "A L p rich cl of
straggling stars, having a vacuity in M and broken into 2 or 3 clusters. Fills field. 70 or 80 stars of all magnitudes from 10 to 18 counted. Extended, in parallel. The most comp part f." There is nothing at his position, but 2
minutes of time west is a large, scattered group fitting his description. The positional error was repeated in
the NGC, though Harold Corwin notes that Bigourdan gave a corrected
position. The RNGC classifies this
object as nonexistent at the erroneous NGC position. See Harold Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 6683 = Lund
856 = OCL-74
18 42 13 -06 12
42
V = 9.4; Size 4
17.5"
(7/1/89): about 20 faint mag 13-15 stars in two converging rows in a very rich
field. The edge of the "Great
Rift" is just 10' W (part of dark nebula B103) with an abrupt drop off in
stars!
8"
(7/5/83): 10 faint stars in an elongated group over unresolved haze. The "Great Rift" is obvious
just 10' W. In a rich field.
8"
(7/16/82): elongated group of about 12 stars mag 11 and fainter in a rich star
field.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6683 = h2018 on 28 Jul 1827 and recorded "A more than
usually condensed portion of the enormous cluster of the Milky Way. The field has 200 or 300 stars in it at
once." His position is
accurate. Based on Heidelberg
plates, Karl Reinmuth noted "irregular clustering in extremely dense
region, not well defined."
******************************
NGC 6684 = ESO
104-016 = AM 1843-651 = PGC 62453
18 48 57.9 -65
10 23
V = 10.4; Size 4.0'x2.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 35d
18" (7/9/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 171x this galaxy appeared fairly bright
and large, slightly elongated SW-NE, 2.0'x1.6'. Sharply concentrated with a strikingly bright core and a
large, slightly oval halo. The
core brightens evenly to a stellar nucleus with direct vision. A mag 11 star is off the south side,
2.5' from center. Located 6' SSE
of mag 5.7 Theta Pavonis! Member
of the NGC 6744 group.
NGC 6684A lies
30' NE. It was observed on 14 Oct
2015 at 303x with the 3RF 30" near Crookwell. At 303x it appeared very large, low surface brightness glow,
irregularly round, ~2' in diameter.
Exhibits a very weak central brightening and there was no defined edge
to the halo. A pair of mag 13-14
stars is at the southwest edge.
Located 30' NE of NGC 6684 and 28' NE of mag 5.7 Theta Pavonis. Nestled in a group of stars, including
a mag 9.7 star 2.7' NW, a mag 8.5 star 7.7' SE and a number of mag 13-14 stars.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6684 = h3757 on 8 Jun 1836 and recorded "vB; R; first vg,
then psmbM; 90"; a * 6-7m, 7' sp." The RNGC misclassifies this galaxy as a globular
cluster.
******************************
NGC 6685 = UGC
11317 = MCG +07-38-015 = CGCG 228-021 = PGC 62220
18 39 58.6 +39
58 54
V = 13.4; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 30d
17.5"
(7/5/86): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, bright core. Located 8.7' SSE of mag 8 SAO
47678. Member of a trio with IC 4772
2.8' N and NGC 6686 9.5' NNE.
RNGC, UGC, CGCG misidentify IC 4772 as NGC 6685. Described as very small as 8/2/86.
Edward Swift
discovered NGC 6685 = Sw IX-91 on 29 May 1887 and recorded "eeF; vS; R; e
diff; sp of 2 [with NGC 6686]; in finder field with Epsilon Lyrae." The positions for both objects are 3'
too far north, though Bigourdan measured an accurate position on 2 Aug 1888
(published in his 8 Jul 1901 Comptes Rendus paper).
Unfortunately,
Swift's published position falls close to a fainter third galaxy (IC 4772 = PGC
62217), which was discovered by Herbert Howe on 7 Sep 1898 and placed
accurately. The CGCG (228-021),
MCG (+07-38-015) and UGC (11317) reverse the identifications of NGC 6685 and IC
4772, calling the NGC 6685 the fainter third galaxy. The RNGC also misidentifies IC 4772 as NGC 6685. These errors were noted in my RNGC
Corrections #2 as well as by Malcolm Thomson in his CGCG corrections.
******************************
NGC 6686 = MCG
+07-38-017 = CGCG 228-022 = PGC 62224
18 40 07.0 +40
08 15
V = 14.2; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(7/5/86): faint, small, round, bright core. Located 4.8' ENE of mag 8 SAO 47678. Slightly smaller and fainter than NGC
6685 9.5' SSW. IC 4772 is 7.9'
SSW.
Edward Swift,
the 16 year-old son of Lewis, discovered NGC 6686 = Sw IX-92 (along with NGC
6685) on 29 May 1887. The
discovery was communicated directly to Dreyer and wasn't published until 1890,
after the NGC. The declination for
both galaxies is 3' too far north and several seconds of RA too far west. Bigourdan measured an accurate position
(matching CGCG 228-022) on 2 Aug 1888 (repeated in the IC2 Notes). See identification notes for NGC 6685.
******************************
NGC 6687 = UGC
11309 = MCG +10-26-046 = CGG 301-034 = PGC 62144
18 37 22.3 +59
38 33
V = 14.0; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.4
17.5"
(7/20/90): very faint, very small, roundish, low even surface brightness. Collinear with two mag 11 stars to the
east. There are several stars mag
10-12 to the SW in a group. Situated
in a rich and bright star field!
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6687 = Sw I-100 on 11 Jul 1883 and recorded "eF; pL; R; bet
2 st; also bet 2 coarse clusters; np of 2 [with NGC 6696?]. His position is 13 seconds of RA too
large and 1' too far north. His
description "bet 2 stars, also bet 2 coarse clusters" applies to
scattered groups of stars to the southwest and northeast. So the identification is certain. Bigourdan measured an accurate position
on 14 Aug 1891 as well as Herbert Howe in 1899-00 at Denver.
******************************
NGC 6688 = UGC
11324 = MCG +06-41-015 = CGCG 201-027 = PGC 62242
18 40 40.3 +36
17 22
V = 12.6; Size 1.7'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(7/5/86): moderately large, diffuse, round, prominent small bright core,
possible stellar nucleus. Pair
with UGC 11325 8.0' S.
13" (7/27/84):
faint, small, low surface brightness, faint stellar nucleus. Located 30' ENE of ·2362.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6688 = m 388 = Sf 35 = St II-24 on 3 Aug 1864 and noted "F,
pS, R, bM." His position
matches UGC 113245. Truman Safford
found the galaxy on 6 Jun 1871 and noted "vmbM, 40" diam, nucl
12m". Finally, ƒdouard
Stephan rediscovered the galaxy again on 25 Jul 1870 and measured an accurate
micrometric position (using Esmiol's re-reduction). Stephan is listed as the discoverer in the GC Supplement
(5926). Dreyer credited both Marth and Stephan in the NGC. The NGC position is nearly 5' too far
north, though Bigourdan also measured an accurate position on 28 Jul 1886.
******************************
NGC 6689 = NGC
6690 = UGC 11300 = MCG +12-17-026 = CGCG 340-050 = KAZ 210 = PGC 62077
18 34 50.0 +70
31 27
See observing
notes for NGC 6690.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 6689 on 22 Aug 1863 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position and
description (he measured the offset to mag 7.7 HD 172803 7' southeast) matches
UGC 11300 = PGC 62077. Lewis Swift
independently rediscovered this galaxy twice in 1884 (V-86 and V-85), and this
galaxy also is catalogued as NGC 6690.
So, NGC 6689 = NGC 6690.
******************************
NGC 6690 = NGC
6689 = UGC 11300 = MCG +12-17-026 = CGCG 340-050 = KAZ 210 = PGC 62077
18 34 50.0 +70
31 27
V = 12.5; Size 3.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 171d
17.5"
(6/11/88): moderately bright, fairly large, very elongated NNW-SSE. A mag 14 star is just off the west side
0.6' from center. A brighter mag
13 star is east of the north tip and an extremely faint mag 15-15.5 star is
involved at the NNW end.
Lewis Swift
found NGC 6690 = Sw V-86 = Sw V-85 on 16 Aug 1884 and recorded "pF; L; R;
bet 2 st." His position is
just east of the core of UGC 11300 and the two stars are southwest and
northeast. He found this galaxy on
31 Oct 1886, assumed it was new, and logged V-85 as "vF; pS; lE; nearly
bet. 2 near st." His second
position is 2.5' too far northwest, although clearly applies to the same
galaxy. Dreyer combined the two
Swift entries into NGC 6690.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered this galaxy on 22 Aug 1863 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen and listed it as #188 in his AN 1500 list. His position (measured twice) is accurate and Dreyer also
catalogued this galaxy as NGC 6689, despite the very similar positions. So, NGC 6689 = NGC 6690. UGC 11300 is usually identified as NGC
6690, although by d'Arrest's prior discovery it should be labeled NGC 6689.
Herbert Howe
observed NGC 6690 in 1899-00 and reported "this is given as "R"
in the NGC. But it really has two
faint wings stretching out north and south from the much brighter centre,
making the nebula 1.5' long. At
its northern end is a star of mag 12."
******************************
NGC 6691 = UGC
11318 = MCG +09-30-031 = CGCG 279-022 = PGC 62202
18 39 12.3 +55
38 30
V = 12.9; Size 1.6'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(7/20/90): fairly faint, fairly small, round, low surface brightness, broad
concentration. Located 2.9' N of
mag 9.1 SAO 31090.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6691 = Sw IV-73 on 16 Aug 1884 and recorded "vF; pL; R; pB
* nr s[outh].". His position
is 2' south-southwest of UGC 11318 and his comment "pB * nr south"
applies to mag 9.8 HD 238917 3' south.
But the NGC position is further out - 30 sec of RA too far west and E and 3'.3' too far south.
******************************
NGC 6692 = UGC
11330 = MCG +06-41-018 = CGCG 201-033 = PGC 62268
18 41 41.6 +34
50 37
V = 13.2; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 110d
17.5"
(7/5/86): fairly faint, small, round, weak concentration, slightly elongated
~E-W. A bright double star (·2372
= 6.4/8.1 at 25") is 8' SE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6692 = St XIII-91 on 11 Aug 1883 and recorded "vF, vS, irr
elongated E-W, sev vf * inv."
His micrometric position is very accurate.
******************************
NGC 6693
18 41 32 +36 54
54
=Not found,
Corwin. =*, RNGC.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6693 = m 389 on 3 Aug 1864 and simply noted "vF". There is nothing nebulous near his
position and as expected Bigourdan reported a negative sighting. RNGC classifies NGC 6693 as a star as
there are only stars near his position.
See Harold Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 6694 = M26 =
Cr 389
18 45 18 -09 23
00
V = 8.0; Size 15'
17.5"
(6/30/00): this rich, distinctive cluster stands out well in the field at
100x. At 220x, ~60 stars are
resolved in a 7' diameter. A mag 9
star marks the SW end. About a
dozen stars are arranged in a striking arc (concave to the west) just north of
the mag 9 star. A dark lane
oriented N-S bisects the cluster just following this star chain and extending
past the bright star. On the east
side of this lane is a rich group of stars, roughly arranged into two irregular
ovals.
13"
(7/27/84): about 40 stars mag 9-14 are resolved in a 7' diameter at 220x. The brightest star is mag 8.8 SAO
142584 at the SW end. A faint
group of mag 13.5-14 stars is just east of the main section. Located in a rich field.
8": 20
stars mag 11-13, fairly small.
Consists mostly of faint stars except for the four brighter central
stars that form a "kite" asterism. Some dense sections of faint stars lie north and south in
strings.
Charles Messier
discovered M26 = NGC 6694 = h3758 on 20 Jun 1764. On 16 Jun 1784 (sweep 228), WH noted "a cluster of
scattered stars, not rich." JH recorded (sweep 591) "cl VII class; p
rich; irreg R; p well insulated; not much comp M; 10' diam; st 12...15m; one 9m
taken."
******************************
NGC 6695 = UGC
11340 = MCG +07-38-018 = CGCG 228-023 = PGC 62296
18 42 42.9 +40
21 59
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 12d
48"
(10/24/11): this excellent two-armed barred spiral appeared fairly bright,
moderately large with a slightly curving "bar" that is elongated 2:1
SSW-NNE, ~0.6'x0.3'. Contains a
slightly brighter, elongated core.
An arm emerges from the NNE end of the bar and curves clockwise, bending
northwest towards a mag 15.5 star and fading out just before intersecting the
star. The second arm is attached
at the soiuth-southwest end extending south, though dimming out rapidly before
reaching a mag 16 star off the south end.
Overall, the galaxy has an elongated "S" appearance.
17.5"
(7/5/86): faint, elongated lens, fairly diffuse, slightly brighter along the
major axis.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6695 = St XIII-92 on 22 Aug 1884 and recorded "eF, S, irr,
lE N-S, vlbM." His position
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6696 = MCG
+10-26-047 = PGC 62215
18 40 05.0 +59 20
02
V = 15.1; Size 0.8'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 0d
17.5"
(8/25/95): extremely faint, very small, elongated 3:2 N-S, very low surface
brightness. Not seen initially but
once the position was determined using a finder chart, the galaxy was visible about
75% of time with averted vision and concentration. Located 2.1' N of a mag 13 star.
17.5"
(6/24/95): extremely faint and small, round (elongated N-S on the POSS),
requires averted vision. Forms a
right angle with a mag 13 star 2.1' S and a mag 14.5 star 1.3' E.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6696 = Sw II-70 on 17 June 1884 and recorded "eeeF; in(?)
vacancy pL; sev B st f and p it, e diff." There is nothing close to his position but 1.0 minute of RA
west and 3' south is PGC 62215.
There are several mag 9-10 stars in his wide field "f and
p". Herbert Howe measured an
accurate position and noted "The NGC place is 1m out in right ascension
and 2' in declination. The nebula
is elongated north and south and is a difficult object." MCG does not label this galaxy NGC
6696.
******************************
NGC 6697 = UGC
11349 = MCG +04-44-014 = CGCG 143-021 = PGC 62354
18 45 15.1 +25
30 44
V = 12.7; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(8/1/89): faint, very small, round, 25" diameter, small bright core. A mag 15 star is just off the SW edge
14" from center, rich star field.
Several bright stars near including three mag 10 stars 1.9' ESE and 4.2'
ESE on a line and also 2.3' SSW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6697 = m 390 on 2 Jul 1864 and noted "F, vS, stell." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6698 = ESO
523-?8
18 48 12 -25 55
18"
(9/3/05): at 115x there was nothing notable at William Herschel's
position. Harold Corwin suggests a
denser grouping about 25' N and at this location there is a very scattered
Milky Way field of stars, ~20'-25' in diameter, but this star field does not
stand out at the eyepiece. In
fact, the only object in the area that caught my eye was a small glowing 2'
knot of stars at ~18 48.0 -25 43.7 (10' N of Herschel's position), though this
knot doesn't match his description of "A suspected cluster of vF stars of
considerable extent". At
225x, ~10 stars were resolved within 1.5'-2'. The planetary M3-33 (see
description) is situated within the grouping observed 25' N of the NGC
position. Listed as nonexistent in
the RNGC.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6698 = H VI-15 on 12 Jul 1784 (sweep 236) and recorded "A
suspected cluster of vF st of considerable extent." There is no particular clustering at
his position, although a 2' group of five mag 11-13 stars is 4' north. JH did not make an observation, so
there is little else to go on.
RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent (Type 7).
Harold Corwin
suggests NGC 6698 may be a group of stars about 27' north of WH's
position. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 6699 = ESO
183-021 = PGC 62512
18 52 02.1 -57
19 14
V = 12.0; Size 1.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 12.7
30"
(10/12/15 - OzSky): at 303x and 394x; bright, large, round, 1.25' diameter, sharply
concentrated with a very small, very bright nucleus and a fairly smooth
halo. The field is fairly rich in
fainter stars and mag 8 HD 174139 lies 8.3' NNE. IC 4775 lies 30' WNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6699 = h3759 on 12 Jul 1834 and logged "pF; lE in parallel;
pslbM; 40" l, 30" br."
His position is 1' too far north.
******************************
NGC 6700 = UGC
11351 = MCG +05-44-010 = CGCG 173-026 = PGC 62376
18 46 04.5 +32
16 46
V = 13.1; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 115d
17.5"
(8/2/86): fairly faint, moderately large, slightly elongated WNW-ESE, diffuse,
weak concentration. A mag 13.5 is
at the west edge 37" from center.
Located 2.8' WSW of mag 8.9 SAO 67362.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6700 = St V-3 on 17 Aug 1873 and recorded "eF, lE, diffuse,
iR." His micrometric position
is very accurate.
******************************
NGC 6701 = UGC
11348 = MCG +10-26-050 = CGCG 301-036 = CGCG 302-002 = PGC 62314
18 43 12.6 +60
39 12
V = 12.1; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 25d
17.5"
(8/13/88): bright, moderately large, elongated SW-NE, bright core, substellar
nucleus. A mag 11 star is at the
SE end 40" from the center.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6701 = Sw II-71 on 6 Aug 1883 and recorded "pB; pS; vE; F *
close to f[ollowing] end."
His position and description matches UGC 11348. Herbert Howe added "the elongation
is very pronounced, and is at 120¡ [bar], the nebula points at a star of mag
10, less than 1' distant. There is
one condensation of mag 13 [core]; one of mag 14 was suspected at the preceding
end of the nebula."
******************************
NGC 6702 = UGC
11354 = MCG +08-34-019 = CGCG 255-013 = PGC 62395
18 46 57.6 +45
42 20
V = 12.2; Size 1.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 65d
17.5"
(8/1/89): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated WSW-ENE, bright core,
very small or stellar brighter nucleus.
Forms an optical pair with NGC 6703 10' SSE. The redshift of NGC 6702 is twice that of NGC 6703, so it
lies far in the background.
8"
(8/12/83): very faint, diffuse, small, almost round, even surface
brightness. Located 10' NNW of NGC
6703.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 6702 on 8 Sep 1863 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position (measured
on two nights) is accurate. Just 4
nights earlier he discovered NGC 6703.
******************************
NGC 6703 = UGC
11356 = MCG +08-34-020 = CGCG 255-014 = PGC 62409
18 47 18.9 +45
33 01
V = 11.3; Size 2.5'x2.3'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(8/1/89): fairly bright, fairly small, round, very bright core, stellar
nucleus. Located within a string
of four mag 12/13 stars (two are south and two are north) including two mag
12.5 stars 1.3' S and 1.7' NNW of center.
Forms an optical pair with NGC 6702 10' NNW, but NGC 6703 lies in the
foreground at roughly half the distance.
8"
(8/12/83): fairly faint, small, fairly high surface brightness, bright
core. Collinear with two mag 12
stars to the SSW. NGC 6702 lies
10' NNW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 6703 on 4 Sep 1863 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. He noted a bright
stellar nucleus of 12th magnitude and measured an accurate position. NGC 6702 was discovered 4 nights later
on a second observation.
******************************
NGC 6704 = Cr
390 = Lund 864 = OCL-82
18 50 45 -05 12
18
V = 9.2; Size 6'
17.5"
(7/1/89): at 220x, 40 stars mag 12-15 are visible over unresolved haze,
elongated N-S. Three collinear mag
12.5 stars oriented NNW-SSE are equally spaced near the center. Located 55' N of M11.
Friedrich August
Winnecke discovered NGC 6704 = Au 43 on 23 Jul 1854 at age 19 with his personal
3-inch Metrz comet seeker at Gottingen.
In AN 1072 he reported "In July 1854 I discovered a faint nebula in
Scutum with the comet-seeker. In
the Berlin refractor [9.6-inch Fraunhofer] it appears as a faint star cluster,
but the place might be interesting, because it looks cometary in a small
scope." Arthur Auwers
measured an accurate position with the Konigsberg Heliometer (AN 1392) and
described the cluster as elongated in the meridian (N-S), 3'x2'. He included it in his 1862 list of new
nebulae.
******************************
NGC 6705 = M11 =
Wild Duck cluster = Cr 391
18 51 05 -06 16
12
V = 5.8; Size 14'
13.1"
(7/16/82): at 140x, several hundred stars mag 11-15 and a brighter mag 8 star
(SAO 142695) in a 10' region form a remarkably rich cluster including some
dense knots of stars. A starless
vacuity is visible just west of center at medium power. Dark lanes appear to wind through the
cluster at high power grouping the stars into chains. Several dark nebula are near including B108, B112, B318.
8": this is
the most impressive open cluster with this aperture. Appears as an extremely rich carpet of faint stars and dense
clumps in an arrowhead shape.
Gottfried Kirch
discovered M11 = NGC 6705 = h2019 on 1 Sep 1681 in Leipzig, Germany and made a
rough sketch (the bright mag 8 star is prominently drawn but no other
stars). William Derham first
resolved it around 1733 with an 8-foot (focal length) reflector and described
"..not a nebulose, but a cluster of stars, somewhat like that which is in
the Milky Way" (PT XXXVIII, 70).
De ChŽseaux also resolved it into "a wonderful cluster of small
stars."
WH observe the
cluster with his 10-ft telescope (4-inch aperture) around 1780 and noted the
cluster was visible naked-eye. JH
wrote (23 Jul 1827), "A beautiful irregularly R cl 10' or 12' diam. The
stars are all 11m except one = 9m whose place is taken. Examined with high
magnifiers [I have often viewed it with 800 and even 1200]; it is broken into 5
or 6 distinct groups with rifts or cracks between them." Observing with a 9.5" refractor
around 1856, Father Secchi described the cluster as having three leaf-shaped
dark lanes (AN 43, 157).
The nickname
"Wild Duck Cluster" is from Admiral Smyth's 1844 guidebook "A
Cycle of Celestial Objects".
He describes the telescopic appearance as "A splendid cluster of
stars ...which somewhat resembles a flight of wild ducks in shape, is a
gathering of minute stars, with a prominent 8th-magnitude in the middle, and
two following".
******************************
NGC 6706 = ESO
104-024 = LGG 423-004 = PGC 62596
18 56 51.1 -63
09 58
V = 12.8; Size 1.5'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 123d
30"
(11/3/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly bright, moderately large, very
elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE, 1.4'x0.5', broad concentration to a small, brighter
core. IC 4800 lies 12.5' ESE and
IC 4784 is 28' WSW. Located 22'
due south of mag 6.5 HD 174877.
NGC 6706 is an outlying member of ACO S805 = Pavo II cluster, 1.1¡ ENE
of the center of the cluster (dominated by IC 4765).
IC 4800 appeared
fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, 1.6'x0.8', well
concentrated with a small bright core and fainter halo. The major axis is collinear with a mag
14.3 star and a mag 12.8 star, 0.8' and 1.3' NNW of center, respectively. At the southern vertex of a large
isosceles triangle with mag 6.5 HD 174877 23' NW and mag 6.8 HD 175782 23' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6706 = h3760 on 8 Jun 1836 and simply noted "Nebula. No description." His position
matches ESO 104-024. DeLisle
Stewart described the galaxy as "vF, vS, eE 120¡, stell ncl.", based
on examination of plates at Harvard's Arequipa Station in Peru.
******************************
NGC 6707 = ESO
183-025 = AM 1851-535 = LGG 425-001 = PGC 62563
18 55 22.2 -53
49 08
V = 12.6; Size 2.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 143d
30"
(11/3/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 2:1
NW-SE, 1.8'x0.9', broad concentration to a large, elongated core. Located 2' SSW of a mag 11 star and 15'
E of mag 8.4 HD 174477. Forms a
pair with higher surface brightness NGC 6708 6' NNE. Situated in a fairly rich star field.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6707 = h3761 on 8 Jul 1834 and recorded "vF; vS; R; gbM;
12"." On a later sweep
his size estimate was 80".
His mean of two position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6708 = ESO
183-027 = AM 1851-534 = LGG 425-002 = PGC 62569
18 55 35.6 -53
43 25
V = 12.7; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 167d
30"
(11/3/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): bright, moderately large, slightly elongated
N-S, 1.0'x0.9', moderately concentrated to a small bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 6707 6' SSW. Situated in a fairly rich star field.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6708 = h4021 on 9 Jun 1836 and recorded "F; S; R; 15";
the following of a group." On
6 Jun 1837 he logged "pB; R; 90"; gpbM." This observation was not included in the
main table of the Cape of Good Hope catalogue but added in a
"supplementary nebulae" list at the end (h4016 to h4021), which
Dreyer identified as "h o n" (Herschel Omitted Object) in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 6709 = Cr
392 = Mel 214 = Lund 866
18 51 18 +10 19
06
V = 6.7; Size 13'
18"
(8/14/04): excellent open cluster at 115x with roughly 100 stars mag
10-13. Appears triangular, ~20'
diameter with an additional loop of stars bowed out to the south attached at
the ends of the southern side of the triangle. At the eastern end is a distinctive 22" pair of mag
9.2/9.7 stars (Burnham 1464) oriented SSW-NNE, with the SW star an orange
color. A closer 10" pair lies
1' E (h870 = 9.8/11.3 at 12") and forms a quadrilateral with this brighter
pair. The stars are irregularly distributed with some vacant regions and there
appears to be dust throughout the field, particularly west of the cluster but
also intruding into the cluster. A
N-S string of a half-dozen stars is on the west side forming one of the bases
of the triangle.
17.5"
(8/1/86): over 100 stars mag 9-14 resolved in a 15-20' field but not
dense. Appears best at
83x-105x. An easy mag 10 double
star at 22" separation is at the east side and a close fainter pair
follows. Visible in 16x80 finder.
13": fairly
large, about 70 stars in cluster, includes some close double stars.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6709 = h2020 on 29 Jul 1827 and recorded "a p considerable
cl; 15' diam; irreg fig, 50 or 60 stars, large and scattered. The place is that of the double star
No. 870 [HJ 870] of my third catalogue." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6710 = UGC
11364 = MCG +04-44-019 = CGCG 143-027 = LGG 424-001 = PGC 62482
18 50 34.2 +26
50 16
V = 13.1; Size 1.7'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 40d
13.1"
(7/20/85): fairly faint, broad concentration, elongated SW-NE, possible faint
stellar nucleus. A mag 11 star is
1.6' SSE of center. Located 26'
NNE of ·2406 = 6.9/10.9 at 5" in a rich star field.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6710 = m 391 = St II-24 on 3 Aug 1864 and noted "vF, S, R,
bM." ƒdouard Stephan
independently rediscovered this galaxy on 18 Jul 1871. His accurate micrometric position is
accurate. Both are credited in the
NGC, though Dreyer referenced Stephan's first list, instead of list II.
******************************
NGC 6711 = UGC
11361 = MCG +08-34-025 = CGCG 255-017 = PGC 62456
18 49 01.1 +47
39 29
V = 12.9; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4
13.1"
(7/20/85): faint, fairly small, diffuse, weak concentration, slightly elongated
WSW-ENE. Located 8.6' N of mag 7.5
SAO 47830 on the Lyra-Draco border.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6711 = Sw II-72 on 5 Aug 1885 and logged "vF; pS; R;
lbM." His position is 7
seconds west of UGC 11361 and the identification is certain.
******************************
NGC 6712
18 53 04.3 -08
42 21
V = 8.2; Size 7.2'; Surf Br = 1.4
24"
(8/12/15): at 450x (10mm ZAO + 2x Powermate); nearly fills 5' field, excellent
resolution over the entire surface with well over 50 stars resolved. A dense group of easily resolved stars
is on the west side of the halo. A
large number of fainter resolved stars is alsoon the south side. The outer halo is ragged and
straggling, with no distinct border but shot with numerous stars. A well resolved, detached elongated
section (separated by a lane) is on the south and southeast side of the
halo. Set in a beautiful low power
field with planetary nebula IC 1295 24' ESE. Observation at 8600 ft in excellent transparency in the
White Mountains.
18"
(7/23/06): situated in a gorgeous low power Milky Way star field at 115x with a
dense background mat of faint stars filling the 45' field and planetary IC 1295
24' ESE. At 435x roughly three
dozen stars are resolved in a 6' region, mostly on the western half of the
cluster. The core is moderately
bright but not sharply concentrated.
The irregular halo is peppered with faint stars though at the periphery
it was impossible to really distinguish from these from the numerous faint
field stars that surround the cluster.
A dark lane is quite obvious on the south side, appearing to detach the
outer section of the halo on the southeast side. The outer halo is poorly resolved on the eastern end.
18"
(8/23/03): at 435x, approximately three dozen stars can be counted, although
the eastern edge of the halo resists resolution. A dark lane cuts through the cluster on the south side running
SW-NE and detaching a small piece of the halo on the SE side and flattening the
central blaze which begins just north of the lane. IC 1295 lies 24' ESE and both are nicely framed within the
field of the 20mm Nagler.
17.5"
(6/29/00): at 220x this is a bright, moderately large cluster, ~6' diameter in
a very rich Milky Way field.
Contains a relatively large, intense 3' core with a number of very faint
stars peppered over the background glow.
A small, partially resolved piece is detached at the southeast end by a
dark lane. The surrounding halo
includes a number of brighter stars, though it is difficult to untangle the
maze of stars in the halo from the rich Milky Way background. Roughly 30 stars are resolved at 280x,
although it is difficult to accurately count. The core has irregular appearance
with a flattened side caused by a sharp light cut off on the south side. PN IC
1295 lies 24' ESE.
17.5"
(7/1/89): about two dozen stars resolved over haze. A very rich clump is visible at the west side and a detached
clump is at the southeast end. The
outline is irregular.
13"
(7/27/84): about 15 stars resolved including several extremely faint stars,
very mottled, ragged edges, non-symmetric (flattened on the southeast side).
8"
(7/24/82): grainy, very lively but only a few stars resolved over haze at high
power. Strong impression that in
excellent seeing or a bit more aperture would resolve more fully.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6712 = H I-47 = h3762 on 16 Jun 1784 (sweep 228) and recorded
"B, vL, easily resolvable, with many stars visible in it; of an irregular
form." JH made a single
observation on 27 May 1831 (sweep 591): "globular cluster; pL; F; R;
rather irreg; vglbM; 6' or more in diam; all resolved. A fine object, the stars being very close
and numerous."
******************************
NGC 6713 = UGC
11365 = CGCG 201-038 = PGC 62487
18 50 44.6 +33
57 34
V = 13.6; Size 0.4'x0.3'; Surf Br = 11.1
17.5"
(7/5/86): faint, very small, round, even surface brightness, rich star field.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6713 = m 392 on 3 Aug 1864 and noted "vF, S, R,
bM." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 6714
18 46 50 +66 44
42
Size 1
18"
(7/2/11): at 285x, I initially noticed at this position a low surface
brightness glow, ~1' diameter, mimicking a nebulous object. When the seeing sharpened, though, the
glow resolved into 4 extremely faint stars mag 15-16 (difficult to hold all
simultaneously). Nearly on a line
with mag 8.6 HD 174788 5' NE and mag 8.9 SAO 18027 7.5' NE. A string of three equally spaced mag 13
star begins 3' W.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6714 = Sw IV-74 on 27 May 1886 and noted "eeeF; pS; ee
diff.; sev B st nr north."
There is nothing near his position though several brighter stars are in
the field. RNGC classifies the
number as nonexistent.
Jeff Corder
suggests NGC 6714 may be this small asterism of extremely faint stars 1 minute
of time following Swift's position and 1' north. Harold Corwin lists this asterism as a good candidate. It fits Swift's description and three
mag 8/9 stars (SAO 18021, 18025 and 18027) lie ~5' north and northeast. Herbert Howe searched unsuccessfully
for this nebula on three nights at Swift's position in 1899-00, but noted he found
a group of four stars of mag 14, about 1 minute following the NGC place. This is likely the same group of faint
stars.
******************************
NGC 6715 = M54 =
ESO 458-SC8
18 55 03.2 -30
28 43
V = 7.7; Size 9.1'; Surf Br = 0.5
17.5"
(8/2/86): very bright, increases to a sharp bright core, fairly large. Five brighter stars easily visible
around the edges are probably field stars. The cluster has a mottled, grainy appearance but there was
no additional resolution. Visible
in the 16x80 finder. Brightest
members only V = 15.5.
15x50mm IS
binoculars (8/3/11): easily visible as a small fairly faint glow.
Lies close to
the center of the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy (SagDEG discovered in
1994) and is possibly the remnant nucleus of the disrupted galaxy. This is also the most distant Messier
globular, roughly 87,000 light years away.
Charles Messier
discovered M54 = D 624 = h3763 on 24 July 1778 and described a "very faint
nebula, discovered in Sagittarius. It is bright in the centre and contains no
star, seen with an achromatic telescope of 3.5 feet". On 24 Jun 1784 (sweep 232), WH recorded
"A round, resolvable nebula. Very bright in the middle and the brightness
diminishing gradually, about 2.5' or 3' diameter. 240 power shews two pL stars
in the faint part of the nebulosity, but I rather suppose them to have no
connection with the nebula. I believe it to be no other than a miniature cl of
v compressed stars resembling that near the 42nd Comae [M53]. It is like that
under Delta Sagittarii [NGC 6624], but rather larger and brighter though not
much."
James Dunlop
found it "a very beautiful nebula, with a very bright round well-defined
disk or nuclei, about 15 arcseconds diameter, surrounded by a gradually
decreasing light or chevelure, about 1 1/4' diameter, this is exceedingly bright
immediately at the centre."
He made 4 observations of the globular and his published position is 28'
east of center (not an unusually large error). JH made several observations and noted on 1 Aug 1834 from
the Cape of Good Hope, "Globular cluster; B; pL; vlE; gbM; 2 1/2' diam;
resolved into st 15m, with a few outliers 14m."
******************************
NGC 6716 = Cr
393 = ESO 592-SC005
18 54 34 -19 54
06
V = 6.9; Size 7'
17.5"
(5/10/91): about 40 stars visible in a 9' diameter, bright, fairly large but
scattered. Divided in two groups;
the SSW group includes a mag 8 star and two mag 10 stars. A mag 9 star is at the NE edge of the
NNW group, which also includes several mag 10-12 stars in a curved arc. Pretty empty between these two groups
with just four stars in the center.
Not very impressive.
8": 20
stars mag 10-13 including a row of stars at the north edge.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6716 = h2021 on 14 Jul 1830 and recorded "a p rich cluster,
figure like the letter S, 7' in extent.
Stars 9...13m. Counted 40
of them." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 6717 =
Palomar 9 = ESO 523-SC14 = IC 4802
18 55 06.0 -22
42 06
V = 9.2; Size 3.9'; Surf Br = 0.7
24"
(8/23/14): this unusual globular, located just 2' S of Nu2 Sgr, was viewed at
375x and 500x. The
"core" appears as a fairly circular, fairly smooth glow, ~1'
diameter, with a half-dozen stars superimposed. With extended viewing a very low surface, irregular halo was
noticed that increased the diameter to perhaps 2.5'. At the center is an unequal pair oriented N-S (~5"
separation), with the southern component, brighter and quasi-stellar. A second pair of mag 14 stars at
~5" separation is on the NE side (this is IC 4802). A mag 16 star is 10" S of this
pair. Finally, another mag 14 star is at the WNW side of the core.
18"
(7/15/07): at 280x, stands out prominently just 2' S of mag 5 Nu2
Sagittarii. The globular appears
as an unconcentrated, low surface brightness hazy glow just 1' in diameter but
with five likely field stars superimposed, giving the appearance of a small
open cluster over unresolved background haze. At 393x, four out of these five mag 13 and fainter stars are
grouped into two close pairs with roughly similar separations and
orientations. One pair is near the
center (oriented ~N-S) and another is at the NE edge oriented NNW-SSE (catalogued as IC 4802) while the 5th
star is at the WNW edge. The glow
of the cluster is irregularly round (slightly elongated E-W) and has a
well-defined edge, unusual for a globular.
18"
(7/19/04): at 225x the view is quite unusual as the glow of the globular is
just 2' S of mag 5 Nu 2 Sag. The
globular is just a fairly faint, round 1' glow with a low surface brightness
and no evident concentration.
Quite striking, though, are several superimposed stars including a close
pair of mag 14 stars at the NE edge.
At 434x, a star near the center is also clearly double and the halo of
the globular has a ragged periphery.
17.5"
(7/20/98): very unusual small, faint glow located 2' S of mag 5 Nu 2
Sagittarii! The very faint
background glow is ~1' diameter but more notable are several superimposed
stars. A close pair of mag 13.5 stars
is at the NE edge 25" from center (this is IC 4802!) and a similar star is
at the WNW edge 20" from center.
A very small bright core appears on closer inspection to be a close pair
of mag 12.5 stars or possibly a bright stellar core and nearby star. Other than the central
"knot", the unconcentrated 1' background patch has a low surface brightness
and is much smaller than the listed diameter of 4'.
13"
(6/18/85): fairly faint, very small.
This globular appears as a hazy patch easily visible just 1.8' S of Nu 2
= 35 Sagittarii (V = 5.0)! About
half a dozen stars are either superimposed or resolved including two close
pairs.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6717 = H III-143 = h2022 = h3766 on 7 Aug 1784 (sweep 245) and
recorded "two or three minutes south of 35 Sagittarii are three vS stars
which I suspect to contain nebulosity; but it is probably a deception,
circumstances are not favourable enough to determine it." His position is accurate. From the Cape of Good Hope, JH recorded
"Close, to the south of, Nu2 Sagittarii; a very small clustering knot,
with perhaps nebula. A doubtful
object. I see 3 or 4 of the st,
but there is also a nebulous appearance."
According to
Harold Corwin, Bigourdan's IC 4802, described as "neb *13, 15" nf III
143 [NGC 6717]" refers to a clump of stars northeast of the nucleus of NGC
6717 but part of the cluster.
George Abell found the cluster again while inspecting plates for the
POSS1 before 1955 and didn't make the connection with NGC 6717. As a result, this globular is also
known as Palomar 9!
******************************
NGC 6718 = ESO
104-029 = PGC 62688
19 01 28.7 -66
06 36
V = 13.3; Size 1.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 172d
30"
(10/12/15 - OzSky): at 394x; fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1
N-S, 1.0'x0.5', strong concentration with a small bright core that increases
gradually. A star is possibly
superimposed at the north edge of the core. Located 5.3' NNE of mag 8.6 HD 175607 and 5' S of a mag 9.6
star.
2MASX
J19023094-6601086 = PGC 3903657 lies 8.4' NE. It appeared faint to very faint, very small, round, 10"
diameter. Situated 27" ESE of
a mag 11 star. A mag 15-15.5 star
is off the south side, 20" from center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6718 = h3764 on 23 Jun 1835 and recorded "vF; R; glbM;
20"; a * 9m 5' dist; pos = 220¡." The star is mag 8.6 HD 175607.
******************************
NGC 6719 = ESO
072-008 = PGC 62710
19 03 07.5 -68
35 17
V = 12.8; Size 1.7'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 107d
30"
(11/3/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 3:2
WNW-ESE, 1.5'x1.0', broad concentration but no distinct core or nucleus. A faint star is at the SW edge. Located 10' NNW of mag 5.9 HD
175986. A wide pair of mag 10
stars lie 6.4' ENE and 8.7' ENE and a few other 10th magnitude stars are in the
field. NGC 6730 lies 31' SE, close
to a 7th magnitude star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6719 = h3765 on 23 Jun 1835 and recorded "vF; L; R; vgvlbM;
60"; RA:: being by an auxiliary star." Nevertheless, his position is close to ESO 072-008 = PGC
62710 and the identification certain.
******************************
NGC 6720 = M57 =
Ring Nebula = PK 63+13.1 = PN G063.1+13.9
18 53 35.1 +33
01 45
V = 8.8; Size 86"x63"
48"
(10/24/11): at 488x and 610x the central star was easily visible continuously
in fair seeing. Using 287x and an
NPB filter, a much fainter large outer halo was easily visible surrounding the
main bright ring (86"x63").
It appeared much more circular than the ring and ~2.5' diameter (roughly
doubling the size), so appeared to extended further out in the direction of the
ring's minor axis. This outer
shell was surprisingly evident and even displayed a slightly ragged or
irregular edge.
28"
(7/8/13): viewed the Ring Nebula at 658x using a 4mm ZAO and an "inverse
OIII" or central star filter, which dramatically dimmed the
nebulosity. The central star was
visible most of the time once acquired, though quite dim. Surprisingly, a second interior star
close northwest of the central star would occasionally pop and it was confirmed
in the same position. Finally, a
third star was seen embedded in the brighter portion of the rim on the NNW edge
(along the minor axis), though often it looked like a quasi-stellar knot. In my 24" the central star was
nearly continuous and the second interior star was highly suspected with the
filter, although I didn't compare with the non-filtered view.
24"
(5/25/14): observed M57 at 1000x (4.5mm Delos + 2x Powermate) in excellent
seeing. The Ring itself was stunning with mottling, textured surface, and
brightness variations across the ring clearly visible. The central star was very faint, but
visible ~75% of the time (sometimes as a quasi-stellar brightening). Often, though, it was seen as a sharp
stellar point. Overall, this was
certainly one of the finest views of the Ring I've experienced.
18"
(6/21/03): I took a look at the Ring Nebula at very high powers in steady seeing for the first time
using my Starmaster w/Zambuto optics.
With the 2.5x Powermate, I used 538x, 807x and finally 1087x! At 538x and 807x, the mag 15.7 central
star flicked on and off several times, but only momentarily. At 1087x, the central star was visible
more consistently, flickering on/off regularly and cleanly visible for a few
seconds at a stretch.
17.5"
(6/5/99): Viewed under very steady seeing at 380x. The halo is elongated 4:3 WSW-ENE and clearly brighter along
the north and south sides (minor axis).
The ends of the major axis are clearly "thinner" and slightly
fainter at the following end. The interior has a pale gauzy appearance. The edge of the ring has a
"wooly" appearance with a strong impression of small irregular wisps
or filaments hinting at the extremely faint outer halo. The central star popped in and out of
view a few times. A mag 13 star is
close off the east side and a very faint mag 15.7 star is a similar distance
off the west end. Another mag 15.6
star is 1' due south of center. At
high power a 3" pair of mag 14-15 stars ~1.3' NNW of center are just
resolved with a difficult mag 16.1 star ~30" further north. On 8/6/02 I didn't see the mag 16.6
star on the visual sequence chart.
17.5"
(7/1/89): extremely faint central star visible for moments at 412x just east of
center. The central star was held
steadily for a few seconds at best with averted vision. Forms an unusual pair with the
extremely faint galaxy IC 1296 4' NW.
13": very
bright, moderately large, slightly elongated WSW-ENE, high surface brightness,
best example of annularity although interior not dark. Slightly fainter at ends of major axis. Central star not seen.
6" (7/78):
first view in a dark sky (Bryce Canyon), high surface brightness, ring-shape
obvious, easily takes high power, slightly elongated. Visible in 8x50 finder as a faint "star".
15x50mm IS
binoculars (6/19/09): fairly faint but clearly non-stellar, appearing as a very
small but definite disc.
Antoine Darquier
discovered M57 = NGC 6720 = h2023 using a 2.5-inch refractor in Jan 1779. He wrote, "it is pretty dull, but
perfectly outlined; it is as large as Jupiter and resembles a fading planet."
This description perhaps inspired the name "planetary nebula". It is assumed Messier independently
discovered M57 later that month, but in the June 2017 issue of Sky & Tel,
Don Olson and Giovanni Maria Caglieris found that Messier definitely observed the Ring Nebula on 31 Jan 1779 while
searching in the region of Bode's comet while Darquier's wasn't even aware of
Bode's comet until at least 9 Feb, so Messier deserves discovery credit. In any case, it was the second PN
discovered, after M27 in 1764.
In 1785 William
Herschel logged, "A perforated Nebula, or Ring of Stars. Among the
curiosities of the heavens should be placed a nebula, that has a regular,
concentric, dark spot in the middle, and is probably a Ring of stars. It is of
an oval shape, the shorter axis being to the longer as about 83 to 100; so
that, if the stars form a circle, its inclination to a line drawn from the sun
to the center of this nebula must be about 56 degrees. The light is of the
resolvable kind [i.e., mottled], and in the northern side three very faint
stars may be seen, as also one or two in the southern part. The vertices of the
longer axis seem less bright and not so well defined as the rest. There are
several small stars very near, but none seems to belong to it."
The discovery of
the challenging central star (V = 15.7 according to
http://arXiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0611543) is generally attributed to Friedrich von
Hahn in 1795 using a 12" f/20 reflector (mirror from William Herschel).
Though he subsequently reported the "small star is no longer
visible" I find the original observation suspect as his telescope was
probably equivalent to a modern 8" or 9" reflector. William and John Herschel never
reported seeing the central star, nor Lord Rosse in his 36-inch. Rosse found the central star
"pretty bright" with the 72-inch (first seen in 1848) and William
Lassell sketched the central star with his 48" in 1860 (unpublished). Father Secchi claimed an interior star
was seen with the 9.5" refractor in Rome around 1865. Multiple interior stars were observed
through the Lick 36-inch refractor.
******************************
NGC 6721 = ESO
141-019 = PGC 62680
19 00 50.8 -57
45 34
V = 12.0; Size 1.7'x1.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 155d
30"
(11/6/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 4:3
NW-SE, sharply concentrated with a very small bright core increasing to a
bright, stellar nucleus, halo appears as an irregularly shaped oval. IC 4806 lies 14' NNE. Located 28' NW of mag 6.3 HD 176522 and
15' NNE of mag 7.6 HD 175675. The
latter star, NGC 6721 and IC 4806 are collinear with NGC 6721 at the midpoint.
IC 4806 appeared
fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 4:1 SSW-NNE, 0.8'x0.2', sharply
concentrated with a very small, bright core and stellar nucleus. A brighter star is superimposed on the
SE edge and a very faint star is at the NNE tip. Located 14' NNE of the large spiral NGC 6721 and 6' SE of
mag 9.5 HD 176085.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6721 = h3767 on 12 Jul 1834 and logged "pF; R; psbM;
30"; the central brightness comes almost to a nucleus." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6722 = ESO
104-033 = LGG 422-021 = PGC 62722
19 03 40.4 -64
53 41
V = 12.7; Size 2.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 166d
30"
(11/3/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly bright, very elongated 9:2 NNW-SSE,
fairly large, 1.8'x0.4', contains a small brighter core within a bulging
middle. Two stars are on the north
end (one superimposed and the other barely off). A mag 11.8 star is 2' NW of center. Located 10' due east of mag 8.3 HD
175882 and 7' WNW of mag 7.6 HD 176021 in the southeast outskirts of the Pavo
II cluster = ACO S805. These two
bright stars are separated by 4' and a third mag 10.5 to the southeast is
collinear.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6722 = h3768 on 8 Jun 1836 and recorded "pF; S; E; glbM;
15"; 2 st 8m precede; the nearest about 8'. Both are nearly on the parallel, or a little south of the
neb, by diagram." His
position and description is a perfect match with ESO 104-033 = PGC 62722.
******************************
NGC 6723 = ESO
396-SC010
18 59 33.1 -36
37 53
V = 7.3; Size 11.0'; Surf Br = 0.1
18"
(7/10/02 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): very bright, beautiful symmetric
globular at 128x. The halo
measures 7' with a sharply concentrated, blazing 3' core. Roughly 100 stars are
resolved with a strong impression the core would more fully resolve using a
higher magnification. A single mag
10.5 star is at the NE edge of the halo.
17.5"
(6/30/00): this is a beautiful, symmetric GC at 220x. The halo extends to ~6' and is sharply concentrated with a
very bright 3' core. This core is
highly resolved into a dense overlay of faint stars with a single brighter star
just north of center. The extent
of the halo is ill-defined and consists of numerous brighter stragglers (or
field stars) mixed with a sprinkling of dim stars. Perhaps 70 stars are resolved in total. In a remarkable region with a complex
of unusual reflection nebulae (NGC 6726/27/29).
17.5"
(7/29/92): at 220x, bright, fairly large with about 50 stars visible in a 4'-5'
diameter. Fairly symmetric
appearance with no distinct edge.
Beautifully resolved into several dozen stars. A mag 10.5 star is off the NE edge 3' from the core. Mildly concentrated but no distinct
nucleus although a star appears embedded at the center of the core. The outer halo is well-resolved and a
peppering of stars is resolved over the core. In the same low power field with bright nebula NGC 6726, NGC
6727, NGC 6729 to the SE!
13.1"
(8/24/84): at 220x many faint stars resolved beyond the main disc.
13.1"
(5/26/84): bright, large, mottled, many faint stars resolved across disc and at
edges of halo.
13.1"
(8/15/82): a number of very faint stars resolved around the periphery at 140x.
8"
(7/31/81): bright, large, bright core, mottled, some resolution of extremely
faint stars around edges.
10x30 (8/8/04 -
Haleakala Crater): fairly bright in binoculars, situated just north of the top
of the looping curve forming Corona Australis.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 6723 = D 573 = h3770 on 2 Jun 1826 and described "a
beautiful bright round nebula, about 3.5' diameter, moderately and gradually
condensed to the centre. This is resolvable. The moderate condensation, and the
bluish colour of the stars which compose it, give it a very soft and pleasant appearance.
This is rather difficult to resolve, although the condensation is not very
great." Dunlop made 6 observations and his position is 16' too far east.
JH credited
Dunlop with the discovery despite the poor position and recorded on 31 Aug 1834
a "globular cluster; B; L; R or vlE; vgbM; diam 5'; perfectly resolved
into stars 14..16m, with stragglers extending to 8' diam." Christian Peters independently found
the globular around 1849 at the Capodimonte Observatory in Naples and it was
reported as new in AJ 2, 1856.
Apparently Peters didn't have access to JH's Cape Catalogue.
******************************
NGC 6724
18 56 46 +10 25
42
Size 3'
17.5"
(7/24/95): at 100x appears as a small indistinct group in a rich Milky Way
field. Stands out better at 220x which
increases the number of stars to 15 in a 2.5'x2.0' region (slightly elongated
E-W). There are five brighter mag
12-13 stars and 10 faint stars in this group and visually it appears to be an
asterism.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6724 = h2237 on 5 Sep 1828 with a 5-inch Tully refractor (7-ft
focal length) purchased in 1828 from James South and normally used for
measurements of double stars. This
is the only object JH discovered using this refractor. Only a rough RA (to the nearest minute
of time) is given in the Slough Catalogue and there is no description. Harold Corwin found there is no
additional information in the Herschel Archive DVD material.
Karl Reinmuth
states "no cluster" based on Heidelberg plates and this is repeated
in Dorothy Carlson's 1940 paper.
RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent. Corwin mentions NGC 6724 may refer to a small, unimpressive
group of stars about 5' northwest of his (rough) position. But based on my 18-inch observation, I
doubt this group of stars would have caught JH's attention in a 5-inch. See Harold Corwin's identification
notes.
******************************
NGC 6725 = ESO
183-036 = AM 1857-535 = PGC 62692
19 01 56.6 -53
51 47
V = 12.2; Size 2.2'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 40d
30"
(11/3/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): moderately bright, edge-on 4:1 SW-NE,
1.8'x0.45'; contains a bright, very elongated core, tapered at the tips
(spindle shape). A group of mag
12-13 stars extends to the north.
ESO 184-005 lies 15' ESE.
Located 1.1¡ SSE of mag 4.9 Lambda Telescopii.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6725 = h3769 on 8 Jul 1834 and recorded "eF; pL;
R." The RA was only
approximated but his position is 4' south of ESO 183-036. DeLisle Steward described the galaxy as
"not pL, R but eF, eS, stell ncl, with straight wisp at 40¡" based on
examination of plates at Harvard's Arequipa Station in Peru. RNGC misclassifies this galaxy as
nonexistent (Type 7).
******************************
NGC 6726 = ESO
396-N013 = Ced 165b
19 01 39 -36 53
30
Size 2'x2'
18"
(7/10/02 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is the south-southwest
component of two very bright, similar reflection nebulae oriented SSW-NNE and
both surrounding bright stars and each 1.5'-2.0' in diameter with a separation
of 57" (the two stars form the pair B 957). The nebulae are in contact with overlapping halos forming a
figure 8. Also sharing this eerie
dark field obscured by dust is the unusual cometary nebula NGC 6729 5' SSE.
17.5"
(7/29/92): two bright, round nebulae oriented SSW-NNE: The SSW component (NGC
6726) surrounds a mag 7.2 star and the NNE component (NGC 6727) surrounds the
variable star TY Coronae Australis (mag 9.5-10). Both nebulae are roughly 1.5' diameter and in contact with
overlapping halos. The evenly
matched double star BRS 14 = 6.6/6.8 at 13" is 13' SW. Very unusual dark field is void of
stars and set in a striking low power field with nebula NGC 6729 and globular
NGC 6723.
8"
(7/31/81): two fairly bright, round patches in contact surrounding a wide pair
(B 957) consisting of a mag 7.2 star and the variable TY CrA (8.8-12.5) at
58". A closer double star BRS
14 (6.5/7.0 at 13") to the SW.
In a stunning low power field with NGC 6729 and gc NGC 6723.
Julius Schmidt
discovered NGC 6726, along with NGC 6727 and 6729, on 15 Jun 1861, while
observing NGC 6723 with a 6.2" refractor at Athens Observatory. Albert Marth rediscovered this bright
reflection nebula on 2 Jul 1864 and noted "* 7m in a F, pL, white
envelope."
******************************
NGC 6727 = ESO
396-N014 = Ced 165b
19 01 42 -36 52
36
18"
(7/10/02 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is the north-northeast
component of two very bright, similar reflection nebulae oriented SSW-NNE. Surrounds the variable star TY CrA and
1.5'-2.0' in diameter. The nebulae
are in contact with overlapping halos forming a figure 8.
17.5"
(7/29/92): bright, round, 1.5' diameter, surrounded variable star TY Coronae
Australis (mag 9-10). Forms a pair
with NGC 6726 in contact at the SSW end.
See NGC 6726 for description.
8"
(7/31/81): fairly bright circular halo surrounds star in contact with NGC 6726.
Julius Schmidt
discovered NGC 6727, along with NGC 6726 and 6729, on 15 Jun 1861, while
observing NGC 6723 with a 6.2" refractor at Athens Observatory. Albert Marth rediscovered
this bright reflection nebula on 2 Jul 1864 and noted "* 7.5m in a F, pL,
white envelope."
******************************
NGC 6728 =
Isserstedt 662
18 58 44 -08 58
00
Size 7'
17.5"
(7/27/95): large, scattered group of mag 11-14 stars in a 7' triangular outline. Fairly easy to pick out at 100x. There are no rich clumps but many stars
are arranged in strings and loops, forming the outline. A small equilateral triangle of mag 12
stars with sides ~30" is situated at the center of the group. Listed as nonexistent in RNGC.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6728 = H VIII-13 on 16 Jun 1784 (sweep 228) and noted "A
coarsely scattered clusters of stars; the stars nearly of an equal
magnitude." There is nothing
of note at his position. Karl
Reinmuth reported "no Cl, a dense region" in his photographic survey
at Heidelberg. RNGC classifies the
number as nonexistent.
Harold Corwin
suggests WH's object may be a group of stars (Isserstedt 662), a little over a
minute of RA west near 18 58.8 -08 58 or a larger, more scattered group at 19
00 28 -08 59 (2000).
******************************
NGC 6729 = ESO
396-N*015 = R Coronae Australis = HH 104 = PP 87 = Parsamyan 2 = Ced 165c
19 01 55 -36 57
30
Size 1'
18"
(7/10/02 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): this remarkable variable
reflection nebulae has a distinct cometary or fan-shape similar to Hubble's
Variable Nebula. The cometary
nebula extends from mag 10 erratic variable R CrA (9.7-13.5) at the NW end and
fans out towards the SE towards a fainter star (mag 11.7-13.5 T CrA) at the SE
edge of the fan.
R CrA is a
pre-main sequence star with 2 to 10 times the mass of the sun and is embedded
in the Corona Australis molecular complex, one of the closest star-forming
regions. The region to the SE
(Bernes 157) is remarkably void of stars!
17.5"
(7/29/92): fairly faint, elongated 4:1 WNW-ESE, 2.0'x0.5'. Variable star T Coronae Australis (mag
11.7-13.5) is attached at the SE end and the nebulosity extends to WNW. Variable star R Coronae Australis (mag
9.7-13.5), which illuminates the nebula, is at the NW end. The unusual cometary appearance is
similar to Hubble's Variable Nebula.
The brighter reflection nebulae NGC 6726/NGC 6727 lies 5' NW. Located in a remarkable field of
nebulosity and the bright globular cluster NGC 6723.
13.1"
(8/15/82): at the edge of the field with NGC 6723 is this cometary nebula. Elongated with a star attached at the
tip.
8"
(7/31/81): faint, elongated nebulosity attached to R Coronae Australis
(9.7-13.5) with a comet-like appearance.
Located 5' SE of brighter NGC 6726/6427 in a remarkable field.
Julius Schmidt
perhaps discovered NGC 6729, along with NGC 6726 and 6727, on 15 Jun 1861,
while observing NGC 6723 with a 6.2" refractor at Athens Observatory. He noted a faint, but clearly visible stellar nebula involved
with a star identified as "nx", but the RA is 4 minutes too large.
Albert Marth rediscovered this bright reflection nebula on 2 Jul 1864 and noted
"*13m with a vF, nebulous tail." His position is accurate.
The illuminating
star is variable R CrA (T Tauri type).
Schmidt also reported the variability of the star and the nebula.
******************************
NGC 6730 = ESO
072-009 = PGC 62796
19 07 33.8 -68
54 46
V = 12.2; Size 1.7'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 35d
30"
(11/3/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly bright, moderately large, irregularly
round, 1.1'x0.9', high surface brightness elliptical. Located 2.2' SW of mag 7.1 HD 176865, which somewhat hampers
the view. NGC 6719 lies 31' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6730 = h3771 on 23 Jul 1835 and recorded "vF; S; R; pmbM;
10" diam; south preceding a * 7.8m; a great many st 12 and 13m in
field." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 6731
18 57 13.5 +43
04 36
=**?,
Corwin. Not found, RNGC.
Gerhard Lohse
discovered NGC 6731 around 1886 using the 15.5-inch refractor at the private
Wigglesworth Observatory in England.
The discovery was communicated directly to Dreyer. There is nothing at
his position and RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent.
Harold Corwin
tentatively identifies NGC 6731 as a 10" double star near Lohse's
position, though this is just a best guess without additional information.
******************************
NGC 6732 = UGC
11381 = MCG +09-31-011 = CGCG 280-011 = PGC 62586
18 56 24.1 +52
22 38
V = 13.3; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 100d
24"
(7/20/17): at 375x; fairly faint, small, irregularly round, 20"-24"
diameter, very weak concentration.
A mag 12.6 star is 40" NNW of center. At 500x, an extremely faint and small glow (quasi-stellar)
often popped momentarily into view just off the east end. This very compact companion [20" E
of center] is catalogued as CGCG 280-011 NED2 and LEDA 2413402 at B = 17.1 ±
0.5. UGC calls it a stellar companion at 0.1'x0.1'.
17.5"
(7/20/90): faint, extremely small, round, fairly high surface brightness. A star is possibly involved or a
stellar nucleus is offset stellar.
On the POSS
there is an extremely compact companion with dimensions 0.1' x 0.1' just off
the east end, and this is probably the "star" noted in the
observation.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6732 = Sw V-87 on 16 Oct 1886 and logged "pB; vS; R; F *
preceding close north." His
RA was 19 seconds too small.
Bigourdan measured an accurate RA on 8 Sep 1888. Herbert Howe, observing
in 1899-00, reported "this is star-like, and of mag 12.5. The "F * nr" is of mag 11,
and precedes 1 second, 0.6' north."
******************************
NGC 6733 = ESO
141-025 = LGG 422-022 = PGC 62770
19 06 10.8 -62
11 48
V = 12.4; Size 1.8'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 110d
30"
(10/12/15 - OzSky): at 394x; bright, moderately large, oval 4:3 NW-SE,
0.8'x0.6', small bright core, increases to a bright stellar nucleus. A mag 14 star is just off the north
edge and a mag 15 star in involved in the halo on the west side. A distinctive quartet of mag 13-14
stars lies 3'-4' SE, with one of the stars a 5" or 6" double. Outer member on the northeast side of
the Pavo II cluster = ACO S805.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6733 = h3772 on 8 Aug 1834 and logged "eeF; vglbM; 20; a
very difficult object." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6734 = ESO
104-036 = AM 1902-653 = PGC 62786
19 07 14.3 -65
27 42
V = 12.7; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0
30"
(11/3/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): brighter and slightly larger of a pair with
NGC 6736 situated 2.5' NE.
Moderately bright and large, elongated 4:3 SW-NE, 0.8'x0.6', small
bright core. Located 3.8' SE of a
mag 10.4 star and 11' WNW of mag 7.5 HD 177345. The large galaxy NGC 6744 lies 1.6 degrees NNE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6734 = h3773, along with NGC 6736, on 8 Jun 1836 and recorded
"vF; R; glbM; 20"; the preceding of 2 [with NGC 6736]." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6735
19 00 37 -00 28
30
V = 7.5; Size 14'
17.5"
(8/1/92): about 50 mag 13 stars in a 10' field which are very uniform in
brightness. The exception is a mag
7.2 multiple star (SA0 142915 = h874) on the north side, which has three faint
companions including a mag 13.4 star at 10" and a mag 12 companion at
22". This is a large but
basically faint group. The
outliers form a circular pattern and the west to north side is well-defined by
a semicircle of stars. Planetary
nebula NGC 6741 lies ~30' due east.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6735 = h2025 on 18 Jul 1827 and described "a considerable
cluster; not rich, but fills the field. *'s = 12m; place that of a double * No.
874 of my third catalogue."
His description and position matches a group of ~30 stars surrounding
SA0 142915 = HJ 874. RNGC classifies
the number as a nonexistent cluster.
******************************
NGC 6736 = ESO
104-037 = AM 1902-653 = PGC 62792
19 07 29.3 -65
25 43
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 73d
30"
(11/3/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): slightly smaller and fainter of a close pair
with NGC 6734 located just 2.5' SW.
Appeared fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small,
0.7'x0.55'. Located 4.7' E of a
mag 10.4 star and 11' NW of mag 7.6 HD 177345.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6736 = h3774, along with NGC 6734, on 8 Jun 1836 and recorded
"eF; R; glbM; 25"; the following of 2 [with NGC 6734]. His position is just off the southeast
side of the galaxy.
******************************
NGC 6737 = ESO
592-**8
19 03 03 -18 32
12
18"
(7/21/04): at 115x, ~30 stars are visible in an 8' diameter including two mag
8.5-9 stars and a wide pair of mag 10.5 stars. The majority of the stars are 13th-14th magnitude including
a group of faint stars to the north of the eastern mag 8.5 star. There is also a group of stars
following this brighter star and trailing to the east. Not impressive but stands out
reasonably well at low magnification.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6737 = h2026 on 14 Jul 1830 and noted "A *10 in p rich,
roundish cluster 8' dia; stars 12...15m." His position corresponds with mag 9 HD 176682 and there is a
weak enhancement of stars nearby described in my observation.
Karl Reinmuth
called it "a dense region, but no Cl.", based on its photographic
appearance. ESO also notes
"concentration of stars only".
Dorothy Carlson followed Reinmuth and says "No Cl" and this is
repeated in the RNGC. See Corwin's
notes.
******************************
NGC 6738 = Cr
396 = Lund 874 = OCL-101
19 01 21 +11 36
54
Size 15'
17.5"
(7/20/90): at 82x, 125 stars are visible.
This cluster is bright and very large but scattered. Located between a mag 7.5 star and a
mag 8 star with a 30' separation N-S. A nice string of fairly bright stars is
between these two bright stars.
Most of the cluster is west of this string but also a faint stream of
stars is just following.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6738 = h2027 on 29 Jul 1829 and noted "the central star
(double) in a coarse and poor cluster." His position corresponds with HJ 1359, a wide unequal pair
(9.1/12.6 at 18").
This is an
optical alignment of stars seen through various amounts of dust (see "NGC
6738: Not a real open cluster" in 2003A&A...406..893B).
******************************
NGC 6739 = ESO
141-028 = LGG 427-002 = PGC 62799
19 07 48.9 -61
22 04
V = 12.2; Size 2.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 171d
30"
(10/12/15 - OzSky): at 394x; bright, moderately large oval, elongated 5:2 ~N-S,
1.5'x0.4'. Contains a relatively
large very bright core! The 15'
field contains several mag 13 and fainter stars, but no brighter stars.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6739 = h3775 on 7 Aug 1834 and recorded "pF; vS; E; psbM;
12" l; has 3 stars preceding."
His position (also measured the next night) is accurate. The RC2 position of 19 08 03 -61 23 40
(2000) is incorrect.
******************************
NGC 6740 = UGC
11388 = MCG +05-45-001 = = PGC
62675
19 00 50.5 +28
46 16
V = 14.2; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(7/15/93): very faint, very small, round, 30" diameter, low surface
brightness, weak concentration.
Located within a 8' string of stars oriented SW-NE near the intersection
point with another string which is perpendicular. Situated within an extremely rich Milky Way field! Not identified as NGC 6740 in UGC or
MCG.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6740 = m 396 on 28 Jun 1864 and noted "eeF, S." His position is an excellent match with
UGC 11338, although neither the UGC nor MCG label the galaxy as NGC 6740.
******************************
NGC 6741 =
Phantom Streak = PK 33-2.1 = PN G033.8-02.6 = J 475
19 02 37.0 -00
26 57
V = 11.4; Size 9"x7"
24"
(9/1/16): easily picked up at 200x as a very small, soft bluish glow. At 500x (unfiltered) the planetary
appeared fairly bright, small, slightly elongated E-W, ~8"x6",
brighter along the rim on the north side.
There was no sign of a central star or any superimposed stars. A mag 13 star is 34" NW, a mag 14
star is 18" W and a mag 14.5 star is 25" SSW. Located 16' N of ·2434, a wide pair of
mag 8.5 stars at 27" separation.
18"
(8/25/06): picked up at 115x by blinking with an OIII filter. Appears light blue and soft at this
magnification, making the identification as a planetary evident. At 323x a small, crisp-edged disc is
fairly bright, ~8" diameter.
Excellent view at 565x and the planetary appears slightly elongated ~E-W
with a faint, very thin outer envelope with total size of ~10"x8".
17.5"
(7/16/93): fairly bright, very small, round, clearly non-stellar at 220x,
fairly high surface brightness, greenish tinge. Set in a rich field with several stars near including a mag
12 star 35" NNW, a mag 14 star 20" W and a mag 15 star 30"
SW. A striking equal magnitude
double star ·2434 = 8.5/8.5 at 24" is located 15' S. At 410x, the easily visible disc is
slightly elongated ~E-W. The PN
forms the SE corner of a rough parallelogram with three brighter mag 11-12 stars
2.7' N, 4' WSW and 4' WNW and several other faint stars are near. The planetary has an irregular surface
brightness but no clear structure.
Estimate V = 11.0-11.5.
Edward Pickering
discovered NGC 6741 on 19 Aug 1882 using a direct-vision spectroscope with the
15-inch refractor at Harvard College Observatory. The discovery was announced in AN 2459 and The Observatory,
Vol 5, for Oct 1882.
Robert
Jonckheere listed this planetary as a double star (J 475) in 1911
(http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/Obs../0039//0000134.000.html)
although in 1915 he noted that J 475 was the planetary NGC 6741
(http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1915Obs....38..478J).
Based on
Crossley photographs at Lick, Curtis (1918) reported "No central
star. A small bright oval,
9"x7" in p.a. 95¡. It
shows traces of an indistinct ring structure, being somewhat fainter along the
major axis. There is a small,
scarcely perceptible protuberance at the western end."
The nickname
"Phantom Streak" is from John Mallas' article "Visual Atlas of
Planetary Nebula V" in the June/July 1963 issue of "Review of Popular
Astronomy". He writes: The "Phantom Streak." First you see it and then you
don't...In the 4-inch looks like a broad silver line. Almost uniform in brightness, the ends appear broken and
diffused...My visual impression agrees with H.D. Curtis's description of this
object. He states "It shows
some trace of a ring structure, being somewhat fainter along the major
axis."
******************************
NGC 6742 = Abell
50 = PK 78+18.1 = PN G078.5+18.7
18 59 19.7 +48
27 57
V = 13.4; Size 32"x32"
24"
(10/4/13): picked up unfiltered at 200x but an excellent contrast gain adding
an OIII filter. Appeared fairly
bright, round, 30"-35" diameter, slightly unevenly lit. At 280x and 375x unfiltered, an
extremely faint star (mag 16?) is barely inside the west edge and a mag 15 star
is just off the NNE edge. Adding
an NPB filter the rim appear to be slightly brighter, particularly along the
north side.
18"
(6/11/07): picked up unfiltered at 174x as a round, moderately bright,
crisp-edged disc of ~30" diameter.
Excellent contrast gain with UHC or OIII filter.
18"
(8/25/06): excellent view at 323x without a filter. The planetary appeared slightly elongated E-W,
~30"x25" with a slightly brighter rim giving a weakly annular
appearance. A very faint 15th
magnitude star is just off the NNE edge and a 16th magnitude star occasionally
pops out at the west edge.
18"
(7/19/04): beautiful view at 322x, appears moderately bright, fairly small,
round, crisp-edged, ~30" diameter.
The rim is slightly brighter giving a weak but definite annular
appearance. A mag 15 star is just
off the NNE edge and a mag 15.5-16 star is intermittently visible right at the
west edge of the halo. Located
3.5' NE of mag 8.8 HD 176693.
17.5"
(7/22/01): moderately bright, fairly small, perfectly circular. Easily picked by scanning region at
100x just 3.5' NE of mag 8.9 SAO 47978.
Appears unevenly lit at 280x, ~30" diameter with slightly enhanced
regions along the rim. A very
faint star is off the NE edge.
17.5"
(5/10/86): at 220x without filter appears fairly faint, round, fairly
small. At 105x using an OIII
filter the planetary is bright and compact with crisp round edges.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6742 = H III-742 on 8 Jul 1788 (only object in sweep 849) and
noted "vF, stellar, 300 verified it." He included this planetary in class III of "Very Faint
Nebulae". d'Arrest's single
position is accurate to within 1'.
******************************
NGC 6743
19 01 20 +29 16
36
17.5"
(8/4/94): about 35 stars in a 6' diameter group centered on a bright wide
double star h1361 = 8.3/10.6 at 18".
The boxy outline stands out reasonably well at 100x. There are no dense spots and the group
appears fully resolved. A mag 10
star is at the NW end 4' from h1361.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6743 = h2028 on 6 Jul 1828 and reported "A pL, poor cl of
stars forming irreg groups or patches, 11..12m; dia =8'." His position is close to mag 8.4 HD
176970, a wide, unequal double (HJ 1361) and just following a wide triple star.
Karl Reinmuth
called it "not well defined loose Cl around BD +29¡3445." RNGC classifies it as nonexistent and
it may be a random asterism. In
any case, the identification is certain.
******************************
NGC 6744 = ESO
104-042 = AM 1905-635 = PGC 62836
19 09 46.2 -63
51 27
V = 8.3; Size 20.0'x12.9'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 15d
30"
(11/6/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): I primarily scanned NGC 6744 looking for very
small HII regions. The offsets
stated here are relative to a very small bright nucleus, which was sharply
concentrated within the core. A
non-stellar knot was noted 2.5' NW of the nucleus at 19 09 38 -63 49.1. A second knot was seen 2.9' ESE of the
nucleus at 19 10 10 -63 52.3 and a third was just 1.6' NE of center. Roughly a dozen "stars" are
superimposed on the galaxy and some of the fainter ones may be stellar HII
knots. IC 4823 (a double system)
lies 18' SE.
18"
(7/10/02 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): this massive barred spiral
appeared fairly bright, large, oval 3:2 ~N-S, roughly 8'x6' with a large,
bright core. About a half-dozen stars are superimposed over the face of the
galaxy - some of these are possibly small HII regions. A hint of spirality was
suggested within the outer region but no definite spiral structure was
observed. NGC 6744A lies 12' NW
but was not noticed. Member of a
sparse group including NGC 6684 and IC 4710 at 25 million light years.
20"
(6/29/02 - Bargo, Australia): bright, large, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, ~9'x6'. A
bright, oval core or bar is surrounded by a moderately low surface halo with an
impression of "motion" or arcs embedded within the outer glow.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 6744 = D 262 = h3776 on 30 Jun 1826 with his 9" reflector
from Parramatta (20 km W of Sydney).
He described "a pretty large very faint nebula, about 5' or 6'
diameter, slightly bright towards the centre; a minute star is north of the
nebula, and two stars of the 7th mag preceding." His position is 1 min 45 sec of time too far west (12'
error). On 20 Jun 1835, JH
recorded "pB; R; at first vg, then svmbM; total diam 2', but that of the
bright part = 15"." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6745 =
"Bird's Head" Galaxy = UGC 11391 = CGCG 229-013 = KTG 69A+B = PGC
62691
19 01 41.7 +40
44 45
V = 12.3; Size 1.4'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 24d
48"
(10/24/11): we observed the "Bird's Head" galaxy at 488x and 610x and
the same detail visible in the April observation was seen. In addition, I took notes on the
detached companion (PGC 200361), which was immediately noticed just off the
north edge of NGC 6745 and appeared very faint, small, elongated 3:2 N-S,
~12"x8". With averted
vision it was visible most of the time.
48" (4/1/11):
this interacting galaxy pair or triple was a fascinating sight at 488x. The main body is bright, very
asymmetric, extending 2:1 N-S, ~1.1'x0.5'. The brighter east side is noticeable curved or bulging to
the east and bends on the north end towards the west. A thin strip along the eastern edge glows brighter. The western edge of the main galaxy is
relatively straight and dimmer.
The south end has a fairly blunt or rectangular appearance. At the north end, a very unusual bright
spike or "bird's beak" with a high surface brightness juts out of the
main body, perhaps 12"x4" (catalogued as NGC 6745 NED03 = PGC 200362
= KTG 69B). A very faint, very
small detached glow, ~5" diameter, is just north of the "beak"
(catalogued as NGC 6745 NED02 = PGC 200361 = KTG 69C).
13.1"
(7/20/85): fairly faint, edge-on SSW-NNE.
At 220x appears to bend on the NNE end to the west. This is a disrupted interacting system
on the POSS and the extension seen at the NNE end may be the contact pair.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6745 = St X-38 on 24 Jul 1879 and noted "vF, lE north and
south." His micrometric
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6746 = ESO
141-029 = LGG 427-003 = PGC 62852
19 10 22.3 -61
58 07
V = 12.6; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 173d
30"
(10/12/15 - OzSky): at 394x; moderately bright or fairly bright, fairly small,
elongated 5:3 N-S, ~50"x30".
Contains a brighter core that occasionally appears elongated (bar?). Situated in a dazzling star field with
four brighter stars in the 15' field including mag 8.5 HD 178086 6' ENE, mag
9.1 HD 177670 5' W and mag 9.4 HD 177926 3' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6746 = h3777 on 11 Aug 1836 and logged "eF; R; glbM;
30"." His single
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6747 = CGCG
341-012 = PGC 62564
18 55 21.5 +72
46 18
V = 14.6; Size 0.5'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.4
17.5"
(7/9/88): very faint, very small, round, bright core. The galaxy is located SW of a 1.6' string of four mag 14
stars oriented SW-NE, the closest being 1.0' NE. A brighter mag 10 star is 3.1' SE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6747 = Sw V-88 on 31 Oct 1886 and recorded "eeeF; eee
diff.; pB * nr sf; 3 vF course D st in line near nf point to it." His position is 1.9' northwest of CGCG
341-012 = PGC 62564, but his description is a perfect match." Howe claims he searched for this object
in vain on two nights. I'm
surprised he could not find it in the 20-inch refractor at Denver as Swift's
position is not far off.
******************************
NGC 6748 = NGC
6751
19 03 48 +21 36
See oberving
notes for NGC 6751.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6748 = St II-26 on 17 Jul 1871 and recorded "pB, vS,
bM." There are no nonstellar
objects close to Stephan's position despite 5 measurements from his reference
star. This object was considered
lost until 2016. Then Harold
Corwin found that Stephan's offsets from one observation (of 2) of NGC 6751 on
17 Jul 1871 given in Esmiol's 1916 re-reduction of Stephan's offsets, matched
the calculated offsets Stephan gave in his second discovery list (II-26). Esmiol simply left NGC 6748 off of his
published paper and made no special note of the 1871 observation, but clearly
NGC 6748 = NGC 6751. RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 6749 =
Berkeley 42 = C1902+018 = OCL-91 = Lund 876
19 05 15.2 +01
54 03
V = 12.4; Size 6.3'; Surf Br = 4.6
24"
(7/20/12): NGC 6749 was surprisingly easy to sweep up at 200x and it was
immediately noticed in the field as a fairly faint, fairly large, irregular
glow, ~2.5' diameter. Still, the surface brightness is low for a
globular, there was no noticeable concentration, and it somewhat blends into a
rich Milky Way star field. At 325x several very faint stars were
resolved, mostly around the edges. The easiest group to resolve are four
or so along the north and northeast side. Another couple of stars are at
the south and southeast edges. Brighter (field?) stars are off the
southwest and east edges.
18"
(8/2/11): this challenging NGC globular is highly obscured and just stands out
clearly from the rich Milky Way background glow. At 225x it appears as a very faint diffuse glow, roughly 2'
diameter, with a low surface brightness and a small brighter core. A 12th magnitude star is superimposed
and the slightly brighter core of the globular is located about 45" SW of
this star. The edge of the
globular is not well defined but appears to just reach a mag 12.5 on the south
end. Additional mag 11-13 stars
are clearly off the east, west and south side of the halo. Four mag 12-13 stars
just off the south side form a small trapezoid that helps to pinpoint the
location of the globular. Located
26' ENE of mag 5.8 HD 177178.
17.5"
(7/1/00): very faint, very low surface brightness globular in a dusty portion
of the Aquila Milky Way (dimmed by at least 4.5 magnitudes of extinction). The core is 15"-20" slightly
brighter spot less than 1' SW of a mag 12 star. The surrounding halo is just a weak glow with averted
vision, 2'-2.5' in diameter with an ill-defined edge, and just brighter than
the Milky Way background. The glow
encompasses the mag 12 star on its northeast side but does not reach two mag
13.5 stars off the south side. This cluster would most likely be overlooked if
just quickly scanning the field and along with NGC 6380 it is one of the two
most difficult NGC globulars!
17.5"
(7/24/95): very faint, ~3' diameter, unusually low surface brightness for a
globular cluster with only a very weak central brightening. A mag 12 star is superimposed on the north
side and two mag 13.5 stars are at the south end (not members). The core appears to be located ~1' SW
of the mag 12 star. Does not appear like a globular but rather a diffuse nebula
in a rich Milky Way field.
Difficult to determine exact outer extent.
13"
(8/11/85): extremely faint, moderately large, very low surface brightness and
fades at high power. Near the
visual threshold this is one of the two faintest NGC globulars along with NGC
6380. Estimate V = 14. Located at the NW edge of an elongated
group of six mag 12/13 stars and 25' ESE of mag 5.8 SAO 124203. The position listed in the NGC, SC2000,
NGC 2000, U2000, and DSFG are all about 7' too far south.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6749 = h2029 on 15 Jul 1827 (single observation) and recorded
"a cluster of loose small stars of various magnitudes; fills the
field." His position is 8'
south-southwest of this highly reddened globular cluster. But, I'm not convinced JH was referring
to the globular, which is only ~3' diameter visually and unresolved in most
telescopes. The visual appearance
doesn't correspond with a object that "fills the field" with
"loose small stars of various magnitudes. His description seems to apply
to the general Milky Way field here, which is very rich. JH catalogued a number
of rich Milky Way fields that caught his eye and this may be another case.
Bigourdan
examined the area on 24 August 1891 and wrote (Corwin's translation),
"Extended region, slightly rich in stars, but which offers nothing
remarkable. "Using Heidelberg-Kšnigstuhl
plates, Reinmuth remarked "a dense region, but no distinct
cluster." Dorothy Carlson
repeated "No Cl" in her 1940 paper on NGC identifications and this is
referenced in the RNGC, although the classification is globular cluster. Lynga classified it an open cluster and
labeled it Berkeley 42. The
position given in Sky Catalogue 2000, Luginbuhl & Skiff, NGC 2000.0,
Uranometria 2000, and Deep Sky Field Guide (first edition) are all wrong (for
the globular), mostly off by ~7' in declination (probably from the JH and NGC
position).
Harold Corwin
writes, "A more appropriate scattering of stars actually overlaps the
globular but extends well to the southwest...even if this is JH's intended
object, I think that it is no more than a random clumping of Milky Way
stars."
******************************
NGC 6750 = UGC
11389 = MCG +10-27-006 = CGCG 302-008 = PGC 62671
19 00 36.0 +59
09 59
V = 13.0; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 5d
17.5"
(7/20/90): fairly faint, fairly small, oval 3:2 SSW-NNE, weak
concentration. A line of three mag
10/11 stars oriented WNW-ESE (length 4.3') lies 5'-6' S.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6750 = Sw II-73 on 10 Sep 1885 and noted "vF; vS;
R." His position is unusually
accurate.
******************************
NGC 6751 = PK
29-5.1 = PN G029.2-05.9 = NGC 6748
19 05 55.4 -05
59 32
V = 11.5; Size 21"
24"
(9/30/16): symmetric, very attractive planetary at 450x (unfiltered). The edge of the 20" rim is crisply
defined. The mag 14.5 central star
is easily visible. Annularity is
evident with a brighter rim except for a section of the south edge. The center is slightly darker around
the central star. In a rich star
field with carbon star V Aql 30' NW.
18"
(8/26/06): excellent view at 257x.
The central star was easily seen and the rim appeared brighter with the
center slightly darker. There also
appeared to be a thin outer shell.
A mag 14.5 star is close off the east edge and two mag 14/15 stars off
the west side. At 435x, the
planetary is perhaps slightly elongated ~E-W and one or extremely faint stars
occasionally sparkle, with one possibly on the west edge. The stunning carbon star V Aql is in
the same low power field 30' NW and dark nebula B134 lies 20' SE.
18"
(7/19/04): at 322x, this is a beautiful 20" fairly bright disc with an
easy mag 14.5 central star. At
435x, the surface brightness is irregular and there is an impression that an
extremely faint star or knot is superimposed on the north side or perhaps the
rim is irregularly brighter along the north side. The planetary is bracketed by two stars just off the leading
and trailing sides.
18"
(9/20/03): moderately bright, round, 20" planetary. Excellent view at 435x; the halo has a
subtle irregular surface brightness and seems slightly fainter near the center
and it also appears to fade slightly at the edge of the halo. The mag 14.5
central star shines steadily.
Situated in a rich star field with a mag 13.5 star at the east edge with
fainter stars off the west side.
The dark nebula B134 lies 20' SE and the deep red variable V Aquilae in
30' NW.
17.5"
(6/3/00): fairly faint, small, round, 20" diameter. At 500x, the surface brightness is
uneven and the planetary appears darker on the SE side of the center. The mag 14.5 central star is obvious at
500x. Two stars just off the east
and west edge (fainter star is at the preceding side) bracket the
planetary. Situated in a rich
Milky Way star field.
13.1"
(8/16/81): fairly faint, small, round.
The mag 15 central star is suspected at high power. A mag 13.5 star is right at the east
edge and a mag 12.5 is 55" ESE of center. Located 30' SE of the striking deep red variable V Aquilae
(6.6-8.4).
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6751 = m 397 = St XII-90 on 20 Jul 1863 using Lassell's 48-inch
equatorial reflector on Malta and noted "pB, S." His position is 2' too far south. ƒdouard Stephan found it on 17 Jul 1871
and logged St II-26 (later NGC 6748) as "bright, small, round, central
condensation, seems resolvable."
He misidentified his reference star, though, and NGC 6748 was lost onto
2016 when Harold Corwin noticed the offsets for an observation of NGC 6751
given in Esmiol's re-reduction matched Stephan's computed offsets for NGC
6748. So, NGC 6748 = NGC 6751. Stephan made a second observation (St
XII-90) of NGC 6751 on 3 Aug 1881 and measured an accurate micrometric
position. In the notes section to
list XII, he mentions a 2' error in Marth's polar distance, so he was aware of
the prior discovery. Williamina
Fleming first recognized it as a planetary nebula in 1907.
Based on
Crossley photographs at Lick, Curtis (1918) reported "central star about
mag 12. The nebular disk is
21" in diameter, nearly round, and shows indistinct evidences of a very
irregular ring formation."
******************************
NGC 6752 = ESO
141-SC030
19 10 51.7 -59
58 55
V = 5.5; Size 20.4'; Surf Br = 0.1
18"
(7/10/02 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): NGC 6752 is one of the top
globular clusters (4th brightest in integrated magnitude and 2nd in terms of
brightest members) and was spectacular from Magellan Observatory. At 128x, this naked-eye cluster seemed
fully resolved with an uncountable number of stars densely packed over a large
region. Streamers in the halo
greatly increase diameter to roughly 20'.
The central region is well-compressed to a very bright core. There is a strong 3-dimensional effect
as the core is covered with scores of fairly bright stars seemingly
superimposed over a rich mat of fainter stars and all set over a background
glow. The nucleus is small and very
bright. Many 11-12th magnitude
stars in the halo form complete loops and long chains. A mag 7.7 double star is superimposed
on the SW edge of the halo (h5085 = 7.7/9.2 at 2.8"). This was one of my favorite objects
from Australia!
12"
(6/29/02 - Bargo, Australia): this naked-eye cluster ranks second in terms of
brightest members (mag 11.5). The 4' core has several dozen mag 12-13 stars,
many arranged in streaming curves and chains layered over a dense central glow. The halo is large but irregular with
knots of mag 11-12 stars over a diffuse background. The brighter members, particularly in the outer halo give
the visual appearance of a globular embedded in a larger, open cluster!
8" (7/13/91
- Southern Baja): very bright, fairly large, 10' total diameter with a 2'
brighter core that increases to very bright nucleus. The large halo is very mottled and partially resolved
although viewed at only 6 degrees elevation as the brightest stars are mag 11. 15-20 stars mag 11-12 are visible
around the edges of the core and within the halo in curved strings. Mag 7.7 SAO 254482 (h5085 = 7.7/9.2 at
2.8") is embedded in the SW portion of the halo 4.3' from the center. Ranks second in terms of brightest
individual stars and appears very rich.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 6752 = D 295 = h3778 on 28 Jul 1826 at Parramatta Observatory
(near Sydney) with his homemade 9-inch f/12 reflector. His full description reads: "a
pretty large and very bright nebula, 5' or 6' diameter, irregular round figure,
easily resolved into a cluster of small stars, exceedingly compressed at the
centre. The bright part at the center is occasioned by a group of stars of some
considerable magnitude when compared with those of the nebula. I am inclined to think that these may
be two clusters in the same line; the bright part is a little south of the
centre of the large nebula." He recorded the cluster on 5 times.
JH also made
multiple observations. On sweep
480 (7 Aug 1834), he recorded "globular cluster; B; rich; psmbM; 7'. The stars are of 2 magnitudes, the
larger 11m, run out in lines like crooked radii. The smaller, 16m, are massed
together in and round the middle."
******************************
NGC 6753 = ESO
184-022 = AM 1907-570 = LGG 426-001 = PGC 62870
19 11 23.8 -57
02 58
V = 11.1; Size 2.5'x2.1'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 30d
30"
(10/12/15 - OzSky): at 394x; very bright, large, slightly elongated N-S,
~2.2'x1.8', fairly sharply concentrated with an intense elongated core that
gradually increases to the center.
A mag 12 star is at the southeast edge, 1.0' from center and a fainter
star is off the southwest side.
ESO 184-025 lies 6' SE and IC 4826 is 12' SE. ESO 184-025 appeared fairly faint, fairly small, thin
edge-on 5:1 WSW-ENE, 0.7'x0.15', near the midpoint of NGC 6753 6' NW and IC
4826 6' SE.
11" (8/8/04
- Haleakala Crater): moderately bright and large at 127x, round, 1.2' diameter,
fairly well-concentrated to a small bright core. A mag 12 star is off the SE edge of the halo and a mag 13
star is off the SW side (1.3' from center). Located 3.2' S of mag 10 HD 178302. Viewed at ~12 degrees elevation. Brightest in a group including NGC 6758
and NGC 6780.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6753 = h3779 on 5 Jul 1836 and logged "pB; R; gbM;
80"." His position is
accurate.
According to
Sandage (1975), this galaxy is a member of the NGC 6769 group. Members include
NGC 6739, NGC 6769, NGC 6770, NGC 6771, NGC 6782, IC 4827, IC 4831, IC 4842
& IC 4845. Possible additional members include NGC 6753, NGC 6758, NGC
6780, NGC 6776, IC 4837, IC 4839 & IC 4889.
******************************
NGC 6754 = ESO
231-025 = AM 1907-504 = PGC 62871
19 11 25.7 -50
38 31
V = 12.1; Size 1.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 80d
30"
(11/6/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1
WSW-ENE, 1.4'x0.6', weak concentration to a slightly brighter core. Surrounded by a number of stars
including a mag 11.6 star 2' N.
Forms a close
pair with PGC 464622 1.1' NW. The
companion appeared faint, small, slightly elongated SW-NE, 0.4'x0.3'. A mag 13.5 star is just off the NW side
(0.4' from center). NGC 6761 lies
35' E.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6754 = h3780 on 8 Jul 1834 and recorded "eF; pmE in
parallel; glbM; 90" l."
On a second observation he logged "pB; pmE in pos 63¡, vglbM;
60"."
******************************
NGC 6755 = Cr
397 = Lund 878 = OCL-96
19 07 49 +04 16
00
V = 7.5; Size 15'
24"
(8/27/14): although the listed diameter is 15', the most eye-catching region
extends only 5' and is described as the southern group in the earlier
observation. The stars are arrange
in two main groups. On the west
side is a "U" shaped group of a dozen stars, open to the northwest,
with the brightest mag 10.3 star at the southwest end of the loop. A nice unequal pair (~12"
separation) is ~40" SE.
Another couple of pairs (one very close) is along the east side of the
loop. A smaller (~2' dia) but
richer group of a dozen stars is 2'-3' NE. A long looping string of ~20 stars, including two 10th
magnitude, begins close southeast of this group and curves to the south and
west, ending in a small knot of 4 stars. The region between this loop and the
two groups described above contains 10-12 mag 15 stars.
17.5"
(8/8/91): at 140x this is a bright group of 80 stars mag 10-14 in a 10'
diameter. The stars are arranged
in two groups separated by a fairly wide, obvious dark rift oriented
SW-NE. The southern star group is
larger and richer (about 50 stars) and contains several stars in two rich
subgroups. The northern group is
also catalogued as Czernik 39. A mag 10 star is at the west edge of the
northern group. NGC 6756 lies 30'
NE.
8"
(8/28/81): large, scattered, two parts are resolved into rich clumps.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6755 = H VII-19 = h2030 on 30 Jul 1785 (sweep 416) and recorded
"a pretty compressed cluster of pS scattered stars, of various magnitudes
and colour, 12 or 15' diameter.
On 21 Aug 1791 (sweep 1017), he recorded "a cl of stars of various
sizes, considerably rich, the condensed part of it is divided in
two." On 13 Aug 1830, JH
described a "vL, v rich cluster, composed of 2 or 3 clustering groups
running together; place that of the most condensed part." His position matches the richest part
of the cluster.
******************************
NGC 6756 = Cr
398 = Lund 879 = OCL-99
19 08 42 +04 42
18
Size 4'
17.5"
(7/27/92): at 280x, about two dozen mag 11.5 and fainter stars in a 6'x4' field
surrounding a bright knot just east of center. A mag 13 star is at the NE edge of the knot. With concentration the central knot resolves
into half a dozen very tightly packed mag 14 stars. The brightest mag 11.5 star in the cluster is 3' S of this
knot. Set over unresolved
background haze. Located 30' NE of
open cluster NGC 6755.
8"
(8/28/81): few faint stars at 100x over background haze.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6756 = H VII-62 = h2031 on 21 Aug 1791 (sweep 1017) and recorded
"a small pretty compressed cl. of stars, not very rich." JH made a total of 4 observations. On 13 Aug 1830 (sweep 278), he called
it "pretty rich; S; m compressed; oval or rather fan-shaped. The stars 11...12m, 4' in extent; the
nf side most compressed."
******************************
NGC 6757 = UGC
11401 = MCG +09-31-019 = CGCG 280-013 = PGC 62752
19 05 06.3 +55
43 02
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 105d
17.5"
(7/20/90): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 WSW-ENE, faint stellar nucleus or
very faint star superimposed.
Unusual appearance as a mag 14.5 star is at the west end and a very
faint star or knot is at the ENE end!
On the POSS there is a knot at the ENE end of the central bar as well as
at the west end just following the mag 14.5 star.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6757 = Sw II-74 on 15 Aug 1884 and recorded "pF; vE; 3 vF
stars curiously placed in it on the line of major axis, which also point to a
double star." His position is
24 seconds of time preceding UGC 11401 but the double star Stein 2412 fits his
description. Bigourdan measured an
accurate position on 5 Sep 1888.
Herbert Howe reported "Swift says '3 vF st inv.' I was unable to
verify this, but saw two stars of mag 12 close south preceding."
******************************
NGC 6758 = ESO
184-037 = LGG 426-003 = PGC 62935
19 13 52.5 -56
18 36
V = 11.6; Size 2.2'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 121d
30"
(10/14/15 - OzSky): at 303x; bright, large, oval 4:3 WNW-ESE, 1.5'x1.2',
sharply concentrated with an intense core that increase to a very small,
extremely bright nucleus. A
9" pair of mag 15-16 stars lies 1' NNE of center. Brightest in a group with ESO 184-036
3.9' NNW, ESO 184-033 8.3' WNW, ESO 184-026 16' WNW.
ESO 184-033 is
moderately bright, fairly small, round, 0.6' diameter. ESO 184-026 appeared fairly bright,
fairly large, elongated 5:3, sharply concentrated with a small very bright
core.
11" (8/8/04
- Haleakala Crater): at 127x appeared fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.8'
diameter, broad concentration, very small brighter core. Three IC galaxies are within 20' (IC
4829, 4832, 4840), but I didn't search for these. Viewed at an elevation of 13¡.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6758 = h3781 on 9 Jun 1836 and noted "pB; R;
20"." His position is
fairly accurate.
******************************
NGC 6759 = MCG
+08-35-002 = CGCG 256-006 = PGC 62779
19 06 57.1 +50
20 51
V = 14.1; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 30d
17.5"
(7/20/90): faint, very small, round, even surface brightness. Two extremely faint 16th magnitude
stars are involved at the south edge and two mag 13/14 stars are 1' SW.
Auguste Voigt
discovered NGC 6759 = Sw V-89 in 1865 with the 31-inch silvered glass reflector
at Marseille Observatory. Lewis Swift independently discovered this galaxy on
16 Mar 1886 and recorded "vF; S; R: vF D* close sp." His position is fairly accurate. Voigt's 7 discoveries at Marseille were
not published until 1987 so Swift was credited with the discovery in the
NGC. Herbert Howe, observing with
the 20-inch refractor in Denver in 1899-00, commented "the "vF D*
close sp" noted by Swift is of mags 11.5-12.5, and distance
15"."
******************************
NGC 6760
19 11 12.0 +01
01 50
V = 9.0; Size 6.6'; Surf Br = 2.4
24"
(8/12/15): viewed at 564x in excellent seeing and I was impressed with the
resolution compared to previous views.
The 2' core was extremely mottled and lively with roughly two dozen very
faint stars popping in and out of view, but only a relative few constantly
visible. Another couple of dozen
stars were resolved in the halo, mostly in a 180¡ arc along the entire southern
side. The stars along this arc are
confined to a fairly thin strip that appeared detached from the core. Also a sparse string of stars extends
northeast of the core.
18"
(7/19/04): at 225x, moderately bright and large, round. The halo extends to 4'-5' and increases
fairly rapidly to a fairly bright 2' core. The cluster has a very mottled appearance and some very
faint stars are resolved in the halo.
At 435x, the core is extremely lively and several extremely faint stars
pop in and out of visibility for moments.
There are several stars in the halo that are easily resolved, mostly
notably on the east and southeast side.
Also the globular appears slightly elongated at this magnification.
18"
(8/23/03): at 323x this globular appears moderately bright, round, nearly 4'
diameter, broad concentration to a slightly brighter 2' core. A half-dozen stars are resolved around
the periphery with several of these on the southeast and east side. With averted vision a few additional
stars sparkle over the center. At
538x, 10-12 stars are resolved around the edges of the halo and the core is
very lively and on the verge of resolution.
17.5"
(8/8/91): moderately bright, round, 3' diameter slightly elongated E-W, very
mottled or granular appearance. A
few very faint stars are resolved over the core and at the edge of the core. With averted vision the faint halo
increases in size to 4' diameter.
Several stars bracket the halo including a mag 13.5 star off the east
edge. A rich mostly unresolved
clump of extremely faint stars is close west.
8"
(6/22/81): faint, small, no resolution, very diffuse.
John Russell
Hind discovered NGC 6760 = Au 44 on 30 Mar 1845 using a 7-inch Dollond
refractor, while employed at George Bishop's private observatory in
London. He reported "On the
night of 1845 March 30, I found a faint nebula of a circular form... There does
not appear to be any previous notice of this nebula, and Sir James South
informs me that he can find no registered nebula within two degrees of this
place. This somewhat singular as
the present object was found while searching for comets with our 11 foot
refractor." Heinrich d'Arrest
independently discovered the cluster again in 1852 (announced in AN 809) while
searching for comets with the 4.6-inch Fraunhofer refractor in Leipzig, though
he later corrected his announcement.
Arthur Auwers reported that in the 6" Heliometer it was "quite
bright, R, gbM, 2-3' diameter." but once it was "surprisingly
faint." At Birr Castle,
Dreyer reported it as "vB, L, iR, vgpmbM, like a distant glob. Cl,
although not distinctly resolved with the higher powers. eF curved branches go out from the
south side."
JH noted in the
GC that this nebula was suspected of variability due to the widely disparate
visual brightness estimates.
******************************
NGC 6761 = ESO
231-028 = PGC 62957
19 15 04.7 -50
39 24
V = 13.4; Size 1.6'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 19d
30"
(11/6/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): moderately bright, moderately large,
irregularly round, 1.3'x1.0', broad concentration except for a very small
brighter core. Unusual appearance as
several mag 15 stars are superimposed in the halo. Located 10' W of mag 8.5 HD 179703. NGC 6754 lies 35' W.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6761 = h3782 on 8 Jul 1834 and logged "eF; R; pL;
50"." On a second
observation, he noted "vF; irr R; 40"."
******************************
NGC 6762 = NGC
6763 = UGC 11405 = CGCG 323-009 = PGC 62757
19 05 37.1 +63
56 03
V = 13.3; Size 1.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 119d
17.5"
(8/13/88): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE, small bright
core. A mag 14.5 star is 1.0' NW
and a mag 12 star is 2.0' NW.
Lewis Swift
found NGC 6762 = Sw II-75 on 30 Apr 1884 and noted "eF; vE." His position and description is nearly
identical to NGC 6763, which Swift discovered exactly 8 months earlier (30 Aug
1883) and catalogued in the same list as Sw II-76 = NGC 6763. So, NGC 6762 = NGC 6763. See notes for NGC 6763. Bigourdan's micrometric position (on 29
Aug 1889) is accurate. The UGC declination is 17' too far north.
******************************
NGC 6763 = NGC
6762 = UGC 11405 = CGCG 323-009 = PGC 62757
19 05 37.1 +63
56 03
V = 13.3; Size 1.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 119d
See observing
notes for NGC 6762.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6763 = Sw II-76 on 30 Aug 1883 and recorded "eF; vS; cE; F
* nr; D * in field. n of
2" His position is 14 seconds
of time due west of UGC 11405 = PGC 62757 and the description applies.
He apparently found this galaxy again exactly 8 months later on 30 Apr
1884 and catalogued it in the same list as Sw II-75 = NGC 6762. The qualifiers "s of 2" and
"n of 2" were added as he was preparing his manuscript to be
published. Herbert Howe commented
in Monthly Notices LXI (1900) that "NGC 6762 and 6763 are identical; Swift
admits it. The region was
scrutinized one night, the definition being fine. A star of mag 13 follows the nebula 1 second, a few seconds
of arc south. It is doubtless the
star referred to in the description of 6763, and does appear to be
nebulous." Both Howe and
Bigourdan measured accurate position.
So, NGC 6762 = NGC 6763.
The primary designation should be NGC 6763, due to the earlier
discovery.
******************************
NGC 6764 = UGC
11407 = MCG +08-35-003 = CGCG 256-007 = PGC 62806
19 08 16.4 +50
56 00
V = 11.8; Size 2.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 62d
24"
(6/29/16): at 260x; moderately bright, very elongated 5:1 WSW-ENE (central
bar), ~1.7'x 0.35', broad weak concentration, sharp stellar nucleus. After careful viewing, a very low
surface brightness halo surrounds the bar and increases the size to
~1.7'x0.6'. Three mag 14-15 stars
are at the south side including a 10" pair parallel to the major axis
[25" south of the nucleus]. A
faint non-stellar knot was visible at the ENE end of the bar. Occasionally it was elongated and
angled towards the north. A
matching knot was suspected (lower contrast) at the WSW end of the bar.
Forms a pair
with LEDA 214715 2.7' ESE. At
260x, the companion appeared faint to fairly faint, small, slightly elongated
E-W, 20"x16" or perhaps 15"x12", weak concentration,
slightly brighter nucleus. Visible continuously at this magnification.
13.1"
(10/20/84): fairly faint, diffuse, fairly small, slightly elongated WSW-ENE,
very diffuse edges. Two or three
faint stars are superimposed on the halo south of center although one of these
may be a faint stellar nucleus. A
nice double star is 6' WNW (mag 11/12 at 20"). Located on the Cygnus-Draco border.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6764 = Sw II-77 on 4 Jul 1885 and recorded "pF; pL; cE; sev
vF stars involved." His
position is on the west side of UGC 11407 and the involved stars are on the
south side of the galaxy. Herbert
Howe, observing with the 20-inch refractor in Denver in 1899-00, commented
"the elongation is north and south.
Four stars of mag 13.5 are involved, one near each end, and the others
in the middle." Howe's
description seems inaccurate.
******************************
NGC 6765 = M
1-68 = PK 62+9.1 = PN G062.4+09.5
19 11 06.4 +30
32 45
V = 13.1; Size 38"
18"
(7/16/07): this unusual planetary was picked up at 174x unfiltered as an
elongated glow. The view is
confused, though, as a star or knot in directly involved at the NE end along
with 1 or 2 additional stars around the edges. Excellent contrast gain with an OIII filter as the edges
sharpened up and the halo appeared elongated 2:1 SW-NE, ~0.6'x0.3'. At 225x, a mag 14-15 star is just off
the NE end and the involved knot seemed to occasionally resolve into a couple
of faint stars just north of center near the NE edge. Finally, an extremely faint star occasionally sparkled at
the SW end.
17.5"
(9/5/99): picked up at 100x as a small, irregular glow in a rich star field by
moving 20' NW of ·2483 = 7.9/9.0 at 10". At 220x, the PN is clearly elongated ~2:1 SW-NE. The appearance is odd with a much
brighter NE end and a fainter extension to the SW end. A mag 14.5-15 star is just off the NE
end in the direction of the elongation.
At 380x, a very faint star was intermittently glimpsed within the NE
end. If this is the central star
it is very eccentrically placed.
13"
(6/18/85): faint, elongated SSW-NNE, appears similar to a diffuse galaxy. A faint mag 14.5 star is at the NE
tip. Located 20' NW of ·2483 =
7.9/9.0 at 10".
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6765 = m 398 = Sf 42 = St II-27 on 28 Jun 1864 with Lassell's
48-inch on Malta and noted "F, S, mE or ray." His position is accurate. Truman Safford independently
rediscovered this object on 12 Jul 1866 using the 18.5-inch Clark refractor at
Dearborn Observatory in Chicago (he also found the planetary NGC 6842 in
Vulpecula the same night!) and again by ƒdouard Stephan on 20 Jul 1870 with the
31-inch reflector at Marseilles.
Dreyer credited Stephan with the discovery in the GC Supplement (GCS
5941), but both Marth and Stephan are listed in the NGC. Minkowski entered it as the 68th object
in his first discovery list (M 1-68) of "New Emission Nebulae", based
on objective prism plates taken with the 10-inch Bruce Astrograph at Mt Wilson,
and missed the equivalence with NGC 6765.
******************************
NGC 6766 = NGC
6884
20 10 23.6 +46
27 40
See observing
notes for NGC 6884.
Edward Pickering
discovered NGC 6766 = HN 53 on 8 May 1883 by means of a spectroscopic sweep
with the 15-inch refractor at Harvard College Observatory. The discovery was announced, along with
NGC 6833, in AN 2517 and noted as mag 11 and with a "faint continuous
spectrum." There is nothing
near his position. Dave Riddle uncovered that when double-star observer
Reverend Thomas Espin tried to find this object in Sep and Oct 1911, he was
unuable to locate it. Espin noticed,
though, that the RA of NGC 6766 was exactly 1 hour less than the RA of NGC
6884, another stellar planetary.
Espen sent a letter to Pickering, who confirmed the 1 hr error in AN
2517 and published this story in 1911MNRAS..72..150E. The corrected position for NGC 6766, though, had already
been published in the discovery table in 1908 Annals of Harvard College
Observatory.
Ralph Copeland
independently discovered this planetary on 20 Sep 1884 at Dun Echt, Aberdeen
using an objective-prism sweep with a 6.1-inch refractor. His position is
accurate. His observation was
catalogued as NGC 6884. So, NGC
6766 = NGC 6884. Although
Pickering's NGC 6766 was the earlier discovery, the primary designation is NGC
6833 due to its unambiguous NGC position.
RNGC classifies NGC 6766 as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 6767
19 11 33.9 +37
43 31
=**,
Corwin. Not found, RNGC.
Gerhard Lohse
discovered NGC 6767 around 1886 using the 15.5-inch Cooke refractor at the
private Wigglesworth Observatory in Scarborough, England. The discovery was communicated directly
to Dreyer and reported as "vF, S, R, stellar, S* nr N". There are no nebulous objects near his
position and RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent.
Harold Corwin
identifies NGC 6767 as a 12" pair of mag 14/15 stars very close to Lohse's
position.
******************************
NGC 6768 = ESO
337-018 = MCG -07-39-010 = PGC 62997
19 16 32.6 -40
12 33
Size
1.2'x1.1'; PA = 36d
30"
(10/12/15 - OzSky): at 394x; bright, fairly large, 1.1'x0.9', sharply
concentrated. Contains a very
bright, relatively large core! A
mag 11 star is 4' WSW. Forms an
excellent double system with ESO 337-017, with centers just 0.9' apart. The companion appeared moderately
bright, fairly small, roundish, ~40" diameter, small bright core. The haloes of the pair are just
tangent. The bright planetary IC
1297 lies 37' NNE.
ESO 337-016 lies
5.3' NNW and appeared fairly faint to moderately bright, large, oval broad
concentration to a large brighter core, fairly low surface brightness, mottled,
hint of spiral structure. Two mag
15 stars are close off the northeast side. Mag 9.6 HD 179905 lies 4' NNW.
17.5"
(7/20/96): faint, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter, low surface brightness
(due to low elevation). ESO
337-017 was not seen in these conditions.
A string of three mag 14 stars are close preceding. I had a very difficult time identifying
the correct field.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6768 = h3786 on 4 Aug 1834 and logged "vF; S; R;
pslbM." His position is 1'
north of ESO 337-018 = PGC 62997.
I'm a little surprised he did notice ESO 337-017 off the southwest side.
******************************
NGC 6769 = VV
304a = ESO 141-IG048 = AM 1914-603 = KTS 59A = LGG 427-008 = PGC 63042
19 18 22.7 -60
30 04
V = 11.8; Size 2.3'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 123d
25"
(10/17/17 - OzSky): at 244x; brightest member in a group and interacting with
NGC 6770. It appeared bright,
fairly large, elongated 4:3 WNW-ESE, 1.6'x1.2'. Sharply concentrated with a very bright elongated core. A mag 12.2 star is at the east edge,
0.9' ENE of center. NGC 6771 lies
3.5' SE, forming a striking triplet in a rich star field with IC 4842 11.5' SE
and IC 4845 16' NE.
18" (7/9/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is the brightest member and first of
four in an interesting galaxy group!
It appeared moderately bright and large, slightly elongated NW-SE,
1.5'x1.2'. In a close trio with
NGC 6770 1.9' E and NGC 6771 3.5' SE with a 4th galaxy, IC 4842, 11' SE. On the DSS image this galaxy is clearly
distorted from interacting with NGC 6770 with streamers, plumes, loops and H II
regions in the outer arm. IC 4842
appeared appears fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE,
1.2'x0.8', slightly brighter core.
IC 4845 lies 16' NE.
The trio is
listed as an isolated southern triplet (KTS 59) by Karachentsev. The group is situated just over a
degree southeast of the showpiece gc NGC 6752 and is part of the Pavo-Indus
Supercluster.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6769 = h3783, along with NGC 6770 and 6771, on 11 Aug 1836 and
recorded "vF; R; lbM; 20".
The first of 3." His
RA is 1.0 minute too small. DeLisle Stewart provided an accurate RA (given in
the IC 2 Notes), based on plates at Harvard's Arequipa Station in Peru.
******************************
NGC 6770 = VV
304b = ESO 141-IG049 = AM 1914-603 = KTS 59B = LGG 427-009 = PGC 63048
19 18 37.3 -60
29 47
V = 11.9; Size 2.3'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 20d
25"
(10/17/17 - OzSky): at 244x; NGC 6770 is the disrupted, eastern member of an
interacting pair with NGC 6769 (1.8' between centers). It appeared moderately bright or fairly
bright, roundish, sharply concentrated with a bright elongated core or bar
oriented NW-SE. In a rich star
field with a mag 12.2 star is just off the west side [0.9' W of center] and a
mag 13 star is at the east edge of the halo. NGC 6771 is 3' S and IC 4845 lies 14.5' NE.
18" (7/9/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): this close companion to NGC 6769 is just
1.9' following and appears fairly faint, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter
with a small brighter core. On the
DSS a straight spiral arm points directly towards the southeast end of NGC
6769, apparently as a result of the interaction. NGC 6771 lies 2.9' S.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6770 = h3784, along with NGC 6769 and 6771 on 11 Aug 1836 and
logged "eF; 15". The 2nd
of 2." His RA is 1.0 minute
too large and he probably reversed the declinations of this galaxy and NGC
6767. DeLisle Stewart provided an
accurate RA (given in the IC 2 Notes), based on plates at Harvard's Arequipa
Station in Peru.
******************************
NGC 6771 = ESO
141-IG050 = AM 1914-603 = KTS 59C = LGG 427-006 = PGC 63049
19 18 39.5 -60
32 46
V = 12.5; Size 2.3'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 118d
25"
(10/17/17 - OzSky): at 244x; fairly bright, moderately large, very elongated
4:1 WNW-ESE, ~1.25'x0.3'. Contains
a bright, elongated core. Three
mag 13.5 stars are close south.
Southern member of a triplet with interacting NGC 6769 and 6770 ~3' N.
18" (7/9/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): third of three galaxies with NGC 6769 3.5'
NW and NGC 6770 3.2' N in a tight trio.
Fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 3:1 NW-SE, 1.2'x0.4', small
brighter core. Forms the southern
vertex of an isosceles triangle with NGC 6769 and NGC 6770.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6771 = h3785, along with NGC 6769 and 6770, on 11 Aug 1836 and
logged "eF; 20". The 3rd
of 3." His RA is 55 seconds
too large (similar offset as the two others). DeLisle Stewart provided an accurate RA (given in the IC 2
Notes), based on plates at Harvard's Arequipa Station in Peru.
******************************
NGC 6772 = PK
33-6.1 = PN G033.1-06.3
19 14 36.2 -02
42 24
V = 12.6; Size 70"x56"
24"
(8/30/16): at 225x and 375x (unfiltered); moderately bright and large, slightly
elongated ~N-S, ~70"x55".
The rim is slightly brighter, particularly along the east and west side
and weaker on the south end. The
surface brightness is irregular or mottled and there appeared to be a small
knot [the DSS reveals two faint, very close stars] embedded on the northeast
side. A mag 15.7 star is just off
the east side [44" from center] and a mag 16.3 star is just off the north
end [52" from center].
18"
(8/26/06): excellent view at 323x and UHC filter. Appears moderately bright, round, fairly large, ~60"
diameter. The rim is sharply
defined and slightly brighter with a subtly darker center giving a weak annular
impression.
18"
(8/23/03): at 215x with a UHC filter, this planetary appears as an irregular,
60" disc, slightly elongated N-S.
The rim is slightly brighter, particularly along an arc from the
southwest to the north side, giving a weakly annular appearance. At 538x the view is too dim but I
noticed a couple of extremely faint stars along the edge of the rim.
17.5" (9/5/99):
easily picked up at 100x as a 1' disc, appearing slightly irregular. Best view at 220x and 280x using a UHC
filter. The disc was quite
irregular in surface brightness and slightly elongated N-S. Most notably, the rim is generally
brighter along the northern side in a broad "U" shape with the center
weakly annular. The south rim of
the planetary is fainter and less well defined. No central star seen at 380x.
13"
(8/8/86): moderately bright, slightly elongated N-S, estimate V = 13.0. Pretty view at 214x and UHC filter with
a slightly mottled or uneven surface brightness.
8"
(7/31/81): faint, diffuse, moderately large.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6772 = H IV-14 = h2032 on 21 Jul 1784 (sweep 242) and recorded
"vF, r, nearly of equal light throughout; about 1' in diam. In the midst of numberless stars of the
milky way." His position was
7' too far west-northwest. On 23
Jul 1827, JH noted "vF; R; vlbM; r; 30"." His position (also measured the next
sweep) is fairly accurate.
Based on Crossley
photographs at Lick, Curtis (1918) reported "the nebula is a a very faint
and vague oval ring 75"x56" in p.a. about 173¡. Brightest on the east and west edges;
considerably fainter along and at the ends of the major axis."
******************************
NGC 6773
19 15 08 +04 51
24
17.5"
(7/27/95): unimpressive coarse group of ~20 stars in a 7'x2' rectangular
outline elongated N-S and appears to be nothing but an asterism. Includes six brighter mag 9-11 stars. The stars in this weak asterism simply
form the border and there are no stars inside. The extent of the group is arbitrary but I included a few
mag 11 stars to the south giving the elongation. A mag 8.5 star located 14' NE is closely surrounded by a
group of six faint stars. Listed
as nonexistent in RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6773 = h2033 on 13 Aug 1830 and noted "Coarse, not very
rich, eighth class." His
position corresponds to the brightest mag 9.5 star at the west end of the
group. Karl Reinmuth, based on its
photographic appearance, wrote "no Cl, a few st pretty much sc." Dorothy Carlson repeated "No
Cl" in her 1940 paper on NGC corrections as well as the RNGC.
******************************
NGC 6774 = Ru
147
19 16 18 -16 15
Size 20'
13.1"
(8/5/83): large, scattered field of 50 stars mag 11 and fainter in a 20'
diameter although no real borders.
Does not contain any rich spots.
Possibly not a true open cluster.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6774 = h2034 on 27 Jul 1830 and recorded "a very large
straggling space of loose stars, 8, 9, and 10m." On a second sweep (27 Jul 1830), he logged "a fine, L,
loosely scattered cl of large with some small stars. Fills 2 or 3 fields." His single good position matches mag 8.4 HD 180326, near the
center of this large, loose group.
The Sky Catalogue 2000.0 calls the cluster Ru 147.
******************************
NGC 6775
19 16 42 -00 56
00
Size 12'x4'
24"
(9/30/16): at 200x; the most compressed grouping is at the east end and
includes a half-dozen brighter stars including a nice linear string. Perhaps 20 stars are resolved in a 2.5'
region. A nice sprinkling of 13th
and 14th magnitude extends to the east for ~10'. There are no dense clumps, but just enough stars to catch
the eye. Combined, the group is
somewhat detached in the wider field and extends ~12'x 5', roughly elongated
WNW-ESE, with the main clump at the ESE end.
17.5"
(8/19/95): at 220x appears as a small, faint group of about a dozen stars mag
12.5-14.5 in a 2.5' region. Most
striking is a rich string of six stars oriented E-W just 1.5' in length. Stands out reasonable well at 100x but
higher power brings out a few fainter stars. Listed as a nonexistent cluster in RNGC and not in Lynga 5.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6775 = h2035 on 19 Jul 1828 and logged "A cluster, poor,
loose, irreg fig, stars 10 and 11m."
At his position is a distinct group of 10-12 stars described in my
observation. This may be an
asterism and RNGC lists the cluster as nonexistent (Type 7).
******************************
NGC 6776 = ESO
104-053 = AM 1920-635 = PGC 63185
19 25 19.2 -63
51 37
V = 12.1; Size 1.7'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 15d
30"
(10/18/17 - OzSky): at 264x; fairly bright, moderately large, slightly
elongated N-S, ~0.9'x0.75'.
Sharply concentrated with an intensely bright core that increases to a
very bright stellar nucleus. A mag
14.8 star is off the south side, 1.2' from center and a mag ~14.5 star is at
the northwest edge [25" from center]. Mag 9.8 HD 181463 lies 4.6' SW.
NGC 6776A lies
10.8' NNW. At 264x and 429x it appeared fairly faint, moderately large,
extremely thin streak, ~1.0'x0.15', with a slightly brighter nucleus. A mag
12.3 star at the north edge interferes with viewing. The nucleus of the galaxy is just south of the star [by
16"].
18" (7/9/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): moderately bright, fairly small, roundish,
0.8'x0.7'. A faint star is just
off the northwest side, ~30" from the center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6776 = h3787 on 20 Jun 1835 and logged "pB; R; psbM;
15"." There is nothing
at his single position, but 1.7 minutes of RA east and 1.5' north is ESO
104-053 = PGC 63185. There are no
other bright candidates nearby, so this identification is fairly secure. DeLisle Stewart's corrected RA (given
in the IC 2 Notes) is 1.6 minutes further west, instead of east
******************************
NGC 6777 = ESO
072-**15
19 26 32 -71 27
54
V =
8.0/8.3; Size 2
=** (mag 8-8.5
SAO 257685 and 257686) or possibly a duplicate observation of NGC 6752 with a
bad position.
Nicolas-Louis de
Lacaille discovered NGC 6777 = Lac I-13 in 1751-1752 with a 1/2" telescope
at 8x, during his expedition to the Cape of Good Hope. He noted "it resembles the
preceding [a small nucleus of a comet]." Based on plates taken at Harvard's Arequipa Station, DeLisle
Steward reported "Not seen, 2 st 8 or 9 mag nr, but no neb." This is a 2' pair of mag 8-8.5 stars
(HD 181354 and HD 181464) very close to Lacaille's position.
The RNGC
classification is galaxy, but the position falls on a blank piece of sky just
4' east of Lacaille's. As an
alternative, Harold Corwin states "NGC 6777 may be NGC 6752 (first
suggested by Owen Gingerich in a Sky and Telescope article which appeared in
the February 1960 issue on page 207). If so, there is a large error in
Lacaille's position."
******************************
NGC 6778 = NGC
6785? = PK 34-6.1 = PN G034.5-06.7
19 18 24.8 -01
35 47
V = 12.1; Size 25"x19"
18"
(8/26/06): at 115x appears as a fairly bright but small, round disc with a
blue-grey color. Excellent view at
435x with an irregular shape slightly elongated ~E-W, ~25"x20". A brighter knot at the west end gives
the appearance of being double or bipolar. At 565x the surface brightness is noticeably irregular and
an extremely faint "stellaring" was occasionally visible at the west
edge and I caught fleeting glimpses of a centrally located star.
17.5"
(9/5/99): fairly bright, but small disc picked up at 100x. Easily takes high power. Nice view
unfiltered at 280x - the PN has an irregular surface brightness with a brighter
center but no central star and appears slightly elongated WNW-ESE, perhaps
20"-25" in diameter. At
500x the outer edge of the rim fades and is not sharply defined. At moments a sparkle was visible at the
center with this magnification.
Located 5.0' WSW of mag 9 SAO 143251.
13"
(8/8/86): bright, fairly small, estimate V = 12.0-12.5. Very nice view at 214x with a UHC
filter and slightly elongated WNW-ESE with a fainter rounder halo suspected.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6778 = m 399 on 25 Jun 1863 and noted "S, E, ill defined
whitish disc." His position
is 1.8' off the southwest. JH was
probably the original discoverer on 21 May 1825, but his position for h2038 is
poor so the identification NGC 6785 = NGC 6778 is not certain. Edward Pickering found the planetary in
Aug or Sep 1882 at Harvard College Observatory, though he noted the equivalence
with GC 5942 [= NGC 6778].
Based on
Crossley photographs at Lick, Curtis (1918) reported "the brighter part of
the nebula takes an hour-glass shape; is 19"x13"; faint ansae in p.a.
18¡ bring the total length to 25".
Fainter along the major axis."
******************************
NGC 6779 = M56
19 16 35.4 +30
11 04
V = 8.3; Size 7.1'; Surf Br = 0.8
24"
(8/12/15): superb view at 564x (10mm ZAO + 2.5x Powermate) in excellent seeing
and transparency. This bright
globular was highly resolved over the entire large central region and within a
straggling, irregular halo that filled the 5' field. Roughly 100 or more stars were resolved, though it was
difficult to judge the extent of the halo as it thinned into the density of the
surrounding Milky Way star field.
The unresolved background glow of the halo was more evident on the south
side.
17.5"
(8/27/87): about 30 stars resolved including many mag 15 stars at 280x. Resolution is evident over the entire
disc and at the edges of the ill-defined halo. Situated in a rich star field.
13.1"
(5/26/84): many faint stars and some brighter stars near the west edge.
13.1"
(8/16/82): a number of faint stars resolved, particularly at the west edge.
8"
(10/4/80): very grainy, ragged, few faint stars resolved.
80mm (8/27/87):
easily visible at 11x.
Charles Messier
discovered M56 = NGC 6779 = h2036 on 19 Jan 1779 and described a "nebula
without stars, having little light." Caroline Herschel independently found the cluster on 7
Apr 1783. WH first observed the cluster on 31 May 1783 with his 8-inch and
noted it was "all resolved into stars [at high power]." On 17 Jul 1784 (sweep 239), he recorded
"a cl of v compressed stars, nearly R, and about 4' in dia, very
accumulated in the middle; L, r."
JH made a number of observations and on 1 Aug 1829 (sweep 198) recorded
a "Fine compressed cluster; R, inclining to a triangular form; bM; stars
12...14m. A fine object, diam 3'."
Observing with an 11-inch refractor, Heinrich d'Arrest wrote "a
star cluster, which contains a large number of stars, none of which is brighter
than 12 to 13th magnitude. With
356x resolved into minute stars."
R.J. Mitchell, LdR's assistant on 12 Aug 1855, logged "fine
cluster, R, centre much compressed; composed of from 10 to 15 st of 13m and
many much fainter ones. A few
scattered stars have appearance of rays from the centre."
******************************
NGC 6780 = ESO
184-062 = AM 1918-555 = LGG 426-005 = PGC 63151
19 22 51.0 -55
46 33
V = 12.6; Size 1.9'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 168d
30"
(10/12/15 - OzSky): at 303x; moderately bright, elongated 5:4 N-S, 1.5'x1.2',
broad concentration and grows to a slightly brighter core and quasi-stellar
nucleus. Weak spiral structure is
just visible in the halo. Located
8.8' SE of mag 8.1 HD 18112 and 15' NW of mag 7.5 HD 181703.
PGC 406272 (B =
16.1) lies 3.6' WNW. It appeared
very faint and small, round, 12" diameter.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6780 = h3788 on 9 Jun 1836 and recorded "vF; L; R; vglbM;
90"." His single
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6781 = PK
41-2.1 = PN G041.8-02.9
19 18 28.2 +06
32 23
V = 11.6; Size 111"x109"
24"
(6/30/16): at 322x and 500x; fairly bright and large, round, just under 2'
diameter. Contains a relatively
thick, much brighter rim, except on the north side. The annulus is unevenly in surface brightness, but brighter
along a 180¡ arc, centered on the side south and dimming gradually but
extending ~240¡. This gives the
planetary a "C" shape appearance. The remaining 120¡ arc, centered on the north edge, is
noticeably fainter. A mag ~13.5
star is at the northeast edge, a mag ~14.5 star is just off the north-northwest
edge and a mag 15.5+ star is barely off the south edge. An extremely faint star is superimposed
just north-northeast of center (probably not the central star).
18"
(7/14/07): at 225x appeared fairly bright, fairly large, round, perhaps 1.8'
diameter. A brighter rim is
evident, particularly along the entire south half and extending for nearly 180
degrees. The rim is weaker on the
north side giving a partial thick "C" or crescent appearance. A mag 13.5 star is at the northeast
edge.
18"
(8/14/04): at 225x, appears moderately bright, fairly large, round, at least
1.5' diameter. A mag 13.5 star is
at the NE edge of the rim with a fainter star off the NNW edge. The rim is clearly brighter, particularly
along the entire south side, with the rim fading on the north side giving an
asymmetric or crescent appearance. A large central "hole" appears
slightly darker. At 160x, one or possible two extremely
faint stars flickered on and off within the interior of the disc but neither
appeared to be the central star.
17.5"
(6/30/00): at 220x unfiltered this fairly bright PN has a 1.5' round halo. The rim is brightest and more
well-defined along an arc on the south and southeast rim. The central 45" hole is slightly
darker and irregular in surface brightness. A mag 13 star is at the northeast edge and once or twice I
caught a fainter glimmer of an interior star north of center.
17.5"
(7/12/99): at 100x appears fairly bright, round, ~1.6' diameter with a darker
center. I used a variety of
magnifications and filters but the most interesting view was at 220x using a
UHC filter. With this combination
the PN is slightly elongated E-W and clearly brighter along the southern rim
with the brightening tapering towards the ends so this brighter portion had a
crescent appearance. Because of
this asymmetric rim the darker center seems offset and only weakly brightens at
the NW rim. A mag 13 star is just
off the NE edge 1' from center.
17.5"
(8/2/86): at 222x and UHC filter; very large, about 1.8' diameter, much
brighter on the SW portion of the rim, darker center. A mag 13 star is just off the NE edge.
13.1"
(6/29/84): the rim is brighter mainly on the SW side giving a slightly annular
appearance. A faint star is off
the east edge.
13.1"
(8/15/82): brighter rim mostly evident on the south side and a darker center
just visible at 140x-200x.
8"
(7/24/82): large and easily viewed but the annularity was not seen with any
certainty.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6781 = H III-743 = h2037 on 30 Jul 1788 (sweep 850) and recorded
"cF, iF, 3 or 4' diam, resolvable." JH made a detailed observation on 15 Aug 1830: "A most
beautiful, vL, F planetary nebula.
Diameter in RA = 6.5 seconds = 1' 37"; its light nearly uniform,
only very little hazy at the edge and perhaps rather brighter at the southern
limb. It nature seems to have been
overlooked or mistaken by my Father, who has placed it in his third class [Very
Faint Nebula]. In Milky Way. Many stars in field, one 11m near the
nf limb." On 28 Aug 1850, LdR
(or assistant) described the planetary as "annular or perhaps spiral, star
distinctly seen in dark part n of centre, others seen at moments. The dark space is undoubtedly irr in
form." E.E. Barnard described
the planetary as annular using the Yerkes 40" refractor in 1899.
Based on
Crossley photographs at Lick, Curtis (1918) reported "this object is
`06" in diameter from east to west, and a little longer than this along a
major axis in approximately p.a. 5¡.
Exceedingly faint at the north; brightest at east and west edges, and
fainter along the major axis.
Indistinct ring structure shown around edges."
******************************
NGC 6782 = ESO
142-001 = LGG 427-011 = PGC 63168
19 23 58.0 -59
55 21
V = 11.8; Size 2.2'x1.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 45d
30"
(10/12/15 - OzSky): at 303x; bright, large, oval 3:2 N-S, ~1.2'x0.8', sharply
concentrated with an intense core that increases steadily to a very bright
stellar nucleus. Located 3' N of
mag 9 HD 181407. Several faint stars are nearby
including a mag 16 star at the northeast edge of the halo just 25" from
center, a mag 14/16 double star 1' E of center (about 12" separation), a
mag 15 star 1.7' SSE of center and a mag 16.8 star at the south edge, 0.6' from
center. The stars were sketched
and later verified on ALADIN.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6782 = h3789 on 12 Jul 1834 and logged "not vF or pB; R;
psmbM; 30"." His mean
position (3 observations) is fairly accurate.
******************************
NGC 6783 = MCG
+08-35-007 = CGCG 256-013 = PGC 63003
19 16 47.6 +46
01 02
V = 14.3; Size 0.3'x0.3'
17.5"
(8/10/91): very faint, small, elongated 4:3 NW-SE, weak concentration. A mag 15.5 is at the SE edge 13"
from the center and a mag 15 star is 20" off the NW edge.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6783 = St IV-2 on 4 Aug 1872. His offset points to CGCG 256-013, though Esmiol made a
digit error in his 1916 re-reduction and the RA is 1.0 minute too small. Bigourdan noted the galaxy was barely
seen.
******************************
NGC 6784 = ESO
104-055 = AM 1921-654 = PGC 63209
19 26 34 -65 37
24
Size
0.9'x0.5'; PA = 160d
30"
(10/12/15 - OzSky): at 303x; NGC 6784 is a close pair of similar galaxies
oriented SW-NE that were both easily visible. NGC 6784A, the southwest component, appeared fairly faint,
small, slightly elongated, 24"x20". A mag 15 star is 0.7' SW of center and a ~4" pair of
mag 15/15.5 stars is 0.8' N. NGC
6784B, the northeast component, is slightly brighter and logged as fairly faint
to moderately bright, small, slightly elongated SSW-NNE, 24"x 18",
slightly brighter nucleus. The pair
is situated 5' NW of mag 8.3 HD 181957 and 20' ESE of mag 7.3 HD 181018.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6784 = h3790 on 23 Jun 1835 and recorded "eeF; pL; among
small stars." He made three
observations (all called "eeF"), but made no reference to it being
double. So, as Harold Corwin
notes, its impossible to tell whether he saw one or the other, or both.
******************************
NGC 6785 = NGC
6778? = PK 34-6.1 = PN G034.5-06.7
19 18 24.8 -01
35 47
See observing
notes for NGC 6778.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6785 = h2038 on 21 May 1825 and recorded "An eS stellar neb
= a * 15m; it is 2/3 of a diam of field (=10') from a double star which it
follows, to S[outh]. Pos from the
star = 240 deg +/-. The RA is excessively loose." There is nothing near his position nor
at Bigourdan's "corrected" position from 22 Jun 1884 (repeated in the
IC2 Notes). Harold Corwin states
Bigourdan found a close trio of stars.
Instead, Corwin
feels NGC 6785 more likely is a duplicate observation of NGC 6778, which was
independently found by Albert Marth in 1863. This requires that JH's RA was 2 minutes too large, and that
his declination was 30' too far north.
There is a double star 10' from this planetary, but the orientation is
also reversed (NGC 6778 is 10' WSW in PA 250¡)
******************************
NGC 6786 = VV
414 = UGC 11414 = CGCG 341-019 = VII Zw 864 = PGC 62864
19 10 54.0 +73
24 36
V = 12.8; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 40d
24"
(7/23/14): using 200x and 375x, appeared moderately bright and large, slightly
elongated N-S, 0.6'x0.45', contains a small bright core. A mag 12.2 star is 1.8' N and a similar
star is 1.2' NE.
Forms a close
pair with UGC 11415, but the core of UGC 11415 is nearly hidden behind the glow
of the star close northeast. A
very low surface brightness halo is just visible. With careful viewing, a small portion of the core is a bit
more evident close northeast of the star.
17.5"
(7/9/88): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, small bright core. Two mag 12 stars are 1.8' N and 1.2' NE
of center. The mag 12 star just
1.2' NE is superimposed directly on the center of UGC 11415, so the halo was
not visible.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6786 = Sw V-90 on 3
Oct 1886 and recorded "eeF; S; R; south-preceding of and near 2 stars." His position and description is an
excellent match. Herbert Howe,
observing with the 20-inch refractor in Denver in 1899-00, commented "the
2 stars north-following are of mag 10.
The nearer one follows 11 seconds, 1.0' north. The more distant is very nearly north of the nebula, at a
distance of about 2'. The NGC
description is "eeF", but the nebula appears to be only
"F"."
******************************
NGC 6787 = UGC
11424 = MCG +10-27-009 = CGCG 302-009 = PGC 62987
19 16 10.6 +60
25 03
V = 13.9; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.9
17.5"
(8/13/88): faint, fairly small, round, weak concentration. A mag 15 star is at the NW side.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6787 = Sw II-78 on 10 Sep 1885 and recorded "eeeF; pS; 4
stars in semi circle sf; e diff."
His RA is 12 seconds too small and the "4 stars in semi-circle
sf" lie 5' southeast, so the identification is certain. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
micrometric position in 1899-00 and commented that "the '4 stars
south-following' form a rude square."
******************************
NGC 6788 = ESO
184-067 = AM 1922-550 = PGC 63214
19 26 49.8 -54
57 03
V = 12.0; Size 2.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 71d
30"
(10/12/15 - OzSky): at 303x; bright, large, edge-on 4:1 WSW-ENE, 2.0'x0.5',
sharply concentrated with a very bright core. A bright mag 12 star is near the WSW end (0.8' WSW of
center) and somewhat detracts from viewing the outer halo on this end. Located south of a line connecting mag
7.8 HD 182396 5.9' ESE and mag 7.6 HD 182160 6.7' NW. Interacting pair with IC 4856, which lies 6.5' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6788 = h3791 on 9 Jul 1834 and recorded "pB; pmE; S;
follows a * 11m." His RA was
accurate on one sweep and 1 minute too small on the other. He assumed the erroneous one was correct. DeLisle Stewart gave the correct RA as
measured on an Arequipa plate.
******************************
NGC 6789 = UGC
11425 = MCG +11-23-001 = CGCG 323-011 = PGC 63000
19 16 42.1 +63
58 17
V = 13.3; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 60d
17.5" (8/13/88):
fairly faint, fairly small, round, broad concentration. Appears fainter than CGCG mag =13.7.
NGC 6789 is the
nearest blue compact dwarf galaxy and resides at a distance of 2.1 Mpc (close
to the Local Group).
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6789 = Sw IV-75 on 30 Aug 1883 and noted "eeeF; pL; R; ee
diff." His position is 1.4'
south-southwest of UGC 11425.
******************************
NGC 6790 = PK
37-6.1 = PN G037.8-06.3
19 22 56.9 +01
30 47
V = 10.7; Size 10"x5"
17.5"
(7/28/92): at 82x, very bright, stellar, surprisingly prominent, estimate V =
10.0. Blinks well with an OIII
filter. At 280x appears very
bright and a very small but definite disc about 5" diameter is visible
with a bluish color. A mag 11.5
star lies 35" W.
13" (7/85):
bright, just non-stellar 220x, estimate mag 10, easy blinker with OIII. A mag 11 star is 30" W. Forms the east vertex of a thin rhombus
of mag 10 stars.
Edward Pickering
discovered NGC 6790 on 16 Jul 1882 using a direct-vision spectroscope with the
15-inch refractor at Harvard College Observatory. He noted "very bright and minute." The discovery was announced in AN 2454
and The Observatory, Vol 5, for Oct 1882.
Based on
Crossley photographs at Lick, Curtis (1918) reported "Indistinguishable
from a star on the Crossley negatives, but shown to have a minute disk visually
with the 36-inch refractor."
******************************
NGC 6791 =
Berkeley 46 = Lund 886 = OCL-142
19 20 53 +37 46
18
V = 9.5; Size 16'
24"
(8/12/15): gorgeous field at 200x (1/2¡) using a 13mm Ethos, but this rich
cluster was superbly resolved at 200x using a 10mm Zeiss Ortho. Roughly 100 stars were visible in an
irregular oval outline, slightly elongated NW to SE. The stars are remarkably uniform but slightly brighter along
the southeast edge. Interestingly,
a large percentage of the resolved stars form the outline as the center is
richer and contains more fainter stars (like a very weakly compressed globular
cluster). A string of stars
extends roughly through the center, bisecting the oval and a "void"
is created by this string on the southeast interior. The outline is fairly well-defined, with some brighter field
stars beyond, including a couple of mag 10-10.5 stars off the south side and a
mag 9.5 star 11' NW of center.
Excellent cluster!
13.1"
(9/11/82): fairly faint, moderately large, many faint stars are resolved over
haze with averted, low surface brightness.
8":
moderately large, very faint hazy patch like a low surface brightness galaxy,
no resolution.
NGC 6791 is one
of the very oldest open clusters, along with Berkeley 17, with an age of 8 to
10 Gyr!
August Winnecke
discovered NGC 6791 = Au 45 in December 1853 with his 2.8-inch Merz
refractor. At the time he was an
18-year old astronomy student at Gottingen University. He described the cluster (repeated in
Auwers' 1862 list of new nebulae) as "very faint; a miniature image of
M74", so the cluster was clearly not resolved. But at Kšnigsberg, Auwers noted that it consisted of many
mag 12 stars that appeared nebulous in smaller instruments. Horace Tuttle independently discovered
the cluster on 17 Jul 1859 with a 10-cm comet-seeker at Harvard College
observatory (announced in AN 1453).
******************************
NGC 6792 = UGC
11429 = MCG +07-40-002 = CGCG 230-005 = PGC 63096
19 20 57.5 +43
07 59
V = 12.1; Size 2.2'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 25d
13.1"
(7/20/85): fairly faint, prominent bright core, faint extensions SW-NE. Located 1.5' SE of a mag 10 star. Forms a pair with UGC 11430 12' NNE.
Gerhard Lohse discovered
NGC 6792 around 1886 using the 15.5-inch Cooke refractor at the private
Wigglesworth Observatory in Scarborough, England. The discovery was communicated directly to Dreyer. His position is 1.7' south of UGC
11420. This is one of three
galaxies discovered by Lohse, although he reported 18 nebulae to Dreyer. The remainder are probably stars.
******************************
NGC 6793 = Lund
887 = OCL-115
19 23 14 +22 08
30
Size 6'
17.5"
(9/7/91): three dozen stars mag 10.5-14 in a 8' field. Fairly distinctive in the field. Located within a 30' loose, indistinct
group with a mag 8 star at the west edge.
The core of the cluster contains a 1' triangle of mag 10.5-11 stars with
the north vertex a nice double star (h886 = 10.5/11.5 at 8"). Just south is a 1' quadrilateral
consisting of four mag 13 stars.
No other distinct groups are in the cluster, although 4' N and 4' E are
two small groups of seven and four stars.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6793 = H VIII-81 = h2039 on 18 Jul 1789 (sweep 932) and recorded
"a sc. cl. of cL stars, pretty rich, iF, above 15' in extent." His position is accurate. On 24 Aug 1827 (sweep 90), JH logged
"place that of a double star (HJ 886) at the northern extremity of the
more condensed part of a L, loose, poor cluster of st 10...15m."
******************************
NGC 6794 = ESO
338-005 = MCG -07-40-001 = PGC 63241
19 28 03.8 -38
55 08
V = 12.9; Size 1.7'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 80d
17.5"
(7/20/96): very faint, fairly small, round, ~40" diameter. Low surface brightness with no
concentration although may be hampered by very low elevation. A mag 14 star is 1.4' ENE. Located 3.7' E of a mag 10 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6794 = h3792 on 24 Aug 1834 and logged "eF; R; vgvlbM;
40"." His position is 2.4'
northwest of ESO 338-005.
******************************
NGC 6795
19 26 22 +03 30
54
17.5"
(6/24/95): about 40 stars in a 8' elongated group WSW-ENE. At the west end of the group is mag 8.3
SAO 124619 and the east end is marked by the similar SAO 124629 7.5' E. Between these stars is an enhancement
of mag 12 and 13 stars and a single mag 9 star (SAO 124627). Appears as a slightly richer group that
stands out reasonably well at 100x because of the associated bright stars.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6795 = h2040 on 24 Aug 1827 and recorded "The first of 3
stars 9m, nearly in parallel, joined by a rich clustering portion of the Milky
Way." His position
corresponds with mag 8.3 SAO 124619 at the west end of the group.
Karl Reinmuth
says "no cl", based on the appearance on Heidelberg plates, and
Dorothy Carlson repeated this in her 1940 NGC Correction paper and the
RNGC. See Harold Corwin's
comments.
******************************
NGC 6796 = UGC
11432 = MCG +10-27-010 = CGCG 302-011 = PGC 63121
19 21 31.1 +61
08 42
V = 12.6; Size 1.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 179d
17.5"
(8/13/88): moderately bright, moderately large, pretty edge-on 4:1 N-S,
1.4'x0.3', bright core.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6796 = Sw II-79 on 5 Jul 1885 and recorded "vF; pS; vE in
meridian [N-S]." His RA is 13
seconds too small but the description matches. Bigourdan measured an accurate position on 8 Sep 1888. Herbert Howe, in his series of
observations of NGC and IC nebulae in MNRAS, commented "this is very much
elongated at 0¡, and certainly contains one bright spot of mag 13.5; perhaps
there are others. There is a
resemblance to the great nebula in Andromeda."
CGCG
misidentifies this galaxy as NGC 6797.
Malcolm Thomson noted this error in his list of CGCG errors.
******************************
NGC 6797 = ESO
525-**10
19 29 00.7 -25
39 59
=line of 4*,
Corwin.
Christian Peters
discovered NGC 6797 around 1860 with the 13.5-inch refractor at Hamilton
College in New York and noted "star 9m attached following." At his position is a double or triple
star (wider pair at ~8" separation) situated 25" west of a mag 10
star. ESO/Uppsala identifies this
multiple star as NGC 6797 ("Triple star; B star 0.5' f.")
The CGCG
misidentifies NGC 6796 as NGC 6797.
Malcolm Thomson noted this error in his unpublished "Catalogue
Corrections".
******************************
NGC 6798 = IC
1300 = UGC 11434 = MCG +09-32-002 = CGCG 281-001 = PGC 63171
19 24 03.2 +53
37 29
V = 13.2; Size 1.6'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 150d
17.5"
(7/20/90): fairly faint, small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, bright core, stellar
nucleus. A mag 14 star is off the
SE edge 43" from center.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6798 = Sw II-80 on 5 Aug 1885 and recorded "F; vS; R; * v
nr; in field with 51 Draconis."
His position is just 9 seconds of time west of UGC 11434. Swift probably "rediscovered"
this galaxy again on 2 Oct 1891 and catalogued it in list X-47 (later IC 1300),
but his declination was in error.
Howe searched
unsuccessfully for IC 1300 on two nights at Swift's position and afterwards
communicated with Swift, who responded that the IC position was one degree too
far south. This implies IC 1300 =
NGC 6798. In the same letter Swift
state that the declination of IC 1301 was 35' greater than given in the IC (see
that number). In the IC 2 Notes,
Dreyer comments for IC 1300, "Delenda, = 6798."
******************************
NGC 6799 = ESO
184-078 = PGC 63339
19 32 16.8 -55
54 29
V = 12.4; Size 1.6'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 110d
30"
(10/12/15 - OzSky): at 303x; fairly bright, fairly small, round, 40"
diameter, contains a small bright core that increases to a stellar
nucleus. Cradled by three stars
around the edge of the halo; a mag 12.3 star is 0.5' SE of center, a mag 14.4
star is 0.6' W of center, and a mag 13.5 star is 0.7' SW. Situated in a busy star field (20'
diameter) with many brighter and fainter stars.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6799 = h3793 on 9 Jul 1834 and recorded "eF; S; R; within
[partly within] a small triangle formed by 3 st 11, 13 and 14m." His position and description is a
perfect match.
******************************
NGC 6800 = Lund
892 = OCL-123
19 27 07 +25 08
24
Size 5'
17.5"
(9/7/91): over 100 stars in a 25' field.
Bright, very large, fairly rich in spots but not concentrated and very
weak in the center. Bordered by a
circular outline of mag 10-11 stars.
A rich double group of about ten stars each is at the south side and
includes a few bright stars and many faint stars. Off the west side is mag 7.7 SAO 87200 and mag 6.2 SAO 87190
is another 11' SW. Two rays of
stars extend west of the main group.
Located 35' NW of mag 4.4 Alpha Vulpeculae.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6800 = H VIII-21 = h2041 on 10 Sep 1784 (sweep 263) and logged
"a cluster of coarsely scattered L stars intermixed with small
stars." His position is on
the northwest edge of the cluster.
On 17 Jul 1785 (sweep 415), he called it "a coarsely scattered cl
of considerately L stars, not rich."
JH made a single observation, noting "vL; p rich; very straggling;
stars 10m; fills field."
******************************
NGC 6801 = UGC
11443 = MCG +09-32-005 = CGCG 281-003 = PGC 63229
19 27 35.9 +54
22 21
V = 13.9; Size 1.3'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 44d
17.5"
(7/20/90): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, bright core. A mag 13.5 star is off the SW end.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6801 = Sw IV-76 on 5 Aug 1886 and recorded "eF; pS; R; F *
nr s." His position and
description matches UGC 11443. Herbert Howe observed the galaxy in 1899-00 with
the 20-inch refractor at Denver and remarked "This contains at least one
stellar point of mag 13.5. The
"F * s nr" is of mag 11.5 and precedes the nebula 3 sec, 1.3'
south." The star is mentioned
in my observation as mag 13.5.
******************************
NGC 6802 = Cr
400 = Lund 895 = OCL-114
19 30 35 +20 15
42
V = 8.8; Size 3'
13.1"
(8/11/85): about two dozen stars are visible over extensive unresolved haze in
an elongated N-S group. Located
just east of the "Coathanger" asterism, in line with the long base of
the Coatthanger.
8"
(10/4/80): bar-shaped N-S, faint, even surface brightness. A few mag 13 stars are resolved. Surrounded by two double stars to the
west and north.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6802 = H VI-14 = h2042 on 11 Jul 1784 (sweep 235) and recorded
"a cluster exceedingly small and v compressed stars, in the form of a
parallelogram, about 4' l and nearly 2' broad; in the direction nearly of the
meridian. But the weather is very
hazy. On 18 Jul 1789 (sweep 932)
he logged "a compressed cl of considerably small stars, very rich, about 5
or 6' l, 3' br, E nearly in the meridian." On 8 Aug 1831 (sweep 364), JH called it a "rectangular
cluster; v m comp; 3' or 4' l; 2' br; stars 14...18m; among B stars."
******************************
NGC 6803 = PK
46-4.1 = PN G046.4-04.1
19 31 16.4 +10
03 22
V = 11.5; Size 6"
17.5"
(9/5/99): picked up by blinking with an OIII filter at 100x as a mag 11.5
"star". At 220x, appears
just non-stellar and is situated ~2' S of a mag 10.5-11 "comparison"
star, which is a half magnitude brighter than the PN (unfiltered). Good response to blinking with a UHC
filter. At 280x and 380x, the PN
is very small but clearly nonstellar, <5" diameter with a blue-grayish
color. Easily takes 500x but no
other details were visible except for two mag 15 stars which are close west and
northwest forming a tiny equilateral triangle with the PN.
13": fairly
bright stellar planetary at 88x, good OIII blinker in a rich star field,
estimate V = 11.5. Just
non-stellar at 350x and about 3" diameter. A mag 11 star is 1.8' N.
8"
(8/5/83): appears slightly non-stellar at 385x. A similar field star is just 2' NW.
Edward Pickering
discovered NGC 6803 = HN 52 on 17 Sep 1882 using a direct-vision prism attached
to the 15-inch refractor at Harvard College Observatory. His position in Sidereal Messenger, Vol
1. No. 6 (Oct 1882) is accurate to within 1'.
Based on
Crossley photographs at Lick, Curtis (1918) wrote, "a minute round disk,
5.5" in diameter, just distinguishable from a star; fades out a little at
the edges."
******************************
NGC 6804 = PK
45-4.1 = PN G045.7-04.5
19 31 35.3 +09
13 31
V = 12.2; Size 62"x49"
24"
(6/30/16): at 501x (unfiltered): bright, irregular planetary with interesting
structure! The overall shape is roughly
oval, extending WSW-ENE, ~0.7'x0.5'.
The 14th magnitude central star is very easy. A brighter mag 12.5-13 star is along the rim on the
northeast side and a fainter mag 14-14.5 star is at the west edge of the
rim. The latter star has a mag
15-15.5 companion 12" SSW.
Also a 10" pair of mag 14/15 stars is off the northeast side. The rim is brightest along thin 90¡
strips centered on the southeast and northwest side and weak or open on the
southwest side. Along with the
brighter star on the northeast end, this creates a "C" or horseshoe
appearance with a darker center.
18"
(7/11/07): at 450x this striking planetary appeared elongated 4:3 WSW-ENE,
~60"x45". Three stars
are involved including the 14th magnitude central star. A mag 12.5-13 star is at the northeast
edge of the halo and a mag 14.5 star is at the west edge with a mag 15
companion close southwest. The
surface brightness is irregular; weakest on the southwest side and slightly
brighter along the east side, giving a "horseshoe" appearance.
17.5"
(7/11/99): at lower powers appears moderately bright, irregularly round, ~1'
diameter with several stars involved or nearby. At 280x, the view is very unusual with three stars involved
and others nearby. The brightest
is a mag 12.5-13 star at the NE edge.
The mag 14 central star is visible with direct vision. Finally, a mag 14.5-15 star is at or
just off the west side. The
planetary is slightly elongated 4:3 SW-NE with an irregular surface
brightness. The rim appears
brighter along the east and northeast side and weakest at the west edge. Nearby stars include a mag 13 star
~1.5' NE (nearly on a line with the central star and the star on the northeast
edge) and a mag 15-15.5 star close south-southwest of the star at the west
edge.
13" (8/5/83):
moderately bright, elongated WSW-ENE.
Unusual appearance as four faint stars are very near or involved
including the faint mag 14 central star visible with averted vision. A mag 13 star is at the NE edge
27" from the center, a very faint mag 15 star is at west edge and a
similar star is just NW. The rim
is possibly slightly brighter on the east edge.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6804 = H VI-38 = h2043 on 25 Aug 1791 (sweep 1018) and recorded
"cB, S, iF, easily resolvable.
Some of the stars visible."
He placed this planetary nebula in classification class VI = "Very compressed and rich
clusters of stars." JH also assumed it was a cluster, though on his first
of four observations (21 Aug 1827), he logged "doubtful if a resolved cl
or a neb of first class. pL; R;
bM; 60"; with 2 or 3 accidental stars of the Milky Way." Confirmed as a planetary by Francis
Pease in 1917.
Based on
Crossley photographs at Lick, Curtis (1918) wrote, "an irregular ring
33" from north to south and 30" from E to W; brightest on north and
south and fades out along an axis in p.a. 48¡. The oval disk of much fainter matter outside is
63"x50" in p.a. 0¡, and stronger at western and southern edges."
******************************
NGC 6805 = ESO
338-014 = MCG -06-43-002 = PGC 63413
19 36 45.7 -37
33 16
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 163d
17.5"
(7/20/96): very faint, fairly small, slightly elongated ~N-S, slightly brighter
core. A mag 13.5 star lies 1.7'
ESE. Viewing suffers due to low
elevation.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6805 = h3796 on 24 Aug 1834 and logged "eF; R;
vgbM." One week later, he
returned to the field and noted "well looked for, but only a small
star-group found." There is
nothing at his position (used in the NGC), but exactly 1¡ north is ESO 338-014
= PGC 63413. The 1¡ error in
declination is noted in Corwin's Southern Galaxy Catalogue.
******************************
NGC 6806 = ESO
338-015 = MCG -07-40-003 = VV 411 = AM 1933-422 = PGC 63416
19 37 05.0 -42
17 47
V = 13.2; Size 1.6'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 24d
30"
(10/14/15 - OzSky): at 303x; moderately bright, fairly small, slightly
elongated E-W, contains a brighter elongated core. The halo appears to spread out somewhat on the east side. A mag 13.8 star is attached at the west
edge. Situated 3.7' SE of mag 8.4
HD 184556. A number of fainter
stars are nearby including a chain that begins with a mag 13 star 1.5' WNW and
curls to the northeast.
18"
(8/19/09): at 175x appeared as a very faint, small oval glow with a mag 13.5 star
superimposed on the west end.
Probably due to the very low elevation (10-11 degrees), no additional
structure was evident. Located
3.6' SE of mag 8.4 HD 184556. A
loop of mag 14-14.5 stars elongated SW to NE is between the galaxy and the
bright star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6806 = h3795 on 5 Sep 1834 and recorded "eF; vS; appended
to a * 14m." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 6807 = PK
42-6.1 = PN G042.9-06.9
19 34 33.4 +05
41 02
V = 12.2; Size 2"
17.5"
(7/20/90): at 140x appears as a mag 12 stellar object. Shows an excellent contrast gain with
OIII filter. A brighter mag 10.5
comparison star 1.5' NE is similar to the planetary with the OIII filter (so
there is a two magnitudes contrast gain with the filter). Increasing the magnification to 286, it
appeared to be quasi-stellar with a tiny disc surrounding the central star.
Edward Pickering
discovered NGC 6807 = HN 51 on 4 Sep 1882 using a direct-vision spectroscope
attached to the 15-inch Merz refractor at Harvard College Observatory. His position in Sidereal Messenger, Vol
I, No 6 (Oct 1882) is ~30" too far north.
Based on
Crossley photographs at Lick, Curtis (1918) wrote, "indistinguishable from
a star on the Crossley negatives, but shown to have a minute disk visually with
the 36-inch refractor."
******************************
NGC 6808 = ESO
073-003 = PGC 63578
19 43 54.6 -70
37 57
V = 12.5; Size 1.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 40d
18" (7/9/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 171x appears moderately bright and
large, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 1.5'x0.7', weak concentration. Located 9' W of mag 7.1 HD 185618 and a
mag 9.5 star is 5.3' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6808 = h3794 on 27 Jun 1835 and recorded "Not vF; lE; gbM;
25"." On a second sweep
he logged "pB; pmE; gb to one end (or by diagram a double nebula). A star 8m [HD 185618] follows on the
parallel." His mean position
is at the south edge of ESO 073-003.
******************************
NGC 6809 = M55 =
ESO 460-SC21
19 39 59.3 -30
57 44
V = 6.4; Size 19'; Surf Br = 0.3
24"
(9/2/16): at 200x; superb, very highly resolved showpiece globular of several
hundred stars, spreading out at least 15' in diameter. Contains a very large, very bright core
that is uniformly covered with similar, relatively bright resolved stars. The core has a loose appearance and
doesn't increase to a nuclear peak.
The central portion has a distinct 3-dimensional appearance with the
brighter stars overlaying a second dense layer of fainter stars against an
unresolved background glow. The
halo is very large and well resolved with a mix of brighter and fainter
stars. The periphery of the halo
is irregular or scraggly, but roughly symmetrical.
17.5"
(7/14/99): at 100x this a beautiful, highly resolved cluster with outliers
extending out to at least 12' in diameter. At 220x, there is uniform covering of easily resolved stars
across the halo and the broadly concentrated core. In addition the central region is contains a layer of very
faint stars over unresolved haze.
The star density drops off rapidly in the outer halo and becomes very
scraggly around the periphery. The
core also seems indented on the SE side with a void in the halo on this edge.
13"
(9/3/83): bright, large, superb resolution of at least 75 stars mag 12 and
fainter. Loosely compressed with a
broadly brighter core, irregular background glow. One of the easiest resolved globulars.
8": at
100x; faint stars resolved across entire disc, no compact core, over unresolved
haze. Highly resolved at 165x.
Nicolas-Louis de
Lacaille discovered M55 = NGC 6809 = Lac I-14 = D 620 = h3798 in 1751-1752
during his expedition to the Cape of Good Hope. He used only a 1/2-inch refractor at 8x and described it as
appearing "like the obscured nucleus of a big comet." Messier couldn't find it in 1764 but
succeeded in 1778, describing it as "a nebula which is a whitish spot;
extending for 6' around the light is even and does not appear to contain a
star."
William Herschel
mentions in Philosophical Transactions for 1818: "30 Jul 1783, small 20
feet telescope (12-inch). With 250 power fairly resolved into stars; I can
count a great many of them, while others are too close to be distinguished
separately. 1784, 1785, 20 feet telescope (18.7-inch). A rich cluster of very
compressed stars, irregularly round, about 8' long."
James Dunlop
described the cluster as "a beautiful, large round bright nebula, about 6'
or 7' diameter, gradually condensed to the centre, easily
resolvable." His position is
24' too far east. On 3 Aug 1834
(sweep 478), JH recorded "Globular cluster; pB; vL; R; vglbM; diam in RA
30.0s; all resolved into separate st 13...16 m; not so comp M as to run
together into a blaze or nipple. "
******************************
NGC 6810 = ESO
142-035 = PGC 63571
19 43 34.4 -58
39 21
V = 11.4; Size 3.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 176d
18" (7/9/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 128x appears moderately bright and
large, elongated 3:1 N-S, 2.0'x0.7'.
The bright core is concentrated to a stellar nucleus with direct
vision. On the DSS image, this
Seyfert galaxy shows an absorption lane along the eastern side but this was not
seen visually.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6810 = h3797 on 10 Jul 1834 and recorded "B; mE, in
position 169.2¡; psbM; 90"."
His position is accurate.
On the next sweep he called this object "R; vgbM; 30" haze
thickening rapidly." The
second (poorer) description was given in the GC and NGC, and DeLisle Stewart
reported (based on plates taken at Harvard's Arequipa Station), "not
round, but cF, S, eE 179¡, stell ncl."
******************************
NGC 6811 = Cr
402 = Mel 222 = Lund 897
19 37 17 +46 23
18
V = 6.8; Size 13'
17.5"
(7/1/00): large, beautiful cluster at 100x. The central section is ~8' in diameter, roughly triangular
and contains a scattering of ~20 10-11th magnitude stars. There are no prominent members - the
brightest star (at the west edge) has a faint companion. Perhaps 85 stars are resolved in the
unconcentrated central region (there is nearly a void in the center) over haze. The richest knot of stars is on the
northeast side. An isolated 5'
tails of stars extends NW and another curving string of stars can be traced 8'
to the east.
13"
(9/3/83): fairly large and rich group of approximately 60 stars including many
mag 11-12 stars. A long trail of
stars follows and a bright group of stars is WNW. Prominent in 16x80 finder, some resolution with averted.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6811 = h2044 on 29 Aug 1829 and recorded "a double star in
the southern part of a fine, large, pretty rich coarse cluster of about 100
stars 11...14m; it fills the field."
His position is near a mag 11 star on the southeast end of the
cluster. The next sweep (2 Sep
1829) he logged "The centre of the more condensed part of a considerable
cluster, 10' diameter, of irregularly scattered stars." His position, though, is about 45
seconds of RA too large. Harold
Corwin mentions "Unfortunately, the position JH adopted for the GC carries
the RA of the second, and a Dec 10 arcmin further on north. I think he meant to
use only the second observation (he notes that the first observation refers to
"A double star in the southern part ..."), so the incorrect Dec must
be a transcription or typographical error." The end result is the GC and NGC position is 15' too far
northeast, well outside the confines of the cluster.
******************************
NGC 6812 = ESO
185-015 = PKS 1941-554 = PGC 63625
19 45 24.0 -55
20 50
V = 12.6; Size 1.6'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 94d
25" (4/5/16
- Coonabarabran, 318x): moderately bright oval, elongated ~3:2 E-W,
0.7'x0.45'. Almost immediately I
noticed the shape was either irregular or perhaps there was an attached
companion. On careful examination,
an extremely faint, compact companion (LEDA 2802344), 8"-10" diameter,
was occasionally resolved (barely separated) or attached to the southwest
edge. LEDA 2802343, a second
(easier) companion is just 1.8' WNW.
It appeared very faint and small, round, ~12" diameter. A number of brighter stars pepper the
field including a mag 11 star 2.7' NW, a mag 9.7 star 4.2' NNE and a mag 10.4
star 6' NNW. Three additional mag
10.5 stars form a small triangle 7' to 8' SSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6812 = h3799 on 9 Jul 1834 and recorded "pB ; pmE; glbM;
40" l, 30" br." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6813 = GN
19.38.4
19 40 22.4 +27
18 34
Size 3'
18"
(7/12/07): picked up at 115x as a small, hazy glow surrounding a mag 13.5
star. Adding an OIII filter, this
emission nebula appeared as a moderately bright, round, 1.5' glow surrounding
the star. At 174x the center
"star" appears double and the nebulosity responds well to an OIII
filter. At 225x, the two close
central stars are cleanly resolved and a third fainter star is just at the
northern edge. Adding a UHC
filter, the shape is irregular and the overall outline shifts with averted
vision, though it does not appear to be larger than 1.2'-1.5' visually despite
a catalogued diameter of 3'.
17.5"
(6/15/91): at 140x, fairly faint emission nebulosity, round, 1.5'
diameter. Surrounds a very close
mag 14 double star. Using an OIII
filter the nebulosity is very prominent and increases to 3' in size. Located 3' SE of mag 9 SAO 87539.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6813 = m 400 on 7 Aug 1864 and noted "D* in vF, S
neb." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 6814 = MCG
-02-50-001 = PGC 63545
19 42 40.6 -10
19 23
V = 11.2; Size 3.0'x2.8'; Surf Br = 13.4
24"
(8/7/13): fairly bright, fairly large, round, ~1.5' diameter. Well concentrated with a bright core
that increases to a very bright nucleus.
A mag 13 star lies 1' NW and two mag 14/14.4 stars are a bit further
northeast. Spiral structure is strongly suggested in the halo with an ill-defined
segment of a curving arm on the east side and a counterpart on the west
side. A very faint star (V = 15.6)
is superimposed on the western arm.
13.1"
(7/20/85): this Seyfert galaxy appears fairly faint, round, 2.0' diameter,
broad concentration, stellar nucleus, diffuse outer halo.
8" (8/15/82):
faint, small, slightly brighter core, larger faint halo with averted.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6814 = H III-744 = h2045 on 2 Aug 1788 (sweep 851) and noted
"vF; pL; R; vgmbM." His
position is accurate. JH made the
single observation "Not vF; pL; R; bM; r; 50"."
******************************
NGC 6815
19 40 44 +26 45
30
17.5"
(6/15/91): at 100x, ~100 stars mag 10-14 in a large 30' field elongated
~E-W. Includes six brighter mag
10-11 stars although most members are mag 12-13. Scattered appearance with no rich sections although over
unresolved background haze. A mag
8 star is off the NW edge.
Difficult to define borders as basically appears as a Milky Way field
enhancement.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6815 = h2046 on 18 Aug 1828 and recorded "vL, p rich,
straggling cluster; it mores than fills the field. Stars 10...15m."
His position (marked as uncertain in both RA and NPD) is in a rich Milky
Way field, though Harold Corwin defines the center as ~3.5' southwest. Does not appear to be a true cluster.
******************************
NGC 6816 = ESO
460-029 = PGC 63584
19 43 59.1 -28
29 11
V = 13.4; Size 2.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 105d
24"
(9/23/17): at 200x-375x; faint or fairly faint, moderately large, elongated
~4:3 WNW-ESE, fairly low surface brightness, small slightly brighter nucleus,
~45"x35".
ESO 460-030
(identified as NGC 6816 in most sources), situated 6' NNE, appeared moderately
bright, fairly small, irregularly round, small bright core, faint halo 35"
diameter. Two stars are
superimposed; a mag 13.5-14 star at the west edge [15" from center] and a
mag 14.5 star [20" NW]. The
halo appears to encompass both stars with averted vision. A bright mag 10.8 star is 1' SW. ESO 460-033, situated 12' NE, appeared
fairly faint, moderately large, slightly elongated WNW-ESE, 0.8'x0.65', broad
and weak concentration to a slightly brighter core.
24"
(9/29/16): at 375x; fairly faint, elongated 5:3 WNW-ESE, ~40"x24",
broad concentration with a brighter core.
A faint star is off the NW edge [Note: there no star here but a compact
companion is at the ESE end - probably my directions are reversed].
In a group with
ESO 460-030 6' NNE. This galaxy
(usually identified as NGC 6816) appeared fairly faint to moderately bright,
small, round, 20"-24" diameter, very small bright nucleus, higher
surface brightness than NGC 6816. Two mag 13.5-14.5 stars attached at the west
edge interfere a bit and a mag 10.8 star is 1' SW. ESO 460-025, 15' W, appeared fairly faint, fairly small,
slightly elongated, ~30"x25", broad weak concentration. A mag 11.5 star is 1.4' SE. ESO 460-033, 12' NE, appeared fairly
faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 WNW-ESE, moderate concentration to a small
bright nucleus.
17.5"
(6/8/91): very faint, fairly small, very low surface brightness. Forms an
equilateral triangle with two mag 13 stars 2.8' SW and 2.8' SSE of center. A close mag 14.5 star is 1' NNE
(?). Located 4.5' S of a mag 10.5
star.
Forms a pair
with ESO 460-030 = MCG -05-46-006 6' NNE.
ESO 460-030 is identified as NGC 6816 in RNGC, ESO, PGC, NED and
HyperLeda. It appeared very faint,
very small, round. Two mag 13.5
stars at the west and northwest edge confuse the observation as well as a mag
10.8 star 1' WSW that is detracting.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6816 = h3800 on 30 Jul 1834 and recorded "eF; R; vlbM;
40"; a *9m north of it; at 6' distance has what may be easily taken for a
nebula attached to it, but it is only a little group of vS stars." There is nothing his position, which is
4' due south of ESO 460-029 and 9' south-southwest of ESO 460-030. ESO 460-029 is a better match in
position and description -- a mag 10.8 star lies 5' due north along with
several other nearby fainter stars.
The question
remains that if NGC 6816 = ESO 460-029 how did JH miss brighter ESO 460-030 =
PGC 63587? His description
suggests he probably noticed this galaxy or the nucleus of the galaxy
("what may be easily taken for a nebula attached to [the star]") but
decided it was part of the group of stars. In the GC, JH shortened his
description to read "eF; pS; R; vlbM; * np." The 6' separation to the
star was not included and it's not clear why he changed the direction to
"np" [northwest].
All modern
sources, including RNGC, ESO, RC3, PGC, NED and HyperLeda, misidentify ESO
460-030 as NGC 6816. I listed this
error in RNGC Corrections #5. See
Harold Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 6817 = MCG
+10-28-005 = CGCG 303-004 = PGC 63431
19 37 22.3 +62
23 00
V = 14.5; Size 0.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.5
24"
(8/13/15): this double system was resolved at 375x and 500x. The brighter galaxy is on the east side
and appeared fairly faint, small, slightly elongated NW-SE, ~24"x18". A mag 15.5 star is close
north-northeast [26" from center] and a mag 16.1 star lies 39"
NW. The companion galaxy is just
off the west side [16" between centers] and extremely to very faint (V =
15.7, B = 16.5), round, only 6"-8" diameter! On the SDSS the halos of the two
galaxies are merged and the brighter eastern component is tidally disturbed.
17.5"
(8/13/88): very faint, fairly small, elongated ~E-W, weak concentration. A mag 15 star is off the NE edge and an
extremely faint mag 16 star is off the NW edge. This is a very close double system oriented E-W, although
apparently the individual components were too faint to resolve separately.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6817 = Sw II-81 on 10 Sep 1885 and recorded "eeF; pS; lE; a
curve of stars west like Northern Crown." His position is 12 seconds of RA too far west. Bigourdan measured an accurate position
on 30 Aug 1889 as well as Howe in 1899-00 at Denver. The "curve of stars" in the description begins
3.5' WSW.
******************************
NGC 6818 =
Little Gem Nebula = PK 25-17.1 = PN G025.8-17.9
19 43 57.7 -14
09 11
V = 9.4; Size 22"x15"
24"
(7/19/17): at 375x, 500x, 750x and 1000x: small, very high surface brightness
oval, slightly elongated N-S, with a blue color at 375x, takes up to 1000x! The
planetary is encased in a thin outer shell. Occasionally the center seemed to sharpen to a point, but I
couldn't confirm the central star with confidence. The rim seemed to sparkle with slightly brighter
regions. Located 40' N of Barnard's
Galaxy (NGC 6822).
18"
(7/23/06): this very high surface brightness blue planetary takes high
magnification well and 565x provided an excellent view. Appears slightly elongated N-S,
~20"x15". Most striking
is an annular structure with a brighter rim and darker center. The rim has an irregular surface
brightness and is brighter along the southeast and east side. Although the contrast of rim and darker
center is fairly low, the relative thickness of the rim is comparable to
M57. Barnard's Galaxy lies just
40' S.
17.5"
(7/12/99): at 100x this striking PN is bright and small with an obvious blue
color. The high surface brightness
easily allows high power. At 380x,
there is subtle but obvious structure with a darker center and an irregular
brightness to the halo. Most
noticeably the PN is brighter on the east end and mildly annular. Appears slightly elongated N-S,
~20"x15" in size. Three
mag 13-13.5 stars are nearby at 40" NW, 1.0' E and 1.3' SW.
17.5"
(7/16/88): at 412x appears very bright, fairly small, slightly elongated N-S,
blue color, very high surface brightness.
Appears brighter along the east side and slightly brighter along the
west side compared to the center.
Has a darker elongated center but the annularity has a pretty low
contrast. Barnard's galaxy NGC
6822 lies 40' SSE.
13"
(9/3/83): very bright, slightly elongated N-S, fairly small.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6818 = H IV-51 = h2047 on 8 Aug 1787 (sweep 749) and recorded
"a small beautiful planetary nebula, but considerably hazy upon the edges;
it is of uniform light throughout, considerably bright. Perfectly round, 10 or 15" in
diameter. My brother Jacob being
in the gallery, I showed it to him."
His position is very accurate.
JH reported that
"It is exactly like a planet and two satellites. Distance of A, the
nearer, 20", Pos 45¡ np; of B, 25", 20¡ nf." JH was interested in the idea that in
some cases PN were accompanied by satellites (NGC 6905 and NGC 7662 are two
other examples he mentioned).
Other astronomers, such as Olbers, were also interested in this notion.
On 28 Aug 1850,
LdR (or assistant) recorded "vB, blue planetary neb, edges not sharp, a
little darker in the middle."
A year later, assistant Bindon Stoney logged "the dark part is a
little np middle." In 1856
Father Secchi noted (and sketched) a darker center in the shape of a cross
using a 9.5" refractor at 1000x.
Based on
Crossley photographs at Lick, Curtis (1918) wrote "A rather irregular oval
ring 22"x15" in p.a. 10¡, fainter along and at the ends of the major
axis. A fainter narrow ring shows at east and west outside of the inner bright
ring."
******************************
NGC 6819 = Cr
403 = Mel 223 = Lund 900
19 41 18.1 +40
11 12
V = 7.3; Size 5'
17.5"
(7/1/00): this is a rich, beautiful cluster at 100x. The central 6' contains 80-90 stars over unresolved haze and
has an irregular outline with the brighter stars forming a squared off
"U" shape open to the north.
The cluster extends to ~8' diameter with many faint stars on the SW
side. The outline appears
elongated SW-NE with the inner bars of the "U" on the NE border
delineating a distinct border.
Located 8.5' SE of mag 6.3 HD 186307.
13"
(8/24/84): over 40 stars resolved at 166x including two intersecting
strings. Striking very rich group
situated in a rich star field. A
mag 10 star is off the SW end and several bright stars are in the field at low
power.
13.1"
(9/11/82): striking cluster at 144x.
Nearly three dozen stars are resolved over haze mainly in two rows. This is a very rich, dense group.
8": rich,
well-resolved, pretty.
Caroline
Herschel discovered NGC 6819 = h2048 on 12 May 1784. William didn't record the cluster during his sweeps, so it
doesn't carry an H-designation.
Karl Harding independently found it in 1823, reported the discovery to
Johann Bode, and it was listed as new in Astronomisches Jahrbuch for 1827
(published in 1824). JH
rediscovered it again on 31 Jul 1831 and logged "a beautiful cluster, v
rich, vL; stars 11...15m and l = 7m nf, a reticulated mass, central part = 4',
but fills field with its loose stars.
A very fine object."
His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6820 = IRAS
19403 +2258
19 42 28.0 +23
05 17
17.5"
(8/10/91): at 100x using OIII filter, open cluster NGC 6823 is immersed in a
faint nebulosity. Also extends
5'-10' SW from the core of the cluster to a group of stars that wasn't included
in the description of NGC 6823.
The observation
above refers to Sh 2-86, the usual identification of NGC 6820. But based on Marth's position and
description, NGC 6820 more likely refers to a compact knot to the southwest of
the cluster at this position. At
220x, it appeared as a small, 20" knot surrounding a faint stellar or
quasi-stellar core. Interestingly,
this object dimmed with OIII, UHC and H-beta, so it's likely a reflection
nebula that is detached from the main mass of nebulosity to the northeast.
13.1"
(8/15/82): cluster NGC 6823 is encased in nebulosity (Sh 2-86) using a filter
and averted vision. Very difficult
to identify the nebulosity unfiltered.
8"
(10/4/80): Sh 2-86 extremely faint nebulosity in field of NGC 6823. Involves four stars in the north and
two stars in the south side.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6820 = m 401 on 7 Aug 1864 and noted "F, S, R, bM."
This number is usually associated with the large HII region Sh 2-86 = LBN 135,
but Marth's position (and Bigourdan's measurements) point to IRAS 19403 +2258,
a compact knot at 19 42 27.9 +23 05 15 (J2000).
******************************
NGC 6821 = MCG
-01-50-002 = PGC 63594
19 44 24.3 -06
50 02
V = 13.1; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 135d
17.5"
(9/15/90): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated NW-SE, broad mild
concentration, fairly diffuse.
Palomar 11 lies 1.2 degrees south.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6821 = m 402 on 8 Aug 1863 and noted "F, pL, R." His position is accurate to within 1'.
******************************
NGC 6822 = MCG
-02-50-006 = DDO 209 = IC 4895 = Barnard's galaxy = PGC 63616
19 44 58.3 -14
48 03
V = 8.8; Size 15.5'x13.5'; Surf Br = 14.5; PA = 5d
48"
(5/16/12): the four HII regions on the north side of the galaxy were carefully
observed. IC 1308 = Hubble X
appeared bright, fairly small, irregularly round. At ~30" diameter this HII knot is slightly larger than
Hubble V and more uniform in surface brightness. Hubble V is bright, fairly small, irregularly round. This irregular HII region spans
20"-25" and has a higher surface brightness than IC 1308 3' E. A bright knot is on the SE end. Hubble III was immediately visible as a
faint to fairly faint glow, fairly large (largest of the four regions), round,
~0.9' diameter. Occasionally, when
the seeing steadied the ring structure popped and a brighter rim and darker
center was visible. Smaller and
slightly fainter Hubble I is virtually in contact at the NW edge and sometimes
the two glows merged into a single large, irregular glow. Hubble I is the faintest and
westernmost of the main HII regions and appeared as a faint, moderately large,
round glow of ~36" diameter, barely off the NW side of larger Hubble III.
18"
(8/12/10): under superb conditions at Lassen (8200'), I tracked down Hubble
VII, the brightest and oldest globular cluster in Barnard's galaxy, situated
near the center of the galaxy. At
285x, the globular was visible ~50% of the time as an extremely faint (~16th
magnitude) and small glow, ~10" diameter. I couldn't resolve an extremely faint star attached on the
SSE edge, but the glow was definitely non-stellar. I also viewed this challenging object at 393x and it
appeared roughly similar in terms of visibility.
18"
(7/16/07): very easily picked up at 73x as a very large, low surface brightness
glow with no central concentration and extending ~5:2 N-S, ~11x4.5'. The two HII knots at the north end (IC
1308 and Hubble V) were blinked with an OIII or UHC filter and showed a good
response. Surprisingly the galaxy
was quite evident in my 80mm finder at 25x as a faint, elongated glow and it
was just at the edge of visibility in my 15x50 IS binoculars.
17.5"
(7/14/99): the exact position of the HII ring Hubble III on the NW side of the
galaxy was examined carefully at 280x without a filter and on several occasions
an extremely faint, round, 15" glow popped into view with averted vision
~1.5' W of a mag 13.5-14 star. A
mag 15.5 star is visible a similar distance SSE of the reference star. This HII knot was clearly nonstellar,
although it didn't have the annular ring appearance seen on images. Viewed on an evening of exceptional
transparency at the Sierra Buttes.
17.5"
(5/10/91): at 82x, this Local Group Member appeared fairly faint, very large,
low but uneven surface brightness, elongated 5:2 N-S, 14'x6'. Diffuse appearance and the boundary is
difficult to define, requires low power.
Several faint stars are superimposed with a couple of brighter stars on
the north side. Using an OIII
filter two small, faint HII knots (Hubble X = IC 1308 and Hubble V) stand out
well on the north and NW edges.
Both of these knots are 2' NW of mag 12 stars. Planetary nebula NGC 6818 lies 40' NNW.
17.5"
(7/16/88): easily visible as a large, elongated, low surface brightness glow.
8"
(8/28/81): very faint, elongated N-S, similar to a faint Milky Way patch.
E.E. Barnard
discovered NGC 6822 on 17 Aug 1884 with either his 5-inch refractor or possibly
the 6-inch refractor at Vanderbilt University. The discovery was
announced in Sidereal Messenger, vol 3, p 254. In AN 2624 he reported
"it is some 2' diameter, and very diffuse and even it its light. With 6-inch equatorial it is very
difficult to see, with 5-inch and a power of ~30 (field about 1.25¡), it is
quite distinct. This should be borne in mind in looking for
it." Later in 1886 (Sidereal
Messenger, vol 5, p 31) he commented "it certainly seems to be much larger
and much denser than last year and I certainly think it has increased in
density and size since that time." He gave a size estimate of 10' to 15'
and concluded "probably this is a variable nebula."
When Max Wolf
photographed this galaxy on 16 Jul 1906 and 8 Aug 1907, he assumed the two
brighter HII regions at the north end were NGC 6822 and IC 1308 (the mistake
originates by Ormond Stone at the Leander McCormick observatory) and he thought
the galaxy itself was as a new discovery (AN 4207). Dreyer later
catalogued it as IC 4895. So, NGC 6822 = IC 4895, and one of the two HII
knots is left without an IC designation. Hubble reviewed the historical
inconsistencies in his seminal study, "NGC 6822, A Remote Stellar
System" (1925ApJ....62..409H).
IC 1308 is generally referred to as Hubble X.
******************************
NGC 6823 = Cr
405 = Lund 903 = OCL-124 = LBN 135
19 43 09 +23 18
00
V = 7.1; Size 12'
17.5"
(8/10/91): about 50 stars in the central 5' diameter, bright, moderately large,
fairly rich. Includes four bright
mag 9.5-11 stars in a tight group at the core of the cluster plus two or three
very faint stars in a 20" diameter.
Most of the stars form a distinctive 5' oval ring, elongated ~E-W. Emission nebulosity Sh 2-86
(misidentified as NGC 6820 in most sources) is entwined.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6823 = H VII-18 = h2049 on 17 Jul 1785 (sweep 415) and recorded
"an elongated cluster of irregularly scattered stars of various sizes,
considerably rich; the place taken is that of the brightest part of it, which
is towards the south." JH
made the single observation "p rich, irreg R; 5' diam; a cl of loose
stars; the chief = 10m, the rest = 11...12. Four or five in centre [multiple star BD + 22 3782] form a
lozenge."
******************************
NGC 6824 = UGC
11470 = MCG +09-32-012 = CGCG 281-008 = PGC 63575
19 43 40.9 +56
06 33
V = 12.2; Size 1.7'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 60d
24"
(9/16/17): I observed SN 2017glx (Type Ia-91T), discovered on 9/3/17 just
3" W and 2" N of center of NGC 6824. It was highly suspected at 375x, as the galaxy appeared to
have a double nucleus with a superimposed "star" attached on the NW
side of the core. It took 500x, though, to clearly confirm and distinguish from
the nucleus. When the seeing
steadied, the supernova appeared as a sharp stellar point, perhaps mag
14.5-14.8, superimposed at the NW edge of the small, but nonstellar nucleus.
17.5"
(6/8/91): moderately bright and large, 1.5'x1.1', elongated 4:3 SW-NE, bright
core with a substellar nucleus, high surface brightness. A mag 13.5 star is just off the south
edge 34" from the center and a pretty yellow/blue double (Stein 2452 =
9.0/11.1 at 15") is 3.5' N.
Unusually bright for a galaxy in a Milky Way field.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6824 = H II-878 on 16 Sep 1792 (sweep 1028) and logged "pB,
iF, bM, has 2 stars in it."
CH's reduction is 5' south of UGC 11470, but his description fits. A change in the PD cord was noted at
the end of the short sweep.
******************************
NGC 6825 = CGCG
324-001 = VII Zw 906 = PGC 63535
19 41 54.8 +64
04 23
V = 14.4; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 174d
17.5"
(8/13/88): faint, small, oval NNW-SSE, small bright core. A mag 13.5 star is off the NNW edge
35" from center.
Edward Swift,
the 13 year-old son of Lewis Swift, discovered NGC 6825 = Sw II-82 on 18 Sep
1884 and recorded "eF; vS; F * nr; v diff." The position is 15 sec of RA east of CGCG 324-001 = PGC
63535. Bigourdan measured an
accurate micrometric position on 30 Aug 1889. Herbert Howe reported "The *F * nr" is of mag 10,
and precedes the nebula 3 sec, 0.5' north. Two stars of mags 8.5 and 9 are about 5' south
following."
NGC 6825 is
classified as a multiple galaxy in NED and the DSS2 reveals four nearly stellar
objects in a 12" circle, though one or more may be a faint star(s).
******************************
NGC 6826 =
Blinking Planetary = PK 83+12.1 = PN G083.5+12.7
19 44 48.1 +50
31 31
V = 8.9; Size 30"
48"
(10/27/16): at 610x and 813x; both internal FLIERS (see observation below) were
visible on the NW and SE sides of the central disc. The disc has a slight bulge
on the northwest and southeast ends creating a slightly elongated, irregular
oval NW-SE. A fainter inner halo
was visible at 610x, roughly doubling the size. At 244x and NPB filter, a third large outer shell was fairly
prominent forming a well defined 2' circular halo.
24"
(9/13/12): at 325x the main 30" disc appeared slightly brighter in the
east-southeast region. Adding an
H-beta filter, a very small knot was sometimes visible near the rim at the east
edge. This difficult knot is
prominent on the HST image as a red FLIER (Fast Low-Ionization Emission
Region). The corresponding knot on
the west edge was not visible. The
red color of these FLIERS is from ionized nitrogen and it disappeared switching
to an OIII filter, although the large outer halo became visible.
24" (8/16/12):
at 300x and an OIII or NPB filter, the main high surface brightness disc
(slightly elongated) is surrounded by a very faint, fairly uniform giant halo,
extending 2' diameter and quadrupling the size of the bright 30" disc! The outer halo seemed perfectly round
with a well-defined edge and was easily visible.
18"
(7/17/07): at 500x the "Blinking" Planetary is slightly elongated
~E-W, ~30"x25" with a bright 10th mag central star surrounded by a
small, slightly darker annulus.
The disc is pretty evenly lit but slightly weaker on the west or
west-southwest side.
17.5"
(8/17/01): beautiful view at 500x; the disc is slightly elongated WNW-ESE, with
subtle structure. There is small,
slightly darker region around the bright 10th magnitude central star. The halo appears to dim slightly along
the preceding edge and this edge is not as sharply defined. Located 28' E of the double star 16
Cygni.
17.5": very
bright 25" roundish nebula surrounding a bright 10th magnitude central
star, slightly elongated ~E-W, high surface brightness. With direct vision the planetary
appears brighter on the south side.
The planetary is too bright with this aperture to have the striking
"blinking" effect seen with smaller apertures.
8": the
famous "blinking" planetary blinks well with this aperture. Contains a bright mag 10 central star
(HD 186924) visible with direct vision and the outer nebulosity dominates with
averted vision.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6826 = H IV-73 = h2050 on 6 Sep 1793 (sweep 1049) and recorded
"a beautiful phenomenon. A
bright point, lE, like two points close to one another; as bright as a star of
the 8-9 magnitude surrounded by a very bright milky nebulosity suddenly
terminated, having the appearance of a planetary nebula with a lucid center. The border, however, is not very well
defined. It is perfectly round and
I suppose about 1/2' in diameter.
It is of a middle species between the planetary nebula and nebulous
stars." JH recorded "a
most curious object. A * 11m
surrounded with a vB, perfectly R planetary nebula, of equal light
throughout. Diameter in RA = 3.5
sec. Perhaps a little hazy at the
edges. With 320x the * is not seen
double."
On 28 Aug 1850,
Bindon Stoney recorded at Birr Castle, "A very remarkable object, probably
analogous to h450 [NGC 2392]. The
dark ring is not easily seen, but there can be no mistake about it, seen by
Lord R and myself, my brother (George Stoney) saw it dark under [preceding] the
central star." Observing with
a 9.5" refractor at 760x in 1856, Father Secchi described (and sketched)
the outer halo resolving into a number of small stars and claimed it was an
open cluster (AN 43, 157).
Based on
Crossley photographs at Lick, Curtis (1918) wrote "The central star...is
surrounded by an oval disk of bright matter 27"x24". Within this are rather obscure evidence
of a brighter ring formation, the condensations at the ends of which are
22" apart in p.a. about 125¡."
The Herschels
never mentioned a blinking effect, though it is less prominent in larger scopes. The blinking effect was noted by James
Mullaney and Wallace McCall in the August 1963 issue of Sky & Tel, though
the nickname was coined by Mullaney.
******************************
NGC 6827 = Be 48
= OCL-120 = Lund 906
19 48 53.4 +21
12 54
Size 4'
17.5"
(9/7/91): in a very rich Milky Way field is a faint, smooth, 2' unresolved glow
similar to a low surface brightness galaxy. A mag 13 star is at the west edge. A slightly brighter knot or a 15th magnitude star is
superimposed but no other resolution.
Located just west of a very large, scattered group that just stands out
due to many stars mag 11/12 at the edges.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6827 = St IX-25 on 16 Oct 1878 and recorded "eF, E, sev
faint stars inv." His
position matches this faint open cluster.
******************************
NGC 6828
19 50 17.5 +07
54 09
17.5"
(8/25/95): group of stars about 8' diameter surrounding mag 6.5 SAO 125116 in a
rich star field. A mag 9 star (SAO
125117) lies 2.0' S and a mag 8 star (SAO 125109) is 4.7' SW. Besides these bright stars there is 6'
incomplete ring of approximately 50 stars mag 12-14.5 roughly centered on the
mag 6.5 star. The majority of
these stars are located in the northern half of the ring.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6828 = H VIII-73 = h2051 on 30 Jul 1788 (sweep 850) and recorded
"A coarsely scattered cluster of stars, with a pB one in the
center." JH made two
observations and logged on sweep 89, "a *8 in a poor cl; hardly to be
called a cluster (night very bad)."
His position corresponds with mag 6.5 SAO 125116 at 19 50 17.5 +07 54 09
(2000). At Birr Castle on 14 Aug
1876, Dreyer called this a "Rich part of the heaven, many S, P, lC
Clusters, none remarkable."
Karl Reinmuth
reported a very dense region, no distinct cluster. Dorothy Carlson, in her 1940 NGC correction paper, called it
nonexistent and this is repeated in the RNGC. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 6829 = UGC
11478 = MCG +10-28-010 = CGCG 303-009 = VII Zw 915 = PGC 63667
19 47 07.5 +59 54
24
V = 14.1; Size 1.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 31d
17.5"
(6/15/91): faint, small, very elongated 3:1 or 4:1 SSW-NNE. A mag 10.5 star is attached at the SE
edge 41" from the center, which detracts from viewing. Pair with NGC 6831 6.3' ESE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6829 = Sw IV-77, along with NGC 6831, on 3 Sep 1886 and recorded
""eF; pS; R; pB * close s; p of 2 [with NGC 6831]." His RA is 15 seconds too large. Bigourdan measured an acurate position
on 30 Aug 1889. Herbert Howe noted in 1900 "the "pB *" mentioned
by Swift is of mag 9, is 0.7' south of the nebula, and follows 2
sec." Howe also measured an
accurate position.
******************************
NGC 6830 = Cr
406 = Mel 224 = Lund 908
19 50 59 +23 06
00
V = 7.9; Size 12'
17.5"
(8/8/91): 30-35 stars in the central 5' diameter. Most stars are mag 11-12 and arranged in two rows forming a
rough "X" shape. The
richest group is at the NW corner and a very faint group is off the SW
corner. The brightest star is just
SW of the intersection point of the "X". Located 30' N of 4.9-magnitude 12 Vulpeculae.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6830 = H VII-9 = h2052 on 19 Jul 1784 (sweep 241) and simply
noted "a cluster of stars."
On 17 Jul 1785 (sweep 415), he called this "a L cl of p compressed st,
most of the same size, with many adjacent scattered ones." JH made the single observation
"fine large coarse cl; fills field.
Stars 11...12m, some outliers = 9, 10m." His position is in the center of the cluster.
******************************
NGC 6831 = UGC
11483 = MCG +10-28-011 = CGCG 303-011 = PGC 63674
19 47 57.2 +59
53 33
V = 13.3; Size 1.5'x1.4'; Surf Br = 14.0
17.5"
(6/15/91): faint, fairly small, round, small bright core, sharp stellar
nucleus, faint halo. Pair with NGC
6829 6.3' WNW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6831 = Sw IV-78, along with NGC 6829, on 3 Sep 1886 and recorded
"eF; S; R: f of 2 [with NGC 6829]." His position is 1.5' too far northeast. Bigourdan measured an accurate
micrometric position on 30 Aug 1889 as well as Howe in 1899-00.
******************************
NGC 6832
19 48 15 +59 25
24
17.5"
(8/25/95): this group consists of roughly two dozen stars in a 6' region
surrounding mag 6.7 SAO 32016.
Most stars are mag 12-13 with a few brighter stars, including a mag 10
star 2' SE of the mag 6.7 star and mag 8.5 SAO 32007 5' W on the west side of
group. Visually, this group
appears to be a scattered asterism although there are a dozen mag 12-14 stars
within 3' (mostly west) of the bright star. Listed as nonexistent in RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6832 = h2053 on 11 Aug 1831 and noted "A *7 in midst of a
field full of 40 stars 10...12m."
His position corresponds with mag 6.7 SAO 32016 at 19 48 15.4 +59 25 23
and matches the group of stars described in my notes. RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent. This is likely an asterism (not in the
Lynga catalogue), but certainly the group JH noted.
******************************
NGC 6833 = PK
82+11.1 = PN G082.5+11.3
19 49 46.6 +48
57 40
V = 12.1; Size 2"
13.1"
(7/30/85): visible as mag 11.5-12 stellar object without a filter and verified
with OIII blinking. A mag 10.5
star lies 2.8' NE and mag 9.0 SAO 48890 is 4.8' SE.
Edward Pickering
discovered NGC 6833 = HN 54 on 8 May 1883 using a direct-vision prism with the
15-inch Merz refractor at Harvard College Observatory. His discovery position in AN 2517 was
accurate.
Based on
Crossley photographs at Lick, Curtis (1918) wrote "indistinguishable from
a star on the Crossley negative, but shown to have a minute disk visually with
the 36-inch refractor."
******************************
NGC 6834 = Cr
407 = Mel 225 = Lund 909
19 52 12 +29 24
30
V = 7.8; Size 5'
17.5"
(8/7/91): 40 visible stars in a 8' diameter. A mag 10 star is in the middle of a line of seven mag 13
stars oriented SW-NE and also at the center of four mag 11/12 stars on a line
oriented E-W. Sprays of stars
emanate from the bright star to the SW and SE. A small clump of five stars lies 4' S of the mag 10
star. Planetary nebula NGC 6842
lies 38' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6834 = H VIII-16 = h2054 on 17 Jul 1784 (sweep 239) and recorded
"a cl of not very compressed stars; closest in the middle. It may be compared to a cluster which
is forming or gathering and not yet arrived to the state of those that are more
advanced, or contain more stars."
JH logged this cluster as "coarse irreg R; with detached portions
of smaller stars. Those in the
main cluster = 11 or 12 mag."
His position was accurate.
******************************
NGC 6835 = MCG
-02-50-009 = PGC 63800
19 54 33.1 -12
34 09
V = 12.5; Size 2.3'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 70d
13.1"
(9/3/83): faint, small, edge-on WSW-ENE, weak concentration. Forms a pair with NGC 6836 7.4' SSE in
a rich star field.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6835 = St XII-91, along with NGC 6836, on 2 Aug 1881 and
recorded "small spindle, very faint, elongated SW to NE, 1.5'
l." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6836 = MCG
-02-50-010 = PGC 63803
19 54 40.4 -12
41 16
V = 12.9; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 140d
13.1"
(9/3/83): extremely diffuse, visible with averted only, round, fairly small,
very low surface brightness.
Located 7.4' S of NGC 6835.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6836 = St XII-92, along with NGC 6835, on 2 Aug 1881 and
recorded "vF, pL, R, diff, no central condensation." His position is accurate. Herbert Howe reported "In this
nebula, or just on its f edge, is a star of mag 13.5, apparently not noticed by
its discoverer."
******************************
NGC 6837
19 53 08 +11 41
54
Size 3'
17.5"
(6/24/95): this asterism only stands out reasonably well at 100x. Consists of roughly 15 mag 12-14 stars
in a 4' group elongated E-W. There
is a small rich subgroup bulging out on the north side in a semi-circular arrangement
(better resolved at 225x). Listed
as nonexistent in RNGC.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6837 = H VIII-18 = h2055 on 4 Sep 1784 (sweep 256) and recorded
"a small (forming) cluster of stars, not rich." His offset with respect to 61 Aql is 19
53 20 +11 43.4 (2000), just 12 seconds of time east of the small clump of stars
described in my observation. JH
simply noted "Viewed. In
place by working list? It is a
coarse straggling part of the Milky Way."
RNGC classifies
the number as nonexistent. See Harold Corwin's comments.
******************************
NGC 6838 = M71
19 53 46.1 +18
46 42
V = 8.1; Size 7.2'; Surf Br = 0.8
24"
(9/2/16): at 200x and 375x; beautifully rich cluster mostly defined by an
intense triangular central or core region with vertices on the north, southwest
and southeast corners and sides ~3', 3' and 2.3'. Roughly 100 stars are densely packed over the background
glow within this triangular outline, though the north end is less well
defined. The surface
brightness falls off rapidly outside this core, though the halo includes some
brighter stars, and the cluster blends into the fairly rich field density
beyond a diameter of 5'. Open
cluster Harvard 20 lies 28' SSW.
17.5"
(8/5/94): roughly 75 stars resolved in a 5' diameter but has a very irregular
ill-defined outline to the halo.
The brightest section is elongated SSW-NNE with dimensions 3'x2'. The brightest star is on the east side
of the core and is a close double.
Located in a rich field with likely many field stars superimposed around
the halo. Located just south of
the midpoint between Gamma and Delta Sagittae.
Harvard 20, less
than 30' SSW, contains about three dozen stars in a 6'x3' field, elongated
~E-W. Two bright mag 9 stars are
off the west side but the cluster is dominated by 20 mag 12/13 stars. Also includes a scattering of faint mag
14-15 stars. A pretty evenly
matched mag 12.5/12.5 double star is at the east end and an uneven mag 12/14
double star is to the west of the well matched double.
13" (7/16/82
and 8/22/87): a few dozen stars are resolved over haze, only weakly
concentrated, non-symmetrical shape.
Impression that many faint field stars may be superimposed. Located in a very rich star field.
8"
(10/4/80): many faint stars were resolved with averted. The west edge is brighter.
15x50mm IS
binoculars (6/19/09): bright, obvious glow is elongated with a brighter center.
Philippe de
ChŽseaux discovered M71 = NGC 6838 = h2056 in 1745-46. Johann Koehler independently
rediscovered it between 1772 and 1779 with a 6-foot Dollond telescope at only
30x and noted "a very pale nebulous patch in the Arrow
[Sagitta]." Pierre MŽchain
found it again on 28 Jun 1780 and he is credited with the discovery in the NGC.
WH first
observed the cluster on 30 May 1783 using his 8-inch (10-ft focal length) and
noted it was "resolved into stars.
I can count between 20 and 30 of them." He viewed it several times in his larger scopes and logged
"a very compressed cl of stars." on 18 Aug 1784 (sweep 252) and
"a cl. of stars; the stars pretty large, nf is a part seemingly
separated" on 18 Sep 1784 (sweep 276). JH recorded on sweep 90, "vL; loose; fills field; a
fine object; stars 11...16m; the most condensed part = 3', of an acute
triangular figure, the angle northwards."
******************************
NGC 6839
19 54 06 +17 57
17.5"
(9/23/95): at 100x there is a very weak enhancement of stars within 10' of mag
8.6 SAO 105398 at 19 54 04 +17 57.1.
More noticeable, though, is a partially resolved clump of faint stars just
3' NW. At 225x this fairly rich
clump is resolved into 15 mag 13.5-14.5 stars in a 3' region elongated
NNW-SSE. There are also scattered
mag 10-12 stars to the southeast of SAO 105398 but these don't catch the
eye. Located 50' S of M71. The identification of this number is
very uncertain.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6839 = H VI-16 = h2057 on 18 Aug 1784 (sweep 252) and noted as
"a very small cl of compressed stars." There is nothing of special interest near his position. JH made two observations and described
(sweep 92) "an insignificant bunch of little stars in the milky way. Hardly more marked than the general
mass, which is astonishingly rich here" and "A quantity of Milky Way
stars, immensely close, one small patch of which may be the cluster VI
16." (Repeats his father's
position with +/- signs in sweep 362).
So, the identification is quite uncertain and WH's intended group of
stars may be lost.
Karl Reinmuth
calls this "a very dense region, no distinct Cl", based on Heidelberg
plates and both Dorothy Carlson and RNGC repeat this assessment.
******************************
NGC 6840
19 55 14 +12 07
06
17.5"
(7/27/95): fairly poor group of 20-25 mag 11-15 stars in a 6'x4' rectangular
group. Includes about 10 brighter
mag 11 stars. There are no rich
groupings but a very distinctive 3' string or stars oriented NW-SE marks the NE
side of the group. Stands out
reasonably well at 80x but not distinguishable at 220x. Located 11' N of mag 8.1 SAO
105419. In field with NGC 6843
about 12' ENE. Listed as
nonexistent in RNGC.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6840 = H VIII-19 = h2058 on 4 Sep 1784 (sweep 256) and recorded
"another much larger [than NGC 6837] but coarsely scattered and not
rich." JH called this "a
small, poor cluster; the preceding of two distinct clusters [with NGC
6843]. The stars 11m." Dreyer, as an observing assistant at
Birr Castle in 1876, noted "a S group of F st with 2 of 10-11m."
Reinmuth
reported "a very loose clustering of a few st 12...15." RNGC classifies this object as
nonexistent (Type 7) and it may be an asterism, but the identification is
certain.
******************************
NGC 6841 = ESO
461-023 = MCG -05-47-011 = PGC 63881
19 57 49.1 -31
48 39
V = 12.7; Size 1.5'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.4
24"
(10/18/12): moderately bright, fairly small, round, sharply concentrated with a
20" bright core that gradually increases to the center. The outer halo is very faint and
extends ~35" (fades into background).
Brightest in a
trio with ESO 461-024 5.3' SE and ESO 461-025 6.4' NE. An uncatalogued double star (separation
~7") lies 4.4' SSW. ESO
461-024 is faint, small, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, 20"x14", small
brighter core. ESO 461-025
appeared faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, diffuse, low surface
brightness, 24"x20". A
trio of mag 13-14 stars lies 2.7' NE.
17.5"
(8/10/91): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated 4:3 NNW-SSE. Evenly concentrated to a small bright
round core.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6841 = h3802 on 28 Sep 1834 and recorded "pF; R; psbM;
15" on a highly stipled or dotted ground." His position is less than 1' too far southeast.
******************************
NGC 6842 = PK
65+0.1 = Sh 2-95 = LBN 149 = PN G065.9+00.5
19 55 02.2 +29
17 21
V = 13.5; Size 57"
24"
(9/1/16): at 375x and 500x (unfiltered); moderately bright and large, round,
~50" diameter, crisp edge to the rim, fairly evenly illuminated. The mag 15.5-16 central star was
visible, along with several nearby stars; a mag 15.5 star is just off the NE
edge [38" from center], a mag 15 star is off the south edge [47"] and
a mag 14 star is off the east edge [50"]. Using 220x with a UHC filter, the planetary is fairly bright
and the rim appears slightly brighter in sections.
18"
(8/26/06): a sketch was made at 435x showing the numerous faint stars that
huddle nearby this planetary. A
mag 14 star is off the east edge [50" from center] and a mag 14.5 star is
just off the south end [47" from center]. A mag 15-15.5 star is barely off the NE edge [38" from
center] and an extremely faint mag 16 star is at the NNW edge. A mag 13.5 star
is 1.1' SE. Finally a very faint
central star is often visible.
17.5"
(8/7/91): fairly bright, moderately large, irregularly round, soft edges. A very faint mag 15.5 central star is
visible and a second extremely faint mag 16.0 star is near the east edge
star. Several stars are at the
edges including a mag 15-15.5 star at the NE edge and two mag 13-14 stars off
the east side. Appears brighter
around the central star.
13.1"
(7/12/86): at 62x and OIII filter appears moderately bright, moderately large,
estimate V = 13.0. A mag 14.5 star
is off the east edge. NGC 6834
lies 38' WNW.
8" (9/81):
I was surprised to glimpse NGC 6842 from home in El Cerrito (limiting mag of
4.5) using a Daystar 300 filter at 125x, even with black hood, averted vision
and concentration. Walter Scott
Houston wrote about this observation in detail in his Deep Sky Wonder's column
of November 1982.
8"
(7/31/81): extremely faint, fairly small, diffuse. Located in a rich star field.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6842 = m 403 = Sf 43 on 28 Jun 1863 and noted "vF, pL,
R." Heinrich d'Arrest
independently discovered it the following year on 26 Aug 1864 while searching
for WH's II-202 = NGC 6847. Truman
Safford found the planetary again on 12 Jul 1866 with the 18.5-inch Clark
refractor at Dearborn Observatory .
See NGC 6847.
******************************
NGC 6843
19 56 06.1 +12
09 49
17.5"
(9/23/95): A very unimpressive scattered group of about two dozen stars mag
11-14 in a 8' region. Generally
elongated N-S in a string with a separate line of six stars at the north end
oriented E-W. There is one close
isolated double star and the fainter stars are at the south end of the string. Appears to be a very weak asterism of
no special interest except follows NGC 6840 by ~10' in the same field, a better
asterism. Listed as nonexistent in
RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6843 = h2059 on 29 Jul 1829 and recorded (single observation)
"A poor, small cluster. The following of two [with NGC 6840], just
alike." Karl Reinmuth stated
"no distinct Cl, milky way." in his photographic survey and RNGC
classifies the number as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 6844 = ESO
105-021 = PGC 64025
20 02 50.0 -65
13 46
V = 12.7; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 0d
30"
(10/9/15 - OzSky): at 303x; fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 4:3 N-S,
~50"x36", sharply concentrated with a very bright core that increases
to a stellar nucleus. A collinear
trio of mag 11.5/13/12.5 stars oriented E-W extends to the west beginning 1.5'
WNW. Located 4.8' NW of mag 8.2 HD
189274.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6844 = h3801 on 22 Jun 1835 and recorded "eF; R; vS; psbM;
has a * 11th mag 90" north-preceding, and one 8th mag 6' dist,
south-following." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6845 = NGC
6845A = ESO 284-IG008 = AM 1957-471 = KTS 61B = Klemola 30 = Rose 38 = PGC
63985
20 00 58.4 -47
04 13
V = 13.1; Size 2.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 70d
25"
(10/21/17 - OzSky): at 244x and 397x; NGC 6845A is the largest member in this
compact interacting quartet, in a southwest/northeast string. It appeared moderately bright,
elongated ~4:3, only a broad weak concentration. The shape was noticeably
curved or irregular on the southwest side. Images show this is the root and beginning of a tidal arm
that curves east and connects to NGC 6845B. Located 9.6' SE of mag 8.8 HD 189059.
NGC 6845B, just
1.4' NE, appeared very faint, very small, slightly elongated, 15"-20"
diameter. NGC 6845C, centered 0.9'
SSW, appeared fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 4:1 NW-SE,
40"x10", small bright core, fairly high surface brightness (highest
of the quartet). NGC 6845D, 1.8'
SW, appeared extremely faint, elongated NNW-SSE, ~15'x10" NNW-SSE, requires
averted.
18"
(7/10/02 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is the brightest component of
a compact interacting quartet. At
128x it appeared fairly faint, fairly small, oval 3:2 SSW-NNE, 1.0'x0.7', very
weak concentration. Two companions
are resolved - NGC 6845B at 1.4' NE (at the end of a long tidal tail) and NGC
6845C at 0.8' SW.
NGC 6845B
required averted vision and appeared extremely faint and small, round, 0.3'
diameter, very low surface brightness.
NGC 6845C appeared very faint, small, very elongated 4:1 NW-SE,
0.6'x0.15'. On the DSS image,
faint tidal plumes appear to connect NGC 6845A with this companion. The catalogued B mag in RC3 (B = 16.3)
is probably in error as the galaxy was not difficult.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6845 = h3803 on 7 Jul 1834 (sweep 467) and recorded "eF;
lE; glbM; 30"." In a
second observation he logged "vF; R; bM; 15". Found and viewed by the place of sweep
467." This is a compact
interacting group of four galaxies (Klemola 30) and RC3 identifies the brightest
member as NGC 6845A.
******************************
NGC 6846 = Lund
912 = OCL-139 = Cr 410
19 56 28.1 +32
20 58
V = 14.2; Size 0.8'
17.5"
(9/7/91): at 225x appears as a small, faint clump of stars over unresolved
haze. Elongated about 3:2 E-W with
dimensions 1.5'x1.0'. A mag 13.5
star is off the NW edge, a mag 14 star is at the west edge and three additional
mag 14 stars in a clump are just visible over of the haze although clean
resolution is difficult.
K 4-41, an
extremely faint stellar planetary is situated just 2' NE! It wasn't visible without a filter,
even using the ESO-Strausberg finder chart. But adding an OIII filter iI was able to glimpse it several
times about 15" S of a mag 14 star.
Appears stellar and estimate V = 16.0-16.5.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6846 = St V-4 on 17 Aug 1873 and recorded "eF, vS,
surrounds 3 faint stars." At
his position is a small knot or cluster of faint stars.
RNGC places this
open cluster at 2¡ too far south and I unsuccessfully searched for the cluster
at this position with my 17.5" scope. The same error is in the Lynga catalogue (source of the
original error?) and repeated in NGC 2000, Deep Sky Field Guide, and the first
edition of the Uranometria 2000 star atlas. Listed in my RNGC Corrections #6. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 6847
19 57 09 +29 21
12
=Not found,
Carlson. See discussion by Corwin.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6847 = H II-202 on 17 Jul 1784 (sweep 239) and recorded "a
resolvable nebulous patch; there are great numbers of them in this neighborhood
like forming nebula, but this is the strongest of them; they are evidently
congeries of small stars."
There is really nothing that stands out on the DSS near his position and
Dreyer notes in his 1912 revision of WH's catalogues that "according to
Bigourdan there is no second class nebula here; a region rich in stars, but if
there is any nebulosity about, it is very diffused."
WH's position is
2.0 minutes of RA east of NGC 6842.
Could WH have observed this planetary nebula? Harold Corwin suggests that H II-202 may apply to the
"cluster and HII region [Sh 2-97] 1 degree north and 30 seconds west of
WH's single position." I've
classified this object as lost.
******************************
NGC 6848 = ESO
185-052 = AM 1958-561 = LGG 429-001 = PGC 64023
20 02 47.5 -56
05 22
V = 12.1; Size 2.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 157d
18"
(7/10/02 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 128x, fairly faint, fairly
small, elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, 1.2'x0.4', broad concentration to a brighter
core. Two mag 13 stars 1' NE and
1.5' SE of center run parallel to the major axis! Forms a trio with ESO 185-053 9' NNE and ESO 185-054 10' NE in
the core of cluster ACO S840. On
the DSS, a prominent dust lane bisects the galaxy.
ESO 185-054 is
moderately bright and large, elongated 4:3 NW-SE, 1.3'x1.0', broad
concentration. A mag 13 star is
just off the south edge, 1.1' from center. This galaxy appears slightly
brighter than NGC 6848, which lies 10' SW, so it's curious that JH missed
it. ESO 185-053, just 3.6' to the
west, appeared faint, small, edge-on 4:1 NNW-SSE, 0.6'x0.15'. A mag 13 star is just off the NNW
extension 50" from center and a fainter mag 14 star lies 30" W of
center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6848 = h3804 on 9 Jul 1834 and recorded "F; L; R; vglbM;
90"; forms a triangle with 2 st 11 and 12m, following it." His position (and description) is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 6849 = ESO
339-032 = MCG -07-41-007 = PGC 64097
20 06 15.6 -40
11 54
V = 12.1; Size 1.9'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 18d
17.5"
(10/5/91): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 ~N-S, weak concentration, diffuse
halo fades into background. A mag
13 star is off the east side 1.4' from center. Located 3.5' S of a mag 10 star. Low elevation detracts from viewing. John Herschel's position was exactly 5
tmin of RA to the west so this identification not certain.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6849 = h3805 on 4 Sep 1834 and recorded "pB; S; R: has a vS
star np." There is nothing
near his position matching this description, but exactly 5.0 minutes of RA east
is ESO 339-032 = PGC 64097!
The declination is accurate to within 1'. The "vS star np" is at the southwest edge. The ESO/Uppsala catalogue equates this
fairly bright galaxy with NGC 6849 and notes the NGC RA is off by 5 minutes of
time.
******************************
NGC 6850 = ESO
185-056 = AM 1959-545 = PGC 64043
20 03 30.0 -54
50 43
V = 12.5; Size 2.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 153d
30"
(11/5/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly bright, moderately large, irregular
halo elongated NW-SE, ~1.4'x0.7'. The central region is broadly concentration
then sharply increases at the center to a very small bright core and stellar
nucleus. The outer halo has a
fairly low but irregular surface brightness. Within a triangle of stars including a mag 12 star 1.9' N.
IC 4933, a
face-on spiral, lies 8' S and appeared fairly bright, large, oval 5:4 ~N-S,
~1.8'x1.4'. Sharply concentrated
with a very small bright core, increasing to the center. The outer halo shows weak spiral
structure (two arms), though they can't be easily traced. A mag 12.7 star lies 1.6' S.
18"
(7/10/02 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 128x, fairly faint, fairly
small, elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE, 1.2'x0.5', pretty even surface brightness. Forms a pair with IC 4933 8.0' S but I
didn't look for the IC companion.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6850 = h3806 on 9 Jun 1836 and noted "vF; R; bM;
25"." His single
position is accurate. It is very
surprising that he didn't notice IC 4933, a fairly bright galaxy just 8' south.
******************************
NGC 6851 = ESO
233-021 = LGG 430-001 = PGC 64044
20 03 34.3 -48
17 05
V = 11.8; Size 2.0'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 160d
18"
(7/10/02 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 128x, it appeared moderately
bright and large, oval 4:3 NNW-SSE, 1.2'x0.9'. The galaxy is well-concentrated with a bright core and is
collinear with two mag 9.5 stars 5' SE and 13' SE. NGC 6851 is a member of the loose Telescopium Group (ACO
S851) with dominant members NGC 6861 and NGC 6868.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6851 = h3807 on 5 Sep 1836 and recorded "pF; pS; R or vlE;
psbM; 15"." His position
is at the north edge of the halo.
******************************
NGC 6852 = PK
42-14.1 = PN G042.5-14.5
20 00 39.1 +01
43 41
V = 12.9; Size 28"
24"
(6/30/16): at 501x (unfiltered); very bright compact planetary, fairly small,
slightly elongated ~N-S, ~25"x21". A darker center and bright knots in the rim give a bipolar
annular appearance. A very small bright knot is at the southeast end, close to
a mag 14.4 star that is just off the edge [22" from center]. A matching knot (slightly less
contrasty) is along the northwest edge of the rim. A mag 13 field is less than 30" W of this knot. The rim is slightly weaker on the
southwest and northeast sides (the south edge is not well defined), so in
effect a darker strip or bar extends through the center in a SW-NE orientation,
nearly slicing the planetary into two sections.
18"
(8/26/06): at 435x, this planetary appeared moderately bright, fairly small,
elongated 3:2 NW-SE, ~25"x18".
A mag 14.5 star is close off the SE end. At this magnification the planetary was occasionally bipolar
with a well-defined, very small bright knot just NW of the mag 14.5 star and a
second less defined knot that forms the NW end of the planetary. The two knots appear resolved though I
never had a steady view of both simultaneously. Located less that 5' ENE of a mag 7.5 star.
17.5"
(7/16/88): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated NW-SE, no
annularity noted. A mag 13.5 star
is 34" WNW and a mag 14.5 star is 23" SE of center. Located 4.6' ENE of mag 7.5 SAO 125338. Estimate V = 12.5.
13"
(7/20/85): moderately bright, slightly elongated NW-SE, diffuse, no structure. Two stars are off NW edge about
40" and a faint star is at the SSE edge. Located 5' NE of a mag 8 star.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6852 = m 404 on 25 Jun 1863 and noted "F neb, within a
group of small stars." The
same night he also discovered the planetary NGC 6778.
******************************
NGC 6853 = M27 =
Dumbbell Nebula = PN G060.8-03.6 = PK 60-3.1
19 59 36.3 +22
43 16
V = 7.1; Size 480"x340"
18"
(8/23/03): breathtaking view at 215x; with the fainter but larger outer lobes
increasing the dimensions to nearly 7.5'x6' and the ends of the major axis
(southeast and northwest) appear to open up and bulge out further. With careful viewing, ~10 superimposed
stars can be counted including the easy mag 14 central star.
17.5"
(6/15/91): very bright, very large, 7'x6', bright dumbbell lobes are oriented
SSW-NNE. The SSW lobe is brighter
with a bright outer rim. Large
fainter sweeping side lobes fill in the dumbbell and reverse the major axis to
WNW-ESE. The planetary has an irregular surface brightness with a darker
center. At high power 5 or 6 stars
are superimposed including the easy mag 13.8 central star. Overall, this is the most impressive
planetary.
8"
(9/25/81): central star visible at 200x. The fainter side lobes are prominent.
15x50 IS
binoculars (multiple dates): easily the most prominent planetary visible in
binoculars.
Charles Messier
discovered M27 = NGC 6853 = h2060 on 12 July 1764. This was the first planetary nebula discovered. Caroline Herschel independently found
it on 30 Sep 1782. WH reported
"My sister discovered this nebula this evening in sweeping for comets; on
comparing its place with Messier's nebulae we find it is his 27. It is very
curious with a compound piece; the shape of it though oval as M. [Messier]
calls it, is rather divided in two; it is situated among a number of small
stars, but with this compound piece no star is visible in it. I can only make
it bear 278. It vanishes with higher powers on account of its feeble light.
With 278 the division between the two patches is stronger, because the
intermediate faint light vanishes more." This discovery may have spurred WH to search for new
nebulae.
On 19 Jul 1784,
WH recorded "The nebula in Vulpecula I suppose to be a double stratum of
stars of a very great extent. The
ends next to us are not only resolvable nebulosity, but I really do see very
many of the stars mixt with the resolvable nebulosity; farther on the
nebulosity is but barely resolvable and ends at last in milky whitishness of
the same appearance as that in Orion.
The idea I form of the shape of the nebula is ...[diagram
follows]." LdR's sketch on 21
Sep 1843 with his 36" was published in his 1844 PTRAS paper. He noted "Cannot say positively
whether resolvable, but see through it an immense number of st apparently
united with nebulous matter. If
they are st seen through the neb and unconnected with it, it is strange they
should be so much more numerous than in the adjoining part of the
heavens." George Stoney's 1849 sketch with the 72" was published in
the 1850 PT paper.
As far as the
nickname "Dumbbell" nebula, JH wrote on 24 Aug 1827 "A most
extraordinary object; vB; an unresolved nebula, shaped something like an
hour-glass, filled into an oval outline with a much less dense nebulosity. The central mass may be compared to a
vertebra or dumb-bell". In
another sweep he describes the shape as "like a double-headed shot or a
dumb-bell."
******************************
NGC 6854 = ESO
185-061 = AM 2001-543 = PGC 64081
20 05 38.8 -54
22 33
V = 12.2; Size 2.0'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 166d
30"
(11/5/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2
NNW-SSE, 1.2'x0.8', broad concentration, brighter along the major axis. A mag 14 star lies 1.4' NE and PGC
161899 lies 35" N of this star.
PGC 161899 very faint, extremely small, round, 6" diameter.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6854 = h3808 on 9 Jul 1834 and recorded "vF; S; R; glbM;
12"." His mean position
(2 observations) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6855 = ESO
185-063 = LGG 429-003 = PGC 64116
20 06 49.9 -56
23 24
V = 12.8; Size 1.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.3
30"
(11/5/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly bright, moderately large, round, 1.2'
diameter, sharply concentrated to a very small bright core, hint of structure
in the outer halo. A very faint
star is superimposed just southeast of the core. An extremely faint star is just visible near the west edge
of the halo. Forms a close pair
with PGC 161935 2' SE and NGC 6862 lies 17' E.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6855 = h3809 on 10 Jul 1834 and logged "Not vF; S;
R." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6856
19 59 17.1 +56
07 29
17.5"
(7/24/95): 15 stars mag 12-15 in a 2' diameter. Stands out well as this group is very detached in the
field. Appears to have unresolved
background haze but there are no dense spots or concentration and the stars are
pretty evenly distributed. About
3' north is a triangle of mag 10.5-11 stars, a bit larger than the
cluster. Incorrectly listed as
nonexistent in the RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6856 = h2063 on 24 Sep 1829 and recorded "A small pretty
close cluster, irreg R, 3' dia, stars 12...16m." At his position is a small group or asterism of 15 stars,
matching his description. Karl
Reinmuth reported the photographic appearance on Heidelberg plate as "Cl,
S, iR, pB, st 12..." Jack
Sulentic reported "No cluster" in the RNGC and classified the number
as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 6857 = PK
70+1.2 = LBN 161 = Sh 2-100
20 01 47.6 +33
31 38
Size 1.0'x1.0'
18"
(7/14/07): at 174x and OIII filter appears as a small but high surface
brightness nearly circular knot, just 1' in diameter and sharply defined in a
very rich star field. Without a
filter a mag 13 (illuminating?) star is visible at the center and two stars are
at opposite edges (SW and NE). At
280x the outline surface brightness is slightly irregular. Located just inside a beautiful partial
ring or loop of stars that includes a couple of double stars. While viewing this object I noticed a
fairly large, 3' low surface brightness hazy region about 10' W in the
field. This glow matches the
location of Sh 2-99 (11' W of NGC 6857).
There was no structure to this HII region and the surface brightness was
uniform.
18" (9/25/06):
easily swept up at 115x as a small, high surface brightness nebula, roughly 1'
in diameter, situated in a rich star field. Excellent contrast gain with an OIII filter and appears
quite bright with this combination.
At 300x, the nebula appears as a 1'-1.5' bright glow that spreads out
mostly to the south of an embedded (possibly illuminating) mag 13.5-14 star in
an irregular shape. This HII
region is located along one side of a near equilateral triangle of mag 12-13
stars with a mag 12 star just 40" SW. A close, faint equal pair of mag 13.5 stars follows by 4'.
17.5"
(8/7/91): very bright, moderately large, about 1' diameter, irregular outline,
roughly circular but edges difficult to define, irregular surface
brightness. The mag 13.5 central
star is quite prominent offset north of center. Surrounded by four fours; a mag
12 star at the SW edge [40" from center], two mag 13 stars off the NE end
[40" from center] and off the NW end [52" from center], a mag 14 star
at the SE end. Located in a rich star
field. Excellent contrast gain
with OIII filter. Extremely faint
nebulosity may extend to the west.
This is a compact HII region within Sh 2-100, which mainly spreads out
towards the west. CGCG
misclassifies as a planetary nebula.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6857 = H III-144 = h2062 on 6 Sep 1784 (sweep 258) and recorded
"a patch containing some nebulosity.
240 confirmed it, irregularly long." JH made 3 observations and logged on sweep 198 "a
nebulous looking patch; 12" diam; in Milky Way; ill-defined; perhaps only
some e minute stars mixed with larger which as distinct."
******************************
NGC 6858
20 02 59 +11 15
36
17.5"
(9/23/95): this is an elongated group of 35 stars in a 10'x4' group oriented
N-S which precedes a mag 9 star at 20 03 16 +11 16.4 (2000). Fairly uniform in brightness and
distribution with no dense spots but includes a couple of nice doubles. Most stars are mag 12-13 with a
scattering of fainter stars.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6858 = h2061 on 29 Jul 1829 and recorded "A pretty rich
oblong cl; 10' l, 5' br; stars equal and of 13th mag. In Milky Way.
Place that of double * [HJ 1466." The visual appearance is similar to JH's description and his
position is fairly accurate, so the identification is definite.
Karl Reinmuth
described its photographic appearance as "a very loose clustering of st
13...., no distinct cluster."
Jack Sulentic stated "No cluster" in the RNGC and classified
the number as nonexistent (Type 7).
******************************
NGC 6859
20 03 49.0 +00
26 43
=***, Corwin.
George Bond
discovered NGC 6859 = HN 6 = Au 46 on 24 Nov 1852 with the 15-inch Merz
refractor during the Harvard Zone Survey of stars near the celestial
equator. He noted a "faint
nebula follows star #11 [10th mag] by 1 sec [of time] and north of it by 1'
29" north of it." Dreyer
(at Birr Castle), d'Arrest and Schšnfeld only reported finding faint
stars. At Bond's precise offset
are two mag 12.6/14.0 (12" separation) stars with a third mag 15 star
~16" east.
******************************
NGC 6860 = ESO
143-009 = AM 2004-611 = PGC 64166
20 08 47.1 -61
06 01
V = 12.9; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 34d
30"
(10/9/15 - OzSky): at 303x; moderately to fairly bright, elongated 5:3 SSW-NNE,
~50"x30", broad concentration.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6860 = h3810 on 11 Aug 1836 and logged "F; R; gbM;
40"." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 6861 = ESO
233-032 = LGG 430-003 = IC 4949 = PGC 64136
20 07 19.4 -48
22 12
V = 11.1; Size 2.8'x1.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 140d
30"
(10/18/17 - OzSky): at 429x; very bright, large, fairly large, beautiful
lenticular, elongated 5:2 NW-SE, 1.8'x0.8' , sharply concentrated with a very
bright oval core. There was a hint
of a dust lane. Two 12th mag stars
are 1.6' NE and 2' E of center.
NGC 6861D, located 14' NE, appeared fairly bright, fairly large, very
elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, ~1.6'x0.5', strong concentration with a very bright
elongated core and a stellar nucleus.
A mag 10.4 star is 1.2' W.
NGC 6861 is one of the two brightest members (along with NGC 6868) of
the Telescopium Group = ACO S851.
18" (7/7/05
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x, moderately bright, moderately
large, elongated 5:3 NW-SE, 1.3'x0.8', fairly well concentrated with a small
brighter core. Forms the SW vertex
of a triangle with two equal mag 12 stars just 1.6' NE and 2' E. IC 4943 was viewed 8.5' W and probably
NGC 6861D 14' NE but then clouds moved in and ended the observation.
18"
(7/10/02 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 128x this galaxy appeared
moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE with a brighter core. Two nearby mag 12 stars, 1.6' NE and
2.0' E run parallel to the major axis of the galaxy. Brightest of four galaxies in field with IC 4943 8.5' W, NGC
6861B 14' SW and an anonymous galaxy 2.8' N of IC 4943. This is one of the brighter galaxies in
the Telescopium Group = ACO S851.
8" (7/13/91
- Southern Baja): faint, small, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE, bright core. Forms the western vertex of an
isosceles right triangle with two stars following [mag 12 star 1.6' NE and mag
12.5 star 2.0' E]. NGC 6868 lies
25' E. Brightest along with NGC
6868 in a group including IC 4943 8.5' W (not seen).
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 6861 = D 425 = h3811 on 30 Jul 1826 and recorded "a very
small faint nebula, about 15" diameter." His published position is roughly 1 degree too far north of
this galaxy, but Glen Cozens found he made a 1¡ error in transcribing his
original position. On 7 Jul 1834,
JH recorded "B; S; lE; pgmbM; 20"." On a second sweep he called it "B; S; E; gpmbM;
25" dia. If a misprint of 42¡
12' instead of 41¡12' be presumed in Mr. Dunlop's catalogue, this object is
identified with No. 425."
JH's mean position from two observations matches ESO 233-032. Lewis Swift found this galaxy
again on 8 Jul 1897 (as well as discovering IC 4943) and reported it as new in
list XI-189 (later IC 4949). His
position is just 3' too far north, so apparently he missed the earlier
observation by Herschel. So, NGC
6861 = IC 4949. See Corwin's
identification notes.
******************************
NGC 6862 = ESO
186-002 = LGG 429-004 = PGC 64168
20 08 54.8 -56
23 31
V = 12.7; Size 1.6'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 149d
30"
(11/5/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): moderately bright, moderately large, round, 1'
diameter, broad concentration .
Situated between a mag 14.5 star 1' W and a mag 15 star 1.4' E. NGC 6855 lies 17' W.
NGC 6862 has a
redshift of z = .014 (~200 million l.y.) and is superimposed in the foreground
of AGC 3667, which has a mean z = .0556 (~750 million l.y.).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6862 = h3812 on 9 Jul 1834 and logged "vF; lE; glbM;
20"." His position is
accurate. Member of Abell 3667.
******************************
NGC 6863
20 05 07.3 -03
33 18
Size 1'
17.5"
(9/23/95): at 225x five mag 14-15 stars are resolved within a 1' region. Detached in field and nebulous at low
power but unimpressive at high power. Appears fully resolved and just an
asterism though may be a possible "open cluster remnant". There are no brighter stars within the
20' field at 225x.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6863 = h2065 on 25 Jul 1827 and recorded "A little compact
knot of 7 or 8 stars taken at first for a nebula (and liable to be taken as one
hereafter). Stars 19m." There
is a knot of four faint stars within 35" of JH's position (see visual
description). Karl Reinmuth, in
his 1926 photographic survey "Die Herschel-Nebel", describes
"4-5 vS st alm in line 85d; *14 n nr." and Harold Corwin also
identifies this as a group of 8 stars.
Moni et al (2010, A&A, 510, 44) conclude this is not a cluster but a
random enhancement of field stars.
******************************
NGC 6864 = M75 =
ESO 595-SC13
20 06 04.7 -21
55 16
V = 8.6; Size 6.0'; Surf Br = 0.5
17.5" (7/14/93):
bright, moderately large, 3' diameter, round, very bright striking core
30" diameter, very mottled.
Several extremely faint 15th mag stars pop in and out of view with
averted vision in the outer halo.
A mag 14 star is in the inner region just NE of core. The cluster almost reaches four mag
12.5-13 stars, which cradle the globular on the south and NE sides, and a
fainter star is off the NW side.
This cluster is quite concentrated and is the only Shapley-Sawyer class
I globular in the Messier catalogue.
13.1"
(8/25/82): bright intense core surrounded by a fainter halo that is slightly
mottled but with no obvious resolution.
15x50 IS
binoculars (9/26/11): easily picked up as a very small, round glow with a
bright, nearly stellar center and a small fainter halo.
Pierre MŽchain
discovered M75 = NGC 6864 = h2064 on 27 Aug 1780 and confirmed by Messier in
Oct. WH found "some of the
stars are visible." On 3 Sep
1831 (sweep 369), JH recorded "vB; R; vsvmbM; 2'; a bright R ball 15"
diam, in an atmosphere 2'; 320 does not show the stars but makes it more
resolvable."
******************************
NGC 6865 = PGC
64089
20 05 56.5 -09
02 28
V = 14.9; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 130d
17.5"
(9/15/90): faint, very small, elongated 2:1 E-W, very small bright core,
stellar nucleus.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6865 = m 405 on 28 Jun 1863 and noted "F, S, E." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6866 = Cr
412 = Mel 229 = Lund 917
20 03 55 +44 09
30
V = 7.6; Size 15'
17.5"
(9/7/91): about 100 stars in a 20'x10' region are visible at 100x. Appears rich and very appealing. The main string is very elongated
roughly E-W and contains a brighter intersecting subgroup 8'x2' NW-SE of about
45 stars with a close triple star on the NW end consisting of a mag 10 star and
two very faint companions. Two mag
10-10.5 stars are at the SE end of this string. The western end of the main string curves north into a nice
semi-circle.
Caroline
Herschel discovered NGC 6866 = H VII-59 = h2066 on 23 Jul 1783. WH found the cluster on 11 Sep 1790
(sweep 959) and recorded "a very rich cl of L stars, considerably
compressed, above 15' diam. By the
size of the stars, it is situated among the milky way towards us." His position is accurate. Karl Harding found the cluster again in
1823, reported it to Johann Bode and it was listed as new (#8) in
Astronomisches Jahrbuch for 1827 (printed in 1824). JH made the single observation on 21 Aug 1829: "a coarse
rough cluster. Taken for VII. 59,
but the place does not agree."
His position is on the double star HJ 1478 = 10.3/10.9 at 2.2",
which is situated 10' south of the
cluster.
Brian Skiff
found the Lund catalogue has a -10' error in declination, and this error may be
carried over into over sources (misplotted on the Millennium Star Atlas).
******************************
NGC 6867 = ESO
186-006 = LGG 429-006 = PGC 64203
20 10 29.7 -54
47 00
V = 13.1; Size 2.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 156d
30"
(11/5/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly bright, fairly large, very elongated at
least 4:1 NNW-SSE, 1.5'x0.35', tapers at the NNW and SSE tips, broad weak
concentration. Nearly collinear
with a mag 9.5 star 3.5' ENE and a mag 10.5 star 6.6' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6867 = h3813 on 9 Jun 1836 and recorded "eeF; L;
pmE." His position and
description matches ESO 186-006.
******************************
NGC 6868 = ESO
233-039 = AM 2006-483 = LGG 430-004 = PGC 64192
20 09 54.3 -48
22 43
V = 10.7; Size 3.5'x2.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 86d
30" (10/18/17
- OzSky): at 429x; this giant elliptical is the brightest member of the
Telescopium Group = ACO S851. It appeared very bright, fairly large, slightly
elongated 5:4 WSW-ENE, ~1.8'x1.5' sharply concentrated with an intensely bright
core that increases to the center, halo gradually fades. 2MASX J20095889-4821262 is off the NE
edge, 1.6' from center, and was fairly faint to moderately bright, round,
20" diameter, weak concentration, with a fairly high surface
brightness. NGC 6770 lies 6.3'
NNE, ESO 233-035 7.4' NW and NGC 6861F (faint edge-on) 14.5' NE.
18"
(7/10/02 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): this giant elliptical is one of
the brightest members of the Telescopium Group (ACO S851), at a distance
of roughly 120 million
light-years. At 128x, NGC 6868
appeared moderately bright and large, slightly elongated E-W, ~1.5'x1.2'. Contains a bright core that is
concentrated to the center. Forms
the southern vertex of an equilateral triangle with members NGC 6870 6' NNE and
ESO 233-035 7' NW.
8" (7/13/91
- Southern Baja): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated 4:3 N-S,
bright core. Pair with NGC 6870
6.2' NNE and brightest with NGC 6861 in a group.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6868 = h3814 on 7 Jul 1834 and recorded "vB; S; R: pgmbM;
20"."
******************************
NGC 6869 = UGC
11506 = MCG +11-24-004 = CGCG 324-006 = PGC 63972
20 00 42.4 +66
13 39
V = 12.0; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.7
17.5"
(8/13/88): moderately bright, round, bright core, stellar nucleus. Two mag 10 and 11 stars lie 4.5' SSE
and 2.8' SSE, respectively.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6869 = Sw II-83 = Sw IV-79 on 26 Aug 1884 and recorded "pB;
R; pS; 2 B stars and it form an arc of a circle" Swift found this galaxy again two years later on 6 Sep 1886
and recorded it as "pB; pS; R; bM." Dreyer combined both entries in the NGC. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
micrometric position in 1899-00 as well as Kobold at Strasbourg in .
******************************
NGC 6870 = ESO
233-041 = LGG 430-005 = PGC 64197
20 10 10.7 -48
17 13
V = 12.3; Size 2.6'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 85d
30"
(10/18/17 - OzSky): at 264x and 429x; bright, large, very elongated 5:2 E-W,
~1.5'x0.6'. Strong concentration
with a very bright elongated core.
Forms a striking pair in the Telescopium Group (ACO S851) with NGC 6868
6.2' SSW. NGC 6861F, located 10'
E,
18"
(7/10/02 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): last in a trio with NGC 6868 6'
SSW and ESO 233-035 7.5' W within the core of the Telescopium Group (ACO
S851). At 128x it appeared moderately
bright, very elongated 5:2 E-W, ~1.5'x0.6', with a bright core.
ESO 233-037
appeared fairly faint, small, elongated NW-SE, 0.5'x0.3' with a small bright
core. Forms the NW vertex of a
near equilateral triangle with NGC 6868 7' SE and NGC 6870 7.5' E. A mag 10.6 star lies 6' W.
8" (7/13/91
- Southern Baja): extremely faint, small, oval 2:1 WSW-ENE. Forms a pair with NGC 6868 6.2' SSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6870 = h3815 on 7 Jul 1834 and recorded "F; pmE in
parallel; gbM; 30" l."
His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6871 = Cr
413 = Lund 921 = OCL-148
20 05 59.4 +35
46 38
V = 5.2; Size 20'
18"
(9/26/11): bright, large, rich cluster but not isolated in the field, so the
catalogued diameter of 20' seems somewhat arbitrary. At 175x, roughly 200 stars are visible within the region,
though there are really too many to count. The dominant feature are two bright multiple stars near the
center: SHJ 314 = 6.8/7.3 at 35" with 4 faint companions and SHJ 315 =
7.9/8.8 at 20" with 8 companions including a trio of mag 11 stars close
west, a 15" pair of mag 10.5 stars close east and a tight string of 3 or 4
fainter stars close southeast. NGC
6871 forms a close pair of clusters with Biurakan 1 (centered on a mag 7.3
star), just off the southeast side.
The little-known Wolf-Rayet shell surrounding W-R 134/135 lies 45' NE.
13.1"
(8/25/84): dominated by two bright multiple stars: SHJ 314 = 6.8/7.3 at
35" with four additional close companions and SHJ 315 = 7.9/8.8 pair at
20" surrounded by several mag 11 stars. The bright pairs are oriented N-S and separated by about
2'. The cluster itself is in a
bright, rich field with no apparent boundaries.
8" (6/81):
two sets of multiple stars in a very rich field including §440 = mag 7, 12, 11,
9.5, 11.5, 8 at 7", 11", 11", 28" and 36". Located 13' SW of a mag 5.5 27 Cygni.
Wilhelm Struve
discovered NGC 6871 = h2067 in 1825 or 1826 using the 9.6" refractor at
the Dorpat Observatory and included the double star ·2630 in his main catalogue
of double stars. On 5 Aug 1831, JH
recorded "A double star ·2630, in a cluster of 5 bright and many small
stars." His position is near
the two bright double stars in the center of the cluster and he credited Struve
with the discovery.
But by analyzing
William Herschel's early "reviews" of bright stars (before his
systematic sweeps), which resulted in the discovery of many double stars,
Wolfgang Steinicke found (email Oct '16) that Herschel first discovered the
cluster on 23 Sep 1783 using his 6.2" reflector.
******************************
NGC 6872 = ESO
073-IG032 = VV 297a = AM 2011-705 = PGC 64413
20 16 56.9 -70
46 04
V = 11.8; Size 6.0'x1.5'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 66d
30"
(10/13/15 - OzSky): NGC 6872 is an absurdly stretched spiral with extremely
distended arms spanning roughly 750,000 light years. At 303x it appeared very bright, fairly large, elongated 5:3
SW-NE, 1.2'x0.7', sharply concentrated with a bright core encasing an extremely
bright nucleus. A mag 10.4 star is
off the west side of the halo, just 1.1' WSW of center. The initial portions of the spiral arms
are visible as thin, very low surface brightness wings, extending ~1' southwest
on the south side and northeast on the north side. The tidal extensions were not seen. A mag 13 star lies 2.4' ENE. IC 4970, an interacting companion 1.1'
N of center, appeared fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, slightly
elongated N-S, 0.4'x0.25', contains a very small bright nucleus.
18"
(7/10/02 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): second brightest in the Pavo-I
Group with brightest member NGC 6876.
Moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE in the direction of
a mag 10.4 star 1.1' WSW of center, ~1.2'x0.6', broad concentration with a
brighter core. Interacting with IC
4970 at 1.1' N just outside the halo while fainter PGC 64439 lies 4.0' SE. Other members of the group include NGC
6876, NGC 6877, NGC 6880.
IC 4970 appeared
faint, very small, slightly elongated, 20"x15". Images reveal a distorted bridge and
plumes due to interaction with NGC 6872.
PGC 64439, nearly at the midpoint of NGC 6872 and NGC 6876, appeared very
faint and small, round, 0.3' diameter, low surface brightness.
18" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): moderately bright, elongated 2:1 SW-NE
towards a mag 10.5 star off the SW edge, 1.2'x0.5'. Fairly well concentrated with a small bright core.
In 1979A&A,
79, 22, the abstract for "NGC 6872 - A remarkable barred spiral"
states, "The extent of the arms is probably greater than in any other
spiral known; it is concluded that NGC 6872 is a conventional barred spiral in
which severe tidal interaction took place."
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6872 = h3816 on 27 Jun 1835 and recorded "F; R; glbM;
30"; has a vS * preceding.
first of 4 [with NGC 6876, 6877 and 6880]." On a second observation he called it
"F; E; 40" l; has a * 9m 10.5 seconds preceding."
******************************
NGC 6873
20 07 13 +21 06
06
17.5"
(8/25/95): fairly rich region but there is no noticeable clustering. There is a 15' string starting from the
mag 10 star at the NGC position heading due west and ending at the bright
double ·2631 = 8.4/9.8 at 4.6".
This star is very possibly the double referred to in John Herschel's
description with a 1.0 tmin error in RA -- Corwin concurs.
17.5"
(7/7/94): the low power field (100x using 20 Nagler) surrounding the pretty
double star Theta Sagittae = ·2637 (6.5/9.0 at 12") includes several
bright stars but appears too sparse to be a cluster. But 5' NE of Theta is a neat elongated group of 15 stars mag
12-13 forming a "?" asterism about 6' in length. Theta Sagittae is located 1.7 tmin east
and 11' S of Herschel's position so this identification is less likely than the
one given above.
Wilhelm Struve
discovered NGC 6873 = h2068 in 1825 or 1826 using the 9.6" refractor at
the Dorpat Observatory and catalogued the principal double star ·2631 in his
main catalogue of double stars. On
5 Aug 1831, JH recorded "A double star the chief of a coarse straggling
group of stars 10...13m, hardly entitled to be called a cluster." He credited Struve with the discovery,
though his position (copied into the GC and NGC) is exactly 1.0 minute of RA
east of the double star (·2631 = 8.4/9.8 at 4.6"). Coincidentally this position falls very
close to a wide 1.1' pair of mag 10/11 stars. Reinmuth called this "a dense region; no Cl; double
star 11.8 in Dreyer's place."
He may have been examining the erroneous NGC position.
******************************
NGC 6874 = Basel
6 = OCL-157 = Lund 304
20 07 33 +38 14
48
V = 7.7; Size 8'
17.5"
(8/25/95): large, fairly rich and uniform triangular group. Consists of about 60 stars in a 10'x5'
triangular region with the longer 10' base oriented NW-SE along the following
side of the cluster. The brightest
mag 10 star lies at the east end and most stars are between mag 12-13. Only stands out at low power due to
large size.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6874 = H VIII-86 = h2069 on 15 Sep 1792 (sweep 1027) and
recorded "A coarsely sc. cl. of L st, of a rectangled triangular
shape." JH reported (single
sweep) "a coarse scattered cluster of about 60 stars. The largest (10m)
taken." JH's position corresponds to a brightest 10th mag star on the east
side of the group at 20 07 50.1 +38 14 27.
Brent Archinal
notes the probable equivalence with Basel 6, although the Lynga RA is at least
1 cluster diameter west-northwest . RNGC misclassifies the number as
nonexistent (Type 7). See Harold
Corwin's comments.
******************************
NGC 6875 = ESO
284-028 = AM 2009-461 = LGG 430-009 = PGC 64296
20 13 12.3 -46
09 42
V = 12.1; Size 2.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 22d
8" (7/13/91
- Southern Baja): very faint, very small, round, weak concentration. Located on a line between mag 8 SAO
230105 3.5' SE and mag 9.5 SAO 230102 5.9' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6875 = h3819 on 1 Jul 1834 and recorded "F; vS; R; vgmbM; 10";
a * 7m sf dist 5'." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6876 = ESO
073-IG035 = LGG 432-001 = PGC 64447
20 18 19.1 -70
51 30
V = 11.1; Size 2.8'x2.2'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 80d
18"
(7/10/02 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is the brightest member of
the Pavo-I Group (mean redshift 3800 km/s). At 171x, it appeared moderately bright and large, slightly
elongated ~E-W, 1.5'x1.3', containing a brighter core. A star is at the south edge 0.5' from
center. Forms a close pair with
NGC 6877 just 1.5' following. I also observed these additional members of the
group: NGC 6872, NGC 6877, NGC 6880, IC 4970, IC 4972 and IC 4981.
18" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): moderately bright, round, 1.5'
diameter. Broadly concentrated
with a slightly brighter core. A
star is superimposed on the south edge.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6876 = h3817 on 27 Jun 1835 and recorded "pB; S; R; r;
15"." On a second
observation he logged "pF; R; 20"; a vS almost invisible star sf; 2nd
of 4 [with NGC 6877 and 6880]."
******************************
NGC 6877 = ESO
073-036 = LGG 432-004 = PGC 64457
20 18 36.2 -70
51 11
V = 12.2; Size 1.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 169d
18"
(7/10/02 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): this Pavo-I Group member is
located just 1.5' E of the brightest member, NGC 6876, and is just outside the
halo. At 171x it appeared faint,
very small, oval N-S, 0.3'x0.15'. NGC 6880/IC 4981 lies 4.4' following.
18" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly faint, small, elongated 4:3 N-S,
0.7'x0.5'. Forms a close pair with
NGC 6876 to the west. A close
equal mag double star follows by 1'.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6877 = h3818 on 27 Jun 1835 and recorded "eF; eS; the 3rd
of a group of 4." On a second
observation, he noted "vF; vS; R."
******************************
NGC 6878 = ESO
284-031 = MCG -07-41-015 = PGC 64317
20 13 53.3 -44
31 33
V = 12.7; Size 1.6'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 125d
30"
(10/9/15 - OzSky): at 303x; fairly bright, fairly large, slightly elongated
E-W, ~1.2'x1.0', irregular, contains a small bright round core. Weak spiral structure is evident in the
halo. A mag 14.5-15 star is at the north edge [35" from center] and a mag
16.4 star is on the south edge [25" from center]. Mag 9.2 HD 191827 lies 5.4' SSW.
A number of ESO
galaxies are within 30', but the only two I took notes on were ESO 284-033 6.7'
SSE and NGC 6878A = PGC 64314 18' SSW.
ESO 284-033 appeared fairly bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE,
40"x20", small bright core, overall high surface brightness. NGC 6878A appeared moderately bright
and large, elongated 2:1 WSW-ENE, 1.0'x0.5', fairly low overall surface
brightness, small slightly brighter core.
Nestled in a group of stars 6.2' WNW of mag 9.8 HD 191936. Two mag 13 stars are ~1' N and 1' NW
and a mag 14 star is 40" SW.
24"
(9/15/12): at 175x appeared fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.8'
diameter. The view was severely
hampered by low altitude (less than 10¡ elevation), poor seeing and sky glow
low in the south. Located 5.5' NNE
of mag 9.2 HD 191827. A wide
40" pair of mag 12.5-13 stars is on line with the brighter star ~2' SSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6878 = h3821 on 27 Jul 1834 and recorded "vF; L; R; glbM;
90"." His position is on
the west side of the galaxy.
******************************
NGC 6879 = PK
57-8.1 = PN G057.2-08.9
20 10 26.7 +16
55 22
V = 12.7; Size 5"
24"
(9/2/16): picked up at 200x unfiltered as a slightly soft, pale blue
"star". Excellent
response to an OIII filter. A
slightly brighter 12th mag star is 1.4' SW, though with the filter the
planetary dominates this star.
Improved view at 286x and 375x.
A small 5" disc is easily resolved. Nearby a mag 13.5 star is 50" WNW and a mag 14 star
50" SSE. At 500x, a 15-15.5
mag star is just off the north side (15" separation) and another 15th mag
star is 30" SSE. The center
is brighter but the seeing wasn't steady enough to resolve the central star.
17.5"
(9/5/99): picked up at 100x with OIII blinking as a mag 12 "star" by
star hopping from the double star ·2634 = 7.9/9.4 at 5" which is 14'
SW. A good comparison star for
blinking is situated just 1.5' SW.
At 280x, the PN has a slight bluish tinge with a "soft"
edge. At 380x, a very disc
~4" is resolved with a brighter center. The disc is easier at 500x and a mag 16 star is occasionally
visible at the north edge.
13" (7/85):
observation from El Cerrito: stellar planetary at all powers, confirmed by OIII
blinking, estimate V = 12.0. A
similar mag 12 star is 1.4' SW.
Located 14' NE of ·2634 = 7.9/9.4 at 5".
Edward Pickering
discovered NGC 6879 = HN 55 on 8 May 1883 using a direct-vision spectroscope
with the 15-inch refractor at Harvard College Observatory. The discovery was communicated directly
to Dreyer (probably in 1885) and not published until 1908 (Harvard Annals
60). Ralph Copeland independently
rediscovered it on 9 Sep 1884 at Dun Echt, Aberdeen using an objective-prism
with a 6.1-inch Simms refractor.
He remarked "equal in brightness to a star 10.2 mag. Diameter 4.6" by micrometric. It has an 11 mag star at 222.27¡,
distance 83.2"." His
micrometric position in Monthly Notices XLV 2 is very accurate. Both Pickering and Copeland are listed
as discoverers in the NGC.
Based on
Crossley photographs at Lick, Curtis (1918) wrote "A minute disk, 5"
in diameter, just distinguishable from a star. Fades out slightly at the edges."
******************************
NGC 6880 = ESO
073-037 = LGG 432-002 = PGC 64479
20 19 29.7 -70
51 34
V = 12.2; Size 2.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 21d
18"
(7/10/02 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): this galaxy in the Pavo-I Group
appeared faint, small, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE, 0.5'x0.2'. A mag 13 star is at the west edge. Forms a close pair with IC 4981 off the
NE edge 1.1' from the center. NGC
6877 lies 4.4' W.
IC 4981 appeared
very faint, very small, 20" diameter.
18" (7/8/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly faint, fairly small, 0.8'x0.4'. A 13th magnitude star is at NW edge of
the halo and a fainter star is superposed on the south end.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6880 = h3820 on 27 Jun 1835 and recorded "pF; S; R; r;
15"; the last of 4 [with NGC 6872, 6876 and 6877]." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6881 = PK
74+2.1 = PN G074.5+02.1
20 10 52.4 +37
24 42
V = 13.6; Size 5"
13.1"
(8/7/85): visible as a mag 13.5 "star" without a filter. Verified with OIII blinking and appears
brighter than a mag 12 just 44" SE.
Stellar at 144x. Located in
a rich Milky Way field. Several
bright stars are near including mag 8.7 SAO 69561 3.6' NNW, mag 8.5 SAO 69557
4.2' NW and mag 9.5 SAO 69565 3.4' SSE.
Edward Pickering
discovered NGC 6881 = HN 44 on 25 Nov 1881 using a direct-vision spectroscope
attached to the 15-inch refractor at Harvard College Observatory. His position in Sidereal Messenger, Vol
1, No 6 (Oct 1882) and The Observatory 1882 is accurate.
Based on
Crossley photographs at Lick, Heber Curtis (1918) noted, "Probably has a
central star. Just distinguishable
from a star; a minute disk 5" in diameter, with very faint ansae in
150-330¡."
******************************
NGC 6882 = NGC
6885: = Cr 416 = OCL-133
20 11 58 +26 29
00
Size 18'
17.5"
(9/7/91): conspicuous subgroup at the NW corner of NGC 6885. About 15 stars in a tight 2' knot with
three close brighter stars on the west side, over unresolved haze. Sprays of stars forming the outline of
NGC 6885 seem to radiate from this group.
NGC 6682 and NGC 6885 appear as one cluster at low power. It's very possible that NGC 6882 = H
VIII 22 is a duplicate observation of NGC 6885 and does not refer to a distinct
object. In that case, this
subgroup would be identified as Cr 416.
See Corwin's NGCBUGS for story.
8"
(8/23/84): in the field of NGC 6885 to the north with a mag 7 star surrounded
by five faint stars. Two
additional mag 7 stars are nearby.
William Herschel
found NGC 6882 = H VIII-22 on 10 Sep 1784 (sweep 263) and recorded "a cl.
of coarsely scattered stars." There is nothing at his position, but ~15'
south is NGC 6885 = H VIII-20, which WH discovered just the previous
night! Corwin suggests that WH
made two observations of this cluster and made an error with the dec on the
second night. Brent Archinal concurs
with this solution. So, NGC 6882 = NGC 6885. NGC 6882 is often taken as a richer subgroup on the NW side
of NGC 6885.
******************************
NGC 6883 = Cr
415 = Lund 929 = OCL-152
20 11 19.8 +35
49 55
Size 15'
18"
(10/8/05): at 115x, 60 stars over haze are visible in a 6' group that is set in
an incredibly rich Milky Way field.
Five of the brighter stars on the south side form an elongated
"Y" or "Wishbone" asterism with a bright pair of mag 9.5/10
stars (17" separation) at the base of the wishbone. The west side of the cluster is defined
by a gently curving string of 10 faint stars. At 220x, up to 80-90 stars can be counted in an 7'x5' region
as a number of faint stars emerge from the background. At low power this region is surrounded
by other concentrations or asterisms including Ruprecht 172, which spreads out
to the southeast. About 30' NW is
the WR 134/135 Nebula, an uncatalogued but relatively bright Wolf-Rayet shell
nebula.
17.5"
(8/19/95): two dozen stars in a 4' diameter surrounding a prominent
"Y" asterism of five mag 10 stars with twenty additional mag 13-14.5
stars. The brightest star at the
base of the "Y" is a mag 9.5/10 double at 17" and the center
star about 1.5' NE is an unequal closer pair. Surrounding this group is a oval border of 7' diameter
consisting of several strings of mag 13 stars, which increase the total to
roughly 50 stars. Appears to be an
asterism in a rich Milky Way field and best view at 100x. Attached to Ruprecht 172.
8"
(8/15/82): elongated string of stars N-S, moderately large, over background
haze. Situated in a very rich star
field and difficult to identify.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6883 = h2070 on 19 Aug 1828 NGC 6883 and recorded "a double
star in a cluster of a good many stars 10...13m." Dreyer, the observing assistant
at Birr Castle on 23 Aug 1876, simply noted "rich field, no remarkable
cluster."
******************************
NGC 6884 = NGC
6766 = PK 82+7.1 = PN G082.1+07.0
20 10 23.6 +46
27 40
V = 11.0; Size 6"x5"
17.5"
(9/7/91): bright, very small, very high surface brightness. Appears as a slightly out of focus mag
11 bluish star at 100x. Moderate
contrast gain using an OIII filter.
At 412x appears prominent with a very small 5" blue disk.
13"
(9/29/84): fairly bright, very small, high surface brightness, definite bluish
disk at 166x, excellent contrast gain with OIII filter. Easily takes 350x due to surface
brightness.
Ralph Copeland
found NGC 6884 on 20 Sep 1884 at Dun Echt, Aberdeen, using an objective-prism
sweep with a 6.1-inch refractor.
He remarked "planetary nebula; most of the light in a single line"
and measured a very accurate micrometric position (MN XLV).
Edward Pickering
discovered this planetary earlier on 8 May 1883 using a direct-vision
spectroscope (same technique) at Harvard College Observatory. Unfortunately, Pickering made a 1 hr
error in RA (later corrected), so Dreyer catalogued it as NGC 6766 at the wrong
position and this number is usually listed as nonexistent. By historical precedence, this
planetary should be called NGC 6766, but it is now known as NGC 6884.
Based on
Crossley photographs at Lick, Heber Curtis (1918) noted "no central star
can be distinguished. A minute, bright, round disk, of nearly equal brightness
throughout, with a suggestion of an elongated brighter central portion in p.a.
135¡; 7.5" in diameter in a 5 min exposure."
******************************
NGC 6885 = NGC
6882: = Cr 417 = Lund 933 = OCL-132
20 11 58 +26 29
00
V = 8.1; Size 18'
17.5"
(9/7/91): about 80 stars mag 6-13 in 15' triangular group, bright. Includes the bright star 20 Vulpeculae
(V = 5.9) surrounded by seven very faint stars in the SE corner of the
cluster. Weak in the center of the
triangle except for about 10 other stars.
A wide bright pair is at the east vertex and a wide unequal double star
is at the SW side. Most stars are
located along the west side particularly at the NW corner (this subgroup is
catalogued as NGC 6882, although it may refer to the entire scattered group).
8"
(8/23/84): about 50 stars at 100x, triangular-shaped, large, scattered,
includes 20 Vulpeculae (V = 5.9).
NGC 6882 is superimposed 5' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6885 = H VIII-20 = h2071 on 9 Sep 1784 (only discovery in sweep
261) and recorded "a cl of coarsely scattered stars, not very
rich." His position is 6'
west of 20 Vul, within the boundaries of the cluster. This same cluster was probably observed the next night and
recorded as H VIII-22 = NGC 6882, but with a 15' error in declination. So, NGC 6882 = NGC 6885, though NGC 6882 is often taken as
a richer subgroup on the northwest side of the cluster. JH made the single observation
"Splendid cluster. More than
fills the field; loose and straggling; poor in stars, one = 6.7m, whose place
is given; the rest 9, 10, 11."
Karl Harding found the cluster again in 1823 (probably with a 8.5-inch
reflector built by WH, according to Wolfgang Steinicke) and included it in a
list of discoveries he sent to Johann Bode.
******************************
NGC 6886 = PK
60-7.2 = PN G060.1-07.7
20 12 42.8 +19
59 23
V = 11.4; Size 9"
17.5"
(11/6/99): this compact planetary was easily identified by blinking at 100x
using an OIII filter as a "soft" mag 11 star. A small disc, less than 10"
diameter is visible at 220x without filter. Situated at the NW vertex of a small isosceles triangle with
a mag 11 star 0.8' SSE and a mag 10 star 1.6' E. The nearer star is double with a faint companion close
north. NGC 6886 is clearly
non-stellar at 280x-380x and slightly oval.
13"
(9/29/84): fairly bright, very small, just non-stellar at 166x. At 415x, easily visible small disc
elongated ~E-W. Forms the NW
vertex of a thin isosceles triangle with a mag 10.5 star 45" SSE and a mag
10 star 1.5' E. These two brighter
stars form a parallelogram with two mag 12 stars to the SE with sides of 1' and
1.5'.
Ralph Copeland
discovered NGC 6886 on 17 Sep 1884 at Dun Echt, Scotland, using a direct vision
objective-prism or Secchi prism attached to a 6.1-inch refractor. He recorded "Nebula about 2
1.2" diam, equal to a 9.8 mag star." His micrometric position in Monthly Notices XLV is very
accurate.
Based on
Crossley photographs taken at Lick, Heber Curtis (1918) noted, "no central
star can be made out. A round disk
6" in diameter, of nearly equal brightness throughout, forms the central
part. Two wings (of ring
structure) in p.a. 135-315¡ bring the total length to 9"."
******************************
NGC 6887 = ESO
186-027 = AM 2013-525 = PGC 64427
20 17 17.5 -52
47 49
V = 12.1; Size 3.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 102d
30"
(11/5/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): bright, larger, nearly edge-on 7:2 WNW-ESE,
2.5'x0.7', broad concentration with a brighter core. The galaxy has a sharp linear edge along the north edge with
a suggestion of a dust lane just beyond.
Located 7' SW of mag 8.5 HD 192571 and 5' NW of a mag 10 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6887 = h3822 on 24 Jul 1835 and recorded "pF; L; pmE; glbM;
2' l, 1' br." His description
and position matches ESO 186-027.
******************************
NGC 6888 =
Crescent Nebula = LBN 203 = Sh 2-105 = Ced 179
20 12 06.5 +38
21 17
Size 20'x10'
18"
(8/23/03): Using a 6-inch off-axis mask with a 31 Nagler (73x) and an OIII
filter, a faint curving arc is visible which begins SW of the mag 7.2 star on
the north edge and curves around to the mag 8.2 star on the NE side, extending
nearly 90¡ of arc along the annulus of the Crescent Nebula. No other nebulosity was visible.
17.5"
(6/29/00): Stunning view at 100x (20mm Nagler) using an OIII filter. The outline appears as a huge,
irregular cosmic egg, ~18'x11', floating in a very rich Cygnus star field. The complete annulus is easily
visible. The brightest section is
along the north side and passes through a mag 7.2 star at the north edge. This piece displays much structure with
several knots and wispy tendrils.
An isolated bright knot is within the weakly glowing interior and is
collinear with the mag 7.2 star and the mag 7.4 central star. The interior has
an irregular surface brightness with wispy striations that appear to radiate
from the central star towards the NW rim at the end of the bright arc. The rim is widest on the SW end with
more nebulosity filling in towards the center. The fine texture and structure of the nebulosity creates a
3-dimensional feel and an "electric" effect.
17.5"
(7/5/86): the "Crescent Nebula" is one of my favorite large
nebulosities at 100x with a OIII filter (excellent contrast gain). Appears as a bright, 16'x11' oval or
egg-shaped annulus elongated SW-NE.
The rim is virtually complete except for a small piece of the east side
and exhibits a great deal of turbulent, wispy structure. Brightest just SW of mag 7.2 HD 192182
(unequal pair O· 401 = 7.2/10.5 at 14"), which is embedded in the rim at
the north end. The nebula also
passes through mag 8.2 SAO 69611 on the NE side. Just north of center in the interior is the mag 7.4
Wolf-Rayet star HD 192163 = W-R 136, whose strong stellar wind created this
shocked ring-type nebula. This is
beautiful nebulosity set in a very rich Milky Way field.
13"
(9/11/82): bright, large, oval shell, nearly complete loop visible with UHC,
striking unusual appearance!
8"
(8/9/80): faint, elongated arc of nebulosity connecting two mag 7.5/8.5 stars
and extending SW of the brighter star.
Set in a very rich star field.
Only the brightest portion at the north end of the nebula was noticed.
80mm finder
(6/7/08): using 25x and an OIII filter, the brighter eastern side of the shell
was clearly visible and appeared locally brightest in an elongated arc on the
north side passing through mag 7.2 HD 192182. A very faint hazy glow with no structure completed most of a
large oval.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6888 = H IV-72 on 15 Sep 1792 (sweep 1027) and recorded
"8m. Double. A faint milky ray south preceding joins
to the double star; it is about 8' long, and is 1 1/2' broad." His position is within the interior of
this Wolf-Rayet shell, but Bigourdan's corrected RA from 18 Oct 1895 (copied to
the IC 2 notes) matches the brightest arc. Dreyer made three detailed observations and a sketch using
the 72", which was published in plate V of the 1880 publication
"Observations of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars".
NGC 6888 is
illuminated by the Wolf-Rayet star
HD 192163 = SAO
69592 at 20 12.1 +38 21. This
emission star was "discovered" spectroscopically by Copeland while
sweeping with a Secchi prism at Dun Echt, Aberdeen and listed in MN 45,
p91. Copeland noted "this is
the 7.1 mag star DM +37¡3821. It
has a spectrum of several bright lines near D, and a very bright band in
wavelength 464 mmm."
******************************
NGC 6889 = ESO 186-029
= PGC 64464
20 18 52.8 -53
57 27
V = 12.9; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 63d
30"
(10/10/15 - OzSky): at 303x and 394x; fairly bright, moderately large,
0.9'x0.6', broad concentration, elongated 3:2 or 4:3 SW-NE, weak core, mottled
appearance, hint of spiral structure in the halo. Two mag 15 stars are very close; one is 0.6' ESE of center
and other is at the northeast edge of the halo, 0.3' from center. I also noted an extremely faint mag
17.5 star at the north edge of the halo, 21" from center.
ESO 186-036,
located 25' NE, was noted as fairly bright, fairly large, edge-on 4:1 SSW-NNE,
1.5'x0.4', sharply concentrated with an elongated bright nucleus.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6889 = h3823 on 9 Jun 1836 and recorded "vF; L; lE; 2' l,
90" br." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 6890 = ESO
284-054 = MCG -07-41-023 = PGC 64446
20 18 18.1 -44
48 24
V = 12.3; Size 1.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 152d
30"
(10/10/15 - OzSky): at 303x; fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 or
4:3 NNW-SSE, ~1.2'x0.9', sharply concentrated with a well defined bright core
that gradually increases to the center. Located 13' WSW of mag 8.2 HD 192960.
24"
(9/15/12): at 175x appeared moderately bright and large, elongated 4:3 NNW-SSE,
1.2'x0.9', brighter core. The view
was compromised by low altitude (less than 10¡ elevation), fairly poor seeing
and sky glow near the horizon. A
number of ESO galaxies are within 1¡ NW, though they were too faint to be seen
in these conditions except for NGC 6878 50' NW. Possibly a member of the Telescopium Group.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6890 = h3824 on 1 Jul 1834 and recorded "F; R; vglbM;
15"." On a second sweep
he logged "pB; S; R: gbM; 25"." His position is accurate. In a group with NGC 6878 50' WNW.
******************************
NGC 6891 = PK
54-12.1 = BD+12¡4266 = PN G054.1-12.1
20 15 08.8 +12
42 15
V = 10.4; Size 15"
24"
(7/1/16): at 375x; very bright bluish disc slightly elongated NNW-SSE, perhaps
10"x8". A fainter outer
halo increases the diameter to roughly 18". The mag 12.5-13 central star was steadily visible. A mag 14.5 star is close off the NE
edge [17" from center]. At
750x the brighter inner disc seemed more elongated with tapered ends like a
lens.
18" (9/10/07):
Using 225x; the bright, blue disc of high surface brightness surrounds the
central star. At 300x the very
bright oval disc of 8"x6" diameter is surrounded by a fainter, round
outer envelope that increases the diameter to ~15". With direct vision the central star is
visible embedded in the center of the high surface brightness disc. A mag 12.5 star lies 1' WNW and a mag
13 star is a similar distance ESE with NGC 6891 nearly at the midpoint.
18"
(7/15/07): at 174x this small blue disc has a high surface brightness and is
very prominent in the field. With
direct vision the mag 12.5-13 central star is easily visible. At 280x appears as a very bright, small
disc with an unusually high surface brightness and the central star shines
steadily. At 700x, the extremely
bright inner region is slightly elongated or lens-shaped N-S and is surrounded
by a fainter outer halo or envelope that is still quite evident.
17.5"
(8/27/87): very bright at 140x and OIII filter. Appears as a small high surface brightness bluish oval of
10"-15" diameter. At
410x, a brighter center or mag 13 central star is visible. At this magnification, the planetary
appears as a bright oval with a fainter outer halo.
8"
(6/29/84): fairly high surface brightness, small blue disk.
80mm (9/10/07):
visible as a faint "star" at 12.5x in the 80mm finder and easy to
verify as a planetary by blinking with an OIII filter.
Ralph Copeland
discovered NGC 6891 on 22 Sep 1884 at Dun Echt, Scotland, using a direct vision
objective-prism (Secchi prism) sweep with a 6.1-inch refractor. He remarked "this seems to be
identical with the 9.5 mag star DM +12¡4266. It is in reality a planetary nebula about 4" in
diameter with a nearly monochromatic spectrum."
Based on
Crossley photographs taken at Lick, Heber Curtis (1918) noted, "mag 11.8
central star (Burnham). A round
disk 15" in diameter, of which the central 7" is considerably the
brighter. From this brighter
center extend indistinct traces of wings in p.a. about 135-315¡."
******************************
NGC 6892
20 16 56.7 +18
01 10
Size 15"
24"
(7/16/15): at 375x, this asterism consists of three mag 13.5-14.5 stars
resolved in a small 15" knot, including a 5" pair. A brighter mag 13.0 star is 30"
SW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 6892 on 19 Jul 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. He described it as a
very faint star or cluster involved in nebulosity, but it was not resolved at
231x. Just 1' southeast of his
position is a small knot of 3 or 4 stars within 15". Karl Reinmuth identified NGC 6892 as
"3 or 4 eF st + ? eeeF pL neb?, identif doubtful; *13 sp, *12.5 and *15
np, *13.3 nf; IC 1312 = NGC 6892?"
Harold Corwin states that IC 1312 is a different asterism (see his
notes). RNGC classifies NGC 6892
as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 6893 = ESO
234-006 = AM 2017-482 = LGG 430-007 = PGC 64507
20 20 49.7 -48
14 21
V = 11.8; Size 2.6'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 10d
8" (7/13/91
- Southern Baja): very faint, small, almost round, gradually brightens. Located 4.0' NNW of mag 9 HD 193199.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6893 = h3825 on 7 Jul 1834 and recorded "pF; R; svmbM to a
* 12m; 20"." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6894 = PK
69-2.1 = PN G069.4-02.6
20 16 24.0 +30
33 55
V = 12.5; Size 44"
24"
(7/1/16): at 375x; striking annular planetary ~45" diameter, the annulus
is relatively thin giving a nice 25" darker "hole". The rim in slightly irregular in
brightness and thickness and appears weakly enhanced along the northern
side. A faint star is visible on
the inside edge of the ring at the NNW side.
18"
(7/15/07): excellent annular planetary at 280x, ~40" diameter with a
relatively large 25" darker central hole. The rim appears unevenly lit and possibly brighter along the
north side although there are a couple of extremely faint stars involved on the
north or NW portion of the rim that may have affected this impression. At 700x the rim is clumpy and a bit
weaker on the west side.
17.5"
(9/14/85): moderately bright and large, round. Annular appearance at 105x using an OIII filter and exhibits
an obvious darker center at 222x and 294x with a UHC filter.
13"
(9/9/83): fairly faint but easily visible at 88x. Darker center just visible at 144x-176x with averted vision.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6894 = H IV-13 = h2072 on 17 Jul 1784 (sweep 239) and recorded
"pF, exactly R, of equal light throughout. I believe it is resolvable, but am not certain, about 1' in
diameter." He published a
sketch in his 1811 paper (Fig. 33) as an illlustration of "nebulae that
are of an almost uniform light."
John Herschel
made several observations. On 4
Sep 1825, he logged "planetary nebula; diam [by inexperienced estimation]
= 1'; light equable; exactly round; vF, a mere ghost." On 1 Aug 1829, he recorded "eF;
annular; pretty sharply defined; a very little elliptic; the northern limb is
the brightest; the darkness in the middle requires some attention to see; but
once seen it cannot be mistaken. A
most curious object, resembling much the annular nebula in Lyra, but rounder,
small (not above half the diameter) and far fainter."
LdR (or
assistants) also described NGC 6894 as "annular" on 23 Aug 1851
(first observed on Aug 1 1848): "fine annular nebula like that in Lyra, R,
the dark space is E pf, * easily seen in np edge and others suspected."
Based on
Crossley photographs taken at Lick, Heber Curtis (1918) called NGC 6894
"The Annular Nebula in Cygnus".
He reported "the central cstar is about mag 16. A very vague and indistinct ring,
44" in diameter along a major axis in p.a. 50¡. Quite faint; the brightest patch is at the north, near the
14th mag star involved in the ring."
******************************
NGC 6895
20 16 29 +50 13
48
24"
(7/29/16): at 124x (49' field): this Milky Way field includes mag 6.4 HD
192983. A 4' circular group with
over a dozen mag 11-12.5 stars is ~5' W.
An elongated group of mag 11-13 stars is 5' SE of the bright star. A
larger "U" shaped group of stars (open to the north), including mag
8.2 HD 193216 and three additional mag 9-10 stars is ~12' NE. The overall field is fairly rich, but
unimpressive with nothing that resembles a cluster.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6895 = H VIII-83 on 30 Sep 1790 (sweep 960) and recorded "A
cl of sc stars, above 15' dia, pretty rich and joining to the milky way, or a
projecting part of it." There
is nothing distinctive the DSS near his position though I observed a scattering
of brighter stars northeast and west of his position, with an overall size of
at least 15'. The field includes
mag 6.4 HD 192983, though WH didn't mention a bright star. Karl Reinmuth notes "milky way, no
distinct Cl." in his 1926 photographic survey "Die
Herschel-Nebel" and RNGC calls the number as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 6896
20 18 03.6 +30
38 23
=**, Corwin. Not
found, Reinmuth and Carlson.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 6896 on 16 Apr 1862 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen and noted (3 observations) a small, nebulous group of stars. There is no nebulosity or cluster at
his position, which is close to 16" pair of mag ~14/15 stars. Karl Reinmuth reported "no Cl +
neb found" based on Heidelberg plates and both Dorothy Carlson, in her
1940 NGC Errata paper and the RNGC repeat Reinmuth's negative assessment. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 6897 = MCG
-02-52-001 = PGC 64513
20 21 01.3 -12
15 18
V = 13.8; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 39d
17.5"
(10/5/91): faint, small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE. A mag 11.5 star is just west of the SW tip 1.1' from the
center. Pair with NGC 6898 6.5'
SE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6897 = m 406 = Sf 80, along with NGC 6898, on 28 Jun 1863 and
noted "vF, S." Truman
Safford independently rediscovered this galaxy on 24 Aug 1867 with the
18.5-inch refractor at Dearborn Observatory, though his position is poor.
******************************
NGC 6898 = MCG
-02-52-002 = PGC 64517
20 21 08.0 -12
21 34
V = 13.7; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 150d
17.5"
(9/7/91): fairly faint, small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, brighter middle, small
bright core. A mag 12 star is just
off the SSE edge 39" from center.
Pair with NGC 6897 6.5' NNW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6898 = m 407 = Sf 79, along with NGC 6897, on 28 Jun 1863 and
noted "F, S, irr R."
Truman Safford independently rediscovered this galaxy (along with NGC
6897) on 24 Aug 1867 with the 18.5-inch refractor at Dearborn Observatory. He logged "pB, S, R, N =
12m."
******************************
NGC 6899 = ESO
234-022 = PGC 64630
20 24 22.4 -50
26 02
V = 12.8; Size 1.7'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 112d
30"
(10/10/15 - OzSky): at 394x; fairly bright, moderately large, oval 5:3 WNW-ESE,
1.4'x0.8', contains a relatively large bright core, mottled with a hint of
structure in the halo. Appears to
have a brighter knot (or part of an arm) on the west side. A mag 10 star (HD 193832) lies 2.4'
ENE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6899 = h3826 on 24 Jul 1835 and recorded "F; R; S; glbM;
15"; among stars."
******************************
NGC 6900 = MCG
+00-52-001 = MCG -01-52-002 = PGC 64530
20 21 35.1 -02
34 09
V = 12.1; Size 1.0'x0.9'; PA = 85d
17.5"
(7/16/88): faint, small, slightly elongated 4:3 WNW-ESE, very diffuse, even
surface brightness.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6900 = m 408 on 1 Oct 1863 and noted "vF, S, R."
******************************
NGC 6901 = UGC
11542 = MCG +01-52-002 = CGCG 399-002 = IC 5000 = PGC 64552
20 22 21.5 +06
25 48
V = 13.7; Size 1.4'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 63d
17.5"
(7/20/90): faint, fairly small, oval 2:1 WSW-ENE, overall diffuse with a low
even surface brightness. A mag 13
star is 30" off the NW side and 1.4' from the center. NGC 6906 is located
18' E. Similar notes on 6/20/87.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6901 = m 409 on 15 Aug 1863 and simply noted
"eF". There is nothing at
his position, although the observation is noted as verified. But 1 additional minute of time lands
on UGC 11542 = PGC 64552.
According to Harold Corwin, Bigourdan was misled by Marth's poor
position and rediscovered this galaxy on 29 Sep 1891 and it was listed as Big
335 (later catalogued as IC 5000) at the correct position. Nearby IC 1316, also logged by
Bigourdan on the same evening, is nonexistent according to Corwin.
RNGC identifies
UGC 11542 as NGC 6901, though the New Description reads "not found". Assuming Marth made a 1.0 minute
clerical error in RA, this identification is reasonable. The CGCG mislabels UGC 11542 as IC 1316
and the UGC wrongly states IC 1316 = IC 5000. RC2 and RNGC equate all three numbers. I included this number in my RNGC
Corrections #5.
******************************
NGC 6902 = ESO
285-008 = MCG -07-42-002 = AM 2021-434 = LGG 434-003 = IC 4948? = PGC 64632
20 24 28.0 -43
39 12
V = 10.9; Size 5.6'x3.9'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 153d
30"
(10/10/15 - OzSky): at 394x; bright, large, elongated 5:3 NNW-SSE,
~4'x2.5'. There are three distinct
zones; a very large, low surface bright halo (spiral arms) that contains
several stars, a large brighter core ~60"x45", and a small bright
nucleus. Five or six mag 14.5-15.5
stars are superimposed on the large halo, the closest is 45" W of center.
PGC 546866 =
2MASX J20240144-4336032 lies 5.8' NW and appeared as a faint, small glow,
elongated nearly 2:1 SSW-NNE, ~20"x12".
18"
(8/19/09): fairly faint, fairly large, oval 3:2 NW-SE, 1.8'x1.2'. Contains a large, brighter core with a
higher surface bar running along the major axis. IC 4946 = Shapley-Ames 5 lies 21' NNE. Viewed at only 9¡ elevation.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6902 = h3827 on 2 Sep 1836 and recorded "F; R; psbM;
25"." His position is
accurate. Harold Corwin suggests
that Lewis Swift made an 18 minute error in recording the RA of Sw XII-15 = IC
4946 as well as Sw XII-16 = IC 4948, as his descriptions and relative positions
are a reasonable match for these two galaxies, particularly IC 4946. Making this correction, NGC 6902 = IC
4948. But Swift lists the
discovery date for IC 4948 as 17 Sep 1897, 6 nights later than IC 4946. So, some uncertainly on this
equivalence still remains.
******************************
NGC 6903 = ESO
596-029 = MCG -03-52-003 = PGC 64607
20 23 44.9 -19
19 31
V = 11.9; Size 2.7'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.8
17.5"
(8/5/91): fairly faint, very small, round, very small bright core. Very unusual appearance as a mag 10
star is attached at the NNE end.
The main body of the galaxy just extends up to the bright star but an
extremely faint larger halo was suspected to encompass the bright star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6903 = h2073 on 14 Jul 1830 and recorded "a * 10m, with a
considerable nebulous appendage sp, in which by glimpses may be fancied a star
15m." A total of 3
observations were made.
******************************
NGC 6904
20 21 48.1 +25
44 29
17.5"
(8/25/95): appears to be a random scattering of brighter stars mainly
noticeable because it includes mag 8 SAO 88571. The brighter stars form a rectangle with side of 3'-4' and a
string of brighter stars off the NW vertex extends another 4' to the
north. There are roughly two dozen
stars mag 9.5-13 in the group besides the mag 8 star. Richest around mag 9.5 SAO 88575 at the SE corner of the
rectangle. Listed as nonexistent
in RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6904 = h2074 on 18 Aug 1828 and recorded "A small
straggling cluster of stars 10...11m.
One of the 9m, whose place is taken." His position corresponds with mag 8.8 SAO 88571 at 20 21
42.9 +25 45 02. Reinmuth described
this asterism as "a very dense region, no distinct Cl".
Dorothy Carlson
noted "No Cluster" in her 1940 paper on NGC misidentifications and
RNGC claims the number is nonexistent.
See Harold Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 6905 = PK
61-9.1 = PN G061.4-09.5 = Blue Flash Nebula
20 22 23.0 +20
06 16
V = 10.9; Size 47"x37"
24"
(8/14/15): the "Blue Flash" planetary was observed at 500x and 750x
in excellent seeing. The main body
is oval 5:4 NNW-SSE, ~48"x40" and annular. The rim is brightest along a thin strip on the east side and
enhanced in a slightly brighter triangular wedge (roughly 60¡-80¡) extending
east from the mag 15.7 central star.
The opposite western rim is also brighter, but the north and south ends
are not enhanced. The interior is
mottled with a slightly darker, irregular central "hole",
particularly on the south and west side of the central star, but not to the
east. Mag 10.4 HD 352100 lies
48" N of center and a mag 12 star is 38" SSE of center, in the
direction of the major axis.
An extremely
faint outer halo or wing was occasionally glimpsed off the north-northwest end,
tapering in the direction of the major axis and extending 10"-12" in
length. The corresponding
extension off the south-southeast side and ending at the mag 12 star
(completing a lens-shaped outline out of a truncated ellipse on deep images)
was not seen, although Jimi Lowrey felt it was equally visible.
48"
(5/16/12): beautiful blue oval planetary with a fairly bright central
star. Very nice annular appearance
with an irregular darker interior.
A bright arc is along the east or northeast rim and a slightly weaker
counterpart was on the west or southwest edge. The ends are somewhat chopped off, creating a rectangular
appearance.
18"
(7/2/08): at 565x, this interesting planetary had a very irregular surface
brightness and appeared weaker on the north and south sides and slightly
brighter in a triangular wedge that fanned out to the east from the central
star. The edge of the western rim
was also very slightly enhanced but there wasn't a complete brighter wedge on
the west side of the central star, which would have created a subtle bipolar
dumbbell shape. The faint central star was visible continuously at this
magnification.
18"
(8/23/03): beautiful planetary at 320x and 538x. The mag 15.7 central star is easily visible continuously.
The interior seems unevenly lit and there appears to be a very slightly darker
"hole" to the north of the central star. Bracketed by a mag 11 star off north edge and a mag 12 star
just off the south edge and the planetary is slightly elongated N-S in the
direction of these stars.
17.5"
(8/31/86): very pretty planetary at 280x.
Fairly bright, fairly small, slightly elongated. A very faint central star (V = 15.7) is
visible. Takes 440x well. Just off the north edge is a mag 11
star 1.4' from center and a mag 12 star is just off the south edge 39"
from center.
8"
(6/29/84): moderately bright, uniform, slightly elongated N-S, two stars at the
northeast and south edge.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6905 = H IV-16 = h2075 on 16 Sep 1784 (sweep 275) and recorded
"pB, perfectly R, pretty well defined, about 3' in diameter." The
next night he noted "I do not doubt but it consists of very much
compressed stars." His size estimate was much too large, but his
position is just 6 seconds too far west. JH made 3 observations and
logged on sweep 364, "Fine planetary nebula; B; exactly R; rather hazy at
the edges, but not materially brighter in the middle, but no hollow. It
has four small stars near it like satellites." The nearby stars were
micrometrically measured as the possibility of physical satellites of
planetaries intrigued JH and he mentioned it regarding NGC 6818 and 7662.
On 10 Aug 1850
Lord Rosse's assistant reported, "* or B nucl nf the middle. A dark
curved line p[receding] this plainly seen, which at moments I fancied went
round the sf part". Two years later, George Johnstone Stoney stated
"this planetary nebela is a beautiful little spiral". This is a
case of imagined spiral structure as it was a primary focus at Birr
Castle. R.J. Mitchell's sketch
from 12 Aug 1855 with a spiral appearance was included in the 1861 publication
(Plate XXVIII, figure 34). Father
Secchi noted a bi-polar brightening or mottling, particularly on the east side
(1856, 9.5" refractor). Vogel
made an excellent sketch of the planetary in Sep 1883 with the 27" Vienna
refractor with a dark lane oriented ~N-S, tapering towards the central star and
two brighter triangular "wings" on the east and west side, with the
eastern wing more prominent.
Based on
Crossley photographs taken at Lick, Heber Curtis (1918) reported "the main
portion is a very patchy truncated ellipse 44"x37" in p.a. 163¡. Very faint cone-shaped ansae extend
from each end. A star of mag 12
lies nearly at the end of the southern ansa."
The nickname
"Blue Flash" was probably first used by John Mallas, in his series of
articles titled "Visual Atlas of Planetary Nebulae" in Review of
Popular Astronomy in the early '60's. He described NGC 6905 as "The
Blue Flash. After turning a telescope on this object one will notice the small
triangle of stars superimposed upon it. Glimmering and flashing between
the triangle is the little planetary. Using about 120x on a 4-inch
reveals all that can be seen in small apertures."
******************************
NGC 6906 = UGC
11548 = MCG +01-52-003 = CGCG 399-006 = LGG 435-001 = PGC 64601
20 23 34.0 +06
26 38
V = 12.3; Size 1.7'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 36d
17.5"
(6/20/87): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated SW-NE, small bright
core. NGC 6901= IC 1316 lies 18'
W. A mag 9.5 star lies 3.6' SW.
13"
(7/27/84): fairly faint, fairly small, very small bright core, diffuse outer
halo, elongated SW-NE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6906 = m 410 on 15 Aug 1863 and noted "pF, pL,
R." His position is 1' north
of UGC 11548 = PGC 64601. Harold
Corwin notes that IC 5006, discovered by Hermann Kobold on 23 Sep 1895, and
placed 3.3' east-northeast of NGC 6906, refers to a very close double star with
a mag 14 star 20" northwest.
******************************
NGC 6907 = ESO
528-003 = MCG -04-48-006 = UGCA 418 = LGG 436-003 = PGC 64650
20 25 06.6 -24
48 33
V = 11.2; Size 3.3'x2.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 76d
48"
(10/25/14): the central 1.2' bar of NGC 6907 runs E-W and contains a bright
core and very bright nucleus that increases to the center. The more prominent spiral arm is
attached on the east end of the bar and the section that hooks north contains
NGC 6908, a superimposed galaxy.
It appeared fairly bright, elongated 3:1 N-S, ~21"x7", very
small bright core -- and appeared distinctly as a separate galaxy. A mag 16 star is just off the northeast
end of NGC 6908. The arm
bends clockwise west and dims as it extends to nearly the west end of the
central bar (much further than seen with my 24"). The southern arm is fainter, more
diffuse and broader, but sweeps around to the east on the south side of the halo,
reaching nearly to the east end of the central bar. Two non-stellar HII knots (~10" diameter) lie along
this arm and make an equilateral triangle with the nucleus; the brighter knot
is at the west end of this arm, 0.8' SE of center, and a second knot lies 0.8'
SSW of center.
24"
(8/14/15): the companion galaxy superimposed on the eastern arm was clearly
visible and fairly well defined, elongated 5:2 N-S, ~20"x8".
24"
(7/25/14): striking example of a barred spiral with a prominent 1.5'x0.5'
central bar oriented directly east-west.
The bar contains a bright 30" core, which increases to a
quasi-stellar nucleus. A bright
arm is attached at the east end of the bar and extends due north for 0.7', at a
right angle to the bar. A bright,
elongated N-S "knot" is embedded in the middle (superimposed
companion NGC 6908). At the north
end, the arm curls west a short
distance while dimming out. A
difficult, ill-defined arm is attached at the west end of the bar. It vaguely curves south and west, but
quickly disappears into very low surface brightness haze.
24"
(9/15/12): excellent barred spiral with the 1.5' central bar oriented E-W. The bar has a small, brighter core that
increases to a faint stellar nucleus.
On the east side of the bar a prominent spiral arm is attached that
hooks at a 90¡ angle to the north for ~45". The arm dims and curves clockwise to the west a short
distance, creating a "comma" appearance in the eyepiece with north
down and west left. There is a
noticeable elongated brightening or N-S streak in the arm at the northern end
(before curving west). This streak
is NGC 6908, a superimposed companion.
On the west side of the bar, the beginning of a low surface brightness
arm (hazy extension) bends southwest a very short distance and dims out.
18"
(9/3/08): beautiful view at 280x using an 8mm Ethos. A large 2' "bar" is oriented E-W with a broad,
weak concentration but suddenly rises to a very small, bright core and faint
stellar nucleus. On the east side
of the bar, a spiral arm is attached that hooks directly to the north and just
begins to sweep clockwise around on the north side of the galaxy towards the
west. There appears to a
brightening (faint knot) near where the arm is attached to the bar. Off the west side is faint haze on the
south side, but the arm structure is very weak. A mag 11.5 star lies 2.8' due east of center on line with
the central bar. An elongated
galaxy (NGC 6908) oriented N-S is superimposed on the eastern arm as it hooks
north though visually the galaxy and the arm appear indistinguishable.
17.5"
(8/8/02): beautiful view at 220x.
This barred spiral appeared moderately bright and large with a fairly
bright bar elongated "bar" oriented ~E-W with a small bright core. At the following end of the bar an
obvious arm is attached is attached sweeping north of the galaxy in a
comma-like appendage. On the
preceding end there seems to be a faint knot and there is a very short
extension bending south that quickly fades out.
17.5"
(9/14/85): at 192x appears moderately bright, bright core, elongated E-W. Barred spiral structure is evident;
fainter extensions form the bar and an arm at the eastern end of the bar curves
north and then hooks slightly back to the west. This spiral arm appears to end at a faint knot. Two mag 11.5 stars lie 3' E and a
similar distance south.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6907 = H III-141 = h2076 on 12 Jul 1784 (sweep 236) and recorded
"a pretty considerable vF nebula, lE, vlbM than at the extremes. 240 showed the same appearance; it makes
a trapezium with 3 stars and is at the northern and following corner of
it." JH made the single
observation (from Slough), "vF; L; R; vglbM; 3' diam; r; the sky
hazy." His position is
accurate. In a 5-inch
refractor at Vanderbilt, Barnard called it "faint and somewhat faint; it is close preceding a
9-magnitude star, and is gradually pretty much brighter in the middle."
******************************
NGC 6908 = PGC
4581797
20 25 09.0 -24
48 04
Size
0.3'x0.12'; PA = 3d
48"
(10/25/14): at 610x; the elongated brightening in the northeast spiral arm
appeared fairly bright, elongated 3:1 N-S, ~21"x7", very small bright
core. This was the first time this object appeared as a superimposed galaxy and
not just as a weak brightening in the arm itself.
24" (8/14/15):
the companion galaxy superimposed on the eastern arm was clearly visible and
fairly well defined, elongated 5:2 N-S, ~20"x8".
24"
(7/25/14): A bright arm is attached at the east end of NGC 6907's bar and
extends due north for 0.7', at a right angle to the bar. A bright, elongated N-S
"knot" is embedded in the middle (superimposed companion NGC
6908). At the north end, the arm curls west a short distance while
dimming out.
24"
(9/15/12): the spiral arm that extends north on the eastern end of the bar of
NGC 6907 contains a noticeable brightening on the north end that is actually a
superimposed galaxy. The companion
is elongated 3:1 N-S, 0.3'x0.1' and appears as a short streak within the arm. NGC 6908 may apply to the entire spiral
arm or this elongated brightening (galaxy).
18"
(9/3/08): this number refers to the prominent spiral arm on the NE side where
an anonymous galaxy (elongated N-S) is superimposed on the arm in roughly the
same orientation! Visually the
spiral arm hooks directly to the north from the east end of the central bar,
just where the galaxy is located, though the galaxy was not distinguishable.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6908 = m 411 on 24 Sep 1864 and noted "eF, vS, lE, (close
to h2076 [= NGC 6907]." His
position corresponds with the brighter trailing spiral arm, or more
specifically the elongated companion that is superimposed on the northeastern
arm. The companion is clearly
visible on a deep image.
******************************
NGC 6909 = ESO
285-012 = AM 2024-471 = PGC 64725
20 27 38.9 -47
01 37
V = 11.7; Size 2.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 68d
30"
(11/5/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly bright, elongated 5:2 WSW-ENE,
1.4'x0.6'; sharply concentrated with a very bright and small core, increasing
to bright stellar nucleus. A mag
15 star lies 0.6' S of center and a mag 13 star is 1.3' SE. Two mag 9-9.5 stars lie 8' NE and
another mag 9.5 is 12' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6909 = h3828 on 1 Jul 1834 and recorded "pB; pL; gbM; near
2 st 10m." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 6910 = Cr
420 = Lund 950 = OCL-181
20 23 12 +40 46
42
V = 7.4; Size 8'
17.5"
(8/7/91): about 40 stars mag 7.5-15.5 in a 7' diameter dominated by two mag 7.5
stars oriented NW-SE. A mag 7.4
star (SAO 49556) with two faint companions is at the NW end and a mag 7 star
(SAO 49563) is at the SE end surrounded by a rich group of 10 mag 12-13
stars. Most of the cluster's
brighter mag 10-11 stars are arranged in a NW-SE string just west of the line
connecting the two bright stars. A
second curving offshoot to the west consisting of three mag 10 stars gives a
"Y" shape to the cluster.
Located 40' NNE of Gamma Cygni (V = 2.2) within a section of the IC 1318
complex.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6910 = H VIII-56 = h2077 on 17 Oct 1786 (sweep 612) and recorded
"a small cluster of coarsely scattered stars, of various sizes; of an
extended form; like a forming one [cluster]." On sweep 183 (1 Oct 1828), JH logged "a poor and coarse
but rather brilliant cl, 2 st 9m (the np taken) and 30 or 40 more
10...12."
******************************
NGC 6911 = UGC
11540 = MCG +11-24-006 = CGCG 324-007 = CGCG 325-001 = PGC 64485
20 19 38.7 +66
43 40
V = 14.3; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.8; PA = 115d
17.5"
(8/13/88): very faint, moderately large, very diffuse, slightly elongated
NW-SE. A mag 11 star is 2' W.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6911 = Sw II-84 on 9 Jun 1885 and recorded "eF; L; lbM; pB
* nr." His position is at the
west edge of UGC 11540 and his comment "pB * near applies to a mag 11 star
1.5' southwest.
******************************
NGC 6912 = ESO
596-038 = MCG -03-52-008 = PGC 64700
20 26 52.1 -18
37 03
V = 13.2; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 55d
17.5"
(8/5/91): fairly faint, fairly small, oval 4:3 WSW-ENE, no significant central
brightening, edges fade into background.
Two mag 13.5 star are off the NE edge collinear with galaxy 1.4' and
2.2' from the center. A bright
wide pair of stars mag 8.6 (SAO 163587) and 9.5 are about 6' NE. Pair with IC 1319 12' NW.
13"
(7/20/85): faint, extremely diffuse, almost round, two faint stars 2' NE, two
brighter stars 5' NE are collinear.
Pair with IC 1319 12' NW.
Edward Holden
discovered NGC 6912 on 14 Aug 1881 at Washburn Observatory with the 15.6-inch
Clark refractor. He noted
"vF, 8th mag star follows nebula 16 seconds. There is a pair of stars 14-15 mag a few seconds np the
nebula." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 6913 = M29 =
Cr 422
20 23 57 +38 30
30
V = 6.6; Size 7'
13.1" (9/9/83):
M29 consists of two dozen stars mag 8 and fainter in a fairly small trapezoidal
outline well detached in the field.
The six brightest mag 8 stars form two curving rows on the SW and NE
ends. Appears loose with no dense
spots and seems fully resolved.
Charles Messier
discovered M29 = NGC 6913 = h2078 on 29 July 1764. Caroline Herschel observed this group on 6 Apr 1783 and
logged "About 1 deg under Gamma Cygni; in my telescope 5 small stars thus
[diagram]. My Brother looked at them with the 7 ft and counted 12. It is not in
Mess. catalogue." According
to Michael Hoskins, the position and diagram applies to M29, despite her
comment. On 15 Sep 1792 (sweep
1027), WH recorded "a cluster of very coarsely sc. vL stars; not
rich." JH reported "a coarse cluster of 8 large stars (10m) and a
dozen or 20 smaller in a roundish form."
******************************
NGC 6914 = LBN
274 = LBN 280 = vdB 132 = Ced 176d/e
20 24 43.3 +42
28 57
Size 13'x12'
18"
(8/12/07): at 73x, this rich Milky Way region contains three sections of
reflection nebulosity. The
brightest piece (GN 20.22.9) was discovered by Stephan and is located 11' SW of
mag 6.9 HD 194708. It involves two
mag 11 stars and a mag 12.5 star on the west side. About 6' S is another hazy patch (vdB 132 = GN 20.23.0)
surrounding a wide mag 9/11 pair at 43". Faint haze connects these two pieces and together they
extend ~10'x3' in a N-S orientation.
This reflection nebula appears to be bounded on the west side by a
non-illuminated dust cloud.
A third weak
reflection nebula (VdB 131) is located 12' SSW of the brighter (northern)
section of NGC 6914. It involves a
group of 10-15 stars (Dolidze 8) including two mag 9.5 stars and a nice curving
arc of stars is just off the southeast side. Overall, the Milky Way is very patchy or dusty in this
region so these reflection nebulae do not stand out prominently, though the
contrast was improved using a Deep Sky filter.
To the SE of the
NGC 6914 complex is a very faint, hazy HII region (LBN 279), situated just east
of mag 7.5 HD 194669. It appears
roughly 10'x6' in size and includes a number of mag 10-11 stars. There was only a weak response to a UHC
filter, though there was no response to a Deep Sky filter and this is not part
of the reflection complex.
17.5" (8/7/91):
at 100x appears as a fairly bright field of reflection nebulosity locally
brightest surrounding two pairs of fairly bright stars. Two mag 11 stars are at the north end
with a separation of 51" and a mag 9 (SAO 49589)/mag 11 pair with a
separation of 42" is at the south end. These two sections are separated by ~6' and are connected by
a fainter elongated piece of nebulosity.
Very faint nebulosity also extends NE towards a mag 7 star (SAO 49603)
located 11' NE. Stephan's position
is centered on the northern pair of stars. A third piece surrounding a mag 9 further SW was not noted.
8"
(7/24/82): fairly large nebulous field locally brighter surrounding a wide
faint double star and to the south surrounding a double star mag 9. The brightest section is elongated N-S.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6914 = St XII-93 on 29 Aug 1881 and recorded "vF, vL, iR,
dif, 2 st att p[receding]." [NGC description]. His position is accurate. The patch ~6' south is sometimes called NGC 6914B and is
part of the same reflection nebula complex. It's not clear from Stephan's description how large an area
of nebulosity he noticed.
******************************
NGC 6915 = PGC
64729
20 27 46.1 -03
04 37
V = 13.4; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 100d
17.5" (7/16/88):
moderately bright faint, small, slightly elongated WSW-ENE, large brighter core
with a small faint halo. Bracketed
by two mag 13 stars 1.2' SW and 1.5' N of center. An extremely faint mag 15.5 star is at the NE edge.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6915 = m 412 on 24 Jul 1863 and noted "pB, S, R." His position is 2' north of PGC 64729
(accurate in RA). Engelhardt and
ƒdouard Stephan measured an accurate position. This is a bright galaxy to be missing in the MCG but it is
included in the RC3.
******************************
NGC 6916 = UGC
11554 = MCG +10-29-004 = CGCG 304-004 = PGC 64600
20 23 32.9 +58
20 39
V = 13.5; Size 1.8'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 90d
17.5"
(8/7/91): very faint, small, elongated 2:1 E-W. A mag 14 star is at the west end 25" from center.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6916 = Sw IX-94 on 26 Jun 1887 and recorded "eeF; pS; F *
close p; 2 single and 2 D stars in line n point to it." The discovery was communicated directly
to Dreyer and not published until his 9th list in 1890, though Dreyer assumed
it would be included in the 6th list.
Swift's position is 2.3' too far northeast, although his description is
a perfect match. According to Wolfgang
Steinicke, this was the last discovery to make it into the NGC (published in
1888). Herbert Howe measured an
accurate position in 1899-00 and noted the "F * close p" was 12th
magnitude.
******************************
NGC 6917 = UGC
11563 = MCG +01-52-007 = CGCG 399-010 = PGC 64715
20 27 28.4 +08
05 53
V = 13.3; Size 1.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 40d
13.1"
(7/27/84): very faint, low even surface brightness, almost round, 0.8'
diameter. A mag 14 star is at the
south end 22" from the center.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6917 = m 413 on 15 Aug 1863 and noted "vF, S, attached to a
small *." His position and
description matches UGC 11563.
ƒdouard Stephan measured a very accurate micrometric position at the
Marseille Observatory.
******************************
NGC 6918 = ESO
234-040 = PGC 64851
20 30 47.0 -47
28 26
V = 13.5; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 0d
30"
(11/5/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2
N-S, 0.6'x0.4', weak concentration.
A mag 13.7 star is barely off the southwest edge, just 24" from
center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6918 = h3830 on 1 Jul 1834 and recorded "vF; attached to a
* 12m sf [N.B. - By a diagram made at the time, the star is s p." The note is correct.
******************************
NGC 6919 = ESO
285-027 = MCG -07-42-011 = PGC 64883
20 31 38.0 -44
12 58
V = 13.0; Size 1.7'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 148d
30"
(10/10/15 - OzSky): at 394x; moderately bright and large, relatively low but
uneven surface brightness with a broad and weak concentration to a slightly
brighter core. I had a strong
impression of spiral structure in the halo. Three stars are around the edges (at least one may be an HII
knot in the halo) including a mag 15.5 star 0.8' NNW. ESO 285-025 lies 5.4' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6919 = h3831 on 2 Sep 1836 and recorded "eF; pL; R; vgvlbM;
40"." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 6920 = ESO
026-004 = AM 2036-801 = PGC 65273
20 43 57.2 -80
00 03
V = 12.3; Size 1.8'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.3
24"
(4/12/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x, this far southern galaxy
appeared moderately bright, fairly small, round, sharply concentrated with a
very small intense core, 35" diameter. This is one of only 7 NGC galaxies south of -80¡
declination.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6920 = h3829 on 21 Jul 1835 and recorded "pB; R; psmbM;
25"."
******************************
NGC 6921 = UGC
11570 = MCG +04-48-001 = PGC 64768
20 28 28.8 +25
43 24
V = 13.4; Size 0.9'x0.2'; Surf Br = 11.4; PA = 141d
17.5"
(8/5/91): fairly faint, very small, very elongated 3:1 NW-SE, faint stellar
nucleus. One or two very faint
stars are at the edges. Unusual as
located in the midst of a very rich Milky Way field over unresolved background
glow. Located only 7.6¡ from the
galactic equator and less than 3¡ SW of open cluster NGC 6940!
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6921 = m 414 on 6 Sep 1863 and noted "F, S, E." His position is 1.4' southeast of UGC
11570 and the description applies.
According to Wolfgang Steinicke, Auguste Voigt independently
rediscovered this galaxy in 1865 with the 31-inch silvered-glass reflector at
the Marseilles Observatory.
******************************
NGC 6922 = UGC
11574 = MCG +00-52-018 = CGCG 373-017 = PGC 64814
20 29 53.0 -02
11 29
V = 13.5; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 150d
17.5"
(7/16/88): faint, round, diffuse, fairly even surface brightness
17.5"
(8/1/86): moderately large, almost round, diffuse, pretty low even surface
brightness with no core. A very
faint star is at the west edge and mag 8.7 SAO 144498 is 7.0' N.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6922 = m 415 on 24 Jul 1863 and noted "vF, pL,
R." His position (noted as
verified) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6923 = ESO
462-029 = MCG -05-48-017 = AM 2028-310 = LGG 437-001 = PGC 64884
20 31 38.7 -30
49 58
V = 11.9; Size 2.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 78d
13.1"
(9/9/83): faint, small, elongated ~E-W, weak concentration. A mag 12.5 star is close to the NW edge
1.2' from center.
8"
(8/12/83): not found.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6923 = h3832 on 31 Jul 1834 and recorded "F; S; lE; bM;
15" l, 12" br." He
made a total of 4 observations and on sweep 619 logged "pB; R; gbM; has 2
or 3 st very near it."
******************************
NGC 6924 = ESO
528-016 = MCG -04-48-014 = AM 2030-253 = PGC 64945
20 33 19.2 -25
28 29
V = 12.8; Size 2.0'x1.7'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 154d
17.5"
(7/21/90): fairly faint, small, oval 3:2 NW-SE, bright core. A mag 13 star is at the south tip. NGC 6924 is at the southwestern end of
AGC 3698 and also a member of the SSRS Group 74 triplet with NGC 6936 37' NE
and ESO 528-021 25' NE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 6924 = LM I-231 on 8 Jul 1885 with the 26-inch
refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory and noted "mag 13.2, pS, R,
sbMN, * 1.0' N, neb * in field?, env 14.0." His rough position (nearest min of RA) is 45 seconds due
west of ESO 528-016 = PGC 64945.
Ormond Stone's corrected position in the IC 1 notes is accurate. Herbert Howe, observing with the
20-inch refractor at Denver, notes that Leavenworth's star is mag 13 and
20" south.
******************************
NGC 6925 = ESO
463-004 = MCG -05-48-022 = AM 2031-320 = LGG 437-003 = PGC 64980
20 34 20.6 -31
58 48
V = 11.3; Size 4.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 5d
17.5"
(8/5/91): moderately bright, fairly large, edge-on 4:1 SSW-NNE, 3.0'x0.8', thin
long arms extend from the core. A
mag 13 star is at the north tip 1.4' from center.
8"
(7/16/82): very faint, elongated SW-NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6925 = h3834 on 31 Jul 1834 and recorded "B; mE; pslbM; 2
1/2' l, 40" br." His
mean position (3 observations) is accurate. Harold Corwin suggests that Lewis Swift's XII-20 = IC 5015,
found on 18 Aug 1897, may be a duplicate observation. Swift's description "pB, pS, R, nearly bet 2 st with
dist. companion" is a reasonable fit, though his position is typically
(for those made in 1897) well off.
******************************
NGC 6926 = UGC
11588 = MCG +00-52-033 = CGCG 373-033 = Holm 781a = VV 621 = PGC 64939
20 33 06.2 -02
01 40
V = 12.4; Size 1.9'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 0d
17.5"
(7/16/88): fairly faint, fairly large, elongated NNW-SSE, broad
concentration. Brighter of pair
with NGC 6929 3.9' E.
17.5"
(8/1/86): moderately bright, fairly large, elongated, slightly brighter core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6926 = H III-142 = h2079 on 21 Jul 1784 (sweep 242) and recorded
"vF, E, nearly of equal light throughout and about 2' long. A patch of not very close small stars
north following." His RA is
poor (too large), but clearly applies to UGC 11588. On 12 Sep 1830, JH logged "vF; pL; pmE; or two joined;
nearly in the meridian [N-S]."
On JH's first observation three years earlier, he discovered nearby NGC
6929.
******************************
NGC 6927 = MCG
+02-52-016 = CGCG 424-020 = IC 1325: = PGC 64925
20 32 38.2 +09
54 59
V = 14.5; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 9d
24"
(9/1/16): faint, small, elonated 3:2 N-S, 0.3'x0.2', stellar nucleus. Faintest and smallest in a trio with
NGC 6928 3.0' ENE and NGC 6930 (double system) 5.7' SE.
18"
(7/11/10): very faint, very small, slightly elongated, 15"x12" (not
as elongated as appears on the DSS).
This is the faintest of the three NGC galaxies in the group.
18"
(9/10/07): very faint, very small, slightly elongated N-S,
18"x12". Located 3' WSW
of NGC 6928 and faintest in a trio with NGC 6930.
18"
(7/29/03): very faint, extremely small, slightly elongated ~N-S,
~15"x12", low surface brightness. Either I viewed the core only or this galaxy is much smaller
than this listed dimensions. Faintest in a trio with edge-ons NGC 6928 and NGC
6930. Located 3' WSW of NGC 6928.
17.5"
(9/14/85): very faint, very small, almost stellar at 222x. Thin faint extensions 3:1 N-S are
visible at 294x. Located 3.0' WSW
of NGC 6928 and 5.7' NW of NGC 6930 in a group.
Albert Marth discovered
NGC 6927 = m 416, along with NGC 6928 and 6930, on 15 Aug 1863 and noted
"eF, lE." His position,
although marked as verified, is 1.7' too far south. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 with
the 20-inch refractor at the University of Denver.
The RNGC new
description for NGC 6927 appears to describe NGC 6928, although the position is
correct.
******************************
NGC 6928 = IC
1325 = UGC 11589 = MCG +02-52-017 = CGCG 424-021 = LGG 438-003 = PGC 64932
20 32 50.4 +09
55 37
V = 12.2; Size 2.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 106d
18"
(7/11/10): moderately bright, very elongated 4:1 WNW-ESE, 1.5'x0.35', bright
core. A mag 13.5 star is pinned
against the north side, just north of the core. Forms the northern vertex of a
trio with fainter NGC 6927 3' WSW and NGC 6930 3.8' SSE.
18"
(9/10/07): fairly faint, moderately large, edge-on 4:1 WNW-ESE, 1.2'x0.3', weak
concentration with a 0.4'x0.3' brighter core and faint, thin extensions. A mag 13.5 star is close NE of the core
(15" from the center) and a mag 12.5 star lies 1.4' ENE. Brightest in triplet with NGC 6927 3'
WSW and NGC 6930 3.8' SE.
18"
(7/29/03): moderately bright, moderately large, edge-on 4:1 WNW-ESE,
1.1'x0.25', small brighter core. A
13th magnitude star is at the north edge of the core. Brightest in a trio with NGC 6927 and NGC 6929.
17.5"
(9/14/85): moderately bright, pretty edge-on WNW-ESE, bright core. A mag 13 star is superimposed north of
the core just 20" from center.
Brightest in a group with NGC 6927 3' WSW and NGC 6930 4' SE.
13"
(6/29/84): fairly faint, elongated E-W.
An extremely faint star is at the north edge.
8"
(8/12/83): extremely faint, averted only, elongated ~E-W, small bright
nucleus?, fairly bright wide double star in field to NW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6928 = m 417, along with NGC 6927 and 6930, on 15 Aug 1863 and
noted "pB, pL, mE." His
declination is 1' too small.
Engelhardt and Howe measured a precise micrometric position.
Lewis Swift
independently rediscovered this galaxy on 23 Sep 1888 and reported Sw VIII-98
(later IC 1325) as "vF; S; 3 or 4 F st inv; sp of 2 [with IC 1326 = NGC
6930]." His position is 3'
too far south and he confused the orientation of the two galaxies, which is
northwest-southeast. The RNGC new
description for NGC 6928 appears to describe NGC 6930 although the position is
correct.
******************************
NGC 6929 = MCG
+00-52-035 = CGCG 373-035 = Holm 781b = PGC 64949
20 33 21.6 -02
02 14
V = 13.4; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 95d
17.5"
(7/16/88): faint, small, slightly elongated, small bright core, two mag 15
stars follow. Located 4' E of NGC
6926.
17.5"
(8/1/86): faint, very small, slightly elongated, bright stellar nucleus or a
star is superimposed. Two mag 15
stars oriented E-W are collinear close following and this may enhance the
impression of elongation.
Elongated at a right angle to NGC 6926 3.9' W.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6929 = h2080 on 21 Jul 1827 and recorded "vF; vS; the
s[outh] f[ollowing] of 2 [with NGC 6926]." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6930 = IC
1326 = UGC 11590 = MCG +02-52-018 = CGCG 424-022 = LGG 438-004 = PGC 64935
20 32 58.8 +09
52 28
V = 12.8; Size 1.3'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 8d
24"
(9/1/16): at 220x, moderately bright and large, very elongated 4:1 N-S,
0.9'x0.2', brighter core. A mag
15.5 star is at the south end [38" S of center]. At 322x, a companion (LEDA 200365) is attached at the north
end. It appeared extremely to very
faint, very small, elongated ~E-W, 10"x6".
18"
(7/11/10): fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 4:1 N-S,
~50"x12". An extremely
faint star (V = 15.7) is barely off the south tip. Occasionally there appeared to be a very small brightening
at the north tip (this is 2MFGC 15598 = LEDA 200365). In a small group with brightest member NGC 6928 3.8'
NW. Located 4.3' NNE of mag 8.6 HD
195765.
18"
(9/10/07): faint, moderately large, edge-on 4:1 N-S, 1.0'x0.25', very weak
concentration, low surface brightness.
Located 2.2' NW of a 40" pair of mag 10/11 stars and 4.3' NNE of
mag 8.6 HD 195934. An extremely
faint star is at the south tip.
Second brightest of three with NGC 6928 and NGC 6927.
18"
(7/29/03): fairly faint, moderately large, edge-on 4:1 ~N-S, 0.9'x0.2', weak
concentration. A mag 11 star is
off the south edge, 1.1' SSW of center, and a pair of mag 10/11 stars lie 2.3'
SSE. Second brightest in a trio
with a similar edge-on NGC 6928 4' NW and NGC 6927 6' NW. Located 4.4' NNE of mag 8.7 SAO 125934.
17.5"
(9/14/85): faint, thin streak ~N-S, weak concentration. A mag 11 star is 1.4' SSW. Elongated at right angles to NGC 6928
4.0' NW. NGC 6927 lies 5.7' NW.
13"
(6/29/84): very faint, elongated ~N-S.
A mag 11 star is off the south edge. Member of the NGC 6928 group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6930 = m 418, along with NGC 6927 and 6928 on 15 Aug 1863 and
noted "F, mE." His
declination is 1' too small.
Lewis Swift
independently rediscovered this galaxy on 23 Sep 1888 and reported Sw VIII-99
(later IC 1326) as "eeeF; S; eE; spindle; pF * nr south; wide D * nr sf;
ee diff; nf of 2 [with IC 1325]."
His position is 1' too far north-northeast and he confused the
orientation of the two galaxies, which is northwest [NGC 6928 = IC 1325] and
southeast [NGC 6930 = IC 1326]. Herbert
Howe suggested the NGC/IC equivalences and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 6931 = MCG
-02-52-016 = PGC 64963
20 33 41.3 -11
22 06
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 125d
17.5"
(9/15/90): very faint, very small, elongated ~E-W, faint stellar nucleus. A mag 15 star is off the NW edge.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 6931 = LM I-232 on 4 Jun 1886 and recorded "mag
15.0, 0.6'x0.2', E 120¡, gbM, divided into 2 parts?" His rough position (nearest minute of
RA) is 20 seconds east and 1.5' south of MCG -02-52-016 = PGC 64963 and the
position angle matches. Bigourdan,
on 31 Jul 1888, and Herbert Howe in Denver measured an accurate RA (given in
the IC 2 Notes). Howe noted
"though this is very small, it is much elongated at 120¡. At times it appeared to have
condensation near each extremity, but the seeing was not very good."
******************************
NGC 6932 = ESO
047-008 = AM 2036-734 = PGC 65219
20 42 08.8 -73
37 10
V = 12.3; Size 2.1'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 115d
24"
(4/12/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): this galaxy appeared fairly
bright, moderately large, elongated 4:3 ~E-W, 1.0'x0.7', sharply concentrated
with a very small bright core. A
nice string of 5 stars begins with a mag 10 star 2.8' W of center and extends
to the south. On the DSS, this is
a striking ring galaxy.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6932 = h3833 on 29 Jun 1835 and logged "F; S; R; glbM;
follows a hook of 5 stars."
His position is 40" too far south and the "hook of 5
stars" is southwest.
******************************
NGC 6933
20 33 38.2 +07
23 14
=*,
Reinmuth. =**, Carlson.
Herman Schultz
discovered NGC 6933 = Nova VII on 14 Sep 1865 with the 9.6-inch refractor at
Uppsala Observatory. He recorded
"1/2 minute [of time] preceding h2081 [NGC 6934]. Neb is near stellar, its
nebulous atmosphere barely perceptible, yet looks quite differently from the
surrounding stars." His
precise position in the "Preliminary Catalogue of Nebulae observed at
Uppsala" (1875) corresponds with a mag 12 star. Karl Reinmuth reported a "*12; no nebulosity seen; *10
sf" (based on a Heidelberg plate).
Dorothy Carlson classified the number as a double star in her 1940 NGC
Corrections paper.
******************************
NGC 6934
20 34 11.4 +07
24 15
V = 8.9; Size 7'; Surf Br = 0.3
18"
(6/25/04): at 300x, partially resolved into a couple of dozen stars,
particularly on the south side of the very ragged 3' halo which surrounds the
bright 50" core. At 538x,
perhaps 3 dozen stars are resolved mostly in the halo, but also several are
superimposed on the very mottled core including one very close to the geometric
center. The halo is irregular, but
clearly elongated N-S with more extension resolution on the south side. A number of extremely faint stars pop
in and out of view with the seeing and the cluster seems of the verge of more
extensive resolution.
17.5"
(8/5/94): bright, 3.0' diameter, round.
Fairly sharp concentration with a 1.5' diameter very bright core. The halo has about two dozen stars
peppered in the outer regions; the brightest star is on the NE side of the
core. The core is very lively and
just starts to break up in to several very faint stars and a single obvious
star. A mag 9.5 star is just 2' W
of center.
17.5"
(7/9/94): bright, fairly small, 3.5' diameter, very bright core. At 225x, 20-25 stars are resolved in
the halo mostly in the southern portion.
Contains an intense 1.5' core with a much fainter halo to 3.5' which
extends almost to a mag 9.5 star 2' W of center. The bright core itself is very lively and mottled with a few
faint stars resolved and a single brighter star just east of the geometric
center.
13"
(6/29/84): fairly bright, moderately large, bright core, small outer halo
resolved into approximately 15 stars mainly south of the core, mottled. A mag 9 star is 2' W.
8":
mottled, fainter halo, clumpy at 400x but no resolution.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6934 = H I-103 = h2081 on 24 Sep 1785 (sweep 440) and recorded
"vB, L, gmbM, er. A beautiful
object." His position is 36
sec of RA too far west and 7' too far north. The large error was apparently the result of using "a
new Polar distance machine contrived to shew the polar distance of the tube in
every situation" that was not finished. JH called it "A beautiful, v compressed, B, R, globular
cluster, 3' diam, well resolved.
Stars = 16...20m." On
19 Aug 1855, R.J. Mitchell (LdR's assistant) recorded "very fine glob Cl,
comes up to a blaze in centre.
From f side of Nucl a stream of stars runs np, rather brighter and more
condensed than in the rest of the border."
******************************
NGC 6935 = ESO
234-059 = AM 2034-521 = PGC 65112
20 38 20.1 -52
06 39
V = 12.0; Size 2.0'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 8d
30"
(11/5/10 - Coonabarabran, 429x): brighter of a striking pair with NGC 6937 4.4'
SE. Bright, fairly large, slightly
elongated N-S, 1.7'x1.5', well concentrated to a very small bright core that
increases to a stellar nucleus.
Surrounded by several mag 14 stars. Located 54' WSW of mag 4.5 Eta Indi..
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6935 = h3835, along with NGC 6937, on 8 Jul 1834 and recorded
"pF; L; R; glbM; 2'; the preceding of 2 [with NGC 6937]." On a second sweep he noted "B; pL;
R; gbM; r; 80"."
******************************
NGC 6936 = ESO
528-022 = MCG -04-48-021 = PGC 65033
20 35 56.3 -25
16 48
V = 12.8; Size 1.9'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 4d
17.5"
(7/21/90): fairly faint, small, round, gradually increases to a small bright
core. This is the dominant galaxy
in AGC 3698, which appears to be a loose, poor cluster on the DSS. It also a member of SSRS Group 74
triplet with NGC 6924 37' SW and ESO 528-021 12' SW.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 6936 = LM I-233 on 1 Sep 1885 and recorded "mag
13.8, vS, R, slbMN, env 14.0."
His rough position (nearest minute of RA) is ~36 seconds east of ESO
528-022 = PGC 65033. Ormond Stone
measured a "corrected" position, but he made an error and placed the
galaxy 1 minute of time too far west.
Herbert Howe measured an accurate position with the 20-inch refractor at
Denver.
******************************
NGC 6937 = ESO
234-060 = AM 2035-521 = PGC 65125
20 38 46.0 -52
08 35
V = 12.9; Size 2.3'x2.0'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 105d
30"
(11/5/10 - Coonabarabran, 429x): fainter of a pair with NGC 6935 4.4' NW. Fairly bright, fairly large, elongated
4:3 SW-NE, 2'x1.5'. There are
three distinct zones. At the
center is a small, very bright nucleus ~15" diameter. This is surrounded by a bright, round,
40" core. Finally the core is
surrounded by a much fainter halo up to 2' with an irregular surface
brightness, though no distinct arms.
Located 50' WSW of mag 4.5 Eta Indi.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6937 = h3836, along with NGC 6935, on 8 Jul 1834 and recorded
"vF; R; 40"." On a
second sweep he noted "F; R; glbM; 30"."
******************************
NGC 6938
20 34 42.2 +22
12 55
Size 5'
17.5"
(8/19/85): at 220x there are 20 scattered stars in a 5' region with the
brightest mag 9.2 SAO 88858. There
are no richer spots and the stars are unevenly distributed into three distinct
subgroups. Appears to be simply a
poor asterism at 100x and 220x.
Listed as nonexistent in RNGC.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6938 = H VIII-17 = h2082 on 18 Jul 1784 (only discovery in sweep
240) and recorded "A cl of scattered stars more than 20' in diameter, not
very crowded and containing a great many large ones." A scattered group of stars matching his
description is ~1 min of time east.
On 17 Aug 1828, JH logged "Place of the chief * 10m of a coarse,
poor, straggling cluster."
His position is fairly accurate.
At Birr Castle, Ralph Copeland described this group as "Cl, very
poor, scarcely richer than neighborhood." This may not be a true cluster but RNGC misclassifies the
number as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 6939 = Cr
423 = Mel 231 = Lund 960
20 31 30 +60 39
42
V = 7.8; Size 8'
18"
(10/9/04): beautifully rich cluster of ~150 stars in a 10'-12' triangular
region over haze. Beyond the ends
of the triangular vertices are four 10th magnitude stars with the star towards
the ENE an easy double. The
cluster is fairly uniform with a rich clump of a half-dozen stars near the
center. A number of the stars are
in chains, including a string of equally spaced 12-13th magnitude stars along
the south side that is oriented NW-SE.
NGC 6946 (which was sporting a supernova) lies 40' SE and both can be
placed in the same low power field.
Both objects are easily visible in 15x50 IS binoculars and of similar
size, but NGC 6939 is brighter with a higher surface brightness.
18"
(8/17/04): this triangular-shaped rich cluster is beautifully framed in the
160x field (24'). The cluster is enclosed within a kite asterism of four mag 10
stars with two of these stars near the east and west vertices of the triangular
outline. ~125 stars are visible in
a 10' diameter, with most of the stars mag 12-14. Just west of center is a very rich 3' group and just
following this group is a small knot of 4 very faint stars. The west side is well-defined by a
string of mag 12 stars oriented NW-SE.
17.5"
(9/14/85): about 100-140 stars mag 12-15 are resolved. Difficult to count as stars fill the
22' field at 220x with no distinct boundaries. NGC 6946 is located less than 40' SE.
13"
(7/27/84): ~80 stars resolved but richness makes an accurate count difficult.
13"
(7/5/83): ~70 stars resolved at 166x, very rich, beautiful in faint stars.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6939 = H VI-42 = h2083 on 9 Sep 1798 (sweep 1077) and described
"a beautiful compressed cluster of small stars, extremely rich, of an
iF. The preceding part of it R and
branching out on the following side; both towards the north and towards the
south; 8 or 9' diam." JH made
4 observations and logged on sweep 366 "very fine rich cluster; 5' diam;
stars 12m and nearly equal; shape rather convex towards the preceding
side."
******************************
NGC 6940 = Cr
424 = Mel 232 = Lund 961
20 34 26 +28 17
00
V = 6.3; Size 31'
13.1"
(7/27/84): beautiful rich star field although not dense. About 100 stars mag 9-14 resolved
including the orange semii-regular variable star FG Vulpeculae near the
center. The double star ·2698 =
8.8/9.7 at 4.5" is off the southwest edge.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6940 = H VII-8 on 17 Jul 1784 (sweep 239) and recorded "a
vL cl of scattered stars, very rich and most of the stars nearly of a size and
pretty small. About 20' in
diameter." His position is
close to mag 8.3 HD 196244 on the northeast side of the cluster. On 18 Oct 1786 (sweep 615) he logged it
as "a beautiful cl of scattered large stars, extremely rich, taking up
near 1/2¡."
******************************
NGC 6941 = MCG
-01-52-010 = PGC 65054
20 36 23.6 -04
37 08
V = 12.7; Size 1.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 115d
17.5"
(7/16/88): very faint, small, round, bright core. Incorrectly listed as a globular cluster in the RNGC, NGC
2000 and U2000.
Truman Safford
discovered NGC 6941 = Sf 83 = St IV-3 on 29 Aug 1867 with the 18.5-inch
refractor at the Dearborn Observatory. ƒdouard Stephan independently rediscovered
the galaxy on 1 Sep 1872. His
micrometric position matches MCG -01-52-010 = PGC 65054. As Safford's discovery list wasn't
published until 1887 as the NGC was being prepared to go to press, so Stephan
is credited with the discovery in the GC Supplement and the NGC.
NGC 6941 was
misclassified as a globular cluster in the RNGC and this error as repeated in
NGC 2000.0 as well as early versions of the Uranometria 2000 star atlas. This error was listed in my RNGC
Corrections paper #3.
******************************
NGC 6942 = ESO
186-073 = AM 2036-542 = PGC 65172
20 40 37.8 -54
18 11
V = 11.8; Size 2.0'x1.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 150d
30"
(11/5/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 NW-SE,
1.8'x1.2', well concentrated with a small bright core surrounded by a smooth,
fainter halo. No brighter stars
are nearby, though a mag 13 star lies 2' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6942 = h3837 on 9 Jun 1836 and recorded "pB; R; pslbM;
60"." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 6943 = ESO
074-006 = PGC 65295
20 44 33.6 -68
44 51
V = 11.4; Size 4.0'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 130d
30"
(11/5/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): bright, large, elongated ~5:2 NW-SE,
3.5'x1.5', sharply concentrated with a very small bright elongated core. Spiral structure is evident in the
halo, though I couldn't trace distinct arms. A mag 9.5 star lies 5' NE. Located 26' W of mag 5.4 Sigma Pavonis (2' pair with mag 7
HD 197569). IC 5052, a beautiful
thin edge-on, lies 43' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6943 = h3838 on 27 Jun 1835 and recorded "pF; L; mE; vgbM;
3 1/2' l; 1 1/2' br; has a barely perceptible point in the middle."
******************************
NGC 6944 = MCG
+01-52-017 = CGCG 399-025 = PGC 65117
20 38 23.8 +06
59 47
V = 13.8; Size 1.5'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 57d
24"
(7/16/15): moderately to fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 5:3 SW-NE,
sharply concentrated with a prominent, small round core, ill-defined low
surface brightness halo ~50"x30". Located 2.6' SSE of mag 8.4 HD 196612, which forms the
southwest corner of a prominent asterism including three additional mag 10-11
stars. NGC 6944 lies 6.5'
SSW. The companion (similar
redshift) appeared fairly faint, oval 4:3 SW-NE, very weak concentration to a
small, slightly brighter nucleus, overall low surface brightness.
18"
(9/10/07): faint, small, elongated 4:3 SW-NE, 0.6'x0.45'. Weak even concentration to the center
with a faint stellar nucleus.
Located 2.5' SSE of mag 8.5 HD 196612. This star is at the southwest vertex of a quadrilateral
(roughly a parallelogram) with three other mag 10-11 stars.
17.5"
(7/4/86): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, very small bright core. Located 2.5' S of mag 9 SAO
126045. This bright star is the
southwest vertex of a 3.5'x1' parallelogram with three other mag 10 stars. Forms a pair with NGC 6944A 6.4'
SSW. The fainter companion
appeared very faint, small, round.
Located 1.6' NW of mag 8.9 SAO 126044, which detracts from viewing. A fainter star is close northwest.
13"
(6/29/84): faint, very small, almost round, weak concentration. A bright rectangle of stars is in the
field to the north. Located 43' E
of a mag 6.5 star.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6944 = m 419 on 15 Aug 1863 and noted "pF, S, R." His position is fairly accurate.
******************************
NGC 6945 = MCG
-01-52-015 = PGC 65132
20 39 00.6 -04
58 21
V = 12.7; Size 1.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 30d
17.5"
(7/16/88): moderately bright, small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus. A mag 15 star is 28" SW of
center. Located 2.9' SW of bright
mag 6.6 SAO 144663.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6945 = m 420 = St I-10 on 12 Jul 1864 and noted "vF, vS, R,
stellar or neb. *." ƒdouard
Stephan independently rediscovered the galaxy (though Marth's position was
good) on 1 Jul 1870. Stephan's
micrometric position is very accurate.
******************************
NGC 6946 = Arp
29 = UGC 11597 = MCG +10-29-006 = CGCG 304-006 = PGC 65001
20 34 52.3 +60
09 14
V = 8.8; Size 11.5'x9.8'; Surf Br = 13.8
24"
(5/20/17, 5/22/17 and 6/23/17): Type II Supernova 2017eaw in NGC 6946 was
easily identified as a 13th magnitude "star" 2.7' NNW of the nucleus
using a photographic finder chart.
I was surprised the supernova was only slightly fainter in June, over a
month later than first viewed.
This is the 10th known supernova in the galaxy.
48"
(10/23/11): this very bright, showpiece face-on spiral stretches roughly 9'x7'
E-W. At 375x, four arms were
visible, each containing one or more HII regions. The brightest arm is attached on the west side of the central
region and curves counterclockwise to the north and then heads east, passing
just south of a mag 13.5 star and spreads out to the NE of the central
region. At the eastern tip (4.2'
from center) is a bright HII knot of 12" diameter, catalogued as #3 under
NGC 6946 in Paul Hodge and Robert Kennicutt's 1983 "Atlas of HII Regions
in 125 Galaxies" (HK83-3) and #1 in Hodge's 1969 paper "HII regions
in twenty nearby galaxies" (H69-1).
A second shorter arm emerges from the core on the north side, and
rotates more sharply around the galaxy on the north side, passing south of the
brighter arm, and curving around to the east side. It contains HK83-63/76 = H69-6, an elongated knotty HII
complex at its tip, 2.5' due east of center.
On the west side
are two additional arms, though the brighter inner arm is better defined. It begins on the south side of the
central region and curls sharply to the north on the west side. It passes through a few mag 14 foreground
stars and nearly fades out 3.2' NW of center. A dim extension finally ends 3.5' N of center at HK83-285 =
H69-20, a very faint, very small knot inside a triangle of stars. An outer arm on the south side rotates
towards the west and intersects HK83-503/507 = H69-33, a very bright, round
knot of 20" diameter, that rivals the inner core in size. Using a DGM Optics "Galaxy
Contrast" filter, the core was dimmed more and the knot appeared nearly as
bright. Studies reveal this
feature is a circular bubble containing numerous, tightly packed small clusters
and a bright supermassive star cluster that resembles a young globular. After
this point, the arm becomes more patchy as it spreads to the northwest, but
near the end is HK83-527/528, an extremely faint knot just west of a mag 14
star 3.5' NW of center.
24"
(9/13/12): the bright, long, outer spiral arm on the north side passes very
close south of a mag 13.5 star before terminating near the small knot HK83-3 =
H69-1. Besides the knot at the
end, this arm is a bit clumpy with two slightly brighter regions roughly 1.7' N
of center, HK83-213 = H69-11, and 2.4' NE of center, HK83-123/124 =
H69-10. The spiral arm extending
north on the west side has several mag 14 stars superimposed. A very small
brighter nucleus is embedded the very broadly brighter central region.
18"
(8/1/08): I took another look at the bright, circular knot that contains a
young massive globular. This knot
is located 2.8' WSW of the core of NGC 6946. It was fairly easy to identify using a pair of mag 13/13.5
stars [18" separation] with the cluster situated 1.5' NW of this fairly
wide double. At 280x it appeared
as a very faint, hazy glow, ~15" diameter (nearly the separation of an unequal
double star to the southeast).
18"
(7/31/05): using the photographic finder chart in the 2000 Astrophysical
Journal (535,748) paper titled "A Young Globular Cluster in the Galaxy NGC
6946", I tracked down this "knot" which contains numerous star
clusters as well as a 15 million year old supermassive star cluster or young
globular. This object is located
2.8' W of the core and 1.5' NW of a wide, unequal pair of stars. On the DSS, it appears to be located
near the end of a faint arm (not seen) that attaches to the core on the south
side and extends to the west.
Using the image, I quickly pinpointed the location and at 323x a very
faint, small, roundish glow of ~15" diameter was visible. This very low surface brightness spot
was visible 80-90% of the time with averted vision once identified and appeared
similar to a faint Abell planetary.
Without the finder chart, I would probably have passed over this object
without noticing it, and in fact missed it in my observation from the White
Mountains in 8/29/02. Using
ALADIN, the position of the young globular is 20 34 31.7 +60 08 17.
18"
(10/9/04): viewed type II supernova 2004e, discovered 9/27/04 (13 days ago) and
appearing at approximately mag 12.8.
It was easily identified using a photographic finder chart. The supernova is located 4.1' E and
1.9' S of the nucleus, just west of a pair of mag 13/13.5 stars at 12"
separation and was comparable to the brighter star of this pair. A fainter mag 14.4 star is close WSW
and the three stars plus supernova form a small wedge or Sagitta shaped
group. This is the 8th supernova
discovered in NGC 6946 since 1917.
NGC 6939 and 6946 were both easily visible in 15x50 IS binoculars and of
similar size, but NGC 6939 is brighter with a higher surface brightness.
17.5"
(8/29/92, White Mountains at 12,000 ft): bright, very large, 6' diameter to
main body, elongated 3:2 ~E-W.
Three arms are visible. A
long bright arm is attached at the north side of the core and trails to the
east. This eastern arm splits; a
short fainter branch bends south following the core and a long curving bright
arm terminates with a very faint, very small HII knot HK83 #3. On the west side a fainter arm shoots
sharply to the north from the core.
These outer arms significantly increase the diameter of the main
body. The galaxy has a very large
brighter middle but the core is just a very small brighter region close SW of
the geometric center. A very faint
stellar nucleus was seen with direct vision.
17.5"
(8/13/88): main spiral arm very prominent and easily seen to split.
17.5"
(9/14/85): bright, large, brighter central core. A prominent arm attached on the NE side of the core and
trailing to the east. This arm
splits - the shorter arm is close to the core and a brighter region or arm to
the west.
13.1"
(7/27/84): bright arm on the east side highly suspected to branch or split into
two arms. Also an arm or brighter
region seen on the opposite side of the galaxy pointing west a short way.
13.1"
(7/16/82): the central region is elongated and fairly low surface brightness
though a spiral arm clearly trails off to the east from the main body creating
a non-symmetrical appearance.
8"
(6/22/81): faint, large, diffuse, brighter core. Situated in a rich star field.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6946 = H IV-76 = h2084 on 9 Sep 1798 (sweep 1077) and recorded
"cF, vL, iF, a sort of BNM. The nebulosity extends 6 or 7'.
The N seems to consist of some vS stars; the nebulosity is of the milky
kind. It is a pretty object." JH made 3 observations and on 11
Aug 1831 logged "vF; eL; vglbM; r; 5' or 6' dia; irreg fig. A
curious object; no doubt a great cluster of eF stars. Requires the eye to
be well prepared for seeing it."
Bindon Stoney,
LdR's assistant on 6 Sep 1850, described a "New spiral, very fine but
faint; 3 branches, of which two terminate in knots, a fourth branch north
preceding very doubtful." Two night later he made an excellent
sketch (Plate XXX, fig. 36) that was included in the 1861 publication. On
6 Sep 1855, R.J. Mitchell recorded "The two following branches
unite in one before meeting the nucleus; I certainly see a fourth branch
preceding which seems to join the other preceding branch in the same way before
reaching the nucleus. Of the four, those which terminate in knots are the
brightest."
E.E. Barnard
reported (Sidereal Messenger, vol. 5, p286) he first viewed NGC 6946 around
1881 with the 5-inch refractor and marked it as "vvF". But on
28 May 1885 he found it "almost bright, certainly not faint. It is
moderate in size, round, vgbM with some small stars grouped around it.
Its brightness is a little less than cluster GC 4590 [NGC 6939]."
******************************
NGC 6947 = ESO
401-003 = MCG -05-48-028 = AM 2038-323 = PGC 65193
20 41 15.0 -32
29 11
V = 13.4; Size 1.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 51d
17.5"
(8/5/91): faint, small, irregularly round, low even surface brightness,
ill-defined edges. A mag 12 star
is just off the NW edge 1.3' from the center and a mag 11 star is 2.8' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6947 = h3839 on 28 Sep 1834 and recorded "vF; L; R; gbM; on
a faintly stippled ground."
His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6948 = ESO
187-009 = AM 2039-533 = PGC 65256
20 43 29.0 -53
21 26
V = 12.9; Size 2.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 115d
30"
(11/5/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 5:2
WNW-ESE, 1.6'x0.7', broadly concentrated to a brighter, elongated center but no
distinct zones. A 6' line
connecting four mag 12-14 stars mag oriented SW to NE intersects the halo on
the NW side.
John Herschel discovered
NGC 6948 = h3840 on 24 Jul 1835 and recorded "vF; E; lbM; 35"
l." On a second sweep he
logged "eF; pL; lE; 60" l; 50" br."
******************************
NGC 6949 = UGC
11600 = MCG +11-25-001 = CGCG 325-002 = LGG 439-001 = PGC 65010
20 35 07.1 +64
48 09
V = 13.5; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.9
17.5"
(8/13/88): faint, small, oval WNW-ESE, even surface brightness except for a
very faint stellar nucleus.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6949 = Sw V-91 on 20 Sep 1886 and noted "eF; pS;
iR." His position is at the
northeast edge of UGC 11600.
******************************
NGC 6950
20 41 05 +16 37
18
17.5"
(9/23/95): very scattered group of mag 9.5-13 stars in roughly a 10'-15'
region. Barely stands out in the
20mm Nagler field and not worth noting as a cluster. There are no specific borders but the stars have the
appearance of being aligned in strings or groups. Most prominent is an elongated group oriented WNW-ESE
through the two brightest mag 9-10 stars (brightest star at 20 41 10.5 +16
38.9). A small line of three mag 13 stars is near the western end of the
string. Appears to be a random
grouping and listed as nonexistent in RNGC.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6950 = H VIII-23 = h2085 on 15 Oct 1784 (sweep 290) and recorded
"A Cl of coarsely sc. stars."
JH described this group of stars as a "Poor, large, scattered cl,
the brightest * 10m." His
position is very close to a mag 9.5 star at 20 41 10.5 +16 38 55. Karl Reinmuth reported "a very
loose clustering of st 10...15 in a dense region.", based on a Heidelberg
plate. This may not be a true
cluster, but RNGC misclassifies the number as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 6951 = NGC
6952 = UGC 11604 = MCG +11-25-002 = CGCG 325-003 = PGC 65086
20 37 14.2 +66
06 20
V = 10.7; Size 3.9'x3.2'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 170d
48"
(10/23/14): large spiral with a brighter central region extending ~1.8'x1.2'
~E-W and the outer spiral arms increasing the dimensions to 2.8'x2.0', with the
arms reaching north and south.
Well concentrated with an intensely bright, circular core that is
embedded with a bright, elongated oval "bar" extending E-W. A fairly narrow spiral arm is attached
at the west end of the central region and curves strongly counterclockwise to
the north, passing between two mag 15.8 stars 1.3' WNW and 0.8' NW of
center. This fairly low surface
brightness arm is widely detached from the glow of the central region as it
curls to the east, ending about 1.5' NNE of center. On the east side of the elongated core region a faint, shorter
spiral arm curves south, passing near 3 or 4 faint stars oriented N-S and fades
out ~1' SSW of center.
24"
(7/23/14): fairly bright, fairly large, slightly elongated, ~2' diameter. Sharply concentrated with a small, very
bright core. A fairly broad
"bar" extends east-west through the central region. Weak spiral structure is definite with
careful viewing. An eastern arm
appears as a subtle arc curving counterclockwise and passing west and then
south of a mag 12.7 star 1.4' east of center. I expected the western arm to be more obvious, but it was
only visible as a slightly brighter curving "edge" of the outer halo
from west to north.
18"
(8/17/04): at 225x appears moderately bright and large, oval 3:2 WNW-ESE,
~1.8'x1.1'. On the east end is a
mag 12.5 star. The galaxy suddenly
brightens to a very small, brighter core.
The edge of the halo fades and increases in size with averted vision. Appears slightly brighter along the
major axis with a hint of structure.
17.5"
(10/30/99): observed SN 1999el, which was discovered 11 days ago (Oct 20). Appeared as a mag 14.5-15 star just
following the core (22" E and 8" S) and easily visible at 280x. The galaxy is fairly faint, moderately
large. Sharply concentrated with a
small bright core surrounded by a diffuse halo elongated 3:2 E-W. A mag 12 star is 1.5' following the
center and a mag 15 star is just visible a similar distance WNW.
17.5"
(8/13/88): bright with a very bright core surrounded by a fainter large oval
halo 3:2 E-W. A mag 13 star is
just off the east edge 1.4' from center and a mag 15 star is off the NW end.
8"
(6/22/81): faint, small, bright core.
A mag 13 star is at the east edge.
Lewis Swift
found NGC 6951 = Sw II-85 with a 4.5-inch refractor (date unknown). Using his 16-inch refractor he noted
"pB; pL; lE. Discovered many
years ago with 4 1/2 inch".
His position is 13 tsec of RA preceding UGC 11604 = PGC 65086. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position in 1899-00 with the 20-inch refractor at the Chamberlin Observatory in
Denver as well as Kobold at Strasbourg in December 1899.
JŽrome Coggia
discovered this galaxy sometime before 1878 at the Marseilles Observatory and
it was catalogued as NGC 6952.
Coggia's position was 20' north of UGC 11604, so Dreyer assumed these
were different objects. Denning
noted the equivalence NGC 6951 = NGC 6952 in 1892 (The Observatory, 15, 106)
and Dreyer repeated it in the IC 1 Notes section.
******************************
NGC 6952 = NGC
6951 = UGC 11604 = MCG +11-25-002 = CGCG 325-003 = PGC 65086
20 37 14.2 +66
06 20
See observing
notes for NGC 6951.
Jerome Coggia
discovered NGC 6952 around 1877 at the Marseilles Observatory, probably using a
7.2-inch refractor. The discovery was apparently communicated directly to
Dreyer and first appeared in the GC Supplement. There is nothing at his
position, but 20' south is UGC 11604 = PGC 65086 and Coggia's description of a
mag 15 close following matches this galaxy. According to Steinicke, this was Coggia's only NGC
discovery. Lewis Swift
independently rediscovered this galaxy on 14 Sep 1885 and placed it accurately
in list II-85 (later catalogued as NGC 6951). William Denning noted the
equivalence NGC 6951 = NGC 6952 in 1892 (The Observatory, 15, 106) and Dreyer
listed the identity in the IC 1 Notes section.
******************************
NGC 6953
20 38 00 +65 46
=Not found,
Corwin and RNGC.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 6953 = Sw II-86 on 14 Sep 1885 with his 16" refractor and
noted "eeeF, pL, R, ee difficult." There is nothing near his position other than a mixed
variety of stars.
Herbert Howe
examined the field in 1899-00 with the 20-inch refractor at the University of
Denver and reported "I could not find this, which is called by Swift 'eeF,
pL, vdiffic.' 17 seconds preceding
and 0.2' south of the place given by Swift is a small group of at least four
stars of mag 14, which was scruntinised for nebulosity, but in vain." Bigourdan also identified the same
stars, at 20 37 45 +65 46 00 (2000), as NGC 6953. This identification is very
uncertain and perhaps Swift made a large error in his position. See Harold Corwin's comments for more
on this number.
******************************
NGC 6954 = UGC
11618 = MCG +00-53-001 = CGCG 374-004 = PGC 65279
20 44 03.2 +03
12 33
V = 13.2; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 68d
18"
(9/10/07): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 WSW-ENE, irregular oval
0.5'x0.35', weak concentration to a very small brighter core and occasional
stellar nucleus. A mag 12.5 star
lies 1.6' S.
17.5"
(8/1/87): fairly faint, small, oval WSW-ENE, small bright core, faint stellar
nucleus. NGC 6955 lies 37' S.
13"
(6/29/84): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated WSW-ENE, weakly
concentrated.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6954 = m 421 on 28 Jun 1863 and noted "F, S,
vlE." His position is a good
match.
******************************
NGC 6955 = UGC
11621 = CGCG 374-005 = PGC 65287
20 44 17.9 +02
35 41
V = 13.6; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 30d
17.5"
(8/1/87): extremely faint, fairly small, very diffuse, low surface brightness,
requires averted vision. Pair with
NGC 6957 7.4' E. Located 37' S of
NGC 6954.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6955 = m 422, along with NGC 6957, on 28 Jun 1863 and noted
"eF, pL, R." His
position is fairly accurate.
******************************
NGC 6956 = UGC
11619 = MCG +02-53-001 = CGCG 425-001 = LGG 440-001 = KTG 71A = PGC 65269
20 43 53.7 +12
30 43
V = 12.3; Size 1.9'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.6
24"
(8/5/13): moderately bright to fairly bright, moderately large, elongated ~3:2
NW-SE, 60"x40". The view
is somewhat hampered by a mag 11 star that is superimposed on the east edge and
a mag 14.5 star is ~20" E of the bright star. This galaxy appears to be a barred spiral with a brighter
bar oriented ~N-S extending down the middle of the glow. The brighter nucleus is quasi-stellar
(~5") and similar to the mag 14.5 star in brightness. A faint extension (spiral arm) curves
east from the south end of the bar, extending south of the mag 11 star. Brightest in a trio (KTG 71) with UGC
11620 6.9' SE and UGC 11623 8.1' E.
Located in a rich Milky Way star field 3.7' SSW of a mag 9.6 star.
UGC 11620
appeared faint/fairly faint, small, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE,
21"x14". Two mag 13/14
stars are off the SE end and a mag 15.5 star is near the NNE end [22" from
center]. UGC 11623 is fairly
faint, fairly small, elongated 5:3 SW-NE, 36"x20", a small brighter
core is embedded in a fairly smooth halo.
A small trio of mag 13/14.5.15 stars is close preceding.
18"
(9/10/07): fairly faint, moderately large, round, weak concentration except for
a quasi-stellar nucleus. A mag 10.5 star is superimposed on the east edge of
the halo and somewhat hampers the view.
17.5"
(10/13/01): this moderately bright glow appears unusual as a mag 10.5 star is
attached at the east side and interferes with viewing. The surface brightness of this barred
spiral is pretty uniform except for a faint stellar nucleus. A mag 14 companion star (double) follows
the brighter star. Brightest in a
trio with UGC 11620 and 11623 situated 7' SSE and 8' ESE, respectively.
13"
(6/29/84): faint, diffuse, even surface brightness, possibly slightly elongated
E-W. A mag 10.5 star is attached
at the east edge 26" from center and detracts from viewing. Brightest of three with UGC 11620 6.7'
SSE and UGC 11623 8.0' E.
8"
(7/16/82): faint, small. A mag 10
star at the east edge interferes.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6956 = H III-219 = h2086 on 19 Oct 1784 (sweep 299) and noted
"eF; vS; stellar; just preceding a small star, 240 verified it with
difficulty." JH made a single
observation and recorded "vF; S; 15" precedes and is attached to the
double star No. 1566 of my 4th catalogue." His position for HJ 1566 matches the two stars mentioned in
my 24" observation, altlhough the WDS identifies a pair that is off the
east side of UGC 11620.
******************************
NGC 6957 = CGCG
374-007 = PGC 65302
20 44 47.6 +02
34 52
V = 14.4; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(8/1/87): very faint, very small, round, weak concentration. A mag 12 star is 1.1' SE. Pair with NGC 6955 7.4' W.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6957 = m 423, along with NGC 6955, on 28 Jun 1863 and noted
"vF, S, R." His position
is fairly accurate.
******************************
NGC 6958 = ESO
341-015 = MCG -06-45-017 = AM 2041-381 = PGC 65436
20 48 42.5 -37
59 52
V = 11.4; Size 2.1'x1.7'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 107d
17.5"
(10/5/91): fairly faint, fairly small, gradually increases to a very small
bright core. Forms the SE vertex
of an equilateral triangle with a mag 11 star 2.5' WSW and a mag 10 star 2.8'
NW. There are four stars total in
this V-shaped asterism.
8"
(7/24/82): faint, small, round, just nonstellar at low power. Located at the edge of a small
"V" asterism of stars.
Located 25' WSW of a mag 5.5 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6958 = h3841 on 24 Aug 1834 and recorded "B; R; pgmbM:
25"; follows 4 stars; of which one is 9m." His position is accurate. Using his 5-inch refractor at Vanderbilt, Barnard described
NGC 6958 as "close following three or four small bright stars. The light from these stars makes it
difficult to see the nebula, which small pretty suddenly much brighter in the
middle to a flickering, ill-defined nucleus. I can not see why it should be called bright in G.C.,
probably in the southern hemisphere it is much brighter."
******************************
NGC 6959 = CGCG
374-013 = PGC 65369
20 47 07.2 +00
25 49
V = 13.7; Size 0.7'x0.3'; Surf Br = 11.9; PA = 57d
18"
(8/1/05): fairly faint, small, very elongated SW-NE, 0.6'x0.2', weak concentration
to a slightly brighter core.
Nestled within a semi-circular arc of stars including three collinear
stars to the SW.
17.5"
(8/31/86): fairly faint, elongated WSW-ENE, brighter along the major axis,
small bright core.
17.5"
(7/16/88): fairly faint, small, very elongated SW-NE, brighter along the major
axis. A line of three mag 13/14
stars lies 2' SSW. This is the
fourth brightest in the NGC 6962 group with NGC 6962 7.1' SE, NGC 6961 4.1' S
and NGC 6967 6.7' ESE.
13"
(8/23/84): slightly fainter than NGC 6967 but easily visible at 220x, small,
very elongated WSW-ENE. Three
stars are close SW.
13.1"
(7/27/84): faint but easily visible with averted vision, very small, elongated
WSW-ENE. A small arc of three
stars is just SW.
R.J. Mitchell,
LdR's observing assistant, discovered NGC 6959 = Big. 84 on 27 Aug 1857, while
observing the NGC 6962 group. He
noted "[labeled object] a is lE, bM" and the sketch confirms the
identity with CGCG 374-013 = PGC 65369.
Bigourdan found this galaxy again 22 Sep 1884. His RA in his 2nd Comptes Rendus list is
10 seconds too small, but was corrected in his last Comptes Rendus list. Bigourdan is credited with the
discovery in the NGC due to a confusion about what objects were found at Birr
Castle.
The RNGC
misidentifies 2MASX J20470331+0026126 = PGC 162626 as NGC 6959. The RNGC then mislabels the correct NGC
6959 as NGC 6965. See my article
on the identities of this group in Deep Sky, Fall 1985.
******************************
NGC 6960 = Veil
Nebula = Witch's Broom = SNR G74.0-08.5 = LBN 191 = Ced 182a
20 45 58 +30 35
42
Size 70'x6'
13.1"
(5/21/82): this is the prominent western section of the "Veil nebula"
and is spectacular with an OIII filter.
Bright, extremely large, very elongated N-S, stretches across the entire
low power field while passing through the bright unequal double 52 Cygni =
4.3/9.5 at 6". Fans out to
the south and splits into two delicate branches and fainter wisps. The bright curving nebulosity north of
52 Cygni has a remarkable "electric" quality. It has an abrupt bend about midway and
then tapers down to a narrow tip towards the north end gently bowing out
towards the west side. Fantastic
detail using a 20mm Nagler and OIII filter.
11x80 (5/26/84):
both sections of Veil are easily visible in the 11x80 finder using a filter.
15x50 IS
binoculars (8/27/11): the entire Veil was visible (eastern section was
striking) using a pair of UHC filters threaded over the objectives. The western section through 52 Cygni
took more care to view and the forked southern half was the most difficult
section to pick up.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6960 = H V-15 = h2088 on 7 Sep 1784 (sweep 259) and recorded
"Extended from one number to the other [in declination]; pB, taking in 'k'
[52] Cygni in its extent. The
milky ray is convex towards the following side in that part which lies north of
k, pretty compact and equally bright.
On the southern side of 'k' it is less bright and at last loses itself
with some extension, perhaps in two braches, but it is not bright enough that I
may determine this circumstance with certainty. The breadth of the northern parts is near 2', the southern
branch is less defined."
JH recorded 3
observations. On sweep 178 he
noted "The place is that of k Cygni, through which the nebula passes. It is very long and winding and runs
northward from k full 2 fields breadth (30'). One branch is pretty conspicuous, even in a little
moonlight. The nebulosity is
milky, and does not seem to arise from small stars of the Milky Way."
******************************
NGC 6961 = CGCG
374-014 = PGC 65372
20 47 10.4 +00
21 48
V = 13.7; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 134d
18"
(8/1/05): very faint, very small, round.
Contains a faint stellar nucleus with direct vision surrounded by a very
low surface brightness halo perhaps 15" diameter. A very faint star is off the north end.
Located 3.3' NW of NGC 6962 and collinear with NGC 6964.
17.5"
(7/16/88): very faint, round, very small.
A mag 15 star is off the NE edge.
Located 3.3' NW of NGC 6962 in a group and the fifth brightest of
six. NGC 6959 lies 4.1' NNW.
17.5"
(8/31/86): very faint, very small, round, a mag 15 star is less than 30"
NE but cleanly resolved.
13.1"
(8/23/84): faint star very close highly suspected.
13.1"
(7/27/84): extremely faint, very small.
A very faint star appears to be very close.
J.L.E. Dreyer,
as the observer at Birr Castle, probably first discovered NGC 6961 on 23 Aug
1876. His offset from NGC 6962
(195" in PA 322.7¡) is a close match with CGCG 374-014 = PGC 65372. Dreyer incorrectly assumed this object
was seen by d'Arrest and that it was possibly labeled "a" in the
sketch of 1857 (it's not shown on the sketch). Harold Corwin notes that "Micrometric positions by
Bigourdan and Kobold agree with the one by Dreyer [in the NGC]." See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 6962 = UGC
11628 = MCG +00-53-003 = CGCG 374-015 = PGC 65375
20 47 19.0 +00
19 14
V = 12.1; Size 2.9'x2.3'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 75d
18"
(8/1/05): moderately bright, fairly small, round, 0.7' diameter. Contains a bright core that increases
to a quasi-stellar nucleus with direct vision. Brightest in the group and collinear with NGC 6964 less than
2' SE and NGC 6961 3' NW. A
distinctive obtuse triangle of mag 11 and 12 stars is a few arcminutes to the
SW.
17.5"
(7/16/88): brightest in the NGC 6962 group. Moderately bright, fairly small, round, bright core, stellar
nucleus. On a line with NGC 6964
1.8' SE and NGC 6961 3.3' NW. Also
forms an equilateral triangle with NGC 6959 7.1' NW and NGC 6967 6.6' NE.
17.5"
(8/31/86): moderately bright, roundish, strong bright core, stellar nucleus.
13"
(7/27/84): fairly bright, fairly small, small bright core, almost round. Largest and brightest in a group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6962 = H II-426 = h2087, along with NGC 6964, on 12 Aug 1785
(sweep 425) and recorded "Two, the preceding [NGC 6962] F, S, iR,
mbM... 240 showed the same. The time and NPD is that of the
preceding." His position is
within the halo. On sweep 81, JH logged "pF; S; R: gbM;
15...20"." His mean position (2 measures) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6963
20 47 19.3 +00
30 33
18"
(8/1/05): this is a very faint double star at 12" separation, which was
cleanly resolved at 160x and 225x.
The components are mag 15.0-15.5.
Located 1.5' N of NGC 6965.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 6963 = Big 85 on 12 Aug 1885 and recorded "mag
13.4; a star involved in nebulosity." According to Harold Corwin, his micrometric position falls
precisely on a double star 1.5' north of NGC 6965.
The RNGC, CGCG,
UGC and MCG misidentify NGC 6965 = CGCG 374-016 as NGC 6963. See my article in Deep Sky, Fall 1985
and Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 6964 = UGC
11629 = MCG +00-53-005 = CGCG 374-017 = PGC 65379
20 47 24.2 +00
18 03
V = 13.0; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 171d
18"
(8/1/05): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated ~N-S, 0.5'x0.4'. Moderate even concentration to a small
bright core and quasi-stellar nucleus.
A mag 13.5 star is just of the SE end of the galaxy. Forms a close pair with NGC 6962 1.8'
NW and this galaxy is just slightly smaller and fainter than its companion.
17.5"
(7/16/88): fairly faint to moderately bright, small, slightly elongated
NNW-SSE, small bright core. A mag
13.5 star is 38" SE of center.
This is the second brightest in the NGC 6962 group and located just 1.8'
SE of NGC 6962.
17.5"
(8/31/86): moderately bright, strong bright core, substellar nucleus, almost
round.
13.1"
(8/23/84): slightly fainter than NGC 6962 in size and brightness, a faint star
follows.
13.1"
(7/27/84): second brightest in the NGC 6962 group. Moderately bright, slightly elongated NNW-SSE, weak
concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6964 = H II-427 = h2089, along with NGC 6962, on 12 Aug 1785
(sweep 425) and recorded "Two, the following [NGC 6964] vF, vS, lbM, about
3 or 4' from the preceding and a little more south. 240 showed the same." JH's mean position (2 measures) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6965 = MCG
+00-53-004 = CGCG 374-016 = IC 5058 = PGC 65376
20 47 20.4 +00
29 00
V = 14.1; Size 0.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.4
18"
(8/1/05): faintest of six in the NGC 6962 group. Appeared very faint, very small, round, 15"-20"
diameter. At first I thought it
had a faint stellar nucleus with direct vision, but with careful viewing this
was a mag 15-15.5 star at the south edge.
Located 1.3' N of a mag 13 star and on a line with two mag 14 stars a
similar distance to the east and west.
This galaxy is misidentified as NGC 6963 in most modern catalogues.
17.5"
(7/16/88): very faint, small, slightly elongated ~N-S, broad concentration,
barely visible continuously with direct vision. Located 10' N of NGC 6962 within a triangle of mag 13-14
stars including a mag 14 star 1.4' E and a mag 13 star 1.3' S. Faintest of six in NGC 6962 group. This galaxy is misidentified in the
RNGC, UGC, MCG, CGCG as NGC 6963.
17.5"
(8/31/86): very faint (requires averted), small, slightly elongated ~N-S, faint
stellar nucleus.
13"
(8/23/84): requires averted vision to confirm, similar to NGC 6961.
13.1"
(7/27/84): extremely faint, very small, round. Located 10' N of NGC 6962 within a small equilateral
triangle of faint stars.
R.J. Mitchell,
LdR's observing assistant, discovered NGC 6965 on 27 Aug 1857 in the NGC 6963
group. He labeled this galaxy as
"b" and noted "S, nearly R, bM.". The sketch clearly indicates NGC 6965 = CGCG 374-016. In compiling the NGC, Dreyer had to
estimate the position and placed this galaxy 3' too far south. This was caused by a poorly drawn
direction of drift (west) in the sketch.
Bigourdan later reobserved this galaxy, gave an accurate position, and
Dreyer catalogued it as IC 5058.
So, NGC 6965 = IC 5058 = CGCG 374-016.
RNGC, UGC, CGCG,
and MCG all misidentify this galaxy as NGC 6963. The galaxy labeled as NGC 6965 in RNGC is actually NGC 6959
= CGCG 374-013. UGC, MCG, CGCG all
mislabel NGC 6967 = CGCG 374-018 as NGC 6965. In Deep Sky, Fall 1985 I
incorrectly concluded that NGC 6965 is a duplicate entry for Bigourdan's NGC
6963, but NGC 6963 is just a double star.
******************************
NGC 6966
20 47 26.8 +00
22 03
18"
(8/1/05): this difficult double star appears as an extremely faint, sub-stellar
object at 225x (only a few arcseconds in size) that was slightly elongated like
an unresolved double. At 323x it
was occasionally resolved but it was easy to see how this might be assumed to
be a nebulous object. Located 3.4' NE of NGC 6962 and at the midpoint of NGC
6962 and NGC 6967 3.2' further NE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest probably discovered NGC 6966 = Big 86 on 26 Jul 1865. About 1' north of his (single) position
is a close double star at 20 47 26.8 +00 22 04 (2000) with a separation of
3"-4" (currently).
Guillaume Bigourdan rediscovered the same pair on 27 Jul 1884. His micrometric position is
unambiguous. Dorothy Carlson
perhaps first made the identification with a double star.
******************************
NGC 6967 = UGC
11630 = MCG +00-53-006 = CGCG 374-018 = PGC 65385
20 47 34.0 +00
24 42
V = 13.1; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 105d
18"
(8/1/05): faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE, 0.7'x0.3'. Contains a very small brighter
nucleus. A mag 10 star is close
following and the galaxy is elongated nearly in the direction of the star.
17.5"
(7/16/88): fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, very elongated
~E-W. A mag 9.5 star is just
44" E of center. Third
brightest in the NGC 6962 group.
Forms the NE vertex of an equilateral triangle with NGC 6962 6.6' SW and
NGC 6959 6.7' WNW. Misidentified
as NGC 6965 in the UGC, CGCG, MCG.
17.5"
(8/31/86): fairly faint, small, elongated ~E-W, brighter core. A bright star follows closely that
detracts from viewing.
13.1"
(8/23/84): fairly faint though the mag 10 star interferes with viewing, small
E-W streak, lens-shaped.
13.1"
(7/27/84): faint, small, very elongated E-W. A mag 10 star is off the SE edge.
R.J. Mitchell,
LdR's observing assistant, discovered NGC 6967 on 27 Aug 1857, while observing
the NGC 6962 group. He labeled
this galaxy as "c" on the sketch and noted "c is lE, bM and has
a conspicuous * close nf."
The description and sketch clearly establishes NGC 6967 = CGCG 374-018.
MCG (+00-53-006)
and UGC (11630) misidentify this galaxy as NGC 6965. RNGC and CGCG give the correct identification. See my article in Deep Sky, Fall 1985
and Harold Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 6968 = MCG
-02-53-006 = PGC 65428
20 48 32.4 -08
21 37
V = 13.2; Size 1.6'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 135d
17.5"
(7/1/89): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated NW-SE, bright
core, stellar nucleus. A mag 13
star is 55" NW of center. A
faint double star (IC 5062) is 7' W.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 6968 = St XIII-93 on 11 Aug 1883. His position corresponds with MCG -02-53-006.
MCG
misidentifies this galaxy as IC 5062.
Bigourdan found IC 5062 on the same night as one of his two observations
of N6968 and his description and position matches a wide pair of stars a few
arc minutes west of the bright galaxy.
So N6968 IC 5062.
******************************
NGC 6969 = UGC
11633 = MCG +01-53-001 = CGCG 400-002 = PGC 65425
20 48 27.7 +07
44 25
V = 14.0; Size 1.1'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 15d
17.5"
(8/1/86): faint, small, edge-on streak SSW-NNE, small bright core. Located 21' WSW of 14 Delphini (V =
6.3).
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6969 = m 424 on 15 Aug 1863 and noted "F, pL, E." His position and description is good.
******************************
NGC 6970 = ESO
235-008 = AM 2048-485 = LGG 441-001 = PGC 65608
20 52 09.5 -48
46 42
V = 12.6; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 105d
30"
(11/5/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): bright, moderately large, elongated 4:3
WNW-ESE, sharply concentrated with a very small, bright core punctuated by a
quasi-stellar nucleus. A very
faint star is superimposed on the halo.
A scattered group of mag 12-14 stars lies 5' S.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6970 = h3842 on 2 Oct 1834 and recorded "pB; S; lE; gmbM;
18" l." His position is
on the west side of the halo.
******************************
NGC 6971 = UGC
11637 = MCG +01-53-002 = CGCG 400-003 = PGC 65462
20 49 23.8 +05
59 44
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 60d
17.5"
(8/1/86): fairly faint, moderately large, pretty diffuse, weak concentration,
slightly elongated WSW-ENE.
Located 7.1' SE of mag 7.7 SAO 126248. This bright star is at the midpoint of two nearby mag 9/10
stars on a line WNW-ESE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6971 = m 425 on 15 Aug 1863 and noted "vF, S, R." His
position is accurate to within 1'.
******************************
NGC 6972 = UGC
11640 = MCG +02-53-004 = CGCG 425-011 = PGC 65485
20 49 58.9 +09
53 57
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 143d
18"
(9/10/07): fairly faint, small, oval NW-SE, 0.4'x0.25', very small brighter
core, stellar nucleus. Situated
within a oval ring of 8 stars (4.5'x2') mag 11-13.
13.1"
(6/29/84): very faint, brighter core, irregular shape, slightly elongated
NW-SE. A mag 12 double star at
23" separation is 2' WSW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6972 = m 426 on 15 Aug 1863 and noted "F, S, R." His declination is 1' too large.
******************************
NGC 6973
20 52 06.0 -05
53 42
=*, Corwin.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 6973 = Big 87, along with NGC 6980, on 5 Jul 1886 and
noted a star mixed with nebulosity.
His position corresponds with a mag 14.6 star at this position.
******************************
NGC 6974 = Veil
Nebula
20 51 04 +31 49
42
18"
(8/3/11): although the NGC position (from the 4th Earl of Rosse) is 74' further
south in an empty section of the Veil, this number is generally applied to the
southeast end of the 25' section of nebulosity between the north end of
Pickering's Triangular Wisp and the north end of NGC 6992/5 (eastern section of
the Veil). This patch is roughly
4'x2.5' in size and contains three brighter stars. A thread of nebulosity extends NW and then spreads out at
the NW end (see NGC 6979).
Extremely faint haze extends at least 20' SE towards a slightly brighter patch (see notes on section G).
18"
(7/31/08): at 73x (31mm Nagler) and an OIII filter, this is a locally brighter
patch at the SE end of a 25' elongated section of the Veil to the east of the
northern end of Pickering's Wedge.
Although not plotted on Megastar, Uranometria or MSA, very faint
nebulosity continues to stream to the SE throughout most of the 1.1¡ field of
the 31mm Nagler and ending near a slightly brighter patch (see notes on piece
G) at 20 51.1 +32 23 (2000).
17.5"
(9/7/91): smaller southern portion of a very faint elongated patch with NGC
6979 in the Veil Nebula. Several
faint stars are superimposed.
Located east of the north edge of the widest section of the huge
triangular wedge of nebulosity in the center of the Veil. Also see NGC 6979.
The NGC
identification is very uncertain as the 4th Earl of Rosse's position was 74'
further south and there is no nebulosity near his position.
Lawrence
Parsons, the 4th Earl of Rosse, discovered NGC 6974 on 20 Aug 1873 and
described a "Nebulous *, neby cE pf, 20h 45.5m NPD 59d 50'±." This position precesses to 20h 50.8m
+30d 38'± (2000) and places it somewhere in the central region on the Veil.
The RNGC
position is on the southeast end of the section that includes NGC 6979, over a
degree due north of Parsons' position.
Also, this piece of nebulosity is not "cE pf", but extended
generally north-south."
Still, Corwin feels this is a plausible candidate (digit error in the
declination). In any case, the
identification of this number is uncertain because of these discrepancies.
******************************
NGC 6975 = NGC
6976 = MCG -01-53-015 = HCG 88c = PGC 65620
20 52 25.9 -05
46 19
See observing
notes for NGC 6976. The galaxy identified as NGC 6975 in the RNGC is MCG
-01-53-014.
Guillaume
Bigourdan found NGC 6975 = Big. 88 on 23 Sep 1886 and noted "30" -
40" in diameter." There
is nothing at his position in his second Comptes Rendus list, but in the
remarks section of his 6 May 1901 Comptes Rendus list he stated Big. 88 was
identical to NGC 6976 and this was repeated in the IC 2 Notes/Corrections
section. See Corwin's
identification notes.
RNGC, MCG, PGC
and RC3 misidentify MCG -01-53-014 = PGC 65612 as NGC 6975. The MCG galaxy is located 3' southwest
of NGC 6976.
******************************
NGC 6976 = HCG
88C = NGC 6975 = MCG -01-53-015 = PGC 65620
20 52 25.9 -05
46 19
V = 14.0; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 5d
18"
(8/3/05): very faint, very small, round, 15" diameter, very low surface
brightness, no concentration.
Furthest southwest in a string with brighter NGC 6977 and NGC 6978.
18"
(7/21/04): very faint, small, round, ~25" diameter, very low even surface
brightness. Faintest of collinear
trio with NGC 6977 and NGC 6978 and furthest SW.
18"
(6/25/04): faintest and further SW of a trio on line with NGC 6977 and NGC 6978
~2' and 4' NE, respectively [HCG 88d not seen]. Appears extremely faint, very small, round, 20"
diameter, very low even surface brightness.
17.5"
(7/16/88): extremely faint, very small, round, very diffuse. This is the furthest south of three
galaxies on a line in HCG 88 with NGC 6977 1.8' NE and NGC 6978 4.3' NE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6976 = m 427, along with NGC 6977 and 6978, on 12 Jul 1864 and
noted "eF, irr R." His
position is less than 1' north of MCG -01-53-015 = PGC 65620. NGC 6975 is a duplicate observation
from Bigourdan. See that number.
******************************
NGC 6977 = HCG
88B = MCG -01-53-016 = PGC 65625
20 52 29.6 -05
44 46
V = 13.2; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 162d
18"
(8/3/05): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, 0.7'x0.5', broad
concentration with a slightly brighter core, occasional very faint stellar
nucleus with direct vision.
Located 1.8' NE of slightly brighter NGC 6976. A very faint star lies between NGC 6977 and NGC 6976.
18"
(7/21/04): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, ~35"x30", broad
weak concentration. A mag 14.5 or
15 star lies between NGC 6977 and brighter NGC 6978 just 2.6' NE. Second brightest in HCG 88 along with
NGC 6976 just 1.8' SW.
18"
(6/25/04): faint, fairly small, round, 0.7' diameter, very weak concentration
to a slightly brighter core.
Middle of a collinear triplet (HCG 88) with slightly brighter NGC 6978
2.6' NE and fainter NGC 6976 1.8' SW.
A mag 15 star lies midway between NGC 6977 and NGC 6978.
17.5"
(7/16/88): very faint, fairly small, round, diffuse, even surface
brightness. Second of three on a
line with NGC 6976 1.8' SW and NGC 6978 2.5' NE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6977 = m 428, along with NGC 6976 and 6978, on 20 Jul 1863 and
noted "vF, S, irr R."
His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6978 = HCG
88A = MCG -01-53-017 = PGC 65631
20 52 35.4 -05
42 39
V = 13.3; Size 1.5'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 125d
18"
(8/3/05): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 NW-SE, 1.0'x0.4', broad
concentration to a small brighter core and an occasional very faint stellar
nucleus with direct vision. A very
faint star lies midway between NGC 6977 and NGC 6978. This galaxy is the brightest in HCG 88 and furthest NE in a
string of three. Located 14' SE of
mag 5.5 HD 198667 and 18' ESE of mag 6 4 Aquarii.
18"
(7/21/04): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 5:2 NW-SE, 1.0'x0.35',
moderate concentration to a very small brighter core and occasional stellar
nucleus that seems offset to the NW side.
Brightest of collinear trio in HCG 88 with NGC 6977 and NGC 6976.
18"
(6/25/04): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 0.8'x0.4', broad
weak concentration. Largest and
brightest of a collinear triplet with NGC 6976 4.4' SW and NGC 6977 2.6' SW.
17.5"
(7/16/88): fairly faint, fairly small, bright core, elongated 2:1 NW-SE. Brightest and farthest NE of three on a
line (HCG 88 group) with NGC 6977 2.5' SW and NGC 6976 4.3' SW. HCG 88D not seen.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6978 = m 429, along with NGC 6976 and 6977, on 20 Jul 1863 and
noted "vF". His position
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6979 = Veil
Nebula
20 50 28 +32 01
36
Size 5'x3'
18"
(8/3/11): this number is generally applied to the NW end of a fairly faint
20'x4' section of the Veil, located the NE of the northern end of Pickering's
Triangular Wisp. The NW end is
roughly 5'x3' and involves a few stars including a couple on the SW side and a
couple on the north side. An
isolated filament (section "F") oriented NNW-SSE is situated 10' ENE
of NGC 6979. To the south of NGC
6979 the nebulosity thins and a faint thread extends to the SE before spreading
out again on the SE end (see NGC 6974), about 15' from NGC 6979.
18"
(7/31/08): this is the north end of a very elongated section of the Veil to the
NE of Pickering's Wedge. Although
the entire section is reasonably prominent at 73x using an OIII filter, the
northern end which corresponds to the position of NGC 6979 doesn't really stand
out, other than ending here and involving a few mag 10 stars. The north end of Pickering's Wedge is
in fact much brighter with a wealth of filamentary detail.
17.5"
(9/7/91): very faint, fairly large, elongated ~NNW-SSE, detached patch in the
Veil Nebula. The SSE portion of
this patch (identified in the RNGC as NGC 6974) is smaller and has several
faint stars superimposed. The
northern part (NGC 6979) is larger and wider but less well-defined and has some
brighter stars superimposed. This
patch is located NE of the northern end of the huge triangular wedge
("Pickering's Wedge") that forms the north central section of the
Veil.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6979 = H II-206, along with NGC 6960, on 7 Sep 1784 (sweep 259)
and noted "F, S, crookedly elongated, r[esolvable]". Dreyer mentions in Scientific Papers
that this section of the Veil nebula was not found at Birr Castle on three
occasions although on one observation eF nebulosity was noted.
RNGC and
Uranometria 2000 use the NGC position, though this points to extremely low
surface brightness filaments.
Harold Corwin's position matches the northeast section of a fairly faint
20'x4' filament situated northeast of the north end of Pickering's Triangular
Wisp.
******************************
NGC 6980
20 52 48.9 -05
50 17
=*, Corwin.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 6980 = Big. 89, along with NGC 6973, on 5 Jul 1886 and
noted a mixed star and nebulosity, 30" diam." His position corresponds with a mag
14.6 star at this position.
******************************
NGC 6981 = M72
20 53 27.9 -12
32 13
V = 9.2; Size 6'; Surf Br = 0.1
17.5"
(7/17/01): at 380x, the halo is very irregular and the globular has a very
uneven surface brightness. The
non-symmetrical halo is elongated ~E-W, perhaps 4'x3'. The brighter 1.5' core is covered with
a sprinkling a 8-10 faint stars.
From the core there are short ragged extensions to the SW and NW with a
few resolved stars. More prominent
is a nearly detached clump on the east side which is extended ~N-S and contains
roughly 8 easily resolved stars over haze. In total, perhaps two dozen stars are resolved in moments of
good seeing.
17.5"
(8/13/88): very mottled at 280x, 3' diameter. About 20 stars are resolved at the edges and over the core.
17.5"
(8/2/86): very mottled, ragged irregular appearance. 15-20 stars resolved over
the disc.
13.1"
(9/29/84): very mottled non-symmetrical appearance with a bright core. Roughly a dozen stars are resolved
mostly on the east side of the core.
A brighter mag 13.5 star is in the NE side of the halo.
Pierre MŽchain
discovered M72 = NGC 6981 = h2090 on 30 Aug 1780. First observed by Herschel on 28 Sep 1783 using his 8-inch
(10-ft focal length) and noted as "fairly resolved into small stars." WH made a detailed observation on 30
Oct 1810 using the 40-foot telescope (48-inch): Having been about 20 minutes at the telescope to prepare the
eyes properly for seeing critical objects, the 72nd of the Connois came into
the field. It is a very bright
object. It is a cluster of stars
of a round figure, but the very faint stars on the outside of these sorts of
clusters are generally a little dispersed so as to deviate from a very perfect
circular form; the telescopes which have the greatest light shew this best. It is very gradually extremely
condensed in the center, but with much attention even there the stars may be
distinguished. Power 280x. There are many stars in the field of
view with it, but they are of many magnitudes and totally different from the excessively
small ones that compose the cluster.
It is not possible to form an idea of the number of stars that may be in
such a cluster, but I think we cannot estimate them by hundreds. The diameter is about 1/5 of the field
= 1' 53".6." JH also
resolved this cluster on 4 Oct 1825: "F; R; gbM; resolved into very small
stars; 2 or 3' diam."
******************************
NGC 6982 = ESO
235-019 = PGC 65776
20 57 18.5 -51
51 45
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 152d
30"
(11/5/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated SW-NE,
30"x20". In a trio with
NGC 6984 (brightest) 5.5' E and PGC 65805 (Fairall 927) 9' NE. The galaxy is sandwiched between a mag
14 star 50" NE and a mag 15 star 1' SSW. Just off the south edge [26" from center] is another
15th magnitude star. A mag 10.6
star 5' NE makes an equilateral triangle with NGC 6982 and NGC 6984.
Fairall 927 was
not plotted on my Megastar chart as there was no listed magnitude, so I was
surprised to find a reasonably bright galaxy completing a trio. It appeared fairly faint (slightly
fainter than NGC 6982), fairly small, oval 3:2 SW-NE, 30"x20". Located 5.6' NNE of NGC 6984 and 9' NE
of NGC 6982.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6982 = h3843, along with NGC 6984, on 8 Jul 1834 and recorded
"eF; S; R; the preceding of 2 [with NGC 6984]."
******************************
NGC 6983 = ESO
286-014 = MCG -07-43-004 = PGC 65759
20 56 43.4 -43
59 09
V = 13.3; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 147d
30"
(10/10/15 - OzSky): at 394x; fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small,
0.5' diameter, irregularly round, contains a very small brighter core. Located
13' NW of mag 6.5 HD 199288 (noted as a high proper-motion star in SIMBAD).
ESO 286-010 lies
26' WSW and appeared moderately bright, large, nearly 2' diameter, sharply
concentrated with a very bright core that increases to the center. The halo is very large and diffuse
without a well defined edge, fading into the background at the edges.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6983 = h3844 on 2 Sep 1836 and recorded "eF; S; R;
45"." He missed ESO
286-010, 26' WSW, which is just as prominent.
******************************
NGC 6984 = ESO
235-020 = AM 2054-520 = PGC 65798
20 57 54.1 -51
52 12
V = 12.7; Size 1.8'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 101d
30"
(11/5/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): brightest in a trio with NGC 6982 5.5' W and
PGC 65805 (Fairall 927) 5.6' NNE.
Fairly bright, moderately large, oval 4:3 ~E-W, 1.2'x0.9', broadly
concentrated halo, then sharply brightens to a small bright nucleus. A mag 10.6 star lies 4' NW and a mag 12
star is 1.4' E.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6984 = h3845, along with NGC 6982, on 8 Jul 1834 and recorded
"F; L; lE; glbM; 90" l; the following of 2 [with NGC 6982]."
******************************
NGC 6985 = MCG
-02-53-001 = PGC 65306
20 45 02.3 -11
06 19
V = 13.8; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 90d
24"
(7/28/16): at 260x; fairly faint, oval 4:3 ~E-W, ~30"x20", small
bright core. A mag 15.2 star is
just off the ENE side [36" from center]. Situated 2.5' WNW of mag 8.7 HD 197625. I looked for NGC 6985A (a contiguous
Magellanic Irregular on the west end) and there appeared to be some haze
extending off the southwest side, but I wasn't able to confirm in soft seeing
conditions.
17.5"
(8/3/94): fairly faint, small, elongated 3:2 E-W, weak concentration to a small
brighter core. A mag 15 star is
just 40" ENE and a mag 13 star 1.2' W of center. Located 2.5' WNW of mag 8 SAO 163850 and 4.6' SSE of mag 7.5
SAO 163846! NGC 6985A, a companion
(possibly interacting) at the southwest edge, was not seen.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 6985 = LM I-234 on 11 Jun 1886 and noted "mag
16.0, 0.2' dia, iR." There is
nothing anywhere near his very rough position (nearest minute of RA). Harold Corwin identifies NGC 6985 with
MCG -02-53-001 = PGC 65306 (based on his discovery sketch). This galaxy is located 11 minutes of RA
west of Leavenworth's position!
Bigourdan, of course, was unable to find this object.
The Uranometria
Deep Sky Field Guide (first edition) has no listing for NGC 6985 and RNGC
classifies the number as nonexistent.
MCG does not label this galaxy as NGC 6985.
******************************
NGC 6986 = ESO
598-007 = MCG -03-53-011 = PGC 65750
20 56 30.6 -18
33 59
V = 13.6; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 8d
17.5"
(7/21/90): faint, small, slightly elongated ~N-S, small bright core. A small group of five mag 13 stars is
2'-3' SE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 6986 = LM I-235 on 2 Sep 1885 and recorded "mag
14.0, vS, R, glbMN." His
rough position (nearest minute of RA) is just 16 seconds west of ESO 598-007 =
PGC 65750. Bigourdan measured an
accurate position on 17 Jul 1890 as well as Herbert Howe around the turn of the
century, but Dreyer made a 20 min error in RA in his "corrected"
position in the IC 2 Notes. This
error is repeated in Roger Sinnott's NGC 2000.0.
******************************
NGC 6987 = ESO
235-021 = LGG 441-002 = PGC 65807
20 58 10.4 -48
37 49
V = 12.4; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.0
30"
(10/10/15 - OzSky): moderately to fairly bright, sharply concentrated with a
very bright core surrounded by a relatively large, slightly elongated NW-SE
halo extending 1.1'x0.8'. A mag 13
star is near the west edge, 40" from center. A mag 12 star is 2' S and an 11th mag star 3' SW. In addition mag 8.8 HD 199212 is 6.4' W
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6987 = h3846 on 30 Sep 1834 and recorded "pB; S; lE; gbM;
among B stars." His position
(2 observations) is fairly accurate.
******************************
NGC 6988 = CGCG
425-020 = PGC 65732
20 55 48.9 +10
30 28
V = 14.6; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(7/20/90): very faint, very small, oval NW-SE, even surface brightness. A mag 15 star is at the SE end 23"
from center.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6988 = m 430 on 15 Aug 1863 and noted "eF, pL,
R." His position is nearly 2'
southeast of CGCG 425-020 = PGC 65732 (the only nearby candidate).
******************************
NGC 6989
20 54 06 +45 14
24
17.5"
(9/23/95): at 100x appears to be simply a large Milky Way field about 20'
diameter in the "Canada" portion of the "North American"
nebula. Weakly more enhanced than
the surrounding star field and only distinguished because of four bright stars
off the south side including mag 5.5 SAO 50187 (off the SW edge) and three mag
7.5-8.5 cradling the south edge and forming an obtuse isosceles triangle. Requires low power or appears similar
to the average Milky Way patch.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6989 = H VIII-82 on 11 Sep 1790 (sweep 959) and recorded "A
large cl of pS stars of several sizes." His position is 10' northeast of mag 5.5 HD 199098 in the
northwest corner of the North America Nebula. JH made two observations under VIII. 82, though he added a
question mark. In the first
observation (sweep 189) he did not measure a position and simply noted
"Viewed. A mere clustering
portion of the Milky Way." In
the second (sweep 203) he recorded "Coarse, poor, pL cluster; stars
small." His position, though,
is 27' northeast of his fathers, and this entry later became NGC 6996. So, it's not clear if his sone ever saw
H. VIII 82. Karl Reinmuth calls
this "a very dense region, no distinct cL; 4 B st s." See Corwin's notes for more.
******************************
NGC 6990 = ESO
187-043 = PGC 65862
20 59 57.0 -55
33 43
V = 13.1; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 0d
30"
(10/10/15 - OzSky): at 394x; moderately bright, very elongated 3:1 N-S,
0.9'x0.35', slightly mottled appearance but no well defined core. A mag 12 star is at the south tip, 0.6'
from center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6990 = h3847 on 9 Jul 1834 and recorded "a * 10m, to which
is attached or almost so, by its extremity an eF, vS nebulous ray; vmE in
meridian 15" l; 4" br; night superb, and without this condition it
were useless to look for this object." His position (measured twice) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 6991 = Lund
969 = OCL-202
20 54 56 +47 19
18
Size 5'
17.5"
(10/24/92): at John Herschel's position and matching his description for h2091
is a scattered group of approximately 20 stars in a 6' field which is located
about 10' SW of IC 5076 and a mag 5.7 star. Three equal mag stars are
collinear on the east side and a mag 8.5 star is on the SW side. There
are no dense knots or a core and this collection of stars barely stands out in
the field.
At William
Herschel's original position and description (VIII 76) is a scattered group of
stars involved with IC 5076 and mag 5.7 SAO 50246. Nebulosity (IC 5076)
is visible on the west side of a striking 5' group of stars centered on the
bright star. Ten of the stars surrounding the mag 5.7 star form a
semi-circle including a tight quadruple 2' SE. John Herschel's h2091 lies
~10' WSW and either object could be taken for NGC 6991.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6991 = H VIII-76 = h2091 on 27 Sep 1788 (sweep 866) and recorded
"A st 6m not in H. A L star surrounded with many considerable stars,
forming a brilliant though much sc[attered] cluster; the star 6m is not in the
center but towards the following side." His offset points to mag 5.7
HD 199478 at 20 55 49.7 +47 25 04 (2000), which is the star involved with
reflection nebula IC 5076. JH recorded two observations , but they refer
to a separate group about 12' southwest! In sweep 210 he recorded "a
star 9m; the largest of a cluster." His position on this sweep is 8
seconds of RA west of mag 8.4 SAO 50220 at 20 54 43.4 +47 16 50. In sweep
209 the diameter is given as 6'.
So, there are
two candidates for NGC 6991. My notes described both candidates.
Lynga and RNGC identify WH's group as NGC 6991. Also see Harold
Corwin's identification notes and Brent Archinal's monograph on the nonexistent
RNGC open clusters.
******************************
NGC 6992 = Veil
Nebula = SNR G74.0-08.5 = Ced 182b
20 56 19 +31 44
36
Size 60'x8'
17.5"
(7/5/86): this section of the Veil nebula is probably the most detailed and
exciting emission object to explore in the 17.5" using a 20mm Nagler and
OIII filter. Appears very bright,
extremely large, very elongated, about 1¡ length, crossed by darker rifts. Feather-like side branches are at the
south edge running off towards the west.
Breathtaking filamentary detail at 83x is too intricate to describe
using an OIII filter particularly on the southern half! The filaments appear like intertwined
threads or twisted ropes giving a striking 3-dimensional appearance along the
length! Attached to NGC 6995 and IC 1340 to the south.
13"
(5/21/82): incredibly detailed at the south edge. Wispy structure with two long tails. Darker rifts and filamentary structure
along the entire length.
8": bright
at 50x with UHC filter. Some
structure seen with darker rifts and branches at the south edge.
15x50 IS
binoculars (8/27/11): NGC 6992/6995 is striking at just 15x using a pair of UHC
filters threaded over the objectives as a long, curving filament. Although NGC 6960 through 52 Cygni was
also visible in the same binocular field, it's is a tougher object,
particularly the fainter (forked) southern portion.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6992 = H V-14 = h2092 on 6 Sep 1784 (sweep 258) and recorded
"eF, above 3/4¡ long and 6, 8 or 10' broad. The whiteness entirely of the milky kind, brighter in 3 or 4
places than in the rest. The
position of the ray or extent is from np to sf, making an angle of 30 or 40¡
with the meridian. The stars of
the galaxy are scattered over it in the same manner as the rest of the
heavens. The time and number is
taken in the brightest part of the nebula. The ray is faint enough to have been overlooked had it not
been for the brighter places in it."
The following night (sweep 259), he also logged "Branching
nebulosity of the extent of the number that is 53' in polar distance, and in RA
reaches through 5 or 6 fields that is near 1 1/2 degrees. The following part of it is divided
into several streams and windings which after separating meet each other again
towards the south."
Herschel's rough sketch was publication in his 1811 paper (Fig. 1) as an
example "of extensive diffused Nebulosity". NGC 6992 is generally applied to the northern portion of the
eastern half of the Veil Nebula.
******************************
NGC 6993 = ESO
529-011 = MCG -04-49-007 = PGC 65671
20 53 54.1 -25
28 21
Size
1.3'x1.1'; PA = 108d
17.5"
(8/4/02): at 220x appeared very faint, fairly small, round, 40" diameter,
low even surface brightness. Not
noticed initially near position, but once identified could just hold steadily
with concentration. The identification
of this galaxy with NGC 6993 is uncertain because of a very poor discovery
position but it roughly matches Leavenworth's field sketch and description.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 6993 = LM I-236 on 8 Jul 1885 and recorded "mag
14.0, vS, R, sbMN." His very
rough position (nearest minute of RA) happens to correspond with extremely faint
PGC 776139 at 20 59 28.8 -25 41 24.
But Harold Corwin examining Leavenworth's discovery sketch and it does
not match this galaxy or star field.
Corwin found the sketch best matches ESO 529-011 = PGC 65671, located
5.5 minutes west and 13' north of Leavenworth's position. But this identification still leaves
some uncertainty (see Corwin's identification notes).
******************************
NGC 6994 = M73 =
Cr 426
20 58 56 -12 38
07
V = 9.7; Size 3'
17.5"
(9/7/91): four stars in a "Y" asterism. On the west side are the two fainter stars mag 11.5 and 12
oriented WNW-ESE which form the stem of the "Y". A mag 10 star is on the SE branch and a
mag 10.5 star is on the NE branch.
This is an unimpressive asterism.
8": four
stars mag 10.5, 10.5, 11.0 and 12.0 in a small group, easily resolved at 100x.
Charles Messier
discovered M73 = NGC 6994 on 4/5 Oct 1780 and recorded a "Cluster of three
or four small stars, which resembles a nebula at first sight, containing a
little nebulosity." On 28 Sep
1783 during his Messier survey, WH noted "consists of a few stars in a
triangular form. No nebulosity among them." (10-foot, 150x).
The Hipparcos
data places the four stars at different distances, so this is an optical
quadruple -- a true asterism.
******************************
NGC 6995 = Veil
Nebula = Ced 182c = SNR G74.0-08.5
20 57 10 +31 14
06
Size 12'
17.5"
(7/5/86): feather-like side branches on the south end run off towards the west. Using an OIII filter at 83x, the breathtaking filamentary
detail is too detailed to fully describe but the filaments appear like
intertwined threads or twisted ropes giving a striking 3-dimensional
appearance!
13.1": this
is the amazingly detailed southern end of the eastern section of the Veil
Nebula attached to NGC 6992 and contains beautiful feather-like side branches
to the west, especially using an OIII filter. See description of NGC 6992.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6995 = h2093 on 7 Sep 1825 and recorded "A most wonderful
phenomenon. A very large space 20'
or 30' broad in PD and 1m or 2m in RA, full of nebula and stars mixed. The nebula is decidedly attached to the
stars and is as decidedly not stellar.
It forms irregular lace-work marked out by stars, but some parts
decidedly nebulous, wherein no stars can be seen. A figure (from which the drawing for the engraving was
copied), represents the general character, but not the minute details of this
objects, which would be extremely difficult to give with any degree of fidelity." His position is exactly 1¡ too far
south, but the description and sketch, clearly refer to the southern portion of
the eastern half of the Veil Nebula.
The northern half carries the number NGC 6992 from H V-14.
******************************
NGC 6996
20 56 30 +45 28
24
Size 5'
18" (8/12/07):
at 115x, ~40 stars mag 10-14 in a 6' region are mostly arranged in a
"C" arrangement (or three sides of a rectangle), opening on the NW
side. Stands out somewhat in the
field but not striking. Located on
the north (Canada) side of the North America Nebula. More interesting is that on the east side of the group and
curving around the north side is a well-defined fairly high contrast dark
nebula (Barnard 353). I had the
impression that the stars in the "cluster" were perhaps an absorption
hole in this dark cloud.
17.5"
(9/23/95): about 50 stars mag 10 and fainter within an 8'-10' group in the
northeast part of the North American nebula. Fairly well-detached and distinguishable in a low power
field but appears to be a typical Milky Way cloud with no particular dense
spots. Situated about 10' NW of a
striking equilateral triangle of mag 8/9 stars with sides 2' (center at 20 57.0
+45 19). Barnard 353 (low contrast)
is just following. The RNGC misidentifies NGC 6997 as NGC 6696.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 6996 = h2094 on 28 Oct 1828 and noted "viewed. A mere clustering portion of the Milky
Way." No position was given. On sweep 293 he logged "Coarse,
poor, pL cluster, stars small." His position corresponds with a scattered
group of stars in the northern portion of the North America nebula. He was apparently looking for his
father's H VIII- 82 = NGC 6989 and
was uncertain if they were equivalent.
NGC 6996 and 6989 are two different Milky Way fields, based on JH's
single position.
The RNGC misidentifies
NGC 6997 (50' further south) as NGC 6996 (error originated by Hogg). See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 6997 =
(R)NGC 6996
20 56 39 +44 37
54
Size 8'
18"
(8/12/07): very nice group of ~75 stars at 73x in a 12' diameter. A number of the stars are arranged in
an oval outline extended ~E-W. The
cluster is fairly rich although there is no clear border and another smaller
grouping is nearly adjacent to the NW.
Located towards the "East Coast" (west side) of the North
America Nebula (on images the cluster is closer to the position of Lake
Erie). Several mag 6-7 stars are
within 15'-20' of the cluster including mag 6 HD 199579 17' S and mag 5.6 HD
199870 20' SE.
17.5"
(7/17/93): about 50 stars in a 10' diameter. Located in the eastern U.S. portion of the North America
Nebula. Includes many mag 10.5-12
stars. There are no rich portions
and the group is somewhat scattered.
Roughly circular outline, weak concentration in center.
13.1"
(6/30/84): fairly prominent scattered group at the west edge of NGC 7000 (this
is the "east" coast of the US outline). Located midway between two bright mag 6.0 and 6.8 stars with
a 30' separation N-S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 6997 = H VIII-58, along with NGC 7000 (next entry in the sweep),
on 24 Oct 1786 (sweep 620), and recorded "a cl of stars." On 11 Sep 1790 (sweep 959) he logged
"a cl of considerably L stars." and measured a good position. This
star group is situated within the East Coast part of the North America nebula
and is possibly superimposed in the foreground of the North America nebula. The
RNGC and Lynga misidentify the group as NGC 6996. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 6998 = ESO
464-014 = PGC 65925
21 01 37.7 -28
01 55
V = 14.2; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(7/16/93): extremely faint, very small, round, extremely low surface
brightness, requires averted vision.
Forms a pair with NGC 6999 5.1' ESE. Appears nearly stellar and about mag 16pg on the POSS. Member of AGC 3733.
17.5"
(8/27/92): not found from Grandview (8400') in the Eastern Sierras.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6998 = m 431, along with NGC 6999, on 19 Oct 1864 and noted
"eeF, vS." His position
is less than 1' north of ESO 464-014 = PGC 65925.
******************************
NGC 6999 = ESO
464-015 = PGC 65940
21 01 59.6 -28
03 32
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 175d
17.5"
(7/16/93): very faint, very small, round, low even surface brightness. Located 2.2' N of a mag 10.5 star. Brightest member of AGC 3733. Forms a
difficult pair with NGC 6998 5.1' WNW.
(R)NGC 6999 = 2MASXi J2102037-275216 lies 10' NE.
17.5"
(8/27/92): not found from Grandview campground in the White Mountains.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 6999 = m 432, along with NGC 6998, on 19 Oct 1864 and noted
"eeF, vS." Although
Marth's position (copied correctly into the NGC) is accurate, the RNGC
misidentified LEDA 133216 as NGC 6999.
This galaxy is located 11' to the north. ESO gives the correct identification. Included in my RNGC Corrections #5.
******************************
NGC 7000 = North
American Nebula = LBN 373 = Sh 2-117 = Ced 183d
20 59 18 +44 31
Size 120'x100'
18"
(7/16/07): superb view of the entire North American nebula in the 80mm finder
at 12.5x and at 73x in the 18-inch with UHC filters in both. The entire outline of the U.S., Mexico
and Central America was well-defined and very high contrast with the
surrounding dark fields particularly around the Gulf of Mexico region (LDN 935)
and the West Coast. A 7th
magnitude star is at the edge of the center of the gulf (Texas area) and
another 7th magnitude star is at the south tip of Florida. The "Baja peninsula" and
Central American extension jut out very prominently from the gulf region. The
edge of the northern Canadian region is less well defined. Open cluster NGC 6997 was very
prominent on the East Coast (west side of the nebula). It was breathtaking to scan around the
entire outline, though it overfilled the 67' field.
17.5"
(7/17/93): at 100x and OIII filter appears very bright, extremely large (fills
several fields), amazingly high contrast around the "Gulf" of Mexico
and "Baja" region (LDN 935) and to a lesser extent along the west and
east coasts. I traced around the
entire border except for the "Canada" region, which consists mostly
of scattered star fields with weak nebulosity. The open cluster NGC 6997 is easily picked out in the NE
section.
8": bright,
very large, sharp border and details around the "Gulf" section,
"Southwest border" and "Baja region". Rich with faint stars. Viewed with a Rich Field adapter at
33x-50x.
80mm (8/23/84):
striking contrast at 16x using a filter at Mt. Rose.
80mm (5/26/84):
bright with a well-defined "Gulf" region at 13x using a narrowband
filter.
Naked-eye: Easy
naked-eye glow in a dark sky, though this is mostly from the rich Milky Way
star cloud and not the involved nebulosity. The contrast is highest on the southwest side where the star
cloud and nebulosity is adjacent to the dark "Gulf of Mexico" region.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7000 = H V-37 = h2096 on 24 Oct 1786 (sweep 620) and recorded
"vL. Diffused nebulosity plainly visible, bM, 7 or 8' length, 6' broad and
losing itself gradually." In
the next few minutes of the sweep he also commented, "All this time
suspected diffuse nebulosity through the whole breadth of the sweep." He gave two positions at the east and
southwest coast of the North American nebula, which became numbers 44
(Southeast US) and 46 (Central America region) in his list of 52 regions with
"extensive diffused nebulosity." Arthur Auwers wrote (in a review of the General Catalogue)
that JH omitted this large object, but NGC 7000 = GC 4621.
German
Astronomer Max Wolf referred to this HII region as "The 'America'
Nebula" in a 1902 German paper based on an image taken in 1901. In the 1903 paper "Diffused
nebulosities in the heavens", Barnard refers to the object photographed by
Wolf and states "The "North America Nebula" would perhaps be
more definite, for it is North America to which Dr. Max Wolf intends the
compliment." Agnes Mary
Clerke refered to it as the "America" Nebula in the caption of Wolf's
photograph in her 1905 second edition of "The System of the Stars"
******************************
NGC 7001 = UGC
11663 = MCG +00-53-016 = CGCG 374-037 = PGC 65905
21 01 07.7 -00
11 43
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 162d
17.5"
(8/31/86): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated, weak concentration. Located between a mag 14 star 1.0' N
and a mag 13 star 1.4' SSE.
Similar notes on 6/20/87.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7001 = h2095 on 21 Jul 1827 and noted "eF; S; E in the
meridian [north-south]." His
position and description matches UGC 11663. Rudolph Spitaler called this galaxy "pB" (IC 1
Notes), using the 27" refractor at the Vienna Observatory in 1891.
******************************
NGC 7002 = ESO
235-043 = PGC 66009
21 03 44.9 -49
01 47
V = 12.4; Size 1.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 3d
30"
(11/5/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): brighter of a pair with NGC 7004 5.8' SE. NGC 7002 appears fairly bright,
moderately large, round, 1.2' diameter, well concentrated to a bright core that
increases down to a bright stellar nucleus. A mag 15 star lies 0.9' SE. 2MASX J21034127-4902128, an extremely faint companion, is
just 45" SW of center. It appeared
as a very small glow, ~10" diameter, no details.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7002 = h3848 on 30 Sep 1834 and logged "F; S; R; smbM;
15"." A couple of nights
later, he noted "pF; pL; R; glbM."
******************************
NGC 7003 = UGC
11662 = MCG +03-53-008 = CGCG 448-027 = PGC 65887
21 00 42.4 +17
48 18
V = 13.0; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 120d
13.1"
(7/27/84): very faint, small, low even surface brightness, almost round. A faint star is at the NE edge.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 7003 on 26 Aug 1864 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. He noted a mag 15 or
16 star follows the center by 2 seconds of time. His RA (measured on two sweeps) is ~4 seconds too
small. MCG fails to label this
galaxy NGC 7003.
******************************
NGC 7004 = ESO
235-046 = PGC 66019
21 04 02.2 -49
06 52
V = 13.8; Size 1.3'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 73d
30"
(11/5/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): moderately bright, fairly small, very
elongated 3:1 WSW-ENE, 1.0'x0.3', contains a bright, elongated core. A mag 13 star lies 1.3' E and a 16th
magnitude star is barely off the WSW tip.
Forms a pair with brighter NGC 7002 5.8' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7004 = h3849 on 2 Oct 1834 and recorded "eF; R; lbM; has a
* 11m 60 seconds following on parallel." His position and description matches ESO 235-046 = PGC
66019.
******************************
NGC 7005
21 01 57.3 -12
52 53
17.5"
(7/24/95): small very unimpressive asterism of five stars including three mag
12 stars in a 1.5' right triangle and three additional mag 14 stars. Only noticeable at all due to the three
brighter stars in a small group.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 7005 on 23 Aug 1855 with an 4.5-inch Fraunhofer
refractor at Leipzig and noted a "nebulous star cluster". His position is 45' southeast of M73
. This was the first object
discovered by d'Arrest (along with the double star NGC 607). According to Wolfgang Steinicke, Arthur
Auwers observed it on 9 Sep 1861 at Kšnigsberg and logged "not a nebula,
but only a triangle of three stars."
Herbert Howe called it "simply a coarse cluster, the 3 brightest
stars being 9th mag. No nebulosity
discernable." Reinmuth gave a
similar description based on its appearance on a Heidelberg plate. Also see Harold Corwin's identification
notes.
******************************
NGC 7006
21 01 29.3 +16
11 15
V = 10.6; Size 2.8'; Surf Br = 0.1
18"
(7/24/06): this small globular was viewed at 435x and 565x and it appeared very
mottled and lively in excellent seeing. Two or three very faint stars
were visible pretty steadily and a number of extremely faint mag 16 stars
appeared to sharpen up and momentarily sparkle, particularly in the 1.5' to 2'
halo. Perhaps a total of a dozen stars, sparkled or popped in and out of
view.
CGCG 448-030 is
located just 3.6' SW of the core of NGC 7006! It appeared extremely faint
and small, round, 10" diameter. Requires averted and cannot hold
steadily but repeatedly reacquired. There is an extremely faint star at
the northeast edge which was sometimes noticed instead of the galaxy (or the
galaxy has a stellar nucleus). Forms the south vertex of a small triangle
with two mag 12.7/13.5 stars ~0.6' N and NE. It is nearly on a line between the
globular and mag 7.3 HD 200079 10' SW.
CGCG 448-028 is
11.6' NW of NGC 7006. It appeared faint, small, round, 20" diameter,
even surface brightness. Visible
with direct vision. A wide pair of mag 11.5 stars lies 2.5' NNW.
This is the brighter of the two galaxies observed near NGC 7006.
17.5"
(8/5/94): moderately bright, small, 1.5' diameter containing a 1' core and a
small halo. The core has a broad weak concentration with no nucleus.
The halo is mottled but difficult to achieve clear resolution.
Around the edges of the halo four or five mag 15.5 stars or fainter pop
in and out of view. The easiest resolved star is just at the north edge
of the halo, a close pair is at the east edge and a single star is at the
southeast side. An easy pair of mag 14 foreground stars at 20"
separation is off the south side 1.6' from the center. The interacting
system UGC 11672 lies 43' E.
13"
(6/29/84): fairly faint, small, small bright nucleus, small fainter halo.
Mottled and clumpy but not resolved at 360x.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7006 = H I-52 = h2097 on 21 Aug 1784 (sweep 253) and recorded
"pB, iR, easily resolvable, about 1' diam. Hazy, otherwise I suppose I might see the stars in
it." On 16 Oct 1784 (sweep 294),
he logged "vB, R, mbM, the brightness extending a good way, resolvable
(see 253 sweep)." JH made the
single observation "B; R; gbM; 60". RA from working list, no transit being procured."
******************************
NGC 7007 = ESO
187-048 = PGC 66069
21 05 27.9 -52
33 07
V = 12.0; Size 1.9'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 2d
30"
(10/10/15 - OzSky): at 394x; bright, moderately large, elongated 5:3 N-S,
~1.25'x0.75', sharply concentrated with a very bright core that increases to a
stellar nucleus. A string of 5 mag
12-13 stars (oriented E-W) passes to the south and a mag 15.6 star is 0.8' W of
center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7007 = h3850 on 8 Jul 1834 and recorded "pB; vS; R; pslbM;
12"." His mean position
(3 observations) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7008 = PK
93+5.2 = PN G093.4+05.4 = Ced 186 = Fetus Nebula
21 00 32.8 +54
32 36
V = 11.0; Size 98"x75"
48"
(10/24/14): We had a superb view of NGC 7008 unfiltered at 488x and 610x. This
irregular, annular planetary extends ~1.5'x1.2 SSW-NNE with a roughly oval
outline, except on the southwest end. Several stars are involved or just
off the edge, including h1606, a 9.6/11.7 pair at 19Ó, which is just off the
SSE edge. A very bright, elongated knot is at the NNE edge of the rim. A
larger elongated knot is just on its inside (towards the central star), with
the pair of close knots virtually attached. On the opposite SSW end is
the next brightest region, extending nearly 45¡ along the rim. This
larger glow spreads irregularly into the darker center and dims. Another
brighter knot is on the WNW edge of the rim (probably K 4-44), just northeast
of a mag 14 star that is close off the west edge. Finally, another
slightly brighter knot is at the east edge of the rim, close south of another
mag 14 star on the northeast side. The entire southwest side appears as
if it was "nibbled" around the edges, as part of the outer edge is
missing. A mag 13.5 star sits in the center of the darker interior with
the central "hole" darkest immediately east of the central star.
Another darker region is in the southeast quadrant just north of h1606.
18"
(9/10/07): The "Fetus Nebula" is a fascinating annular planetary,
best viewed at high power. Using
452x the oval halo is elongated SSW-NNE, ~85"x65". The most striking feature is a bright,
25" knot on the NNE end that is irregular in surface brightness with a
very small brighter condensation near its south end. The SW quadrant of the planetary is also brighter in an
elongated region and it is weakest on the east and SE edge facing the wide
double star off the south edge. In
the darker center, a mag 13.5 central star is visible and a second fainter mag
14 star is near the NE edge. Also
a mag 14 star is just off the west edge.
NGC 7008 is situated just north of h1606, a mag 9.3/10.2 pair at
18" oriented N-S.
17.5"
(6/28/00): this beautiful, highly structured PN is situated just north of a
wide double star (9.2/10.5 at 18"). At 280x, the annular oval is elongated
SSW-NNE, ~90"x65". A
bright 30" irregular knot is prominent at the NE end. The SW end of the major axis has a
fainter condensation and the rim is clearly dimmest near the double star. The mag 14 central star shines steadily
as does a slightly fainter mag 14.5 on the NE edge. Just off the west edge is another 14th magnitude star. The darker center is faintly luminous
and the surface brightness is irregular over the entire oval giving a mottled,
wispy appearance.
13"
(9/11/82): bright planetary with unusual structure and several stars
involved. The striking complete
annular ring is elongated SW-NE. A
mag 14 central star mag is visible as well as a mag 14 star at the NE edge and
a faint star is off the west edge.
A small brighter knot marks the NE end. The planetary is located just north of h1606 = 9.3/10.5 at
18" separation.
8": unusual
structure, curves and extends further south on the west side. A faint star is embedded.
80mm
(9/10/07): the planetary was
faintly visible in the finder at 25x using an OIII filter.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7008 = H I-192 = h2099 on 14 Oct 1787 (sweep 765) and recorded
"cB, strong nebulosity of an irregular square figure. Seems to contain faint large stars,
about 3' l and 2 1/2' broad."
Two nights later (sweep 768) he noted "the stars which are visible
in it, do not seem to belong to it."
On sweep 211, JH logged "L; E; r; has an appearance of two nuclei
or points of greatest condensation; it touches a fine double star [h1606 =
9.3/10.2 at 18"]." R.J.
Mitchell, LdR's assistant on 19 Aug 1855, recorded "seen as in sketch [PT
1861, pl XXX, fig 37]. 3 st in it,
F neby reaches nearly up to the star sf; B knots in it, the nf one seems
triangular in shape and sometimes I thought it split up by a dark line from sf
to np."
Based on
Crossley photographs taken at Lick, Heber Curtis (1918) reported
"irregular ring structure indicated; the dimensions are 86"x69"
in p.a. 20¡. The two brightest
patches are at the north.. three stars lie in roughly circular gaps in the
nebulosity..."
In a 2001 issue
of Amateur Astronomy magazine, Eric Honeycutt called NGC 7008 the "Fetus
Nebula" due to its appearance in his 22-inch telescope.
******************************
NGC 7009 =
Saturn Nebula = PK 37-34.1 = PN G037.7-34.5
21 04 10.7 -11
21 49
V = 7.8; Size 30"x26"
48"
(10/29/16): the remarkable Saturn Nebula was viewed at 1084x. The intense, inner "ring" is
very elongated (~25"x10") with an unusual warped appearance. The inner ring is brighter on the west
end. The rounder shell extends
~30"x25", slightly elongated WSW-ENE and contains an obvious
"knot" on the north side of the shell. The ansae ("handles" at the end of the jets)
varied in size and orientation, with the western ansae larger, brighter and
angled outward on the north end.
The central star was easily visible.
48"
(10/24/14): at 610x; the western ansae or "handle" at the end of the
jet appeared as a small, narrow bar, roughly perpendicular to the extension,
but slightly tilted, so the north end was pointing outward (west). The eastern ansae was much smaller but
with careful viewing was slightly elongated and tilted in a mirrored
orientation. Also, a very small,
low contrast knot was noted on the north end of the outer shell. Otherwise, the details mentioned in the
observation from last November were all noted.
48"
(11/1/13): the double-shell structure was fascinating at 813x. The bright,
inner ring was surprisingly elongated WSW-ENE, ~30"x10", with an
irregular surface brightness and uneven thickness. The inner darker hole was also elongated, extending nearly
the length of the nebula and was punctuated by a fairly easy central star. This annulus is encased in a rounder,
outer shell, ~30"x25" diameter, with a slightly irregular rim
(brighter at the north edge).
Extending from the main body were the two easily visible
"jets" extending WSW-ENE with prominent "ansae" (handles)
at each tip [separation 44"] with the western tip slightly brighter. The color was generally greenish,
though the outer halo had a salmon-colored tinge.
24"
(7/25/14): viewed at 1000x in good seeing at Lassen National Park (elevation
8200 ft). The intense, inner
annulus is 30"x18" with a bright, moderately thick green rim and
darker center. The central star
was nearly visible steadily within the darker center. The oval annulus was slightly irregular in surface
brightness. It was surrounded by a
rounder, fainter envelope, which varied slightly in brightness, particularly on
the north side, which contained a noticeable knot. The fairly narrow jets were readily visible, though brighter
on the west side. An obvious knot
("ansa") that was slightly elongated was visible at the tip of the
western jet. The eastern extension
only had a weak brightening at the tip.
18"
(7/28/03): Viewed at 1087x in very good seeing. The 30" brighter inner oval is elongated WSW-ENE and
has a noticeable irregular surface brightness (first time this was noted) with
a brighter, thick rim and darker center (partially annular). Surrounding the high surface oval is a
fainter, outer shell although interestingly, the transition appeared more
gradual than at lower power. The
extensions or jets were easily visible with very small knots
("ansae") occasionally visible at the tips.
17.5"
(8/10/91): extremely bright, fairly small, very high surface brightness,
blue-green color, about 30" diameter to the main oval body. At 412x, the two famous extensions or
"jets" are easily visible extending WSW-ENE from the oval disc using
direct vision. The western
extension is brighter and a very small knot (ansae) is visible at moments with
concentration at the tip of the west extension. A faint outer shell surrounds
the bright disc. Numerous
additional observations made since 9/14/85.
13"
(9/3/83): similar view to 17.5", but the eastern extension is more
difficult to view.
8"
(10/13/81): bright, small, blue-green, high surface brightness. Rays extending outward are suspected,
particularly on the western side in excellent seeing at 200x.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7009 = H IV-1 on 7 Sep 1782, over a year before he began his
sweeps. This was WH's first documented deep sky discovery (Wolfgang Steinicke
found an unpublished discovery of NGC 6535 on 24 Aug 1780 while inspecting all
Flamsteed stars) and the only deep sky discovery with his 12-inch f/20
reflector built in 1776 to survey the Messier objects. He described "a
curious nebula, or what else to call it I do not know. It is of a shape
somewhat oval, nearly circular, and with this power [460] appears to be about
10 or 15" diameter. It is of the same shape with 278 but much less
in appearance. With 932 it is still the same shape but much larger.
So that its appearance seems to follow the law of magnifying, from whence
it is clear that it is of some real magnitude in the heavens and not a glare of
light. The brightness in all the powers does not differ so much as if it
were of a planetary nature but seems to be of the starry kind, tho' no star is
visible with any power. It is all over of nearly the same brightness.
The compound eyepiece will not distinguish it from a fixt star, at least
not sensibly...". He observed the planetary during 6 sweeps with his
18.7" and on 2 Aug 1788 (sweep 851) logged, "The planetary nebula,
considerably oval, in the direction of the parallel nearly. Of a bluish
light, but not very well defined."
Wilhelm Struve
independently found NGC 7009 (· 8) in 1825 or 1826 with the 9.6-inch refractor
at Dorpat. It was included in his list of 9 "Nebulae dectae" in
an appendix to his main catalogue of double stars. Auwers and d'Arrest measured
accurate positions. Lord Rosse and
Romney Robinson observed the planetary on 23 Oct 1848 resulting in a sketch and
description, "we have not detected any perforation, but it has ansae,
which probably indicate a surrounding nebulous ring seen edgeways".
Although the nickname "Saturn Nebula" was not mentioned in
Robinson's report to the Royal Irish Academy, Lord Rosse made a solo
observation on 16 Sep 1849 and reported "Saturn neb. Pos of ring 81
deg". Using a 9.5" refractor in 1856, Father Secchi sketched NGC
7009 and noted the nebula was fainter at the ends of the major axis and
brighter along the north and south sides (AN 43, 157).
In 1867 Lassell
reported his "Observations with the Four-foot Equatoreal at Malta"
and his description from 23 Aug 1862 begins "My first impression of this
Nebula was that it was a sky-blue likeness of Saturn". In a letter
dated 26 Sep 1862, he goes into much more detail: In directing my large
equatoreal upon the well-known planetary nebula situated in AR 20h 56m N.P.D.
101¡ 56' (1862), it has revealed so marvellous a conformation of this object
that I cannot forbear to send you a drawing of it [see
www.docdb.net/history/texts/display.php?article=1863rsps___12__269l], with some
description of its appearance. With comparatively low powers, e.g. 231and 285,
it appears at first sight as a vividly light-blue elliptic nebula, with a
slight prolongation of the nebula, or a very faint star, at or near the ends of
the transverse axis. In this aspect the nebula resembles in form the planet
Saturn when the ring is seen nearly edgewise. Attentively viewing it with
higher powers, magnifying respectively 760, 1060, and 1480 times, and under the
most favourable circumstances which have presented themselves, I have
discovered within the nebula a brilliant elliptic ring, extremely well defined,
and apparently having no connexion with the surrounding nebula, which indeed
has the appearance of a gaseous or gauze-like envelope, scarcely interfering
with the sharpness of the ring, and only diminishing somewhat its brightness.
This nebulous envelope extends a little further from the ends of the conjugate
than from the ends of the transverse axis; indeed, it is but very faintly
prolonged, and only just traceable towards the preceding and following
stars....
Lassell's sketch
shows the two ansae or handles as faint stars but the outer halo does not
extend as far as the ansae. Hermann Vogel produced an excellent sketch on 20
Sep 1883 using the 27" refractor at Vienna. Besides the prominent inner elliptical ring and an oval
darker central hole, the outer halo extends ENE-WSW and tapers on the ends with
a star-like knot on the WSW end.
******************************
NGC 7010 = MCG
-02-53-024 = IC 5082 = PGC 66039
21 04 39.5 -12
20 18
V = 13.5; Size 2.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.5; PA = 30d
17.5"
(7/1/89): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, weakly concentrated.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7010 = h2100 on 6 Aug 1823. According to Wolfgang Steinicke, this was the first deep sky
object he discovered. He noted
"eF; R; r; 60"." and his position is 10' too far south. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position in 1899-00.
According to
Harold Corwin, Guillaume Bigourdan misidentified NGC 7010 with a star and
rediscovered the galaxy (at the correct position). Dreyer didn't realize the equivalence, so NGC 7010 was
catalogued again as IC 5082. MCG
(-02-53-024) labels this galaxy as IC 5082.
******************************
NGC 7011
21 01 49.7 +47
21 15
17.5"
(9/23/95): at the NGC position are just some scattered faint stars near a mag
9.5 star located at 21 01 52 +47 24.9.
These do not appear to be worth noting at all by John Herschel. About 15' NE, though, is a fairly
bright scattered group located to the southeast of mag 7.5 SAO 50376. This group is about 5' in length and
elongated NW-SE. Near the center
is the brightest star (mag 10) at 21 02 34 +47 32.7. Also of interest is the Milky Way, which abruptly begins off
the southeast side of the low power field and is magnificent to sweep around in
this region. Listed as nonexistent
in RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7011 = h2101 on 19 Sep 1829 and simply noted "A
cluster. No further
description." There are only
weak concentrations near his position and Karl Reinmuth concludes "no
cluster", based on a Heidelberg plate. RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent.
A small group of
8 mag 13-14 stars in a 3' region lies 2' north of JH's position, and Harold
Corwin lists this asterism as the most likely candidate. But I didn't feel it stood out
visually. Another candidate is
~15' northeast (see visual description).
Brent Archinal was unable to visually identify a candidate. See Harold Corwin's identification
notes for the full story.
******************************
NGC 7012 = ESO
286-051 = PGC 66116
21 06 45.5 -44
48 53
V = 12.7; Size 2.5'x1.4'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 100d
30"
(11/5/10 - Coonabarabran, 429x): brightest galaxy in the core of ACO S921. I quickly took notes on 10 galaxies
within a 10' circle including four small companions of NGC 7012 within 2'! NGC 7012 appeared fairly bright,
moderately large, round, 50" diameter, well concentrated with a small
bright core. The brightest nearby
companion is ESO-LV 2860520 situated 1.3' SE but two fainter, very small
companions (not included in Megastar) are just off the east and NE edge of the
halo. ESO 286-048, a nice edge-on,
lies 3.4' NW. A mag 12 star lies
1' SW and a mag 15 star is 27" SE of center. The cluster is centered roughly 14' NE of mag 6.9 HD
200554. The following are some of
the nearby galaxies.
Anon
J2106481-444853
Situated just
32" NE of the center of NGC 7012 in a tight group of 5 galaxies within
2'. Appeared as a very faint knot,
round, 10" diameter. LCRS
B210329.4-450104, a similar faint knot, is just 25" SE. There is no listing for this galaxy in
NED, HyperLeda or SIMBAD.
LCRS
B210329.4-450104
Situated just
40" E of the center of NGC 7012.
Appeared as a very faint knot, round, 10" diameter with a similar
galaxy (uncatalogued) 25" NW.
A very faint star is just off the SW edge, 17" from center,
sandwiched between this galaxy and NGC 7012.
ESO-LV 2860520 =
2MASX J21065143-4449340 = PGC 66118
This galaxy is
situated 1.3' SE of NGC 7012. It
appeared fairly faint, small, round, 20" diameter, small brighter
core. 2MASX J21065660-4449137 lies
1' NE.
2MASX
J21065660-4449137 = MAC 2106-4449 = PGC 533284
Picked up 2' ESE
of NGC 7012 in the core of galaxy cluster. Appeared very faint, very small, 15"x10". This is the last of four galaxies that
follow within 2' of NGC 7012!
ESO 286-048
Fairly faint,
very elongated 7:2 SW-NE, 0.9'x0.25', brighter core. Located 3.4' NW of NGC 7012 in the central part of the
cluster.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7012 = h3851 on 1 Jul 1834 and recorded "A nebulous looking
but doubtful object following a star 10 mag. My eye is too much fatigued to be able to decide on its
nature." On a later sweep, he
added "F; E; vgvlbM; 60" l; 30" br; near a star."
******************************
NGC 7013 = UGC
11670 = MCG +05-49-001 = CGCG 491-002 = PGC 66003
21 03 33.3 +29
53 49
V = 11.3; Size 4.0'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 157d
13.1"
(7/20/85): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated NNW-SSE, dominated by a
bright core containing a faint stellar nucleus. A mag 9.5 star (BD+29 4291) lies just off the north edge
1.8' from center. Located less
than 2¡ SE of the bright eastern section of the Veil nebula!
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7013 = H II-203 = h2102 on 17 Jul 1784 (sweep 239) and noted
"pB, bM, irregularly E, resolvable.
Near a bright star."
His position is nearly a minute of time too large. On 11 Sep 1784 (sweep 265) he noted
"F, pL, lE, bM, south following a pB star." JH made two observations,
recording (sweep 177) "pB; S; psbM; 12"; has a * 10m, pos 345¡ by
micrometer; field full of stars."
His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7014 = ESO
286-057 = LGG 441-010 = PGC 66153
21 07 52.2 -47
10 44
V = 12.4; Size 1.9'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 130d
30"
(10/10/15 - OzSky): this galaxy is the brightest member of AGC 3742 = ACO S924
= Indus Group (part of the Pavo-Indus Supercluster). At 394x it appeared fairly
bright, moderately large, sharply concentrated with an intense core, slightly
elongated halo ~1.2'x1.0'. Two mag
13.5 stars oriented E-W are 1.2' N.
ESO 286-049,
situated 11' W, is the second brightest cluster member or equal in visibility
to NGC 7014. I noted fairly
bright, fairly small, very small and very bright core, halo elongated 3:2 N-S,
0.6'x0.4'. A mag 10.8 star lies
2.5' NE and the general field is fairly well populated with stars.
PGC 506328 =
2MASX J21075463-4707025 is 3.7' N and appeared faint to fairly faint, very
small, slightly elongated ~E-W, 18"x12".
PGC 101199 =
2MASX J21083864-4709479 is 8' ENE and noted as faint, small, elongated 3:2
NNW-SSE, low surface brightness. A
mag 16 star is situated at the NNW tip.
PGC 130607,
which appeared very faint, very small, round, 10" diameter, is located
just 1.5' SW of ESO 286-049 and 12' SW of NGC 7014.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7014 = h3852 on 2 Oct 1834 and recorded "pF; S; R: bM; has
2 st 12th mag north." His
position is at the south edge of ESO 286-057 = PGC 66153 and the two stars are 1.2' north of center.
******************************
NGC 7015 = UGC
11674 = MCG +02-53-012 = CGCG 425-040 = LGG 442-004 = PGC 66076
21 05 37.4 +11
24 51
V = 12.5; Size 1.9'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 165d
13.1"
(6/29/84): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated N-S, diffuse, weak
concentration. A mag 15 star is at
the south edge 40" from the center.
8"
(7/24/82): very faint, small, slightly elongated N-S.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7015 = St IX-26 = Sw II-87 on 29 Sep 1878. His micrometric position is very
accurate. Lewis Swift
independently rediscovered this galaxy on 11 Sep 1885 and logged "pF, pS,
R, lbM." His position is 3.5' too far north.
******************************
NGC 7016 = ESO
529-025 = MCG -04-49-013 = VV 764 = AM 2104-254 NED1 = PGC 66136
21 07 16.3 -25
28 08
V = 13.9; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5
24"
(8/14/15): at 375x; fairly faint, fairly small, round, ~20" diameter,
contains a brighter core. In a group with NGC 7018 3.2' NE and NGC 7017 1.5'
SE.
24"
(9/27/14): faint, very small, round, 18" diameter. Brighter NGC 7017 (double system) is
just 1.5' SE with NGC 7018 (also a double system) 3.2' NE.
18"
(8/25/06): faint, small, round, 25" diameter, weak even concentration to a
very small brighter nucleus that is occasionally stellar. Located 3' SW of NGC 7108 in the core
of AGC 3744.
17.5"
(8/21/98): first of trio with NGC 7017 and NGC 7018 within AGC 3744. Appears
very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, very small brighter
core. Forms a close pair with NGC
7017 1.5' SE.
17.5"
(7/21/90): faint, small, round, bright core. Forms a close similar pair with NGC 7017 1' SE with brighter
NGC 7018 3' NNE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 7016 = LM I-237, along with NGC 7017 and NGC 7018,
on 8 Jul 1885. He noted "mag
14.0, eS, R, bMN, 1st of 3."
These three the brightest galaxies in the core of AGC 3744. His rough position (nearest minute of
RA) is about 1.5' south of ESO 529-025.
Herbert Howe's corrected position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7017 = ESO
529-IG26 = MCG -04-49-014 = VV 764 = AM 2104-254 NED2 = PGC 66137
21 07 20.6 -25
29 16
V = 14.4; Size 0.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 90d
24"
(8/14/15): at 375x; moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 5:3 E-W,
~30"x18", bright core.
Although sometimes it appeared roundish, occasionally the elongated glow
just resolved into a very close pair [separation 12" between centers] with
the smaller (barely nonstellar) and fainter component on the east side.
24"
(9/27/14): at 375x appeared fairly faint, small, slightly elongated E-W,
25"x20". Occasionally a
very faint "knot" was attached at the east end, ~6" diameter. This is a merged double system with the
east "knot" listed in NED as NGC 7017 NED2.
18"
(8/25/06): faint, small, elongated 4:3 ~E-W, brighter core. Similar brightness to nearby NGC 7016
but contains a more condensed core.
Located 3.7' SSW of NGC 7018 in the core of AGC 3744.
17.5"
(8/21/98): very faint, very small, ~30"x20". Similar to NGC 7016 just 1.5' NW within
AGC 3744.
17.5"
(7/21/90): faint, small, round, bright core. Forms a close similar pair with NGC 7016 1' NW.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 7017 = LM I-238, along with NGC 7016 and NGC 7018,
on 8 Jul 1885. He noted "mag
15.0, vS, R, bMN, 2nd of 3."
His rough position (nearest minute of RA) essentially matches ESO
529-026 = PGC 66137, though Herbert Howe measured an accurate position with the
20-inch refractor at Denver.
******************************
NGC 7018 = ESO
529-IG 027 = MCG -04-49-015 = VV 764 NED1 = AM 2104-253 NED1 = PGC 66141 = PGC
93985
21 07 25.4 -25
25 44
V = 13.5; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 86d
24"
(8/14/15): at 225x; moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 5:3 E-W,
~30"x18". At 375x,
resolved into a very close pair of galaxies [just 10" between centers!]
oriented E-W. The western
component is slightly smaller and fainter, with the brighter 15" component
is on the east side. A mag 13.5
star lies 1' N.
24"
(9/27/14): at 375x, the brightest member in AGC 3744 appeared fairly faint,
fairly small, elongated 5:3 ~E-W.
This double system often resolves into two tangent components; the
eastern member (NGC 7018 NED02 = 2MASX J21072565-2525430) is slightly larger
and brighter (18" diameter) and the western component (NGC 7018 NED01 =
2MASX J21072463-2525569) is very compact (12" diameter).
Nearby are NGC
7016 3.2' SW, NGC 7017 3.7' SSW and MCG -04-49-016 2.6' ENE. The MCG appeared very faint, extremely
small, round, 12" diameter. A
mag 15 star is 0.6' SW.
18"
(8/25/06): brightest in the AGC 3744 cluster. At 220x appeared fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2
~E-W, 45"x30", gradually brighter core and slightly brighter along
the major axis. A mag 12.5 star
lies 1' N. Located 10' NE of an
8th magnitude star and 25' S of 4.5-magnitiude 24 Capricorni.
17.5"
(8/21/98): the brightest member of AGC 3744 appeared faint, small, elongated
3:2 E-W, 30"x20", weak concentration. A mag 13 star lies 1' N. Brightest in a quartet with NGC 7016 3.2' SW and NGC 7017
3.7' SSW.
17.5"
(7/21/90): faint, small, slightly elongated E-W, weak concentration. A mag 13 star is 1.0' N. Brightest in a trio with NGC 7016 and
NGC 7017 3' SW. Located 30' SSE of
24 Capricorni (V = 4.5).
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 7018 = LM I-239, along with NGC 7016 and NGC 7017,
on 8 Jul 1885. He noted "vF,
vS, vlE, glbMN, 3rd and brightest of 3." His rough position (nearest minute of RA) is 2' south of ESO
529-027 = PGC 66141 = PGC 93985.
Herbert Howe measured an accurate position with the 20-inch refractor at
Denver.
******************************
NGC 7019 = ESO
529-022 = PGC 66107
21 06 25.7 -24
24 46
V = 14.2; Size 0.6'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 137d
17.5"
(7/26/95): very faint, small, round, 40" diameter, low even surface
brightness, can just hold steadily with averted vision. Follows a very distinctive
"V" shaped asterism of six equal mag 13-13.5 stars with the vertex at
the west end. This vertex star is
3.4' due west of center.
17.5"
(8/7/91): very faint, very small, round.
Located 3' E of a striking line of four mag 13 stars oriented SW-NE
which are equally spaced and part of a larger string.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 7019 = LM I-240 in 1886 and noted mag 15.0, vS,
sbMN. His rough position (nearest
minute of RA, which itself is marked as uncertain) is 1 minute of RA east of
ESO 529-022 = PGC 66107 and matches in declination.
******************************
NGC 7020 = NGC
7021 = ESO 107-013 = AM 2106-641 = LGG 443-002 = PGC 66291
21 11 19.9 -64
01 27
V = 11.8; Size 3.7'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 165d
30"
(10/10/15 - OzSky): at 394x; bright, fairly large, elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE,
~2.5'x1.2', sharply concentrated with a very bright elongated core that
increases to the center and a very low surface brightness halo. Located 8' E of mag 6.9 HD 201020. Brightest in a small group with IC 5092
41' SE and IC 5096 49' NE.
John Herschel
found NGC 7020 = h3853 on 31 Aug 1836 and recorded "pB; lE; pgbM; 30"
long." He originally
discovered this galaxy on 22 Jun 1835, but made a 30' error in declination too
far north and it was catalogued again as h3854 (later NGC 7021). The error was noted by Lauberts (1980)
in ESO. So, NGC 7020 = NGC 7021.
******************************
NGC 7021 = NGC
7020 = ESO 107-013 = AM 2106-641 = PGC 66291
21 11 19.9 -64
01 27
V = 11.8; Size 3.7'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 165d
See observing
notes for NGC 7020.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7021 = h3854 on 22 Jun 1835 and recorded "pF; R; psbM;
25"; has a * 7-8m 10' preceding, exactly in the parallel. There is nothing at his position, but
30' south is ESO 107-013 = PGC 66291 and the comment about the bright star to
the west clinches this identification.
JH rediscovered this galaxy on 31 Aug 1836, measured an accurate
position, and listed it as h3853 (later NGC 7020). So, NGC 7021 = NGC 7020. Both DeLisle Stewart and Royal Frost reported not finding
NGC 7021 at JH's (erroneous) position (IC 2 Notes).
******************************
NGC 7022 = ESO
235-065 = PGC 66224
21 09 35.2 -49
18 13
V = 13.0; Size 1.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 16d
30"
(10/10/15 - OzSky): at 394x, moderately bright and large, elongated 2:1 N-S,
~45"x20", irregular surface brightness with slightly brighter middle
and major axis but no distinct core.
A mag 16 star is at or just off the north tip. A string of 3 mag 11.5-13 stars oriented NNW-SSE lies 5'
SE. NGC 7029 lies 22' E.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7022 = h3855, along with NGC 7029, on 2 Oct 1834 and recorded
"eeF; S; R; on a delicately and uniformly stipled ground; a bright triple
star 6' or 7' sf nearly points to it."
******************************
NGC 7023 = Iris
Nebula = LBN 487 = Ced 187 = Cr 429 = vdB 139
21 01 36 +68 10
Size 18'x18'
18"
(7/24/06): viewed at 160x, this detailed reflection nebula displayed a great
deal of interesting structure!
Surrounding the mag 7.4 illuminating star is a bright halo of nebulosity
extending mostly north of the star and ending just south of the star in a
well-defined slightly curving border.
A wide dark lane intrudes into the nebulosity from the southwest towards
the bright star. To the south of
the star is a triangular region of haze (brightest just south of the central
star) roughly filling in the region defined by a mag 13.5 star 5.5' SSE and a
fainter star a similar distance southwest. A larger section of faint haze extending N-S is seemingly
detached at the periphery on the east side of the nebula (this is an outer "wing"
on photographs) and a more vaguely defined region of low surface brightness
haze is detached on the western side (also oriented N-S). These two detached wings give a
diameter of at least 7'.
17.5"
(8/13/88): very prominent unusual nebulosity surrounding mag 7.4 SAO
19158. A dark lane oriented
SSW-NNE is following the bright star.
Nebulosity may extend to a star 3' SSE that also has a halo.
13.1"
(9/22/84): the dark lane appears to be following the central star and oriented
~N-S.
13.1"
(9/11/82): bright, large nebulosity surrounding a mag 7 star. There is a sharp light cut-off on the
east side near the bright star, although nebulosity extends beyond.
8"
(8/28/81): nebulosity extends south of the mag 7.5 star with averted vision
using 100-125x. A very faint star is at the south edge.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7023 = H IV-74 on 18 Oct 1794 (sweep 1063) and recorded
"7m. A star very much
affected with nebulosity that more than fills the field, it seemed to extend to
at least a degree all round; small stars such as 9 or 10m of which there are a
great number, are perfectly free from this appearance, but everything about the
telescope being very damp, I have suspicion of a deception."
******************************
NGC 7024
21 06 09.1 +41
29 22
Size 8'
17.5"
(10/21/95): this fairly rich Milky Way field shows up reasonably distinctly at
low power with a 20 Nagler. The
densest part consists of 30 mag 12-14 stars in a 6' irregular outline. There is also a looser group of stars
attached to the NE extending the diameter to 15'. The group on the NE side appears part of the same stream and
includes several mag 11 stars.
Listed as nonexistent in RNGC.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7024 = H VIII-57 = h2103 on 17 Oct 1786 (sweep 612) and recorded
"A cluster of coarsely scattered pS stars of several sizes, not
rich." On 1 Oct 1828 (sweep
183), JH logged "A loose struggling coarse cl. Stars 10...11m, place that of 3 *s 10m in a triangle in the
closest part. Several st precede
the cl, which seems to be an outlier of the second branch of the Milky
Way."
Karl Reinmuth
reported its photographic appearance as "an irregular loose clustering of
st 10..." Although it
may not be a true cluster, RNGC misclassifies the number as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 7025 = UGC
11681 = MCG +03-54-001 = CGCG 449-003 = LGG 442-008 = PGC 66151
21 07 47.3 +16
20 09
V = 12.8; Size 1.9'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 33d
18"
(10/8/05): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE, 0.8'x0.6', sharply
concentrated with a well-defined bright core and a faint halo. The core brightness somewhat to the
center. Located 40" E of a
mag 9.7 star, which is on the east edge of a bright, scattered group of stars
("Toadstool" or French 1).
13.1"
(9/29/84): fairly faint, very small, almost round, small bright nucleus. Located close following a large,
scattered group of bright mag 8-10 stars (dubbed the "Toadstool" by
Sue French) and just 0.7' E of a mag 9.5 star!
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7025 = m 433 on 17 Sep 1863 and noted "vF, vS, R,
stell." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 7026 =
Cheeseburger Nebula = PK 89+0.1 = PN G089.0+00.3
21 06 18.6 +47
51 08
V = 10.9; Size 29"x13"
18"
(9/10/07): at 565x the "Cheeseburger Nebula' is easily resolved into two
small, elongated knots oriented ~E-W and with both lobes slightly extended
~N-S. Both knots are lively or
mottled and slightly tapered in shape.
They both contain stellar or quasi-stellar points near their centers
with the western nucleus slightly easier.
The eastern lobe is barely larger and brighter. The lobes are nearly tangent [6"
apart between centers] but just separated by a darker lane and both lobes are
encased on a common halo. At 807x,
the two lobes are clearly separated by a dark lane (the Cheeseburger's
"patty"!) oriented SSW to NNE.
A central star was not seen. A mag 10.5 star is off the NE side, less
than 30" from the center.
Located 13' NNW of mag 4.6 73 Cyg.
17.5"
(7/9/99): fascinating object at 380x both with and without a UHC filter. The double-lobed structure is clearly
visible with the western lobe slightly elongated N-S and containing a brighter
center. The eastern knot also has
a quasi-stellar center at moments using direct vision and the knot has an
irregular outline. Using the UHC,
the lobes are more cleanly separated and the small fainter halo that encases
the two bright lobes is more obvious.
A mag 11 star is just 0.5' NE of center. Located 12.5' NNW of mag 4.7 63 Cygni.
13"
(9/3/83): at 333x appears fairly bright, very small, elongated WSW-ENE. Two brighter condensations at the
opposite ends are possibly barely detached at the center. Forms a double at low power with a
comparable mag 11 star 27" NE of center.
Sherburne
Burnham discovered NGC 7026 on 6 Jul 1873 with his personal 6-inch Clark
refractor at his home in Chicago (Memoirs of the RAS, Vol 44, p295). It was described in his "Third
Catalogue of Double Stars (1873) as "a very remarkable and curious double,
or elongated planetary (?) nebula" with distance between nuclei as
2.57". Dreyer missed
Burnham's discovery note, so NGC 7026 wasn't included in the GC
Supplement. It was also included
in the micrometric measure in the 1879 paper "Double Star Observations
made in 1877-8 at Chicago with the 18 1/2-inch Refractor of the Dearborn
Observatory, comprising: I. A Catalogue of 251 New Double Stars with Measures;
II. Micrometrical Measures of 500 Double Stars."
Ralph Copeland
independently found this planetary on 18 Nov 1880 using a visual spectroscopic
sweep and announced "a new planetary nebula has been found by Dr. Copeland
at Dunecht, using Prof. Pickering's method of search." Burnham caught Copeland's
"discovery" note and claimed priority in another 1881 article
("The planetary nebula in Cygnus"). Burnham later studied NGC 7026 with the 36" Lick
refractor.
Based on
Crossley photographs taken at Lick, Heber Curtis (1918) reported "very
irregular; there are two bright lobes 5" long in the shorter exposures
symmetrically placed with regard to the central star, and about 6" apart
from center to center. A bright of
nebulosity connects these and involves the central star, so that it resembles
the letter H. Irregular wisps
extend from each end of this formation, making the total length about 25"
in p.a. about 10¡.
Jay McNeil
coined the nickname "Cheeseburger Nebula" in 1994 with a 10" f/5
Cave reflector. "It very much
so reminded me of a small, nebulous hamburger with two perfectly shaped
"buns" separated by a long thin dark lane (the meat ;-)."
******************************
NGC 7027 = PK
84-3.1 = PN G084.9-03.4
21 07 01.5 +42
14 10
V = 8.5; Size 18"x11"
48"
(10/24/14): this fairly small, ultra-high surface brightness green planetary
was observed at 610x. Overall, the
object extends ~18"x12" NW-SE, but split up into three distinct
components. The first and
brightest component is an elongated glow (~10"x6" NW-SE) on the
northwest side, which contains a very small, intensely bright knot at its
western edge! The second bright
component is adjacent to its east and is separated by a thin, darker lane. This
section has an elongated, irregular outline (~10"x6" NW-SE), and is
slightly mottled with brighter spots.
A thin, high-contrast dark lane runs WSW-ENE at the south edge of these
two sections. The third bright component, just southeast of this lane, appears
as an irregular, elongated bar, running 2:1 WSW-ENE, ~12"x6" and
forms a "cap" on the southeast side. The two ends of this cap are very slightly curved (concave
to the northwest).
18"
(9/10/07): at 175x; appears as a small, very high surface brightness oval with
a blue-green color. At 450x, this
planetary is elongated 3:2 NW-SE, ~18"x12" and has an unusual bipolar
appearance with two lobes. The
10" NW component has a very high surface brightness and contains a
quasi-stellar brighter knot on its west edge. A fainter lobe juts out towards the SE and is slightly
smaller (~8"). At 565x the SE
lobe seems incomplete as if it was partially obscured and the two lobes are
encased in a thin outer envelope.
The view was fascinating at 807x with the sense of peering at a
3-dimensional object - the brighter NW lobe being closer and the partially
overlapped SE lobe extending away in space. At this power both lobes were clearly irregular in shape and
surface brightness.
17.5"
(10/2/99): At 100x, the small greenish disc is very prominent but at higher
powers appears bluish. Easily
takes very high power and the view unfiltered at 380x and 500x was striking. Appears elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 0.3'x0.2',
with two distinct lobes. The NW
knot is slightly brighter and at times a stellar spot or star appears embedded
at its SW tip. At 500x, the two
knots are encased in a very small common halo that extends further out on the
north side. The southern edge of
both knots has a sharp, flat appearance.
13"
(9/11/82): at 288x; small, bright, unusually high surface brightness, elongated
NW-SE. There are two distinct
overlapping nuclei and a narrow dark lane possibly separates these two
condensations.
80mm (9/10/07):
visible as a mag 8.5-9 "star" at 12.5x in the 80mm finder and easily
identified using an OIII blink.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7027 = St IX-27 in the fall of 1878 with the 31-inch Foucault
reflector at Marseille. This planetary is probably the brightest object he
discovered. From some reason it
was not included in Esmiol's 1916 re-reduction of Stephan's positions.
The following
observational history is from Wolfgang Steinicke. The Reverend Thomas Webb independently rediscovered NGC 7027
on 14 Nov 1879 using a 9-inch reflector.
He described it as an "object like a bluish 9 mag star, not quite
of stellar character - a small pair, too close to be separated?" At higher magnifications it was seen as
"bright, very ill-defined, nebulous disk of about 4" diameter,
surrounded probably by a little glow, and much resembling the planet
Uranus." Webb's announcement
in several publications created a flurry of interest in late 1879 with
spectroscopic observations by Knott, Copeland, Winnecke, Vogel. In 1880, Dreyer noted Stephan's prior
discovery, though it was still commonly assumed that Webb was the
discoverer. E.E. Barnard observed
NGC 7027 in June of 1889 with the Lick 36-inch at 500x (with Burnham) and
logged, "In the p part there is a small bluish -green star like object -
shining through ? haze.
Occasionally a darkish space separates the condensations into two."
Based on
Crossley photographs taken at Lick, Heber Curtis (1918) reported "the
condensations are not stellar in the shortest exposures. Quite irregular and roughly trinuclear,
though the southern condsation is apparently two masses close together. The southern condensation and the
brighter at the north are 7.5" apart in p.a. 135¡."
******************************
NGC 7028 = CGCG
448-039??
21 08 18 +18 29
=Not found,
Carlson. =**?, Gottlieb. Possibly CGCG 448-039, Corwin.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7028 = m 434 on 17 Sep 1863 and noted "vF, S,
vlE." Near his position are
only stars and its possible he mistook some close pair of stars as a nebula,
though the observation is marked as verified. Harold Corwin found no systematic offset on the sweep that
would point to a specific star(s).
Two possible candidates are UGC 11676 = CGCG 448-039 (mentioned by
Corwin), which lies 2.4 minutes of RA to the west or CGCG 449-005, which lies
17' south. Neither of these
objects, though, are at a simple digit (clerical) offset, so would be simply
guesses. See Corwin's notes for
more (unlikely) candidates.
******************************
NGC 7029 = ESO
235-072 = PGC 66318
21 11 52.0 -49
17 01
V = 11.5; Size 2.6'x1.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 71d
30"
(10/10/15 - OzSky): at 394x; fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2
WSW-ENE, 1.8'x1.2', strong concentration with a very bright core, rounded ends
to the major axis. A mag 15.1 star
is 50" WSW of center, just off the tip. NGC 7022 lies 22' W.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7029 = h3856, along with NGC 7022, on 2 Oct 1834 and logged
"B; R; gpmbM; 35"."
His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7030 = ESO
598-028 = PGC 66283
21 11 13.3 -20
29 09
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 70d
17.5"
(7/21/90): fairly faint, fairly small, round, bright core. An anonymous galaxy is 13' WNW. Located 25' E of 27 Capricorni (V =
6.2).
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 7030 = LM I-241 on 3 Sep 1885 and noted "mag
14.0, vS, iR, sbnMN." His
rough position (nearest min of RA) is 1 minute of time west of ESO 598-028 =
PGC 66283. Ormond Stone later
measured an accurate position at the Leander McCormick Observatory (repeated in
the IC 1 Notes).
******************************
NGC 7031 = Cr
430 = Lund 979 = OCL-210
21 07 12 +50 51
V = 9.1; Size 5'
17.5"
(8/10/91): at 220x, about two dozen stars mag 11-15 in a 6' diameter. At the east edge is close double star
11.4/11.8 with a third mag 11.5 star close SW. A nice string of stars is along the north side extending NW
from the trio including a close double star 12/13 1' N. A mag 11 star is on south side but the
rest of the stars are mag 13-15.
Not very rich but stands out in a rich field. The cluster is fairly scattered except for this region with
brighter stars. At 410x, I used
the sequence of magnitudes in Clark's Visual Astronomy to positively identify a
faint V = 16.1 star and suspected a V = 16.3 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7031 = H VIII-74 = h2105 on 21 Sep 1788 (sweep 860) and recorded
"a coarsely sc cl of L stars, not very rich, about 5 or 6'
diam." JH made the single
observation "a curious scattered cluster of triple stars; RA taken from
the working list [of Caroline Herschel]."
******************************
NGC 7032 = ESO
074-026 = PGC 66427
21 15 22.9 -68
17 16
V = 12.9; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 85d
25"
(10/10/15 - OzSky): at 244x; fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated,
0.6'x0.5', broad weak concentration.
A distinctive 7' group of mag 10.5 and fainter stars that is extended
N-S lies ~6' W.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7032 = h3857 on 20 Jul 1835 and noted "vF; R; glbM;
25"." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 7033 = MCG
+02-54-002 = CGCG 426-006 = PGC 66228
21 09 36.2 +15
07 30
V = 14.1; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 170d
24"
(6/30/16): at 322x; moderately bright, fairly small, round, 24" diameter,
well concentrated with a small bright core. A mag 10.8 star is 2.3' NNW. Forms a similar pair with NGC 7034 1.6' NNE.
17.5"
(8/1/89): very faint, small, round, weak concentration, very faint stellar
nucleus. Close pair with NGC 7034
1.6' N.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7033 = m 435, along with NGC 7034, on 17 Sep 1863 and noted
"vF, S, R." His RA is 2
seconds too large.
******************************
NGC 7034 = UGC
11687 = MCG +02-54-003 = CGCG 426-007 = PGC 66227
21 09 38.2 +15
09 02
V = 13.8; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 125d
24"
(6/30/16): at 322x; moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated
WNW-ESE, 30"x24", well concentrated with a small bright nucleus. A mag 10.8 star is 1.4' NW. NGC 7034 is the slightly larger of a
similar pair with NGC 7033 1.6' SSW.
Located just east of the border of Delphinus into Pegasus.
17.5"
(8/1/89): very faint, small, slightly elongated, weak concentration, very faint
stellar nucleus. Close pair with
NGC 7033 1.6' S.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7034 = m 436, along with NGC 7033, on 17 Sep 1863 and noted
"vF, vS, R." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7035 = ESO
530-IG15 = PGC 66258
21 10 46.3 -23
08 09
V = 14.4; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(8/2/97): brightest in a small group of galaxies - this object was quickly
noticed to be double at 220x oriented WNW-ESE. The very close components are just resolved, round,
~20" diameter each and very similar in brightness. Several faint galaxies are in the field
to the east including ESO 530-018, MCG +05-50-004 and ESO 530-020 (resolved
triple galaxy).
ESO 530-018 is
an extremely faint and small object in the NGC 7035 group. Located 8' ESE of
NGC 7035 and 4' W of the ESO 530-020 triplet. It required concentration and
extended viewing to glimpse this threshold object close (NE) of a mag 15
star. Confusing the observation
further is a second threshold galaxy (MCG +05-50-004) that was also glimpsed on
a couple of occasions close southeast of the star.
MCG -04-50-007
is the middle in a close trio oriented SW to NE. Although appearing very faint and small, this member is the
largest and brightest of the trio (ESO 530-020), seems to have a brighter core
and is slightly elongated ~SW-NE.
MCG -04-50-006 is the furthest southwest and appears extremely faint,
very small, slightly elongated SSW-NNE, but direction uncertain due to
faintness. MCG -04-50-008 is the northeast member of the chain and appeared
extremely faint, very small, round.
This galaxy is close SE [40"] of a mag 13 star and is just cleanly
resolved from MCG -04-50-007 to the southwest. The trio is situated 4' S of a striking double star h5251 =
8.5/8.7 at 9".
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 7035 = LM II-460 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory. His
rough position (nearest minute of RA) is 21h 11m -23d 05' and he only noted
"iR" with a size of 0.5'.
ESO/Uppsala and Harold Corwin identify ESO 530-015 as NGC 7035 as the
most likely candidate. This is a
close pair of interacting galaxies about 3' south and 34 second of RA west of
Muller's position. Corwin's
Southern Galaxy Catalogue has listings for both components, identified as NGC
7035a and NGC 7035b.
The RNGC
identifies either edge-on ESO 530-018 or nearby MCG -04-50-004 as NGC
7035. This pair lies 5' to 6'
south of Muller's position, though happen to match in RA. As the Leander McCormick positions tend
to be fairly accurate in declination, this identification is less likely. It is also possible that NGC 7035
refers to a close chain of three galaxies 4' east of the edge-on, though Muller
would have probably resolved this trio.
There are a number of galaxies in the area, roughly matching Muller's
declination, so if he was too far west in RA then there are several additional
candidates!
******************************
NGC 7036
21 10 12 +15 22
36
17.5"
(10/21/95): very poor scattered asterism of 10 mag 11-13 stars in a 4'
diameter. This is totally
unimpressive group and surprising it would be noted by John Herschel. Most of the stars form an oval outline
highlighted by a tighter group of four stars within 1' diameter at the south
end of the oval. There are no
stars within the asterism's outline.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7036 = h2104 on 11 Oct 1825 and noted "A scattered cluster
of small stars." A scattered
group of stars is centered about 5' south of JH's position, and this is likely
the intended object. Karl Reinmuth
notes "no distinct Cl" and the RNGC misclassifies the number as
nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 7037
21 10 49 +33 44
48
Size 8'x3'
17.5"
(8/25/95): this asterism is elongated 8'x3' in a SW-NE orientation and is
situated in a fairly rich field.
Consists of about 50 stars mag 11-14.5 with the brightest two mag
11/11.5 stars near the center at 50" separation. The region northeast of this pair is fairly rich in mag 13
stars. Appears best at 100x where
it is detached in the field.
Listed as nonexistent in RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7037 = h2106 on 5 Aug 1829 and recorded "a cluster, not
very rich; irreg figure, 8' l, 5' br; stars 11...15m." His position is very close to the
brightest star (11th magnitude) near the center of this group. At Birr Castle in 1876, Sir Robert Ball
called it "Many st, but no remarkable cl." Based on its photographic appearance at Heidelberg, Karl
Reinmuth noted "Cl, pS, E, pP, st pF." Though this group of stars may be an asterism, it stands out
clearly on the DSS and the RNGC misclassifies it as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 7038 = ESO
286-079 = AM 2111-472 = LGG 441-011 = PGC 66414
21 15 07.5 -47
13 14
V = 11.8; Size 3.2'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 127d
25"
(10/10/15 - OzSky): at 244x; fairly bright, large, elongated nearly 2:1 NW-SE,
2.5'x1.4', broad concentration with a small brighter core. Spiral structure is evident in the
outer halo with two arms noted. One is attached on the northwest side of the
middle region and curls to the south.
A second arm is attached on the south side and curls to the east and
north. A mag 14 star is 1.8'
E. A mag 11 star situated 2.6' NE
is the brightest in a string oriented northwest to southeast.
NGC 7038 is an
outlying member of AGC 3742 = ACO S924 = Indus Group of galaxies. The cluster is roughly 200 million
years distant.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7038 = h3858 on 30 Sep 1834 and recorded "B; L; pmE; gbM;
2' l; 90" br." His
position (also measured on the next sweep) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7039 = Cr
431 = Lund 981 = OCL-203
21 10 48 +45 37
V = 7.6; Size 25'
17.5"
(9/7/91): about 125 stars in a 15'-20' diameter. This is a very large, rich triangular group. Two bright mag 7.5 stars are at the SSW
and NNE ends. Also two mag 9 stars
are involved. Very rich in mag
12-13 stars. This is a pretty
uniform cluster with a sprinkling of brighter stars. Excellent low power Milky Way field using a 20mm Nagler.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7039 = h2107 on 19 Sep 1829 and recorded "a star 6-7m
situated just beyond the nf edge of a L, p rich cluster, 11...15m, 20' long, 7'
broad. Extended from nf to
sp." His position matches mag
6.7 HD 201935 on the northeast side of the cluster.
******************************
NGC 7040 = UGC
11701 = MCG +01-54-004 = CGCG 401-008 = PGC 66366
21 13 16.5 +08
51 54
V = 14.2; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 150d
24"
(8/31/16): fairly faint or moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated,
25"x20", small brighter nucleus. A mag 15 star is at the south edge of the halo. The SDSS shows an E-W line of 3 faint
stars on the south edge, though the middle "star" is classified as a
galaxy. CGCG 401-006, located 8.7'
SW, appeared fairly faint, small, round, 18" diameter, small bright core,
stellar nucleus.
17.5"
(8/10/91): faint, fairly small, diffuse, oval 3:2 NNW-SSE, low almost even
surface brightness. A very faint
mag 15.5 star superimposed at the south edge is identified in CGCG and UGC as
an extremely compact companion with dimensions 15"x7" but NED notes
this may be a close line of three stars.
Forms a pair
with MCG +01-54-003 = CGCG 401-006 = PGC 66355 9' SW. This galaxy appeared very faint, very small, round, bright
core, faint stellar nucleus.
Located almost at the center of a 3' square consisting of four mag
12.5-13.5 stars. In the same 220x
field with NGC 7040 9' NE.
17.5"
(8/31/86): faint, diffuse, irregularly round, no noticeable core. A faint "star" is embedded on
the south edge.
Mark Harrington,
director of the Detroit Observatory in Ann Arbor, discovered NGC 7040 on 18 Aug
1882 with a 12 5/8-inch Fitz refractor.
His discovery note in AN 2479 mentions "it is so faint that I can
only see it after resting my eyes in the dark a few moments. It is about 3' long by half that in
breadth and is extended north and south, the northern end preceding a
bit." Although the size
estimate is too large, his position is a good match with UGC 11701. See Harold Corwin's identification
notes.
******************************
NGC 7041 = ESO
235-082 = LGG 444-001 = PGC 66463
21 16 32.4 -48
21 49
V = 11.2; Size 3.6'x1.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 85d
30"
(10/14/15 - OzSky): at 394x; extremely bright, very large, elongated nearly 3:1
E-W, ~2.8'x1.0', high surface brightness, very sharply concentrated with an
intensely bright, very elongated core.
A mag 10.7 star is 2' SSE and a mag 10.4 star is 6' WNW. NGC 7049 lies 27' SE. These two galaxies are the brightest in
a group including ESO 235-083 14' ENE and NGC 7014A/7041B 14' ESE.
ESO 235-083 is
fairly faint, small, slightly elongated NNW-SSE, 24"x18", broad weak
concentration. A mag 15.6 star is
35" N of center. NGC 7041A is
moderately bright and large, oval 4:3 SSW-NNE, ~0.8'x0.6', slightly brighter
nucleus.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7041 = h3859 on 7 Jul 1834 and recorded "B; pmE; psmbM;
40" l; has a * 11m sf."
His position (measured on 2 sweeps) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7042 = UGC
11702 = MCG +02-54-013 = CGCG 426-023 = LGG 442-001 = PGC 66378
21 13 45.8 +13
34 30
V = 12.0; Size 2.0'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 140d
17.5"
(8/31/86): fairly faint, moderately large, round, bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 7043 5.4'
NE. A mag 12 star lies 2.3' NE
between the galaxies. Observed
through haze.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7042 = H III-209 on 16 Oct 1784 (sweep 294) and recorded
"vF, S, R." CH's
reduction is 12 seconds west and 1.5' north of UGC 11702. Albert Marth discovery nearby NGC 7043.
******************************
NGC 7043 = UGC
11704 = MCG +02-54-014 = CGCG 426-024 = LGG 442-002 = PGC 66385
21 14 04.2 +13
37 33
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 135d
17.5"
(8/31/86): very faint, small, round.
Located 5.4' NE of much brighter NGC 7042. Observed through haze.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7043 = m 437 on 18 Aug 1863 and noted "vF, S, R." His position is accurate (noted as
verified). Harold Corwin notes
that Reinmuth reported NGC 7043 as "Not found" in his 1927
photographic survey "Die Herschel Nebel" based on Heidelberg plates,
though his remark is in parenthesis indicating the plate was poor in some
respect.
******************************
NGC 7044 = Lund
984 = OCL-198
21 13 09.4 +42
29 46
Size 3.5'
24"
(7/30/16): at 375x and 500x; perhaps a total of 50 stars in a circular 4'
region are resolved over a mottled, scraggly glow. Several of the fainter stars were near my visual threshold,
so popped in and out of view with the seeing. In any case, the cluster is impressively rich at 375x. A 20" pair of mag 11.5/13 stars is
on the east side. A rich but faint
curving chain of stars oriented ~N-S is on the west side (open to the west).
17.5"
(10/5/91): at 100x, faint, small, a few stars are resolved over a 4' glowing
spot. At 200x, about 20 faint
stars are resolved over background haze, 4' diameter, irregular outline. A wide pair of brighter mag 10.5/12.5
stars is at the east edge. About
10 mag 12-13 stars are clearly visible and 10 additional mag 14-15 stars are
visible with averted vision.
Appears like a partially resolved low surface brightness globular
cluster in a rich field.
8"
(8/12/83): about 10 faint mag 12/13 stars over unresolved haze,
unimpressive. Elongated N-S, small
but not rich. Some scattered
bright stars are in field to the NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7044 = H VI-24 = h2110 on 17 Oct 1786 (sweep 612) and recorded
"a very compressed and very rich cluster of extremely S stars, about 4' l
and 3' br. Elongated nearly in the parallel." On 24 Oct 1786 (sweep 620) he also logged "a cl. of
extremely small stars, very compressed wand very rich, about 6' l and 4'
br." On 29 Aug 1829, JH
reported "vF; L; irreg fig; p rich; not mbM; 2 or 3 pL stars, the rest
16...18m; 5' diam."
******************************
NGC 7045
21 14 50.2 +04
30 24
=**, Corwin and
Dreyer.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7045 = h2108 on 16 Jul 1827 and logged "eF; field feebly
illuminated by moonlight, but I remained satisfied of its reality." His position lies between mag 9.3 SAO
126648 and mag 9.6 SAO 126646 (10' south-southwest) and falls close to a
8" pair of faint stars (one is a blended double). Heinrich d'Arrest was unsuccessful in
finding h2108 at Copenhagen in 1864 and Rudolph Spitaler at Vienna reported NGC
7045 "is not a nebula, but only a couple of vF stars close
together." Harold Corwin also
identifies NGC 7045 as this double star (see his identification notes).
RNGC classifies
the number as nonexistent, although the "New Description" appears to
describe a galaxy.
******************************
NGC 7046 = UGC
11708 = MCG +00-54-009 = CGCG 375-020 = PGC 66407
21 14 56.0 +02
50 05
V = 13.1; Size 1.9'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 115d
17.5"
(5/10/91): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated ~E-W, very diffuse, weak
concentration. Two mag 15 stars
are off the north and south edges.
IC 1367 is 15' NW and IC 1365 20' SE.
13"
(6/29/84): faint, very diffuse, irregularly round, even surface
brightness. A group of faint stars
are off the SE edge.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7046 = H III-858 = h2109 on 10 Oct 1790 (sweep 973) and recorded
"eF, pL, iR, vlbM, requires great attention to be seen." JH made two
observations, first logging on sweep 94, "eF; R; barely visible; night
exquisite." His mean position
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7047 = UGC
11712 = MCG +00-54-010 = CGCG 375-023 = PGC 66461
21 16 27.6 -00
49 35
V = 13.3; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 107d
17.5"
(10/12/85): fairly faint, elongated WNW-ESE, a very faint star is at the WNW
end. Appears like a small comet
with a star for the head. Located
13' S of mag 7.9 SAO 145257.
Similar notes on 8/1/86.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7047 = St V-5 on 20 Aug 1873 and recorded "eF, vS; two
condensation points on the same parallel at 2 seconds [RA] interval." His position is accurate. One of the condensations points is
probably the superimposed star at the west end.
******************************
NGC 7048 = Hb 9
= PK 88-1.1 = PN G088.7-01.6
21 14 14.2 +46
17 28
V = 12.1; Size 62"x60"
48"
(10/27/16): at 375x (unfiiltered); bright, fairly large, nearly round,
irregular surface brightness. The
rim is slightly brighter along the west and northwest side in a thin strip and
very weakly enhanced on the east edge.
A bright mag 10.5 star is just off the SSE edge and a mag 15.7 star is
very near the NNW edge (180¡ opposite the bright star). There is one brighter interior star on
the northwest side [17" from center]. In addition a couple of very faint stars are superimposed.
24"
(8/30/16): at 376x unfiltered; fairly bright, moderately large, very slightly
elongated N-S, seen full size at ~60" diameter. The rim is slightly brighter along and the western side and
very weakly enhanced on the eastern edge.
On the northwest side is a brighter, circular region with a faint
(interior) star embedded. Overall
the planetary has a very weak annular appearance. A mag 8.3 star is 3.3' WSW, a mag 10.5 star is off the SSE
edge [42" from center] and a faint star is barely off the NE edge
[30" from center].
18"
(9/10/07): at 280x unfiltered appears as a moderately bright disc that is
slightly elongated ~N-S, ~65"x60". A mag 10.5 star lies just off the south end (42" from
center) and a mag 13 star is off the north end (60" from center). Appears slightly brighter along the
west edge and to a lesser extent along the east edge, giving a weak annular appearance. A faint star is right at the northeast
edge of the rim and an interior star is on the northwest side. Also, an extremely faint star is
sometimes visible at the north-northwest edge of the rim. Located 3.3' ENE of mag 8.3 SAO 50601.
17.5"
(8/7/91): bright, fairly large, slightly elongated N-S. Extends between a mag 10.5 star just
off the south end (46" from the center) and a mag 13 star off the north
end (1.0' from center). Extremely
faint stars are superimposed at the west and NNE edge. Appears slightly brighter along the
west and east side of the disc and the planetary has a slightly darker center
(weakly annular). No central star
was visible. Located 3.3' ENE of
mag 8 SAO 50601.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7048 = St IX-28 on 19 Oct 1878. His micrometric position is very accurate. This is the most northerly object
discovered by Stephan at Marseilles as he only searched up to the zenith.
******************************
NGC 7049 = ESO
236-001 = AM 2115-484 = LGG 444-003 = PGC 66549
21 19 00.3 -48
33 43
V = 10.7; Size 4.3'x3.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 57d
30"
(10/14/15 - OzSky): at 394x; extremely bright, large, oval 4:3 SW-NE, at least
2.0'x1.5', high surface brightness, very sharply concentrated with a blazing
core that is mottled and increases to a stellar nucleus. A faint star is embedded just west of
the core (not visible on overexposed images).
Brightest in a
group a (LGG 444), along with NGC 7041 27' NW. ESO 235-85 lies 7.5' WNW. NGC 7049A = ESO 235-84 + NGC 7041B lies 14' NW. Also one of the brightest members of
the Pavo-Indus Cloud along with NGCs 7041, 7083, 7144, 7205.
ESO 235-085 is
fairly bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 24"x18", very high
surface brightness. A mag 15.6
star is 35" N of center.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 7049 = D 406 = h3860 on 4 Aug 1826 and recorded "a small
round nebula, about 12 or 15 arcseconds diameter, very bright immediately at
the centre, resembling a small star surrounded by an atmosphere. This is N.f. a
star of the 6th magnitude."
His position is 4' ENE of center.
JH observed the galaxy twice, improved the position, and logged on 30
Sep 1834, "vB, pS, pmE, psvmbM, 25" long, 15" broad." Two nights later he noted "B, R,
pgmbM, 1'."
******************************
NGC 7050
21 15 08 +36 10
30
Size 5'
17.5"
(8/25/95): this interesting asterism consists of three distinct groups of stars
each about 4' apart from the other two groups. The south group has five stars including the brightest mag
10 star. The west group has four
stars in a small clump with a detached wide pair a couple of arc minutes
south. Finally, the richest group
is on the east side with 15 stars mag 12.5-15 in a 2' circle. Listed as nonexistent in RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7050 = h2111 on 19 Aug 1828, though apparently didn't take any
notes. The Slough Catalogue
reports "No description. A
cluster." His position falls
near the brightest mag 12 star in one of the northeast subgroup in my visual
description. Ld Rosse: "
About a dozen B stars and a number of S ones scattered about." On 5 Oct 1866, Sir Robert Ball logged
at Birr Castle, "about a dozen B stars and a number of S stars scattered
about it." RNGC classifies
this asterism as nonexistent, though it is pretty clearly JH's intended object.
******************************
NGC 7051 = MCG
-02-54-004 = PGC 66566
21 19 51.4 -08
46 53
V = 12.8; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(7/1/89): moderately bright, fairly small, oval ~E-W, halo gradually increases
to a small bright core containing a stellar nucleus. An extremely faint star is possibly involved at the east
side. A wide double star is 2' W
(mag 11/13.5 at 26").
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7051 = h2113 on 30 Jul 1827 and recorded "vF; R; gbM; near
a double star." There is
nothing at his position and it was not found on 3 attempts at Birr Castle (on a
bad night, a nebula was suspected near a faint double star). But exactly two minutes of time west of
JH's position is MCG -02-54-004 = PGC 66566, and it is preceded by an unequal
double star. Heinrich d'Arrest
measured an accurate position on 26 Aug 1864 and on a second observation, noted
the two minute discrepancy with JH's RA.
Dreyer used d'Arrest's position in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 7052 = UGC
11718 = MCG +04-50-006 = CGCG 471-005 = PGC 66537
21 18 33.0 +26
26 49
V = 12.4; Size 2.5'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 64d
13.1"
(7/20/85): moderately bright, pretty edge-on WSW-ENE. Bulging bright core contains a substellar nucleus, fainter
extensions. At 220x an extremely
faint mag 15 star is visible off the NE edge.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7052 = H III-145 = h2112 on 10 Sep 1784 (sweep 263) and noted
"vF, lE, stellar." His position is less than 1' south of UGC
11718. On 14 Oct 1786 (sweep 610),
he reported "F, S, lE, bM. I
see it much clearer this way [front view], than I have formerly done (263
sweep) in the Newtonian construction." JH logged "F; R; 20"; the RA may be 2 or 3 seconds
out." His RA is 13 seconds
too large.
******************************
NGC 7053 = UGC
11727 = MCG +04-50-009 = CGCG 471-008 = II Zw 124 = PGC 66610
21 21 07.6 +23
05 05
V = 13.0; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(8/31/86): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, small bright
core. A mag 11 star is 45"
SW. Located 12' NNW of a mag 7.9
star.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7053 = m 438 on 2 Sep 1863 and noted "pB, S,
vlE." His position is off the
southwest side of UGC 11727 = PGC 66610. Heinrich d'Arrest independently
rediscovered this galaxy on 8 Oct 1865.
His accurate micrometric position (measured twice) was used in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 7054 = NGC
7080 = UGC 11756 = MCG +04-50-012 = CGCG 471-011 = PGC 66861
21 30 01.9 +26
43 04
V = 12.3; Size 1.8'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.4
See observing
notes for NGC 7080.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7054 = St IV-4 on 31 August 1872. There is nothing at Stephan's
position and there is no specific listing for NGC 7054 in Emmanuel Esmiol's
1916 re-reduction of Stephan's positions.
But Corwin noticed an "anonymous" object in Esmiol's table is
listed with Stephan's original offset but from a different star. This leads to a position near NGC 7080
(discovered earlier by Marth). But
apparently Esmiol, like Stephan, misidentified the offset star as PPM 113035 is
exactly at Stephan's offset from NGC 7080. NGC 7080 is listed independently in Esmiol's table based on
an observation on 17 Aug 1873, so apparently Stephan revisited the field a year
later, but this time the offset star was correctly identified.
******************************
NGC 7055
21 19 25 +57 35
24
Size 3'
17.5"
(8/25/95): this is a small, unimpressive group of just 10 mag 12-14.5 stars in
a 3' region. The group is only
distinguishable because it is detached in the field. There are some brighter scattered stars to the south, which
John Herschel may have included in his 8' estimate. The group of stars appears to be fully resolved and just an
asterism. Interestingly, there is
a large, fairly bright and rich star field about 30' SW centered about 21 16.5
+57 28" (2000) which appears to be a cluster but is not listed in the
Lynga catalogue.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7055 = h2114 on 25 Sep 1829 and recorded "a F, S, poor
cluster, 8' dia." His
position corresponds with a very small group of 10 faint stars. Based on a Heidelberg plate, Reinmuth
noted "a few F st clustered very loosely." RNGC classified this perfectly good asterism as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 7056 = IC
1382 = UGC 11734 = MCG +03-54-008 = CGCG 449-019 = PGC 66641
21 22 07.5 +18
39 56
V = 12.9; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.7
17.5"
(8/2/86): fairly faint, small, almost round. A small brighter core appears offset to the west and gives
the impression that the galaxy is slightly elongated.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7056 = m 439 on 17 Sep 1863 and noted "pF, S, R." His
position matches UGC 11734 = PGC 66641.
Harold Corwin notes that Truman Safford independently rediscovered this
galaxy on 29 Sep 1866 with the 18.5-inch refractor at the Dearborn Observatory
and described Sf 55 (later IC 1382) as "pF, pS, iF." His RA, though, is nearly five minutes
too large, but a good match in declination. So, NGC 7056 is probably equal to IC 1382.
******************************
NGC 7057 = ESO
287-017 = MCG -07-44-004 = AM 2121-424 = LGG 445-003 = PGC 66708
21 24 59.0 -42
27 37
V = 12.6; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 132d
30"
(10/14/15 - OzSky): at 394x; bright, moderately large, elongated 5:4 NW-SE,
0.9'x0.7', gradually brightens to a brighter core and stellar nucleus. A mag 15 star is at the east edge
[27" from center]. Second
brightest in a trio with NGC 7060 10.5' ENE. AM 2122-424 lies 7.4' ESE and
appeared very faint, small, round, 18" diameter.
18"
(8/19/09): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE,
30"x20". There appears
to be an extremely faint star at the east edge. First of two with NGC 7060 10' ENE. Viewed at only 10¡ elevation.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7057 = h3861, along with NGC 7060, on 2 Sep 1836 and recorded
"eF; vS; R; the preceding of 2 [with NGC 7060]." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7058
21 21 39.8 +50
50 17
17.5"
(8/25/95): bright, scattered group including mag 7.9 SAO 33352 and four other
mag 9.5-10 stars in a 4'-5' region forming the borders of the group. There are
roughly two dozen stars mag 13-14.5 in the immediate vicinity but the density
of the fainter stars is actually lower than other rich regions in the same low
power field. So, only
distinguishable because of the grouping of brighter stars which may form a
physical group. Listed as
nonexistent in RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7058 = h2115 on 8 Sep 1829 and simply noted "the chief star
of a coarse, poor cl." There
is no bright star near his position, but 40 tsec of RA following and 1.5' north
is a bright, scattered group including 8th magnitude SAO 33352 at 21 21 39.8
+50 50 17. Copeland, observing at
Birr Castle in 1871, noted it was a "Cl, vP, in milky way." and
Reinmuth called it simply "a few B st", based on a Heidelberg
plate. RNGC classifies this Milky
Way asterism as nonexistent (Type 7).
******************************
NGC 7059 = ESO
145-005 = PGC 66784
21 27 21.5 -60
00 53
V = 11.9; Size 3.5'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 98d
30"
(10/14/15 - OzSky): at 394x; bright, fairly large, elongated 2:1 E-W, ~2'x1',
well concentrated with a round very bright core. There is knot (in a spiral arm?) near the northwest end of
the core. A mag 10.6 star is 1.9'
S of center. This star is a fairly
close, very unequal pair (not catalogued in the WDS) and was just resolved. Two
additional equally spaced stars extend to the southwest. Also, three collinear mag 13 stars
extend to the west of the galaxy.
IC 5110 lies 25' E.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7059 = h3862 on 22 Jul 1835 and recorded "B; lE; gpmbM;
90" l, 40" br." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7060 = ESO
287-022 = MCG -07-44-006 = AM 2122-423 = LGG 445-009 = PGC 66732
21 25 53.5 -42
24 37
V = 12.9; Size 1.7'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 124d
30"
(10/14/15 - OzSky): at 303x; bright or very bright, fairly large, ~1.2'x1.0'
diameter, sharply concentrated with a very bright core that increases to a
stellar nucleus. Two mag 13 stars
are 2.0' NNW and 2.8' NW, a mag 14 star is 2' E, and a mag 16 star is 30"
SSW. Brighter in a trio with NGC
7057 10.5' WSW and much fainter AM 2122-424 5' SSW (logged as "very faint,
small, round, 18" diameter).
The physical group includes NGC 7060, 7057, 7070, 7072 and 7072A.
MLO 6, a very
bright mag 5.6/8.2 pair at 2.7" lies 15' SW. The relatively faint companion in this large mag contrast
pair appeared orange-red.
18"
(8/19/09): faint, fairly small, orientation difficult to determine as sometimes
appeared round (core?) and other times elongated 4:3 or 3:2, weak
concentration, ~40"x30".
Two mag 14 stars lies 2' N and 3' NW. Brighter of a pair with NGC 7057 10' WSW. Located 18' NW of a mag 5.6/8.1 pair at
2.9".
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7060 = h3863, along with NGC 7057, on 2 Sep 1836 and recorded
"vF; S; R; the following of 2 [with NGC 7057]." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7061 = ESO
236-013 = PGC 66785
21 27 26.9 -49
03 48
V = 13.1; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 137d
30"
(10/14/15 - OzSky): at 303x and 394x; moderately bright, elongated 2:1 or 5:2
NW-SE, ~36"x 18", small brighter core. In line with three nearby mag 15.5, 14.5 and 13.5 stars
extending to the southeast
NGC 7071 is the
brightest in a small (physical) group including ESO 236-014 2.5' S and Fairall
970 4.6' SW. ESO 236-014 appeared
fairly faint, small, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, 20"x14". A mag 13.5 star is 1.4' E. Fairall 970 is moderately bright,
fairly small, high surface brightness, very bright core, elongated halo WNW-ESE,
0.4'x0.25'. A mag 16.2 star is
just off the WNW end. I was
surprised that this galaxy is nearly as prominent as NGC 7061!
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7061 = h3864 on 30 Sep 1834 and recorded "eeF; vS; R;
10"; the feeblest object imaginable." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7062 = Cr
434 = Lund 988 = OCL-205
21 23 27 +46 22
42
V = 8.3; Size 7'
17.5"
(8/7/91): about 30 stars mag 10 and fainter in a 5' diameter at 220x. The brightest stars form a
parallelogram enclosing the cluster.
A mag 10 star is at the east end and a mag 11 star is at the west
end. Most of the cluster stars in
the interior are mag 12.5-14.
8"
(7/16/82): rich, small. Includes
many mag 12-13 stars over haze, very mottled and dense.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7062 = H VII-51 = h2116 on 19 Oct 1788 (sweep 868) and recorded
"a pretty compressed cl. of pS stars, considerably rich, 5 or 6' dia,
iR." JH made 3 observations,
first recording (sweep 203), "a neat, pretty compact cluster of 50 or 60
stars 4' diam; irreg fig; a * 13m taken, the chief in the preceding part."
******************************
NGC 7063 = Cr
435 = Lund 990 = OCL-192
21 24 21 +36 29
12
V = 7.0; Size 8'
17.5"
(8/7/91): about 35 stars mag 9-15 in a 10' region. Very bright, fairly large, elongated ~N-S. Includes about ten bright stars mag
9-10.5. This is a scattered group
with no rich sections. A line of
four bright stars is at the west edge and a curving arc of bright stars is just
following. Includes a triple star
(ES 2126) consisting of a close 4" well-matched mag 11 double star and a
third member at 9".
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7063 = h2117 on 19 Aug 1828 and recorded "a poor cluster,
stars 10m." His position
matches this bright, scattered cluster.
******************************
NGC 7064 = ESO
188-009 = PGC 66836
21 29 03.0 -52
46 03
V = 12.5; Size 3.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 91d
30"
(10/14/15 - OzSky): at 394x; fairly bright, very large, thin edge-on 7:1 E-W,
~2.5'x0.35', no distinct core. The
surface is slightly mottled and two or three stellar or quasi-stellar knots
were noted (probable HII regions); one near the west end, one east of center,
and one near the center. A mag 10
star is 1.3' SSW of center and a mag 14 star is 1' to its east.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7064 = h3865 on 8 Jul 1834 and recorded "eF; vmE; in pos =
90.8¡; vgbM; 80" l; has a star south."
******************************
NGC 7065 = MCG
-01-54-017 = PGC 66766
21 26 42.4 -06
59 43
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 25d
17.5"
(9/15/90): fairly faint, extremely small, round, bright stellar nucleus or star
superimposed, just non-stellar (only core visible). Located 4.7' WSW of mag 8.8 SAO 45403 and 10.3' W of mag 7.6
SAO 45409. Forms a pair with NGC
7065A 4.2' ESE.
The companion
appeared very faint, fairly small, weak concentration, very low surface
brightness diffuse glow. Collinear
with mag 8.8 SAO 145403 2.7' N and a mag 11 star 6.0' N. Also a mag 11 star is 3.1' E and mag
7.6 SAO 45409 is 6.3' E! Close to
the mag 11 star that follows are two fainter mag 13 and 14 stars.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 7065 = St VIII-12 (first list) on 24 and 25 Aug 1865
and his discovery positions match MCG -01-54-017 = PGC 66766. Stephan independently discovered MCG
-01-54-017 on 22 Sep 1876. His
micrometric position is very accurate.
Albert Marth first observed the field on 3 Aug 1864 and noted "eF,
irr R." for m 440. But
Marth's position matches MCG -01-54-018 = PGC 66774, which is often identified
as NGC 7065A. Dreyer assumed
d'Arrest's object was the same as Marth's and used d'Arrest's micrometric
position in the NGC (Stephan was not credited). He noted in the description, though, that Marth's RA was 13
seconds larger. For comparison,
here are the positions for 2000:
21 26 42.4 -06
59 43 NGC 7065 = MCG -01-54-017 =
PGC 66766
21 26 45.7 -06
59 41 d'Arrest (mean of 2
positions)
21 26 43.3 -06
59 46 Stephan
21 26 42.9 -06
59 48 Esmiol's re-reduction
21 26 57.8 -07
01 18 NGC 7065A = MCG -01-54-018 =
PGC 66774
21 26 58 -07
02 Marth
So, while
d'Arrest and Stephan discovered NGC 7065, Marth apparently discovered NGC
7065A, a larger, lower surface brightness companion 4' southeast. Interestingly, all three observers only
found a single galaxy, though both MCG galaxies were observed in my 17.5"
and fairly similar in ease of visibility.
So, NGC 7065A should have received a separate NGC number -- unless
Marth's position was very poor, and coincidentally matches NGC 7065A. The RNGC positions for both galaxies
are 2' too far south (see my RNGC Corrections #4). See Harold Corwin's identification notes for more.
******************************
NGC 7066 = UGC
11741 = MCG +02-54-025 = CGCG 426-054 = II Zw 130 = PGC 66747
21 26 13.8 +14
10 57
V = 13.8; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(8/2/86): fairly faint, very small, elongated, stellar nucleus. A mag 12 star is just north.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 7066 = Sw IV-80 = Sw V-92 on 31 Aug 1886 (included in both lists
with the same dates) and recorded "eeeF; eee diff.; close sf of middle of
3 faint stars in a curve, middle star the brighter. Nebula nearly on the same parallel as the south star of 4 in
a row preceding." His
position and description matches except the last comment should read
"Nebula nearly on the same parallel as the north star of 4 in a row
preceding."
******************************
NGC 7067 = Cr
436 = Lund 989 = OCL-208
21 24 12 +48 00
42
V = 9.7; Size 3'
17.5"
(8/10/91): about 20 stars in a 3' field.
Faint but fairly rich, most stars very faint. Superimposed over unresolved background haze. The two brightest mag 12 stars are at
the SW and NE corners. A rich
string of very faint mag 14-15 stars oriented NW-SE is in the center as well as
two mag 13 stars.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7067 = H VII-50 = h2118 on 27 Sep 1788 (sweep 866) and recorded
"a few small stars with suspected nebulosity. 300 shows a great many smaller stars intermixed with the
former, in the shape of a cluster."
Although not visually distinctive, his position matches this small
cluster. JH made the single
observation "A double star.
The chief of a poor cl."
His position matches HJ 1644 (SAO 5080), which is 4' east of the faint
but rich section. Perhaps he
failed to resolve these stars?
******************************
NGC 7068 = MCG
+02-54-027 = CGCG 426-055 = PGC 66765
21 26 32.4 +12
11 03
V = 13.9; Size 0.9'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 165d
17.5"
(8/1/89): very faint, small, elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE. A mag 14 star is at the NNE edge 20" from center. Located just 1.1' SSE of a mag 9.5
star.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7068 = m 441 on 7 Nov 1863 and noted "eF, close to a small
*." His position is 1' too
far south and the small star is at the northeast edge.
******************************
NGC 7069 = UGC
11747 = MCG +00-54-019 = CGCG 375-040 = PGC 66807
21 28 05.9 -01
38 49
V = 13.4; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 20d
18"
(8/14/07): fairly faint, small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 0.5'x0.25', very small
bright core. Five faint IC galaxies lie within 35' to the north.
17.5"
(7/16/88): faint, small, slightly elongated SSW-NNE, weak concentration.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7069 = m 442 on 12 Oct 1863 and noted "vF, S, R,
stell." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 7070 = ESO
287-028 = MCG -07-44-016 = LGG 446-001 = PGC 66869
21 30 25.4 -43
05 14
V = 12.3; Size 2.3'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 22d
30"
(10/14/15 - OzSky): at 303x; fairly prominent due to large size but overall
modest surface brightness. Appears
as a large cottony oval SSW-NNE, ~1.7'x1.4'. There appears to be a brighter bar in the center oriented
E-W and a strong suggestion of structure in the outer halo. There is either a stellar knot or star
superimposed just west side of the weak "bar" (Carnegie-Irvine image
shows this to be a star) and the halo either contains some slightly brighter
regions or knots. NGC 7072 lies
4.5' SSE and NGC 7072A is 7' due south.
18"
(10/16/09): very faint, very low surface brightness patch with no
concentration. Requires averted to
glimpse a 1' hazy glow with no definite edge. First and largest in a trio with NGC 7072 4.5' SE and NGC
7070A 21' NE. The observation was
affected by the low elevation of this group, though this may be a very diffuse
galaxy.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7070 = h3866, along with NGC 7072, on 5 Sep 1834 and recorded
"F, L, vlE, vglbM, 2' broad, the preceding of two [with NGC 7072]."
On a later sweep he called it "F, pL, lE, gvlbM, 1'." His mean position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7071
21 26 39.7 +47
55 15
Size 7'
18"
(10/8/05): this "nonexistent cluster" is located in a glorious low
power Milky Way field. Several
groupings (both large and small) caught my eye at 73x (67' field), but I was
mostly drawn to a fairly distinctive 4' string of stars oriented NW-SE. At 225x, ~15 stars were packed into the
string, most stars being mag 13-14 with a few fainter stars, and possibly over
unresolved Milky Way background glow.
This group would have likely caught John Herschel's eye as he swept the
region, though it may be an asterism (not in Lynga).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7071 = h2119 on 19 Sep 1829 and recorded "A very poor and
small cluster of an oblong figure.
It is followed by a loosely scattered mass of stars." His position corresponds with a 7' to
8' curving string of stars.
Surprising, Karl Reinmuth was unable to identify this group on a
Heidelberg plate and noted "not found; = N7067?" Dorothy Carlson repeated this comment
in her 1940 NGC Correction paper as well as in the RNGC.
******************************
NGC 7072 = ESO
287-031 = MCG -07-44-018 = LGG 445-010 = PGC 66874
21 30 37.1 -43
09 08
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 90d
30"
(10/12/15 - OzSky): at 303x; fairly faint to moderately bright, round, 30"
diameter, weak concentration to center.
Second brightest in trio with NGC 7070 4.5' NNW and NGC 7072A 3.7'
SSW. NGC 7072A appeared fairly
faint, round, 35"-40" diameter, low even surface brightness, no core
or zones.
18"
(10/16/09): extremely faint, small, slightly elongated, 20"x15". Forms a trio with NGC 7070 4.5' NNW and
NGC 7072A 3.7' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7072 = h3867, along with NGC 7070, on 5 Sep 1834 and recorded
"F; S; R; vglbM; 30"; the following of 2 [with NGC 7070]." His position (measured on two sweeps)
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7073 = MCG
-02-54-010 = Mrk 899 = PGC 66847
21 29 26.0 -11
29 17
V = 13.5; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(9/15/90): very faint, small, round, very low even surface brightness. A mag 14.5 star is off the SE end.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7073 = m 443 on 25 Aug 1864 and noted "vF, vS, irr R."
His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7074 = CGCG
401-027 = II Zw 133 = PGC 66854
21 29 38.8 +06
40 57
V = 14.0; Size 0.7'x0.3'; PA = 115d
24"
(9/7/13): at 375x appeared fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 NW-SE,
0.5'x0.2'. There was no noticeable
core but seemed brighter along the NE edge. Located 6' NNE of mag 6.4 HD 204603. PGC 1307717, an extremely faint and
small round glow, 12"-15" diameter, lies 7.5' NNW.
17.5"
(10/17/98): faint, small, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE, very weak concentration. A mag 13.5 star lies 1.4' NE. Located 7' NNE of mag 6.6 SAO 126834.
17.5"
(9/2/89): faint, small, round, weak concentration.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7074 = m 444 on 16 Oct 1863 and noted "vF, S, E." Although marked as verified, his
position is nearly 7' north of CGCG 401-027 = PGC 66854 (double galaxy). Bigourdan measured an accurate position
on 31 Jul 1886 as well as Rudolph Spitaler in 1891 with the 27-inch refractor
at the Vienna University Observatory.
CGCG fails to label this galaxy as NGC 7074.
******************************
NGC 7075 = ESO
343-004 = MCG -07-44-020 = LGG 445-011 = PGC 66895
21 31 33.0 -38
37 05
V = 12.7; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 116d
17.5"
(10/5/91): very faint, small, round, small bright core. Located 3.8' S of a mag 9.5 star
(9.9/11.1 at 5") and 10' ENE of mag 7.5 SAO 213054 (wide pair) at the west
edge of the 220x field.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7075 = h3868 on 4 Sep 1834 and recorded "pF; S; R; psbM;
15"." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 7076 = Abell
75 = PK 101+8.1 = PN G101.8+08.7
21 26 23.6 +62
53 33
V = 14.5; Size 67"x47"
24"
(10/3/13): picked up unfiltered but very good contrast gain with a UHC filter
at 225x. Appeared moderately
bright, slightly elongated ~48"x40". Clearly brighter along the eastern side with the brightest
portion directly east of center, giving a partially annular appearance. Unfiltered a mag 14.5 star is at the
east edge and a mag 15 star is involved at the north edge. Two mag 13.5/14 stars just north are
collinear with the planetary.
Located in a rich star field 16' SE of mag 7.4 HD 204211.
18"
(10/9/04): picked up at 73x (31 Nagler) as a fairly small (for an Abell
planetary), fairly faint disc, perhaps 35"-40" in diameter. Appears evenly illuminated at low
power. Viewed unfiltered at 160x
and a couple of faint stars are embedded, one at the east edge and another at
the north. Only a weak contrast
gain using the OIII filter and easier to view unfiltered at 225x. At this power the shape appears
irregular and brighter along the east side. Neither of the two stars appears to be the central star as
they're situated near the edge of the halo. A number of 13-15th magnitude stars are in the field including
a couple of 14th mag stars 1' and 2' N and a small, fainter trio close
west. Located 56' ENE of mag 2.5
Alpha Cephei (Alderamin).
17.5"
(7/5/86): fairly faint at 79x using an OIII filter, slightly elongated,
moderately large, estimate V = 13.5-13.8.
Faintly visible unfiltered.
At 222x two stars are superimposed; a faint star east of center and one
at the north edge. The planetary
is collinear with two mag 14 stars 1' N and 2' N. Located 15' SE of mag 7.2 SAO 19386. Not identified as NGC 7076 in CGPN and
ESO-Strausberg catalogues.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7076 = H III-936 on 15 Oct 1794 (sweep 1062) and noted "vF,
easily resolvable." His
position is 7 min 54 sec of RA east and 16' north of Alpha Cephei. Just 2' further north is the planetary
Abell 75, which was catalogued by Abell but not associated with the NGC
number. The ESO-Strausberg
planetary catalogue also uses the Abell designation. It was not found during a single attempt on 15 Sep 1873 at
Birr Castle.
RNGC lists NGC
7076 as a diffuse nebula instead of a planetary and furthermore the declination
is 6' too far south. I found the
equivalency between NGC 7076 and Abell 75 and listed it in RNGC Corrections #3.
******************************
NGC 7077 = UGC
11755 = MCG +00-54-028 = CGCG 375-047 = Mrk 900 = PGC 66860
21 29 59.6 +02
24 51
V = 13.1; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 160d
17.5"
(8/31/86): fairly faint, fairly small, diffuse, fainter than NGC 7081 21'
ENE. Located 4.5' SW of mag 8.2
SAO 126846 at the Pegasus border.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7077 = m 445 on 11 Aug 1863 and simply noted "F". His position is fairly accurate, so the
identification is certain.
******************************
NGC 7078 = M15
21 29 58.3 +12
10 01
V = 6.3; Size 12.3'; Surf Br = 0.3
17.5"
(8/5/94): extremely bright with a halo extending to about 11' diameter and a 3'
very bright core containing a 30" intense nucleus. The halo is very highly resolved into
fairly bright stars although the stars are irregularly scattered in the outer
halo. The halo extends 85% to mag
7.7 SAO 107179 just off the NNE edge of the halo and many stars in the halo
appear to be arranged in loops and strings. The core is extremely densely packed with stars down to a
very small intense glow at the center. This 30" nucleus is concentrated to the geometric center
("core collapse"). The
faint planetary Pease 1 is situated just 30" NNE of center (see observation).
13.1": very
bright, very large, very small intense nucleus surrounded by a bright
core. Superb resolution down to
the center of core.
8": very
bright, large, intense core is very compact and dense, surrounded by inner halo
with many stars superimposed, outer halo well resolved into long distinct
streamers. A mag 7.6 star is at
the NNE edge of the halo.
Naked-eye
(7/11/07): easily visible naked-eye at Lassen National Park as a small, hazy
spot just west of a 6th magnitude star.
Naked-eye
(7/26/06): Located 17' W of a naked-eye mag 6.1 star. The globular was sometimes visible naked-eye as a faint haze
to the west of the star.
Jean-Dominique
Maraldi discovered M15 = NGC 7078 = h2120 on 7 Sept 1746 at the Paris
Observatory while tracking Comet de Cheseaux of 1746. Four nights later he discovered M2. Messier made an independent discovery
on 3 Jan 1764, as well as Johann Bode on 23 Sep 1774.
WH made an early
observation using his 6-inch on 31 May 1783 and commented, "all fairly
resolved into stars." On 19
Oct 1784, he described "a beautiful cl. of v compressed and numerous
stars, the most compressed part about 2' dia, the next about 7 or 8'; and all
the stars within about 15' seem still to belong to the same by the colour, the
size, the regular scattering and the gradual accumulation. The general figure is round; but within
the space of 6 or 7' the stars are arranged in a sort of a square."
JH reported
"vB; vL; irreg. R; g b and v s m b M. A magnificent globular cluster;
comes up to a perfect blaze in the centre, like a protuberance or nipple; not
the condensation of a homogeneous globe; it has straggling streams of stars, as
it were, drawing to a centre. It is not round. Has a * 8m, 30s following in
parallel."
******************************
NGC 7079 = ESO
287-036 = MCG -07-44-022 = AM 2129-441 = LGG 446-003 = PGC 66934
21 32 35.2 -44
04 03
V = 11.6; Size 2.1'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 82d
18"
(10/16/09): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 E-W, 0.8'x0.5', small
bright core increases to center.
Two mag 12/13 stars lie 1' and 2' SW. Brightest in a group including ESO 287-37 25' SE and NGC
7070/7072 1¡ NNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7079 = h3869 on 6 Sep 1834 and recorded "B; R; psbM;
30"." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 7080 = NGC
7054 = UGC 11756 = MCG +04-50-012 = CGCG 471-011 = PGC 66861
21 30 01.9 +26
43 04
V = 12.3; Size 1.8'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.4
13.1"
(7/20/85): fairly faint, fairly small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus or
star superimposed, diffuse outer halo.
Two mag 14 stars are off the NE and east edges 52" and 66"
from the center, respectively.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7080 = m 446 on 6 Sep 1863 and noted "vF, S,
vlE." His position is
accurate. ƒdouard Stephan
independently rediscovered the galaxy on 31 Aug 1872 and reported it in list
IV-4 (later catalogued as NGC 7054), but with an erroneous position due to an
error with the offset star. So,
NGC 7080 = NGC 7054. See NGC 7054
for the story.
******************************
NGC 7081 = UGC
11759 = MCG +00-54-030 = CGCG 375-049 = PGC 66891
21 31 24.1 +02
29 29
V = 12.7; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(8/31/86): fairly faint, small, round, broad concentration. A double star mag 13.5/15 at 16"
separation is 1' SSE and is collinear with the galaxy. Forms a pair (similar redshifts) with
UGC 11760 4.6' SE and NGC 7077 is 21' W.
Located at the Pegasus border.
UGC 11760
appeared extremely faint and small, round, visible only with averted
vision. A wide pair of mag 11
stars at 1.0' separation lie 1.5' N.
I probably only viewed the inner core region as the listed dimensions are
much larger.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7081 = H III-859 = h2121 on 10 Oct 1790 (sweep 973) and recorded
"cF, vS, iR, mbM. 360 shewed
it very plainly, near a very small star." JH made the single observation "vF;
S; R; has a * 14m south. Dist from
centre = 1 diam (by diagram)."
His position is very accurate.
******************************
NGC 7082 = Lund
992 = OCL-209
21 29 17 +47 07
36
V = 7.2; Size 25'
17.5"
(9/7/91): fairly bright, large, 15' diameter, scattered, no distinct borders,
situated in a very rich field. Two
mag 8.5 star are on the west side, a mag 9 star is on the north side and also a
mag 9 star is off the east edge.
Not impressive and except for five or six brighter stars mag 8.5-9.5 at
the edges this cluster would just be a weak field enhancement in the Milky Way.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7082 = H VII-52 = h2122 on 19 Oct 1788 (sweep 868) and recorded
"an extensive cluster of L stars, considerably rich, above 20'
diameter." JH made the single
observation "a * 10m, the chief of a p rich, fine, L, coarse cluster. Stars 10...13m."
******************************
NGC 7083 = ESO
107-036 = PGC 67023
21 35 45.0 -63
54 10
V = 11.2; Size 3.9'x2.3'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 5d
30"
(10/14/15 - OzSky): at 303x; very bright, large, oval nearly 2:1 N-S,
3.0'x1.7', strongly and sharply concentrated with an intense, slightly
elongated core that gradually brightens to the center. There was a strong hint of a spiral arm
along the east side and another extending north on the west side, though they
were not cleanly resolved from the general glow. The halo is a little irregular in surface brightness. A mag 14 star is just off the south
end, 1.8' SSW of center. NGC 7096
lies 37' E.
James Dunlop
probably discovered NGC 7083 = D 263? = h3870 on 28 Aug 1826 and recorded
"a small faint round nebula, 20 arcseconds diameter, a little brighter in
the middle, following a group of pretty bright stars." His position is ~20' west of ESO 107-036
= PGC 67023. JH found this galaxy
on 22 Jun 1835 and logged "F; L; R of lE; vgpmbM; 60"; resolvable;
with long attention it appears mottled. Perhaps Dunlop 263, with 3 minute
correction in RA." On a later
sweep he noted "pB; pL; R; gbM; 60"."
NGC 7083 is one
of the brightest members of the Pavo-Indus Cloud along with NGCs 7213, 7205,
7049 and 7144.
******************************
NGC 7084
21 32 33 +17 30
30
Size 20'
17.5"
(8/12/96): there is no clustering visible at JH's position but about 5' E is a
mag 10 star that is within a 20' string of mag 10-13 stars oriented N-S. At the north and south end of this long
string are two additional rows of stars oriented NW to SE and SW to NE,
respectively, which intersect 10' E of the mag 10 star and together form the
outline of a large isosceles triangle. The star at the north tip is a close
faint triple star. Most of the
stars in this scattered group form the triangle with very few in the central
portion. Does not appear to be a
cluster but rather a unimpressive random grouping, noticeably aligned in
lanes. Listed as nonexistent in
RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7084 = h2123 on 11 Oct 1825 and simply noted "A coarse
scattered cluster." There is
nothing at his position but 24 seconds of RA following is a 10th magnitude
star, which is part of a 15' very scattered group. Karl Reinmuth reported the photographic appearance as
"a very loose clustering of pF st, no distinct Cl." RNGC classifies it as a nonexistent
cluster (Type 7), despite standing out reasonably well on the POSS.
******************************
NGC 7085 = MCG
+01-55-001 = CGCG 402-002 = PGC 66926
21 32 25.2 +06
34 53
V = 14.1; Size 1.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 147d
17.5"
(8/31/86): extremely faint, small, slightly elongated. Located just south of a 7' line of mag
11-13 stars.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7085 = m 447 on 3 Aug 1864 and noted "eF, S, E." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7086 = Cr
437 = Lund 993 = OCL-214
21 30 27 +51 36
00
V = 8.4; Size 9'
17.5"
(9/7/91): about 75 stars mag 10-14 in a 10' diameter. Fairly rich and contains six brighter stars. Most stars are located in a compact,
rich, 5' group. A second group is
to the north. A straight line of
stars trails off to the SE with a mag 9.5 star at the end of the string. Includes several faint double
stars. There are two large dark
voids to the NE. This is a pretty
cluster at low power using a 20mm Nagler.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7086 = H VI-32 = h2124 on 21 Sep 1788 (sweep 860) and recorded
"a beautiful cl of pretty compressed stars, 8 or 9' diam, considerably
rich; nearly round." On sweep
384, JH logged "a rich fine cluster of st 11...16m; it fills field; but
the most compressed part is about 6' in extent. The middle of the cluster taken, but no particular star
fixed upon."
******************************
NGC 7087 = ESO
343-008 = MCG -07-44-025 = LGG 445-008 = PGC 66988
21 34 33.4 -40
49 07
V = 13.0; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 39d
30"
(10/14/15 - OzSky): at 303x; moderately to fairly bright, moderately large,
slightly elongated SSW-NNE, 40"x30", brighter along the central axis
(appears to be a bar).
Brightest in a
group with ESO 343-007 2.7' WSW and ESO 343-009 6.6' NNE. ESO 343-007 appeared fairly faint to
moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 or 5:2 ~E-W, weak
concentration. ESO 343-009 is
fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 ~N-S, 0.4'x0.2'. A mag 12.5 star is off the east side
[25" from center] and a mag 11.5 star is 2.4' N.
17.5"
(10/30/99): NGC 7087 was just picked up at the lower elevation limit of Ray's
mount! Appeared very faint, fairly
small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, brighter core. Seeing too mushy at low elevation for a good view and nearby
ESO 343-007 to the west was not seen.
Located 35' NE of mag 5.3 Xi Gruis.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7087 = h3871 on 4 Sep 1834 and recorded "pF; S; R: gbM;
15"." His position
(measured on two sweeps) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7088 =
Baxendell's unphotographable nebula = Ced 193
21 33 24 -00 23
=Not found,
Corwin and RNGC.
Joseph Baxendell
discovered NGC 7088 on 28 Sept 1880 using a 6" refractor at his private
observatory in Birkdale, England.
The discovery was announced in "A New Nebula", MNRAS 41, 48
(1880). The following history is
from Wolfgang Steinicke.
Baxendell
contributed only one object to the NGC.
He published the discovery of a large faint nebula near M2 in Aquarius
and described it being of "irregular oval form, its longer axis lying in a
nearly east and west direction".
It is 30' north of M2 and has a size of 75' x 52'. He writes "It
seems to be similar in character to the large nebula near the Pleiades [found
by Tempel], but is slightly less bright. I have, however, seen it on several
nights, and have no doubt of its existence." But, its existence is the very problem!
NGC 7088 was
seen visually by several observers, such as Dreyer in 1885 with a 10"
refractor (mentioned in the notes section of the NGC), Bigourdan (1897,
12" refractor), Hagen (1915 and 1917, 16" refractor), Wolf (1927,
6" refractor), O'Connor (1929, 15" refractor), Becker (1930, 12"
refractor) and Lehner (1930, 4" refractor). The crucial thing is that,
apart from these sightings, the object could never be photographed (and was
nicknamed "Baxendell's Unphotographable Nebula"). Many attempts were
made (Wolf, Baade, Shapley, Strohmeier, GŸrtler), using different emulsions and
filters, but the result was always negative. The modern conclusion is: The
object is not real and all visual observations are due to physiological
delusions, maybe caused by reflections of the nearby bright cluster M 2. This
is supported by sightings of O'Connor, reporting two other, and ever larger
nebulae near M2, which are nonexistent too! The same might be true for the
obscure "Hagen clouds".
See Harold Corwin's discussion, including Stephen Waldee's comments, for
more on this object.
******************************
NGC 7089 = M2
21 33 27.2 -00
49 23
V = 6.6; Size 16'; Surf Br = 0.2
48"
(10/26/11): hundreds of relatively bright stars resolved in this large,
beautifully symmetric globular.
The intensely bright core is overlaid with a mat of resolved stars.
18"
(7/17/07): overfills the 8' field at 393x with resolved stars from edge to
edge. M2 contains a very bright 3'
core that increases to a very intense 1' nucleus. The halo is very symmetric and thins out fairly evenly. A few hundred stars were resolved in
the cluster with the central region extremely densely packed.
17.5"
(8/2/86): over 100 stars resolved over the entire disc at 286x. Superb view at this magnification.
13"
(7/16/82): high resolution at edges, partially resolved core, symmetrical halo.
8"
(10/4/80): intense core, faint halo.
Faint stars are resolved in the outer halo.
Jean-Dominique
Maraldi discovered M2 = NGC 7089 = h2125 on 11 Sept 1746 at the Paris
Observatory while tracking Comet de ChŽseaux of 1746. Charles Messier made an independent discovery on 11 Sep
1760. WH observed the globular on
31 Jul 1783 with his 12-inch (small 20-foot) and commented "I can count 18
or 20 of the stars." On 12 Aug
1785 (sweep 425), he recorded "an extremely rich, very compressed and very
brilliant cluster of extremely small stars, 7 or 8' in diameter. The stars are plainly to be seen,
especially on the borders where they are not so condensed." On 4 Sep 1799 he observed M2 with the
48-inch (40-foot), and logged "It appeared very brilliant and
luminous. The scattered stars were
brought to a good, well determined focus, for which it appears that the central
condensed light is owing to a multitude of stars that appeared at various
distances behind and near each other.
I could actually see and distinguish the stars even in the central
mass. The Rev. Mr. Vince, Plumian
Profession or Astronomy at Cambridge, saw it in the same telescope as
described."
On 12 Sep 1830 (sweep
288), JH reported "A most superb cluster; round; stars eS; 12, 13, 14m;
they are evidently globularly arranged, and not internally condensed towards
the centre more than the spherical form would make them appear to be; but in
the middle they blend into a blaze of light. It is like a heap of fine
sand! With 9 inches aperture I can
just see the stars; with 6 it is resolvable."
******************************
NGC 7090 = ESO
188-012 = AM 2133-544 = PGC 67045
21 36 28.9 -54
33 26
V = 10.7; Size 7.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 127d
25"
(10/21/17 - OzSky): at 244x; bright, very large irregular edge-on ~7:1 NW-SE,
~5'x0.7'. Overall the galaxy has a
striking patchy appearance with an irregular surface brightness (somewhat
similar to NGC 253). It contains a
very elongated, sightly brighter core region with a mag 14 star superimposed
just southeast of the core. The
entire northern flank of the galaxy is very uneven or patchy due to dust
patches or a dust lane. The
surface brightness of the galaxy drops significantly as it extends southeast of
the star for ~2'. The northwest
wing beyond the core more gradually dims to the tip. A mag 9 star (HD 205124) is located 12' W, a mag 9.3 star
(HD 205308) is 8' N, and a 1.2' pair of mag 9.5/10 star is ~7' NE.
11" (8/8/04
- Haleakala Crater): moderately bright, fairly large, edge-on 5:1 NW-SE,
4.0'x0.8', broad concentration but with no distinct core. Irregular surface brightness with a
mottled appearance at 127x.
Appears to fade suddenly in a couple of spots (possibly due to dust)
including just SE of a mag 14 star that is superimposed on the SE side. Viewed at an elevation of 13¡.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7090 = h3872 on 4 Oct 1834 and recorded "pB; L; vmE in pos
127.1¡; first gradually, the pretty suddenly lbM to a v feeble nucleus; 4' l,
40" br; has a * 11m preceding.
In the foreground of the Pavo-Indus Cloud which includes NGCs 7213,
7205, 7049, 7083 and 7144.
******************************
NGC 7091 = IC
5114 = ESO 403-008 = MCG -06-47-007 = PGC 66972
21 34 07.6 -36
39 12
V = 12.9; Size 2.1'x1.7'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 86d
17.5"
(9/7/96): extremely faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Requires averted vision and finder
chart to pinpoint location but once identified could nearly hold continuously. Probably only viewed core as listed
dimensions are much larger.
Located 7' W of mag 6.9 SAO 213103. Not found on a previous attempt.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7091 = h3873 on 1 Sep 1834 and recorded "eF; pL; vgbM; 2';
place considerably uncertain [given to the nearest min of time and minute of
dec], having been found when much past the meridian in searching in vain for
Dunlop 561. This nebula is much
too faint to have seen with 9 inches aperture. It precedes a * 6m nearly in parallel, about 40 seconds of
time." His position is poor,
but the description most likely applies to ESO 403-008 = PGC 66972, which is
1.3 minutes of time west and 8' north of JH's position. The bright star he mentions is mag 6.9
HD 205186.
Lewis Swift
probably found this galaxy again on 9 Jul 1897 and described Sw XI-206 (later
IC 5114) as "eF, pS, R, e wide D* f 30 sec." His RA, though, is nearly 2 minutes too
small and his declination 3.5' too far south, though there is a 1.2'
"pair" that is 30 seconds following . So, despite his poor position (very common in his last two
lists), IC 5114 is likely NGC 7091.
******************************
NGC 7092 = M39 =
Cr 438
21 31 42 +48 25
V = 4.6; Size 32'
17.5"
(7/31/92): very bright, very large, about 30' diameter, scattered. Includes 18 bright stars mag 7-8. Most of the brighter stars form a
triangular outline although a few bright stars are inside and outside. The bright star at the SE corner has
about six faint stars close following.
Includes several wide double stars. The bright stars are superimposed on a background of 100-150
faint stars. Fairly uniformly
distributed though many stars are in short arcs and winding lanes. The faint stars are no richer than the
Milky Way concentration. Best view
with 20 Nagler at 100x.
13"
(9/9/83): ~75 stars visible at 62x including 15 bright stars.
8": very
bright, very large, 30' diameter, triangle shape, includes four bright stars
mag 7 and ten fairly bright stars mag 8-9. Large and scattered so needs very low power. Partial resolution in 8x50
binoculars. Naked-eye cluster in a
dark sky.
15x50mm IS
binoculars (6/19/09): excellent at 15x with 25-30 stars resolved in a
triangular outline. B68, a long
dark streamer, is very prominent in the field to the southeast.
10x30 IS binoculars
(6/13/07): naked-eye fuzzy patch is well resolved into ~15 stars in the 10x30
binoculars and approximately two dozen in the 15x50s. To the south of M39
begins the long dark streamer, Barnard 168, which is striking in 15x50 IS
binoculars. This dark lane leads
to the Cocoon Nebula (IC 5146), which is not visible in binoculars.
Charles Messier
discovered M39 = NGC 7092 = h2126 on 24 Oct 1764, although as a naked-eye
object it was probably noticed much earlier. On 27 Sep 1788 (sweep 866), WH
logged "consists of such large and straggling stars that I could not tell
where it began nor where it ended.
It cannot be called a cluster." JH recorded on 14 Sep 1829, "A * 7m, one of a large
loose cluster of stars 7 .... 10m; very coarsely scattered, and filling many
fields."
******************************
NGC 7093
21 34 20 +45 59
42
Size 5'
17.5"
(8/25/95): fairly well detached but scattered group highlighted by mag 8.5 SAO
51043 at the west edge. A mag 10
star is on the south side and a total of about two dozen stars in a 5'
region. Shows best at 100x. At
220x, the group does not look at all like a cluster and is only distinguished
by the few brighter stars. RNGC
classifies it nonexistent.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7093 = h2127 on 19 Sep 1829 and recorded "The chief star
(9m) in a cluster of 8th class.
The double star #1660 of my 4th catalogue belongs to this
cluster." His position
corresponds with mag 8.7 SAO 51043.
R.J. Mitchell, observing with LdR's 72" on 6 Sep 1856, logged
"a few B st, (not more than 10 or 12m), forming a very loose
cluster." Based on a
Heidelberg plate, Reinmuth reported "one vB* and a few pB st in a dense
region." RNGC classifies NGC
7093 as nonexistent (Type 7 cluster).
******************************
NGC 7094 = PK
66-28.1 = PN G066.7-28.2 = K 1-19
21 36 52.9 +12
47 19
V = 13.7; Size 99"x91"
24"
(8/31/16): excellent view at 200x using an NPB filter. The 90" disc is
fairly crisply defined and contains the bright central star (mag 13.5), even
with the filter. Unfiltered, a mag
14.5-15 star is at the NE edge.
The planetary is weakly annular and brighter in a 90¡ arc along the west
side. There appears to be a knot
or local brightening right at the west edge of the rim.
The compact
galaxy II Zw 141 lies 6' WNW. It
was seen as faint, very small, round, 12" diameter. On the DSS a mag 15.2 star is at the
southwest edge (6" separation from the center of II Zw 141) and probably
the galaxy + star were merged visually.
18"
(10/9/04): picked up at 73x using the OIII filter as a fairly faint, round,
evenly lit 90" disc. Good
contrast gain with the filter.
Faintly visible unfiltered at 160x as a moderately large but low surface
brightness halo surrounding the 13.5 magnitude central star. A faint mag 14.5 star is at the NE edge
of the halo. A string of 3 mag
14-15 stars oriented NW to SE lies ~2' NE. Images show the a complex multi-rim structure (brighter
along the west side) with a darker center, but visually the planetary appeared
pretty featureless. Located 7' S
of a mag 10 star (SAO 107277).
17.5"
(10/2/99): at 100x and OIII filter appears fairly faint, round, moderately
large, 1.5' diameter, even glow.
At 220x without filter, the central star is easily visible surrounded by
a round, low surface brightness glow.
A very faint star is at the NE edge. No annularity seen.
13"
(6/18/85): at 62x with filter appears faint, moderately large, round. Without a filter the faint mag 13.7
central star is visible surrounded by a very low even surface brightness halo
1.5' in diameter.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 7094 = Sw II-88 on 10 Oct 1884 and recorded "nebulous star;
B *; in eeF nebulosity; v diff.; nearly pointed to by 3 st. in a
line." His RA is 34 seconds
too small. In a note Swift added
"This is a prototype of GC 4634 [NGC 7023] and several others, and of No.
7 of my Catalogue No. 1 [NGC 2247], which differs from most neb. st. by being
exactly in the center of circular nebulous atmospheres of uniform
brightness." Wolfgang
Steinicke mentions that Swift called this object "the most wonderful of
all [nebulous stars] - in fact it is the only instance known to me - for
instead of the central star being single, it is double." There is a second star involved but it
is not central, rather displaced to the northeast edge.
******************************
NGC 7095 = ESO
027-001 = AM 2145-814 = PGC 67546
21 52 26.4 -81
31 51
V = 11.5; Size 2.8'x2.7'; Surf Br = 13.6
24"
(4/12/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly faint to moderately bright,
fairly large, 1.8'x1.5', slightly elongated ~E-W, weak concentration to the
center. A star is at the north
edge of the halo.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7095 = h3875 on 21 Sep 1837 and recorded "F; pL; R; vglbM;
50"." His mean position
(2 observations) matches ESO 027-001 = PGC 67546. Unfortunately, he miscopied his declination in the GC and
Dreyer didn't catch the error in the NGC.
The mistake apparently was caused by using the north polar distance of
NGC 7097 instead of NGC 7095.
Because of this
error the RNGC, PGC and HyperLeda
has misidentified ESO 287-042 as NGC 7095. ESO and modern Atlases such as Uranometria 2000 and the
Pocket Sky Atlas doesn't label ESO 027-001 as NGC 7095. The RNGC error is included in my RNGC
Correction list #6.
******************************
NGC 7096 = ESO
107-046 = IC 5121? = AM 2137-640 NED01 = PGC 67168
21 41 19.9 -63
54 29
V = 11.9; Size 2.0'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 130d
30"
(10/14/15 - OzSky): at 303x; bright, fairly large, oval 4:3, ~1.4'x1.1',
sharply concentrated with a relatively large, very bright round core 0.4'
diameter. An 8" pair of mag
13.5/14 stars lies 1.4' NE and a mag 14-14.5 star is 1.5' S. ESO 107-044 is 8.3' W and NGC 7083 lies
37' W.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7096 = h3874 on 31 Aug 1836 and recorded "vF; S; R;
12"; has a vS double * north-following, near." His position and description is a
perfect match with ESO 107-046 = PGC 67168.
Royal Frost's IC
5121 = F. 1221 (described as a "planetary, stellar, 13 magn"), found
on 19 Sep 1903 on an Arequipa plate, is exactly 30' south of this galaxy. IC
5121 is equated with NGC 7096 in NED, SIMBAD, Southern Galaxy Catalogue, and
ESO. Jenni Kay questions this
identification (e-mail 20 Aug 1998 and in Deep Sky Observer #159 in 2012),
noting the description for IC 5121 doesn't match this galaxy. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 7097 = ESO
287-048 = MCG -07-44-029 = AM 2137-424 = LGG 446-006 = PGC 67146
21 40 13.0 -42
32 14
V = 11.7; Size 1.9'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 20d
18"
(10/16/09): moderately bright, moderately large, ~1' ill-defined halo, sharply
concentrated with a bright core that increases to the center, occasional faint
stellar nucleus, very faint halo extends to nearly 1'. Located 8' SE of mag 6.9 HD 205913 and
5' N of a wide pair (52") of mag 10 stars. NGC 7097A lies 6' NE but was not seen at a very low
elevation.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7097 = h3877 on 5 Sep 1834 and recorded "B; S; R; psmbM;
15"; (fog)." See notes
for NGC 7095.
******************************
NGC 7098 = ESO
048-005 = PGC 67266
21 44 16.1 -75
06 41
V = 11.3; Size 4.1'x2.6'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 74d
24"
(4/12/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x appeared bright, large,
sharply concentrated with a small, intense core ~20" in diameter. Surrounding the core is a large,
fainter halo, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, ~2.0'x1.4'. This galaxy appears much brighter than NGC 7095, which was
just previously observed, although the total B magnitudes are identical.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7098 = h3876 on 22 Sep 1835 and recorded "pF; R; first vg,
the psbM; in a field with many large stars, and strongly stippled." His position is 1.8 minutes of RA too
large, though at this declination, the actual separation is 7'.
The RA in RC 2
is 2.5 minutes too large and this error is repeated in RNGC. The correct position is given in ESO
and RC3.
******************************
NGC 7099 = M30 =
ESO 531-SC21
21 40 22.2 -23
10 47
V = 7.4; Size 12.0'; Surf Br = 0.1
48"
(10/24/14): the first of three bright stars in a string directly to the north
of the core (~40" N of center) was clearly orange (red-giant) as well as
the first of a string of three bright stars starting at the west edge of the
core (~55" W of center) extending northwest. A few other brighter stars either appear yellow or very pale
orange!
17.5"
(8/17/01): viewed at 575x in excellent seeing. Very irregular appearance with strings of stars emanating
from an irregular bright, partially resolved core. A prong off the west side heads northwest and includes three
equally spaced similar stars along with a close triple. Another bright line of three stars
heads due north with a fainter bent elbow of stars angling towards the NE. Roughly a dozen stars trail to the east
with a large gap towards the edge of the halo. A fairly well defined semi-circle of stars open to the north
passes directly through the core and off the SE side. The outer halo is peppered with dozens of faint stars over a
dim background haze and with concentration the overall diameter increases
significantly to at least 10'.
17.5"
(7/5/86): the small bright core is not resolved but the halo is well resolved
into 50-60 stars. A small circular
detached piece is east of the core with resolved stars. Along the north side the resolved stars
are brighter and arranged in lanes.
13"
(9/29/84): fascinating view at 350x; ~25 stars resolved in the outer halo. A few stars (half dozen) are bunched
together near the bright, unresolved irregular core over a fainter diffuse
halo.
13": three
star lanes are obvious on the north side.
Good resolution in the halo and outer stragglers. The core appears on the verge of
resolution at 288x.
8"
(10/4/80): two short straight star lanes to north and NW give a unique
"prong" appearance. A
few faint stars are resolved southeast of the core but the core is unresolved.
Charles Messier
discovered M30 = NGC 7099 = h2128 = h3878 on 3 Aug 1764. WH first observed the globular on 31
Jul 1783 using his 12-inch (small 20-foot) and reported "Power 200; it
consists of very small stars; with two rows of stars, 4 or 5 in a
line." He later wrote,
"It is a difficult step i.e. if we divide the transition from the Pleiades
down to the Nebula in Orion into six steps, this perhaps the 4th towards the
real nebulas. The stars in this
seem to be of two different sizes for I perceive 3 or 4 very visible ones
branching out towards the north and several more exceedingly small at the
sides. Towards the south in one
place the light is very intense, but has all the appearance of crowded stars;
so that there remains no doubt of the whole being stars."
In PT 1814, WH
summarized his observations of M30 as a "brilliant cluster, the stars of
which are gradually more compressed in the middle. It is insulated, that is, none of the stars in the
neighborhood are likely to be connected with it. Its diameter is from 2' 40" to 3' 30". Its figure is irregularly round. The stars about the centre are so much
compressed as to appear to run together.
Towards the north, are two rows of bright stars 4 or 5 in a
line." He speculated in his
1814 publication that the "lines of bright stars, although by a drawing
made at the time of observation, one of them seems to pass through the center,
are probably not connected with it."
JH made the
following detailed observation on 23 Sep 1830: "Fine cluster; irreg R,
with two projections A, B, at its northern side. (See fig. 90.) A is directed
from the central brightness and consists of 3 or 4 bright stars 12 m; its
position taken with microm = 350.4¡; B originates in the preceding side of the
centre, and is directed in a position 331.7¡ in a line not passing the centre;
diam = 6', stars = 12m; fine object; has a * 9 m preceding it (2 or 3 diameters
by diagram)." From the Cape
of Good Hope, he logged "Globular, B; lE; bM; 4' l, 3' br; all resolved
into st 16m, besides a few 12m.
Two lines of rather larger stars run out n[orth f[ollowing]."
******************************
NGC 7100
21 39 06.9 +08
57 02
=*, Corwin. =* or NF, Thomson.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 7100 = Big. 90 on 31 Aug 1886. His position is the second Comptes
Rendus list is 3.7' west-northwest of CGCG 402-012 = PGC 67118 and the RNGC,
CGCG and PGC misidentify this galaxy as NGC 7100. But, according to Harold Corwin, the same night Bigourdan
measured this galaxy (discovered earlier by Marth and later catalogued as NGC
7101, but with a poor position) and his offsets land on a single star 14
seconds of RA west and 3' north of the NGC position. He provided a corrected position in his 6 May 1901
Comptes Rendus paper matching this star.
In the IC I
Notes, Dreyer incorrectly suggests NGC 7101 = NGC 7100; "[NGC 7101 was]
not seen by Spitaler; evidently =7100." and this may be the source of the
modern misidentifications. I
botched the identification in my RNGC Corrections #2.
******************************
NGC 7101 = MCG
+01-55-007 = CGCG 402-012 = PGC 67118
21 39 34.6 +08
52 37
V = 13.9; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(8/2/86): fairly faint, very small, round, broad concentration. Located 20' SSW of EE Pegasi.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7101 = m 448 on 3 Aug 1864 and noted "F, vS, R,
stell." There is nothing near
his position, but 6' due south is CGCG 402-012 = PGC 67118. This galaxy is the middle and easily
the brightest of three on a line oriented northwest to southeast, so the most
likely candidate.
RNGC, CGCG, PGC
(and secondary sources such as Megastar) misidentify CGCG 402-012 as NGC 7100
(see that number for the identification) and RNGC and PGC (and Megastar)
misidentify PGC 67112 as NGC 7101.
PGC 67112 is the northwest galaxy in the trio (2.3' from NGC 7101).
******************************
NGC 7102 = UGC
11786 = MCG +01-55-008 = CGCG 402-013 = IC 5127? = PGC 67120
21 39 44.7 +06
17 10
V = 13.5; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 153d
24" (7/30/16):
fairly faint, moderately large, roundish, fairly low overall surface
brightness, broad weak concentration.
On images NGC 7102 appears to be interacting with PGC 214783, an edge-on
1.1' SSW. At 220x, it was glimpsed
several times in the same position.
It was too faint for any details, including elongation, but appeared
very small.
24"
(8/23/14): fairly faint, fairly large but diffuse, elongated 3:2 or 4:3
NNW-SSE, ~1.3'x0.9' but halo appears to alter its shape with averted vision
(sometimes smaller) as fainter parts of the halo pop in and out of view. A mag 10.2 star lies 3.5' SSE.
PGC 214783, an
extremely faint edge-on, is just 1' SW.
With careful viewing I had 2 or 3 momentary "pops" at this
position over a couple of minutes, too fleeting for any details.
17.5"
(8/2/86): moderately large but very diffuse, gradually brightens in the middle,
slightly elongated NW-SE. A mag 10
star is 3.5' SSE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7102 = m 449 on 16 Oct 1863 and noted "F, pL, R." His position is 1' northwest of UGC
11786.
Harold Corwin
notes that IC 5127, found by Guillaume Bigourdan on 27 Oct 1894, is probably a
duplicate observation as his re-reduced position is just 5 sec of RA too far
east. But, his observation was
made on the same night that NGC 7102 was measured (though a different offset
star was used), so this requires he "discovered" the same galaxy
twice that evening.
******************************
NGC 7103 = ESO
531-015 = MCG -04-51-006 = PGC 67124
21 39 51.4 -22
28 26
V = 13.8; Size 1.4'x1.2'
18"
(8/9/10): brightest of 10 galaxies viewed in cluster ACO S963 with IC 5122 4'
NNW, NGC 7104 4' NE and IC 1393 6.5' NE.
At 225x appeared fairly faint, fairly small, irregularly round,
40"x35", weak concentration with no core or zones. A mag 13.7 star lies 2' ENE. The distance of the cluster is ~440
million l.y.
18"
(8/12/07): largest and brightest of 6 members viewed in galaxy cluster ACO
S963. At 260x appeared fairly
faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, ~30"x25", broad weak
concentration. Occasionally I
glimpsed a nearly stellar galaxy (2MASX J21394761-2228171) just 0.9' W. Located 45' NNW of gc M30.
17.5"
(10/13/90): faint, small, round, small bright core, stellar nucleus. Brightest in cluster ACO S963 with NGC
7104 4.0' NE, IC 5122 4.2' NNW, and IC 1393 6.4' NE. Globular cluster M30 lies 45' SSE.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 7103 = LM II-461, along with NGC 7104, in 1886 with the 26"
refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. He noted "mag 14.0; 0.3' diam; R; gbM; 1st of 2 [with NGC
7104]." His position is 1.0
minute of RA too far east. Ormond
Stone measured an accurate micrometric position the following year (repeated in
the IC 1 Notes).
******************************
NGC 7104 = ESO
531-G018 = MCG -04-51-008 = PGC 67137
21 40 03.2 -22
25 29
V = 14.2; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 51d
18"
(8/9/10): faint, small, irregularly round, 25"x20", very weak even
concentration. Located in the core
of ACO S963 with NGC 7103, IC 5122 and IC 1393 all within 4'.
18"
(8/12/07): faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, even concentration to a
very small bright nucleus. Second
brightest in ACO S963 with brightest member NGC 7103 4' SW. IC 1393 lies 2.7' ENE.
17.5"
(10/13/90): faint, very small, round, small bright core, stellar nucleus. Second brightest of four in ACO S963
with NGC 7103 4.0' SW, IC 1393 2.7' ENE and IC 5122 4.2' WNW.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 7104 = LM II-462, along with NGC 7103, in 1886 with the 26"
refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. He noted "mag 14.3; 0.2' diam; iR; gbMN; 2nd of 2 [with
NGC 7103]." His position is
1.0 minute of RA too far east.
Ormond Stone measured an accurate micrometric position the following
year (repeated in the IC 1 Notes).
ESO/Uppsala misidentifies ESO 531-017 as NGC 7104.
******************************
NGC 7105 = MCG
-02-55-001 = PGC 67181
21 41 41.3 -10
38 08
V = 13.0; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.0; PA = 135d
18"
(7/30/03): at 257x appears faint, small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 0.6'x0.4',
contains a small brighter core.
Situated just 33" SE of a mag 10 star that detracts from
viewing! This galaxy is located
25' SE of Leavenworth's position but was positively identified as NGC 7105
using the Leander McCormick sketch.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 7105 = LM I-242 on 12 Sep 1885 and recorded
"mag 11.0; vS; E; 310¡?; smbMN; star n, PA 310¡." There is nothing near his very rough
position (the RA is given to the nearest min of time and marked as
approximate). But based on his
discovery sketch, Harold Corwin was able to identify MCG -02-55-001 = PGC 67181
as NGC 7105. This galaxy is ~20'
south, but less than 1 min of RA east of
Leavenworth's position. A
brighter star is just 33" northwest (PA ~310¡), matching his
description. Because of the poor
position, Howe was unable to find it on 3 nights. This galaxy is not labeled as NGC 7105 in most catalogues,
though HyperLeda and NED makes this identification. RNGC misclassifies the
number as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 7106 = ESO
188-017 = AM 2139-525 = PGC 67215
21 42 36.6 -52
41 58
V = 13.3; Size 1.7'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 81d
25"
(10/10/15 - OzSky): at 244x; moderately bright and large, slightly elongated
~E-W, diffuse with only a weak concentration. A mag 13 star is 2' W, a mag 12 star is 1.8' N and a very
faint mag 16 star is 0.6' E.. Brightest in a group with ESO 188-018 (close
pair) at 4' ENE and IC 5125 at 8.3' SW.
ESO 188-018 (southeast component) appeared faint to fairly faint, small,
elongated NW-SE, 20"x12", even surface brightness.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7106 = h3879 on 8 Jul 1834 and recorded "eF; lE; vglbM;
30"; makes an obtuse angled triangle, with 2 st 9 and 10m to
north." His position is on
the south side of the galaxy, though I'm not sure which two stars he had in
mind.
******************************
NGC 7107 = ESO
287-052 = AM 2139-450 = LGG 446-007 = PGC 67209
21 42 26.5 -44
47 25
V = 12.8; Size 2.0'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 128d
30"
(10/14/15 - OzSky): at 303x; appears as a large diffuse glow, very weak central
concentration, contains a very small, very slightly brighter nucleus and a
subtle bar oriented NW-SE. A group
of 6 mag 11-14.5 stars is immediately to the west, the closest a mag 13 star
1.7' W of center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7107 = h3880 on 6 Sep 1834 and recorded "vF; pL; R; vglbM;
2' diam." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 7108 = NGC
7111 = MCG -01-55-002 = PGC 67189
21 41 53.8 -06
42 32
V = 12.8; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 45d
See observing notes
for NGC 7111.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7108 = m 450 on 3 Aug 1864 and noted "vF, S, R,
stell." There is nothing near
his position, but 1.0 min of RA following and 3' north is NGC 7111 = MCG
-01-55-002, later found by Stephan on 30 Sep 1872 and correctly placed.
The RNGC
misidentifies PGC 1028685 as NGC
7108. This galaxy is 1.7 minutes
of RA east of Marth's position near two mag 11/12 stars and is probably too
faint to have been picked up, even in Marth's large reflector. The simplest solution is to assume
Marth made a 1.0 min error in RA and equate NGC 7108 = NGC 7111 Listed in my RNGC Corrections #5.
******************************
NGC 7109 = ESO
403-015 = VV 376 = MCG -06-47-011 = PGC 67192
21 41 58.5 -34
26 45
V = 13.4; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(7/28/92): very faint, small, round, low even surface brightness. An wide evenly matched double star (mag
13.5-14 at 36") is 4' E. NGC
7110 is 17' NNE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7109 = h3881 on 25 Sep 1834 and logged "eF; vS; among
stars." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 7110 = ESO
403-016 = MCG -06-47-012 = LGG 445-016 = PGC 67199
21 42 12.1 -34
09 44
V = 13.4; Size 1.3'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 76d
17.5"
(7/28/92): faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 ~E-W, broad concentration, low
surface brightness. A wide double
star 11.5/11.5 at 48" separation is 4' NNE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7110 = h3882 on 23 Sep 1834 and recorded "vF; S; R;
bM." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 7111 = NGC
7108 = MCG -01-55-002 = PGC 67189
21 41 53.7 -06
42 32
V = 12.8; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 45d
17.5"
(9/15/90): very faint, very small, slightly elongated SW-NE. The nucleus appears offset to the NW
side. Member of AGC 2366.
ƒdouard Stephan
found NGC 7111 = St IV-5 on 31 Sep 1872.
His micrometric position is a very accurate match with PGC 67189. Albert Marth discovered this galaxy (m
450) on 3 Aug 1864 and it was catalogued as NGC 7108 but Marth's position was 1
minute of RA too small and Dreyer assumed they were different objects. So, NGC 7111= NGC 7108.
******************************
NGC 7112 = NGC
7113 = MCG +02-55-009 = CGCG 427-016 = PGC 67208
21 42 26.6 +12
34 07
See observing
notes for NGC 7113.
Lewis Swift
found NGC 7112 = Sw IV -81 on 12 Jul 1886 and recorded "eeF, S, R, pB *
with distant companion close p; very difficult". Swift's position is 7 seconds of RA west and 1' north
(separation of 1.8') from CGCG 427-016 = PGC 67208. Furthermore his description applies as mag 9.2 SAO 107337 is
less than 1' west with a "distant companion" to the northeast. This galaxy was discovered by Albert
Marth 22 years earlier on 3 Aug 1864 and later catalogued as NGC 7113. Marth's position was 3' too far
north. Assuming Swift was unaware
of Marth's earlier discovery, NGC 7112 = NGC 7113. Howe was unsuccessful in finding this object on two nights.
The RNGC, CGCG,
UGC and PGC misidentify UGC 11794 = CGCG 427-014 as NGC 7112. This faint
edge-on is located 4.4' south-southwest of NGC 7113 and does not match Swift's
description. See Harold Corwin's
identification notes for more.
******************************
NGC 7113 = NGC
7112 = MCG +02-55-009 = CGCG 427-016 = PGC 67208
21 42 26.6 +12
34 07
V = 13.9; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5"
(9/2/89): faint, small, slightly elongated E-W, weak concentration, faint
stellar nucleus. Located 1' E of
mag 8.7 SAO 107337. A mag 13 star
is 1' NW. Forms a pair with NGC
7112 5' SSW.
17.5"
(7/16/88): faint, small, round.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7113 = m 451 on 3 Aug 1864 and noted "vF, S,
stell." His position is 3'
due north of CGCG 427-016 = PGC 67208.
Lewis Swift independently discovered the galaxy on 12 Jul 1886 and it
was recatalogued as NGC 7112. See
notes for NGC 7112.
******************************
NGC 7114 = Nova
Cygni 1876= Q Cyg
21 41 44.0 +42
50 30
= Nova Cygni
1876 = Q Cygni, Dreyer. Listed as
nonexistent in RNGC.
Ralph Copeland
discovered NGC 7114 on 2 Sep 1877 with a 15-inch Grubb refractor at Dunn Echt,
Scotland while viewing Nova Cygni 1876 (discovered by Julius Schmidt on 24 Nov
1876). Copeland reported
"through a low power eye-piece and a powerful direct vision prism, held
between the eye and the eye-piece, the light of the star was found to be absolutely
monochromatic." In Oct 1885,
Lohse claimed the star was surrounded by a small nebulous disc (first reported
in 1882). In the NGC notes and
correction section, Lohse is mentioned but not Copeland. Sherburne Burnham observed the nebula
in 1891 with the 36-inch refractor at Lick and noted "at times the new
star did not seem to have a perfectly stellar appearance under moderately high
powers, but rather to resemble an exceedingly minute nebula." This was the first of 22 objects in the
NGC that was discovered by visual spectroscopy.
******************************
NGC 7115 = ESO
531-025 = MCG -04-51-011 = VV 800 = PGC 67248
21 43 39.3 -25
21 07
V = 13.7; Size 1.5'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 66d
17.5"
(10/13/90): faint, fairly small, edge-on 4:1 WSW-ENE, 0.8'x0.2', brighter
core. A very faint mag 15 star is
involved at the WSW end.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 7115 = LM I-243 on 9 Jul 1885 and recorded "vF;
pS; vE 90"; like a comet with tail; 2 st inv." His rough position is 39 seconds of RA
too large and the description applies.
Herbert Howe made a detailed observation in 1897-98 with the 20"
refractor in Denver: "The length of the nebula was estimated to be
45", and its breath 10".
There is a 13 mag star at the preceding end and a condensation at the
following end; three or four other condensations were suspected lying along the
axis. The position angle of the
elongation was estimated at 65¡."
******************************
NGC 7116 = UGC
11796 = MCG +05-51-001 = CGCG 493-005 = PGC 67218
21 42 40.2 +28
56 48
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 105d
17.5"
(7/5/86): fairly faint, thin edge-on WNW-ESE, small, weak concentration. Located 24' NW of Mu 1 Cygni (V = 4.8).
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7116 = m 452 on 9 Sep 1863 and noted "vF, pL,
mE." His position is accurate
(to within 30"). The UGC
fails to label this galaxy as NGC 7116.
******************************
NGC 7117 = ESO
236-040 = AM 2142-483 = PGC 67303
21 45 47.0 -48
25 14
V = 12.8; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 27d
25"
(10/10/15 - OzSky): at 244x and 318x; moderately bright, elongated 4:3 SSW-NNE,
40"x30", weak concentration.
Forms the northeast vertex of a triangle with two mag 10 stars 3' SSW
and 4' WSW. Fainter of a pair with
NGC 7118 5.5' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7117 = h3883, along with NGC 7118, on 30 Sep 1834 and recorded
"pF; R; gbM; 15"."
His position (measured also the next sweep) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7118 = ESO
236-045 = AM 2142-483 = PGC 67318
21 46 09.7 -48
21 14
V = 12.6; Size 1.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 50d
25"
(10/10/15 - OzSky): at 244x and 318x; fairly bright, moderately large, slightly
elongated SW-NE, ~0.9'x0.7', small bright core. Brighter of a pair with NGC 7117 5.5' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7118 = h3884, along with NGC 7117, on 30 Sep 1834 and recorded
"vF; R; gbM; 15"."
His position (measured also the next sweep) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7119 = ESO
288-IG 002 = AM 2143-464 = PGC 67325
21 46 16.0 -46 30
58
V = 12.9; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 130d
25"
(10/10/15 - OzSky): at 318x; moderately bright, fairly small large, elongated
3:2 NW-SE, ~30"x20", weak concentration. A mag 14.5 star is 0.8' SW. On carefully viewing NGC 7119 I noticed there was a
"bulge" extending out slightly on the southwest side of the galaxy
and occasionally there appeared to be a very faint superimposed
"star" within this glow.
The contact
"bulge" is identified in NED as NGC 7119B = ESO 288-001, and is
probably an interacting companion (same redshift). The "star" that I noted is likely the brighter
stellar nucleus of this galaxy.
NGC 7119 is the brightest member of the cluster ACO S971.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7119 = h3885 on 6 Sep 1834 and recorded "not vF; S; R; gbM;
20"." His single
position is accurate. This is a
contact double system (21" separation) consisting of NGC 7719A and NGC
7719B, though may be a line of sight superposition.
******************************
NGC 7120 = MCG
-01-55-006 = PGC 67273
21 44 33.2 -06
31 23
V = 14.4; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 135d
17.5"
(9/15/90): very faint, small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, even surface brightness.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7120 = m 453 on 3 Aug 1864 and noted "vF, S,
vlE." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 7121 = MCG
-01-55-008 = PGC 67287
21 44 52.6 -03
37 11
V = 13.8; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 165d
17.5"
(8/7/91): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 N-S, 1.5'x0.75', weak
concentration. A mag 11.5 star is
1.5' ESE of center.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7121 = St IV-6 on 3 Sep 1872. His position (Esmiol's re-reduction) matches MCG -01-55-008
= PGC 67287.
******************************
NGC 7122
21 45 47.8 -08
49 47
=**, Corwin.
Edward Cooper
discovered NGC 7122 = Au 47 on 24 Nov 1854 at the Markree Observatory, while
compiling the Markree ecliptic Catalogue. At his position is an unequal double
star oriented northwest-southeast (nearly merged on the DSS), with separation
~7". Auwers noted in his 1862
list of new nebulae that in the Heliometer it appeared as an "11th
magnitude star, surrounded by some 12-13m stars, perhaps nebulous." At Birr Castle, it was also found to be
a double star. In fact, all
objects noted as nebulous in the Markree catalogue are stars except for a
duplicate observation of NGC 4989, which did not receive a NGC number. See Harold Corwin's comments.
******************************
NGC 7123 = ESO
075-027 = LGG 447-003 = PGC 67466
21 50 46.4 -70
19 59
V = 12.2; Size 3.0'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 146d
18" (7/6/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 171x, appears moderately bright and
large, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 2.2'x1.1', fairly sharply concentrated with a
bright core and much fainter extensions.
Located 5.2' WNW of mag 7.8 SAO 257969.
This galaxy is
an edge-on early-type spiral with a sharp, narrow dust lane (not seen) similar
to NGC 7814.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7123 = h3886 on 24 Jul 1835 and recorded "pB; R; vgbM;
20"; a star 9m follows, 8' dist."
******************************
NGC 7124 = ESO
237-002 = AM 2144-504 = PGC 67375
21 48 05.4 -50
33 55
V = 12.3; Size 3.0'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 143d
30"
(10/9/15 - OzSky): at 303x; fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 5:2 NW-SE,
2.0'x0.8'. Contains a bright,
elongated core that gradually increases to the center where there is a stellar
nucleus. A knot was seen near the
southeast end of the galaxy.
Images reveal this is an HII complex in one of the main spiral arms of
the galaxy. A mag 15 star is 1.1'
SSW of center of the galaxy. Mag
9.8 HD 207042 lies.4.5' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7124 = h3888 on 8 Jul 1834 and recorded "eF; lE; glbM;
70" l, 60" br." On
3 Oct 1834 (sweep 498) he logged "B; L; pmE; vgbM; 2' l, 80"
br." His mean position from 3
sweeps is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7125 = ESO
145-017 = PGC 67417
21 49 15.5 -60
42 39
V = 12.4; Size 3.1'x2.1'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 110d
30"
(10/9/15 - OzSky): at 303x; moderately bright, large, slightly elongated ~E-W,
~2'x1.5', broad concentration with a slightly brighter middle. Two spiral arms are visible in the
halo, though not detached from the general glow. One arm curves along the south side of the halo towards the
west and another curves to the east on the north side. A mag 14-14.5 star is superimposed on
the north edge [45" from center] and several mag 13-14 stars surround the
galaxy off the entire southern half.
Forms a very nice pair with NGC 7126 6' N.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7125 = h3887, along with NGC 7126, on 22 Jul 1835 and recorded
"eF; pL; R; 60"; the preceding of 2."
******************************
NGC 7126 = ESO
145-018 = PGC 67418
21 49 18.6 -60
36 29
V = 12.2; Size 2.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 80d
30"
(10/9/15 - OzSky): at 303x; fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 5:3
WSW-ENE, ~1.5'x0.9', faint outer halo, central region gradually brightens. A mag 13.5 star is 1.5' SE and a mag 16
star is very close to the northwest edge, 0.7' from center. Forms a very nice pair with NGC 7125 6'
due south.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7126 = h3889, along with NGC 7125, on 22 Jul 1835 and recorded
"pB; pL; lE; gbM; 40" l, 35" br; the following of 2." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7127 = Lund
997 = OCL-219
21 43 41 +54 37
42
Size 3'
17.5"
(7/30/92): at 220x, 15 stars mag 11-14 are visible in a 3' diameter. Course but evenly spaced and doesn't
stand out in the field, appears fully resolved. The brightest mag 11 star forms the center of fairly
striking "stick figure" with six stars or else a 5-pointed
"star". Mag 7 SAO 33682
lies 10' WSW. About 4' NW is a
more scattered group of 10 slightly brighter stars.
8"
(10/31/81): compact, about 10 stars mag 10-13 but not rich. Located 10' E of a mag 7 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7127 = h2129 on 25 Sep 1829 and recorded "A small, poor,
but neatly defined cluster of stars 10...12 m; with appendages np at some
distance." The
"appendages np at some distance" is probably the more scattered group
in my description.
******************************
NGC 7128 = Cr
440 = Lund 998 = OCL-218
21 43 57 +53 42
54
V = 9.7; Size 3'
17.5"
(9/7/91): 22 stars mag 11-13 in rich and compact 2.5' region. Most stars are arranged in oval ring
NW-SE. A mag 11.5 star at the east
edge has several very faint companions.
Two mag 11 stars are on the south side. A double star mag 12/12 is on the west side as well as a few
other double stars. A string of
stars oriented SW-NE is just NW of the oval ring.
8"
(10/13/81): 15 faint stars, small, rich, over background haze, two mag 11 stars
are at the south edge.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7128 = H VII-40 = h2130 on 14 Oct 1787 (sweep 765) and recorded
"a cl of small stars of several sizes, 3 or 4' in diam, pretty rich but
like a forming one." JH made
the single observation "a star 9-10m of a ruby red color in an oval
annulus of small stars, 4' diam."
******************************
NGC 7129 = LBN
497 = Ced 196 = IC 5134 = IC 5132 = IC 5133
21 42 59 +66 06
48
Size 8'x7'
17.5"
(10/17/98): fairly high surface brightness nebulosity ~3'x2', surrounding three
mag 9.5-10.5 stars at 220x. At
280x, the brightest region surrounds the southern star (also the brightest
star) and the star 1' to its northeast.
Just preceding this second star is a small knot that does not appear to
be surrounding a star. The third
star is 1' northwest the southern star and has the weakest halo. An additional pair of stars 1.5' and 2'
southwest do not appear to be surrounded by halos. The entire group is encased in a diffuse glow and the
surrounding region appears to be dusty.
IC 5132/5133 are very weak nebulae surrounding two mag 12 stars ~5' NNW.
17.5"
(9/23/89): fairly bright reflection nebula surrounded three bright stars. The brightest portion includes the southern
star. Also a bright knot is at the
north end and it does not appear to be surrounding a star (or the star is
embedded).
13"
(7/20/85): fairly bright with OIII filter but dims using a Daystar 300
filter. This nebulous region
includes four or five stars and appears brighter around these stars. A small knot is at the north end and a
second knot is at the south end.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7129 = H IV-75 on 18 Oct 1794 (sweep 1063) and recorded "3
stars about 9m involved in nebulosity. The whole takes up a space of about 1.5'
diam, 2 other stars of the same size and very near are not enclosed in the
nebulosity." On 16 Sep 1798
(sweep 1079) he logged "3 stars about 9-10m involved in nebulosity; 2 sp
stars very near them are free from that appearance. The nebulosity is of the milky kind and considerably
strong. There is a small 4th stars
in the nebulosity just north of the following one." JH's description is similar: "a
very coarse triple star involved in a nebulous atmosphere." On a second observation he gives the
relative offsets for the 3 stars (A, B and C), which match my observation. His mean position for star A (southern
star) is: 21 42 59.0 +66 06 12 (2000).
Guillaume
Bigourdan's position and description for IC 5134 = Big. 339, found on 15 Oct
1895, clearly applies to the nebulosity around star A only, as he thought NGC
7129 only applied to one of the northern patches. So, IC 5134 is part of NGC 7129. IC 5132 and IC 5133 refer to separate fainter reflection
nebulae surrounding two mag 12 stars ~4' north-northwest, which were discovered
by Isaac Roberts in 1895 on a photographic plate. Bigourdan's NGC 7133 = Big. 91, placed ~10' northeast of NGC
7129, is free of nebulosity and Harold Corwin concludes does not exist. The RNGC position for NGC 7129 is off
by 1.7 minutes of RA and NGC 7133 is misidentified.
******************************
NGC 7130 = IC
5135 = ESO 403-032 = AM 2145-351 = LGG 445-017 = PGC 67387
21 48 19.5 -34
57 06
V = 12.1; Size 1.5'x1.4'; Surf Br = 12.7
17.5" (8/6/97):
moderately bright, moderately large, round, ~1.5' diameter. Well concentrated with a prominent core
and much fainter halo. NGC 7135
lies 19' ENE.
17.5"
(7/16/93): moderately bright, moderately large, slightly elongated ~N-S, large
bright core. Appears to have a
knot or star superimposed at the north edge. Second of three with NGC 7135 19' ENE and IC 5131 11' NW.
13"
(8/5/83): faint, small, round, NGC 7135 in field 19' ENE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7130 = h3890 on 25 Sep 1834 and recorded "pB; R; glbM;
20"." There is nothing
near his position, but exactly 30' south is ESO 403-032. Lewis Swift independently discovered
the galaxy again on 17 Sep 1897 and described Sw. XI-208 (later IC 5135) as
"vF; pL; R; sp of 2 [with XI-209]; not 7130 or 7135." His position is 4.5' too far southwest,
close enough that Howe was able to find it in 1898-99 and measure an accurate
position (used in the IC 2).
Swift's XI-209 ("3 B st form a triangle; nf of 2") is clearly
NGC 7135.
******************************
NGC 7131 = MCG
-02-55-002 = PGC 67359
21 47 36.1 -13
10 57
V = 13.7; Size 1.6'x1.0'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 115d
17.5"
(9/15/90): faint, small, almost round, bright core. A mag 14.5 star is 35" SSE of center. A bright pretty double star (·2826 =
8.3/9.0 at 4") is located 5' NNW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7131 = m 454 on 7 Aug 1864 and noted "vF, S, vlE,
vgbM." His position is 3' too
far south (matches in RA).
******************************
NGC 7132 = MCG
+02-55-013 = CGCG 427-024 = PGC 67349
21 47 16.6 +10
14 28
V = 14.2; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 114d
17.5"
(7/16/88): very faint, very small, elongated E-W, small bright core. An extremely faint star is possibly
involved. A mag 10.9 star is
located 1.1' W.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 7132 = Sw II-89 on 18 Oct 1884 and recorded "vF; pL; lE;
bet 2 stars; 5 stars west? in form of a pyramid. My memory locates the stars east of the nebula." His position is 22 seconds of RA too
large but the description pins down the identification (the stars are
west). Rudolph Spitaler measured
an accurate position on 6 Nov 1891 with the 27" refractor in Vienna
(corrected in IC 1 Notes) as well as Bigourdan on 3 Oct 1888.
******************************
NGC 7133
21 44 26.7 +66
10 06
=Not found,
Corwin.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 7133 = Big. 91 on 18 Sep 1884 while observing the NGC
7129 complex. According to Corwin,
Bigourdan's offset is 1 min 26.8 seconds east and 3' 49.7" north of BD +65
1638. He described a "pretty
extended area, perhaps 2 arcmin across, in which I suspect some extremely faint
nebulosity, at the extreme limit of visibility." There isn't any visible nebulosity on the DSS at this offset
and Harold Corwin classifies this number as non-existent. See his identification notes.
The RNGC
classification is a diffuse nebula but there is no description. The RNGC position is 4' southwest of
the center of NGC 7129, and it's not clear what object or section of the
nebulosity the authors were trying to identify as NGC 7133. This misidentification is mentioned in
my RNGC Corrections #4 and by Gordon Bond in Deep Sky magazine.
******************************
NGC 7134
21 48 55.8 -12
58 28
Size 0.5'
17.5"
(7/20/96): interesting asterism consisting of a very tight group of four mag
14/15 stars in a 30" arc concave to the south. Situated just 30" S of a mag 12 star. The brightest star is 25" due
south of the mag 12 star and the faintest mag 15 star is at the west end of the
arc. Nicely resolved at 280x and
410x. NGC 7131 lies 23' SW.
Christian Peters
discovered NGC 7134 around 1860 with the 13.5-inch refractor at the Hamilton
College Observatory. He described
it as "very small, but not very faint; nearly S of a star 11m." Herbert Howe, in his visual
survey at Denver, reported "not a nebula; it simply a group of three or
four stars of mag 13-14, which is about 40" south of a 10th mag star. A
most careful scrutiny revealed no trace of nebulosity." The DSS confirms there are four mag
14/15 stars in an arc, just 30" south of a mag 12 star. Harold Corwin agrees with this
identification. RNGC classifies
this asterism as nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 7135 = ESO
403-IG 035 = MCG -06-48-001 = AM 2146-350 = PGC 67425
21 49 45.6 -34
52 33
V = 11.7; Size 3.0'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 47d
17.5"
(8/6/97): moderately bright, moderately large, ~2' diameter, irregularly shaped
bright core. The halo appears to
have an uneven or mottled surface brightness. A mag 14-15 star is embedded at
the west edge [34" from center]. Located just following a bright triangle
of mag 9.5-10.5 stars. NGC 7130
lies 19' WSW.
17.5"
(7/16/93): fairly faint, fairly small, round, broad weak concentration, small
bright core. Follows an isosceles
triangle of mag 9.5-10.5 stars including mag 9.4 SAO 213316 5' NW, a mag 10
star 3.3' SW and a mag 11 star 2' N.
Third of three with NGC 7130 19' WSW.
17.5"
(7/30/92): fairly faint, fairly small, round, broad mild concentration. Unusual as three stars mag 9-10 just
west form a right triangle. The
galaxy is just east of a line connecting the two stars on the east side of the
triangle.
13"
(8/5/83): faint, small, round, similar to NGC 7130 19' WSW. A triangle of stars precedes the
galaxy.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7135 = h3891 on 23 Sep 1834 and recorded "pB; R; bM;
20"; a * 14m precedes just out of neb." On the next sweep he logged "pB; L; vgbM; has 5 st 8m
in field surrounding it [the stars are 9th-11th mag]." There is no question about the
identification, though Swift found the galaxy again in Sep 1897 at age 77 near
the end of his observing career, and assumed it was new. His description for list XI-209 reads
"eeF; pL; R; 3 B st form a triangle; nf of 2 [with IC 5135 = NGC
7130]." IC 5136, also from
Swift just 2 nights earlier, may be another observation of NGC 7135. See Corwin's identification notes for
the story.
******************************
NGC 7136
21 49 43.3 -11
47 35
=**, Corwin.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 7136 = LM II-463 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory. He
noted "mag 16.0; vS; R; neb?; *9.5m PA 95¡, separation 2'." There is nothing near his rough
position (nearest min of RA) except stars. Herbert Howe searched for this object with the 20" at
Denver and reported "this is a stellar object of mag 13, which Muller
suspected to be a nebula. At times
it looked slightly nebulous, and at other times distinctly stellar. Nothing is visible in the place give in
the NGC." Howe's position is
less than 1 min of RA east of Muller's and corresponds with a faint pair of
stars (about 10" separation).
A mag 11-12 star is 2' east, clinching this identification.
******************************
NGC 7137 = UGC
11815 = MCG +04-51-005 = CGCG 472-008 = PGC 67379
21 48 13.0 +22
09 38
V = 12.4; Size 1.6'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 36d
17.5"
(9/2/89): moderately bright, moderately large, oval SSW-NNE. Mottled appearance with an irregular
surface brightness and an impression of knots involved.
13.1"
(8/5/83): fairly faint, moderately large, round. Fairly low surface brightness.
8"
(8/5/83): very faint, small, round, diffuse.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7137 = H II-261 = h2132 on 17 Nov 1784 (sweep 319) and logged
"F, iR, less than 1' dia."
JH made two observations, noting on sweep 166, "F; R; vglbM;
30"; r." His mean
position matches UGC 11815.
******************************
NGC 7138 = UGC
11817 = MCG +02-55-014 = CGCG 427-025 = PGC 67406
21 49 01.1 +12
30 51
V = 14.2; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 177d
17.5"
(7/16/88): very faint, very small, elongated NNW-SSE. A mag 13.5 star is at the NW end 27" from the center.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7138 = m 455 on 3 Aug 1864 and noted "vF, vS,
stell." His position is 1'
too far south.
******************************
NGC 7139 = PK
104+7.1 = PN G104.1+07.9
21 46 08.6 +63
47 29
V = 13.4; Size 86"x70"
24"
(8/31/16): excellent contrast gain using a NPB filter at 200x. With this combination NGC 7139 is
fairly bright, round, crisp-edged, 1.2' diameter. The rim is slightly brighter, particularly on the east and
west sides and slightly weaker on part of the north and south rim, giving a
subtle annularity. The interior is
unevenly lit, and a bit darker on the north-northeast side. A mag 13.5 star is off the southeast
end [0.9' from center] and a mag 15.5 star is right at the northeast edge of
the rim.
18"
(8/17/04): easily picked up at 115x unfiltered. At 225x appears moderately bright and large, slightly
elongated ~N-S, ~1.2'x1.0'. A mag
13.5 star is just off the SE end.
The rim appears to be slightly brighter, particularly along the SE side
towards the mag 13.5 star.
17.5"
(10/13/01): easily picked up sweeping at 100x without a filter. Appears moderately bright, round, 1.2'
diameter, crisp-edged. A mag 13.5
star is off the SE edge. Excellent
view at 280x without filter. The
surface brightness appears irregular with a slightly brighter rim, particularly
along the eastern half of the rim.
An extremely faint star is intermittently visible right at the NE
edge. A nice, elongated group of
6-8 stars follows the planetary in the same high power field. Central star not seen at 280x.
17.5"
(8/8/91): moderately bright, fairly large, slightly elongated, 1.2'
diameter. A mag 13.5 star is just
off the SE edge 40" from the center.
A slightly darker center is visible with an OIII filter at 140x but the
annularity is subtle. No central
star visible.
8"
(8/28/81): extremely faint, moderately large, round, difficult, a faint star is
near the south edge. Located about
4' NW of a faint curving arc of stars and 23' E of mag 7 SAO 19595. This is one of the faintest planetaries
observed with the C8.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7139 = H III-696 on 5 Nov 1787 (sweep 775) and recorded
"vF, iR, may be a patch of stars but I have not been out long enough,
about 1' diam." His position
is within 2' of this planetary.
Four nights later (sweep 776) he reported "vF, S, R, lbM, r." On 15 Oct 1794 (sweep 1062), he noted
"F, irr figure, easily resolvable." On this sweep, his position is just 1.3' too far south. Bigourdan measured an accurate position
on 24 July 1884.
Based on
Crossley photographs taken at Lick, Heber Curtis (1918) reported "the oval
is 86"x67" in p.a. 20¡ +/-.
Considerably fainter along the major axis; at the east and west edges
slightly brighter streaks appear, indicating a ring or shell formation."
The declination
is 8.5' too far south in the RNGC, Sky Catalogue 2000, Strausberg-ESO
Catalogue, NGC 2000.0 and the first edition of the Uranometria 2000 Atlas. The
position is correct in the NGC and the P-K catalogue. Kent Wallace was first to note the positional error.
******************************
NGC 7140 = NGC
7141 = ESO 189-007 = PGC 67532
21 52 15.3 -55
34 11
See observing
notes for NGC 7141.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7140 = h3892 on 4 Oct 1834 and recorded "pF; R; gbM;
35"." There is nothing
at his position, but exactly one degree north is NGC 7141 = h3893, which he
found again the following night!
Herschel suspected he made an error and noted "It is not improbably
that this and the nebula immediately preceding sweep 499 are identical, one or
other being mistaken 1¡ in PD.
Still, as both observations are clearly written in MS, and, as the
difference in PD even then is rather considerable (1' 28"), I have thought
it necessary to enter them separately." Despite his uncertainly, NGC 7140 = NGC 7141.
******************************
NGC 7141 = NGC
7140 = ESO 189-007 = PGC 67532
21 52 15.4 -55
34 11
V = 11.5; Size 4.2'x3.0'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 18d
30"
(10/9/15 - OzSky): at 394x; very bright, fairly large, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE,
2.5'x1.0', contains a very bright elongated core. The halo has an irregular surface brightness suggesting
parts of spiral arms. A mag
15 star is just off the west edge, 40" from center. Located 13' NNE of mag 7.0 HD 207618.
Forms a pair
with PGC 190704 = 2MASX J21520060-5535447, 2.7' to the southwest. It appeared faint (B = 16.3), very
small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 12"x8". A mag 14.5 star is 1.2' SE. No redshift data is available on this galaxy so it may be
line of sight.
John Herschel
found NGC 7141 = h3893 on 5 Oct 1834 and recorded "F; L; R; first g, then
pslbM." His position matches
ESO 189-007. He discovered the
galaxy the previous night, but made an error and recorded the declination of
h3892 (later NGC 7140) 1¡ too far south.
Herschel thought they might be equal, but included both entries in the
GC and Dreyer followed in the NGC.
So, NGC 7140 = NGC 7141, with the first observation resulting in NGC
7140.
******************************
NGC 7142 = Cr
442 = Lund 1000 = OCL-241
21 45 09 +65 46
30
V = 9.3; Size 4'
13.1"
(7/20/85): fairly rich but somewhat scattered in parts, large. Includes three brighter mag 10 stars
but otherwise fairly uniform and rich in mag 12.5-13.5 stars.
8": large,
spread out. There is a string of
stars on the east and SE edge.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7142 = H VII-66 = h2134 on 18 Oct 1794 (sweep 1063) and recorded
"a cl of considerable compressed vS stars, intermixed with some pretty
large ones. iF, 8 or 9' diameter.
Some of the large ones from an irregular kind of circle." On 16 Sept 1798 (sweep 1079) he logged
"a cluster; considerably rich, chiefly small stars, about 12'
diameter." JH made a single
observation and recorded "the chief star in the sf part of a large, pretty
rich, loose cluster of st 12...14m; diam 10'; has more than one star 10-11m in
it." His position is on the
double star HJ 1696 at the east side of the cluster.
******************************
NGC 7143
21 48 53.9 +29
57 24
18"
(10/25/03): this is a faint, very close pair of mag 15 stars that was just
resolved at 257x. At first glance
at 215x, this pair appeared nebulous.
Also, an easier distinctive pair of mag 14 stars is just 2' E. Located
28' SW of mag 5.1 14 Pegasi.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7143 = h2133 on 15 Sep 1828 and recorded a "strongly
suspected neb, or a vF double star with nebulosity. Has a *11 np." At his position is small clump of stars
and 1.5' NW is a brighter mag 11 star matching his description. The RNGC calls this a double star with
no nebulosity. See Corwin's
identification notes.
******************************
NGC 7144 = ESO
237-011 = LGG 448-001 = PGC 67557
21 52 42.4 -48
15 14
V = 10.8; Size 3.7'x3.6'; Surf Br = 13.6
11" (8/8/04
- Haleakala Crater): moderately bright and large, round, 1.5' diameter,
increases to a very small brighter nucleus. This galaxy has a high surface brightness. A mag 11 star lies 3' NNE. In the same 38' field at 127x as NGC
7145, situated 23' NNE.
Brightest in a
small group along with NGC 7155 and NGC 7151 and one of the brightest members
of the Pavo-Indus Cloud including NGCs 7213, 7205, 7049 and 7083.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7144 = h3894 on 30 Sep 1834 and recorded "vB; pL; R; smbM
to nucleus; 45"." His
position (measured on two sweeps) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7145 = ESO
237-013 = LGG 448-002 = PGC 67583
21 53 20.2 -47
52 57
V = 11.2; Size 2.5'x2.4'; Surf Br = 13.1
11" (8/8/04
- Haleakala Crater): moderately bright and large, round, 1.2' diameter, small
bright core. Bracketed by mag 13
stars just 0.8' SE and 1.3' NW of center.
A mag 11 star lies 2.4' SSE.
Forms a wide pair (same field) with NGC 7144 23' SSW. Located 17' ESE mag 8.5 HD 207615.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7145 = h3895 on 2 Oct 1834 and recorded "B; R; pgbM;
20" within a triangle of 3 st 13m." His single position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7146 = MCG
+00-55-024 = CGCG 376-044 = PGC 67508
21 51 47.4 +03
01 01
V = 14.3; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 80d
17.5"
(8/1/86): very faint, small, elongated ~E-W. A brighter star is at the east end. Forms a pair with NGC 7147 4.3' NE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7146 = m 456, along with NGC 7147, on 11 Aug 1863 and noted
"F, R." His position is
1' too far north.
******************************
NGC 7147 = MCG
+00-55-025 = CGCG 376-045 = PGC 67518
21 51 58.4 +03
04 18
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 5d
17.5"
(8/1/86): faint, small, slightly elongated, weak concentration. Forms a pair with NGC 7146 4.3'
SW. Located 14' S of NGC 7149.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7147 = m 457, along with NGC 7146, on 11 Aug 1863 and simply
noted "vF". His
position is accurate. Heinrich
d'Arrest independently discovered this galaxy on 15 Sep 1865. He noted it as slightly elongated and
that a mag 10 or 11 star preceded by 10.7 seconds of RA (and a little south).
******************************
NGC 7148
21 52 08.5 +03
20 29
=**,
Corwin. Incorrect identification
in the RNGC.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 7148, along with NGC 7149, on 15 Sep 1865 with the
11-inch refractor at Copenhagen.
At his position (measured 3 times) is a pair of stars (~10"
separation on the DSS), so the identification is certain although he did not
resolve the pair.
The RNGC and PGC
misidentify IC 1407 = CGCG 376-048 as NGC 7148. This galaxy is located 6.4' NE of d'Arrest's position.
******************************
NGC 7149 = UGC
11835 = MCG +00-55-026 = CGCG 376-047 = PGC 67524
21 52 11.7 +03
18 04
V = 13.2; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 25d
24"
(9/22/17): at 375x; fairly faint, moderately bright, sharply concentrated with
a bright oval core that increases to a very small brighter nucleus. The core is slightly elongated along
the major axis. The outer halo is
~0.8'x0.6' and has a very low surface brightness. A mag 12.3 star is 1.4' SSW.
IC 1407
(misidentified as NGC 7148 in RNGC and PGC) lies 14' NNE. It appeared fairly faint, small, round,
24" diameter, very faint stellar nucleus. This is a double system (II Zw 152), but the nearly stellar
companion (PGC 67535) at the WNW edge was not resolved.
17.5"
(8/1/86): faint, small, round, weak concentration. On a line close south are two stars; a mag 14 star 0.8' SSW
and a mag 12 star 1.4' SSW of center.
Brightest of three with NGC 7146 and NGC 7147 15' SSW.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 7149, along with NGC 7148 (just a double star) on 15
Sep 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen. His position (3
measurements) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7150
21 50 23.5 +49
45 20
Size 0.7'
18"
(9/26/11): this asterism was picked up at 175x as a small knot of 4 faint
stars, ~45" diameter. The
stars are arranged in a slightly curving north-south string, bowed out to the
east with mags of 13.5-14.3. At
285x, a 5th star ~50" E of the string was noticed. Collinear with two mag 10.5/11 stars
situated 3' ENE. Located 14' ENE
of mag 7.0 HD 207647.
George Bond
discovered NGC 7150 = HN 1 on 10 Feb 1848 with the 15" refractor at
Harvard. This was first deep sky
object to be discovered in the United States! Less than 1' north of his position is a small clump of 4
stars that Harold Corwin identifies as Bond's object.
******************************
NGC 7151 = ESO
237-015 = LGG 448-004 = PGC 67634
21 55 04 -50 39
24
V = 12.8; Size 3.0'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 75d
30"
(10/9/15 - OzSky): at 394x; moderately bright and large, elongated 5:2
~WSW-ENE, 2.0'x0.8' . There are no
well defined brightness zones but the appearance is unusual; very mottled and
knotty with an odd shape. It is
brighter on the west and wider, seeming to taper on the northeast end. A stellar knot [apparently an HII
region, though perhaps a compact companion] is on the southeast side of the
galaxy. In addition, a couple of
stars are superimposed; a mag 14.5 star is at the northwest edge and a mag 16
star is on the southwest edge [28" from center].
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7151 = h3896 on 8 Jul 1834 and recorded "eF; mE; vgbM;
rather wedge-formed; ? if not binuclear." His position (measured on 3 sweeps) is fairly accurate.
******************************
NGC 7152 = ESO
466-013 = MCG -05-51-020 = PGC 67601
21 53 59.0 -29
17 21
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 17d
17.5"
(8/27/92): very faint, small, elongated 3:2 N-S. A mag 14 star is at the SW end 34" from center and a
mag 14.5 star is just off the SE end.
A pair of mag 12-13 stars lie 3.5' N. NGC 7153 is 15' NNE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7152 = h3897 on 18 Aug 1835 and recorded "eeF; vS;
10"; barely perceptible; sky perfectly clear." His position is accurate, though Dreyer
notes in the NGC description that "Lassell not found." Herbert Howe, observing with the
20" refractor in Denver in 1898-99, wrote (in his compilation of NGC/IC
observations) "According to the NGC, Lassell did not succeed in finding
this. It is a small, exceedingly
faint and diffuse stain on the sky."
******************************
NGC 7153 = ESO
466-016 = MCG -05-51-022 = PGC 67624
21 54 35.4 -29
03 49
V = 13.4; Size 1.9'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 68d
17.5"
(7/28/92): faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 WSW-ENE, brighter core. Located 10' NNW of mag 9.2 SAO
190727. NGC 7152 lies 15' SSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7153 = h3898 on 28 Sep 1834 and recorded "eF; S; E; or has
an eF * near." His position
is 1.8' too far north.
******************************
NGC 7154 = ESO
404-008 = MCG -06-48-005 = LGG 450-001 = PGC 67641
21 55 21.0 -34
48 51
V = 12.4; Size 2.1'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 102d
13.1"
(8/5/83): very faint, elongated 3:2, low even surface brightness, diffuse,
requires averted.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7154 = h3900 on 23 Sep 1834 and recorded "B; pL; glbM; more
nebulae hereabouts." The next
sweep he logged "B; pL; irreg R; glbM; r; 60"."
******************************
NGC 7155 = IC
5143 = ESO 237-016 = LGG 448-003 = PGC 67663
21 56 09.7 -49
31 19
V = 12.2; Size 2.2'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 4d
30"
(10/9/15 - OzSky): at 394x; bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 N-S,
~1.6'x1.1'. Sharply concentrated
with an intensely bright, roundish core and fainter extensions (bar) oriented
E-W. The core/bar is encased in a
much larger, low surface brightness halo.
Located 14' NW of mag 7.7 HD 208360. The galaxy is collinear with two mag 11-11.5 stars 4' and 6.4'
SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7155 = h3899 on 30 Sep 1834 and recorded "pB; S; lE; psmbM;
20"." His position
(measured also the next sweep) is accurate. Lewis Swift found this object again on 17 Sep 1897 and
logged "eeF; pS; R; in line with 2 9m st." His position is 28' north of this galaxy, but Harold Corwin
notes that Swift's description of the two bright stars clinches this
identification. So, NGC 7155 = IC
5143.
******************************
NGC 7156 = UGC
11843 = MCG +00-55-029 = CGCG 376-053 = PGC 67622
21 54 33.6 +02
56 35
V = 12.5; Size 1.6'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 105d
17.5"
(8/1/86): fairly faint, fairly small, round, weak concentration, irregular
surface brightness, appears mottled.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7156 = H III-452 = h2135 on 8 Oct 1785 (sweep 461) and recorded
"vF, pL, R, r." CH's
reduced position is 2' northwest of UGC 11843. JH made three observations, logging it as "F; R: pL;
40"; vglbM" on sweep 295, and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 7157 = ESO
532-003 = MCG -04-51-015 = AM 2154-253 = PGC 67693
21 56 56.7 -25
21 02
V = 14.1; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 5d
17.5"
(8/3/94): very faint, fairly small, round, 0.7' diameter, low even surface
brightness. A mag 14.5 star is
1.9' N of center. Located 2.7' ENE
of mag 9.3 SAO 190762.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 7157 = LM I-244 in 1886 and recorded "mag 14.0;
vS; R; sbMN; B double star precedes 8 sec; env 16.0." His position is 0.7 minute of RA west
and 1.5' south of ESO 532-003. A
mag 10/14 pair at ~12" separation is 2.8' west, matching Leavenworth's
description, so the identification is certain. Herbert Howe, though, observing with the 20" refractor
at Denver, reported in 1898-99 "There is no bright double star in the
vicinity, and I could find no nebula.
Possibly, however, the abbreviation "BD" is here used for
"Bonn Durchmusterung."
Spitaler also failed to find this." Despite their failure (the double star is probably very
difficult), the identification is certain.
******************************
NGC 7158
21 57 28.1 -11
35 33
18"
(8/31/11): At 220x this triple star appears as a soft or nebulous
"star" that won't focus sharply. There is a strong impression, though, of a slightly fainter
companion attached on the west side. I could easily see how the merged image of
this triple could be taken as a possible nebula (described as a "vF
neb[ulous] star"). At 285x it
appears to be a double star, though the separation is quite small and the stars
were not cleanly resolved in only fair seeing.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 7158 = LM II-464 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory.
Muller described a "neb*[estimated at mag 14]; *9.5 P 40¡
Æ2.8'." In 1898-99 Howe
reported "this nebulous star is of mag 13. It may be double at 270¡ (west)." Howe's object is a close double star (fainter
component to the west) about 30 seconds of RA east of Muller's rough position
(nearest min of RA). Bigourdan
also measured this same multiple star on 10 Sep 1888.
Harold Corwin
also identifies NGC 7158 as this object (calling it a triple star). A mag 10 star is 2.9' in PA 40¡,
clinching this identification. The
RNGC misidentifies PGC 67698, a faint galaxy about 9' southwest of the triple,
as NGC 7158.
******************************
NGC 7159 = CGCG
428-003 = PGC 67674
21 56 25.6 +13
33 45
V = 14.3; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 168d
17.5"
(9/19/87): very faint, very small, slightly elongated ~N-S. A mag 14.5 star at the south end
interferes with viewing.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 7159 = Sw VI-94 on 14 Nov 1886 and recorded "eeF; eS; R; pF
* with vF distant companion 5' s."
His position is 9 seconds of RA east of CGCG 428-003 = PGC 67674. His description mentions a "pF *
with vF distant companion 5' S. A
mag 10.7 star is 4' due south with a mag 13 companion 46" NW. Herbert Howe commented the star
south-following is involved, but this isn't the star Swift referred to.
******************************
NGC 7160 = Cr
443 = Lund 1002 = OCL-236
21 53 40 +62 36
12
V = 6.1; Size 7'
18"
(8/17/04): at 160x, ~40 stars are visible in a 8'x6' group, extended
SW-NE. Two mag 7 and 8 stars that
are separated by 1' dominate the cluster.
Both of these stars have much fainter companions. Another nice, mag 13 pair is SW of the
mag 7 star. Stands out well in the
field.
17.5"
(10/5/91): about three dozen stars in a 7' diameter. Very bright, elongated SW-NE although scattered outliers
make the cluster rounder. Includes
several fairly bright stars with two stars mag 7.0/7.9 at 1.0' separation NE of
center which are surrounded by a semicircle of nine stars. Includes several double stars with a
mag 10 star that has a very faint companion on its west side. Not rich but distinctive. Mag 6.8 SAO 19698 is 11' NW at the edge
of the field.
8"
(10/31/81): about two dozen stars in a bright cluster, not dense, includes two
mag 8 stars.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7160 = H VIII-67 = h2136 on 9 Nov 1787 (sweep 776) and recorded
"a coarsely scattered cluster of stars of several sizes, 6 or 7' diam, a
forming one." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 7161
21 56 57.2 +02
55 39
18"
(10/25/03): this is a close pair of faint mag 15 stars at 9" separation,
situated nearly at the midpoint of two mag 13 stars ~2' N and 2' S. Resolved at 250x, but the faint pair
appears nebulous at lower powers.
Located 10' N of a distinctive equilateral triangle of stars highlighted
by mag 8.9 SAO 127184.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 7161 on 13 Sep 1862 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. He made two
observations on consecutive nights
and mentioned a mag 11-12 stars precedes by 11 seconds of time. On the 14th, he described this object
as a small group of stars (19th mag), between two (16th mag) stars. About 2' south of his position is a
pair of mag 15 stars and 1' further south is a fainter and closer pair with a
third extremely close pair to its south.
Karl Reinmuth reported this as a "double star 15 dist 0.2', 0 deg;
bet 2 st ssp/nnf." [the northernmost pair]. RNGC follows Reinmuth and Carlson and calls it a double
star, though Corwin mentions the other closer pairs might have also been
glimpsed.
******************************
NGC 7162 = ESO
288-026 = MCG -07-45-003 = LGG 449-002 = PGC 67795
21 59 39.1 -43
18 22
V = 12.7; Size 2.8'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 10d
30"
(10/14/15 - OzSky): at 303x; fairly bright to bright, very large, very
elongated 3:1 ~N-S, ~2.5'x0.9', broad concentration with an elongated, brighter
core. A mag 16.2 star is at the
west edge. Second brightest in a
trio (similar redshifts) with NGC 7166 11' SE and fainter NGC 7162A 14'
NE. Situated 10.6' NNW of mag 8 HD
208812. NGC 7162A, a Magellanic
spiral, appeared very diffuse, large glow, circular,~2' diameter, no distinct core
or zones.
18"
(10/16/09): very faint, fairly large, appears as a very hazy ill-defined glow,
~1.2'x0.8' N-S. This galaxy was
surprisingly difficult for a V = 12.7 galaxy, though the low elevation affected
the view. Forms a pair with
brighter NGC 7166 11' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7162 = h3901, along with NGC 7166, on 5 Sep 1834 and recorded
"F; L; mE; vgbM; (fog)."
His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7163 = ESO
466-030 = MCG -05-51-035 = LGG 450-003 = PGC 67785
21 59 20.3 -31
52 55
V = 13.4; Size 1.9'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 101d
18"
(10/21/06): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, 40"x30, low even
surface brightness. Located 34' W
of NGC 7172 (HCG 90). Two mag 12.5
star ~7' SSE are collinear with the galaxy.
17.5"
(7/28/92): very faint, fairly small, irregularly round, low surface brightness,
diffuse with ill-defined edges, weakly concentrated but no core, requires
averted to see well. Located 7.5'
W of a mag 9.5 star. The NGC
7172-7176 group (HCG 90) lies 35'-40' E.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7163 = h3902 on 27 Sep 1834 and logged "pF; lE; glbM;
40"." His mean
position (3 observations) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7164 = CGCG
377-006 = PGC 67673
21 56 23.6 +01
21 50
V = 14.2; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 55d
17.5"
(8/1/89): very faint, very small, round, low surface brightness. Five stars mag 11-15 in a string to the
NE are almost collinear with NGC 7164.
Located 12' from core of the rich cluster AGC 2397 (possible member?).
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 7164 = LM II-465 in 1886 and recorded "mag
15.7, R, 4 vF stars from 1' to 4' n." There is nothing at his rough position (nearest min of RA),
but 2.2 minutes of time west and 3.5' south is CGCG 377-006 = PGC 67673. Despite the poor positional match,
there is a string of stars extending north. This is the northernmost galaxy discovered at the Leander
McCormick Observatory. See
Corwin's identification notes for IC 1415 and IC 1416 (found by Bigourdan while
searching for NGC 7164).
******************************
NGC 7165 = MCG
-03-56-002 = PGC 67788
21 59 26.1 -16
30 44
V = 13.2; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 67d
17.5"
(9/15/90): fairly faint, small, round, even concentration, small bright
core. Located equidistant from a
mag 13 star 2.1' WNW and a mag 12.5 star 2.0' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7165 = H III-930 = h2137 on 6 Sep 1793 (sweep 1050) and noted
"suspected, eF. 300 confirmed
it." JH simply noted in his
only observations "suspected, but the state of the air is most
unfavourable." His position,
though, is only 3 seconds of time too large. Herbert Howe, observing in 1898-99, commented "this
nebula contains a condensation [nucleus] of mag 13."
******************************
NGC 7166 = ESO
288-027 = MCG -07-45-004 = AM 2157-433 = LGG 449-003 = PGC 67817
22 00 32.9 -43 23
23
V = 11.9; Size 2.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 14d
30"
(10/14/15 - OzSky): at 303x; bright, moderately large, very elongated 7:2
SSW-NNE, 1.5'x0.4', sharply concentrated with a very small intense core and
quasi-stellar nucleus. CPO 628, a nice mag 11.9/13.3 double at ~5"
separation lies 4.8' due east and another mag 11.5 star is 2.5' NE. Brightest in a small group with NGC
7162 11' NW and NGC 7162A 15' N.
NGC 7162A, a Magellanic spiral, appeared very diffuse, large glow,
circular,~2' diameter, no distinct core or zones.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7166 = h3903, along with NGC 7162, on 5 Sep 1834 and recorded
"pB; S; R; psmbM; 15"."
His position is just off the east side of the galaxy.
******************************
NGC 7167 = ESO
532-009 = MCG -04-52-001 = AM 2157-245 = PGC 67816
22 00 30.9 -24
38 00
V = 12.5; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 145d
17.5"
(10/13/90): fairly faint, fairly small, oval 3:2 WNW-ESE, weak
concentration. A mag 10.5 star is
off the east end 1.3' from center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7167 = h3905 on 29 Jul 1834 and recorded "F; R; vglbM;
45"; has a * 10m, 90" dist from centre, following in
parallel." His position and
description is a perfect match.
******************************
NGC 7168 = ESO
237-026 = AM 2158-515 = PGC 67882
22 02 07.4 -51
44 35
V = 11.9; Size 2.0'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 68d
18" (7/6/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x, moderately bright, fairly small,
round, 1' diameter, sharply concentrated with a very small bright core. A mag 14.5 star is close southeast,
just 43" from the center.
Located 27' S of brighter IC 5152.
PGC 101233, located 3' SE, appeared extremely faint and small with a
brighter 15" core surrounded by an extremely faint halo (possibly
elongated). The companion's
redshift is 4x that of NGC 7168.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7168 = h3904 on 8 Jul 1834 and recorded "pF; S; R: pslbM;
15"." On two later
sweeps he called this galaxy "pB". JH missed IC 5152.
******************************
NGC 7169 = ESO 237-028
= PGC 67913
22 02 48.6 -47
41 52
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 78d
30"
(10/9/15 - OzSky): at 394x; fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small,
elongated 5:3 WSW-ENE, 0.55'x035', sharply concentrated with a very bright,
small core and much fainter halo.
A mag 13 star is 1.4' NE and a mag 15.5 star is just off the northeast
end, 0.5' from center. Situated
3.2' ESE of mag 8.8 HD 209175.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7169 = h3906 on 30 Sep 1834 and recorded "eF; S; R;
difficult to distinguish from a * 15m; has a * 8m, distance 4' np, nearly in
parallel, and another 11m, 60" nf." His position is 45 seconds of RA too far west, but the
detailed description clinches this identification. The error in RA is noted in
the ESO and SGC.
******************************
NGC 7170 = PGC
67848
22 01 26.3 -05
25 58
V = 13.8; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 158d
17.5"
(8/8/91): faint, small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, broad concentration. A nice double star is 5' W consisting
of a mag 12/13 duo at 9" separation.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 7170 = LM I-245 in 1886 and recorded "mag 13.0;
pS; iR; bMN; double star p 36 seconds." His rough position (nearest min of RA) is 40 seconds of RA
west of PGC 67848. The double star
he mentions precedes, though by only 20 seconds of time. Ormond Stone measured an accurate
micrometric offset (in the "Southern Nebulae" paper) but the position
given in the IC 1 is notes is 1.0 tmin too far east! Bigourdan also corrected the RA on 27 Oct 1888 and noted the
NGC RA was off by 40 seconds (repeated in the IC 2 Notes).
******************************
NGC 7171 = MCG
-02-56-005 = PGC 67839
22 01 02.0 -13
16 11
V = 12.2; Size 2.6'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 120d
24"
(9/22/17): at 200x and 375x; moderately or fairly bright, fairly large,
elongated ~5:3 NW-SE, ~1.6'x0.9', irregular halo and surface brightness,
broadly concentrated, occasionally seemed to have brighter elongated sections
(arcs of spiral arms?) and darker regions (dust?). A mag 14.7 star is at the southeast end.
IC 1417,
situated 12' NW. appeared fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated, 3:1 or
7:2 WNW-ESE, 0.9'x0.3', contains a small bright elongated core with faint
extensions, a mag 15 star is at the ESE end.
13.1"
(9/3/83): faint, very diffuse, moderately large, weakly concentrated but no
nucleus, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE.
Appears fainter than the V magnitude suggests.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7171 = H III-692 = h2138 on 12 Aug 1787 (his only discovery on
sweep 750) and recorded "eF, E from np to sf, about 2' long and 1'
broad." JH made three
observations and recorded on 9 Sep 1825, "vF; R; vgbM; r; 90"."
******************************
NGC 7172 = HCG
90A = ESO 466-038 = MCG -05-52-007 = LGG 450-006 = PGC 67874
22 02 01.7 -31
52 18
V = 11.9; Size 2.5'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 100d
24"
(8/23/14): moderately bright, fairly large, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE, ~1.5'x0.6',
increases in size with averted.
Contains a brighter, elongated core that bulges slightly and the halo
has a sharper edge along with south edge.
NGC 7173, 7174 and 7176 triplet lies ~7' SSE, the quartet forming HCG
90.
18"
(10/21/06): moderately bright, fairly large, elongated ~2:1 E-W, ~1.8'x1.0',
broad concentration. A mag 10.6
star lies 2.5' SE and two mag 13 stars 1.5' SW and 3' SW are collinear with the
galaxy.
18"
(9/3/05): moderately bright, fairly large, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE, 1.4'x0.6',
contains a brighter bulging core.
A mag 10.5 star lies 2.5' SE.
Located ~7' N of the main grouping (NGC 7173, NGC 7174, NGC 7176) in HCG
90) and largest in the group.
13.1"
(7/27/84): moderately bright, fairly large, elongated, fairly diffuse. Brightest of four in HCG 90. The compact trio consisting of NGC
7173, NGC 7174, NGC 7176 is roughly 7' S.
8"
(7/24/82): very faint, fairly small, elongated E-W.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7172 = h3908 on 23 Sep 1834 and logged "pB; R;
40"." His position
(measured on 4 sweeps) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7173 = HCG
90C = ESO 466-039 = MCG -05-52-008 = UGCA 422 = VV 698 = LGG 450-007 = KTS 66A
= PGC 67878
22 02 03.4 -31
58 27
V = 12.0; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 143d
24"
(8/23/14): bright, moderately large, round, 45" diameter. Contains a relatively large, very
bright core that gradually increases to the center. NGC 7174/7176
(contact pair) is less than 1.5' southeast. NGC 7172 lies 6' north. The quartet forms HCG 90 and the close triplet is KTS 66.
18"
(10/21/06): fairly bright, fairly small, round, well concentrated with a very
bright 30" core that increases to the center. The core is surrounded by a much fainter halo perhaps
45" diameter. In a trio with
the contact pair NGC 7174/7176 1.4' SE.
18"
(9/3/05): moderately bright, fairly small, round, evenly concentrated to a
brighter core and quasi-stellar nucleus.
Located 1.5' NW of the NGC 7176/7174 pair in HCG 90 and just slightly
fainter and smaller than NGC 7174.
13.1"
(7/27/84): faint, small, round.
Similar in size and brightness to NGC 7176 1.5' SE in a compact trio
with NGC 7174 1.3' SE. Member of
the HCG 90 = NGC 7173 group = Klemola 34.
8"
(7/24/82): faint, small.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7173 = h3909 on 25 Sep 1834 and recorded "B; vS; R; sbM to
a star." His position
(measured on 4 sweeps) and sketch (plate IV, fig 11) matches ESO 466-039 = HCG
90C.
RNGC reverses
the identifications of NGC 7173 and NGC 7174, making NGC 7173 and NGC 7176 the
contact pair instead of NGC 7174 and NGC 7176, as described by Herschel. Sherburne Burnham measured accurate
positions (Publications of Lick Observatory, II) and the galaxies were
correctly identified. The identifications are also sorted out in my RNGC
Corrections #1.
******************************
NGC 7174 = HCG
90D = ESO 466-040 = MCG -05-52-010 = VV 698 = LGG 450-004 = KTS 66B = PGC 67881
22 02 06.8 -31
59 37
V = 13.3; Size 2.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 88d
24"
(8/23/14): at 375x, NGC 7174 was elongated perhaps 3:1 E-W, 0.9'x0.3'. The surface brightness is irregular
with no core region. The galaxy appears to taper and brighten at the west end
with a bend or short kink angling northwest. The east end merges into the halo of NGC 7176 on the its
southwest end!
18"
(10/21/06): this is the western component of an interacting system with NGC
7176 attached to the east side. At
225x appears fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 E-W, 1.0'x0.4, very weak
concentration, no noticeable core.
18"
(9/3/05): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 E-W, 0.9'x0.3'. This member of the HCG 90 quartet is
attached at the west edge of NGC 7176 and extends due west. The identifications of NGC 7173 and NGC
7174 are reversed in the RNGC.
13.1"
(7/27/84): fairly faint, small.
Virtually in contact with NGC 7176 on the NE edge 26"
separation. In a compact trio with
NGC 7173 1.3' NW in the NGC 7172 group.
The identifications of NGC 7173 and NGC 7174 are reversed in the RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7174 = h3910 on 28 Sep 1834 and recorded "in sweep 493 this
was taken for a vF star, but I now perceive it plainly to a small faint round
nebula." His position and
sketch matches ESO 466-040 = HCG 90D.
The RNGC
reverses the identifications of NGC 7173 and 7174, making NGC 7173 and 7176 the
contact pair. This
misidentification is listed in my RNGC Corrections #1.
******************************
NGC 7175
21 58 51.5 +54
49 01
17.5"
(10/25/97): at 100x there is no noticeable clustering at the John Herschel's
position centered on a mag 9 star at 21 58 51.5 +54 49 01. Visually, this appears to be a rich
Milky Way field over unresolved haze.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7175 = h2141 on 25 Sep 1829 and recorded "The chief * 9m of
a vL, loose clustering group which fills two fields and is pretty rich of large
stars." His position
corresponds with mag 9.1 SAO 33935 at 21 58 51.5 +54 49 01. Reinmuth adds
"a dense region, no distinct Cl." RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent. See Corwin's identification notes for
more on this number.
******************************
NGC 7176 = HCG
90B = ESO 466-041 = MCG -05-52-011 = UGCA 423 = VV 698 = LGG 450-008 = KTS 66C
= PGC 67883
22 02 08.4 -31
59 30
V = 11.4; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 11.0
24"
(8/23/14): at 375x appeared very bright, moderately large, round, 1.0'
diameter, intense core that increases to the center, which contains a bright,
stellar nucleus. NGC 7174, with an elongated, irregular shape, is merged with
NGC 7176 on the southwest side, and the combination forms a striking triple
with NGC 7173 1.5' northwest. ESO
466-046 lies 7.5' due east. This
edge-on galaxy appeared extremely faint, fairly small, very elongated 4:1
SSW-NNE, 0.6'x0.15'. A mag 15 star
is off the southeast end.
18"
(10/21/06): slightly brighter than NGC 7173. Appears bright, moderately large, round, 1.1' diameter. Sharply concentrated with a very bright
30" core that increases to a stellar nucleus. Forms an interacting double system (merged) with NGC 7174
(elliptical/spiral pair) attached to the SW side.
18"
(9/3/05): fairly bright, moderately large, 1' diameter, well concentrated with
a bright, very small nucleus. This
is the most obvious (along with NGC 7172) in a quartet comprising HCG 90. NGC 7174 is attached at the west edge.
13.1"
(7/27/84): faint, small, round, similar to NGC 7173 1.5' NW. Forms a contact pair with NGC 7174 at
the SW edge in the NGC 7172 group = HCG 90.
8"
(7/24/82): faint, small. Component
of an unresolved pair with NGC 7174.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7176 = h3911 on 23 Sep 1834 (sweep 492) and recorded "B; R;
pgbM; 40"." Two nights later (sweep 493) he logged "vB; pL; sbM
to a star; has a very faint star sp." His position (measured on 6 sweeps and sketched on plate IV,
fig 11) matches ESO 466-041 = HCG 90B.
The "faint star" on sweep 493 is NGC 7174 - recorded as a
nebula on sweep 495.
******************************
NGC 7177 = UGC
11872 = MCG +03-56-003 = CGCG 451-002 = PGC 67823
22 00 41.2 +17
44 17
V = 11.2; Size 3.1'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 90d
17.5"
(8/5/91): very bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 E-W, 2'x1'. Unusual appearance as the very bright
core is elongated at nearly a 45¡ angle (SW-NE) to the major axis and contains
a stellar nucleus. There is a hint
of an irregular surface brightness in the outer halo.
13":
moderately bright, brighter core, elongated WSW-ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7177 = H II-247 = h2139 on 15 Oct 1784 (sweep 290) and recorded
"pB, nearly R, bM, r, about 1' dia." On 11 Oct 1825, JH reported "pB; R; gbM;
60"-90" diameter."
R.J. Mitchell sketched this galaxy on 31 Aug 1854 (included in the LdR
1861 publication). A total of 19
observations were made at Birr Castle.
******************************
NGC 7178 = ESO
404-022 = MCG -06-48-016 = PGC 67898
22 02 25.2 -35
47 26
V = 14.0; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 172d
17.5"
(9/23/95): extremely faint, small, round, 30" diameter. Appears as a difficult low surface
brightness patch with no concentration.
Located 2.6' N of mag 8.1 SAO 213493. NGC 7178 was much more difficult to view than IC 5157
located 53' NNE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7178 = h3912 on 31 Aug 1834 and recorded "eF; S; R; 2' n of
a *8m; a double star 10/10 m follows nearly on the parallel of the nebula, and
pointing directly to it. A sure
observation; but except in the finest nights this neb will not be seen."
******************************
NGC 7179 = ESO
108-011 = LGG 452-001 = PGC 67995
22 04 49.5 -64
02 49
V = 12.8; Size 2.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 48d
18" (7/6/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): first in a group of 5 with brightest member
NGC 7192. At 228x, appeared
moderately bright, fairly large, elongated 5:2 SW-NE, 1.8'x, 0.7', brighter
core. I had the impression this
was a barred spiral. A mag 14 star
is just south of the NE end.
Located 21' NW of NGC 7192.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7179 = h3907 on 22 Jun 1835 and recorded "F; R or lE; vgbM;
40"." His mean position
(2 sweeps) is very accurate.
******************************
NGC 7180 = ESO
601-006 = MCG -04-52-008 = PGC 67890
22 02 18.4 -20
32 53
V = 12.6; Size 1.6'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 68d
18"
(10/21/06): fairly faint, small, elongated 4:3 WSW-ENE, 40"x30", very
small bright core, occasional stellar nucleus. Located 16' NNW of NGC 7184 and
first of 3 NGC galaxies with NGC 7185 10' ENE and NGC 7188 21' NE.
18"
(8/2/05): moderately bright, fairly small, very elongated 5:2 WSW-ENE,
1.0'x0.35'. Well concentrated with
a relatively large bright core and much fainter extensions. Member of the NGC 7184 group of 4 NGC
galaxies.
17.5"
(10/12/85): fairly faint, very small, small bulging bright core, surrounded by
oval halo. Located 16' NNW of NGC
7184 in a group. NGC 7185 lies 10'
NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7180 = h2140 on 23 Sep 1830 and recorded "vF; S; R; lbM;
the first of 2 [with NGC 7185]." His position is just 1' too far west. Due
to a mix-up, WH is credited (H III-693) with the discovery in the Slough
Catalogue, GC and NGC, but H III-693 applies to NGC 7185. See notes on that number.
******************************
NGC 7181 = CGCG
377-014 = PGC 67859
22 01 43.5 -01
57 38
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 95d
17.5"
(8/31/86): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, small bright core. A mag 14.5 star is just 0.6' SE of
center. Forms a pair with NGC 7182
14' S.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7181 = m 458 on 31 Jul 1864 and noted "eF, vS, stellar." His position is just off the east side
of the galaxy.
******************************
NGC 7182 = MCG
+00-56-006 = CGCG 377-015 = PGC 67864
22 01 51.6 -02
11 48
V = 14.3; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 110d
17.5"
(8/31/86): faint, very small, round, easy with averted, small bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 7181 14' N. Located 21' W of Omicron Aquarii (V =
4.7).
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7182 = m 459 on 31 Jul 1864 and noted "eF, vS,
stellar." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 7183 = ESO
601-008 = MCG -03-56-004 = PGC 67892
22 02 21.6 -18
54 59
V = 11.9; Size 3.8'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 77d
17.5"
(10/13/90): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 5:2 WSW-ENE, gradually
increases to a small bright core.
Located at the center of four stars mag 11-13; the closest of the four
is a mag 12 star 1.9' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7183 = H II-595 = h2142 on 23 Sep 1786 (sweep 601) and recorded
"F, cL, irr E." He
observed it again of 13 Nov 1786 (sweep 634) and noted "eF, S, lE nearly
in the parallel, lbM." On 21
Sep 1830, JH logged "vF; pL; R; pglbM; 50"."
******************************
NGC 7184 = ESO
601-009 = MCG -04-52-009 = UGCA 425 = PGC 67904
22 02 39.8 -20
48 46
V = 10.8; Size 6.0'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 61d
18"
(10/21/06): bright, large, very elongated 4:1 WSW-ENE, 4.5'x1.1'. The halo extends to a mag 11.5 star at
the tip of the ENE arm. The core
is fairly sharply concentrated, round, ~20" in diameter with a stellar
nucleus. The extensions have a
grainy appearance. Two wide pairs of mag 12 stars (~1' separation) lie 2' W and
7' NW. Brightest and largest in a
group of three NGC galaxies (NGC 7180, NGC 7185, NGC 7188).
18"
(8/2/05): fairly bright, large, nearly edge-on 4:1 SW-NE, ~4'x1'. Well concentrated with a brighter
30" roundish core. The
extensions fade at the tips and increase in size with averted vision. A mag 11.5 star is off the NE extension
in the same direction as the major axis and a wide pair of stars is near the
southwest end. Brightest in a
group with NGC 7180, NGC 7185 and NGC 7188.
17.5"
(10/12/85): bright, large, very elongated WSW-ENE with long faint extensions
5'-6' length, small bright core. A
mag 12 star is off the NE edge. In
a group with NGC 7180, NGC 7185 and NGC 7188.
8"
(8/28/81): faint, fairly large, edge-on, narrow.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7184 = H II-1 = h2143 on 28 Oct 1783, the first night of his
systematic sweeps! (internal discovery #1). He was using the "front-view" mode without a
secondary (first 41 sweeps). He
made another observation on 13 Oct 1786 (sweep 609, again using the
front-view): "F, mE, er, making an angle with two pairs of stars, which
are situated in a line from np to sf.
The nebula is also followed by a small star, which continues the angle
the nebula makes with the two pairs of stars." JH made the single observation on 23 Sep 1830, "pB; pL;
vmE; position = 64.3¡; psvlbM; 2' long." On 7 Sep 1850, George Stoney (LdR's assistant) reported
seeing 4 knots or faint stars in the nebula.
******************************
NGC 7185 = ESO
601-010 = MCG -04-52-011 = PGC 67919
22 02 56.7 -20
28 17
V = 12.6; Size 2.3'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 15d
18"
(10/21/06): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:3 SSW-NNE, 0.5'x0.35',
contains a small bright core, perhaps 5" diameter. There is an extremely faint star
superimposed on the southwest side [20" SW of center]. Member of the NGC 7184 group with NGC
7180 10' WSW and NGC 7188 12' NE.
18"
(8/2/05): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE. Contains a relatively large, bright
core and possibly a stellar nucleus.
The surface brightness seems irregular, though this may be due to a very
faint star that is superimposed.
17.5"
(10/12/85): fairly faint, elongated ~N-S, bright core, stellar nucleus,
surrounded by faint extensions.
Located within the NGC 7184 group.
Appears slightly fainter than NGC 7180 10' WSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7185 = H III-693 = h2144 on 11 Sep 1787 (sweep 754) and noted
"eF, vS. 360x confirmed it,
but may consist of but a few stars."
His position is 33 tsec east and 2' north of ESO 601-006 = PGC 67890 and
falls much closer to NGC 7185. JH
found this galaxy again on 23 Sep 1830 along with nearby NGC 7180, and noted
"vF; pL; irr R; vglbM; the second of two." JH accidentally assigned H III-693 to h2140 = NGC 7180 in
the Slough catalogue, although Wolfgang notes his sweep records show the
correct identification.
******************************
NGC 7186
22 01 05.1 +35
04 41
=4*, WH. =7 faint stars, Reinmuth.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7186 = H III-165 on 13 Sep 1784 (sweep 269) and recorded
"Five or six stars forming a parallelogram and mixed with very faint
nebulosity. 240 confirmed
it." Although an elongated
group of about 8 faint stars matching his description is about 4' southwest of
his offsets, there is no involved nebulosity. Herschel used this object as an example of a "small
patches consisting of stars mixed with nebulosity" in his 1814 PT
paper. Bigourdan's corrected
position from 24 Aug 1884 in the IC 2 notes is accurate. Reinmuth describes "7 F st; neb
not found" (repeated by
Carlson). See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 7187 = ESO
404-024 = MCG -06-48-018 = AM 2159-330 = LGG 450-011 = PGC 67909
22 02 44.3 -32
48 11
V = 12.5; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(7/22/87): fairly faint, fairly small, round, bright core, stellar
nucleus. Located 39' S of mag 6.7
SAO 213495.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 7187 = LM I-246 in 1886 and recorded "pF; pS;
R; lbM." His rough position
(nearest min of RA) is less than 1 min of time east of ESO 404-024 = PGC 67909. Wolfgang Steinicke notes this is the
southernmost galaxy in the NGC discovered at the Leander McCormick Observatory
with the 26-inch Clark refractor.
******************************
NGC 7188 = ESO
601-011 = MCG -04-52-012 = PGC 67943
22 03 29.0 -20
19 05
V = 13.2; Size 1.6'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 44d
18"
(10/21/06): faintest of 4 NGC galaxies in the NGC 7184 group. Appears faint, fairly small, slightly
elongated, 45"x35", low even surface brightness. Located 14' WNW of mag 8.2 SAO 190861
and 12' NE of NGC 7185. A mag 14 star lies 1.7' NE.
18"
(8/2/05): faintest of four in the NGC 7184 group. At 225x appeared fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1
SW-NE, 1.0'x0.5'. Fairly low
surface brightness with just a weak concentration. A mag 13.5 star is off the NE end 1.7' from center.
17.5"
(10/12/85): very faint, small, slightly elongated, weak concentration, very
diffuse. Located 10' NNE of NGC
7185 and a member of the NGC 7184 group.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 7188 = LM I-247 on 9 Oct 1885 and reported "eF;
pS; E; lbM." His rough
position (nearest min of RA) is 25 seconds west and 1' south of ESO 601-011. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position in 1898-99 with the 20" refractor at Denver. I'm surprised John Herschel missed this
galaxy as he observed the other three members in the NGC 7184 group.
******************************
NGC 7189 = UGC
11882 = MCG +00-56-007 = CGCG 377-017 = PGC 67934
22 03 16.0 +00
34 16
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 115d
17.5"
(8/31/86): fairly faint, small, elongated NW-SE, small bright core, stellar
nucleus or faint star superimposed.
Located 33' E of 28 Aquarii (V = 5.8).
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7189 = m 460 on 12 Oct 1863 and noted "F, S, lE." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7190 = UGC
11885 = CGCG 428-019 = PGC 67928
22 03 06.7 +11
11 57
V = 13.8; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 66d
17.5"
(9/19/87): faint, small, round, small bright core. Located in field 10' S of 21 Pegasi (V = 5.8). IC 5160 lies 16' S.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7190 = St II-28 = St IV-7 on 23 Jul 1870. NGC 7190 was discovered by Stephan
(II-28) on 23 Jul 1870 and found again by Stephan in 1872. His second position is a bit off, but
close enough it's surprising he didn't realize the equivalence. Dreyer assigned two GCS number but
queried "are these identical?"
UGC and PGC reverse the identifications of N7190 = UGC 11885 and IC 5160
= UGC 11884 located 17' S. See
Harold Corwin's notes on the identification of IC 1424.
******************************
NGC 7191 = ESO
108-013 = LGG 452-003 = PGC 68059
22 06 51.3 -64
38 03
V = 13.1; Size 1.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 136d
18" (7/6/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x, fairly faint, moderately large,
elongated nearly 3:1 NW-SE, 1.4'x0.5', weak concentration. Located 19' due south of NGC 7192 and
second of 5 in a group. NGC 7199
is located 11' ESE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7191 = h3913, and NGC 7199, on 22 Jun 1835 and recorded
"vF; S; lE; vgbM; 20"."
His single position is just off the south side of the galaxy.
******************************
NGC 7192 = ESO
108-012 = LGG 452-002 = PGC 68057
22 06 50.2 -64
18 57
V = 11.2; Size 2.0'x1.9'; Surf Br = 12.7
18" (7/6/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly bright, round, 1.5' diameter, well
concentrated with a very small bright core. A mag 10.5 star lies 5.7' E. Brightest in a group with 5 members including NGC 7179, NGC
7191, NGC 7199 and NGC 7219.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7192 = h3914 on 22 Jun 1835 and recorded "pB; S; R; gpmbM;
20"." His position
(measured on two sweeps) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7193
22 03 03.8 +10
48 06
Size 8'
18"
(8/8/10): I noticed this asterism, while observing IC 5160, located in the same
field 7' to the north. The group
is a distinctive asterism of about a dozen mag 11-12 stars that is elongated NW
to SE and extends 6'x1' or nearly twice this length if you include some
scattered stars extending NW. The
group stands out well at low power and is a good impostor of a scattered
cluster.
17.5"
(9/23/95): this asterism consists of almost two dozen scattered stars mostly
mag 10 and 11 in an elongated 10'x2' group oriented WNW-ESE. The stars are spread out but well
detached in the field and immediately catch the eye at low power. A faint galaxy IC 5160 lies 7' N of the
center of the group.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7193 = h2145 on 13 Oct 1825 and recorded "A coarse
straggling cl, stars 9...10m."
His position falls on a blank piece of sky, but 30 seconds of RA
preceding is a distinctive string of mag 10 and fainter stars elongated
E-W. Based on Heidelberg plate,
Karl Reinmuth reported this object as a "Cl, E, pP, st sc, st 9...15; IC
5160 [galaxy] n." RNGC
misclassifies the number as nonexistent, although the group of stars may be an
asterism. A 2016 preprint titled
"Investigation of Galactic open cluster remnants: the case of NGC
7193", concludes "that NGC 7193 is a 2.5 Gyr OCR [open cluster
remnant] composed by 15 confirmed members and 19 probable members and located
at about 500 pc away from the Sun."
******************************
NGC 7194 = UGC
11888 = MCG +02-56-008 = CGCG 428-021 = PGC 67945
22 03 30.9 +12
38 12
V = 13.1; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 20d
17.5"
(9/19/87): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, weak
concentration. Forms a close pair
with NGC 7195 1.5' N.
Lewis Swift discovered
NGC 7194 = Sw II-90, along with NGC 7195, on 9 Nov 1884 and recorded "vF;
S; R; lbM; s of 2 [with NGC 7195]."
His position is 8 tsec of RA too far east and 1.8' too far north
(similar offset as NGC 7195). CGCG
fails to label this galaxy NGC 7194.
******************************
NGC 7195 = MCG
+02-56-008 = CGCG 428-022 = PGC 67940
22 03 30.3 +12
39 39
V = 14.7; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(9/19/87): very faint, very small, round.
Located 1.5' N of NGC 7194.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 7195 = Sw II-91, along with NGC 7194, on 9 Nov 1884 and recorded
"eeF; R; v diff; n of 2 [with NGC 7194]." His position is 8 tsec of RA too far east and 1.3' too far
north (similar offset as NGC 7195).
******************************
NGC 7196 = ESO
237-036 = AM 2202-502 = PGC 68020
22 05 55.1 -50
07 11
V = 11.5; Size 2.5'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 53d
30"
(10/9/15 - OzSky): at 394x; bright, moderately large, very sharply concentrated
with the core increasing to a very bright stellar nucleus. The halo extends 4:3 SW-NE,
~1.2'x0.9'. A mag 13.5 star is
just off the east edge, 0.6' from center.
A curving chain of stars passes just north of the galaxy and continues
to the northeast. NGC 7200 lies
14' NE and the pair is part of the same physical group.
PGC 129874 =
2MASX J22060021-5006303, is a small companion off the northeast edge, 1.1' from
center. It was easily visible as a
faint to fairly faint glow, very small, round, 12"-15" diameter, low
surface brightness.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7196 = h3915 on 2 Oct 1834 and recorded "pB; R; pslbM;
20"; position of a * 14m from neb = 101.7¡." His position (measured on 4 sweeps) is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 7197 = UGC
11887 = MCG +07-45-005 = CGCG 530-003 = PGC 67921
22 02 58.0 +41 03
32
V = 12.8; Size 1.6'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 112d
17.5"
(8/5/91): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE, very bright
core. Located 4.1' WNW of mag 8.2
SAO 51599. Situated in a very rich
star field that includes many fairly bright stars mag 10-11.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7197 = H II-599 = h2146 on 17 Oct 1786 (sweep 612) and noted
"F, pS, E." JH made the
single observation "vF; lE; S; vglbM; 15"." and measured a
fairly accurate position.
******************************
NGC 7198 = MCG
+00-56-008 = CGCG 377-023 = PGC 68006
22 05 14.2 -00
38 54
V = 13.3; Size 1.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 5d
17.5"
(8/31/86): faint, small, slightly elongated, sharp stellar nucleus. A mag 13 star is 0.7' SE of
center. Located 21' SSW of Alpha
Aquarii (V = 3.0).
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7198 = m 461 on 31 Jul 1864 and noted "eF, vS,
stellar." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 7199 = ESO
108-014 = PGC 68124
22 08 29.9 -64
42 23
V = 13.1; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 30d
18" (7/6/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x appeared fairly faint, fairly
small, irregularly round, 0.8'x0.7', brighter core. A mag 11 star lies 2.7' W. Fourth of five in a group with NGC 7191 11' WNW.
John Herschel discovered
NGC 7199 = h3916, and NGC 7191, on 22 Jun 1835 and recorded "vF; vS; R;
pslbM; follows a * 11m, 3'." His position (measured on two sweeps) is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 7200 = ESO
237-037 = PGC 68068
22 07 09.5 -49
59 44
V = 12.9; Size 1.6'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 33d
30"
(10/9/15 - OzSky): at 394x; bright, fairly small, sharply concentrated with an
intense core that increases to an even brighter nucleus. The halo is slightly extended SW-NE and
perhaps 0.6'x0.45'. NGC 7196 lies
14' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7200 = h3917 on 30 Sep 1834 and recorded "pF; S; R; smbM;
15"." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 7201 = ESO
467-004 = MCG -05-52-026 = PGC 68040
22 06 31.9 -31
15 47
V = 12.8; Size 1.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 128d
24"
(8/16/12): moderately to fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 5:2 or 3:1
NW-SE, ~45"x16", small bright core, brightens to the center. Forms a very nice trio with NGC 7203
and 7204.
18"
(10/25/08): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 NW-SE, 0.6'x0.2',
small bright core. First and
furthest south in a linear trio with NGC 7203 6.6' NNE and NGC 7204 13.5'
NNE. This galaxy has a higher
surface brightness than NGC 7203.
This group (Klemola 36) is located ~1.3 degrees NE of the NGC 7173 group
(HCG 90).
17.5"
(7/22/87): fairly faint, fairly small, round, bright core. First of three on a line in field with
NGC 7203 6.5' NNE and NGC 7204 13.5' NNE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7201 = h3918, along with NGC 7203 and 7204, on 27 Sep 1834 and
recorded "pF; R; gbM.
******************************
NGC 7202 = ESO
467-*A04
22 06 43.3 -31
13 06
18"
(10/25/08): this is a single mag 14.5 star located just east of the midpoint of
a line connecting NGC 7201 and NGC 7203.
Does not have a nebulous appearance at 280x.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7202 = h3920 on 15 Aug 1835 and recorded "eF; S; star like;
[italics] the second of a group of 3." He later added the note, "It precedes the 3rds 2 beats
of the chronom = 1second. The RA
here set down, it must be noticed, is comparable only with that single value of
the RA of the others, which results from sweep 619]." At his offset from NGC 7203 (3rd in the
sweep) is a single star (mag 14.6 in the GSC). ESO also equates NGC 7202 with
this star (uncertain ID). See
Harold Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 7203 = ESO
467-007 = MCG -05-52-027 = PGC 68053
22 06 43.9 -31
09 45
V = 12.6; Size 1.6'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 72d
24"
(8/16/12): moderately bright, fairly small to moderately large, elongated 2:1
WSW-ENE, bright roundish core, 40"x20".
18"
(10/25/08): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:3 WSW-ENE, 0.65'x0.4',
gradually brightens to a large, brighter core. Middle of linear trio of elongated galaxies with NGC 7201 to
the SSE and NGC 7204 to the NNE. A
mag 11 star lies 2.9' ENE.
17.5"
(7/22/87): fairly faint, fairly small, round, bright core. Slightly brighter than NGC 7201 6.5'
SSW. Second of three on line with
NGC 7204 7.0' NNE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7203 = h3921, along with NGC 7201 and 7204, on 27 Sep 1834 and
recorded "pF; R; gbM."
He made a total of 3 observations.
******************************
NGC 7204 = ESO
467-IG 008 = MCG -05-52-028/029 = AM 2204-311 = VV 685 = PGC 68060/68061
22 06 54.0 -31
02 59
V = 13.5; Size 1.2'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7
24"
(8/16/12): this strongly interacting double system appeared fairly faint,
moderately large, elongated 3:2 E-W, irregular, ~1.0'x0.7'. At 280x it resolved into two galaxies. According to my notes the northwest
component (MCG -05-52-008 = NGC 7204A) is more prominent with a higher surface
brightness. The fainter galaxy is
attached on the south side (MCG -05-52-009/NGC 7204B) and is elongated E-W,
extending to the east, with the two glows barely resolved.
18"
(10/25/08): this interacting double system is the furthest NNE is an equally
spaced trio with NGC 7203 6.9' SSW and NGC 7201 13.5' SSW. At 174x it appeared faint, fairly
small, elongated 2:1 E-W, fairly low surface brightness with no
concentration. At 283x, it
appeared brighter on the western side (due to the small companion galaxy just
off the NW end), but the duo was not cleanly resolved.
17.5"
(7/22/87): faint, fairly small, round, diffuse. Faintest and last of three with NGC 7201 13.5' SSW and NGC
7203 7.0' SSW. Mag 8.2 SAO 213556
is 7.2' NNE and mag 9.6 SAO 213549 5.8' N. This is an interacting double system but was not resolved.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7204 = h3922 on 27 Sep 1834 and recorded "pB; L; lE; gbM;
80"." Although described
as single, this is a double system with two entries in MCG (-05-52-028 and
-05-52-029) although the MCG declination is 4' too far south.
******************************
NGC 7205 = ESO
146-009 = AM 2205-574 = PGC 68128
22 08 34.4 -57
26 33
V = 10.9; Size 4.1'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 73d
18" (7/6/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x, this galaxy was surprisingly
bright and large, elongated 2:1 WSW-ENE, 3.5'x1.8', increases to a small bright
core. The outer halo on the
west-southwest end seems to be more extensive but has a noticeably lower
surface brightness. A single
spiral arm appears to emerge from the core on the north side and wrap around
clockwise towards the east!
Situated between mag 8.9 SAO 247319 4' SW and a mag 10 star 4' NE. This galaxy straddles the border of
Tucana and Indus and is close to the southwest corner of Grus.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7205 = h3919 on 10 Jul 1834 and recorded "pB; lE; glbM; 2
1/2' l, 1 1/2' br." Member of
the Pavo-Indus Cloud along with NGC 7213, 7049, 7083 and 7144.
******************************
NGC 7206 = UGC
11904 = MCG +03-56-007 = CGCG 451-006 = PGC 68014
22 05 40.9 +16
47 07
V = 13.3; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(8/20/88): faint, small, round, sharp concentration with a very small
core. Pair with NGC 7207 1.6' SE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7206 = m 462, along with NGC 7207, on 7 Aug 1864 and noted
"F, S, lE, bM." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7207 = CGCG
451-007 = PGC 68017
22 05 45.7 +16
46 04
Size
0.5'x0.2'; PA = 93d
17.5"
(8/20/88): very faint, very small, round, weak concentration. Forms a close pair with NGC 7206 1.6'
NW. Forms an equilateral triangle
with two mag 14.5 stars 1' E. Not
identified as NGC 7207 in UGC or CGCG.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7207 = m 463, along with NGC 7206, on 7 Aug 1864 and noted
"vF, S." His position is
accurate (to within 1'). CGCG and
UGC (notes for NGC 7206) fail to label this galaxy as NGC 7207. Malcolm Thomson
mentioned this omission in his unpublished "CGCG Corrections".
******************************
NGC 7208 = ESO
467-010 = MCG -05-52-032 = AM 2205-291 = PGC 68120
22 08 24.4 -29
03 04
V = 12.8; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 11.9; PA = 142d
17.5"
(8/10/91): fairly faint, fairly small, round, broad concentration but no
nucleus. On a line between a mag
11.5 star 1.8' WSW and a mag 11 star 3.3' ENE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7208 = h3923 on 28 Sep 1834 and recorded "vF; vS; R; almost
uniformly bright." There is nothing
near his single position, but exactly 1.0 minute of RA east is ESO 467-010 =
PGC 68120, certainly the intended object.
Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1897 (repeated in the IC 2
Notes). MCG fails to label this
galaxy as NGC 7208.
******************************
NGC 7209 = Cr
444 = Mel 238 = Lund 1004
22 05 07 +46 29
00
V = 6.7; Size 25'
15x50 IS
binoculars (6/19/09): while observing Barnard 168, the fairly prominent, long
dark lane that begins near M39 and heads east in the direction of the Cocoon
Nebula (IC 5146), I picked up this fairly faint, round, diffuse patch that was
easily visible in binoculars. NGC
7209 is perhaps two degrees further ESE and collinear with the B168 dark lane.
17.5"
(10/12/85): 100-125 stars are resolved, bright, large. Located in a very rich field so does
not stand out conspicuously.
13.1"
(9/22/84): about 75 stars, bright, fairly scattered.
8": fairly
large, spread out, similar magnitudes.
Framed by an 8th magnitude star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7209 = H VII-53 = h2147 on 19 Oct 1788 (sweep 868) and recorded
"a large cl. of pretty compressed considerable L stars, above 15'
diameter." JH made two
observations, first recording on sweep 209, "place of a * 10m near the
middle of a fine L p rich cluster; 50 stars from 10m to 13m counted. It fills field. Moon full."
******************************
NGC 7210 = NGC
7487 = UGC 12368 = MCG +05-54-035 = CGCG 496-043 = PGC 70496
23 06 50.5 +28
10 45
V = 13.5; Size 1.8'x1.7'
See observing
notes for NGC 7487.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7210 = h2148 on 17 Nov 1827 and recorded "eF; R; bM;
ill-defined; a vF double star 45¡ n p 4' dist points just to it." Both his RA and Dec are marked as very
uncertain (::) and there is nothing fitting his description near the
position. There were three failed
attempts at Birr Castle (twice clouds passing) to recover this object and
Reinmuth also reported it was not found on a Heidelberg plate. But JH made two transcription errors
contributing to an erroneous NGC position. His position in his General Catalogue (GC) and repeated in
the NGC is 1 degree too far south.
Furthermore Harold Corwin found (April 2016), that he made a transcription
error in copying the RA in his logbook to his Slough Catalogue, so the RA (marked
as uncertain) is 1 hour too small.
Correcting both of these errors, the position of NGC 7210 = h2148 (as
well as the description) matches NGC 7487, later discovered by Lewis Swift.
******************************
NGC 7211 = PGC
68033
22 06 21.9 -08
05 24
V = 14.1; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 90d
17.5"
(9/15/90): very faint, extremely small, round, small bright core, stellar
nucleus.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7211 = m 464 on 3 Aug 1864 and noted "eF, S,
stellar." There is nothing at
his position but exactly 1.0 minute of RA west is PGC 68033.
******************************
NGC 7212 = UGC
11910 = MCG +02-56-011 = CGCG 428-032 = PGC 68065
22 07 02.0 +10
14 00
V = 13.8; Size 1.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 33d
24"
(7/30/16): faint to fairly faint, oval 3:2 SW-NE, 0.6'x0.4', very small bright
core (round) stands out, occasional stellar nucleus. A mag 15.5 star is off the south edge [35" S of
center]. The seeing was too soft
to confidently see the attached companion at the northeast end.
17.5"
(9/19/87): extremely faint, small, diffuse. A mag 15 star is involved at the southwest end. Located 16' NE of ·2857 = 7.2/9.0 at
20". NGC 7212 is an
interacting, overlapping pair (listed as a triple in NED) with tidal plumes,
but only a single glow was seen.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 7212 = Sw V-93 on 2 Oct 1886 and recorded "vF; pS;
lE." His position matches UGC
11910 = PGC 68065.
******************************
NGC 7213 = ESO
288-043 = AM 2206-472 = PGC 68165
22 09 16.3 -47
10 00
V = 10.1; Size 3.1'x2.8'; Surf Br = 12.3
18"
(11/22/08): fairly bright [even from northern California!], moderately large,
round, 1.5' diameter. Contains a
bright 30" core that gradually increases to the center and a much fainter
outer halo.
18" (7/5/05
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): bright, moderately large, round, 1.8'
diameter. Well concentrated with a
small bright core that increases to a very bright stellar nucleus. Forms the western vertex of an acute
isosceles triangle with two equal mag 10.5 stars 6' E and 6' SE.
Located 16' SE of mag 1.7 Alpha Gruis (Al Nair).
11" (8/8/04
- Haleakala Crater, Hawaii): fairly bright, moderately large, round, 1.5'
diameter, increases to a small bright core. Very symmetrical appearance. Easy to locate 16' SE of mag 1.7 Alpha Gruis. Forms the western vertex of an
isosceles triangle with two mag 10.5 stars ~6' E and SE.
13.1"
(7/20/85): fairly faint, small, bright core.
13.1"
(9/11/82): faint, small, round.
Located 16' SE of Alpha Gruis (V = 1.7). This is farthest southern galaxy observed from northern
California.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7213 = h3924 on 30 Sep 1834 and recorded "vB; R; gbM;
45"." His single
position is accurate. NGC 7213 is
the brightest in a group that includes NGCs 7232 and 7233, IC 5170 and IC 5181.
******************************
NGC 7214 = ESO
467-012 = MCG -05-52-034 = VV 700 = HCG 91A = AM 2206-280 = PGC 68152
22 09 07.6 -27
48 34
V = 12.7; Size 2.2'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.8
18"
(9/3/05): brightest and largest of four in the HCG 91 group = AM 2206-280 =
Klemola 40. At 225x appears fairly
faint, fairly small, irregularly round or a ragged edge to the outer halo,
diameter ~0.8' though grows slightly with averted vision. Contains a small, bright, round
core. Two mag 13 stars aligned E-W
are close south and southwest. MCG
-05-52-035 = HCG 91D is attached at the north end and appears as a very faint,
extremely small knot, ~10" diameter.
ESO 467-013 = HCG 91C, situated 2' NE of NGC 7214, appeared extremely
faint, very small, round, very low surface brightness, 0.3' diameter.
17.5"
(10/13/90): fairly faint, very small, slightly elongated, very small very
bright core, a mag 13 star is just off the SW end, 1.1' from center. This galaxy is the brightest of four in
HCG 91. An almost stellar companion,
MCG -05-52-035 = HCG 91D, is 30" NNE, MCG -05-52-036 = HCG 91C 2.2' NE and
MCG -05-52-039 = HCG 91B 5' NNE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7214 = h3926 on 30 Jul 1834 and recorded "a vS cluster or
resolvable nebula; irreg R; lbM; 2' diam; has 2 or 3 stars larger than the
rest." His position is
accurate. Herbert Howe, observing
with the 20" refractor in Denver in 1898-99, remarked "h calls this a
globular cluster. To me it
appeared to be a nebula having a nuclear condensation of mag 12; the surrounding
nebulosity was indefinite in extent."
******************************
NGC 7215 = CGCG
377-031 = PGC 68127
22 08 34.5 +00
30 42
V = 13.9; Size 1.0'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 88d
17.5"
(8/31/86): faint, small, elongated E-W, a small knot is possibly at the east
end. Located 10.4' N of mag 8 SAO
27318.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7215 = m 465 on 11 Aug 1864 and noted "vF, S, E." His position is less than 1' south of
CGCG 377-031 = PGC 68127.
******************************
NGC 7216 = ESO
076-003 = PGC 68291
22 12 35.8 -68
39 43
V = 12.6; Size 1.7'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 133d
30"
(10/12/15 - OzSky): at 394x; fairly bright, sharply concentrated with a very
bright core, the halo is extended 3:2 NW-SE, ~40"x25". Mag 8.8 HD 210473 lies 4.8' SE and a
distinctive 1.3' string of three mag 10-12.5 stars is 6' WSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7216 = h3925 on 29 Jun 1835 and recorded "pF; R; gbM;
25"." His position is
good.
******************************
NGC 7217 = UGC
11914 = MCG +05-52-001 = CGCG 494-002 = PGC 68096
22 07 52.4 +31
21 33
V = 10.1; Size 3.9'x3.2'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 95d
17.5"
(9/2/89): very bright, fairly large, round, dominated by small very bright
core, surrounded by larger halo. A
mag 10.5 star is 3.2' SE of center.
8": fairly
bright, round, moderately large, bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7217 = H II-207 = h2149 on 7 Sep 1784 (sweep 259) and recorded
"R, mbM, cL, er, the brightness diminishing gradually." JH made the single observation "B;
R; 30"; gbM." and measured an accurate position. The Birr Castle observers felt this
object was resolvable -- and there are several faint stars involved or at the
periphery. On 16 Sep 1854, R.J.
Mitchell logged "there can hardly be a doubt that this neb is a Cl; some
stars near centre seen by Lord R. with one-inch single lens [power 650] and
filaments of stars at times suspected running out from the nucleus."
******************************
NGC 7218 = MCG
-03-56-008 = PGC 68199
22 10 11.7 -16
39 36
V = 12.0; Size 2.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 20d
17.5"
(9/15/90): moderately bright, fairly large, oval 2:1 SW-NE, 2.0'x1.0', broadly
concentrated halo. Two mag
12.5/13.5 are just following; the brighter star is 1.0' E of center and the
fainter star is at the NE tip.
8"
(7/24/82): faint, moderately large, elongated SW-NE, brighter core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7218 = H II-897 = h2150 on 6 Sep 1793 (sweep 1050) and recorded
"pB, lE, r, about 1 1/2' long, 1 1/4' br." His position is fairly
accurate.
******************************
NGC 7219 = ESO
108-019 = LGG 452-004 = PGC 68312
22 13 09.5 -64
50 49
V = 12.5; Size 1.7'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 27d
18" (7/6/02
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): last of 5 NGC galaxies in the NGC 7192
group. At 228x it appeared fairly
faint, small, round, 40" diameter.
The brighter core is perhaps 15" and with averted vision the faint
halo increased to ~1' diameter. A
mag 13 star is less than 2' W.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7219 = h3927 on 22 Jun 1835 and recorded "pB; R; psbM; near
2 stars." His mean position
(2 sweeps) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7220 = ESO
532-028 = MCG -04-52-020 = PGC 68241
22 11 31.0 -22
57 10
V = 13.5; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 3d
17.5"
(8/8/91): very faint, very small, irregularly round, gradually weak
concentration. A mag 15 star is 1'
N and a mag 12 star lies 3.0' N.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 7220 = LM II-466 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory. He
reported "mag 15.5, 0.2' dia, vlE, gbM, *10 precedes 3.2' in PA 5¡
(NNE). There is nothing at his
position, but 1.0 min of RA east and 2' north is ESO 532-028. A mag 12 star 3' north matches his
description. Herbert Howe measured
an accurate position in 1897-98 with the 20" refractor at the Chamberlin
Observatory in Denver.
******************************
NGC 7221 = ESO
467-018 = MCG -05-52-043 = AM 2208-304 = LGG 454-001 = PGC 68235
22 11 15.2 -30
33 47
V = 12.1; Size 2.0'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 10d
17.5"
(10/5/91): faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 N-S, gradually brightens. A mag 13.5 star is just off the NE edge
1.3' from center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7221 = h3928 on 27 Sep 1834 and recorded "F; R; gbM; has 2
stars 14m near; one almost involved." His mean position (measured on 4 sweeps) is good.
******************************
NGC 7222 = UGC
11934 = MCG +00-56-012 = CGCG 377-035 = PGC 68224
22 10 51.7 +02
06 21
V = 13.8; Size 1.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 5d
24"
(9/10/15): at 260x; fairly faint, small, round, very small brighter nucleus,
fairly low surface brightness halo ~24" diameter. A mag 12 star lies 2' S and a mag 13.5
star 1.6' NW. Viewed in fairly
poor transparency.
CGCG 377-036
lies 4.4' E. It appeared faint,
very small, round, 12"-15" diameter. A 4" double (mag 13.5/14.5) is just 0.6' E of center.
17.5"
(8/31/86): faint, fairly small, diffuse, broadly concentrated. Located between a mag 12 star 1.9' S
and mag 13 star 1.5' NW. A mag 11
star is 4.9' WNW. Relatively large
for such a faint galaxy.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7222 = m 466 on 11 Aug 1864 and noted "vF, S." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7223 = UGC
11931 = MCG +07-45-018 = CGCG 530-013 = Holm 788a = LGG 453-005 = PGC 68197
22 10 09.1 +41
01 02
V = 12.2; Size 1.7'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(8/1/86): moderately bright, fairly diffuse, slightly elongated ~N-S. There are two stars to the south
including one at the south edge.
Forms a close
pair with Holm 788B = PGC 214803 1.0' NW.
The companion appeared very faint, very small, slightly elongated. It's situated west of a star off the
north side of NGC 7223. Also UGC
11927, located 8' WSW, appeared faint, fairly small, elongated NW-SE, very
diffuse.
13.1"
(8/17/85): fairly faint, moderately large, diffuse, elongated N-S. Extends from a star on the south end in
a fan-shape. A faint star is off
the north end. A knot is suspected
just west of the star at the north end (probably an anonymous companion).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7223 = H III-862 = h2151 on 8 Nov 1790 (sweep 977) and recorded
"eF, pL, iR, r. 300 showed it
very plainly." JH made the
single observation "eF; S; E; among 3 stars, with which however it seems
not connected."
******************************
NGC 7224 = UGC 11940
= MCG +04-52-004 = CGCG 473-006 = PGC 68242
22 11 35.4 +25
51 52
V = 13.2; Size 1.6'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 110d
17.5"
(9/2/89): faint, small, irregularly round, weak concentration.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7224 = m 467 = St II-29 on 6 Sep 1863 and noted "F, S,
R." His position is
accurate. ƒdouard Stephan
rediscovered the galaxy on 25 Jul 1870 and measured a very accurate micrometric
position.
******************************
NGC 7225 = ESO
532-033 = MCG -04-52-023 = AM 2210-262 = LGG 457-004 = PGC 68311
22 13 08.4 -26
08 54
V = 12.2; Size 2.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 147d
17.5"
(10/13/90): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 NW-SE, gradually
increases to a small bright core.
Located 12' NNE of mag 6.2 SAO 190967. The strong dust lane on the DSS was not seen.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7225 = h3929 on 30 Jul 1834 and recorded "pF; S; lE; bM;
15" l, 12" br." His
single position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7226 = Cr
446 = Lund 1007 = OCL-226
22 10 26.9 +55
23 54
V = 9.6; Size 2'
18"
(8/17/04): at 225x, this is a small, faint group with 25-30 stars resolved in a
2'-2.5' region. The star at the NE
edge is a nice, mag 12/13 double.
The remaining stars are generally 14th-15th magnitude and some pop in and
out of view.
17.5"
(11/2/91): 15 stars resolved at 220x within a compact 2' diameter. The brightest mag 11 star is at the WNW
edge and a close double star mag 12/13 at 11" is at the NE edge. The remaining dozen very faint stars
are 14th and 15th mag and located along the south side. Situated in a rich star field over
unresolved background haze.
Edward Holden
discovered NGC 7226 on 20 Jun 1881 with the 15.6" Clark refractor at the
Washburn Observatory and described a "pB nebula connected with a small cluster
of stars which radiate in two streams from the f[ollowing] to p[receding]
side. Diam of Neb 5', of Cl.
15'. North-preceding in p[osition
angle] 315¡ is a small knot which may be nebulous." His position is just off the east side
of this small cluster.
******************************
NGC 7227 = UGC
11942 = MCG +06-48-015 = CGCG 513-012 = PGC 68243
22 11 31.3 +38
43 17
V = 13.5; Size 1.3'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 8d
17.5"
(8/27/92): faint, small, elongated 3:2 N-S, weak concentration, low surface
brightness. View hindered by a mag
10 star at the SW end 34" from the center! Pair with NGC 7228 3.6' ESE. Nearby are UGC 11950 12' E and IC 5180 13' NNW.
On two
occasions, I have picked up nearby galaxies instead of NGC 7227/7228 from the
Sierra Buttes! These include
IC 5180/MCG +06-48-014 (for the
pair) and CGCG 513-016 (for NGC 7227).
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7227 = St IV-8, along with NGC 7228, on 1 Sep 1872. His micrometric position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7228 = UGC
11945 = MCG +06-48-016 = CGCG 513-013 = PGC 68254
22 11 48.6 +38
41 57
V = 13.5; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 150d
17.5"
(8/27/92): faint, small, round, broad concentration, no sharp core. Close pair with NGC 7228 3.6' WNW and
UGC 11950 also in field 8' E.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7228 = St IV-9, along with NGC 7227, on 1 Sep 1872. His micrometric position is very
accurate. It's surprising he
missed UGC 11950!
******************************
NGC 7229 = ESO
467-024 = MCG -05-52-051 = LGG 454-002 = PGC 68344
22 14 03.2 -29
22 58
V = 12.5; Size 1.8'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 157d
17.5"
(10/5/91): very faint, fairly small, round, low surface brightness, averted
only. Located between two mag 14.5
stars 1.7' E and 1.2' SW. Forms
the north vertex of a flat isosceles triangle with mag 9 SAO 190990 6' ESE and
an evenly matched double star 5.4' SW (mag 14/14 at 18"). ESO 467-026 = MCG -05-52-056 is located
15' NNE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7229 = h3930 on 27 Sep 1834 and recorded "pF; L; R; glbM;
r." His mean position (4
nights) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7230 = MCG
-03-56-012 = PGC 68350
22 14 13.0 -17
04 27
V = 14.1; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(10/13/90): faint, small, round, broad concentration with no well-defined core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7230 = H III-931 = h2152 on 6 Sep 1793 (sweep 1050) and noted
"eF, S, iR." His
position is accurate. JH made a
single observation on 5 Aug 1826 and called it "vF; R; bM; 20"."
******************************
NGC 7231 = UGC
11951 = CGCG 530-017 = PGC 68285
22 12 30.1 +45
19 42
V = 13.0; Size 1.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 88d
17.5"
(8/8/91): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 E-W, unconcentrated glow. Two mag 14 stars are off the south
edge. Located 15' SW of mag 5.5
SAO 51783 just off the edge of the field.
This object appears as an unresolved patch in a rich Milky Way field
(ZOA galaxy) as it is located just 9¡ from the galactic equator.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7231 = H II-606 = h2153 on 24 Oct 1786 (sweep 620) and recorded
"F, S, easily resolvable or rather a patch." His position is nearly 5' too far
northwest. A second observation
was made on 19 Oct 1788 (sweep 868), though he just noted "eF,
r[esolvable]." JH made the single observation "a most eF nebulous
appearance, which is probably a few minute stars. No other near."
His position is accurate to within 1'.
******************************
NGC 7232 = ESO
289-007 = KTS 67A = LGG 455-002 = PGC 68431
22 15 38.0 -45
51 00
V = 12.0; Size 2.6'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 99d
18" (7/5/05
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): moderately bright, moderately large,
elongated 5:2 ~E-W, ~1.5'x0.6'.
Well concentrated with a bright 30" core. Forms the western vertex of an isosceles triangle with two
bright stars – mag 8.8 HD 211111 3' NE and mag 8.9 HD 211121 3.5' E. To complete this striking arrangement,
a fainter companion, NGC 7233 is 1.9' E and is squeezed between NGC 7232 and
the mag 8.9 star nearly due east.
Observation made with a partially dewed secondary that probably dimmed
both members.
13.1"
(8/17/85): faint, elongated WNW-ESE, brighter core. Located just 3.0' SW of mag 8.5 SAO 231056 and 3.0' W of a
mag 9.5 star. Brighter IC 5181
lies 26' SW. Very far south for viewing
from the latitude of Northern California.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7232 = h3931, along with NGC 7233, on 6 Sep 1834 and recorded
"pB; vS; pmE; psbM; 15" l, 8" br. The preceding of 2."
******************************
NGC 7233 = ESO
289-008 = KTS 67B = LGG 455-004 = PGC 68441
22 15 49.0 -45
50 47
V = 12.5; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 133d
18" (7/5/05
- Magellan Observatory, Australia): faint, small, round, ~30" diameter,
increases gradually to the center.
The halo increases a bit with averted vision to 0.6' diameter. This unassuming galaxy is in a pretty
striking arrangement, sandwiched between brighter NGC 7232 1.9' W and mag 8.9
HD 211121 1.5' following. NGC
7232B, situated 4' N, was not noticed although the observation was compromised
by a partially dewed secondary.
13.1"
(8/17/85): not seen from northern California (very low elevation).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7233 = h3932, along with NGC 7232, on 6 Sep 1834 and recorded
"F; vS; R; 10". The
following of 2 [with NGC 7232]."
A star 8m follows nearly on the parallel, and another to the
north."
******************************
NGC 7234 = NGC
7235
22 12 25.0 +57
16 16
V = 7.7; Size 4'
See observing
notes for NGC 7235.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7234 = H VIII-63 on 16 Oct 1787 (sweep 768) and recorded "A
small cl of stars, the stars pL but not many of them." His position (CH's reduction) is just
off the west side of the cluster.
But the GC and NGC position is nearly 18' too far south (apparently JH
made a clerical error) and falls on a blank piece of sky. Harold Corwin also reduced WH's offsets
(1 min 21 sec east and 56' south of Zeta Cephei) and they land directly on NGC
7235, which was found by JH again (h2154) on 16 Dec 1830. Because of the poor NGC position,
Reinmuth looked in the wrong place and concluded "no distinct
cluster". Dorothy Carlson and
RNGC repeated this conclusion. But
NGC 7234 = NGC 7235, with discovery credit to WH.
******************************
NGC 7235 = NGC
7234 = Cr 447 = Lund 1008 = OCL-229
22 12 25.0 +57
16 16
V = 7.7; Size 4'
18"
(8/17/04): at 225x, nearly three dozen stars are resolved in a 4'x3' group,
slightly extended E-W. The
brightest mag 9 star is at the east end.
A rich stream of faint stars over haze is the north side and angling WSW
towards a mag 10.5 star on the west end.
17.5"
(11/2/91): two dozen stars mag 9-15 in a 4' diameter at 220x. This moderately concentrated group is
elongated WNW-ESE and includes several fairly bright stars. A mag 9 star is at the east end and there
are eight other mag 10-11 stars.
Just west of the mag 9 star is a 1.5' circular hole with no stars. A mag 10 star at the extreme west edge
has six faint stars mag 13/14 close following.
A compact group
of faint stars 13' S appears as a small, partially resolved nebulous glow at
100x. At 220x, 7 stars are
resolved from mag 14-15.5 within a 1.5' diameter. I had taken this as NGC 7234 but Corwin's re-reduced position
from William Herschel indicates that NGC 7234 is identical to NGC 7235.
John Herschel
found NGC 7235 = h2154 on 16 Dec 1830 and recorded "a * 10m, the chief of
a p compact cluster of 15 or 20 stars 10...17m. One, 11m, is of a ruby colour." His position (measured on two sweeps)
is accurate. JH equated this
object with his father's H VIII-63 = NGC 7234, but they were given separate GC
and NGC designation, due to an error in precessing the position of NGC
7234. So, NGC 7235 = NGC 7234.
******************************
NGC 7236 = Arp
169 NED1 = UGC 11958a = MCG +02-56-023 = CGCG 428-058 = 3C 442 = II Zw 172 =
WBL 678-005 = PGC 68383
22 14 45.0 +13
50 48
V = 13.6; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.6
24"
(9/27/14): first and brightest in a linear trio (Arp 169) with a total length
of only 1.2'. At 375x appeared
fairly faint, very small, round, compact, high surface brightness, 18"
diameter. Forms a very close pair
with NGC 7237 just 35" SE. A
trio of mag 14 star is to the N and NE and a mag 10 star is 2.7' SW.
Brightest in the
poor cluster WBL 678 with CGCG 428-057 5.5' SW ("faint, very small (core),
round, 12" diameter"), UGC 11953 13' WSW ("faint, very thin
streak, 30"x6", even surface brightness"), CGCG 428-049 15' WSW
("very faint, very elongated 7:2 NNW-SSE, 27"x8", even surface
brightness") and CGCG 428-054 8.5' NW.
17.5"
(8/20/88): first and brightest of three with NGC 7237 35" SE of center and
an anonymous galaxy 1.2' SE, all equally spaced on a NW-SE line. Appears faint, very small, round, small
bright core, in a common halo with NGC 7237. Located 2.7' NE of a mag 10 star. The trio forms Arp 169.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7236 = m 468, along with NGC 7237, on 25 Aug 1864 and noted
"vF, S, stellar." His
declination is off by 1' (too far south).
CGCG fails to label this double system as NGC 7236 + 7237. Malcolm Thomson mentions this omission
in his unpublished CGCG Corrections.
******************************
NGC 7237 = Arp
169 NED2 = UGC 11958b = MCG +02-56-024 = CGCG 428-058 = 3C 442 = II Zw 172 =
PGC 68384
22 14 46.9 +13
50 27
V = 13.6; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.3
24" (9/27/14):
At 375x appeared faint, very small, round, fairly low even surface brightness,
18" diameter. NGC 7237 is the
middle of three collinear galaxies (and second brightest) in the compact Arp
169 triplet with slightly brighter NGC 7236 0.6' NW and very compact NGC 7237C
0.6' SE. NGC 7237C appeared very
faint, extremely small, round, ~5" diameter (core), not difficult with
averted. Arp 169 forms a very
similar triplet as Arp 170 (also in Pegasus).
17.5"
(8/20/88): fainter member of a double system with NGC 7236 35" NW of
center. Very faint, extremely
small, round. In a common halo
with NGC 7236. NGC 7237C, an extremely
faint anonymous galaxy, is also just 38" SE! This galaxy appeared extremely faint and small, round, at
visual threshold. Located 2.8' NE
of a mag 10 star.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7237 = m 469, along with NGC 7236, on 25 Aug 1864 and noted
"vF, S, stellar." Dreyer
questioned if this object was possibly only a faint star while an assistant at
Birr Castle on 29 Oct 1877.
******************************
NGC 7238
22 15 18 +22 30
=Not found,
Corwin and RNGC.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 7238 = Sw IV-82 on 1 Sep 1886 and recorded "pF; S; R; mbM;
4 sts in form of a square nr p."
His position is 7' following a mag 6.6 star (which likely Swift would
have mentioned) and there is no nearby non-stellar object. Bigourdan was unable to recover NGC
7238 and Harold Corwin was unable to find a candidate. RNGC classifies the number as
nonexistent. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 7239 = PGC
68388
22 15 01.3 -05
03 12
V = 14.0; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 75d
17.5"
(8/10/91): very faint, very small, round, bright core. Three star mag 14-15 stars on a line
are close south including a mag 14 star 1.4' S and a faint mag 15 star 2.2' S.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7239 = m 470 on 1 Oct 1864 and noted "eF, vS." There is nothing at his position but 1
minute of RA west is PGC 68388. A
single digit error in time would account for the discrepancy.
******************************
NGC 7240 = MCG
+06-48-024 = CGCG 513-022 = CGCG 514-002 = PGC 68415
22 15 22.5 +37
16 50
V = 14.2; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(7/15/93): faint, very small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, weak concentration. Situated between a mag 11 star 3.0' NW
and three mag 13 stars about 3' SE.
Fourth in the compact NGC 7242 group. Forms a tight trio with IC 1441 1.4' NNW and IC 5192 1.7'
WSW. Also nearby are NGC 7242 3.5'
ENE and IC 5191 4.1' WNW. The
observed elongation is probably due to superimposed mag 16 star on the
southeast side.
13"
(9/3/83): very faint, very small, near visual threshold. Located 3.5' W of NGC 7242 in a compact
group.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7240 = St V-6 on 24 Sep 1873 and recorded "eF, eS, in
contact in the north with a very small star." His position matches CGCG 513-022 = PGC 68415. At the same time he found NGC 7242 and
assumed it was new, but it Auguste Voigt had discovered it earlier in 1865 also
at the Marseille Observatory.
MCG fails to
label this galaxy as NGC 7240.
RNGC and Dorothy Carlson (in her 1940 list of NGC correction)
incorrectly equate NGC 7240 with IC 1441, which is a separate galaxy 1'
NNW. Mentioned in Malcolm
Thomson's unpublished "Catalogue Corrections".
******************************
NGC 7241 = UGC
11968 = MCG +03-56-020 = CGCG 451-024 = II Zw 174 = PGC 68442
22 15 49.9 +19
13 56
V = 12.6; Size 3.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 20d
17.5"
(9/2/89): moderately bright, fairly large, very elongated or edge-on
SSW-NNE. Asymmetric appearance as
the galaxy appears brighter on the SSW end and very faint at the NNE end. A mag 11.5 star is just following the
south end 0.8' from center and a mag 13 star is at the NW end. A mag 10 star lies 3.4' SW.
UGC 11964, an
extremely thin and faint edge-on (1.9'x0.15'), lies 5' W. It was just glimpsed at 262x and 285x
and was too faint to see its needle-like shape clearly, though occasionally was
visible as a streak, perhaps 20"x6".
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7241 = St IV-10 on 3 Sep 1872. His RA is 16 seconds too large. Emmanuel Esmiol's re-reduced position (published in 1916)
corrected this error. Bigourdan
also measured an accurate position in 1887, which Dreyer published in the IC 2
Notes.
******************************
NGC 7242 = UGC
11969 = MCG +06-48-025 = CGCG 513-023 = CGCG 514-003 = Holm 789a = WBL 679-004
= PGC 68434
22 15 39.4 +37
17 56
V = 12.9; Size 2.3'x1.7'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 33d
24"
(8/13/15): brightest in a group of 8 galaxies. At 375x appeared fairly bright, moderately large, oval 3:2
SW-NE, ~0.9'x0.6', large bright core ~30" diameter.
17.5"
(7/15/93): brightest in a group of 7 galaxies. Fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, bright
core. A mag 13.5 star is at the
south edge of halo 40" S of center.
Two mag 14 stars are 1.1' WSW and 1.5' ENE from the center. IC 5195, an extremely faint stellar
companion, is superimposed at the northeast tip. It appeared like a mag 16 "star" and was visible
less than one-quarter of the time.
Nearby are NGC 7240 3.5' WSW, IC 1441 4.0' W, IC 5193 3.5' SSE, IC 5192
5.3' WSW and IC 5191 7' W. See
their entries for notes.
17.5"
(7/28/92): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 2:1 SW-NE. A mag 13 star is off the SE side of
nucleus. A group of 10 faint stars
to the east appears like a faint open cluster. Brightest of four galaxies in tight group including NGC 7240
3.5' WSW, IC 1441 4' W, IC 5191 7' W.
13.1"
(9/3/83): brightest in a group.
Faint, moderately large, slightly elongated, NGC 7240 3.5' W, IC 5191 7'
W. Located 30' S of a mag 4 star.
Auguste Voigt
discovered NGC 7242 = St V-7 in 1865 with the 31-inch silver-on-glass Marseille
reflector. He didn't publish a
discovery list so was not credited in the NGC but his position matches UGC
11969. Voigt missed the fainter
members of the group including NGC 7240.
ƒdouard Stephan independently discovered the galaxy again using the same
telescope on 24 Sep 1873 and described it as "F; vS; diffuse; slbM; a
faint star projecting." His position is very accurate. At the same time
Stephan discovered fainter NGC 7240.
The RNGC photographic description "ALMSTEL" does not apply.
******************************
NGC 7243 = Cr
448 = Mel 240 = Lund 1009
22 15 08 +49 53
54
V = 6.4; Size 21'
17.5"
(10/12/85): at 83x, 150-200 stars are visible in a 20' field. This is a striking cluster at low power
and includes a number of fairly bright stars. On the east side is the nice pair ·2890 = 9.3/9.6 at
9". The cluster is
irregularly distributed into subgroups.
13.1"
(9/22/84): about 80 stars resolved, rich, fairly large, excellent low power
field, includes double star ·2890.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7243 = H VIII-75 = h2155 on 26 Sep 1788 (sweep 863) and recorded
"an extended cluster of coarsely scattered vL stars, in the direction of
the parallel nearly; about 16' long." JH made the single observation "a double star in a very
loose straggling cl, which more than fills the field."
******************************
NGC 7244 = MCG
+03-56-021 = CGCG 451-025 = Mrk 303 = PGC 68468
22 16 26.8 +16
28 17
V = 13.8; Size 0.7'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.0
17.5"
(8/20/88): faint, small, round, weak concentration.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7244 = St IV-11 on 6 Sep 1872. His position is very accurate.
******************************
NGC 7245 = Cr
449 = Mel 241 = Lund 1010
22 15 16 +54 20
12
V = 9.2; Size 5'
18"
(8/27/05): small, rich group at 323x with at least three dozen stars resolved
within the borders of an isosceles triangle (long sides ~4') formed by a mag
8.9 star (HD 235771) at the NE corner and two mag 10.7/10.9 stars on the west
and south sides. Contains a rich,
1' ball of stars that follows the brighter star on the west side.
King 9 is close
northeast. At 323x, this rich,
distant cluster appeared as a very small, faint knot of stars is just south of
a mag 13.5-14 stars. Perhaps a
half-dozen stars were resolved, though these may be superimposed field stars as
the brightest cluster members are ~16.5.
17.5"
(8/5/94): about two dozen stars in a 2.5' diameter bordered by a mag 11 star on
the west edge, a mag 10 star on the SSE edge and a mag 9 star (SAO 34240) off
the NE side. A small 1' diameter
core is richer. A large dust lane
appears to cut through the 20' field SW-NE and passes the east side of
cluster. At low power other dark patches
are evident. Open cluster IC 1442
is in the low power field 20' SE.
13.1"
(9/9/83): about 20 fainter stars mostly in a string. Other rich enhancements are near in this Milky Way
field.
8": 15
faint stars elongated N-S with a double star at the north edge. Includes three brighter stars mag 8-10
around the edges but the rest of the stars are mag 13 or fainter.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7245 = H VI-29 = h2157 on 14 Oct 1787 (sweep 765) and noted
"a compressed cluster of extremely small stars." JH made the single observation "a
Milky Way cluster. Stars
14...15m. It is more crowded than
the Milky Way, so as to run up to a condensed but faint mass of
light." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 7246 = IC
5198 = MCG -03-56-014 = PGC 68512
22 17 42.7 -15
34 17
V = 12.8; Size 1.6'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 162d
17.5"
(9/15/90): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, weak
concentration, faint stellar nucleus.
A mag 12.5 star is involved at the north end 1.0' NNE of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7246 = H III-932 = h2156 on 6 Sep 1793 (sweep 1050) and recorded
"eF, S, lE. Just south of a
small star, to which it seemed almost to be attached, but is free from it. The star is the first of 3 making a
small triangle. His position and
description is a perfect match with
MCG -03-56-014 =
PGC 68512. JH logged "vF; R;
vgbM; has a * 13m south, at a dist from edge = 1 diam by diagram."
Malcolm Thomson
found that Bigourdan's IC 5198 is a duplicate of NGC 7246. Bigourdan made positional errors in
declination with his offset stars.
Once the correct stars are identified, his offsets point to NGC 7246. See Harold Corwin's identification
notes on IC 5198.
******************************
NGC 7247 = ESO 533-008
= MCG -04-52-032 = PGC 68511
22 17 41.2 -23
43 52
V = 12.6; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 2d
17.5"
(7/1/89): fairly faint, slightly elongated N-S, weak concentration. A pretty double star h5324 = 9.1/10.5
at 10" is 2.5' NW!
Francis Leavenworth
discovered NGC 7247 = LM I-248 in 1886 and recorded "pF, vS, R, B double
star p 13 seconds, F double star follows 5 seconds." His rough position (nearest min of RA)
is 25 seconds of RA east of ESO 533-008, with the bright double star h5324 to
the NW by 2.6' and an extremely faint double that follows by 5 seconds. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position in 1898-99.
******************************
NGC 7248 = UGC
11972 = MCG +07-45-022 = CGCG 530-019 = LGG 456-002 = PGC 68485
22 16 52.6 +40
30 16
V = 12.6; Size 1.7'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 133d
24"
(9/2/16): at 375x; fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 5:2 NW-SE,
1.25'x0.5'. Strong concentration
with a very bright slightly elongated core that increases to the center. The outer extensions have a low
surface brightness. Sitated in a
rich star field between two doubles; a 12" pair is 2' E and a 8" pair
is 2.7' W. NGC 7250 is 17' ENE.
24"
(8/7/13): at 375x appeared fairly bright, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 0.9'x0.5',
sharply concentrated with a bright oval core that increases to the center and a
moderately large halo. A 12"
pair of mag 13.5-14 stars lies 2' E, a 7" pair of mag 12-12.5 stars is
2.7' W, and finally a 10" pair of mag 14 stars lies 3' WNW. Not surprisingly in a Milky Way field.
NGC 7250 is 17' ENE.
13.1"
(8/24/84): fairly faint, small, very elongated 5:2 NW-SE, small bright
nucleus. Two faint double stars
are near including a mag 13/14 pair at 12" located 2' E. NGC 7250 lies 17' ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7248 = H III-863, along with NGC 7250, on 8 Nov 1790 (sweep 977)
and recorded "vF; vS; mbM."
His position (CH's reduction) is off by 7 seconds of RA east and 1'
north.
******************************
NGC 7249 = ESO
190-001 = PGC 68606
22 20 31.0 -55
07 29
V = 13.4; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 136d
25"
(10/10/15 - OzSky): at 318x; fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.4' diameter,
weak concentration. Forms a pair
with PGC 95403 = 2MASX J22204571-5506093, just 2.5' NE. The companion was logged as very faint,
small, 15" diameter. A mag 15.5-15.8 star is 0.4' NE. These are the two brightest members of
the southern cluster AGC 3869.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7249 = h3933 on 4 Oct 1834 and recorded "eeF; R; rather a
doubtful object." Despite his doubts, his position is within 1' of ESO
190-001 = PGC 68606, the brightest member of AGC 3869.
******************************
NGC 7250 = UGC
11980 = MCG +07-45-024 = CGCG 530-022 = Mrk 907 = PGC 68535
22 18 17.8 +40
33 45
V = 12.6; Size 1.7'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 157d
24"
(9/2/16): at 200x; this disrupted galaxy or interacting pair appeared
moderately bright, elongated 5:2 N-S, 0.7'x0.3', bright core. A small, very faint knot or extension
is at the north end. A mag 10.9 star is 0.9' SE of center. At 375x; the "knot" attached
on the west side of north end of the galaxy extends ~20"x10" NNW-SSE
(slightly different PA than the main galaxy), increasing the total size of the
merged glow to nearly 1.0'x0.3'.
HyperLeda catalogues the object at the north end as a galaxy (PGC
214816), though on the SDSS it appears to be a collection of blue knots. NGC 7248 is 17' WSW.
24"
(8/7/13): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 5:2 N-S, 0.75'x0.3',
sharply concentrated with a very small brighter nucleus. A mag 11 star is just off the SSE
edge. The structure at the north
end was masked by Type-Ia supernova 2013dy at mag 13-13.5, which was discovered
on July 10th, a couple of weeks before maximum. The supernova was 2" W and 25" N of the nucleus of
NGC 7250.
18"
(10/19/06): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated NNW-SSE, 0.6'x0.2', very
small bright core. A mag 11 star
is just off the SSE end. The
galaxy fades at the tips, so the full extent was difficult to determine but
appears to extend to 1.0'x0.25'. A
very faint knot (PGC 214816) is occasionally visible at the NNW end. This nearly stellar "knot" is
often noted as an interacting companion, though it may be a bright HII complex
in the galaxy. NGC 7250 is
classified as a starburst galaxy.
13.1"
(8/24/84): fairly faint, very elongated streak NNW-SSE, small bright core. A mag 11 star is off the SSE tip 0.9'
from center. Pair with NGC 7248
17' WSW. This galaxy may be an
interacting double system but it was not resolved.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7250 = H III-864, along with NGC 7248, on 8 Nov 1790 (sweep 977)
and recorded "vF; S; mE; 300 showed it very plainly. The extension from about 75¡ np to sf;
bM." His position is 12
seconds of RA too large (typical error).
******************************
NGC 7251 = MCG
-03-57-002 = LGG 458-005 = PGC 68604
22 20 27.2 -15
46 21
V = 12.6; Size 1.9'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 0d
24"
(9/29/16): at 225x; fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, round,
45" diameter, broad concentration except for a very small brighter nucleus
with direct vision. MCG
-03-57-001, 11' SSW of NGC 7251, appeared faint to fairly faint, elongated 2:1
~E-W, 0.8'x0.4', weak concentration with no noticeable core or nucleus.
17.5"
(9/15/90): faint, small, round, broad concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7251 = H III-933 = h2158 on 6 Sep 1793 (sweep 1050) and recorded
"vF, S, R, bM." JH made
three observations. On 27 Jul 1830,
he logged "pF; lE; gpmbM; 20"." and measured an accurate
position.
******************************
NGC 7252 = Atoms
for Peace Galaxy = Arp 226 = ESO 533-IG15 = MCG -04-52-036 = LGG 457-007 = PGC
68612
22 20 44.8 -24
40 43
V = 12.1; Size 1.9'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 118d
13.1"
(9/9/83): fairly faint, very small, round, compact, weak concentration. Located 40' WNW of 49 Aquarii (V =
5.5).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7252 = H III-458 = h3934 on 26 Oct 1785 (sweep 465) and recorded
"vF, S, er. 240 confirmed it
with difficulty." His position
is at the north edge of the galaxy.
JH made the single observation "Not vF; S; R: bM; 30"."
******************************
NGC 7253 = Arp
278 = VV 242A/B = UGC 11984 = MCG +05-52-010 = Holm 790A/B = Kara 72 566A/B =
LEDA 3168458 = PGC 68572/68573
22 19 28.6 +29
23 32
V = 13.2; Size 2.1'x1.4'
24"
(7/24/14): NGC 7253 = Arp 278, a disrupted, interacting double system, was
observed at 260x. NGC 7253A, the
northwest component, appeared fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 5:2
WNW-ESE, ~50"x20". A mag
12.5 star is 1.3' WNW, collinear with the major axis. A 7" pair of mag 15 stars is barely off the ESE
end. NGC 7253B is attached at the
east-southeast end of NGC 7253A, very close to the faint double, and appears
very faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 30"x15". A mag 13.3 star is 0.7' E. Situated in a rich star field.
17.5"
(9/2/89): NGC 7253A is very faint, small, elongated WNW-ESE. Forms a double system (Arp 278) with
NGC 7253B = VV 242b attached at the east end with a separation of 55"
between center. The companion is
extremely faint, small, elongated SW-NE.
A pair of mag 15 stars is at the east edge.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7253 = m 471 on 9 Sep 1863 and noted "vF, pE." His position is accurate though
apparently he did not resolved this close pair.
******************************
NGC 7254 = NGC
7256 = ESO 602-013 = MCG -04-52-042 = PGC 68686
22 22 36.2 -21
44 14
V = 13.1; Size 1.4'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 122d
See observing
notes for NGC 7256.
Frank Muller
found NGC 7254 = LM II-467 in 1886 and recorded "mag 13.0, 0.4' dia, R,
*11 at 4.5' separation in PA 280¡ [WNW].
His rough position (nearest min of RA) is 0.6 minutes west of NGC 7256
(discovered by Marth on 27 Sep 1864, though placed 10' too far south). Furthermore, a mag 13 star is 4.7' west, matching his description. Herbert Howe was the first to equate
the two numbers when he observed the field in 1897-98 and found only a single
galaxy.
******************************
NGC 7255 = MCG
-03-57-006 = PGC 68721
22 23 08.0 -15
32 29
V = 14.2; Size 1.3'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 130d
17.5"
(7/27/95): very faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE, 1.0'x0.4', even
surface brightness. Incorrectly
listed as nonexistent in RNGC.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 7255 = LM I-249 on 1 Oct 1886 and recorded "mag
16.0, 2.5'x0.5', vE 30¡, sbMN."
His rough position (nearest minute of RA) is 1.2 minutes west of MCG
-03-57-006 = PGC 68721. His size
estimate is too large and the position angle is in the wrong quadrant, but
Corwin verified this identification using Leavenworth's sketch. Bigourdan could not locate this object.
The RNGC
classifies NGC 7255 as nonexistent and the galaxy was not plotted on the first
edition of the Uranometria 2000.0 atlas.
******************************
NGC 7256 = NGC
7254 = ESO 602-013 = MCG -04-52-042 = PGC 68686
22 22 36.2 -21
44 14
V = 13.1; Size 1.4'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 122d
17.5"
(7/1/89): faint, fairly small, elongated WNW-ESE. A mag 15 star is involved at the NE end. Located 16' SE of mag 41 Aquarii
(5.6/6.7 pair at 5").
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7256 = m 472 on 27 Sep 1864 and noted " 3 stars involved in
F nebulosity." There is
nothing at his position by 10' north
is ESO 602-013 = PGC 68686.
His description is a there are only two stars involved, though a third
"star" is probably the nucleus.
Frank Muller found the galaxy again in 1886 at the Leander McCormick
observatory and reported it as new in list II-467 (later NGC 7254).
In 1898 Herbert
Howe reported "These are identical.
The place of NGC 7254 is wrong in right ascension, and the place of 7256
is 10' wrong in declination. I
could find only one nebular object in this vicinity. Two of the three stars involved, and mentioned by Marth were
seen; the third was suspected. The
northernmost one was brightest and was of mag 14."
******************************
NGC 7257 = NGC
7260 = MCG -01-57-003 = PGC 68691
22 22 36.4 -04
07 15
See observing
notes for NGC 7260.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7257 = m 473, along with NGC 7266, on 1 Oct 1864 and noted
"F, vS, lE." There is
nothing at his position but 24 seconds of RA east and 5.5' south is NGC
7260. The same offset identifies
NGC 7266 with PGC 68758. Stephan
independently found this galaxy later on 22 Sep 1876 and placed it
accurately. So, NGC 7257 = NGC
7260, with discovery priority to Marth.
Lewis Swift found this galaxy again on 1 Sep 1886 and reported it as new
in list IV-83, but he retracted the discovery claim in an addendum to list VI.
******************************
NGC 7258 = ESO
467-049 = MCG -05-52-068 = PGC 68710
22 22 58.1 -28
20 43
V = 13.1; Size 1.4'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 141d
17.5"
(8/27/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, weak concentration.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7258 = h3935 on 30 Jul 1834 and recorded "vF; S; R or E, as
if it had a feeble neb south preceding; glbM; 15"." His position is good.
******************************
NGC 7259 = ESO
467-050 = MCG -05-52-069 = AM 2220-291 = PGC 68718
22 23 05.5 -28
57 17
V = 13.1; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 49d
18"
(10/25/08): faint, fairly small, round, diffuse, 40"x30", diffuse
with only a weak concentration.
ESO 467-051, an ultra-thin edge-on companion 3' SE, was not seen.
17.5"
(10/30/99): very faint, moderately large, elongated 4:3 SW-NE, ~1.2'x0.9', weak
concentration. The nearby edge-on
ESO 467-051 was not seen.
17.5"
(8/27/92): faint, fairly small, round, 50" diameter, low even surface
brightness. Collinear with two mag
12 stars 3.3' NE and 6.4' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7259 = h3936 on 28 Sep 1834 and recorded "eF; pL; R; vglbM;
40"." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 7260 = NGC
7257 = MCG -01-57-003 = PGC 68691
22 22 36.4 -04
07 15
V = 12.9; Size 2.0'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 155d
17.5"
(10/5/91): fairly faint, fairly small round halo although it noticeably
increases in size with averted vision.
Weak broad concentration, edges fade into background.
ƒdouard Stephan
found NGC 7260 = St VIII-13 on 22 Sep 1876 and measured an accurate
position. Albert Marth discovered
this galaxy on 1 Oct 1864, but his position for m 473 = NGC 7257 was poor (see
that number) and Dreyer included both positions in the NGC. But NGC 7260 = NGC 7257.
Lewis Swift also
found this galaxy on 1 Sep 1886 and reported the discovery in his 4th list
(#83).. His description "vF;
pL; R; 4 stars near sf point to it" clinches this identification. He later noted the equivalence with GC
6040 (later NGC 7260) in the errata comments at the end of his 6th discovery
paper.
******************************
NGC 7261 = Cr
450 = Lund 1013 = OCL-237
22 20 12 +58 05
V = 8.4; Size 6'
18"
(8/17/04): at 225x, ~30 stars are resolved in an 7'x3.5' group, elongated
N-S. A couple of scattered groups
of stars are to the south, but are apparently detached. 7 stars on the south side form the
outline of a perfect rectangle with the eastern vertex the brightest star in
the cluster (mag 9.5 SAO 34332).
There are no stars within the interior of this rectangle. The richest group of stars is just
north of the rectangle.
17.5"
(10/5/91): about 30 stars in a 7'x3' region elongated N-S. Set over a background of some
unresolved haze on the north side of cluster. Includes six brighter stars with a mag 9 star on the SE
side. Fairly rich in faint stars
on the north side although not rich in other sections.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7261 = h2159 on 5 Oct 1829 and recorded "The chief star of
a coarse p rich cluster which fills the field. Stars 10...15m."
His position matches mag 9.6 HD 239927.
******************************
NGC 7262 = ESO
405-017 = PGC 68737
22 23 28.5 -32
21 52
V = 13.8; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(7/20/96): very faint, small, roundish, 35" diameter, low even surface
brightness. Forms a near
equilateral triangle with two mag 13 stars ~4' NE and 4' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7262 = h3937 on 27 Sep 1834 and recorded "eF; S; R;
lbM." His position is fairly
accurate.
******************************
NGC 7263 = MCG
+06-49-004 = CGCG 514-012 = PGC 68642
22 21 45.2 +36
21 00
V = 14.5; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 60d
24"
(9/14/12): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated SW-NE, slightly brighter
core, 0.4'x0.3'. A mag 14.4 star
is attached at the northeast end.
Located 6' WSW of NGC 7264 and 12' NW of NGC 7265.
17.5"
(8/12/88): faint, very small, round.
A mag 15 star is at the NE end.
In a group with NGC 7264 6.1' ENE and NGC 7265 12.0' SE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7263 = m 474 on 9 Sep 1863 and noted "F, S, R." His position is accurate. Marth discovered NGC 7264 just a week
later, so he must have revisited the field.
******************************
NGC 7264 = UGC
12001 = MCG +06-49-005 = CGCG 514-014 = PGC 68658
22 22 13.8 +36
23 13
V = 13.8; Size 2.2'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 57d
24"
(9/14/12): fairly faint but excellent thin edge-on 6:1 SW-NE, ~1.2'x0.2',
slightly brighter core, very thin extensions. Two mag 11.6/13.3 stars parallel the galaxy off the north
side. NGC 7263 is 6.1' WSW and NGC
7265 (brightest in a small quartet) is 11' SSE.
17.5"
(8/12/88): faint, fairly small, very elongated SW-NE. A wide double star mag 12/13 at 34" separation is less
than 1' N. Pair with NGC 7263 6.1'
WSW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7264 = m 475 on 17 Sep 1863 and noted "vF, pS,
mE." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 7265 = UGC
12004 = MCG +06-49-006 = CGCG 514-015 = PGC 68668
22 22 27.5 +36
12 35
V = 12.2; Size 2.4'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 170d
24"
(9/14/12): at 325x, fairly bright, moderately large, slightly elongated N-S,
1.2'x1.0', well concentrated with a small bright core. A mag 12 star lies 1.4' SSE, a mag 12.5
star 1.5' SE (12" pair), a mag 12 star is 2.4' ESE and a mag 10 star is 3'
ESE. Brightest in a small quartet
with UGC 12007 2.8' ESE (attached to the mag 10 star), PGC 214824 2.5' NW and
PGC 214825 3.0' NE. NGC 7273, 7274
and 7276 are roughly 20' ESE and NGC 7263 and 7264 are ~12' NNW.
UGC 12007 is
faint to fairly faint, moderately large, roundish, roughly 45"
diameter. View hampered by a mag
10 star superimposed just NE of center.
In addition a mag 12 star is just off the NW side, though the halo has a
very low surface brightness and fades into the glare from the stars. Contains a very small weakly brighter
core just SW of the mag 10 star.
PGC 214824 is
faint, small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 15"x10". A mag 14 star is attached at the north edge and the faint
glow extends just south. PGC
214825 is faint, small, slightly elongated E-W, 0.3'x0.2'. Visible continuously at 325x.
17.5"
(10/13/01): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated. Contains a bright, 30" core
embedded in a fainter halo extended NNW-SSE, 1.0'x0.8'. The core increases to a faint, stellar
nucleus. Brightest in a group and
forms a pair with UGC 12007 2.8' ESE.
Located 1.3' NNW of a mag 11.5 star.
17.5"
(8/12/88): moderately bright, fairly small, round, bright core, stellar
nucleus. A mag 11.5 star is 1.3'
SSE. Brightest in a group
including NGC 7263, NGC 7264, NGC 7273, NGC 7274 and 7276.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7265 = St VIII-14 on 20 Sep 1876. His micrometric position is a perfect match with UGC 12004.
******************************
NGC 7266 = MCG
-01-57-006 = Mrk 910 = PGC 68758
22 23 58.9 -04
04 24
V = 13.4; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 85d
17.5"
(8/7/91): fairly faint, fairly small, round, broad concentration, faint stellar
nucleus. Located 5.4' SW of mag
9.5 SAO 146069.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7266 = m 476 on 1 Oct 1864, along with NGC 7257 = NGC 7260, and
noted "F, vS, R, alm stellar."
There is nothing at his position but 25 seconds of RA east and 5.7'
south. Harold Corwin notes that
despite the poor positional match, the same offset helps to identify NGC 7257,
found the same night. Bigourdan
measured an accurate position on 5 Nov 1887 and the correction was given in the
IC 2 Notes.
******************************
NGC 7267 = ESO
405-018 = MCG -06-49-003 = PGC 68780
22 24 21.8 -33
41 39
V = 12.2; Size 1.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 6d
17.5"
(10/5/91): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE, prominent
bright core. Located 3.6' NE of
Mag 8.4 SAO 213789 (very wide triple).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7267 = h3938 on 23 Sep 1834 and recorded "pB; R; pgbM;
40"; a large triple * sp."
******************************
NGC 7268 = ESO
467-IG 057 = MCG -05-053-001/002 = AM 2222-312 = PGC 68839 = PGC 68847/68848
22 25 41.4 -31
12 02
V = 13.2; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 66d
17.5"
(10/5/91): very faint, very small, round.
A wide double star mag 14/15 is 1' NE. Slightly brighter of pair with NGC 7277 7.2' ENE. This is an unresolved double system.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7268 = h3939 on 28 Sep 1834 and recorded "vF, S,
R." He added the comment
"The preceding of 2 [with NGC 7277]." At his position (mean of two observations) is the double
galaxy ESO 467-057. His GC
position, though, (used in the NGC) is 1.0 minute of RA too far west.
The RNGC clearly
misidentifies NGC 7268 (the position is 3' south of ESO 467-IG55). NGC 7268 is plotted too far south on
the first version of Uranometria 2000 Atlas. Listed in my RNGC Corrections #5 and Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 7269 = MCG
-02-57-005 = PGC 68841
22 25 46.6 -13
09 59
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 140d
17.5"
(9/15/90): very faint, small, almost round, even surface brightness.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 7269 = LM I-250 in 1886 and recorded "eF, pS,
R, glbM." His rough position
(nearest min of RA) is 0.9 minutes too far west and 4' south of MCG -02-57-005
= PGC 68841. Herbert Howe measured
an accurate position in 1897-98 with the 20" refractor at Denver.
******************************
NGC 7270 = UGC
12019 = MCG +05-52-015 = CGCG 494-021 = PGC 68748
22 23 47.5 +32
24 11
V = 13.9; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 90d
17.5" (9/2/89):
fairly faint, small, oval E-W, small bright core, stellar nucleus. Collinear with a mag 11.5 star 1.0' WNW
and mag 12.5 star 2.4' WNW. In a
group with NGC 7271 3.0' SE and NGC 7275 6.8' ENE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7270 = m 477, along with NGC 7271 and 7275, on 9 Sep 1863 and
noted "vF, S, E." His
declination is off by 2' too far north (same offset as NGC 7275).
******************************
NGC 7271 = MCG
+05-52-016 = CGCG 494-022 = PGC 68753
22 23 57.6 +32
22 01
V = 14.6; Size 0.6'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.6
17.5"
(9/2/89): extremely faint and small, round. A mag 14 star is 0.9' W. Located 4' SE of NGC 7270 in a group. NGC 7275 is 6.4' NE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7271 = m 478, along with NGC 7270 and 7275, on 9 Sep 1863 and
noted "vF, S, vlE." His
positions are all off by 1' - 2' too far north.
******************************
NGC 7272 = UGC
12028 = MCG +03-57-003 = CGCG 452-008 = PGC 68786
22 24 31.7 +16
35 17
V = 14.2; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 39d
24"
(8/14/15): at 375x; fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated 4:3 or 5:4
SW-NE, 30"x24", small bright core. A mag 12.5 star lies 1.3' WSW, a mag 13.6 star is the same
distance NE and a mag 15.5 star is 40" NW. Brightest in a small triplet with PGC 1511999 just 52"
SSW of center and PGC 214829 1.9' NE.
PGC 1511999 (V =
15.4) appeared faint, very small, slightly elongated, 15"x12". A mag 12.5 star (mentioned above) lies
1.1' NW and a double star (~10" separation) is 1.6' SE. PGC 214829 (V = 15.6) is very faint to
faint, very small, ~12"x8" E-W. A mag 13.5 star lies 50" WSW.
17.5"
(8/20/88): very faint, small, round, even surface brightness. Located between two mag 13 stars and a
mag 15 star is 30" NW.
Neither of the faint companions were noticed.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7272 = m 479 on 7 Aug 1864 and noted "vF, S, irr
R." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7273 = MCG
+06-49-012 = CGCG 514-024 = PGC 68768
22 24 09.2 +36
12 00
V = 13.7; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 6d
17.5"
(8/12/88): faint, small, slightly elongated, small bright core. This is the northern galaxy of three on
a line with NGC 7274 4.5' S and NGC 7276 6.8' SSE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7273 = St VIII-15, along with NGC 7274 and 7276, on 20 Sep 1876. His micrometric position is very
accurate.
******************************
NGC 7274 = UGC
12026 = MCG +06-49-013 = CGCG 514-026 = PGC 68770
22 24 11.1 +36
07 33
V = 12.8; Size 1.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(8/12/88): fairly faint, fairly small, round, bright core, stellar
nucleus. Largest and brightest of
three with NGC 7273 4.5' N and NGC 7276 2.4' SSE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7274 = St VIII-16, along with NGC 7273 and 7276, on 20 Sep
1876. His micrometric position is
very accurate.
******************************
NGC 7275 = UGC
12025 = MCG +05-52-019 = CGCG 494-025 = PGC 68774
22 24 17.2 +32
26 47
V = 14.3; Size 0.9'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 37d
17.5"
(9/2/89): extremely faint, small, edge-on 4:1 SW-NE, very small brighter
core. A pretty mag 13/13 double
star is 2' W. Located 6.8' ENE of
NGC 7270 in a group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7275 = m 48, along with NGC 7270 and 7271, on 9 Sep 1863 and
noted "eF, S, mE." His
declination is off by nearly 2' too far north (same offset as NGC 7270).
******************************
NGC 7276 = MCG
+06-49-014 = CGCG 514-025 = PGC 68773
22 24 14.4 +36
05 15
V = 13.9; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.8
17.5"
(8/12/88): faint, very small, round, faint stellar nucleus. A mag 14 star is 26" SE of center. This galaxy is the farthest south of
three on a line with NGC 7274 2.4' N and NGC 7273 6.8' NNW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7276 = St VIII-17, along with NGC 7273 and 7274, on 20 Sep
1876. His micrometric position is
very accurate.
******************************
NGC 7277 = ESO
467-059 = MCG -05-53-004 = PGC 68861
22 26 10.9 -31
08 43
V = 13.3; Size 1.5'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 125d
17.5"
(10/5/91): very faint, small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE. Pair with NGC 7268 7.2' WSW.
John Herschel discovered
NGC 7277 = h3940 on 27 Sep 1834 and recorded "pF; pL; lE; glbM." He later noted "[The following of
2]", when NGC 7268 was seen the following night.
******************************
NGC 7278 = ESO
146-027 = PGC 68940
22 28 22.4 -60
10 11
V = 14.4; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 23d
25"
(10/10/15 - OzSky): at 318x; faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, no
internal details. A mag 12 star is
1.1' SE and another is 4.7' ENE.
Located 8.2' SSW of mag 7 HD 212878 and the view was improved when I
moved this star outside the field.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7278 = h3941 on 11 Aug 1836 and recorded "eeF; lE; vgvlbM;
very difficult, but a certain observation. It is n p the first of 3 stars
10-11m." His position and
description matches this faint galaxy.
******************************
NGC 7279 = ESO
405-021 = MCG -06-49-005 = PGC 68896
22 27 12.6 -35
08 25
V = 13.8; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 68d
17.5"
(7/20/96): extremely faint, round, 20". Appears to have a nearly stellar nucleus. A faint double lies 4.5' NW (GSC
14.2/14.9 at 23").
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7279 = h3942 on 23 Sep 1834 and recorded "vF; S; R; gbM;
15"." On a later sweep
he noted "vF; pL; R; vgvlbM; 30"." His mean position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7280 = UGC
12035 = MCG +03-57-005 = CGCG 452-011 = PGC 68870
22 26 27.6 +16
08 53
V = 12.1; Size 2.2'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 78d
17.5"
(8/20/88): moderately bright, small bright core, faint halo, stellar nucleus,
slightly elongated WSW-ENE. Pair
with MCG +03-57-006 4.9' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7280 = H II-248 = h2160 on 15 Oct 1784 (sweep 290) and recorded
"F, pS, makes a small quartile with 3 small stars. The north and preceding whereof is
double." He made a second observation
the next night (sweep 294) and logged "vF, S. The south and preceding corner of a small quartile of very
small stars. (See 290 sweep)." JH made two observations and measured an
accurate RA.
******************************
NGC 7281 = Lund
1015 = OCL-238
22 25 12 +57 49
Size 12'
17.5"
(8/10/91): about 20 stars in a 4' diameter. A string of three mag 9-9.5 stars is on the north side
aligned E-W (separation 1' between pairs) and a pair of mag 12 stars just east
aligned N-S (separation 0.9').
Includes two very faint double stars. Neither rich nor distinctive. Located in a rich field so extent difficult to determine and
outliers greatly increases diameter and total number of stars. The classification of this group as a
true cluster is doubtful.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7281 = h2161 on 5 Oct 1829 and recorded "Large, coarse, not
extremely poor, the stars scattered and 10...16m." His position is on a 10th magnitude
star at the west end of the group.
Sky Catalogue 2000.0 calls it a possible asterism. Although this field is not distinctive
visually, JH's position and description fits.
******************************
NGC 7282 = UGC
12034 = MCG +07-46-007 = CGCG 531-006 = PGC 68843
22 25 53.8 +40
18 53
V = 13.7; Size 2.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 14.6; PA = 0d
17.5"
(8/8/91): very faint, small, elongated 3:2 N-S, low even surface
brightness. A mag 15 star is at
the NE edge [39" from center].
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7282 = St IX-29 on 2 Oct 1878. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7283 = MCG
+03-57-012 = CGCG 452-017 = PGC 68946
22 28 32.7 +17
28 13
V = 14.4; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 9d
17.5"
(8/20/88): extremely faint, very small, round, weak concentration. Located 2.7' E of a mag 10 star and 19'
NNE of NGC 7290. This galaxy is
1.0 min of RA preceding and 2' S of Marth's position, so the identification is
very uncertain.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7283 = m 481 on 7 Aug 1864 and noted "vF, vS, R." There is nothing at his position but 1
minute of RA east and 2' north is CGCG 452-017 = PGC 68946. This is a large random error unless it
was caused by a digit error in RA, so this identification is very
uncertain. Harold Corwin notes
that Marth's object could also be a faint double star about 2' preceding his
position. PGC 68946 is not labeled
NGC 7283 in the CGCG or MCG, but is used in the RNGC and PGC.
******************************
NGC 7284 = Arp
93 NED1 = VV 74b = ESO 533-IG 031 = MCG -04-53-004 = LGG 457-002 = PGC 68950
22 28 35.9 -24
50 39
V = 12.1; Size 2.1'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 133d
24"
(8/23/14): at 375x, the western component of the double system VV 74 = Arp 93
appeared bright, small, round, high surface brightness, ~0.4' diameter. The core of NGC 7285 is cleanly
resolved [33" between center], though very close northeast. The twin nuclei are encased in a very
low surface brightness halo.
17.5"
(10/13/90): fairly faint, very small, very compact, almost round, high surface
brightness, very small very bright core, stellar nucleus. Forms a contact pair with NGC 7285 at
the ENE edge with a separation of 30" between centers.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7284 = H II-469 = h3943 on 26 Oct 1785 (sweep 465) and recorded
"F, er [easily resolvable] or some of the stars visible; pS, lE." Perhaps
one the "stars" was the second nucleus (NGC 7285). From the Cape of Good Hope, JH logged
(sweep 474) "F; E; bM; r; binuclear pos 62.3¡. Rather an equivocal object, whether nebulous or a group, but
I incline to regard it as a nebula."
On a later sweep (14 Sep 1835), he wrote "pB; irr R; 25";
involves a double star (13m + 14m)." So, he clearly resolved the two
nuclei.
Herbert Howe
reported NGC 7284 and 7285 as follows: "The description of 7284 in the NGC
is "cF, cS, lE, r, D * inv." The description of 7285, discovered by
Lassell [Marth], is "Nebs. * 1' dist from 7284." I judge 7285 to be simply one of the
components of 7284. Both seem to
be nebulous stars. The brighter one is of mag 12.5 The other is of mag 13, and lies at P.A. 60¡, distant about 40". Neither of the stars appeared to be
double. I could not see any
nebulosity uniting them, but the sky was rather dull."
******************************
NGC 7285 = Arp
93 NED2 = VV 74a = ESO 533-IG 032 = MCG -04-53-005 = LGG 457-003 = PGC 68953
22 28 38.0 -24
50 27
V = 11.9; Size 2.3'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 65d
24"
(8/23/14): at 375x, the eastern component of the double system VV 74 = Arp 93
appeared fairly bright, small, elongated 3:2 E-W, 30"x20", high
surface brightness. Forms a very
close pair with slightly brighter NGC 7284 [just 33" between
centers]. The twin nuclei are
encased in a very low surface brightness halo
17.5"
(10/13/90): this is the NE member of a double system with NGC 7284. Fairly faint, very small, slightly
elongated, small bright core, stellar nucleus. Slightly fainter than NGC 7284 just 30" WSW of center.
Situated very close to the Aquarius-Pisces Austrinus border.
William Lassell
discovered NGC 7285 in Oct 1862 using his 48-inch at Malta. For some reason it wasn't included in
Marth's catalogue, although NGC 7489 and NGC 2620, also found by Lassell, were
included. Lassell mentioned the
discovery in a letter to JH on 1 Nov 1862 and Dreyer included it in the GC
Supplement (GCS 5078). Although
both WH and JH reported a double nuclei or two stars involved, neither
catalogued it as two numbers.
******************************
NGC 7286 = UGC
12043 = MCG +05-53-002 = CGCG 495-002 = PGC 68922
22 27 50.5 +29
05 45
V = 12.5; Size 1.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 98d
17.5"
(9/2/89): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated WNW-ESE, weak
concentration.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7286 = h2162 on 15 Sep 1828 and recorded "vF; R;
12"...15"; among stars."
His position is exactly 30 seconds of time too small (digit error). Bigourdan measured an accurate position
on 1Aug 1884.
******************************
NGC 7287
22 27 17.0 -22
07 00
18"
(8/31/11): this close pair of stars (seems to be a trio of stars on the DSS)
was barely resolved at 220x and initially could have easily passed for a small,
nebulous object, elongated NW-SE.
The separation is just a few arc seconds. Located 21' WSW of 7.4-magnitude HD 213005.
The NGC position
happens to fall closer to ESO 602-020 = PGC 68960 (double system), which is
identified as NGC 7287 in NED, although this galaxy is less likely to be the
NGC object. ESO 602-020 appeared
very faint, small, slightly elongated, bright core.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 7287 = LM II-468 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory. He described it as "mag 15.0, 0.1' dia, E
330¡ [NNW-SSE]" with a note "slightly nebulous **." There are several faint galaxies near
his position, but since the Leander McCormick are often 1 or 2 minutes off in
time, Corwin suggests NGC 7287 may be a triple star at 22 27 17 -22 07 00
(2000). This pair is roughly 1 min
15 sec west of Muller's position and the orientation of the stars is
northwest-southeast
As far as nearby
galaxies, just 16 seconds east and 4' south is ESO 602-020A. Sherburne Burnham (Publ of Lick
Observatory, II) found this galaxy and described it as two very faint objects
about 20" apart (the following one appeared to a faint star). Corwin feels this candidate is less
likely because of the relatively large difference in declination and the wrong
position angle. The RNGC misidentifies ESO 533-030 as NGC 7287.
******************************
NGC 7288 = Mrk
912 = MCG -01-57-013 = PGC 68933
22 28 15.0 -02
53 04
V = 13.0; Size 2.3'x1.5'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 92d
17.5"
(8/7/91): fairly faint, small, well-defined small bright core, bright stellar
nucleus, faint halo slightly elongated E-W.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7288 = m 482 = Sf 84 on 1 Oct 1864 and noted "vF, eS,
stellar." His position is an exact match with MCG -01-57-013 = PGC
68933. Truman Safford rediscovered
this galaxy on 19 Sep 1866 with the 18.5-inch Clark refractor at the Dearborn
Observatory.
******************************
NGC 7289 = ESO
405-023 = MCG -06-49-006 = PGC 68980
22 29 20.0 -35
28 15
V = 13.2; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 165d
17.5"
(7/20/96): faint, fairly small, round, 40" diameter, brighter core. Halo grows to 1.0' with averted
vision. Brightest in a group with
an anonymous galaxy 5.2' SSE and 2.3' SW (star + galaxy?).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7289 = h3944 on 25 Sep 1834 and recorded "vF; R: glbM;
20"." His position is
just off the northwest side of ESO 405-023.
******************************
NGC 7290 = UGC
12045 = MCG +03-57-009 = PGC 68942
22 28 26.4 +17
08 51
V = 13.3; Size 1.6'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 161d
17.5"
(8/20/88): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated NNW-SSE, even surface
brightness. Located 7.7' SSE of
·2908 = 7.7/9.4 at 9", a nice yellow-blue pair.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7290 = m 483 on 7 Aug 1864 and noted "pB, S,
pmE." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 7291 = UGC
12047 = MCG +03-57-008 = CGCG 452-015 = PGC 68944
22 28 29.5 +16
46 59
V = 13.1; Size 1.8'x1.7'; Surf Br = 14.2
17.5"
(8/20/88): faint, small, almost round, small bright core. A mag 13 star is 0.9' ENE of
center. Located 22'S of NGC 7290.
Truman Safford
discovered NGC 7291 = Sf 56 = St VIII-18 on 1 Oct 1866 and recorded "pF,
pS, neb MN." His position is
accurate. ƒdouard Stephan
independently discovered the galaxy on 21 Sep 1876 and measured an accurate
micrometric position. Stephan was
credited with the discovery in the GC Supplement and NGC due to the late
publication of Safford's list.
******************************
NGC 7292 = UGC
12048 = MCG +05-53-003 = CGCG 495-003 = Kaz 290 = PGC 68941
22 28 25.8 +30
17 33
V = 12.5; Size 2.1'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.8
48"
(10/29/16): at 813x; bright, fairly large, very irregular appearance. A faint star is superimposed just south
of a very small brighter nucleus or knot.
A bright "bar" extends through the nucleus WNW-ESE, (length
~50"), ending at a fairly bright knot at its WNW end. The knot ((HII complex/OB assocation?)
appears ~10"x7" SW-NE. A
low surface brightness halo on the north and south side of the bar is roughly
oval 3:2 and increases the overall size to ~1.5'x1.0'. Situated in a fairly busy star field.
17.5"
(9/2/89): fairly faint, moderately large, oval WNW-ESE, broad
concentration. A group of mag
13.5-14 stars are off the NW end including a two mag 13.5 stars 1.2' NW and
1.8' NW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7292 = St IV-12 on 6 Sep 1872. His micrometric position is very accurate.
******************************
NGC 7293 = PK
36-57.1 = Helical or Helix Nebula = PN G036.1-57.1
22 29 38.4 -20
50 13
V = 7.6; Size 970"x735"
18" (11/13/07):
superb view at 115x and OIII filter, slightly elongated WNW-ESE, ~14'x12'
including a faint extension or filament on the west side. The bright rim is relatively thick and
brightest along the north to NE side within the interior of the annulus (not at
the very edge). A star is embedded
at the west edge of this large, enhanced arc (due east of the mag 10.5 star
just off the NW edge). The
opposite SW rim is also enhanced in brightness and thicker. The rim is weakest and thinnest at the
WNW end, but with averted vision this end bulges out due to a faint extension
or large filament (second ring) that begins just south of the western side of
the rim and extends north towards the mag 10.5 at the NW edge of the halo.
17.5"
(10/2/99): gorgeous view at 100x and OIII filter. This huge, annular PN is 15'x12' in size and slightly
elongated E-W due to an extension on the west side. The thick annulus is mottled and irregular with brighter
regions along the N, NE and SW edge.
The west side is slightly weaker but very faint extensions from the
north and south side towards the west, cause the rim to bulge on this side
(part of a second ring). The west
edge of the halo more gradually blends into the background near a mag 11 star
off the west side. At 220x without
a filter about a dozen stars are superimposed. The mag 13.5 central star is easy along with a similar star
a couple of arc minutes following.
13.1"
(8/15/82): the "Helix" nebula is extremely large, about 15' diameter,
clearly annular. Significant contrast
gain with OIII filter permits observation even from the Bay Area. The fairly
bright rim is non-uniform appearing brighter along the north side. About seven stars are superimposed
including the mag 13.5 central star.
Appears best at low power due to size and relative low surface
brightness. Easy in the 80mm
finder.
8"
(10/4/80): huge annular planetary is fairly bright at low power using a Daystar
300 filter. The rim has an
irregular surface brightness.
15x50 IS
binoculars (8/27/11): easily visible in binoculars using a pair of narrowband
filters.
Karl Ludwig
Harding discovered NGC 7293 = Au 48 in 1823-24 at Gottingen University
Observatory, probably using an 8.5-inch reflector built by William
Herschel. According to Wolfgang
Steinicke, Harding published a list of 8 new nebulae in Astronomisches
Jahrbuch, although the Helix Nebula is the only object he actually discovered,
the others being reobservations.
Harding's list was not checked until 1857 by Winnecke, so the Helix was
not generally known. Ernesto
Capocci independently discovered this huge planetary in late 1824 at
Capodimonte Observatory in Naples, but his position was over a degree too far
west and the object wasn't found or generally known by others. In 1856, Christian Peters reported another
discovery while he was at Capodimonte Observatory around 1850 (AJ 2, p16). As late as 1884 Jermaine Porter also
reported a discovery, although at that point it was already in the GC. Both Herschels missed finding this
planetary, probably due to its large size.
Based on a
September 1912 photograph (4 hour explosure) taken with the Crossley reflector
at Lick, Heber Curtis wrote "I would suggest that this interesting object
be referred to as "The Helical Nebula in Aquarius" [to distinguish it
from the the Helical Nebula in Draco, NGC 6543].
******************************
NGC 7294 = IC
5225 = ESO 533-044 = MCG -04-53-009 = AM 2229-253 = PGC 69088
22 32 08.1 -25
23 52
V = 12.5; Size 1.9'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 47d
24"
(7/29/16): at 200x; fairly faint, moderately large, elongated ~3:2 SW-NE,
~60"x40", contains a brighter core that gradually increases to a
small brighter nucleus. The core
itself sometimes appears noticeably elongated SW-NE. IC 5226 lies 16.6' SSE.
17.5"
(10/13/90): faint, small, round, bright core.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 7294 = LM I-251 in 1886 and recorded "vF, vS,
R." His rough position
(nearest min of RA) is 2 minutes west of ESO 533-044. As his declination is fairly close match, this
identification is reasonable, despite his not very helpful description. Lewis Swift independently discovered
the galaxy again on 6 Oct 1897 at age 77 and included it in list XII-38 (later
IC 5225) with description, "eeF; pS; R; betw 2 stars; a dozen stars in
margin of field following, form semicircle, 4 st np a curve, one D, sp of 2
[should be np of 2, with IC 5226].
His position is 36 seconds of RA too far west and 2' too far north, but
his detailed description matches (specifically "4 st np a curve, one
D[ouble]", so NGC 7294 = IC 5225.
Herbert Howe measured an accurate position for NGC 7294 in 1898-99 that
was given in the IC 2 Notes.
******************************
NGC 7295
22 27 54 +52 49
17.5"
(10/21/95): this asterism consists of ~10 stars including a mag 10 star at the
east end and eight mag 12-13 star in an E-W string about 3' length. Located 6' SW of mag 7.6 SAO
34488. In addition, there are also
several mag 15 stars surrounding the mag 10 star that are easier to view with
averted vision. Appears to be an
unimpressive random grouping at both 100x and 220x. Open cluster NGC 7296 is in the same low power field 30' S.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7295 = h2163 on 8 Nov 1831 and recorded "A Milky Way
straggler, a poorish cluster of stars 12...13m." His position corresponds with a mag 9 star accompanied by a
small clump of stars close southwest.
Karl Reinmuth called this a "a few st 11...13 in a dense
region." RNGC classifies the
number as nonexistent ("No cluster"). But Harold Corwin suggests that if his declination is 30'
too far north, then NGC 7295 is a duplicate of NGC 7296. As evidence, JH listed H VII-41 as a
synonym (with a question mark), so he was uncertain. The object described in my notes is the asterism at his
position.
******************************
NGC 7296 = Cr
451 = Lund 1016 = OCL-228
22 28 02 +52 17
18
Size 4'
17.5"
(10/5/91): compact group of roughly 30 stars in a 3'x2' area elongated
N-S. A mag 9 star is at the NW
edge. Most stars are arranged in a
curved arc roughly N-S. A string
of four perfectly collinear stars trail from this arc to the NE. Not particularly distinctive as located
in a rich star field. Contains
about ten faint stars mag 14-14.5.
Located 40' E of Beta Lacertae (V = 4.4).
8"
(11/8/80): 15 stars extended N-S between two mag 8 and 9 stars. Appears faint and small with an
unresolved background haze.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7296 = H VII-41 on 14 Oct 1787 (sweep 765) and noted "a
small cluster of stars, not very rich; like a forming one." His RA was 40 seconds too large.
******************************
NGC 7297 = ESO
345-018 = MCG -06-49-007 = PGC 69046
22 31 10.3 -37
49 35
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 130d
17.5"
(7/20/96): very faint, fairly small, irregularly round, ~40"
diameter. Located 2.7' WSW of a
mag 13 star. Pair with NGC 7299
4.6' ENE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7297 = h3945, along with NGC 7299, on 1 Sep 1834 and recorded
"eF; S; R. The preceding of 2
[with NGC 7299]." His
position is less than 1' southwest of ESO 405-023 = PGC 68980.
******************************
NGC 7298 = MCG
-02-57-010 = Mrk 1124 = LGG 458-002 = PGC 69033
22 30 50.6 -14
11 18
V = 13.7; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 5d
17.5"
(9/15/90): extremely faint, fairly small, very low even surface brightness,
diffuse. Forms a pair with NGC
7300 11.3' NNE. Located 22' NNE of
56 Aquarii (V = 6.4).
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7298 = m 484 on 7 Aug 1864 and noted "vF, pL,
iR." His position is fairly
accurate.
******************************
NGC 7299 = ESO
345-019 = MCG -06-49-008 = AM 2228-380 = PGC 69060
22 31 33.1 -37
48 34
V = 13.9; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(7/20/96): threshold object only glimpsed with concentration for moments,
~30" diameter. No details
seen. Located 1.9' E of a mag 13 star
and 4.6' ENE of slightly brighter NGC 7297.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7299 = h3946, along with NGC 7297, on 1 Sep 1834 and recorded
"eF; S; R. The following of 2
[with NGC 7297]." His
position is fairly good.
******************************
NGC 7300 = MCG
-02-57-011 = LGG 458-003 = IC 5204: = PGC 69040
22 30 59.9 -14
00 13
V = 12.8; Size 2.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 160d
13.1"
(9/3/83): very faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, low surface
brightness. Forms a pair with NGC
7298 11.3' SSW. NGC 7302 lies 24'
ESE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7300 = h2164 on 26 Jul 1830 and recorded "F; pL; a strong
suspicion; almost sure." The
next night he logged "vF; R; vglbM; 20"; twilight commencing." His position is just off the south side
of MCG -02-57-011 = PGC 69040.
This galaxy was found at Birr Castle on 4 Nov 1850 and described as
"a vF neb, 80" long, 10" broad, light seems equable." With a rough position JH catalogued it
as GC 4799, but Dreyer realized
the equivalence with h2164 so it was not catalogued twice in the NGC.
Harold Corwin
suggests that Lewis Swift's IC 5204, found on 8 Aug 1896 and included in list
XI-212, is probably a duplicate of NGC 7300, despite a very poor position. Swift described this object as
"vF; eE; a ray; p of 2 [with IC 5228 = NGC 7302]. See Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 7301 = ESO
602-023 = VV 372 = MCG -03-57-015 = PGC 69021
22 30 34.7 -17
34 26
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 1d
17.5"
(10/13/90): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 N-S, weak concentration.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 7301 = LM I-252 in 1886 at the Leander McCormick
Observatory and recorded "vF; pS; lE 0¡; lbM." His rough position (nearest min of RA)
is 1.3 min of RA too large, but his position angle (N-S) clinches this
identification. Bigourdan was unable to find this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 7302 = MCG
-02-57-013 = IC 5228 = PGC 69094
22 32 23.8 -14
07 14
V = 12.3; Size 1.8'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 97d
13.1"
(9/3/83): faint, very small, slightly elongated E-W, small bright core. Located 3' N of mag 9 SAO 165152.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7302 = H IV-31 = h2165 on 3 Oct 1785 (sweep 450) and recorded
"F, S, stellar, 3 or 4' north of a pB star. The chevelure pretty large." JH made 4 observations, reporting on 26 Jul 1830, "F;
pL; R; vsbM to a S, F, R nucleus; diam = 2'; has a * sf in pos 352.5¡ by
micrometer; dist 3'." Lewis
Swift found this galaxy again on 8 Aug 1896 and reported it as new in list
XI-215. His description reads
"pB, pS, R; B * nr s; f of 2 [with IC 5204 = NGC 7300]." and is
position is just 2' west of NGC 7302, so the equivalence NGC 7302 = IC 5228 is
certain.
******************************
NGC 7303 = UGC
12065 = MCG +05-53-004 = CGCG 495-005 = PGC 69061
22 31 32.8 +30
57 22
V = 12.6; Size 1.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 125d
17.5"
(9/2/89): fairly faint, moderately large, diffuse, almost even surface
brightness, slightly elongated NW-SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7303 = h2166 on 15 Sep 1828 and recorded "vF; R; vlbM;
20"." His RA was 12
seconds too small. The next night
he measured a fairly accurate position.
Harold Corwin notes that NGC 7304, discovered by d'Arrest, is not a
duplicate of NGC 7303, despite being equated in the UGC and other sources.
******************************
NGC 7304
22 31 30 +30 58
=Not found,
Corwin and RNGC. =NGC 7303, UGC.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 7304 on 20 Aug 1862 while observing NGC 7303. He claimed it was 137" away and
his offset (+2 seconds in RA and +1.2' in dec, implies it lies northeast. But there is nothing at this
position. On a later observation
(5 Oct 1864) of NGC 7303, he searched carefully but could not find the object
again. Dreyer also searched
unsuccessfully for NGC 7304 on 29 Sep 1875 at Birr Castle. A double star is 2' southwest of NGC
7303 (opposite direction). Perhaps
d'Arrest reversed the orientation and this pair is NGC 7304. In any case, NGC 7304 is not a
duplicate of NGC 7303.
******************************
NGC 7305 = MCG
+02-57-003 = CGCG 429-007 = PGC 69091
22 32 13.9 +11
42 44
V = 13.6; Size 0.7'x0.7'
24"
(12/1/16): at 260x; fairly faint, fairly small, roundish, ~24" diameter,
small bright core, diffuse halo. A
mag 15.7 star is 40" N of center.
The blazar CTA
102, located 5.6' ENE, was near
the maximum of a historic outburst.
It appeared marginally brighter than a mag 12.9 star on the AAVSO chart,
so perhaps mag 12.7 or 12.8. This
is 4.5 magnitudes brighter than its normal quiescent state. At z = 1.037, the light-travel time is
~8 billion years. This is
certainly the most distant object in recorded times to be visible in a 6"
scope.
17.5"
(8/20/88): very faint, very small, round, small bright core. A mag 15 star is 30" N. Located between two stars mag 13.5 1.6'
NW and 2.1' E.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 7305 = Sw IV-84 on 1 Sep 1886 and recorded "eF; S; R; in
center of 4 F stars in form of a rhombus." His position is fairly accurate.
******************************
NGC 7306 = ESO
468-011 = VV 832 = AM 2230-273 = PGC 69132
22 33 16.5 -27
14 48
V = 12.7; Size 1.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 60d
17.5"
(10/13/90): fairly faint, fairly small, oval 2:1 SW-NE, brighter core. A mag 12 star is 2.0' WNW. Pair with MCG -05-53-015 6' E.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7306 = h3948 on 30 Jul 1834 and recorded "vF; S; lE;
follows a star 11m in the parallel."
His position is accurate.
Howe noted in 1900 that "The * 11m p" appears to be of mag 10
and precedes 8 seconds, 0.7' north.
The nebula seems brighter near its preceding end."
******************************
NGC 7307 = ESO
345-026 = MCG -07-46-003 = PGC 69161
22 33 52.5 -40
55 58
V = 12.6; Size 3.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 9d
17.5"
(8/26/00): very faint, moderately large, elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE, ~2.5'x0.8',
broad concentration, fades at tips.
A mag 13.5-14 star is close west of the SW tip. This galaxy was difficult to view due
to its very low elevation. Located
~40' SW of a wide mag 6 pair (Sigma-1 and 2 Gruis).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7307 = h3947 on 4 Oct 1836 and recorded "F; pL; pmE; about
pos of 75¡ with parallel; 2 1/2' long.
His RA is 6 seconds too small, and the description is a perfect match.
******************************
NGC 7308 = IC
1448 = MCG -02-57-017 = PGC 69194
22 34 32.1 -12
56 02
V = 13.7; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 145d
24"
(9/29/16): at 260x; fairly faint, fairly small, 25"-30" diameter,
slightly elongated, reasonably high surface brightness. Gradually increases to a very small
brighter nucleus. Resides in a
barren star field.
NGC 7308 forms a
pair with MCG -02-57-018 4' ENE.
The companion is faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 NW-SE,
25"x10", low even surface brightness. MCG -02-57-019 was also picked up 14' NE (again in star-poor
field). It was logged as very faint, very small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE,
18"x12". A mag 13.5 star
is 1.7' WSW.
17.5"
(9/15/90): faint, small, round, bright core.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 7308 = LM I-253 in 1886 and reported "pB; vS;
R, no star in field." His
very rough position (nearest minute of RA) is 40 seconds west and 3' south of
MCG -02-57-017 = PGC 69194.
Stephane Javelle independently discovered this galaxy on 2 Nov
1891. His position in list 1-472
(later IC 1448) is accurate, so NGC 7308 = IC 1448. Herbert Howe "recovered" NGC 7308 in 1899-1900 at
the University of Denver and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 7309 = MCG
-02-57-016 = PGC 69183
22 34 20.6 -10
21 25
V = 12.5; Size 1.9'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.7
24" (8/14/15):
moderately bright and large, irregular shape, slightly elongated, ~1.0'x0.8',
contains a small bright core. A
fairly thin spiral arm juts out to the west on the north end. On the DSS, this spiral has a second
strong arm off the south end, extending east, though this arm was difficult to
distinguish.
13.1"
(9/3/83): faint, moderately large, very diffuse, slightly elongated ~E-W, even
surface brightness.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7309 = H II-476 = h2167 on 28 Nov 1785 (sweep 479) and recorded
"F, pL, iR, lbM." JH
made 5 observations, first reporting it on 9 Sep 1825 (sweep 9) as "F; R;
vgbM; r; 2'." R.J. Mitchell,
observing at Birr Castle on 2 Oct 1856, reported "has a * near center and
I suspect a * or knot in np edge [spiral arm at this end]."
Heber Curtis
described the photograhic appearance in 1913 based on Crossley plates at Lick
as "a small nebula about 1.5' in size, of very unusual form. Has faint stellar nucleus; ther are
three fainter nuclei from which spring short whorls; these are not arranged as
in an ordinary spiral, but overlap."
******************************
NGC 7310 = ESO
533-049 = MCG -04-53-015 = PGC 69202
22 34 36.9 -22
29 06
V = 13.9; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 36d
17.5"
(7/1/89): very faint, fairly small, elongated SSW-NNE, very low even surface
brightness.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 7310 = LM I-254 on 20 Jul 1885 and reported
"mag 15.0; pS; R; bMN."
His rough position (nearest min of RA is marked as uncertain) is 25
seconds east and 2' south of ESO 533-049 = PGC 69202. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1898-99
(repeated in the IC 2 Notes).
******************************
NGC 7311 = UGC
12080 = MCG +01-57-009 = CGCG 404-022 = PGC 69172
22 34 06.7 +05
34 12
V = 12.5; Size 1.6'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 10d
17.5"
(11/1/86): moderately bright, small, very elongated ~N-S, small bright core,
sharp bright stellar nucleus. This striking galaxy forms a wide pair with NGC
7312 16.4' NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7311 = H II-428 = h2168 on 30 Aug 1785 (sweep 427) and recorded
"F, pS, R, lbM." On 25
Oct 1785 (sweep 464) he noted "pB, S, irr R, r." JH made two observations and his mean
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7312 = UGC
12083 = MCG +01-57-010 = CGCG 404-023 = PGC 69198
22 34 34.8 +05
49 02
V = 13.4; Size 1.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 83d
17.5"
(11/1/86): fairly faint, fairly small, diffuse, very small brighter core,
slightly elongated ~E-W. Located
16.4' NNE of NGC 7311.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7312 = m 485 on 30 Oct 1863 and noted "F, S." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7313 = ESO
533-052 = PGC 69242
22 35 32.6 -26
06 06
V = 14.2; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 170d
17.5"
(10/13/90): extremely faint, small, elongated ~N-S. Pair with NGC 7314 4.4' NE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7313 = m 486 on 24 Sep 1864 and noted "eF, E." His position is within 1' of ESO
533-052 = PGC 69242. Herbert Howe
measured an accurate position at Denver in 1898-99.
******************************
NGC 7314 = Arp
14 = ESO 533-053 = MCG -04-53-018 = AM 2233-261 = PGC 69253
22 35 45.9 -26
03 01
V = 11.0; Size 4.6'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 3d
17.5"
(10/13/90): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 3:1 N-S, 2.7'x0.9', broad
concentration. A mag 15 star is
just off the east side. A brighter
mag 12 star lies 2.0' W of center.
Forms a pair with NGC 7313 4.4' SW.
8"
(8/28/89): faint, moderately large, elongated, diffuse.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7314 = h3949 on 29 Jul 1834 and recorded "pB; L; mE in
meridian; vlbM; 4' l, 2' br; moonlight." His position (also measured the next sweep) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7315 = UGC
12097 = MCG +06-49-037 = CGCG 514-059 = PGC 69241
22 35 31.7 +34
48 12
V = 12.5; Size 1.6'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(8/12/88): fairly faint, fairly small, round, bright core. A mag 15 star is 0.7' W of center. Located 30' NW of NGC 7331.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7315 = St IV-13 on 11 Sep 1872. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7316 = UGC
12098 = MCG +03-57-020 = CGCG 452-030 = Mrk 307 = PGC 69259
22 35 56.3 +20
19 20
V = 13.0; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 60d
17.5"
(9/2/89): faint, small, elongated SW-NE, irregular surface brightness. A mag 14 star is 50" SSW of
center. An extremely faint star is possibly involved at the east end. Located 3.2' NNE of mag 6.7 SAO 90628.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7316 = H III-180 = h2169 on 18 Sep 1784 (sweep 277) and noted
"eF, vS, north of a star about 9m." His time is about 8 seconds too small, but the
identification is certain.
******************************
NGC 7317 =
Stephan's Quintet = HCG 92E = Arp 319 NED1 = VV 288d = MCG +06-49-038 = CGCG
514-060 = Holm 792d = PGC 69256
22 35 51.8 +33
56 42
V = 13.6; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.8
18"
(6/25/04): faint, very small, round, ~20" diameter. A mag 13 star just off the NW side
detracts from viewing. This star
is collinear with two mag 13.5 stars 0.7' NE and 1.7' SE with a mag 14.5 star
just off this line. These and a
few additional faint stars near or attached to galaxies in the group (NGC 7320)
contribute to the challenge and fascination of these five galaxies.
17.5"
(9/14/85): fourth brightest of five in Stephan's quintet. Fairly faint, small, round, brighter
core, easy with direct vision. A
mag 13 star is at the NW edge just 16" from the center which confuses the
observation. The interacting pair
NGC 7318A and NGC 7318B is 1.6' NE and NGC 7320 is 2.5' E.
13.1"
(9/29/84): very faint, small, round.
A star is at the NW edge.
Second faintest in Stephan's quintet.
13.1"
(8/23/84): very faint, small, round, visible without averted vision.
13.1"
(8/5/83): extremely faint, very small, round, close following a star, requires
averted vision.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7317 = St VIIIa-19, along with the other members of the group,
on 23 Sep 1876. His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 7318 =
Stephan's Quintet = HCG 92D = Arp
319 NED2 = VV 288c = (R)NGC 7318A = UGC 12099 = MCG +06-49-039 = CGCG 514-061 =
PGC 69260
22 35 56.7 +33
57 56
V = 13.4; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0
18"
(6/25/04): The brighter western component (NGC 7318A) appeared fairly faint,
slightly elongated E-W, sharply concentrated with a bright stellar or
quasi-stellar nucleus. The eastern
component (NGC 7318B) is fairly faint, slightly elongated ~E-W, sharply
concentrated with a stellar nucleus (not as prominent as NGC 7318A). The two
galaxies are encased in a common halo.
17.5"
(9/14/85): the western member of this double galaxy in Stephan's quintet is
moderately bright, elongated ~E-W.
The eastern member is moderately bright, elongated ~E-W. This double system appears as two
stellar nuclei within a common elongated halo. The three other members are NGC 7317 1.6' SW, NGC 7320 1.9'
SE and NGC 7319 1.5' NE.
13"
(9/29/84): faint, elongated, two stellar nuclei are resolved in good seeing.
8" (6/27/81
and 8/28/81): extremely faint, small.
This double galaxy appears as a single object.
6"
(6/25/04): extremely faint, glimpsed intermittently at 105x and 140x, along
with NGC 7320 using a 6" mask.
This double system was unresolved.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7318 = St VIIIa-20 on 23 Sep 1876. He didn't resolved the pair, so the two components are
often called NGC 7318A and 7318B.
Harold Corwin carefully re-reduced his offsets and found he measured the
brighter western component, although his position is just off the nucleus of the
eastern component. Shapley and
Ames mentioned NGC 7318 is "bi-nuclear and probably represents two
interpenetrating system" in 1930BHarO.878....6S. The group is also referred to as "Stephan's
Quintet".
******************************
NGC 7319 =
Stephan's Quintet = HCG 92C = Arp 319 NED5 = VV 288b = UGC 12102 = MCG
+06-49-041 = CGCG 514-064 = Holm 792b = PGC 69269
22 36 03.5 +33
58 33
V = 13.1; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.8
18"
(7/20/04): at 323x appears a very faint low surface brightness glow, small,
elongated 3:2 or 2:1 NW-SE, ~40"x25", very weak concentration. Three mag 15-16 stars are very
near. This galaxy is the faintest
in Stephan's Quintet.
18"
(6/25/04): very faint, small, round, low surface brightness, slightly
elongated, ~25"x20", very small slightly brighter core. Faintest in Stephan's quintet.
17.5"
(9/14/85): faintest in Stephan's quintet.
Faint, fairly small, elongated NW-SE, very low surface brightness with
only a very weak concentration.
Located 1.7' N of NGC 7320 and 1.5' NE of the double system NGC 7318A/B.
13" (7/27/84):
extremely faint, fairly small, requires averted.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7319 = St VIIIa-21, along with others in the group, on 23 Sep
1876. His micrometric position is
very accurate.
******************************
NGC 7320 =
Stephan's Quintet = HCG 92A = Arp 319 NED4 = VV 288a = UGC 12101 = MCG
+06-49-042 = CGCG 514-063 = Holm 792a = LGG 459-002 = PGC 69270
22 36 03.4 +33
56 53
V = 12.6; Size 2.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 132d
18"
(6/25/04): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE,
~50"x30". A mag 14 star
is embedded on the SE portion of the halo, just 15" from the center. The brightness of NGC 7320 is
comparable to the combined glow of NGC 7318A/B. The Quintet was viewed at 257x and 300x. This galaxy has a very low redshift
compared to the other group members, so has been a subject of controversy but
is likely a foreground object.
17.5"
(9/14/85): brightest in Stephan's quintet consisting of five galaxies within a
4' diameter circle. Moderately
bright, moderately large, brighter core, elongated 5:2 NW-SE. A mag 14.5 star is at the SE side
15" from the center. NGC 7317
lies 2.5' W, NGC 7318 pair is 1.7' NW and NGC 7319 1.7' N. Located 30' SSW of NGC 7331.
13": faint,
elongated NW-SE.
8" (6/27/81
and 8/28/81): extremely faint, small.
6"
(6/25/04): marginal but definitely glimpsed at moments with a 6" mask at
115x and 140x.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7320 = St VIIIa-22, along with the other members of the group,
on 23 Sep 1876. His position is
accurate.
This galaxy is
probably a foreground galaxy in the Quintet. The Feb 2001 issue of Astronomy mentions the HST image
resolved NGC 7320 but not the other members, confirming it is a foreground
galaxy (~35 million l.y. vs. ~270 million l.y.). See S&T November 2004 and my observing piece in the
article.
******************************
NGC 7321 = UGC
12103 = MCG +03-57-021 = CGCG 452-031 = Holm 793a = PGC 69287
22 36 28.0 +21
37 19
V = 12.9; Size 1.6'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 12d
17.5"
(9/2/89): faint, small, elongated SW-NE, no concentration. A mag 15 star is attached at the NE end
24" from center. Four bright
stars are within the 20' field; mag 9 SAO 90632 5.7' SSW and SAO 90645 9.5' NE
and mag 8.5 SAO 90631 6.3' NW and SAO 90649 9.5' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7321 = H III-237 = h2170 on 17 Nov 1784 (sweep 319) and logged
"eF, vS." His position
is 2.5' north of UGC 12103. JH
recorded "pF; irreg R; vgvlbM; 15...20"." and measured an
accurate position.
******************************
NGC 7322 = NGC
7334 = ESO 405-033 = MCG -06-49-010 = PGC 69365
22 37 51.5 -37
13 52
V = 13.5; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 114d
17.5"
(10/30/99): extremely faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Requires averted vision in poor
seeing. Located just west of the
midpoint of a mag 10 (SAO 213968) and 12 star oriented N-S at 14' separation.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7322 = h3950 on 30 Aug 1834 and recorded pF; R; gbM;
20". Two nights later he
called this galaxy "eF; S; vlE." His position matches ESO 405-033 = PGC 69365. NGC 7334 is a third observation made on
23 Oct 1835 (see that number). So,
NGC 7322 = NGC 7334.
******************************
NGC 7323 = UGC
12108 = MCG +03-57-025 = CGCG 452-034 = Holm 794a = PGC 69311
22 36 53.7 +19
08 38
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 170d
17.5"
(9/2/89): faint, small, slightly elongated, broad mild concentration. Forms a pair with NGC 7324 1.8' E. A wide pair of mag 9 stars is 6' E (mag
8.7 SAO 108048 and mag 9.3 SAO 108049 at 41" separation).
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7323 = m 487, along with NGC 7324, on 13 Sep 1863 and noted
"pF, pL, irr R." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7324 = MCG
+03-57-026 = Holm 794b = PGC 69321
22 37 00.9 +19
08 46
V = 13.9; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 168d
17.5"
(9/2/89): very faint, extremely small, round. A mag 11.5 star is 0.6' SE of center. Close pair with NGC 7323 1.8' W.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7324 = m 488, along with NGC 7323, on 13 Sep 1863 and noted
"vF, vS neb. *." His
position is less than 1' north of PGC 69321.
******************************
NGC 7325
22 36 48.4 +34
22 02
Size 15"
17.5"
(10/17/98): this is a very faint double star 4.5' SW of the core of NGC
7331. At 220x only the brighter
mag 14 component was evident but at 280x and 380x a fainter mag 15 companion at
15" S was visible. A wide
pair of mag 12/13 stars that are collinear with the core of the galaxy lie 1.5'
NW. RNGC misidentifies NGC 7325
with PGC 69291 at 22 36 33.4 +34 30 05.
Herman Schultz
discovered NGC 7325 = Nova VIII on 20 Sep 1865 while observing NGC 7331 with
the 9.6-inch refractor at Uppsala Observatory. His micrometric position matches a mag 14/15 double star at
15" separation with the northern component an extremely close double. This
pair is situated 4.5' southwest of the center of NGC 7331. Dreyer also found this object and
measured an accurate offset at Birr Castle on 8 Sep 1875 using NGC 7331 as the
reference. It's shown unlabeled on
the constructed sketch of the companions to NGC 7331 in the 1880 publication.
Karl Reinmuth reported this object as a "? Neb *14.8" based on a
Heidelberg plate.
RNGC
misidentifies PGC 69261 as NGC 7325.
On the POSS this galaxy appears to have a fairly bright star
superimposed making a visual observation extremely difficult. The identification of NGC 7325 was
discussed in my Fall 1986 Deep Sky magazine article as well as in RNGC
Corrections #1.
******************************
NGC 7326
22 36 52.0 +34
25 22
17.5"
(10/17/98): NGC 7326 refers to a faint, close double star just 2.5' preceding
the nucleus of NGC 7331. It was
not seen with certainty at 220x, but was clearly visible at 280x and 380x as a
mag 15.5 star (not resolved). The
RNGC misidentifies CGCG 514-066 as NGC 7326.
Lawrence Parsons,
the 4th Earl of Rosse, discovered NGC 7326 on 7 Oct 1874. His micrometric offset (also measured
in 1875) from NGC 7331 (153" in PA 278¡) points to a close double star
2.5' preceding the nucleus of NGC 7331.
It's also shown unlabeled on the constructed sketch in the 1880
publication. Dorothy Carlson also equated this number with the double star
based on Mount Wilson and Lick Observatory plates.
RNGC
misidentifies CGCG 514-066 as NGC 7326.
This galaxy is located 12' northwest of NGC 7331. This error was mentioned in my article
on NGC 7331 and its companions in Deep Sky magazine for Fall 1986, as well as
in RNGC Corrections #1.
******************************
NGC 7327
22 36 57.3 +34
28 02
17.5"
(10/17/98): this number refers to one of the several nonexistent NGC entries in
the NGC 7331 vicinity. A possible
candidate suggested by Harold Corwin is a mag 13 star near the tip of the
northern extension of NGC 7331.
This single star appeared stellar, although it seems plausible that it
might look slightly nebulous due to the faint background haze of the
galaxy. Other fainter nearby stars
may instead apply to NGC 7327.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 7327, along with NGC 7338, in 1882 with the 11" refractor
near Florence and reported in the narrative portion of his fifth paper (AN
2439). He mentions finding a total
of 8 companions to NGC 7331, including two that are not shown on Lord Rosse's
sketch. No position was given but
NGC 7327 was simply noted as "preceding the northern end of the spindle
[NGC 7331]." There are no
galaxies or double stars nearby, so he may have mistaken a single faint star.
Harold Corwin
suggests the mag 13 star at 22 36 57.3 +34 28 02 (2000) as a reasonable
candidate. Another possibility is
the compact galaxy PGC 69261, which has a bright star superimposed (the RNGC
misidentifies this galaxy as NGC 7325).
Unfortunately, Tempel didn't leave any additional clues as to the
identification of NGC 7327, so any assignment is really a guess. The identifications in the NGC 7331
group are discussed in my Deep Sky magazine article for Fall 1986.
******************************
NGC 7328 = UGC
12118 = MCG +02-57-007 = PGC 69349
22 37 29.3 +10
31 54
V = 13.1; Size 2.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 88d
17.5"
(9/19/87): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 5:2 ~E-W, broad weak
concentration, faint outer halo.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7328 = h2171 on 12 Oct 1825 and recorded "eF; elongated in
parallel [E-W]; 60" l, 40" br." His position (measured on 4 sweeps) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7329 = ESO
109-012 = AM 2236-664 = LGG 462-002 = PGC 69453
22 40 24.2 -66
28 44
V = 11.3; Size 3.9'x2.6'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 107d
30"
(10/14/15 - OzSky): at 303x; bright, very large, oval 5:3 ~E-W, at least
2.5'x1.5', sharply concentrated with a bright, elongated core (bar E-W). The halo is only slightly concentrated
but shows weak spiral structure. A
mag 12.5 is 3' NW and a pair of mag 14.5/15 stars is off the southwest side and
collinear with the nucleus. IC
5235 and 5236 lie 8.4' and 10.6' SE, respectively.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7329 = h3951 on 20 Jul 1835 and recorded "pB; mE in
parallel; gbM; 50" l, 20" br." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7330 = UGC
12111 = MCG +06-49-046 = CGCG 514-067 = PGC 69314
22 36 56.2 +38
32 53
V = 12.2; Size 1.8'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(6/15/91): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated NW-SE, weak concentration,
faint stellar nucleus. A mag 13
star is 1.2' NW of center.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7330 = St II-30 on 26 Jul 1870. His micrometric position is very accurate.
******************************
NGC 7331 = UGC
12113 = MCG +06-49-045 = CGCG 514-068 = Holm 795a = LGG 459-003 = PGC 69327
22 37 04.1 +34
24 56
V = 9.5; Size 10.5'x3.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 171d
48"
(10/24/14): at 488x, the long dust lane along the west side (running N-S) was
prominent as the galaxy is sharply cut off at the bright edge of an inner
spiral arm. A clearly visible outer spiral arm curves sharply counterclockwise
around the south side of the halo and shoots directly north. It continues or merges into a fairly
narrow arm just west of the dust lane and extends beyond the central region on
the west side.
24"
(7/21/12): at 322x this showpiece galaxy appeared very bright, very elongated
3:1 NNW-SSE, ~9'x3'. Contains a
very bright, elongated core that is sharply concentrated with an intense
stellar nucleus. The galaxy
exhibits subtle spiral structure in the outer halo and the brighter edge of the
inner western arm is sharply defined as it shoots north. Just west of this arm the light drops
off sharply due to a long dust lane and the dim glow of the outer halo is
clearly visible west of the lane.
Arm structure is also evident at the north and south ends of the central
region. The four background
companions to the east fit snugly in the field.
18"
(8/1/08): The sharp light cut-off (dust lane) was evident, running along the
west side of the galaxy, and the outer halo had subtle structure and variations
in brightness that suggested spiral structure.
13.1"
(7/27/84): very bright, very elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, 9'x2.5', very bright
elongated core, substellar nucleus.
The west side has a sharper edge due to dust. Four companions are close following with the brightest three
NGC 7335 3.5' ENE, NGC 7337 5.2' SE, NGC 7336 5.3' NE and NGC 7340 8.1' E of
center. Stephan's Quintet lies 30'
SSW.
8"
(8/28/81): very bright, large, nucleus bulge, very elongated. Two extremely faint companions to the
east are just visible.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7331 = H I-53 = h2172 on 6 Sep 1784 (sweep 258) and recorded
"pB, cL, E, lbM." His
position is 10' too far south-southeast.
On 13 Sep 1784 (sweep 269), he noted "vB, cL, mE, mbM, r." JH
reported "vB; pL; smbM; E 70¡ np to sf; 90" l, 30" br. If I. 53, the working list 9' out in PD
[it is]."
George Stoney,
LdR's assistant on 17 Aug 1849, logged "the preceding edge is well defined
[dust lane] and Nucl near it. I
strongly suspected an eF branch [spiral arm] from south end round following and
north and then preceding of preceding edge." A month later he confirmed "appendage preceding
certain, following branch suspected, 4 knots [companions] following, one
preceding seen by Lord R to consist of 4 or 5 stars [wrong]." The sketch on Plate XXX, fig 39,
clearly shows the dust lane along the major axis.
******************************
NGC 7332 = UGC
12115 = MCG +04-53-008 = CGCG 474-012 = Holm 796a = PGC 69342
22 37 24.5 +23
47 54
V = 11.1; Size 4.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 155d
17.5"
(9/2/89): bright, fairly large, edge-on 4:1 NNW-SSE, well-defined very bright
core, stellar nucleus. Forms a
striking pair of edge-on systems with NGC 7339 5.2' E!
8"
(7/24/82): fairly bright, small bright nucleus, edge-on NNW-SSE. Forms a pair with NGC 7339 5' E.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7332 = H II-233 = h2173, along with NGC 7339, on 19 Sep 1784
(sweep 278) and recorded "pB, E, easily resolvable. I can distinguish one or two
stars." On 20 Oct 1784 (sweep
302) he reported "B, lE, the direction nearly in the parallel [N-S]."
JH first logged (sweep 166) "B; S; mE in pos = 163¡ by microm; vsmbM to a
* 11m."
******************************
NGC 7333
22 37 11.6 +34
26 14
17.5"
(10/17/98): extremely close double star just 2.0' NE of the center of NGC
7331. At 220x it appeared as a
single mag 15 star 40" following a mag 13.5-14 star. This star is on a line between NGC 7335
and the core of NGC 7331.
Herman Schultz
discovered NGC 7333 = Nova IX on 20 Sep 1865 while observing NGC 7331 with the
9.6-inch refractor at Uppsala Observatory. His micrometric position matches an extremely close double
star (less than 2" separation) situated 2' northeast of the center of NGC
7331. The components are just
distinguishable on the SDSS. Karl
Reinmuth reported this object as a "nebulous *15, *14 p 0.7'.", based
on a Heidelberg plate. Dorothy
Carlson classified it as a double star (misinterpreting Reinmuth's description)
in her 1940 paper on NGC errata. I
discussed NGC 7333 in my article on the identifications in the NGC 7331 group
in Deep Sky magazine.
******************************
NGC 7334 = NGC
7322 = ESO 405-033 = MCG -06-49-010 = PGC 69365
22 37 51.5 -37
13 52
See observing
notes for NGC 7322.
John Herschel
found NGC 7334 = h3950 on 23 Oct 1835 and recorded "eeF; barely, but
certainly seen." A note was
added "the observation makes the RA 29 min 6.5 sec [instead of 28 min],
and as the PD fails of a perfect agreement [with his previously two observations
of h3950 = NGC 7322], it is not impossible that this may be a different
nebula." In the Cape
catalogue, all three observations of this galaxy were listed under the single
entry h3950, but he included a second entry in the GC at the wrong position,
which became NGC 7334. So, NGC
7322 = NGC 7334, with a 1 minute error in RA.
******************************
NGC 7335 = UGC
12116 = MCG +06-49-047 = CGCG 514-069 = Holm 795c = PGC 69338
22 37 19.4 +34
26 52
V = 13.3; Size 1.3'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 151d
48"
(10/24/14): at 488x; fairly bright, moderately large, elongated nearly 5:2
NNW-SSE, 0.9'x0.35'. Contains a
very bright core.
24"
(7/21/12): at 322x was moderately bright and large, elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE,
~50"x20", relatively large bright oval core that gradually increases
to the center. This is the
brightest of the four "companions" to NGC 7331 with the faintest
galaxy, NGC 7336, situated 2.1' NNE.
The quartet is actually far in the background (8x the redshift) of NGC
7331, at a similar redshift as Stephan's Quintet with the exception for NGC
7320, which has a similar redshift as NGC 7331.
18"
(8/1/08): at 280x appeared fairly faint or moderately bright, very elongated
nearly 3:1 NNW-SSE, well concentrated with a small, bright elongated core. With averted vision increases in size
to 1.2'x0.35'. This is easily the
brightest of four companions on the east side of NGC 7331.
18"
(7/19/04): at 225x appears fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE,
contains a bright core which increases to a faint stellar nucleus, ~0.8'x0.35',
though increases in size with averted vision to 1.0'x0.4'. Brightest of four companions on the
following side of NGC 7331.
17.5"
(8/27/87): fairly faint, bright core, elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE, small bright
core. This is the brightest and
largest of the four following companions of NGC 7331 located 3.5' ENE of
center. A mag 14 star is 1.3'
NE. Extremely faint NGC 7336 is
2.1' NNE.
17.5"
(9/14/85): fairly faint, bright core, very elongated NNW-SSE.
13"
(9/29/84): easily the brightest and largest of the companions to NGC 7331. Fairly faint but easily visible with
direct vision at 220x, gradually increases to center, elongated NNW-SSE.
13"
(7/27/84): fairly faint, elongated NNW-SSE, broad concentration. Located 3.6' E of the center of NGC
7331. Extremely faint NGC 7336 is
2' NNE.
8"
(8/28/81): extremely faint, very small, requires averted.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7335 = H III-166 = h2174 on 13 Sep 1784 (sweep 269) he recorded
"eF, vS, E, between 4 & 5' distant from the former [NGC 7331] and
north following it." JH reported this galaxy as "eF; it is nf from I.
53 [NGC 7331]; pos by micrometer = 61.8¡; Delta RA = 14.5 seconds."
******************************
NGC 7336 = MCG
+06-49-049 = Holm 795j = PGC 69337
22 37 21.9 +34
28 54
V = 15.8; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.9
48"
(10/29/16): at 375x; moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, very
small brighter core. Faintest of
the four galaxies to the east of NGC 7331.
48"
(10/24/14): at 488x; fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, elongated
2:1 NW-SE, 0.6'x0.3', contains a small bright core. Located 2' N of NGC 7335.
24"
(7/21/12): at 322x the faintest of the four "companions" to NGC 7331
appeared faint, small, oval 3:2 NW-SE, 20"x14", small brighter
core. Situated 2.1' NNE of NGC
7335 (brightest of the quartet). A
mag 13.5 star is 1' S, between the two galaxies.
18"
(8/1/08): at 283x appeared very faint but visible steadily with averted vision,
very small, slightly elongated, 20"x15" in size.
18"
(7/19/04): at 225x appears extremely faint, very small, roundish. At times only a 10" core was
visible but with concentrated viewing an extended halo was visible increasing
the size to 20"x10".
Located 2' NNE of NGC 7335 and faintest of the quartet.
17.5"
(8/12/88): very faint, very small, elongated, visible steadily. Located 1' NNW of a mag 14 star.
17.5"
(8/27/87): Can just be held continuously with averted vision, elongated
~N-S. Faintest of the 4 galaxies
on the east side of NGC 7331.
17.5"
(9/14/85): very faint, very small, slightly elongated. Just visible with constant direct
vision at 200x (10mm Clave). A mag 14 star is 1.0' SSE of center. This is the faintest of four companions
of NGC 7331 and is located 2.1' NNE of NGC 7335.
Lord Rosse or
assistant George Stoney discovered NGC 7336, along with NGC 7337 and 7340, on
10 Sep 1849 and noted "4 knots following [NGC 7331]." A diagram was made 2 nights later and
NGC 7336 was labeled "C".
******************************
NGC 7337 = UGC
12120 = MCG +06-49-050 = CGCG 514-071 = Holm 795b = PGC 69344
22 37 26.6 +34
22 27
V = 14.4; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 14.3
48"
(10/24/14): moderately bright, fairly small, roundish, ~0.5'x0.4', but
difficult to estimate size of halo because of the superimposed star (just
8" SE of center!) and the outer portion has a low surface brightness and
fades into background. Contains a very small bright core within a fairly low
contrast "bar" extending N-S.
24"
(7/21/12): fairly faint, fairly small, round, though a mag 14 star on the east
side of the core of the galaxy distracts from a clean view. Sharply concentrated with a very small
bright core ~10" diameter and a much fainter halo ~25" diameter.
18"
(8/1/08): faint or fairly faint, small, elongated 3:2 N-S, 0.4'x0.25'. A mag 14.5 star on the east side confuses
the view. Located 5' SE of NGC
7331.
18"
(7/19/04): at 322x appears faint, very small, round, ~20" diameter. The observation is confused by a mag 14
star that is attached on the southeast side and the galaxy appears to bulge out
from the star towards the NW.
17.5"
(8/27/87): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated. A mag 14-14.5 star attached at the SE end just 9" from
the center confuses the observation as the galaxy appears like a close double. Located 5.2' SE of the center of NGC
7331 in a group of four faint companions.
17.5"
(9/14/85): faint, very small, round, star attached at SE end.
13"
(9/29/84): very faint, very small, round.
A mag 14 star is superimposed at the SE side. This is the third faintest of the four companions to NGC
7331 and is located 5' SE of the center of NGC 7331. NGC 7340 is 4' NE.
Lord Rosse or
observing assistant George Stoney discovered NGC 7337 along with NGC 7336 and
7340, on 10 Sep 1849 and noted "4 knots following [NGC 7331]." A diagram was made 2 nights later and
NGC 73376 was labeled "E".
******************************
NGC 7338 = ?
22 37 31.7 +34
24 51
17.5"
(10/17/98): at 220x, a single mag 14 star was clearly visible at this
position. A fainter companion
~12" preceding was not seen at 280x or 380x.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 7338, along with NGC 7327, in 1882 with the 11" refractor
near Florence and reported in the narrative portion of his fifth paper (AN
2439). No position was given but
NGC 7338 was noted as located "between the four brighter companions
following [NGC 7331], closer to the southern two [NGC 7337 and
7340]." There are no
additional galaxies he might have seen, so this number probably refers to a
single or double star. Harold
Corwin suggest NGC 7338 is probably the faint double star about 3' southeast of
NGC 7335, which forms an isosceles triangle with NGC 7337 and 7340. The identifications in the NGC 7331
group are discussed in my Deep Sky magazine article for Fall 1986.
******************************
NGC 7339 = UGC
12122 = MCG +04-53-009 = CGCG 474-013 = Holm 796b = PGC 69364
22 37 46.9 +23
47 12
V = 12.2; Size 3.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 93d
24"
(6/14/15): bright, fairly large, edge-on 5:1 E-W, 2.2'x0.4', large bright core,
slightly mottled appearance. The
north edge of the central region has a sharper light cut-off apparently due to
dust and a very low surface brightness glow is just beyond this edge.
17.5"
(9/2/89): moderately bright, thin edge-on 5:1 E-W, brighter core but no sharp
nucleus. Forms a striking pair
with edge-on NGC 7332 5.2' W.
8"
(7/24/82): faint, very elongated ~E-W.
Aligned nearly perpendicular to NGC 7332 5' WNW and has a similar size.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7339 = H II-234 = h2175, along with NGC 7332, on 19 Sep 1784
(sweep 278) and recorded "F, E, r, the direction of the extent different
from that of the foregoing [NGC 7332]." On 20 Oct 1784 (sweep 302) he reported "E of the size
of the foregoing [NGC 7332], and the extension in a different direction, almost
at rectangles to the former; the direction nearly in the parallel, about 1 1/2'
in length." On sweep 290, JH recorded "vF; mE in parallel; 60"
l; the following of two [with NGC 7332] and a third suspected." There is no other nearby third object.
******************************
NGC 7340 = MCG
+06-49-052 = CGCG 514-075 = Holm 795e = PGC 69362
22 37 44.2 +34
24 36
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 170d
48"
(10/24/14): at 488x; fairly bright, fairly small, slightly elongated,
35"x25", sharply concentrated with a bright core and sharp stellar
nucleus.
24"
(7/21/12): moderately bright at 322x, fairly small, slightly elongated ~N-S,
0.5'x0.4', sharply concentrated with a very small bright core that increases to
the center. Second brightest of
the four "companions" to NGC 7331. Collinear with a mag 11 star 1.8' NNW and a mag 10.3 star
3.6' NNW.
18"
(8/1/08): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, 0.6'x0.5', very faint
stellar nucleus. Collinear with
two bright stars 1.8' NNW and 3.6' NNW.
18"
(7/19/04): at 322x appears fairly faint, small, round, 25"-30"
diameter, broad concentration to a brighter core. This is the second most prominent galaxy of the quartet
following NGC 7331.
17.5"
(8/27/87): fairly faint, small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus. This is the last of four galaxies
following NGC 7331 and lies 8.1' E of center. Nearby are NGC 7337 4.2' SW and NGC 7335 5.6' NW. Collinear with two 10 stars 1.8' NNW
and 3.6' NNW.
17.5"
(9/14/85): fairly faint, small, round, bright core.
13"
(9/29/84): faint, small, round, bright core. Second brightest of four faint companions of NGC 7331.
8"
(8/28/81): extremely faint, very small, requires averted.
Lord Rosse or
assistant George Stoney discovered NGC 7340, along with NGC 7336 and 7337, on
10 Sep 1849 and noted "4 knots following [NGC 7331]." A diagram was made 2 nights later and
NGC 7340 was labeled "D".
******************************
NGC 7341 = ESO
534-011 = MCG -04-53-027 = PGC 69412
22 39 05.1 -22
39 55
V = 12.4; Size 2.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 94d
17.5"
(7/1/89): faint, very small, slightly elongated E-W, weak concentration. Located just 2' SSW mag 8.3 SAO 191299.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 7341 = LM I-255 on 20 Jul 1885 and recorded
"pF; pS; E; lbM." His
rough position (the nearest min of RA is marked as uncertain) is coincidentally
just 2' south of ESO 534-011 = PGC 69412.
Ormond Stone later published an accurate micrometric position in the
"Southern Nebulae" publication (repeated in the IC 1 Notes section).
******************************
NGC 7342 = UGC
12126 = MCG +06-49-054 = CGCG 514-076 = WBL 685-001 = PGC 69374
22 38 13.1 +35
29 56
V = 13.9; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.3
18"
(6/25/04): faint, fairly small, round, 40" diameter, weak concentration to
a small slightly brighter core.
Overall, the surface brightness is pretty low. A mag 14 star is attached at the west side. Located 10.7' NNW of UGC 12127 in a
group of faint galaxies including NGC 7345 7' ENE.
17.5"
(8/12/88): faint, small, round, weak concentration, very faint stellar
nucleus. A mag 14 star is at the
west edge 25" from the center.
Member of the UGC 12127 group with NGC 7345 6.9' ENE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7342 = St IV-14, along with NGC 7345, on 11 Sep 1872. His micrometric position is very accurate.
******************************
NGC 7343 = UGC
12129 = MCG +06-49-059 = CGCG 514-082 = PGC 69391
22 38 37.9 +34
04 17
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 160d
18"
(8/1/08): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3, 0.6'x0.45', weak concentration. Located 28' SE of NGC 7331.
17.5"
(8/12/88): faint, small, round, weak concentration.
Truman Safford
discovered NGC 7343 = Sf 53 = St VIIIa-23 on 14 Sep 1866. Safford's position is 5' too far south
and 7 sec of RA too large. His
discovery wasn't published until 1887 (just a position with no description),
too late to be credited in the NGC.
ƒdouard Stephan independently discovered this galaxy a decade later on
26 Sep 1876. His micrometric
position is very accurate and Stephen was credited in the GC Supplement (6072)
and NGC.
******************************
NGC 7344 = MCG
-01-57-020 = PGC 69433
22 39 36.2 -37
16 32
V = 13.0; Size 1.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 160d
17.5"
(8/10/91): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated 4:3 ~N-S, almost even
surface brightness. Either a faint
knot is at the north edge or an extremely faint star is superimposed.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7344 = m 489 on 1 Oct 1864 and noted "pF, vS, R." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7345 = UGC
12130 = MCG +06-49-064 = CGCG 514-083 = WBL 685-005 = PGC 69401
22 38 44.8 +35
32 26
V = 14.3; Size 1.2'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 39d
24"
(8/31/16): moderately bright and large, edge-on 6:1 SW-NE, 1.0'x0.15',
relatively large bright core, the extensions taper at the tips. A mag 9.6 star is 1.8' S. Furthest north in the UGC 12127 Group
(WBL 685) with NGC 7342 7' SW and CGCG 514-087 6.8' SSE. The latter galaxy is fairly faint,
small, round, 18" diameter, gradually increases to a small, brighter
nucleus.
18"
(6/25/04): faint, fairly small, thin edge-on 5:1 SW-NE, 0.8'x0.15', very small
brighter core. Situated just north
of a small group of stars highlighted by a mag 9.6 star 1.7' S. NGC 7342 lies 7' WSW and CGCG 514-087
is 7' SSE.
CGCG 514-087 is
very faint, very small, round, 0.3' diameter. Contains a slightly brighter 5" core and faint stellar
nucleus with direct vision at 300x.
Located just south of a line connecting two mag 12.5/15 stars oriented
E-W and 9' NE of UGC 12127.
17.5" (8/12/88):
faint, fairly small, very elongated SSW-NNE, bright core. A mag 10.5 star is 2' S. Located 6.9' ENE of NGC 7342 in the UGC
12127 group.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7345 = St IV-15, along with NGC 7342, on 11 Sep 1872. His micrometric position is very
accurate.
******************************
NGC 7346 = CGCG
429-017 = PGC 69430
22 39 35.4 +11
05 00
V = 14.6; Size 0.4'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.1
17.5"
(9/19/87): very faint, very small, round, small bright core. Pair with NGC 7347 6.1' SE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7346 = m 490 on 7 Aug 1864 and noted "eF, vS,
stellar." His position is
accurate (to within 30").
******************************
NGC 7347 = UGC
12136 = MCG +02-57-009 = CGCG 429-019 = PGC 69443
22 39 56.2 +11
01 39
V = 13.6; Size 1.5'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 133d
17.5"
(9/19/87): faint, fairly small, very elongated NW-SE, weak concentration. Pair with NGC 7346 6.1' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7347 = h2176 on 9 Oct 1830 and recorded "eF; pL; 60"
l, 30" br; a certain observation." His position and description is a good match with UGC
12136. On 28 Sep 1875, Dreyer
recorded "eF; vmE 130¡, vlbM, perhaps a little curved [like an integral
sign]."
******************************
NGC 7348 = UGC
12142 = MCG +02-57-010 = CGCG 429-020 = PGC 69463
22 40 36.3 +11
54 22
V = 13.8; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 12d
17.5"
(9/19/87): very faint, small, elongated, very diffuse, low surface
brightness. Appears fainter than V
= 13.8.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7348 = m 491, along with NGC 7350 and 7353, on 7 Aug 1864 and
noted "vF, pL, irr R."
His position is accurate, though NGC 7350 and NGC 7353 have uncertain
identifications.
******************************
NGC 7349 = ESO
603-004 = MCG -04-53-029 = PGC 69488
22 41 14.8 -21 47
48
V = 14.3; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 166d
17.5"
(10/30/99): this was a marginal object from Pacheco State Park and appeared
extremely faint, small, elongated 2:1 N-S. Required averted vision and could hold for more than a few
seconds at a time at 220x and 280x.
Forms the southern vertex of a small triangle with two mag 13 stars 1.7'
NE and 2.3' NW. Located 5' N of a
mag 10.5 star.
17.5"
(10/25/97): not found at 220x and 280x although examined exact position using
GSC chart. The seeing was fairly
poor and observed early in evening before mirror had reached thermal
equilibrium.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 7349 = LM II-469 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory. He
recorded "mag 15.0 (nucleus), 0.3'x0.1' in position angle 175¡, binuclear;
double." There is nothing at
his position but one degree north is ESO 603-004 = PGC 69488, which is
identified as NGC 7349 in ESO and the Southern Galaxy Catalogue, but not the
MCG. Although Muller's declination
is considerably off, his position angle is accurate and provides a reliable
check. Harold Corwin concurs with
this identification.
The RNGC
misidentifies MCG -04-53-036 as NGC 7349.
This galaxy is 3.3 minutes of RA east and 8' south of Muller's
place. Neither galaxy is close to
the original position, but the ESO galaxy is a better fit with the visual
description. This number was
discussed in my RNGC Corrections #5.
******************************
NGC 7350
22 40 48.5 +12
00 23
=**?, Corwin (or
triple star).
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7350 = m 492, along with NGC 7348 and 7353, on 7 Aug 1864 and
simply noted "vF". There
is nothing near his position, despite the fact that NGC 7348 was accurately
placed. Dorothy Carlson equates
this number with a star (repeated in the RNGC). Harold Corwin tentatively identifies this number as a double
or triple star at this position.
DSS shows a close pair with a much wider third component. See his notes for further investigation
of this number.
******************************
NGC 7351 = MCG
-01-57-022 = PGC 69489
22 41 26.9 -04
26 41
V = 12.3; Size 1.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 0d
17.5"
(8/10/91): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE. This galaxy has a high surface
brightness with a large prominent central region and a small bright core.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7351 = St IX-30 = Sw II-92 on 3 Oct 1878. Stephan's micrometric position is very
accurate. Lewis Swift
independently found this galaxy on 18 Nov 1884 and noted "vF; pS;
R." His position is 19
seconds of RA too small and his dec is 1.5' too large. Herbert Howe commented in his series of
NGC observations that "Swift
calls this 'round', but to me it appeared much elongated at 180¡ [N-S]."
******************************
NGC 7352
22 39 46 +57 23
18
18"
(9/24/05): at John Herschel's position is just a undistinguished scattered star
field surrounding mag 8.5 HD 214833, set within a rich, low power Milky Way
field. Perhaps 50 stars are
visible within a 15' circle, though the borders are pretty arbitrary. There are no rich subgroupings although
the background contains some unresolved Milky Way background glow. This field does not appear to be
eye-catching enough to be mentioned by Herschel, but apparently it was.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7352 = h2177 on 24 Sep 1829 and recorded "A star 9-10m, the
chief of a p rich, vL, very coarse cluster." His position corresponds with mag 8.5 HD 214833. Based on its photographic appearance,
Karl Reinmuth described this object as "a very dense region, Cl not well
defined." RNGC classifies the
number as nonexistent. See
Corwin's identification notes for an alternative identification.
******************************
NGC 7353 = PGC
85285
22 42 12.5 +11
52 38
17.5"
(8/25/95): very faint, small, round, 30" diameter, very weak
concentration. Can barely hold
continuously with averted vision at 220x once identified using GSC chart. Forms the NE corner of a nearly perfect
rhombus with sides 2.7' with three mag 12-14 stars.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7353 = m 493 on 7 Aug 1864 and simply noted "eF". There is nothing near his discovery
position of 22 41 24 +11 56 (2000).
RNGC and RC3 misidentify UGC 12134 as NGC 7353. This galaxy is 1.8 minutes of time west
of Marth's position and also 10' south. This error was given in my RNGC
Corrections #2.
Harold Corwin
suggests KUG 2239+116 = PGC 85285 as NGC 7353. This galaxy is 49 seconds east and 3' south (11' ESE) of
Marth's position. Although closer
to his position, this is still implies a large positional error, so the
identification is very uncertain.
There is no listing for NGC 7353 in MCG, CGCG or RC3 or Reinmuth's
photographic survey.
******************************
NGC 7354 = PK
107+2.1 = PN G107.8+02.3
22 40 19.8 +61
17 06
V = 12.2; Size 28"x20"
24"
(8/30/16): at 375x; fairly bright, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE,
~25"x20". The rim is
brighter along the southeast side and very slightly brighter along the
northwest side. The rim dims on
the northeast side. A mag 14 star
is 0.5' SW, a mag 14-14.5 star is 0.8' W and a mag 15 star is 0.7' NW. At 500x, the planetary clearly has a
mottled appearance with what appears to be several very small brighter spots
that wink in and out.
18"
(8/17/04): at 225x, moderately bright, fairly small, ~30" diameter. A mag 14 star is just off the SW edge
with a mag 14.5 star a bit further west.
At 435x appears slightly brighter along portions of the rim,
particularly along the SE side.
17.5"
(11/6/99): a fairly bright, 25" disc is visible at 100x with one or two
stars very close. At 280x, the PN
is slightly elongated E-W, ~25"x20". A mag 14 star is close off the SW edge, 30" from center
and a mag 14.5 star is 0.6' due west.
At 380x, a mag 15-15.5 star is 0.6' WNW. In addition, the surface brightness is noticeably irregular
with hints of brighter areas.
13"
(7/12/86): fairly bright, fairly small, slightly elongated. A mag 14 star is just off the SW
edge. Pretty with a UHC filter at
166x, estimate V = 12.0. Takes
high power without a filter.
8": faint,
small, round, but easily visible at 100x or higher and takes 200x. Very faint
star is at the SW edge.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7354 = H II-705 = h2178 on 3 Nov 1787 (sweep 773) and recorded
"pB, S, irr R, er, almost of an equal light throughout." JH
noted it was "B enough to be noticed and caught in sweeping in full
moonlight, with the moon on meridian; pgbM; R; no nucleus seen." NGC 7354 was the most northerly object
observed with the Lord Rosse's 72", culminating 8¡ beyond the zenith.
Based on Crossley
photographs taken at Lick, Heber Curtis (1918) reported "a somewhat
irregular oval ring, fading out at each end, 22"x18" in p.a.
27¡. Outside this is a ring or
disk of much fainter matter, rather more circular in form and 32" across
from east to west. This outer
portion likewise is fainter at the ends of the major axis, and shows brighter
streaks at the east and west edges."
******************************
NGC 7355 = ESO
406-006 = AM 2240-370 = PGC 69587
22 43 30.4 -36
51 57
V = 14.3; Size 1.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 43d
17.5"
(8/26/00): at 220x, this was a marginal sighting as it appeared to pop into
view a few times momentarily and I had the impression it was elongated. Forms the north vertex of a small
equilateral triangle with two mag 15 stars ~1.5' SW and SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7355 = h3952 on 1 Sep 1834 and recorded "eeF; vS; R: a
double star follows about 40 seconds on the parallel [east]." There is nothing near his position, but
Harold Corwin notes that exactly 1¡ north is ESO 406-006 = PGC 69587 and his description applies
(a 30" pair follows by 40 seconds of time). RNGC misses this identification and classifies the number as
nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 7356 = UGC
12159 = MCG +05-53-010 = CGCG 495-014 = PGC 69530
22 42 02.3 +30
42 32
V = 14.1; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 76d
17.5"
(9/2/89): very faint, small, very elongated WSW-ENE. A mag 14 star is at the edge 32" SSE from center.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7356 = St XIII-94 on 4 Oct 1883 and recorded "eeF; pS; R;
weak gradual concentration; *13 attached to southeast." His micrometric position is very
accurate.
******************************
NGC 7357 = UGC
12162 = MCG +05-53-011 = CGCG 495-016 = PGC 69544
22 42 23.9 +30
10 17
V = 14.0; Size 1.5'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 120d
17.5"
(9/2/89): very faint, small, round, 20" diameter. A mag 14 star is just off the NW edge
25" from center. View
severely hampered by Eta Pegasi (V = 2.9) located 8' NE!
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7357 = St XIII-95 on 26 Sep 1883 and recorded "vF; eS; vF *
inv." His micrometric
position is very accurate.
******************************
NGC 7358 = ESO
109-018 = LGG 462-005 = PGC 69664
22 45 36.4 -65
07 19
V = 12.8; Size 1.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 176d
30"
(10/15/15 - OzSky): at 303x; fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 3:1
~N-S, 1.2'x0.4', sharply concentrated with a very small, very bright
nucleus. A collinear trio of stars
passes just north of the galaxy with the closest mag 13.5 star 0.8' NE. Also a mag 13.8 star is 1.5' WSW. Located 11' SW of the brighter double
system IC 5250 in a group containing several IC galaxies. IC 5247 lies 12' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7358 = h3953 on 20 Jul 1835 and recorded "F; S; R; bM;
15"." His position is
accurate though he missed IC 5250 11.6' WNW, which is brighter than NGC 7358
and found earlier by Dunlop (D 255).
******************************
NGC 7359 = ESO
534-022 = MCG -04-53-034 = LGG 463-002 = PGC 69638
22 44 48.0 -23
41 17
V = 12.5; Size 2.3'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 55d
17.5"
(10/5/91): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated, sharp concentration,
bright core. Located 7' NE of mag
8.5 HD 215298. Unusual appearance
as bright core dominates with very thin and faint extensions 4:1 SW-NE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 7359 = LM I-256 on 14 Jul 1885 and reported
"pF; vS; pmE; bMN." His
rough position (nearest min of RA) is less than 1 min of RA too far west and
the description fits. Ormond Stone's corrected micrometric position (in the IC
1 Notes) is incorrect as he misidentified the comparison star. Herbert Howe finally measured an
accurate position in 1898-99 with the 20-inch refractor at Denver.
******************************
NGC 7360 = UGC
12167 = MCG +01-58-001 = CGCG 404-036 = CGCG 405-002 = PGC 69591
22 43 34.0 +04
09 04
V = 13.6; Size 0.7'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.0; PA = 153d
17.5"
(11/1/86): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated NW-SE, weak concentration,
slightly fainter than NGC 7367 34' SE.
Located 16' NNW of mag 7.6 SAO 27714.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7360 = m 494 on 29 Aug 1864 and noted "eF, vS." His position is fairly accurate.
******************************
NGC 7361 = ESO
468-023 = MCG -05-53-027 = UGCA 434 = AM 2239-301 = IC 5237 = PGC 69539
22 42 18.1 -30
03 24
V = 12.3; Size 3.8'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 5d
13.1"
(9/22/84): faint, moderately large, very diffuse, very elongated 3:1 N-S. A faint star is off the south end. Located 5.4' ESE of mag 7.8 SAO 214019.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7361 = h3954 on 28 Sep 1834 and recorded "F; pL; vmE in
meridian [N-S]; vgvlbM."
There is nothing near his position, but exactly 2.0 min of RA west is
ESO 468-023 = PGC 69539 and his description applies. Lewis Swift probably found this galaxy again on 19 Jul 1897
at Echo Mountain and reported Sw XII-40 (later IC 5237) as "eeeF; eeeS;
eeeE; eee dif; a line. 8m *
np." His RA is 2.4 minutes
too small, but his description fits.
At age 77 in the summer of 1897, his positions were often significantly
off and he wasn't being careful in checking prior discoveries.
******************************
NGC 7362 = UGC
12171 = MCG +01-58-002 = CGCG 405-003 = PGC 69602
22 43 49.3 +08
42 20
V = 12.7; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 175d
17.5"
(8/1/87): fairly faint, small, almost round, brighter core. An anonymous galaxy is 4' S. There are several very faint companions
on the POSS.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 7362 = Sw IV-85 on 2 Sep 1886 and recorded "vF; S; R;
lbM." His position is fairly
accurate.
******************************
NGC 7363 = MCG
+06-49-078 = CGCG 514-102 = LGG 459-004 = PGC 69580
22 43 18.4 +33
59 56
V = 13.8; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.8
17.5"
(9/2/89): faint, fairly small, irregularly round. A faint star mag 15 is involved at the SE side 17" from
center and a second mag 15 star is off the east end. UGC 12179 lies 22' E.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 7363 on 27 Aug 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position is
accurate and he mentioned a (wide) pair (~40") follows by 15 seconds and 1
1/2' north.
******************************
NGC 7364 = UGC
12174 = MCG +00-58-001 = CGCG 379-002 = PGC 69630
22 44 24.4 -00
09 43
V = 12.6; Size 1.7'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 65d
17.5"
(8/31/86): moderately bright, round, large brighter core surrounded by much
fainter halo. Located 30' SE of
two mag 7 stars.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7364 = H II-442 = h2179 on 1 Oct 1785 (sweep 447) and logged
"eF, S, r. 240 confirmed
it." JH made two
observations, first logging it on 12 Sep 1830 as "vF; S; R; psbM;
15"."
******************************
NGC 7365 = ESO
603-010 = MCG -03-58-001 = LGG 463-005 = PGC 69651
22 45 10.0 -19
57 07
V = 12.8; Size 1.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 34d
17.5"
(10/5/91): moderately bright, small, bright core, stellar nucleus. A mag 11 star is 2.9' NE and a mag 12
star 4.3' SE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 7365 = LM I-257 in 1886 and recorded "mag 14.5;
eS; R; gbMN; * 11 nf 4.0'."
His rough position (nearest min) is fairly accurate and a mag 12 star is
3' northeast. Herbert Howe
measured an accurate position in 1898-99 at Denver (repeated in the IC 2
Notes).
******************************
NGC 7366 = MCG
+02-58-004 = PGC 69629
22 44 26.6 +10
46 53
V = 14.5; Size 0.3'x0.3'; Surf Br = 11.7
17.5"
(8/4/97): extremely faint, small, round, 20" diameter, very weak
concentration. Initially, I had a
difficult time locating this object, but once identified could hold
continuously with averted vision.
Located 2' WSW of a nice pair of mag 12/12.5 stars [25" separation]
oriented N-S.
17.5"
(8/20/88): not found.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7366 = m 495 on 7 Aug 1864 and noted "eF, S,
stellar." His position is 1'
northwest of PGC 69629.
******************************
NGC 7367 = UGC
12175 = MCG +00-58-002 = CGCG 379-003 = PGC 69633
22 44 34.4 +03
38 47
V = 13.8; Size 1.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 128d
17.5"
(8/31/86): fairly faint, edge-on WNW-ESE.
A faint star is just off the east edge [19" ESE of center]. Located 12' WSW of mag 8.0 SAO 127735.
17.5"
(11/1/86): similar appearance to observation of 8/31/86 but second very faint
star suspected.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7367 = m 496 on 29 Aug 1864 and noted "eF, vS, irr. R,
stell." His position is less
than 1' south of UGC 12175. Heinrich
d'Arrest independently discovered the galaxy a year later (30 Aug 1865) with
the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen and noted a faint double star followed by
16.5 seconds of time.
******************************
NGC 7368 = ESO
345-049 = MCG -07-46-010 = LGG 461-002 = PGC 69661
22 45 31.4 -39
20 26
V = 12.3; Size 3.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 130d
17.5"
(7/20/96): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 1.0'x0.5'. No concentration though viewed hampered
by the very low elevation. In good
moments, appears up to 1.5'x0.5' in size.
Forms an isosceles triangle with two mag 13 stars 3.5' S and 3.5' WNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7368 = h3955 on 4 Oct 1836 and recorded "F; lE; glbM;
30" length." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7369 = MCG
+06-49-080 = CGCG 514-105 = CGCG 515-002 = IV Zw 113 = PGC 69619
22 44 12.3 +34
21 04
V = 13.6; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(9/2/89): very faint, small, round.
Located between two mag 14 stars 0.7' SSW and 0.9' NE of center.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 7369 on 29 Aug 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. He measured an
accurate micrometric position on two nights and mentioned this object was
between two stars of mag 14 and 15.
******************************
NGC 7370 = PGC
69662
22 45 37.2 +11
03 28
V = 15.3; Size 0.5'x0.2'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 132d
17.5"
(8/20/88): extremely faint, very small, round, low even surface
brightness. A mag 14 star is 1.9'
NNE. On a line with NGC 7372 4.9'
NNE and mag 7.5 SAO 108159 9.5' NNE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7370 = m 497, along with NGC 7372, on 7 Aug 1864 and noted
"eF, vS." His position
is accurate to within 1'.
******************************
NGC 7371 = MCG
-02-58-001 = PGC 69677
22 46 03.7 -11
00 04
V = 11.5; Size 2.0'x2.0'; Surf Br = 12.9
13.1"
(9/9/83): fairly faint, fairly small, round, weak concentration. Located 10' N of mag 6.6 SAO 165285.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7371 = H II-477 = h2180 on 28 Nov 1785 (sweep 479) and logged
"pB; pL; iR; lbM." JH
made 5 observations, first reporting it on 9 Sep 1825 (sweep 9) as "F; R;
1' diam; no other near."
******************************
NGC 7372 = MCG
+02-58-005 = CGCG 430-004 = PGC 69670
22 45 46.0 +11
07 51
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(8/20/88): faint, small, slightly elongated ~E-W, slightly brighter core.
17.5"
(9/19/87): fairly faint, small, round, diffuse, very weakly concentrated
core. Located 4.6' SSW of mag 7.5
SAO 108159 that detracts from viewing.
Pair with NGC 7370 4.9' SSW and MCG +02-58-009 is 13' ENE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7372 = m 498, along with NGC 7370, on 7 Aug 1864 and noted
"F, S, irr R." His
position is accurate to within 1'.
******************************
NGC 7373 = CGCG
379-004 = PGC 69688
22 46 19.4 +03
12 36
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 160d
17.5"
(8/31/86): fairly faint, small, round, increases to bright core with a sharp
stellar nucleus.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7373 = m 499 on 11 Aug 1864 and noted "F, vS, bM, stellar." His RA is 12 seconds too small. Bigourdan measured an accurate position
on 16 Aug 1890.
******************************
NGC 7374 =
(R)NGC 7374A = MCG +02-58-007 = CGCG 430-006 = Holm 798a = PGC 69676
22 46 01.0 +10
51 13
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 177d
24"
(7/29/16): at 260x; fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated E-W, broad
weak concentration, ~30"x24".
Forms a close pair with virtually stellar IC 1452 [centers separated by
56"]. The companion was
faint, but extremely compact (core only seen), so has a high surface
brightness. On a later observation
(10/1/16), a very small halo (~6"-8") was visible using averted
vision only. This pair is is
situated on the southwest end of ZwCl 2247.3+1107 (distance ~360 million l.y). The core of the cluster contains NGC
7385 and 7386 and lies 1.2¡ NE.
17.5"
(8/20/88): faint, small, slightly elongated ~E-W. Forms a close pair with IC 1452 = NGC 7374B just 1'
NNW. IC 1452 appeared very faint,
extremely small, round.
17.5" (9/19/87):
faint, small, round, a mag 14 star is 30" N. Forms a double system with IC 1452 = CGCG 430-005 57"
NNW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7374 = m 500 on 7 Aug 1864 and noted "vF, pL, R." Marth's position is less than 1'
north of CGCG 430-006 = PGC 69676. He missed the fainter companion (IC 1452)
that was discovered by Bigourdan.
******************************
NGC 7375 = MCG
+03-58-003 = CGCG 453-007 = PGC 69695
22 46 32.0 +21
05 01
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 60d
17.5"
(9/2/89): faint, very small, slightly elongated ~E-W, very small or stellar
nucleus.
Truman Safford
discovered NGC 7375 = Sf 57 = Sw IV-86 on 1 Oct 1866 with the 18.5-inch
refractor at the Dearborn Observatory and recorded "vS, R, bM, N =
13m." Lewis Swift independently
rediscovered the galaxy on 2 Sep 1886. Swift's position is 12 seconds of RA
west of CGCG 453-007 = PGC 69695 and his comment "forms equilateral
triangle with 2 st, one the brighter" applies . Swift is credited with the
discovery in the NGC. Bigourdan
measured an accurate position on 5 Oct 1888 (Comptes Rendus, 22 Jul 1901).
******************************
NGC 7376 = CGCG
379-006 = PGC 69715
22 47 17.4 +03
38 44
V = 14.4; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 40d
17.5"
(8/31/86): very faint, small, round, diffuse. A mag 14 star is very close off the north edge 0.8' N of
center.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7376 = m 501 on 29 Aug 1864 and noted "eF, vS,
R." His position is 1' too
far south.
******************************
NGC 7377 = ESO
534-026 = MCG -04-53-038 = LGG 463-004 = PGC 69733
22 47 47.4 -22
18 38
V = 11.1; Size 3.0'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 101d
17.5"
(10/5/91): fairly bright, fairly small, slightly elongated ~E-W, 1' diameter,
gradually increases to a small bright core. A group of stars lies south and mag 8.5 SAO 191412 is 11'
N.
8"
(9/25/81): faint, small, round, diffuse.
Two mag 9 stars 6' NNW and 10' N are aligned N-S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7377 = H II-598 = h2181 on 13 Oct 1786 (sweep 609) and recorded
"pB, pL, iR, vgmbM." The
observation was "front view", bypassing the need for a
secondary. JH made three
additional observations.
******************************
NGC 7378 = MCG
-02-58-005 = PGC 69734
22 47 47.7 -11
49 00
V = 12.7; Size 1.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 175d
17.5"
(9/15/90): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, large brighter
center. Located 3.6' WNW of mag
8.5 SAO 165304.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 7378 = T III-1 = T IV-10 on 19 Sep 1879 and first reported it
the narrative part of his third paper (AN 2284). His micrometric position in AN 2347 is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7379 = UGC
12187 = MCG +07-46-018 = CGCG 531-013 = PGC 69724
22 47 33.0 +40
14 20
V = 13.4; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 90d
17.5"
(7/28/92): faint, small, round, broad weak concentration. Collinear with two mag 13.5 stars
20" SE and 1.5' SE.
Previously observed UGC 12188 22'S.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7379 = St VIIIa-24 on 22 Sep 1876 and recorded "eeF; vS; R;
lbM." His micrometric
position is very accurate.
******************************
NGC 7380 =
Wizard Nebula = Sh 2-142 = LBN 511 = Ced 206 = Cr 452
22 47 21 +58 07
54
V = 7.2; Size 30'x20'
17.5"
(10/30/99): at 100x with an OIII and UHC filter appears as a bright triangular-shaped
nebulosity (Sh 2-142), 8'-10' diameter, superimposed on a rich grouping of
stars (NGC 7380) within a rich Milky Way field. The brightest mag 8.5 star (very unequal double) is at the
west vertex. Also a wide strip of nebulosity is attached near the SE vertex and
extends to the SW. A dark band
appears to separate this strip from the triangular patch. The surrounding
region appears weakly nebulous and the "edge" can be traced with some
certainty further the north.
17.5"
(7/31/92): at 100x, about 40 stars in a 10' diameter. The brighter stars form a "V" or chevron
pattern. The brightest star is at
the west tip of the "V" and is an unequal double mag 8.6/13. The cluster appears to be encased in
nebulosity especially from the mag 8.6 star to the star at the east tip of the
"V". Using an OIII
filter the nebulosity is quite prominent with some structure and encases the
entire cluster. A lane of
nebulosity oriented SW-NE extends beyond the cluster from the star at the east
end of the "V" and nebulosity also extends west of the mag 8.6
star. The double star O·480 =
7.6/8.6 at 30" is in the field to the west.
13"
(10/26/80): ~30-35 stars in a triangular outline, 10'-12' in diameter but not
rich.
Caroline
Herschel discovered NGC 7380 = H VIII-77 = h2182 on 7 Aug 1787 with her
4.2" reflector. WH
rediscovered it on 1 Nov 1788 (sweep 876) as "a Cl of coarsely scattered
stars 7' or 8' diameter." His
position is accurate. JH called it
"a L, p rich, v coarse cl of stars 9.10 m and below." On a second sweep he noted "A
double star, the chief of a fine, p rich, L cluster, 10' dia; stars
9...13m."
******************************
NGC 7381 = ESO
603-017 = MCG -03-58-007a = PGC 69828
22 50 08.2 -19
43 30
V = 14.2; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 123d
17.5"
(9/23/95): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated 4:3 ~E-W, 40"x30",
very little concentration. Can
hold steadily with averted once identified.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 7381 = LM I-258 on 9 Oct 1885 and recorded "eF;
vS; R; gbM." His rough
position (nearest min of RA) is 1 minutes of time too small and 2' of dec too
small.
******************************
NGC 7382 = ESO
406-015 = MCG -06-50-005 = PGC 69840
22 50 23.9 -36
51 26
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 109d
17.5"
(8/4/97): very faint, very elongated, ~1.0'x0.3', no concentration. View hampered by the low elevation in
the sky. Has an unusual appearance
as a mag 12 star is attached at the NW edge [0.6' from center] and the
elongated ghostly galaxy appears to hang from the star towards the SE!
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7382 = h3956 on 1 Sep 1834 and recorded "eF; vS; R:
appended (sf 45¡, dist 30") to a * 12m; place taken that of the
star."
******************************
NGC 7383 = MCG
+02-58-014 = CGCG 430-012 = WBL 688-001 = PGC 69809
22 49 35.6 +11
33 23
V = 13.7; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9
24"
(7/30/16): at 260x; fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, round,
25" diameter, gradually increases to center but no well defined core or
nucleus. Located 5.6' SW of NGC
7385, the brightest member of the group (WBL 688) of 6 NGC galaxies. PGC 69819 (misidentified as NGC 7385 in
the RNGC) lies 2.5' E. It appeared
very faint, very small, round, 10" diameter.
18"
(10/21/06): faint, small, irregularly round, ~25" diameter, very small
slightly brighter core. First in a
group of 6 NGC galaxies (brightest member NGC 7385) and PGC 69819, which lies
2.5' E.
PGC 69819,
identified as NGC 7384 in the RNGC, appeared extremely faint and small, round,
10" diameter.
17.5"
(7/4/86): faint, small, slightly elongated, brighter core. Located 5.6' SW of NGC 7385 in a group.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 7383, along with NGC 7387 and 7389, on 27 Nov 1850 and labeled
it Beta on the diagram of the galaxy group. He placed it 5.5' southwest (PA = 235¡) of NGC 7385. In 1875 Dreyer called it "vF, vS,
R, south of 3 stars nearly in a line of which the middle one is in Pos 333.9¡
at 146.6"." Heinrich
d'Arrest independently discovered this galaxy on 19 Sep 1862 and measured an
accurate position.
******************************
NGC 7384
22 49 42.6 +11
29 15
V = 15.7
24"
(7/30/16): at 260x; continuously visible mag 15.7 star situated 4.5' SSE of NGC
7383. It forms the northern vertex
of a small triangle with a mag 11.7 star 1.0' SSW and a mag 14 star 40"
SE. RNGC and PGC misidentify PGC
69819 as NGC 7384. This galaxy,
situated 2.5' E of NGC 7383, appeared very faint, very small, round, 10"
diameter.
18"
(10/21/06): PGC 69819 is extremely faint and small, round, 10" diameter,
requires averted to glimpse and faintest member of the NGC 7385 group.
17.5"
(7/4/86): PGC 69819 is extremely faint, very small, round. The faintest member of the NGC 7385
group is located 4.0' SW of NGC 7385 and 2.5' E of NGC 7383. This galaxy is identified as NGC 7384
in the RNGC and PGC although the number more likely applies to a faint star at
Lord Rosse's position.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 7384 on 27 Nov 1850 in an observation of NGC 7385/7386
group. It was placed southeast of
NGC 7383 on the diagram of the cluster but not labeled. Offsets were measured four other
nebulae, but not to NGC 7384.
Dreyer's comment "5' nf 7383" in the NGC is incorrect.
RNGC, PGC and
SIMBAD misidentify PGC 69819 (due east of NGC 7383) as NGC 7384. Harold Corwin identifies NGC 7384 with
a star (position given here) about 5' southeast of NGC 7383, although there are
several other nearby stars that may as well be Stoney's star.
******************************
NGC 7385 = UGC
12207 = MCG +02-58-017 = CGCG 430-015 = WBL 688-002 = PGC 69824
22 49 54.7 +11
36 30
V = 12.0; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 36d
24"
(7/30/16): at 260x; moderately to fairly bright, slightly elongated SW-NE,
~1.3'x1.0', moderate concentration with a bright core that gradually increases
to the center. A mag 11.5 is just
off the NW edge, 1.0' from center.
Brightest in a group (WBL 688, the core of ZwCl 2247.3+1107 at roughly
360 million l.y.) with 6 NGC galaxies and numerous additional fainter
galaxies. Only slightly fainter
NGC 7386 is 5.8' NNE.
18"
(10/21/06): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 4:3 SW-NE. Appears similar to NGC 7386, though
slightly larger and brighter.
Contains a bright, 25" core and a much fainter halo. A mag 10.8 star is just off the
northwest side, 1' from the center.
Brightest in a compact group of 7 galaxies (not rich enough to qualify
as an Abell cluster).
17.5"
(7/4/86): moderately bright, broadly concentrated halo, small bright core,
slightly elongated ~N-S. A mag 11
star is 1.0' NW. Brightest in a
group with NGC 7383 5.6' SW, NGC 7384 ~5' SSW, NGC 7386 5.8' NNE, NGC 7387 5.9'
ENE, NGC 7389 5.9' ESE and NGC 7390 7.7' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7385 = H III-216 = h2183, along with III-217 = NGC 7386, on 18
Oct 1784 (sweep 297) and recorded both as "Two, vF, S, R, r, about 5'
distant from each other. The
position is that of the last or north following [NGC 7386]." On 23 Nov 1785 (sweep 476) he noted
"vF, pS, R, vlbM, not far south of a small star." JH made two
observations and recorded on sweep 304 "pB; R; 20"; has a *11m
near. The preceding of two
neb. The * by diagram is 1 radius
of the neb np its edge."
******************************
NGC 7386 = UGC
12209 = MCG +02-58-018 = CGCG 430-016 = WBL 688-003 = PGC 69825
22 50 02.2 +11
41 54
V = 12.3; Size 1.8'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 150d
24"
(7/30/16): at 260; moderately bright and large, oval 3:2 NW-SE, ~1.2'x0.8',
well concentrated with a bright, round 25" core. One of the two brightest galaxies in a group (WBL 688) with NGC
7385 5.7' SSW.
18"
(10/21/06): fairly faint to moderately bright, irregularly round, outer extent
varies with averted vision though roughly 1.2'x1.0' diameter. Contains a brighter, 20" core
surrounded by a very low surface brightness halo that was difficult to
trace. NGC 7835 lies 5.8' SSW.
17.5"
(7/4/86): fairly faint, slightly elongated NNW-SSE, very small bright
core. Located 5.8' NNE of NGC 7385
in a galaxy group and appears as a slightly fainter version of NGC 7385.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7386 = H III-216 = h2184, along with III-216 = NGC 7385, on 18
Oct 1784 (sweep 297) and recorded both as "Two, vF, S, R, r, about 5'
distant from each other. The
position is that of the last or north following [NGC 7386]." On 23 Nov 1785 (sweep 476) he noted
"vF, pS, R, vlbM." JH
made two observations and recorded on sweep 304 "pB; S; R; pgbM."
******************************
NGC 7387 = MCG
+02-58-022 = CGCG 430-019 = WBL 688-005 = PGC 69834
22 50 17.6 +11
38 12
V = 14.0; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 48d
24"
(7/30/16): at 260x; fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE,
25"x20", contains a very small bright nucleus. In a group (WBL 688) of 6 NGC galaxies
with NGC 7389 4.3' S, brighter NGC 7386 5.4' NW and brighter NGC 7385 5.9'
WSW. A wide pair of mag 10.5/11
stars lies 4' SE and the two stars "point" to the galaxy.
18"
(10/21/06): faint, small, slightly elongated, 25"x20", very small
bright core. Collinear with a pair
of mag 10.5-11 stars (40" separation) that are located ~4' ESE. Similar distance from NGC 7386 5' NW
and NGC 7385 6' SW.
17.5"
(7/4/86): faint, very small, slightly elongated, gradually increases to a very
small bright core. Located 5.9'
ENE of NGC 7385 in a rich galaxy group.
NGC 7389 lies 4.2' S and NGC 7386 5.3' NW.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 7387, along with NGC 7383 and 7389, on 27 Nov 1850 and labeled
it Delta on the diagram of the galaxy group. Stoney measured an offset of 5' 44"
east-northeast (PA = 73¡) from NGC 7385.
Heinrich d'Arrest independently discovered this galaxy on 19 Sep 1862,
measured an accurate position, and was credited with the discovery in the GC
(JH was confused with the identifications). Both LdR and d'Arrest are credited in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 7388
22 50 21.0 +11
42 39
V = 15.9; PA = 29d
24"
(7/30/16): at 260x; at the discovery position is a single 16th magnitude
star. It was visible as a very
faint star 4.7' ENE of NGC 7386 and 4.5' NNE of NGC 7387.
Lawrence
Parsons, the 4th Earl of Rosse, discovered NGC 7388 on 11 Oct 1873 in the NGC
7385 group. His micrometric
offsets from GC 4847 = NGC 7387 points precisely to a very faint star, whose
position is given here.
RNGC and SIMBAD
misidentifies PGC 69832 as NGC 7388.
This extremely faint galaxy is located just 1.5' north of Parsons' star
and was too faint to see in my observation of 4 Jul 1986. Malcolm Thomson discusses the
identification in his unpublished Catalogue Corrections as well as Harold
Corwin at the NGC/IC Project.
******************************
NGC 7389 = MCG
+02-58-019 = CGCG 430-018 = WBL 688-004 = PGC 69836
22 50 16.0 +11
33 58
V = 13.8; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 144d
24"
(7/30/16): at 260x; fairly faint, oval NNW-SSE, 0.7'x0.5', broad concentration,
slightly brighter core gradually increases to the center. Member of the NGC 7385 Group = WBL 688
with NGC 7390 2.3' SSE, NGC 7387 4.3' N and NGC 7385 6' NW.
18"
(10/21/06): this member of the NGC 7385 group appeared faint, small, round,
30" diameter, broad concentration to a slightly brighter core. Located 6' SE of NGC 7385. NGC 7390 lies 2.3' SSE.
17.5"
(7/4/86): faint, very small, brighter core, slightly elongated. Located 5.9' ESE of NGC 7385 in a rich
galaxy group. Appears similar to
NGC 7387 4.2' N. Forms a close
pair with NGC 7390 2.3' SSE.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 7389, along with NGC 7383 and 7384, on 27 Nov 1850. It is unlabeled on the diagram of the
galaxy group and not very accurately placed. JH apparently thought it was Delta
(NGC 7387), resulting in a poor position in the GC and NGC. Dreyer measured an offset and position
angle from NGC 7390 on 11 Oct 1873.
******************************
NGC 7390 = MCG
+02-58-020 = CGCG 430-020 = WBL 688-006 = PGC 69837
22 50 19.6 +11
31 52
V = 14.1; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 3d
24"
(7/30/16): at 260x; faint to fairly faint, small, round, 15" diameter,
fairly low even surface brightness.
Situated 3.3' NNW of mag 9.3 SAO 108210 and 2.3' SSE of NGC 7789 in the
NGC 7385 Group = WBL 688.
18" (10/21/06):
very faint, very small, round, 15" diameter, low surface brightness. Located 2.3' SSE of NGC 7389 and
furthest southeast of a compact group of galaxies (brightest member NGC 7385).
17.5"
(7/4/86): very faint, very small, round, low even surface brightness. Located 7.7' SE of NGC 7385 in a rich,
compact galaxy group. Forms a
close pair with brighter NGC 7389 3.3' NNW.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 7390 on 9 Sep 1856 while examining the NGC 7385 group. He noted, "the 2 last sf ones [NGC
7389 and 7390] are vvF". This
galaxy was misidentified as GC 4848 [NGC 7389] in the offsets measured on 11
Oct 1873. d'Arrest missed NGC 7390
when he observed the cluster. The
(estimated) NGC position is 3' too far north; a similar offset error occurred
with NGC 7389.
******************************
NGC 7391 = UGC
12211 = MCG +00-58-006 = CGCG 379-008 = PGC 69847
22 50 36.1 -01
32 37
V = 12.0; Size 1.7'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 70d
17.5":
moderately bright, small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7391 = H II-443 = h2185 on 1 Oct 1785 (sweep 447) and recorded
"F, vS, stellar, about 1 1/2' south of small star." JH made two observations, first logging
it on 12 Sep 1830 as "pF; R; psbM; 50...70"; has a * np; pos by
micrometer = 350.3¡."
******************************
NGC 7392 = ESO
603-022 = MCG -04-53-040 = LGG 463-008 = PGC 69887
22 51 48.7 -20
36 26
V = 11.9; Size 2.1'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 123d
17.5"
(10/24/92): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 5:3 WNW-ESE, 1.4'x0.8',
moderately brighter core. Several
stars are near including a mag 10.5 star 4.5' N. A pair of mag 13/14 stars 1.6' N and 2.2' N are collinear
with NGC 7392 and finally a mag 12 star lies 2.6' ESE.
8"
(9/25/81): faint, small, slightly elongated.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7392 = H II-702 = h2186 on 11 Sep 1787 (sweep 754) and recorded
"pF, pL, E from np to sf but nearer the parallel, mbM, about 1 1/2'
long." JH made 3 observations
and on 3 Sep 1831 logged "not vF; lE; gbM; 60" l, 40" br."
******************************
NGC 7393 = Arp
15 = VV 68 = MCG -01-58-002 = PGC 69874
22 51 38.1 -05
33 26
V = 12.6; Size 2.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 90d
17.5"
(9/15/90): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 E-W, broad concentration.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7393 = H II-453 = h2187 on 5 Oct 1785 (sweep 455) and recorded
"F, pL, E in the parallel [E-W], r." JH logged it as "eF; R; vgbM; sky dull." and
measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 7394
22 50 11.8 +52
10 03
17.5"
(9/26/92): bright group of two dozen stars mag 9-13 in a 10' scattered
field. Very elongated in a string
NW-SE. Includes 10 stars mag 9-11
with a mag 7 star off the SSE and a similar star 10' NNE. This group is probably an asterism. Listed as a nonexistent cluster in the
RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7394 = h2188 on 12 Sep 1829 and logged "A double star, the
last of a poor cluster of about a dozen stars." His position corresponds with this bright cluster or
asterism. Reinmuth calls it
"a few pB stars north preceding of BD+51¡3485." RNGC classifies the number as
nonexistent, despite the fact it is quite striking on the DSS.
******************************
NGC 7395 = UGC
12216 = MCG +06-50-006 = CGCG 515-008 = PGC 69861
22 51 02.9 +37
05 16
V = 13.8; Size 1.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.0
17.5"
(10/5/91): faint, small, round, weak concentration. A mag 13 star is off the NW edge 0.9' from center.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7395 = St V-8 on 21 Aug 1873 and recorded "eF; vS; R; condensation
in the centre." His
micrometric position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7396 = UGC
12220 = MCG +00-58-007 = CGCG 379-010 = WBL 689-001 = PGC 69889
22 52 22.6 +01
05 33
V = 12.8; Size 1.9'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 103d
48"
(10/25/14): very bright, fairly large, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE, 1.7'x0.8',
contains a very bright core that increases to an small, intense nucleus. An obvious dust lane extends along the
major axis for most of the length of the galaxy, passing just south of the
core. PGC 194158 lies 1.5' N
("faint, small, round, 15" diameter") and PGC 214871 is 3.2' SW
("fairly faint, small, round, 18" diameter").
17.5"
(7/22/87): moderately bright, oval ~E-W, moderately large, brighter core. Brightest in a group of five or six
galaxies including NGC 7401 9.5' ENE, NGC 7402 11' ENE, NGC 7397 6.5' ENE and
NGC 7398 9.3' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7396 = h2189 on 12 Oct 1827 and recorded "pF; irreg R; bM;
60"; r." His mean
position from two observations is accurate. The four fainter NGC galaxies to the northeast were
discovered at Birr Castle in 1856-57.
******************************
NGC 7397 = MCG
+00-58-008 = CGCG 379-011 = PGC 69904
22 52 46.7 +01
07 58
V = 14.2; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 30d
17.5"
(7/22/87): faint, very small, elongated NW-SE, brighter core. Located 6.5' ENE of NGC 7396 in a group
with NGC 7398 4.2' N, NGC 7401 3.0' ENE and NGC 7402 4.5' ENE.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 7397, along with NGC 7401 and 7398, while observing NGC 7396 at
Birr Castel on 2 Oct 1856. He
noted "about 5' nf [of NGC 7396] is another neb, pF, S, R, bM and
f[ollowing] the latter are 2 vF, S, R neb knots." A sketch was made on 23 Oct 1857 and
NGC 7397 was labeled "C".
On 22 Dec 1876, Dreyer measured micrometric offsets to NGC 7397 from a
mag 12 star 3.8' northeast of NGC 7396.
******************************
NGC 7398 = UGC
12225 = MCG +00-58-009 = CGCG 379-012 = PGC 69905
22 52 49.3 +01
12 04
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 75d
17.5" (8/21/87):
fairly faint, small, small bright core.
17.5"
(7/22/87): fairly faint, very small, slightly elongated, stellar nucleus. Located 4.2' N of NGC 7397 and 9.3' NE
of NGC 7396 in a group.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 7398, along with NGC 7397 and 7401, while observing NGC 7396 at
Birr Castle on 2 Oct 1856. A
sketch was made on 23 Oct 1857 and NGC 7398 was labeled "B". On 22 Oct 1876, Dreyer measured micrometric
offsets to NGC 7398 from a mag 12 star 3.8' northeast of NGC 7396.
******************************
NGC 7399 = MCG
-02-58-006 = PGC 69902
22 52 39.3 -09
16 04
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 150d
17.5"
(8/7/91): faint, small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, bright core. A mag 13 star is 1.1' N.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 7399 = Sw II-93 on 15 Nov 1884 and recorded "eF; pL;
mistaken for Barnard's Comet 1884 II." There is nothing at his position, but 22 seconds of RA west
and 1' south is MCG -02-58-006 = PGC 69902. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position at the Chamberlin
Observatory in Denver in 1898-99 (repeated in the IC 2 Notes).
******************************
NGC 7400 = ESO
290-022 = AM 2251-453 = PGC 69967
22 54 20.8 -45
20 49
V = 12.8; Size 2.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 2d
30"
(10/15/15 - OzSky): at 303x; fairly bright, fairly large, very elongated 7:2
N-S, 1.5'x0.4', broad weak concentration.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7400 = h3957 on 6 Sep 1834 and recorded "pF; lE; glbM. Query if it has not a vS *
involved." His Cape position
is very accurate, though an error was made and the position in the GC (copied
into the NGC) is 30 seconds of time too small.
******************************
NGC 7401 = MCG
+00-58-010 = CGCG 379-013 = PGC 69911
22 52 58.5 +01
08 33
V = 14.4; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 90d
17.5" (8/27/87):
extremely faint, very small, round, weak concentration. Forms a close pair with NGC 7402 1.5'
E. Located in a group 3.0' ENE of
NGC 7397 and 9.5' ENE of brightest member NGC 7396. Identification reversed with NGC 7402 in the RNGC and not
identified as NGC 7401 in the CGCG.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 7401, along with NGC 7397 and 7398, while observing NGC 7396 at
Birr Castle on 2 Oct 1856. A
sketch was made on 23 Oct 1857 and NGC 7401 was labeled "D", along
with a companion just following that was labeled as "E" (NGC
7402). The sketch identifies NGC
7401 = CGCG 379-013 (described here) and NGC 7402 = PGC 69914.
MCG, RC3 and
DSFG all mislabel NGC 7401 as NGC 7402.
CGCG doesn't attach a NGC designation to CGCG 379-013. RNGC and the first edition of the Deep
Sky Field Guide reverse the identifications of NGC 7401 and 7402. The correct identifications are sorted
out in my RNGC Corrections #2.
******************************
NGC 7402 = PGC
69914
22 53 04.5 +01
08 40
Size
0.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 50d
17.5"
(8/27/87): extremely faint and small, round, at visual threshold. Forms a difficult pair with NGC 7401
1.5' W and last in a group. Forms
a near equilateral triangle with NGC 7398 5' NE and NGC 7397 4.5' W. Appears just nonstellar on the POSS.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 7402 with LdR's 72" at Birr Castle on 23 Oct 1857. This object is labeled "E" on
the sketch and is shown on a line with "C" [NGC 7397] and
"D" [NGC 7401]. Mitchell
noted, however, "E is doubtful and needs confirmation." Because of this comment, JH didn't
assign a GC designation but Dreyer added it in the NGC. Mitchell's sketch matches the position
and orientation of PGC 69914.
The galaxy
identified as NGC 7402 in RNGC, MCG, PGC and RC3 is NGC 7401. NGC 7401 is the brighter of the close
pair and is close west of NGC 7402.
See NGC 7401 and my RNGC Corrections #2.
******************************
NGC 7403
22 53 06.4 +01
28 56
=*, Corwin. =IC 1455?, Burnham.
Sidney Coolidge
discovered NGC 7403 = HN 22 on 15 Nov 1859 with the 15-inch refractor of
Harvard College Observatory during the Zone Survey of equatorial stars. It was simply noted as "slightly
nebulous" with a rough position (measured in 1 of 2 zones) so JH didn't
include this discovery in the GC but Dreyer added it as GCS 6092. A mag 13.4 star is close to Coolidge's
position at 22 53 06.4 +01 28 57 (J2000), which Harold Corwin equates with NGC
7403. All 9 of Coolidge's
discoveries are stars (single or multiple).
In searching for
this object, Sherburne Burnham found a nearby galaxy that he felt was probably
NGC 7403. Dreyer catalogued it as
IC 1455 (also observed by Spitaler).
This galaxy is 40 sec of RA west of Coolidge's rough position and 6.6'
north.
******************************
NGC 7404 = ESO
346-010 = MCG -07-47-001 = IC 5260: = PGC 69964
22 54 19.0 -39
18 50
V = 12.8; Size 1.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 2d
18"
(10/25/08): faint, fairly small, elongated 5:3 N-S, 0.4'x0.25', very small
brighter core. Located 22' NNW of
the bright edge-on NGC 7410 and 11' NE of mag 7.3 HD 216443.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7404 = h3958 on 4 Oct 1836 and recorded "vF; S; R;
15"." His position
matches ESO 346-010 = PGC 69964.
Lewis Swift possibly rediscovered this galaxy on 19 Jul 1897 and
recorded Sw XII-41 (later IC 5260) as "eeF; pS; R; 9m star nr sp; ee
dif." Swift's position is two
degrees south of this galaxy and 0.3 min of RA east but the comment of the mag
9 star south-preceding applies. IC
5260 may also be a reobservation of NGC 7421, which is 2.3 min of RA due east
of his position and has a mag 10.9 star to its southwest.
******************************
NGC 7405
22 53 36 +12 28
36
=Not found,
Corwin.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7405 = m 502 on 5 Sep 1864 and noted "eF, S, R." There is nothing near his position and
Harold Corwin was unable to recover this object. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 7406 = MCG
-01-58-003 = PGC 69947
22 53 56.2 -06
34 45
V = 13.6; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 75d
17.5"
(9/15/90): faint, small, oval 2:1 WSW-ENE, even surface brightness. A mag 13.5 star is off the WSW end 1.8'
from center.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7406 = m 503 on 25 Aug 1864 and noted "F, S, lE." His position is 1' north of PGC 69947.
******************************
NGC 7407 = UGC
12230 = MCG +05-54-002 = CGCG 495-042 = CGCG 496-005 = PGC 69922
22 53 21.1 +32
07 46
V = 13.2; Size 2.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 152d
18"
(9/16/09): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, 0.6'x0.3', very
weak concentration, no core or zones.
A 20' string of
faint galaxies oriented N-S follows, including UGC 12238 14' NE (closest). All the galaxies in the nearby string,
including NGC 7407, have identical redshifts of z = .022, so are members of the
same group or cluster within the Pisces-Perseus Supercluster.
17.5"
(9/2/89): fairly faint, fairly small, oval NNW-SSE, almost even surface
brightness.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7407 = St V-9 on 13 Sep 1873 and recorded "eF; vS;
vaporous." His micrometric
position is very accurate.
******************************
NGC 7408 = ESO
109-026 = LGG 462-007 = PGC 70037
22 55 56.9 -63
41 41
V = 12.6; Size 1.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 167d
30"
(10/15/15 - OzSky): at 303x; moderately bright, fairly large, irregularly round,
~1.25'x1.0'. There is a hint of a central bar ~N-S, but no well-defined
core. The outer halo has an
irregular surface brightness with a hint of structure and extends further on
the east side.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7408 = h3959 on 1 Nov 1834 and recorded "pB; R; vglbM;
40"." His position is
accurate. Donald Menzel
misclassified this galaxy as a planetary in "Five New Planetary Nebula",
Harvard Bulletin 772, 1922.
******************************
NGC 7409 = CGCG
453-018 = PGC 69939
22 53 48.1 +20
12 37
V = 14.9; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 162d
17.5"
(9/2/89): extremely faint and small, round. A mag 13 star 1.2' NW.
Located 11' WSW NGC 7411 in a group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7409 = m 504, along with NGC 7411 and 7415, on 20 Sep 1863 and
simply noted "eF". His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7410 = ESO
346-012 = MCG -07-47-002 = PGC 69994
22 55 00.7 -39
39 42
V = 10.3; Size 5.2'x1.6'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 45d
18"
(10/25/08): bright, large, very elongated 7:2 SW-NE, ~3.0'x0.9'. Contains a bright, round core ~25"
diameter, which gradually increases to a very bright nucleus. At moments a stellar nucleus was
visible that appeared offset to the southwest of center. The surface appears irregular or mottled. NGC 7404 lies 23' NNW.
17.5"
(10/20/90): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 3:1 SW-NE, well concentrated
to a small very bright core, stellar nucleus. A mag 12 star is 1.8' NNE of center. Appears bright for such a far southern
galaxy (observed from +38¡ latitude).
8"
(7/16/82): faint, moderately large, very elongated SW-NE.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 7410 = D 518 = h3960 on 14 July 1826 and recorded "a very
faint nebula extended preceding and following, about 1.5' long and 20 or 25
arcseconds broad; a little brighter in the middle, or rather nearer the N.p.
extremity; the S.f. extremity is very ill defined." His position is 11' due east of the
galaxy. JH first observed this
galaxy on 4 Sep 1834 and logged "B, pL, vmE in pos 41.9 degrees, pgmbM, 3'
long, 20" broad, has a star 11m, 2' dist, pos from nucleus
12.9¡." On a later sweep he
wrote "a long pB ray, 4' long, psvmbM, elongated in pos 44.7¡." His mean position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7411 = UGC
12241 = MCG +03-58-010 = CGCG 453-020 = PGC 69974
22 54 34.9 +20
14 10
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2
18"
(10/29/11): at 283x, faint to fairly faint, fairly small, round, gradually
increases to a small bright core and stellar nucleus, ~25" diameter. Located 2.3' SE of a mag 10.7 star and
6' S of BU 847, an attractive pair of mag 9/10 stars at 7"
separation. NGC 7415 lies 4.5'
ENE.
17.5"
(9/2/89): faint, very small, round, bright core. Brightest of trio with NGC 7415 5' ENE and NGC 7409 11'
WSW. A pretty double star is 6' N.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7411 = m 505, along with NGC 7409 and 7415, on 13 Sep 1863 and
noted "vF, vS." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7412 = ESO
290-024 = MCG -07-47-004 = LGG 464-001 = PGC 70027
22 55 45.5 -42
38 30
V = 11.3; Size 3.9'x2.9'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 65d
13.1"
(9/3/86): faint, fairly large, very diffuse, elongated ~N-S. Located 6' SSW of mag 7.3 SAO 231361.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7412 = h3961 on 2 Sep 1836 and recorded "eF; vL; 3' diam at
least; it is south-preceding a star 7m, 8' dist."
******************************
NGC 7413 = MCG
+02-58-035 = CGCG 430-029 = PGC 69997
22 55 03.1 +13
13 14
V = 14.1; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 81d
18"
(10/25/08): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. A string of stars
extends SW. A very faint galaxy
(PGC 70008) 5.4' ENE that is identified as NGC 7414 in the RNGC was not seen.
17.5"
(9/19/87): faint, extremely small, round, weak concentration. Several fairly bright stars lie SW
including a mag 10 star 3.8' SW and a mag 11 star 6.1' SW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 7413 = Sw IV-87, along with NGC 7414, on 2 Sep 1886 and recorded
""eeF; pS; R; e diff.; 8 or 10 stars in an irregular line p; s of 2
[with NGC 7414]." His RA is
15 seconds too small, but his comment of the string of stars applies to the
loose string of stars extending southwest. Herbert Howe measured an accurate micrometric position in
1998-99. See NGC 7414.
******************************
NGC 7414 = PGC
70008 = PGC 94273
22 55 24.4 +13
14 54
V = 16.0; Size 0.5'x0.2'; PA = 171d
18"
(8/12/10): extremely faint, very small, irregularly round ~15"x12",
required averted vision and visible at most 25% of the time but could
repeatedly glimpse in the same position once the location was pinpointed. Based on the difficulty of this object
in superb conditions, I feel this galaxy was probably too faint to have been
discovered by Swift with his 16" refractor.
18"
(11/22/08): Not seen at 175x or 283x.
18"
(10/25/08): Not seen at 175x or 283x.
17.5"
(9/2/89): Not seen at 220x.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 7414 = Sw IV-88, along with NGC 7413, on 2 Sept 1886 and
recorded "eeeF; S; R; eee diff; n of 2 [with NGC 7413]." His RA is listed as the same as NGC
7413, which is 15 seconds too small, and 2.5' to the north.
There is nothing
near Swift's published position for NGC 7414 or after correcting for the offset
in RA for NGC 7413. The RNGC
identifies PGC 70008 = PGC 94273 as NGC 7414. This galaxy is located 1.7' north, but 21 seconds of RA
further east. Harold Corwin feels
the RNGC candidate is a plausible identification, but I'm skeptical based on
how faint it appeared in my 18".
So, NGC 7414 may be nonexistent (perhaps a faint star). See Harold Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 7415 = UGC
12244 = MCG +03-58-012 = MCG +03-58-011= CGCG 453-023 = PGC 69985 = PGC 69984
22 54 53.6 +20
15 42
V = 14.5; Size 0.9'x0.2'; PA = 128d
28"
(10/29/11): at 295x, resolved into two tangent glows oriented E-W,
~0.6'x0.3'. It seemed the western
component (MCG +03-58-011) was slightly brighter. At 394x, the eastern component (UGC 12244) was elongated
NW-SE, perhaps 0.4'x0.2'. UGC
12244 is identified as NGC 7415 in most sources, though the NGC number should
probably apply to the double system.
18"
(10/29/11): at 283x, appeared very faint, small, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE,
0.4'x0.2'. I suspected the glow
was double but couldn't confidently resolve this close pair so the description
likely refers to the combined glow.
Located 4.5' ENE of brighter NGC 7411 and 5.7' SE of
17.5"
(9/2/89): extremely faint, small, edge-on NW-SE. Located 5' ENE of NGC 7411.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7415 = m 506, along with NGC 7409 and 7411, on 13 Sep 1863 and
simply noted "eF". His
position is fairly accurate. The
MCG identifies MCG +03-58-011, the western component, as NGC 7415. Other sources identify the eastern
edge-on component as NGC 7415, but the number should probably apply to the
entire double system as Marth didn't resolve the pair and they are pretty
comparable in brightness.
******************************
NGC 7416 = MCG
-01-58-004 = PGC 70025
22 55 41.7 -05
29 43
V = 12.4; Size 3.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 110d
17.5"
(10/12/85): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE, broad
concentration. On a line with a
mag 9.5 star 6' SSW and mag 7.7 SAO 146389 12.5' SSW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7416 = m 507 = Sf 86 on 25 Aug 1864 and noted" F, pL, pmE,
vgbM." His position is
accurate. Aaron Skinner, assistant to Truman Safford at the Dearborn
Observatory, independently rediscovered this galaxy on 21 Sep 1867 with the
18.5-inch Clark Refractor.
******************************
NGC 7417 = ESO
109-028 = LGG 462-008 = PGC 70113
22 57 49.5 -65
02 19
V = 12.3; Size 1.9'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 2d
30"
(10/15/15 - OzSky): at 303x; bright, moderately large, oval 4:3 N-S,
~1.4'x1.0', well concentrated with a bright core that increases to a stellar
nucleus. Brightest in a group
including IC 5266 6.4' SSE, IC 5272 14' SE and PGC 127682 11' S. Mag 9.5 HD 216941 lies 6.5' NE and
similar star is 10' E. These
galaxies and stars just fit in the 20' field.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7417 = h3962 on 20 Jul 1835 and recorded "B; R; gpmbM; r;
40"." His mean position
(2 observations) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7418 = ESO
406-025 = MCG -06-50-013 = LGG 466-006 = PGC 70069
22 56 36.2 -37
01 48
V = 10.9; Size 3.5'x2.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 139d
18"
(10/25/08): fairly bright, very large, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 2.5'x1.8', broad
weak concentration. The halo fades
into the background without a well-defined edge. This is the largest galaxy visually in the Grus Chain
(brightest member IC 1459).
13.1"
(10/20/84): fairly large, very diffuse, even surface brightness. Larger than
NGC 7421 19' SSE.
8"
(7/16/82): very faint, fairly large, round, diffuse.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7418 = h3963 on 30 Aug 1834 and recorded "pB; vL; R; or
vlE; vgbM; 4' diam; with left eye r, hardly resolved, PD bad. A fine object."
******************************
NGC 7419 = Cr
453 = Lund 1024 = OCL-250
22 54 20.1 +60
48 55
Size 2'
18"
(8/17/04): at 160x this is a small group of 25-30 stars down to mag 15,
elongated 3'x1' NW-SE. Located ~3'
SE of a mag 8 star. The brightest
mag 9.5 star is at the NE tip of the cluster and the fairly rich cluster
follows to the SE. A faint pair is
near the center of the group
13.1"
(8/25/84): about a dozen faint stars are visible over unresolved haze with a
mag 9.5 star at the NW edge.
Appears to be a rich group.
Mag 8.2 SAO 20306 is just off the NW edge. About 12' NW is the double star ·2953 = 7.8/9.8 at 8".
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7419 = H VII-43 = h2190 on 3 Nov 1787 (sweep 773) and recorded
"a small cluster of vS stars, considerably compressed and pretty
rich." His position is
accurate. On 29 Sep 1829 (sweep
213), JH logged "a *10m in a cluster of vS stars 15...18m; p rich;
vgbM. A star 8m is 2' S."
******************************
NGC 7420 = MCG
+05-54-018 = CGCG 496-023 = PGC 70017
22 55 32.0 +29
48 18
V = 13.8; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(7/17/93): very faint, small, elongated 4:3 WSW-ENE, 0.7'x0.5', faint stellar
nucleus or star superimposed.
Located between a mag 9.0 SAO 90876 4.6' WNW and a mag 10.5 star 4.1'
ESE. Several faint stars that
confuses the observation are near south.
These include a close mag 14 pair at 9" separation.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7420 = m 508 on 6 Sep 1863 and noted "vF, S." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7421 = ESO
346-017 = MCG -06-50-015 = AM 2254-373 = LGG 466-004 = PGC 70083
22 56 54.3 -37
20 50
V = 11.9; Size 2.0'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.2
18"
(10/25/08): fairly faint, moderately large, ~1.5' diameter, diffuse with only a
very weak concentration. At
moments I had the impression of an elongated brightening or bar in the central
region. Located near the southern
end of the Grus Chain of 9 galaxies with NGC 7418 20' NNW and IC 1459 53' N.
13.1"
(10/20/84): very faint, very diffuse, moderately large. Located 20' SSE of NGC 7418.
8"
(8/16/82): extremely faint, small, round, at visual threshold.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7421 = h3964 on 30 Aug 1834 and recorded "B; L; R; gpmbM;
2'; r[esolvable] with right eye; with left, barely resolved in the
centre." His mean position (3
measures) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7422 = UGC
12254 = MCG +01-58-013 = PGC 70048
22 56 12.5 +03
55 36
V = 13.4; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 140d
17.5"
(11/1/86): fairly faint, fairly small, round, weak concentration. Located 21' WNW of mag 6.3 SAO
127860. Observation in poor
seeing.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7422 = m 509 = Sf 93 on 11 Aug 1864 and noted "F, S, irr
R." His position is
accurate. Otto Struve
independently discovered this galaxy on 6 Dec 1865 at the Pulkovo Observatory
in St Petersburg (in an unsuccessful search for Comet Biela), by d'Arrest on 29
Sep 1866 and by Safford with the 18.5-inch Clark refractor at Dearborn
Observatory on 27 Sep 1867! So,
this object was "discovered" 4 times, which along with NGC 1360 and
NGC 6364, is the most of any NGC entry.
Dreyer credited Struve and d'Arrest in the GC Supplement and Marth,
Struve and d'Arrest in the NGC.
Safford's observation was not published until 1887, a bit too late to be
noticed when Dreyer compiled the NGC.
******************************
NGC 7423 = Be 57
= OCL-246 = Lund 1026
22 55 09 +57 05
49
Size 5'
18"
(9/24/05): at 225x, this cluster appears as a small, rich, glowing spot 2' in
diameter, peppered with roughly a dozen mag 14-15 stars, several of which are
just on the edge of visibility.
Set within a rich low power Milky Way star field, although noticed
immediately at 115x. A wide pair
of mag 11 stars is just off the SW side.
At 435x, the faint resolved stars are easier to view, although the
background glow fades. Planetary
nebula M 1-80 is just 10' ENE. M
1-80 was easily picked up by blinking at 160x with an OIII filter, although
appears slightly soft at this power unfiltered. Excellent view at 538x unfiltered as a slightly irregular
small disc, ~4" diameter.
Situated ~40" W of a mag 11 star. A very close pair of mag 14.5-15 stars follows the mag 11
star and a brighter double is close north.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7423 = H III-745 = h2191 on 1 Nov 1788 (sweep 876) and noted
"pL, irr figure, easily resolvable, or a very distant patch of the milky
way." His RA is 50 seconds too large. JH recorded "A large patch of the milky way, consisting
of stars so small as to be quite nebulous. If this be not III 745, I find no other." Dreyer used JH's position in the NGC
but commented in his 1912 "Scientific Papers of William Herschel"
that William's and John's positions differ by about 1 tmin, so the two entries
may refer to different objects.
RNGC lists the number as nonexistent, though the cluster is also
catalogued as Berkeley 57. See
Corwin's notes for discussion.
******************************
NGC 7424 = ESO
346-019 = MCG -07-47-008 = PGC 70096
22 57 18.5 -41
04 14
V = 10.5; Size 9.5'x8.1'; Surf Br = 15.1; PA = 88d
13.1"
(9/3/86): very diffuse, hazy, fairly large, round, weak concentration. Located 16' E of mag 6.8 SAO 231360.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7424 = h3965 on 5 Sep 1834 and recorded "F; vL; R; vgmbM;
3' diam." His position is
accurate. This loose face-on
spiral might show structure in the southern hemisphere.
******************************
NGC 7425 = MCG
-02-58-013 = PGC 70097
22 57 15.5 -10
57 00
V = 14.2; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 60d
17.5"
(9/23/95): faint, small, slightly elongated, 30" diameter, very weak
concentration. Located just south
of three mag 14 stars (closest is 1.9' NNE of center).
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 7425 = LM I-259 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 15.5, lE? 90¡, *10 in PA
260¡ [ESE] at 4.0' separation."
His rough RA (nearest min of time) is 30 seconds too small and the star
is 13-14th magnitude. Herbert Howe
measured an accurate position in 1898-99 with the 20" refractor at Denver
(repeated in the IC 2 Notes).
******************************
NGC 7426 = UGC
12256 = MCG +06-50-012 = CGCG 515-012 = PGC 70042
22 56 02.9 +36
21 41
V = 12.3; Size 1.7'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 72d
17.5"
(6/15/91): fairly faint, fairly small, round, weak concentration, faint stellar
nucleus. Observation slightly
hampered by the bright wide double star h975 = 5.6/9.5 at 50" located 3.5'
W!
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7426 = H III-576 = h2192 on 18 Oct 1786 (sweep 617) and recorded
"vF, S, iR, stellar." JH
made two observation, first noting "eF; pL; R; a coarse double star 6m (HJ
975) precedes a little to south.
Hurried observation."
******************************
NGC 7427 = MCG
+01-58-016 = CGCG 405-018 = Mrk 521 = PGC 70091
22 57 09.9 +08
30 20
V = 14.2; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(8/27/87): faint, small, round, small bright core. Visible steadily with direct vision.
17.5"
(8/21/87): very faint, extremely small, round A mag 10.5 star is 4.2' S. Located 34' SE of 50 Pegasi (V = 4.9).
Otto Struve
discovered NGC 7427 on 22 Nov 1865 with the 15-inch refractor at Pulkovo
Observatory at St. Petersburg while unsuccessfully searching for Comet Biela.
Struve's position is 2.5' south of MCG +01-58-016, though he correctly placed a
mag 11.5 star 4' from NGC 7427 in PA 172¡.
******************************
NGC 7428 = UGC
12262 = MCG +00-58-014 = CGCG 379-016 = PGC 70098
22 57 19.5 -01
02 56
V = 12.5; Size 2.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 160d
17.5"
(7/22/87): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE, small bright
core. NGC 7434 lies 17.5' ESE.
13"
(11/29/86): fairly faint, fairly small, almost round, small bright core.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7428 = m 510, along with NGC 7434, on 27 Jul 1864 and noted
"F, vS, R, bM." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7429 =
OCL-249 = Lund 1027
22 56 00 +59 58
24
Size 14'
17.5"
(11/18/95): scattered group of 18 stars in a 6'x2' group elongated
NNW-SSE. Includes 8 mag 9.5-12
stars and the rest are mag 13-15.
There are no rich spots and most stars are scattered around the
elongated irregular outline. The
brightest two mag 9.5 stars are located near the center (SAO 34961) and at the
SE end (SAO 34971). Located about
8' W of a mag 7.3 SAO 34988. Appears
to be an asterism although listed in Lynga 5.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7429 = h2193 on 29 Sep 1829 and recorded "VIII class;
pretty compact, poor cluster; stars 9...11m." His position corresponds
with the center of 6' group of 12 brighter stars (mag 9.4-13.3).
******************************
NGC 7430 = MCG
+01-58-017 = CGCG 405-019 = PGC 70106
22 57 29.7 +08
47 39
V = 14.3; Size 0.6'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 60d
17.5"
(8/21/87): very faint, very small, round, brighter core. A faint star is very close south. Located 32' E of 50 Pegasi (V = 4.9).
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 7430 on 27 Aug 1864 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position (measured
on 2 nights) is an exact match with CGCG 405-019 = PGC 70106 and he mentioned
the faint double star just over 1' south.
******************************
NGC 7431 = LEDA
1765321
22 57 38.9 +26
09 51
V = 16.0; Size 0.2'x0.2'
48"
(10/26/16): at 610x; this object consists of a mag 15 star with a very small
galaxy attached on the east side.
A low surface brightness, round glow extended ~10" diameter. The star and the center of the galaxy
are separated by only 5"!
Located 4.3' WNW of NGC 7436 in a group.
17.5"
(8/25/95): with direct vision appears as a mag 14.5 star with no noticeable halo. With averted vision, an extremely small
halo is sometimes visible, perhaps 10" in diameter. Located 4.3' WNW of NGC 7436 and
faintest in a group of four galaxies.
A mag 14.5 star is 1.4' SW.
On the DSS the galaxy is virtually stellar with the star attached on the
west edge. The galaxy identified
as NGC 7431in the RNGC, UGC (notes) and CGCG is CGCG 475-006 (possibly NGC
7433), located 1.5' NW of NGC 7436 and not seen in this observation though was
not difficult in my 24".
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 7431 = Big. 92 on 30 Sep 1886 and noted "eF and
eS." His micrometric position
is 19 seconds of time preceding NGC 7436 and 55" north. Precisely at this separation is faint
star with an extremely faint galaxy (PGC 1765321) attached on the east side. It's very possible Bigourdan noticed
the star only, as the galaxy is quite faint, but mistakenly thought it was a
nebula. RNGC, CGCG, UGC (notes to
NGC 7436) and PGC all misidentify NGC 7433 = CGCG 475-006 = PGC 70112 as NGC
7431.
On 12 Oct 1855,
R.J. Mitchell discovered the galaxy (CGCG 475-006) that RNGC, CGCG and UGC
misidentify as NGC 7431. Although
clearly shown on the sketch, the 29 Sept 1875 observation states "the
object preceding in the 1857 sketch is a faint star, night bad." Because of this last statement, Thomson
feels Dreyer decided not to include this object in the NGC but Corwin and
Steinicke identify CGCG 475-006 = NGC 7433 and remove the companion jutting out
of the west side of NGC. Malcolm
Thomson discusses this case in detail in the Dec 1989 Webb Society Quarterly
Journal and his unpublished "Catalogue Corrections."
******************************
NGC 7432 = UGC
12268 = MCG +02-58-040 = CGCG 430-033 = PGC 70129
22 58 01.9 +13
08 04
V = 13.4; Size 1.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 40d
17.5"
(9/19/87): fairly faint, very small, strong bright core, slightly
elongated. A mag 13 star is 1.6' E
of center and a pair of mag 12/13 stars at 21" separation is 2' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7432 = H III-465 = h2194 on 23 Nov 1785 (sweep 476) and recorded
"eF, S, irregular. 240 showed
the same." JH made three
observations and logged (sweep 304), "eF; S; R; precedes a near double
star 5 seconds."
******************************
NGC 7433 = MCG
+04-54-003 = CGCG 475-006 = WBL 692-002 = PGC 70112
22 57 51.7 +26
09 44
V = 14.9; Size 0.7'x0.25'; PA = 47d
48"
(10/26/16): at 610x; moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 5:2 SW-NE,
35"x14", brighter nucleus. Located 1.5' NW of NGC 7436 in a
group. A mag 14.3 star is 0.4' S.
24" (7/20/12):
very faint, small, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE, 24"x8". A mag 14.3 star is just 24" S of
center. Located in the core of the
NGC 7436 group, just 1.5' NW of NGC 7436.
The historical
identification of NGC 7433 is ambiguous (see notes), but this galaxy is
misidentified as NGC 7431 (which is 2.9' W) in CGCG, UGC, PGC, U2000 and
Megastar.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 7433, along with NGC 7435, on 12 Oct 1855 while examining the
field of NGC 7436 at Birr Castle.
This galaxy was clearly shown on the diagram and sketch showing 4
galaxies (including the companion of NGC 7436). Nevertheless, there are only three entries in the GC and
NGC. The reason is probably Dreyer's
1875 observation that noted "The object preceding in the diagram from 1857
is a faint star. Night
bad". The question remains
which object Dreyer intended to exclude in the NGC -- CGCG 475-006 (the galaxy
generally associated with NGC 7433) or the companion at the west edge of NGC
7436?
Malcolm Thomson
gives a detailed analysis of the identifications of NGC 7433 and 7435 in his
Catalogue Corrections and concludes Dreyer rejected CGCG 475-006 so that NGC
7433 refers to the galaxy the western component of NGC 7436. On the other hand,
Harold Corwin supports the view NGC 7436W was rejected by Dreyer and NGC 7433 =
CGCG 475-006. This latter
identification is used in NED and Steinicke and adopted here, though Thomson's
argument is very persuasive.
******************************
NGC 7434 = MCG
+00-58-016 = CGCG 379-017 = PGC 70145
22 58 21.5 -01
11 02
V = 14.9; Size 0.6'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(7/22/87): very faint, extremely small, round, about 10" diameter. Located 17.5' SE of NGC 7428.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7434 = m 511, along with NGC 7428, on 27 Jul 1864 and noted
"vF, vS, R, stellar."
His position is 1' too far north.
******************************
NGC 7435 = UGC
12267 = MCG +04-54-004 = CGCG 475-007 = Holm 800a = WBL 692-003 = PGC 70116
22 57 54.6 +26
08 20
V = 14.2; Size 1.2'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 132d
48" (10/26/16):
at 610x; fairly bright, fairly small, elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE, 30"x12",
small brighter nucleus. A mag 15
star is on the NNW end [17" from center]. Situated 0.9' SW of NGC 7436 in the center of the cluster.
24"
(7/20/12): faint or fairly faint, small, very elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE,
24"x8". A mag 15 star is
attached at the NNW tip. This close companion to NGC 7436 is situated just 1.0'
SW of center.
17.5"
(8/25/95): very faint, very elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, 0.6'x0.2', no
concentration. A mag 15 star is at
the NNW end. In a tight group just
1.0' SW of NGC 7436.
17.5"
(9/2/89): very faint, very elongated NW-SE. A mag 15 star is attached at the NNW end 17" from
center. Located 1.0' SW of NGC
7436 in a group.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 7435, along with NGC 7433, on 12 Oct 1855 while examining the
field of NGC 7436 at Birr Castle.
The identification is certain based on the diagram and sketch in Plate
V, including a star close northwest. The NGC position is 1' due south, instead
of southwest of NGC 7436. Heinrich
d'Arrest also measured the position twice in September 1865, although Dreyer
only credited d'Arrest's observation of NGC 7433.
******************************
NGC 7436 = VV
84a = (R)NGC 7436B = UGC 12269 = MCG +04-54-006 = CGCG 475-008e = Holm 800b =
WBL 692-004 = PGC 70124
22 57 57.5 +26
09 00
V = 13.0; Size 2.0'x2.0'
48"
(10/26/16): brightest of a total of 8 galaxies observed within 4'. At 610x; bright, moderately large,
round, sharply concentrated with a very bright small core, increasing to a
stellar nucleus. The halo has a
much lower surface brightness and contains NGC 7436B, which pokes out of the
halo on the west side. The contact
companion appeared moderately bright, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 E-W,
24"x8", very small bright nucleus.
24"
(7/20/12): brightest and central galaxy in a group with three extremely close
companions. At 325x appeared
moderately bright and large, round, ~1' diameter. Sharply concentrated and dominated by a very bright small
core. The halo has a low surface
brightness and gradually fades out, but seems to encompass NGC 7436B = VV 84b,
which appeared as a faint or fairly faint thin spike, ~22"x8",
emerging from the halo and extending west. NGC 7435 is just 57" SW and NGC 7433 is 1.5' NW. Also nearby are MCG +04-54-007 2.4' S,
PGC 1766408 3.4' NW, NGC 7431 4.2' WNW and PGC 1768375 is 5.7' NNW.
MCG +04-54-007
is extremely faint or very faint, very small, round, 12" diameter. A mag 16.1 star lies 20" E. PGC 1766408 is extremely faint, very
small, irregularly round, 15"x12". PGC 1768375 is extremely faint and small, round, 9"
diameter. Collinear with a mag 15
star 0.7' NE and a mag 13 star 1.2' NE.
17.5"
(8/25/95): brightest in a tight group of four galaxies including NGC 7431, NGC
7433 and NGC 7435. Fairly faint,
small, round, 1.2' diameter. Well
concentrated with a small, bright core.
The view is confused by a companion, which is partially superimposed on
the west side of the halo and creates the impression of elongation E-W. A mag 15 star is 50" SW and a mag
14.5 star 1.3' WNW.
17.5"
(9/2/89): brightest in a group, faint, small, slightly elongated N-S, bright
core. Forms a double system with
NGC 7433 attached at the west end.
In a group with NGC 7435 1.0' SW, NGC 7431 2' NW (not seen). Located 15' E of mag 8.9 SAO 90886.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7436 = H III-243 = h2195 on 2 Dec 1784 (only object in sweep
327) and recorded "vF, S, er, but I have not been out long enough to see
very well, and it may be only stars." On 18 Aug 1828 (sweep 167), JH logged "F; E in
parallel; gbM; 60" l, 30" br." Although not resolved, the elongation was caused by the
superimposed companion on the west side.
The RNGC
identifies the brighter eastern component as NGC 7436A and the western
component as NGC 7436B. The
identification problems with this group (specifically NGC 7433 and 7431) are
discussed in detail in the Oct 1989 Webb Society Quarterly Journal and in
Malcolm Thomson's unpublished "Catalogue Corrections".
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 7436B = MCG +04-54-005 = PGC 70123 on 23 Oct 1855 and noted
"3 neb; last one [NGC 7436] pB, bM, has either a star or nebulous knot
closely p [NGC 7436]; ...."
The "nebulous knot" is NGC 7436B. He observed the group again on 18 Sep 1857 and logged,
"... closely p is a * or sharply defined nebulous patch, ..." Dreyer observed the group on 29 Sep
1875 and reported, "The object p in the diagram from 1857 is a F *. Night bad." Harold Corwin notes that based on
Dreyer's own observation, he didn't assign the western component of NGC 7436 an
NGC designation. NED identifies
this galaxy as NGC 7436A and HyperLEDA calls it NGC 7436B.
******************************
NGC 7437 = UGC
12270 = MCG +02-58-041 = CGCG 430-034 = PGC 70131
22 58 10.1 +14
18 32
V = 13.3; Size 1.8'x1.8'; Surf Br = 14.4
17.5"
(9/19/87): very faint, moderately large, slightly elongated, very diffuse, low
surface brightness with a weak concentration. A mag 14 star is at the north edge.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 7437 = Sw II-94 on 31 Oct 1885 and recorded "eeF; L; R; F *
nr nf; v diff. Nearly in finder
field with Alpha Pegasi." His
RA is 10 seconds too large, but the dec is accurate. In 1900, Herbert Howe reported "the 'F * nr nf" is
of mag 10.5 and follows 4 seconds, 1.4' north." Howe's micrometric position is very accurate.
******************************
NGC 7438
22 57 29.6 +54
21 17
Size 15'
17.5"
(8/13/96): at 100x, there is a 20' elongated group of stars separated into two
distinct scattered subgroups. The SW group is circular, ~6' diameter with
roughly three dozen stars total, although there are a dozen brighter mag 10/11
stars which form the circular outline.
Only a few faint stars populate the interior of the outline. The NE group is more elongated, ~7'x5',
with two dozen stars. It includes
a nice well-matched mag 11 pair at 15" separation. The two groups only stand out in a rich
Milky Way field using a 20 Nagler but it still looks like a random grouping. Listed as nonexistent in Carlson and
RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7438 = h2196 on 8 Nov 1831 and recorded "A large oblong
cluster which fills 2 fields.
Place that of the double star h3157 of my 5th catalogue." Based on the photographic appearance on
a Heidelberg plate, Reinmuth notes "a very dense region, no distinct
Cl." RNGC classifies the
number as nonexistent. See Harold
Corwin's identification comments.
******************************
NGC 7439 = UGC
12273 = MCG +05-54-021 = CGCG 496-027 = PGC 70134
22 58 09.9 +29
13 42
V = 14.0; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 150d
17.5"
(7/17/93): very faint, very small, round, 0.4' diameter, very weakly
concentrated core, very faint stellar nucleus at moments. A mag 12.5 star is 2.5' WSW. Located 4.3' NW of mag 9.3 SAO 90908.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7439 = m 512 on 9 Sep 1863 and noted a "long patch of F
nebulosity." His position is
30 seconds of RA east and 1' north of UGC 12273. Interestingly, I recorded this galaxy as round, so his
description does not fit this galaxy very well. Bigourdan published a "corrected" position from 3
Aug 1891 in his Comptes Rendus list for 22 Jul 1901, but his position is 3.6'
south and 20 seconds of time too large and probably refers to one or more
stars.
Karl Reinmuth
reported "not found" in his photographic survey at Heidelberg as well
as Heber Curtis in Lick Observatory Bulletin #248 (1913) based on photographs
with the Crossley reflector.
Harold Corwin searched unsuccessfully for another candidate besides UGC
12273. See his notes.
******************************
NGC 7440 = UGC
12276 = MCG +06-50-014 = CGCG 515-015 = PGC 70152
22 58 32.5 +35
48 09
V = 13.5; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.9
17.5"
(8/27/92): faint, small, slightly elongated, broad concentration. Located just west of a string of four
stars mag 13-14 oriented N-S.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7440 = St VIII(a)-25 on 9 Oct 1876. His micrometric position is very accurate. Bigourdan's
"corrected" position in the his 22 Jul 1901 Comptes Rendus paper
(repeated in the IC 2 Notes section) is 10 seconds too far east and 4' too far
north and lands on a double star.
******************************
NGC 7441 = MCG
-01-58-013 = PGC 70186
22 59 29.2 -07
03 17
V = 14.3; Size 1.2'x1.2'; PA = 5d
17.5"
(9/15/90): very faint, very small, round, low even surface brightness. This identification is very
uncertain. See historical
comments.
IC 1458 is
another possible candidate for NGC 7441.
22 56 41.4 -07
22 45
V = 13.6; B =
14.4; Size = 1.3'x0.8'; Type = Scd
24"
(9/22/17): at 375x; faint or fairly faint, low surface brightness patch, irregularly
round, ~0.6' diameter, slightly irregular surface brightness but no distinct
core.
18"
(10/25/03): very faint, small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, 1.0'x0.7', low even
surface brightness. A 15' string
of stars oriented SW-NE with mag 9.5 SAO 146395 at the SW end passes north of
the galaxy. A mag 9.5 star is 10'
due west.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 7441 = LM I-260 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 14.0, 0.8' dia, iR, *10
p[receding]." His rough
position (RA to the nearest min and Dec marked as uncertain) is coincidentally
just 14 seconds of RA east of MCG -01-58-013 = PGC 70186. The RNGC, PGC and HyperLeda identify
this galaxy as NGC 7441, although no 10th magnitude star is preceding. However, the 19th century estimated
magnitudes were often several mags too bright and a mag 11.7 star is 1.8' NE
and a mag 12.5 star 5' WSW.
As an
alternative, Harold Corwin suggests NGC 7441 = IC 1458 = PGC 70080. This galaxy has a 10th magnitude star
10' west, though the position is 3 minutes of RA east and 20' south of Stone's
position. Neither identification
is very secure.
******************************
NGC 7442 = UGC
12286 = MCG +02-58-045 = CGCG 430-042 = PGC 70183
22 59 26.6 +15
32 54
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(9/19/87): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, broad
concentration. Located 27' SW of
NGC 7448 in a group.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 7442 on 24 Nov 1861 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His mean position (2
measures) is very accurate and he noted the mag 12 star (called mag 13) 2.0'
north-northeast.
******************************
NGC 7443 = MCG
-02-58-015 = LGG 468-001 = PGC 70218
23 00 08.9 -12
48 28
V = 12.6; Size 1.5'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 40d
17.5"
(9/15/90): fairly faint, small, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE, small bright core, high
surface brightness. Forms a
distinctive similar duo of elongated systems with NGC 7444 1.6' S. NGC 7450 is in the field 10' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7443 = H II-450 = h2197 on 3 Oct 1785 (sweep 450) and recorded
"Two [with NGC 7444], both lE and about 1.5' from each other; they extend
in different directions. The
sweeping power showed but one, but 240 distinguished them both, and I saw them
afterwards also both with the former power. Both vF, vS."
JH made two observations and called it "F; R; psbM; rather the
brighter of 2."
******************************
NGC 7444 = MCG
-02-58-016 = LGG 468-002 = PGC 70219
23 00 09.0 -12
50 03
V = 12.8; Size 1.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 3d
17.5"
(9/15/90): fairly faint, small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, small bright core. Forms a close pair with NGC 7443 1.6'
NNW. NGC 7450 lies 10' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7444 = H II-451 = h2198 on 3 Oct 1785 (sweep 450) and recorded
"Two [with NGC 7443], both lE and about 1.5' from each other; they extend
in different directions. The
sweeping power showed but one, but 240 distinguished them both, and I saw them
afterwards also both with the former power. Both vF, vS."
JH made three observations and called it "pF; irr R; sbM almost to
a nucleus; r; the southern of a double nebula."
******************************
NGC 7445 = MCG
+06-50-015 = CGCG 515-016 = PGC 70178
22 59 22.4 +39
06 27
V = 14.6; Size 0.7'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 88d
17.5"
(9/26/92): very faint, extremely small, round. A mag 12 star is 1.5' ESE of center. Member of the UGC 12298 group with NGC
7449 3.7' NE and NGC 7446 2.0' SE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7445 = St IX-31, along with NGC 7446 and 7449, on 23 Oct
1878. His position matches CGCG
515-016.
******************************
NGC 7446 = CGCG
515-017 = PGC 70185
22 59 29.0 +39
04 59
V = 14.4; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.8
17.5"
(9/26/92): very faint, very small, round, even concentration, small bright
core. A mag 12 star is 1.2'
N. Farthest south of the members
in the UGC 12298 group with NGC 7449 4.5' N and NGC 7445 2.0' NW. Appears unusually easy for a galaxy
only 15.7pg.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7446 = St IX-32, along with NGC 7445 and 7449, on 23 Oct
1878. His micrometric position is
very accurate.
******************************
NGC 7447
23 00 26 -10 31
42
=Not found,
Corwin. =*, Reinmuth.
Edward Cooper
discovered NGC 7447 = Au 49 on 8 Oct 1855 at the Markree Observatory while
compiling the Markree ecliptic Catalogue.
He noted finding a nebulous mag 11-12 star. Arthur Auwers searched and reported "no nebula can be
seen" using the Heliometer at Konigsberg. Wilhelm Tempel was also unsuccessful on several attempts (AN
2284), as well as Sherburne Burnham (Publ of Lick Observatory, II). Reinmuth identified NGC 7447 as a mag
13 star. So, this number is lost.
See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 7448 = Arp
13 = UGC 12294 = MCG +03-58-018 = CGCG 453-042 = LGG 469-001 = PGC 70213
23 00 03.6 +15
58 49
V = 11.7; Size 2.7'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 170d
48"
(10/26/16): at 610x; very bright, large, elongated ~2:1 N-S, 2'x1', interesting
structure with knots. The central
portion is brighter along the major axis like a weak bar and in the center is a
small, very bright nucleus. A
bright, prominent knot, 10"-12" diameter, is just west of the
northern tip of the galaxy and a weak knot is close east [by ~15"]. The northern half of the galaxy is
generally brighter with a slightly mottled surface. The galaxy has a weak enhancement along the southwest edge
of the halo [spiral arm] and a fairly faint knot is on the southeast side
[40" SE of center]. Overall,
the southern part of the halo has a lower, more uniform surface brightness.
17.5"
(9/19/87 and 9/14/85): bright, large, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, small bright core,
fainter extensions. Brightest in
the NGC 7448 group.
13"
(9/22/84): fairly bright, broad moderate concentration, thin fainter extensions
NNW-SSE. Does not contain a
well-defined nucleus.
8"
(9/25/81): faint, small, elongated.
NGC 7454 is located 29' NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7448 = H II-251 = h2199 on 16 Oct 1784 (sweep 294) and recorded
"pB, cL, E, r." On his
sweep 11, JH logged "pB; L; vgbM; E pos 85¡ np to sf." His mean position is accurate. Ralph Copeland commented it was
"slightly concave towards p side" in a 1873 observation at Birr
Castle. Christian Peters also
measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 7449 = UGC
12292 = MCG +06-50-016 = CGCG 515-018 = PGC 70196
22 59 37.6 +39
08 45
V = 14.0; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 130d
17.5"
(9/26/92): faint, small, round, gradually brighter middle, small bright
core. In the UGC 12298 group with
NGC 7445 3.7' SW, NGC 7446 4.5' S and UGC 12298 9' NE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7449 = St IX-33, along with NGC 7445 and 7446, on 23 Oct
1878. His micrometric position is
very accurate.
******************************
NGC 7450 = MCG
-02-58-019 = Mrk 1126 = LGG 468-003 = PGC 70252
23 00 47.8 -12
55 07
V = 12.4; Size 1.4'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(9/15/90): faint, very small, round, broad concentration. Third of three with the striking NGC
7443 and NGC 7444 pair 11' NW.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 7450 = T I-47 = T IV-11 on 19 Nov 1876. His micrometric position in list IV is
5 seconds of RA too large.
******************************
NGC 7451 = UGC
12299 = MCG +01-58-020 = CGCG 405-022 = PGC 70245
23 00 40.9 +08
28 04
V = 14.0; Size 1.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 67d
17.5"
(8/27/87): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated WSW-ENE, weak concentration.
Otto Struve
discovered NGC 7451 on 7 Dec 1865 with the 15-inch refractor at Pulkovo
Observatory at St. Petersburg while unsuccessfully searching for Comet Biela.
His position is 3' south of UGC 12299 (common offset with his other
objects). Bigourdan's
"corrected" position from 7 Nov 1885 (repeated in the IC 2 notes) is
5.8' too far southwest, perhaps an error with the offset star.
******************************
NGC 7452 = PGC
1306660
23 00 47.5 +06
44 44
V = 15.0; Size 0.4'x0.3; PA = 25d
24"
(12/28/13): at 282x appeared faint, very small, round, 12" diameter,
extremely small or stellar nucleus.
Located at 3.1' W of brighter UGC 12302 (NGC 7459?).
17.5"
(11/18/95): extremely faint and small, round, 15" diameter, very low
surface brightness. Requires
averted vision but observation repeatable. Located 3.1' W of NGC 7459. A mag 14.5 star lies 2.1' SSW. This galaxy is not listed in any modern catalogue and the
identifications of NGC 7452 and NGC 7459 are uncertain due to poor positions by
Lewis Swift.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 7452 = Sw II-95, along with NGC 7455 and NGC 7459, on 14 Oct
1884 and recorded "eeeF; pL; R; e diff.; np of 2 [with NGC
7459]." His position falls
within a small cluster, 9 sec of RA east of UGC 12302. RNGC, MCG and PGC identify UGC 12302 as
NGC 7452. It's the brightest
member of the cluster and a double system with nuclei only 10" apart. Herbert Howe apparently also
identified this galaxy as NGC 7452 (MN, Vol 60, 129).
As an
alternative, Corwin suggests that NGC 7452 = PGC 1306660, the second brightest
in the cluster. This places NGC
7452 21 seconds of RA preceding Swift's position (matches in dec). This identification was first made by
Kobold in his 1907 catalogue. NED and HyperLeda now both use this
identification. This implies NGC 7459 = UGC 12302, which is 12 seconds of RA
larger (Swift's difference is 20 seconds).
******************************
NGC 7453
23 01 25.5 -06
21 19
=***, Corwin.
Christian Peters
discovered NGC 7453 on 7 Nov 1860 with the 13.5-inch refractor at Hamilton
College Observatory. At Peters' position of 23 01 25.4 -06 21 17 (2000) is a
pair of mag 12.5 stars at 15" separation. His observation may refer to one of these stars as his
description reads "*11 north, close to it."
RNGC classifies
this number as nonexistent (Type 7) although the New Description
("E,R,BM") implies it refers to a galaxy. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 7454 = UGC
12305 = MCG +03-58-020 = CGCG 453-045 = LGG 469-002 = PGC 70264
23 01 06.6 +16
23 18
V = 11.8; Size 2.2'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 150d
17.5"
(9/14/85): fairly bright, small, bright core, stellar nucleus, fainter extended
halo. A mag 11 star is 52"
WNW of center. Member of the NGC
7448 group.
13"
(9/3/83): faint, small, extended NNW-SSE, small bright core. A brighter star is close WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7454 = H II-249 on 15 Oct 1784 (sweep 290) and recorded "F,
vS, R, lbM." The next night
(sweep 294), he logged "F, pS, E, following a pB star." Rudolph Spitaler measured a very
accurate micrometric position with the 27" refractor in Vienna in 1891.
******************************
NGC 7455 = CGCG
405-021 = Mrk 523 = PGC 70246
23 00 41.0 +07
18 11
V = 14.3; Size 0.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 174d
17.5"
(8/21/87): faint, very small, round, small, brighter core. A mag 11 star is 1.1' NNE of
center. Located 29' E of mag 6.3
SAO 127874. The NGC identification
is not certain.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 7455 = Sw II-96, along with NGC 7452 and 7459, on 14 Oct 1884
and recorded "eF; cE; pS * nr p.
Found while searching for Encke's Comet 1885 I." There is nothing at his position, but
38 seconds of RA west is CGCG 405-021 = PGC 70246 and Kobold identified this
object as NGC 7455 in his 1907 publication. RNGC and CGCG also identify CGCG 405-021 as NGC 7455. Herbert Howe noted, though, that there
is no star "nr p[receding]."
A mag 12 star is 1.2' north-northeast of this galaxy, but not in the
right orientation and furthermore this small galaxy is not "cE". Because of this discrepancy Corwin
suggests that perhaps NGC 7455 actually applies to the comet! Bigourdan searched for NGC 7455,
but his position refers to a star.
See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 7456 = ESO
346-026 = MCG -07-47-011 = PGC 70304
23 02 10.4 -39
34 10
V = 11.8; Size 5.5'x1.6'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 23d
13.1"
(9/3/86): very faint, diffuse, moderately large, elongated SW-NE. A pair of mag 13 stars is 3' E of
center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7456 = h3966 = h3967 on 4 Sep 1834 and recorded "F; L; mE;
vglbM; pos of elongation 33.8¡; 4' l, 1' br; loses itself imperceptibly. His Cape position for h3966 is 30' too
far south but he corrected this clerical mistake in the errata page at the end
of the catalogue. His position for h3967 is correct.
******************************
NGC 7457 = UGC
12306 = MCG +05-54-026 = CGCG 496-032 = PGC 70258
23 01 00.0 +30
08 42
V = 11.2; Size 4.3'x2.3'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 130d
17.5"
(8/13/88): bright, fairly large, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, very bright core, very
small bright nucleus. Forms a pair
with UGC 12311 8' NE. Several
bright stars in field including two mag 10 stars 3.5' NE and 2.8' E. A mag 11 star is 5.0' ENE and mag 9 SAO
90959 9.5' ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7457 = H II-212 = h2201 on 12 Sep 1784 (sweep 267) and recorded
"pB, pL, lE, mbM, r. South of
2 faint stars. Some stars visible
in it." His position is just
off the west side of the galaxy.
JH made a single observation, "B; L; lE; pgbM; 60"; has a
stellar point in the centre."
The observers at Birr Castle noted a star involved just preceding the
nucleus.
******************************
NGC 7458 = UGC
12309 = MCG +00-58-020 = CGCG 379-022 = PGC 70277
23 01 28.6 +01
45 12
V = 12.5; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 15d
13.1"
(11/29/86): fairly faint, small, round, small bright core. An equilateral triangle with sides 2'
formed by mag 8.8 SAO 127905 and two mag 11 stars lies about 6' N. NGC 7460 is 31' NNE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7458 = H II-590 = h2200 on 18 Sep 1786 (sweep 589) and noted
"F, S, bM." JH made two
observations, measured an accurate position, and noted on sweep 295, "vF;
vS; psbM."
******************************
NGC 7459 = UGC
12302 = MCG +01-58-021 = PGC 70261
23 00 59.9 +06
45 01
V = 14.5; Size 0.6'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 57d
24"
(12/28/13): at 200x appeared fairly faint, fairly small, elongated ~5:3 SW-NE, 0.8'x0.5',
brighter core. At 282x, the core
appeared double [post merger system?], with the two extremely small nuclei just
resolved [10" separation], and oriented along the major axis. The northeast component appeared
quasi-stellar. A mag 13.2 star is 1.2'
E of center.
17.5"
(11/18/95): very faint, small, elongated 3:2 WSW-ENE, 40"x25", weak
concentration. Located 1.2' W of a
mag 13 star. Forms a pair with NGC
7452 3.1' W. This is a double
system (not resolved) and brightest in a faint cluster. Listed as nonexistent
in RNGC.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 7459 = Sw II-97, along with NGC 7452 and 7455, on 14 Oct 1884
and recorded "eeF; pL; R; * nr; sf of 2 [with NGC 7452]." There is nothing at his position, but
Harold Corwin suggests this number applies to UGC 12302 (the brightest in the
cluster), located 30 sec of RA due west of Swift's position. This identity was first made by Hermann
Kobold in his observation at Strasbourg in 1897 (published in 1907). This
implies NGC 7452 = PGC 1306660, which is 21 seconds west of his position.
RNGC, MCG and
PGC identify UGC 12302 as NGC 7452.
UGC does not apply an NGC designation for this double system. RNGC classifies NGC 7459 as nonexistent
(Type 7). See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 7460 = UGC
12312 = MCG +00-58-021 = CGCG 379-023 = PGC 70287
23 01 42.9 +02
15 49
V = 13.0; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 175d
13.1"
(11/29/86): faint, small, round, diffuse, even surface brightness. NGC 7458 is 31' SSW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7460 = St VIII(a)-26 on 21 Sep 1876. His position is very accurate.
******************************
NGC 7461 = UGC
12314 = MCG +02-58-056 = CGCG 430-051 = PGC 70290
23 01 48.3 +15
34 57
V = 13.3; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 150d
17.5" (9/19/87):
fairly faint, extremely small, round, compact, small bright core, stellar
nucleus. A mag 11 star lies 2.3'
SW. Member of the NGC 7448 group located 23' S of the NGC 7463, NGC 7464 and
NGC 7465. Pair with NGC 7467 9.5'
ESE.
13"
(9/22/84): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, even surface brightness,
NGC 7467 11' E. Located 23' S of
NGC 7463/64/65 in the NGC 7448 group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7461 = m 513 on 8 Aug 1863 and noted "vF, vS, alm
stellar." His position is 1'
south of UGC 12314.
******************************
NGC 7462 = ESO
346-028 = MCG -07-47-013 = PGC 70324
23 02 46.5 -40
50 07
V = 11.7; Size 4.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 75d
13.1"
(9/3/86): fairly faint, fairly small, pretty edge-on oriented ~E-W. A mag 11 star is at the west end and
four other comparable stars including a nice double at 36" separation are
within 5'. Located 10.6' W of mag
6.6 SAO 231415.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7462 = h3968 on 5 Sep 1834 and recorded "pB; S; vmE; has a
*11m preceding its extremity."
His position (measured on two sweeps) is accurate. The mag 11 star at the west edge is
apparently MCG -07-47-012.
******************************
NGC 7463 = UGC
12316 = MCG +03-58-022 = CGCG 453-048 = Holm 802a = PGC 70291
23 01 52.0 +15
58 55
V = 13.2; Size 2.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 90d
48"
(10/26/16): at 610x; very bright, large, very elongated at least 4:1 E-W,
~2.0'x0.5'. Unusual structure
[nearly edge-on barred spiral] with a fairly bright bar angling across the
central section ~SW-NE, ~25"x10". A spiral arm extends west of the bar and a long, low surface
brightness tidal arm stretches to the east. NGC 7464, situated 0.7' SE, is just south of the beginning
of the eastern arm. The stretched
appearance is likely due to an interaction with NGC 7465 2.6' SE. These galaxy, as well as the two
described below, are part of the NGC 7448 group.
UGC 12321,
located 7' NE, appeared fairly faint, thin edge-on 6:1 sliver WSW-ENE,
35"x6", very small brighter core. A 2' length NW-SE string of 3 mag 11.5-12 stars is close
south. The middle star is in this
string is an uncatalogued double star with a separation of ~1.8". UGC 12313, located 5.5' NNW, appeared
very faint to faint, moderately large, edge-on ~4:1 WNW-ESE, 1.2'x0.3',
slightly brighter core, fades out at the tips, overall fairly low surface
brightness.
18"
(7/29/03): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 5:2 E-W, 1.0'x0.4',
weak concentration. Larger but
lower surface brightness than NGC 7465 2.6' SE. A close companion, NGC 7464, is just 0.7' SE. Located 2.5' NE of a mag 8.5 star that
is a bit of a distraction in viewing, though it makes the group quite
distinctive.
17.5"
(9/14/85): fairly bright, very elongated 3:1 E-W, brighter core but no sharp
nucleus. Lower surface brightness
than nearby NGC 7465 2.6' ESE. In
a close trio with NGC 7465 and NGC 7464 just 42" SE of center. Located 2.5' NE of mag 8.5 SAO 108339. Member of the NGC 7448 group.
13"
(9/22/84): fairly faint, fairly small, diffuse.
13"
(9/9/83): faint, fairly small, elongated E-W, lower surface brightness than NGC
7464 45" SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7463 = H III-210 = h2202, along with NGC 7465, on 16 Oct 1784
(sweep 294) and recorded "Two, the second of them [NGC 7465] stellar, both
vF. The first [NGC 7463] lE and a
little larger than the second; both vF." Both Herschels missed NGC 7464 (discovered by d'Arrest).
******************************
NGC 7464 = UGC
12315 = MCG +03-58-023 = CGCG 453-049 = Holm 802c = LGG 469-007 = PGC 70292
23 01 53.7 +15
58 26
V = 13.3; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.7
48"
(10/26/16): at 610x; moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated,
~24"x20", broad concentration with no well defined core or nucleus
but fairly high surface brightness.
Smallest and faintest in an excellent trio with NGC 7463 40" NW and
NGC 7465 1.8' ESE.
18"
(7/29/03): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, no
concentration. Located just
40" SE of the center of NGC 7463 in a trio with NGC 7465 and less than 3'
NE of a mag 8.5 star.
17.5"
(9/14/85): faint, very small, slightly elongated WSW-ENE, even surface
brightness. Located just 42"
SE of the center of NGC 7463 with NGC 7465 1.8' ESE. Located 2.5' NE of mag 8.5 SAO 108339. Member of the NGC 7448 group.
13"
(9/22/84): appears as an extremely small "knot" attached at the
southeast end of NGC 7463.
13"
(9/3/83): extremely faint, very small, round, near visual threshold.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 7464 = m 514 on 27 Aug 1864 with the 11-inch refractor
at Copenhagen while examining NGC 7463 and 7465. NGC 7464 is labeled Roman numeral III in his sketch. Albert
Marth independently discovered this galaxy just two months later on 23 Oct 1864
with the 48-inch on Malta ("vF, eS, near [NGC 7463]") as well as
Hermann Vogel with the 8.5-inch refractor in Leipzig on 10 Aug 1869.
******************************
NGC 7465 = UGC
12317 = Mrk 313 = MCG +03-58-024 = CGCG 453-050 = Holm 802b = LGG 469-003 = PGC
70295
23 02 01.0 +15
57 54
V = 12.6; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.4
48" (10/26/16):
at 610x; bright, moderately large, oval NNW-SSE, ~0.9'x0.7'. There are three distinct brightness
zones; the oval halo, a slightly elongated bright core, and a very small
intensely bright nucleus. In an
interacting triplet with NGC 7463 2.4' NW and NGC 7464 1.8' WNW. Mag 8.2 HD 217602 lies 4' WSW.
18"
(7/29/03): moderately bright, fairly small, oval 3:2 or 4:3 NNW-SSE,
~0.6'x0.4'. Fairly high surface
brightness with a weak, even concentration to a small brighter core and
quasi-stellar nucleus. Brightest
in a close trio with the tight duo NGC 7463/7464 ~2' WNW. The trio is situated ~3' NE of mag 8.5
SAO 108339.
17.5"
(9/14/85): fairly bright, small, bright core, stellar nucleus, slightly
elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE. Brightest
in a close trio with NGC 7464 1.8' WNW and NGC 7463 2.4' WNW in the NGC 7448
group.
13"
(9/22/84): very small, round, stellar nucleus surrounding a small outer halo.
13"
(9/3/83): fairly faint, very small, stellar nucleus, fairly high surface
brightness. Only viewing the nucleus? Brightest in subgroup of three with NGC
7464 and NGC 7463. Located 27' E
of NGC 7448.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7465 = H III-211 = h2203, along with NGC 7463, on 16 Oct 1784
(sweep 294) and recorded "Two, the second of them [NGC 7465] stellar, both
vF. The first [NGC 7463] lE and a
little larger than the second; both vF." JH measured separate positions for the pair. They both missed NGC 7464.
******************************
NGC 7466 = UGC
12319 = MCG +04-54-017 = CGCG 475-023 = PGC 70299
23 02 03.4 +27
03 10
V = 13.6; Size 1.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 26d
17.5"
(9/2/89): faint, small, very elongated SSW-NNE, small bright core.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7466 = St V-10 on 20 Sep 1873 and recorded "eF; eS; with a
condensation in the centre."
His position is accurate.
MCG and PGC incorrectly equate IC 5281 (a single star) with NGC 7466.
******************************
NGC 7467 = MCG
+02-58-057 = CGCG 430-053 = PGC 70310
23 02 27.4 +15
33 15
V = 14.5; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 33d
17.5"
(9/19/87): very faint, extremely small, round. A mag 15 star is just off the east edge 1.0' from
center. Located 9.5' ESE of NGC
7461 in the NGC 7448 group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7467 = m 515 on 23 Oct 1864 and noted "eF, v." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7468 = UGC
12329 = CGCG 453-052 = Mrk 314 = LGG 469-004 = PGC 70332
23 02 59.3 +16
36 18
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(9/2/89): faint, small, slightly elongated, weak concentration. Located 8.7' N of mag 7.9 SAO 108362.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7468 = H III-202 on 15 Oct 1784 (sweep 290) and recorded
"eF, vS, stellar. 240
confirmed it." CH's reduction
is a good match with UGC 12329 = PGC 70332. No observations were made by JH, but d'Arrest measured three
positions.
******************************
NGC 7469 = Arp
298 NED1 = UGC 12332 = MCG +01-58-025 = Holm 803a = Mrk 9003 = PGC 70348
23 03 15.7 +08
52 26
V = 12.3; Size 1.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 125d
17.5"
(11/1/86): sharp, bright stellar nucleus (Sy 1 galaxy) surrounded by a small
faint halo. A faint star is just
east. Forms a close pair (Arp 298)
with IC 5283 1.3' NNE. Located at
the western vertex of a triangle with mag 8.5 SAO 127930 5.4' SE and mag 8.4
SAO 27929 6.3' NE. This is a
Seyfert galaxy with a variable nucleus.
IC 5283 is a very faint glow, small, round, diffuse, with an even
surface brightness.
13"
(11/13/82): moderately bright, small, round, small bright nucleus surrounded by
small diffuse halo. The nucleus
dominates the galaxy. Located
along the west side of three mag 9-10 stars.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7469 = H III-230 = h2204 on 12 Nov 1784 (sweep 313) and noted
"eF, eS, but 240 left a doubt."
He found it again on 26 Sep 1785 (sweep 442) and logged "suspected
a small irregular patch with seeming nebulosity." He didn't link the second observation
with the first or assign it an internal discovery number. JH made the single observation "F;
S; R; vsmbM; equals a star 12m with a vF wisp about it. At first seems like a star." The RA in the RNGC is 1.0 minute too
large. NGC 7469 is one of the 6
original Sy 1 galaxies studied by Seyfert in his seminal 1943 paper
"Nuclear Emission in Spiral Nebulae".
******************************
NGC 7470 = ESO
239-009 = AM 2302-502 = PGC 70431
23 05 14.1 -50
06 42
V = 13.9; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 84d
30"
(10/15/15 - OzSky): at 303x and 394x; fairly faint to moderately bright,
moderately large, slightly elongated, ~50"x40", contains a small
slightly brighter core and a patchy halo.
A mag 12.5 star is 2.5' NW.
Forms a pair with PGC 469486 1.9' SSW. At 394x, the (line of sight) companion appeared faint, very
small, round, 10" diameter.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7470 = h3969 on 30 Sep 1834 and recorded "eF; R; glbM;
60"; has a * 11m np 3' dist."
There is nothing at his position but 0.8 min of RA east is ESO 239-009
and his description matches.
******************************
NGC 7471 = ESO
535-?4
23 03 54 -22 55
=Not found,
Corwin, RNGC and ESO. =*?, SG
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 7471 = LM II-470 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 15.8, 0.2' dia, lE 85¡,
sbM, 3 stars 10, p[recede] 20 seconds." There is nothing near his position. If Muller's object is the mag 15 star
at 23 05 32.9 -22 53 44 (1 min 38 seconds of RA east), there are three mag
12-13 stars about 30 seconds preceding.
******************************
NGC 7472 = NGC
7482 = MCG +00-58-029 = CGCG 379-031 = PGC 70446
23 05 38.6 +03
03 33
See observing
notes for NGC 7482.
Otto Struve
found NGC 7472 on 7 Dec 1865 with the 15-inch Merz refractor at Pulkovo
Observatory while unsuccessfully searching for comet Biela. He noted a faint star with a nebulous
halo. There is nothing near his
position, but exactly 2.0 minutes of RA east is NGC 7482, which was discovered
by Marth the previous year on 11 Aug 1864.
Sherburne
Burnham, who examined the field (see Publ of Lick Obs, II), noted there was
only one galaxy in the vicinity, essentially agreeing with Marth's position for
NGC 7482, and that NGC 7472 as well as d'Arrest's NGC 7477 were probably
duplicates. Dreyer mentioned this
in the IC I Notes, although NGC 7477 is a different object. See NGC 7477.
******************************
NGC 7473 = UGC
12335 = MCG +05-54-030 = CGCG 496-038 = PGC 70373
23 03 57.1 +30
09 37
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 45d
17.5"
(8/13/88): faint, small, oval SSW-NNE, bright core. A mag 14 star is 46" N of center.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7473 = m 516 on 6 Sep 1863 and noted "vF, S, R." His position is 6 seconds of time too
small.
******************************
NGC 7474 = MCG
+03-58-026 = PGC 70379
23 04 04.4 +20
04 02
V = 14.1; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8
24" (9/10/15):
faint to fairly faint, small, round, 18" diameter, stellar nucleus. First in a trio with NGC 7475 1.6' NE (double system with MCG
+03-58-028). A mag 11.5 star lies
2' N and a wide pair (~15") is 2.8' SE.
17.5"
(9/2/89): very faint, extremely small, round. A mag 11 star is 2.0' N. Forms a pair with NGC 7475 1.6' NE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7474 = m 517, along with NGC 7475, on 9 Sep 1864 and noted
"eF, vS." His position
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7475 = UGC
12337 = MCG +03-58-027/028 = CGCG 453-059 = PGC 70382 = PGC 70383
23 04 10.9 +20
04 52
V = 13.6; Size 1.5'x0.9'; PA = 54d
24"
(9/10/15): at 260x; fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, elongated
3:2 or 4:3 WSW-ENE, ~0.6'x0.4', contains a very small bright nucleus that
appears offset to the southwest side.
NGC 7474 lies 1.6' SE. A
mag 11.5 star lies 1.7' NW.
With careful
viewing this is clearly seen as a double system with a companion attached at
the northeast end (MCG +03-58-028 = PGC 70382). It was visible as a faint, small, round glow, 12" in
diameter. The centers of the
galaxies are separated by just 27" and nearly collinear with NGC 7474.
17.5"
(9/2/89): faint, fairly small, elongated SW-NE. A mag 11 star is 1.7' NW. Forms a pair with NGC 7474 1.5' SW. The compact companion at the NE end was
unresolved.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7475 = m 518, along with NGC 7474, on 9 Sep 1864 and noted
"vF, S." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 7476 = ESO
290-045 = MCG -07-47-015 = PGC 70427
23 05 11.7 -43
05 51
V = 12.7; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 175d
17.5"
(10/20/90): very faint, fairly small, possibly oval N-S, bright core. Forms the southern vertex of an
isosceles triangle with mag 7.7 SAO 231425 3' NW and mag 7.2 SAO 231432 4'
NNE. Located 32' ENE of mag 4.3
Theta Gruis. This is an
exceptionally far southern galaxy for viewing from Northern California.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7476 = h3970 on 5 Sep 1834 and recorded "pF; S; R;
12"; makes an obtuse-angled triangle, with 2 st 7m at some distance."
His position (measured on 2 sweeps) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7477 = PGC
1245518
23 04 40.7 +03
07 05
V = 15.7; Size 0.3'x0.15'
18"
(9/26/11): this number applies to an extremely faint galaxy with two stars
superimposed. At 175x, it appeared
as a faint, nebulous patch with one or two very faint stars involved. At 225x, three mag 14.5 stars were
resolved including a 15" pair but a third star close north was not
involved in the faint glow (perhaps 15" diameter) on the south side. It was easy to see to see how this knot
of stars could be taken as nebulous even if the galaxy was not seen. NGC 7482 lies 15' ESE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 7477 on 9 Sep 1866 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. At his exact position
is a group of 3 or 4 faint stars and an extremely faint galaxy (PGC
1245518). Most likely d'Arrest
picked up the combined glow of two or more of the faint stars and possibly the
galaxy, which has a B magnitude of 16.5 or fainter. Reinmuth also identifies
NGC 7477 as "4 st 15 in Dreyer's place; ? eeF vS neb s of 2nd * alm att?,
neb E 75 deg?."
Burnham noted
the odd situation that NGC 7477 and 7472 preceding Marth's NGC 7482 by exactly
1.0 tmin and 2.0 tmin of RA, respectively, and felt all 3 numbers referred to
the same galaxy. But Harold Corwin
notes that only NGC 7472 (discovered by Otto Struve) is identical to NGC 7482.
******************************
NGC 7478 = PGC
70418
23 04 56.6 +02
34 40
V = 15.4; Size 0.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(11/18/95): very faint, very small, round, 15" diameter, slightly brighter
core. Located 1.0' SE of a mag
11.5 star and fainter of a pair with NGC 7480 4.6' ESE. Not listed in CGCG, MCG or RC3.
13": not
found.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7478 = m 519, along with NGC 7480, on 11 Aug 1864 and noted
"eF, E." His position is
1.2' too far northwest. This galaxy is mentioned in UGC notes to NGC 7480 but
is not identified as NGC 7478.
******************************
NGC 7479 = UGC
12343 = MCG +02-58-060 = CGCG 430-058 = PGC 70419
23 04 56.7 +12
19 23
V = 10.8; Size 4.1'x3.1'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 25d
48"
(11/2/13 and 10/30/16): The view of NGC 7479 was mesmerizing at 488x and
610x. Compared to the view last
October, I noticed the fainter eastern arm was broader (split in two parallel
branches on images) and although diffuse, obviously extended all the way to the
southern edge of the galaxy, nearly reaching a mag 16 star. Also the bright arm on the western side
of the bar dimmed as it extended north, but wrapped all the way or just beyond
a mag 15.7 star situated 48" SW of the bright mag 12.5 star off the north
end of the bar. The western arm
clearly had a clumpy appearance with a couple of brighter patches. Near the south end of this arm [1.1'
SSW of center] is a very faint quasi-stellar knot, which is catalogued as HII
region #45 in Hodge and Kennicutt's 1983 "An Atlas of H II regions in 125
galaxies". Another brighter
knot, ~12"x6", is at the southwest end of the arm [1.5' SW of
center]. This is region #57 in the
HK Atlas. 2MASX J23044541+1221233, a faint edge-on at V = 17.8, lies 3.5' NW of
NGC 7479.
48"
(10/22/11): NGC 7479 is probably the best barred spiral in the northern sky. At
488x and 610x the central bar appears very bright and extended over 2' N-S. The
bar had a mottled appearance, bulging slightly in the center, was broadly
concentrated with a small bright core. A bright mag 12.5 star is at the north
end of the bar, 1.3' from the center.
At the northern
end, an arm emerges from the bar and begins to curve counterclockwise to the
east, but abruptly dims and merges with the halo on the east side. At the south
end of the bar, a beautiful sweeping arm wraps counterclockwise around the
south of a superimposed mag 13.5 star, extending to the west side of the core.
This prominent arm dims and ends just north of an extremely faint HII knot
(stellar) in the arm, which is catalogued as object #4 in Rozas' et al 1999
A&AS paper "Global properties of the population of HII regions in NGC
7479 from photometric H-alpha imaging". A mag 16.4 star is 0.7' due west
(outside the arm) of this knot. A mag 15.7 star is also superimposed between
the faint HII knot and the bright star at the north end.
18"
(11/7/07): I was surprised the thin spiral arm was readily visible from Lake
Sonoma extending from the south end of the bar and wrapping outside the mag
13.5 star situated 50' SW of the core.
This arm dimmed out roughly due west of the star. The central bar extends 2.4'x0.6' N-S
and contains a bulging 25" core that broadly brightens to an occasional
faint stellar nucleus with direct vision.
Barely off the north end of the central bar is a mag 12.5 star (1.3' due
north of center) and there was just a hint of the north end of the bar starting
to bend towards the east.
18"
(10/19/06): fairly bright, fairly large, the main bar appears elongated 3:1
N-S, moderately concentrated with a bright core. A mag 12.5 star is just off the north tip of the bar. At the south end an extension is generally
visible with averted vision hooking back sharply on the west side towards the
north. This spiral arm dims as it
hooks but intermittently appears to sweep due north though does not extend as
far as the mag 13.5 star off the SW side of the core.
17.5"
(7/19/90): this is one of few northern barred spirals in which the structure is
clearly visible. A bright bar is oriented N-S with a bright core and nearly
stellar nucleus. A mag 13 star is off the north edge 1.4' from center and a
fainter mag 14 star is 47" SW of center. A thin curving spiral arm
attached at the south end curves to the west and then north beyond the mag 14
star SW of the core. This arm parallels the bar along the west side about 90¡.
At the Sierra Buttes, the spiral arm was held almost continuously with averted
vision. Located 3.3' NNE of a mag 10 star.
17.5"
(10/12/85): thin curving arm clearly seen attached at the SW end curving to the
north around a faint star.
13.1"
(9/29/84): fairly bright, elongated ~N-S.
Strong impression of a dark lane or gap on the west wide and brief hints
of haze beyond this gap, particularly around the south end towards the west
(spiral arm).
13.1"
(11/5/83): fairly bright, elongated N-S, bright core. Two faint stars are west and north.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7479 = H I-55 = h2205 on 19 Oct 1784 (sweep 299) and noted
"F, mE, r, near 3' in length and about 1' in breadth; I see 2 or 3 stars
in it; but they do not seem to belong to it." On 23 Nov 1785 (sweep
476) he noted "cB, mE nearly in the direction of the meridian; about 4'
long, about 2' broad, gbM." A sketch was published in 1811.
Lord Rosse
sketched this barred spiral on 10 Sep 1849 (figure 4 in the 1850 PT paper).
The sketch prominently shows a single spiral arm wrapping nearly completely
back to the bar, though he was uncertain of the form; "Spiral, but query
whether this is not more properly an annular than a spiral nebula."
Tempel, JH and d'Arrest made additional sketches.
In the 1900
paper "The spiral nebula H I 55 Pegasi" (1900ApJ....11....1K), Lick
astronomer James Keeler compared the various sketches of NGC 7479 with the
photograph taken with the Crossley reflector to demonstrate the subjectivity of
sketches and their limitations compared to photographs.
******************************
NGC 7480 = UGC
12349 = MCG +00-58-027 = CGCG 379-030 = Holm 804a = PGC 70432
23 05 13.6 +02
32 58
V = 14.0; Size 1.3'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 105d
17.5"
(11/18/95): faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE, 1.0'x0.3.' Contains a small, round bright core
with very faint thin extensions.
Preceded by an isosceles triangle of mag 10.5 stars (with equal sides
about 3.5' and base 5.5'). Forms a
pair with NGC 7478 4.6' WNW.
13"
(11/29/86): very faint, small, edge-on WNW-ESE. Nearby NGC 7478 not seen.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7480 = m 520, along with NGC 7478, on 11 Aug 1864 and noted
"vF, vS, vlE, vgbM." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7481
23 05 48 -19 57
=Not found,
Corwin and RNGC.
Ormond Stone discovered
NGC 7481 = LM I-261 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick
Observatory and recorded "mag 14.0, vS, R, gbM." There nothing near his rough position
and Harold Corwin was unable to find a reasonable candidate in the area.
ESO assigned ESO
604-003 to NGC 7481, though questioned the identification as uncertain. This galaxy is 20 seconds of RA east
and 7' north of Stone's position and consists of a pair of extremely faint
galaxies close to a mag 14-14.5 star.
Corwin rejects this as a plausible candidate, so this number is lost.
******************************
NGC 7482 = NGC
7472 = MCG +00-58-029 = CGCG 379-031 = PGC 70446
23 05 38.6 +03
03 33
V = 13.6; Size 0.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 140d
13.1"
(11/29/86): faint, very small, round.
Collinear with a mag 11.5 star 5.8' NW and a mag 10.5 star 7.8' NW. NGC 7483 lies 29' N.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7482 = m 521 on 11 Aug 1864 and noted "F, vS,
stellar." His position is
accurate to within 1'. Otto Struve
probably found this galaxy again on 7 Dec 1865 as his position for NGC 7472 is
2.0 minutes of RA west. So, NGC
7482 = NGC 7472.
******************************
NGC 7483 = UGC
12353 = MCG +00-58-030 = CGCG 379-032 = PGC 70455
23 05 48.3 +03
32 42
V = 13.0; Size 1.6'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 110d
13.1"
(11/29/86): fairly faint, small, round, noticeable small bright core. Possible larger fainter outer
halo. NGC 7482 is 29' S.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7483 = h2206 on 18 Sep 1830 and recorded "vF; E; psbM;
20" l, 8" br." His
single position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7484 = ESO
407-006 = MCG -06-50-026 = PGC 70505
23 07 04.9 -36
16 29
V = 11.8; Size 1.8'x1.7'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5"
(10/20/90): fairly faint, small, round, bright core. Located just 1' N of mag 9.9 SAO 214317 and 3.8' W of mag
9.8 SAO 214322! Very close to the
Sculptor, Pisces Austrinus and Grus border.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7484 = h3971 = h3972 on 30 Aug 1834 and recorded "pB; S; R;
gbM; attached to, or not much separated from, a * 8m just south of neb,
60" dist." His position
(for h3971) is 1.0 min of RA too small.
He observed this galaxy on 3 additional sweeps, recording the position
accurately under h3972and noted the probable RA error with h3971.. The two entries were combined in the GC
and NGC.
******************************
NGC 7485 = UGC
12360 = MCG +06-50-022 = CGCG 515-024 = PGC 70470
23 06 04.9 +34
06 28
V = 13.1; Size 1.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 146d
17.5"
(8/13/88): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated oval NW-SE, bright
core, faint stellar nucleus. A
close mag 15 double star is 1.8' ESE = NGC 7486.
Forms a pair
with UGC 12358 4.8' NW (incorrectly identified in RNGC as NGC 7485). UGC 12358 appeared extremely faint,
very elongated ~E-W, near visual threshold. A star attached at the southwest end detracts from viewing.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7485 = h2207 on 19 Aug 1828 and recorded "vF; S; R; bM;
12"; has a * 10m, 5' preceding in same parallel. His position is just 2 seconds of RA west of UGC 12360,
though the mag 10 star is 7' west-northwest.
The RNGC
misidentifies UGC 12358 as NGC 7485.
This extremely faint edge-on galaxy is located 4.8' northwest of NGC
7485. The correct data for NGC
7485 is listed in the RNGC under NGC 7486. This error was listed in my RNGC Corrections #3.
******************************
NGC 7486
23 06 06.7 +34
04 25
17.5"
(8/13/88): this number refers to three mag 15 stars located ~2' ESE NGC
7485. Not knowing the nature of
this object, I logged NGC 7486 as "very faint, extremely small, forming a
close pair with a mag 15 star" and assumed this observation referred to a
very small galaxy. But on the DSS
the "extremely small" object is just two very close mag 15 stars that
form a tight triple with the mag 15 star.
Using Lord Rosse's 72", Copeland made the same error.
Ralph Copeland
discovered NGC 7486 on 25 Aug 1871 while observing GC 4895 = NGC 7485. He noted a "D neb f a little south
[of NGC 7485]." On 3 Dec 1877
Dreyer observed the field and logged "vF, vS, undoubtedly seen, position
angle 109.5¡± and distance 114"." At Dreyer's exact offset from NGC 7485 is compact group of 4
faint stars that I also mistook as a nebulous in my 17.5"! This is the last object in the GC
Supplement Addenda (GC 6251).
RNGC misidentifies
NGC 7485 as NGC 7486. This error
was noted in my Catalogue Corrections #3.
******************************
NGC 7487 = NGC
7210 = UGC 12368 = MCG +05-54-035 = CGCG 496-043 = PGC 70496
23 06 50.5 +28
10 45
V = 13.5; Size 1.8'x1.7'
17.5" (8/13/88):
faint, fairly small, round, bright core, faint stellar nucleus. Located 40' ENE of Beta Pegasi (V =
2.4).
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 7487 = Sw IV-89 on 3 Aug 1886 and noted "vF; S;
R." His RA is 8 seconds too
large.
The original
discovery of this galaxy was made by JH on 17 Nov 1827, but Harold Corwin found
(April 2016) that he made a transcription error in copying his logbook RA to
his Slough Catalogue, so the RA (marked as uncertain) is 1 hour too small. Furthermore, he made another error when
transferring the declination to the General Catalogue, so his GC and NGC north
polar distance is one degree too large!
Correcting both of these errors, the position of NGC 7210 = h2148
matches NGC 7487. Although NGC
7210 should be the primary designation, all catalogues of course identify this
galaxy as NGC 7487 only (as of 2016).
******************************
NGC 7488 = MCG
+00-59-001 = CGCG 380-001 = PGC 70539
23 07 48.9 +00
56 26
V = 13.8; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 150d
17.5"
(8/1/87): fairly faint, very small, round, bright core.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7488 = m 522 on 11 Aug 1864 and noted "vF, vS,
stellar." His position in
accurate.
******************************
NGC 7489 = UGC
12378 = MCG +04-54-028 = CGCG 475-038 = PGC 70532
23 07 32.7 +22
59 53
V = 13.4; Size 2.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 170d
13.1"
(9/22/84): fairly faint, very diffuse, fairly small. A mag 14 star is very close southwest, just 33" from
the center. Located 4.5' SSW of
mag 8.9 SAO 91024 and 10.7' WSW of mag 8.3 SAO 91034. NGC 7489 is larger and slightly brighter than IC 5285 8.6'
WSW. IC 5285, an unusual ring
galaxy, appeared faint, very small, almost round, slightly elongated ~E-W,
possible faint stellar nucleus. A
very faint mag 14.5 star is at the west edge, 23" from center.
William Lassell
discovered NGC 7489 = m523 on 14 Sep 1863 from Malta and recorded "F, S,
R; found by L." This was his
last of four NGC discoveries and occurred while Marth was already surveying
Pegasus for new objects (10 were discovered between the 13th and 17th of
Sep). His position is off by 1.5'
in dec (too far south).
******************************
NGC 7490 = UGC
12379 = MCG +05-54-036 = CGCG 496-044 = PGC 70526
23 07 25.2 +32
22 30
V = 12.3; Size 2.8'x2.6'; Surf Br = 14.3
17.5"
(8/13/88): moderately bright, fairly large, round, bright core, stellar
nucleus, large faint halo.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7490 = St X-39 on 11 Oct 1879. His position is an exact match with UGC 12379. Edward Holden found this galaxy again
on 21 Aug 1881 with the 15.6-inch Clark refractor at the Washburn
Observatory. He assumed it was new
and reported it as #23 in his list of new nebulae in the Publications of the
Washburn Observatory, Vol I.
Both Stephan and Holden are credited with the discovery in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 7491 = MCG
-01-59-002 = PGC 70546
23 08 06.0 -05
58 00
V = 13.8; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 172d
17.5"
(9/15/90): very faint, small, round, weak concentration. Located 2.5' N of a mag 10 star.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7491 = St XII-94 on 21 Aug 1881. His position is very accurate.
******************************
NGC 7492
23 08 26.6 -15
36 41
V = 11.5; Size 4.2'; Surf Br = 0.0
24"
(11/24/14): picked up at 200x as a faint, large, low surface brightness glow
with a very weak concentration, 4'-5' diameter. At 375x, a few resolved stars shine steadily and quite a
number pop in/out view consistently.
Perhaps two dozen are intermittently resolved, though too lively
(particularly with averted vision) to count reliably. These are the brightest
red giant members and range from mag 15.5 to 16+.
17.5"
(8/1/86): faint, large, round, diffuse, no resolution.
8"
(8/2/81): very faint, diffuse, moderately large, no resolution. Very low surface brightness for a NGC
globular and difficult with this aperture.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7492 = H III-558 = h2208 on 20 Sep 1786 (sweep 595) and recorded
"eF, cL, iR. By changing and
wiping the eye glasses, I saw it with both so as to leave no doubt. 5 or 6' dia." JH called this cluster "eF; vL; 2
or 3'; the faintest thing imaginable; half way between two coarse double stars
in the same parallel."
******************************
NGC 7493
23 08 31.6 +00
54 36
=*, Corwin.
Guillaume Bigourdan
discovered NGC 7493 = Big. 95 on 28 Oct 1886 and noted "mag 13.4;
stellar. Sky mediocre." His micrometric position corresponds
with a mag 15 star, so this identification is secure.
******************************
NGC 7494 = ESO
535-005 = MCG -04-54-007 = PGC 70568
23 08 58.6 -24
22 10
V = 14.7; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 14.2
17.5"
(10/21/95): extremely faint, small, round, 25" diameter, very low even
surface brightness, requires averted vision. NGC 7498 lies 13.5' ESE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7494 = m 524, along with NGC 7498, on 24 Sep 1864 and noted
"eF, vS, stellar." His
position is accurate to within 1'.
******************************
NGC 7495 = UGC
12391 = MCG +02-59-003 = CGCG 431-006 = PGC 70566
23 08 57.2 +12
02 53
V = 13.1; Size 1.8'x1.7'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 5d
17.5"
(7/19/90): faint, fairly small, oval 3:2 SSW-NNE, even surface brightness. A mag 13 star is at the NNE end. Located 7' NW of mag 8.7 SAO 108451.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 7495 = Sw II-98 on 31 Oct 1885 and recorded "eF; lE; S; 9m
star close nf." His position
is just 6 seconds of RA too small.
There is 9th magnitude star 7' southeast, but he is likely referring to
the 12-13th magnitude star 1.3' northeast.
******************************
NGC 7496 = ESO
291-001 = MCG -07-47-020 = VV 771 = LGG 472-001 = PGC 70588
23 09 47.3 -43
25 41
V = 11.1; Size 3.3'x3.0'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 2d
17.5"
(10/20/90): faint, fairly small, oval 3:2 NNW-SSE, brighter core. A mag 10.5 star is off the north end
1.8' from center! Located 32' W of
mag 4.3 Theta Gruis (V = 4.3).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7496 = h3973 on 5 Sep 1834 and recorded "B; L; lE; vgmbM;
to a * 13m."
******************************
NGC 7497 = UGC
12392 = MCG +03-59-002 = CGCG 454-003 = LGG 470-003 = PGC 70569
23 09 03.4 +18
10 38
V = 12.2; Size 4.9'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 48d
17.5"
(9/2/89): fairly faint, fairly large, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE, brighter
middle, fairly low surface brightness.
On deep images,
NGC 7497 resides in a remarkable streak of "Integrated Flux Nebula"
in Pegasus. IFN, also known as
Galactic Cirrus is dust and gas outside the plane of the Milky Way. It dimly shines by reflected light
(blue) as well as fluoresced by ultraviolet light of massive stars within the
disk of our galaxy.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7497 = H III-203 = h2209 on 15 Oct 1784 (sweep 290) and recorded
"vF, E, considerably L, about 2' long." JH made two observations: "eF; E like the tail of a
comet; lbM." (sweep 11) and "vF; mE; pos 45¡ nf to sp; 4' l, 1'
br." (sweep 92).
******************************
NGC 7498 = ESO
535-006 = MCG -04-54-008 = PGC 70590
23 09 56.2 -24
25 30
V = 14.2; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 2d
17.5"
(10/21/95): very faint, small, elongated 2:1 N-S, 40"x20", very weak
concentration. Located 4.7' SSW of
a mag 11 star. A mag 13.5 star is
2.1' NW and a mag 15 star 1.5' NE of center. NGC 7494 lies 13.5' WNW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7498 = m 525, along with NGC 7494, on 24 Sep 1864 and noted
"vF, S, irr R." His dec
is 1' too large. Herbert Howe
measured an accurate position in 1898-99 at Denver.
******************************
NGC 7499 = UGC
12397 = MCG +01-59-005 = CGCG 406-007 = PGC 70608
23 10 22.4 +07
34 50
V = 12.8; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 10d
17.5"
(8/1/87): faint, small, round, weak concentration. First of three with NGC 7501 2.1' ENE and NGC 7503 5.0'
ESE. This trio is the brightest in
the Pegasus II cluster. Two very
faint members, MCG +01-59-002 and CGCG 406-005 are located 5' W and ~8' SW,
respectively. Located 14' NNE of
mag 7.2 SAO 128008.
CGCG 406-005
required averted vision using 220x to momentarily glimpse a 20", very low
surface brightness circular patch, 3.0' NW of a mag 12.5-13 star. A star appears to be very close or involved
or possibly the galaxy contains a faint stellar nucleus. Located ~10' SW of the NGC
7499/7501/7503 trio.
MCG +01-59-002
was also a difficult target and appeared as an extremely faint, small thin
sliver, ~0.3'x0.1', but too faint for any details. Collinear with brighter NGC 7499 and NGC 7501 to the east.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7499 = m 526, along with NGC 7501 and 7503, on 2 Sep 1864 and
noted "vF, vS, stellar."
His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7500 = UGC
12399 = MCG +02-59-004 = CGCG 431-008 = PGC 70620
23 10 29.8 +11
00 44
V = 13.3; Size 2.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 125d
17.5"
(9/19/87): faint, small, slightly elongated, small bright core, possible faint
stellar nucleus. Located 12' N of
mag 7.4 SAO 108442.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 7500 = Sw IV-90 on 8 Aug 1886 and noted "eF; vS;
R." His position is 8 seconds
too far west and 1' too far north (2.3' error).
******************************
NGC 7501 = MCG
+01-59-007 = CGCG 406-008 = PGC 70619
23 10 30.4 +07
35 21
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(8/1/87): very faint, very small, round, very small brighter core. NGC 7501 is the faintest in a trio with
NGC 7499 2.1' WSW and NGC 7503 3.2' ESE.
Located in the core of the Pegasus II galaxy cluster.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7501 = m 527, along with NGC 7499 and 7503, on 2 Sep 1864 and
simply noted "eF". His
dec is 1' too large.
******************************
NGC 7502 = ESO
604-**5
23 10 19.8 -21
44 15
=faint **, ESO.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 7502 = LM II-471 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory. He
reported "mag 15.8; 0.3' dia; E 290¡; double star?" There is nothing
at his rough position, but Harold Corwin identifies NGC 7502 as a double star
(20" separation on the DSS) just 30 seconds west of Muller's position and
matching his PA and size estimates.
ESO and RNGC also identify NGC 7502 as a double star.
******************************
NGC 7503 = MCG
+01-59-008 = CGCG 406-012 = PGC 70628
23 10 42.3 +07 34
04
V = 13.2; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(8/1/87): faint, small, round. NGC
7503 is the third in a trio with NGC 7501 3.2' WNW and similar to NGC 7499 5.0'
WNW but with a more compact core.
Located in the core of the Pegasus II cluster.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7503 = m 528, along with NGC 7499 and 7503, on 2 Sep 1864 and
noted "vF, S, stellar."
His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7504
23 10 41.1 +14
23 10
=*?,
Corwin. =*, Carlson.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7504 = m 529 on 2 Sep 1864 and noted "vF, S,
stellar." There is no nearby
galaxy to his position. Bigourdan
was unsuccessful in identifying it, of course, and Reinmuth identified a nearby
mag 14 star as NGC 7504 (repeated by Carlson in her 1940 paper on NGC/IC
corrections). Harold Corwin also
tentatively identifies NGC 7504 with this star as he was unable to find another
candidate. Still, we could just
call this number lost.
******************************
NGC 7505 = CGCG
431-009 = PGC 70636
23 11 00.7 +13
37 54
V = 14.7; Size 0.6'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 111d
18"
(10/25/03): very faint, extremely small, 10" diameter. At 257x, a very faint stellar nucleus
was clearly visible embedded in a small halo. Located 22' WSW of NGC 7511.
Lewis Swift discovered
NGC 7505 = Sw V-94 on 25 Sep 1886 and recorded "eeeF; eS; lE; nearly
between a bright star and a very wide double star." His position is fairly accurate.
******************************
NGC 7506 = UGC
12406 = MCG +00-59-005 = CGCG 380-006 = PGC 70660
23 11 41.0 -02
09 36
V = 12.9; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 103d
17.5"
(8/1/87): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated WNW-ESE, bright core,
fainter extensions. NGC 7517 lies
23.5' ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7506 = H III-184 = h2210 on 20 Sep 1784 (sweep 279) and logged
"eF, vS, stellar. 240
verified it." On 6 Sep 1831
(sweep 371), JH called it "Not vF; R; gb and smbM to a * 15m." His mean position from two observations
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7507 = ESO
469-019 = MCG -05-54-022 = AM 2309-284 = PGC 70676
23 12 07.6 -28
32 26
V = 10.4; Size 2.8'x2.7'; Surf Br = 12.5
17.5"
(10/13/90): bright, fairly small, round, unusually bright compact core, stellar
nucleus. Located 6' NW of a mag 10
star. NGC 7513 lies 18' NE.
8"
(7/24/82) : fairly bright, small, small very bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7507 = H II-2 = h2211 = h3974 on 30 Oct 1783 (#2 sweep
discovery). He made a total of 3
observations and noted on 1 Sep 1785 (sweep 430), "pB, S, irr figure,
mbM." JH made observations
both at Slough and at the CGH, where he logged "B; R; psvmbM;
60"."
******************************
NGC 7508 = UGC
12408 = MCG +02-59-005 = CGCG 431-011 = PGC 70663
23 11 49.2 +12
56 25
V = 14.8; Size 1.0'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 160d
17.5"
(7/19/90): very faint, very small, edge-on 4:1 NNW-SSE, very thin extensions
from stellar nucleus. A mag 11
star is 2.5' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7508 = h2212 on 13 Oct 1825 and recorded "eF; seems to have
a * in centre." His position
is fairly accurate.
******************************
NGC 7509 = MCG
+02-59-006 = CGCG 431-013 = PGC 70679
23 12 21.4 +14
36 34
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.8
17.5"
(9/23/89): faint, small, slightly elongated E-W, weak gradual concentration.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 7509 = Sw IV-91 on 8 Aug 1886 with his 16-inch refractor and
recorded "vF; S; R: bet 2 stars." His position is 7 seconds of RA west and 1' north of CGCG
431-013. The 2 stars might be a
mag 9.5 star 5' northeast and a mag 9.9 star 5' south or refer to two fainter
but closer stars.
******************************
NGC 7510 = Cr
454 = Lund 1030 = Do 57 = OCL-256
23 11 04 +60 34
18
V = 7.9; Size 4'
18"
(10/9/04): beautifully rich, small cluster with a triangular or wedge-shaded
outline. Roughly 50 stars are
resolved in a 4'x2' region with additional sprays of stars extending to the SW
and NE. There is a well-defined
border of brighter stars running SW-NE along the south side of the wedge with
the brightest mag 9.6 member at the east end of this string. There are several 11-12th mag members,
but most seem mag 13 and fainter.
The north end of the giant HII complex Sh 2-157 lies ~30' E.
17.5"
(10/17/98): very pretty triangular wedge of stars in a 5x2' group. There are brighter stars at the west
and east vertex with the brightest star at the following end. Within the triangle are two dozen stars
oriented SW-NE including a number of mag 14-15 stars on the eastern side. Just following the main grouping are
another 8 or 9 stars that may be part of the cluster. Picked up while viewing nearby Sh2-157.
13"
(9/9/83): striking at 62x, about two dozen stars in a wedge-shape elongated
SW-NE. Compact cluster Mrk 50 and
HII region LBN 11 is ~30' ESE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7510 = H VII-44 = h2213 on 3 Nov 1787 (sweep 773) and recorded
"a cl of compressed pL stars, considerably rich, E, the stars arranged in
lines." On 29 Sep 1829 (sweep
213), JH logged "a very pretty fan-shaped cluster of pB close stars in two
lines with other small to N. A *
10m taken. Another 11m dist 19
seconds; pos = 244¡."
******************************
NGC 7511 = UGC
12412 = MCG +02-59-007 = CGCG 431-012 = PGC 70691
23 12 26.3 +13
43 35
V = 13.9; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 133d
17.5"
(7/19/90): faint, small, elongated 2:1 NW-SW, even surface brightness. A mag 15 star is at the south end. A distinctive line of five stars mag
12-13 oriented NW-SE follows.
17.5"
(9/23/89): very faint, very small, slightly elongated, almost even surface
brightness.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 7511 = Sw IV-92 = Sw V-95 on 6 Sep 1886 and recorded "eeF;
S; R; 5 or 6 stars nf in a line; e diff." His position is 9 seconds of RA east of UGC 12412 and the
description applies. He found this
galaxy again later in the month (25 Sep) and reported it as new in list V-95 at
the correct position and a similar description.
******************************
NGC 7512 = UGC
12414 = MCG +05-54-046 = CGCG 496-054 = PGC 70683
23 12 20.9 +31
07 32
V = 12.6; Size 1.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 30d
17.5"
(8/13/88): fairly faint, fairly small, almost round, small bright core.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7512 = St IX-34 on 28 Sep 1878. His position is an exact match with UGC 12414. Lewis Swift found this galaxy again on
10 Oct 1884, assumed it was new and reported it in list II-99 as "B; pL;
R; bM. Easy in presence of a half
moon." His position is 12
seconds of RA too small.
******************************
NGC 7513 = ESO
469-022 = MCG -05-54-023 = UGCA 437 = AM 2310-283B = PGC 70714
23 13 14.0 -28
21 27
V = 11.4; Size 3.2'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 108d
17.5"
(10/13/90): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 WSW-ENE, bright
core. Located 3' NNW of a wide
bright pair consisting of mag 8.1 SAO 191733 and a mag 10 star at 52"
separation. NGC 7507 lies 18' SW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7513 = m 530 on 24 Sep 1864 and logged "vF, pL, E,
gbM." His position is
accurate. E.E. Barnard independently found this galaxy in Sep 1883
(Sidereal Messenger, Vol 2, p 226) with his 5-inch refractor at Nashville.
Barnard described it as "faint, moderate size, in field with and 20'
nf GC 4900 [NGC 7507] and close north-following 2 stars", but the galaxy
is NNW of the stars. He soon
published a note (Sidereal Messenger, Vol 2, p 290) that his object was the
same as GC 6131 = NGC 7513.
******************************
NGC 7514 = UGC
12415 = MCG +06-50-026 = CGCG 515-027 = PGC 70689
23 12 25.9 +34
52 53
V = 12.5; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 132d
17.5"
(8/13/88): fairly faint, fairly small, oval WNW-ESE, weak concentration. Located 3.2' SSE of mag 8.5 SAO 73084.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7514 = St VIII(a)-27 on 21 Sep 1876 using the 31" reflector
at the Marseille Observatory. His
position is off by 0.7' (too far northeast).
******************************
NGC 7515 = UGC
12418 = MCG +02-59-008 = CGCG 431-015 = LGG 471-002 = PGC 70699
23 12 48.7 +12
40 45
V = 12.4; Size 1.7'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 15d
17.5"
(9/23/89): moderately bright, fairly small, oval ~N-S, bright core. Collinear with a bright wide double
star 8' SSE (8.9/9.0 at 27").
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7515 = H III-220 = h2214 = Sw V-96 on 19 Oct 1784 (sweep 299)
and recorded "vF, S, irr R, r."
His position matches UGC 12418.
He found the galaxy again on 23 Nov 1785 (sweep 476) and noted "F,
R, bM, about 1 1/2' in diam."
JH also made 3 observations.
Lewis Swift independently found this galaxy on 29 Sep 1886 and recorded
"pB; pS; R; double star points to it." Swift's position is 10' too far north, but his description
applies.
******************************
NGC 7516 = UGC
12420 = MCG +03-59-010 = CGCG 454-006 = PGC 70703
23 12 51.9 +20
14 54
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 110d
17.5"
(9/23/89): faint, small, irregularly round, small bright core, faint halo.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7516 = m 531 on 5 Sep 1864 and noted "F, vS,
stellar." His position is off
by 1' northwest.
******************************
NGC 7517 = MCG
+00-59-008 = CGCG 380-010 = PGC 70715
23 13 13.8 -02
06 02
V = 14.4; Size 0.6'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 148d
17.5"
(8/1/87): faint, very small, round, seen with direct vision. A mag 13 star is 0.9' WNW. Located 2.3' S of mag 8.8 SAO 146567. Located in the NGC 7556 group with NGC
7506 23.5' ESE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7517 = m 532 on 5 Oct 1863 and noted "vF, vS,
stellar." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 7518 = UGC
12422 = MCG +01-59-012 = CGCG 406-020 = Mrk 527 = LGG 473-002 = PGC 70712
23 13 12.7 +06
19 18
V = 13.4; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 126d
24"
(1/1/16): fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated
NW-SE, 30"x24", small brighter nucleus. Forms a pair with superthin UGC 12433 (axial ratio 10:1),
located 6.6' due north. Outlying
member of the Pegasus I cluster.
UGC 12423
appeared very faint, very thin streak at least 8:1 NW-SE, ~1.5'x10", very
small brighter nucleus. The
southeast extension was longer than the northwest. Situated directly between a mag 10.8 star 2.3' SW and a mag
12.7 star 1.8' NE.
17.5"
(11/1/86): faint, fairly small, diffuse, very slightly elongated, small weak
concentration. Observation in poor
seeing.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7518 = m 533 on 29 Aug 1863 and noted "vF, S, R." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7519 = UGC
12424 = MCG +02-59-009 = CGCG 431-016 = PGC 70713
23 13 11.3 +10
46 20
V = 14.0; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 165d
17.5"
(9/23/89): very faint, fairly small, almost round, diffuse. Located 6' N of a wide double star mag
9/11 at 21".
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7519 = m 534 on 5 Oct 1864 and noted "vF, pL." His position is a perfect match with
UGC 12424. Harold Corwin notes
that Bigourdan's RA "correction" in the IC 2 notes applies to another
galaxy (UGC 12416 = Mrk 526) that is located 28 seconds of RA further west and
2.5' north. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 7520 = IC
5290?? = ESO 535-008 = MCG -04-54-014 = PGC 70705
23 12 53.3 -23
28 09
V = 13.2; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 66d
18"
(10/25/08): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 0.6'x0.4', very
weak concentration. Situated
between two fainter doubles 5' NNE (a 15" pair of mag 13.5/14.5 stars) and 5' S (a 10" pair of mag 14
stars). Another mag 13 star lies
2' SE.
NGC 7520 is
listed as nonexistent in most sources.
Harold Corwin suggests the possibility that NGC 7520 is equivalent to IC
5290 (described above).
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 7520 = T I-49 in 1876 and noted "class II size; class III
brightness; seen repeatedly; position difficult to determine." There is nothing near his rough
position (given only to the nearest min of time and noted as very uncertain
"::"). Herbert Howe was
unsuccessful in locating it on two nights at the Chamberlin Observatory in
Denver and RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent.
Harold Corwin
suggests that NGC 7520 may be identical to IC 5290, discovered by Johann Palisa
on 4 Oct 1896 with the 27-inch refractor at Vienna (1897AN....143...49W). This requires Tempel's declination to
be 20' too far south, though the RA is less than a minute off.
******************************
NGC 7521 = MCG
+00-59-009 = CGCG 380-011 = PGC 70725
23 13 35.3 -01
43 53
V = 13.9; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 165d
17.5"
(8/1/87): fairly faint, very small, round, very small bright core, stellar
nucleus. NGC 7524 not seen 2.8'
E. NGC 7517 lies 22' SSW. Located within the NGC 7556 group.
17.5"
(7/20/90): similar appearance as earlier observation by NGC 7524 also observed.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7521 = m 535, along with NGC 7524, on 18 Nov 1864 and noted
"vF, pS, psbM." His
position is accurate. See notes
for N7524.
******************************
NGC 7522
23 15 36.4 -22
53 41
=*?, Corwin. Not
found, RNGC
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 7522 = LM II-472 in 1886 at Leander McCormick Observatory and
recorded "mag 16.0; 0.3' dia, iR, sbM?; *10 in PA 75¡ at 3.2'
separation." There is nothing
at Muller's rough position (nearest min of RA) and Howe was unsuccessful in
finding it on 3 nights.
Confusingly, ESO places 535-009 at the nominal NGC position but there is
no obvious galaxy there. RNGC
classifies the number as nonexistent
Corwin suggests
NGC 7522 might be a faint star 1 min 45 sec of RA following Muller's position
(typical error). A mag 11-12 star
is 3' separation in PA 70¡
matching Muller's description.
******************************
NGC 7523 = CGCG
431-018 = PGC 70726
23 13 34.7 +13
59 12
V = 14.8; Size 1.1'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 3d
17.5"
(7/19/90): very faint, very small, round (must have viewed the core only). A mag 14/15 double star is off the
north edge. Forms a close pair
with NGC 7525 2.5' NE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7523 = m 536, along with NGC 7525, on 3 Nov 1864 and noted
"eeF, E." His positions for both objects are off 1' too far
southwest.
******************************
NGC 7524 = MCG
+00-59-010 = PGC 70737
23 13 46.6 -01
43 48
V = 15.1; Size 0.9'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 172d
17.5"
(7/20/90): extremely faint, very small, round. Located 2.8' E of NGC 7521 in the large NGC 7556 group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7524 = m 537, along with NGC 7522, on 18 Nov 1864 and noted
"eF, vS." His position
and relative separation with NGC 7522 is accurate.
CGCG (380-046)
completely misplaces NGC 7524 by over 5¡ and apparently this large error was
repeated in the RNGC rectangular coordinates. The error was listed in my RNGC Corrections #5.
******************************
NGC 7525 = CGCG
431-019 = Mrk 316 = PGC 70731
23 13 40.4 +14
01 16
V = 14.2; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(7/19/90): faint, very small, round, weak concentration, extremely faint star
involved or faint stellar nucleus.
Forms a pair with NGC 7523 2.5' SW. On the DSS, an extremely faint companion is at the north
edge.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7525 = m 538, along with NGC 7523, on 3 Nov 1864 and noted
"eF, vS, vlE, gbM."
******************************
NGC 7526
23 14 02.1 -09
13 15
18"
(10/25/08): at 174x this object appears as a mag 14 star with a nearby very
small knot (sometimes resolved) close SSE [35"]. At 450x the "knot" is cleanly resolved into a
close, faint triple star with components 15-15.5 and separations 9" and
13". Located 29' WSW of mag
4.2 91 Aqr.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7526 = H III-470 on 28 Nov 1785 (sweep 479) and logged "eF,
vS, 240x left it doubtful."
There is no nebulous object near his position. Karl Reinmuth (1926) reported finding on a Heidelberg plate
"3 F st in line 10¡, no neb; *14 np nr." Harold Corwin also tentatively identifies NGC 7526 as a
short line (length of 20") of three mag 15 stars (length of 20").
******************************
NGC 7527 = UGC
12428 = MCG +04-54-031 = CGCG 475-045 = PGC 70728
23 13 41.8 +24
54 08
V = 13.3; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 165d
17.5"
(9/23/89): faint, small, slightly elongated NNW-SSE, small bright core.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7527 = m 539 on 5 Sep 1864 and noted "vF, vS,
stellar." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 7528 = 2MASX
J23142026+1013531 = PGC 70770
23 14 20.3 +10
13 53
V = 15.1; Size 0.4'x0.3'
17.5"
(9/23/89): extremely faint and small, round, low surface brightness. Located 5.5' NE of mag 8.9 SAO 128054.
Ainslie Common
discovered NGC 7528 = Nova #26 in August of 1880 with his 36-inch reflector and
simply noted "F, S." His
approximate position (obtained by reading the setting circles) is 25 seconds of
RA due west of PGC 70770.
Bigourdan could not find this galaxy (at V = 15, perhaps too faint for
his 12.5-inch refractor. This
galaxy is not in MCG or CGCG.
******************************
NGC 7529 = UGC
12431 = MCG +01-59-014 = CGCG 406-024 = PGC 70755
23 14 03.2 +08
59 33
V = 14.1; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5" (11/1/86):
fairly faint, fairly small, almost round, almost even surface brightness. Located 14.5' E of mag 7.6 SAO
128037. Outlying member of the
Pegasus I cluster.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 7529 = T IV-12 on 2 Jul 1880 and noted "vF, I thought it
was Comet Faye." His
micrometric position matches UGC 12431 to within a few arcseconds.
******************************
NGC 7530 = MCG
-01-59-004 = KTS 71A = PGC 70759
23 14 11.8 -02
46 46
V = 14.4; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 120d
24"
(8/7/13): fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, oval 3:2 NW-SE,
27"x18", moderate concentration with a small brighter core. First in a trio (KTS 71) aligned SW to
NE with NGC 7532 4' NE. A mag 10.7
star lies 2.7' ENE.
17.5"
(8/1/87): faint, small, slightly elongated ~E-W, very small brighter core. First in a trio on a SW-NE line with
NGC 7532 4.1' NE and NGC 7534 6.1' NE in the NGC 7532-7556 group.
13"
(9/29/84): faint, diffuse, even surface brightness, slightly smaller than NGC
7534 4.1' NE. Member of the NGC
7532-7556 group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7530 = m 540, along with NGC 7532 and 7534, on 1 Oct 1864 and
noted "eF, vS, alm stellar."
His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7531 = ESO
291-010 = MCG -07-47-025 = AM 2312-435 = LGG 472-002 = PGC 70800
23 14 48.5 -43
36 00
V = 11.3; Size 4.5'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 15d
13.1"
(9/3/86): moderately bright, fairly small, oval ~N-S, brighter core. Located 7.0' due west of mag 8 SAO
231518. Appears bright for such a
low elevation galaxy from Northern California.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7531 = h3975 on 2 Sep 1836 and recorded "pB; S; lE;
pgmbM." His single position
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7532 = MCG
-01-59-005 = Mrk 529 = KTS 71B = PGC 70779
23 14 22.2 -02
43 41
V = 13.6; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 150d
24"
(8/7/13): brightest and largest in a trio of NGC galaxies (KTS 71) in a 6'
string oriented SW to NE. At 375x
appeared moderately bright and large, elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE, well concentrated
with a small bright round nucleus.
A mag 10.7 star lies 2.3' S.
NGC 7534 is 2' NE and NGC 7530 is 4' SW. Situated 6.8' SE of mag 7.1 HD 219200.
17.5"
(8/1/87): brightest and largest of three on a line with NGC 7530 4.1' SW and
NGC 7534 2.1' NE. Fairly faint,
fairly small, elongated NW-SE, small bright core, stellar nucleus. Located 6.8' SE of mag 7.5 SAO 146580.
13"
(9/29/84): brightest and largest of trio, fairly faint, small bright core,
slightly elongated.
13"
(11/5/83): very faint, small, round.
Second of three with NGC 7530 3' SW and NGC 7534 2' NNE. Located SE of a mag 7 star in the NGC
7532/7556 group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7532 = m 541, along with NGC 7530 and 7534, on 1 Oct 1864 and
noted "vF, vS, lE." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7533 = CGCG
380-013 = PGC 70778
23 14 22.1 -02
02 01
V = 14.7; Size 0.7'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 135d
17.5"
(7/20/90): very faint, very small, slightly elongated WNW-ESE, small brighter
core. Located 5.6' NW of mag 8.9
SAO 146588 in the NGC 7556 group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7533 = m 542 on 5 Oct 1864 and noted "F, S, R." His position is accurate. CGCG misidentifies CGCG 380-053 as NGC
7533. The correct CGCG entry is
380-013.
******************************
NGC 7534 = MCG
-01-59-006 = KTS 71C = PGC 70781
23 14 26.6 -02
41 54
V = 14.5; Size 1.2'x0.8'; PA = 15d
24"
(8/7/13): faintest and last of three with NGC 7530 and 7532. At 375x appeared fairly faint, small,
elongated 5:3 SSW-NNE, 24"x15".
A mag 14 star is off the south side. Located 2' NE of NGC 7532 (brightest in the trio) and 6' SE
of mag 7 HD 219200.
17.5"
(8/1/87): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated N-S. A mag 15 star is just off the south edge 30" from the
center. Third of three on a line
with NGC 7532 2.0' SW and NGC 7530 6.1' SW. Located 6.3' SW of a mag 7.5 star in the NGC 7556 group.
13"
(9/29/84): faintest of three in a group.
Faint, very small, possibly slightly elongated. Located 3' NE of NGC 7532.
Albert Marth discovered
NGC 7534 = m 543, along with NGC 7530 and 7532, on 1 Oct 1864 and noted
"eF, vS, lE." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7535 = UGC
12438 = MCG +02-59-010 = CGCG 431-023 = LGG 471-003 = PGC 70761
23 14 12.7 +13
34 54
V = 13.7; Size 1.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 14.4
17.5"
(9/23/89): faint, fairly small, very diffuse, sharp stellar nucleus or star
superimposed. Pair with NGC 7536
9.2' S.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 7535 = Sw V-97, along with NGC 7536, on 29 Sep 1886 and recorded
"eeeF; pS; R; ee diff.; bet. a faint near star and a bright star
following; n of 2 [with NGC 7536]."
His position is accurate and the description applies.
******************************
NGC 7536 = UGC
12437 = MCG +02-59-011 = CGCG 431-022 = LGG 471-004 = PGC 70765
23 14 13.3 +13
25 38
V = 13.4; Size 1.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 56d
17.5"
(9/23/89): faint, fairly small, oval SW-NE, bright core. A group of five stars are within a 3'
radius including a mag 13 star 1.3' NW, a mag 12 star 2.5' NE and a mag 11 star
2.4' SSW. Pair with NGC 7335 9.2'
N in the NGC 7556 group.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 7536 = Sw V-98, along with NGC 7535, on 29 Sep 1886 and recorded
"eeF; pS; R; curiously placed in a ring of 6 stars np of
center." His position and
description is accurate. This is
one of several candidates that Corwin suggests might be John Herschel's NGC
7555.
******************************
NGC 7537 = UGC
12442 = MCG +01-59-016 = CGCG 406-028 = Holm 805b = PGC 70786
23 14 34.5 +04
29 54
V = 13.2; Size 2.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 79d
17.5"
(8/10/91): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:1 WSW-ENE, 1.5'x0.5',
much brighter core has a fairly high surface brightness, narrow faint
extensions from core. Forms a
striking pair with NGC 7541 3.1' NE.
13"
(9/3/83): faint, small, elongated ~E-W, thin extensions, slightly brighter
core, 3' SW of brighter and larger NGC 7541.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7537 = H II-429 = h2215 on 30 Aug 1785 (sweep 427), along with
NGC 7541, and recorded "Two, the time and polar distance is that of the
largest [NGC 7541]; pB, mE about 4' l; extended mbM about 1' broad, the extent
nearly in the parallel. The other
[NGC 7537] is vF, cS, about 3 or 4' sp the large one; and but for the large one
might have been overlooked."
JH reported (sweep 95), "F; S; R; bM; the sp of 2 [with NGC
7541]."
******************************
NGC 7538 = LBN
542 = Sh 2-158 = Ced 209
23 13 38 +61 30
42
Size 10'x5'
18"
(9/3/08): at 115x, this HII region appears bright, fairly large, surrounding
two mag 11.5 stars SW-NE with a faint star to the west of the SW star. The main portion of the nebulosity is
elongated SW-NE and extends 3'x2'.
Using an OIII filter, fainter nebulosity extends on the NE side, making
an oval 4.5'x3'. The brightest
portion is on the southwest side and this high surface brightness area encases
the faint star mentioned above.
17.5"
(8/10/91): fairly large elongated emission nebula 2.0'x0.75' oriented
NW-SE. Surrounds two mag 11.5
stars oriented SW-NE (PA = 35¡) with a separation of 30". The nebulosity extends SW of the pair
and is brightest just west of the pair.
A mag 15 star is at the SW end and a mag 14 star is 30" W of the
southern mag 11.5 star. At 100x
using an OIII filter the nebulosity is very bright and a fainter glow also
extends east of the pair to a size of 3'x2'.
8": faint
nebulosity with two mag 12 stars involved. Appears elongated and fairly large. Easy to view with averted.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7538 = H II-706 on 3 Nov 1787 (sweep 773) and recorded "vF
nebulosity of 3 or 4' extent, contains two considerable stars, but they do not
seem to be connected with it."
On 26 Nov 1788 (sweep 887) he noted "2 pS stars involved in nebulosity,
about 2' l and 1 1/2' broad, pBM." In his 1814 PT paper WH argued that
this was too unusual to be line of sight arrangement and the stars had formed
within the nebula! Ralph Copeland
sketched the nebula using LdR's 72" in Sep 1873 and showed two extremely
faint, curved thin "tails" extending east and west.
******************************
NGC 7539 = UGC
12443 = MCG +04-54-035 = CGCG 475-048 = PGC 70783
23 14 29.5 +23
41 05
V = 12.5; Size 1.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 165d
17.5"
(9/23/89): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated NW-SE, small bright core,
stellar nucleus, diffuse elongated halo.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7539 = h2217 on 17 Aug 1828 and recorded "F; S; R: psbM;
12"." His single
position is very accurate.
******************************
NGC 7540 = CGCG
454-010 = PGC 70788
23 14 36.1 +15
57 01
V = 14.7; Size 0.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(7/17/93): very faint, very small, round, very small slightly brighter
core. A mag 13 star is 1.9' ENE of
center. Forms a pair with NGC 7551
11.1' E. The close companion just
44" W (misidentified as NGC 7551 in the RNGC and PGC) was not seen.
17.5"
(7/19/90): very faint, very small, round, small bright core. A mag 13 star is 2' E. NGC 7567 lies 25' ESE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7540 = m 544 on 3 Nov 1864 and noted "F, vS,
stellar." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 7541 = NGC
7581 = UGC 12447 = MCG +01-59-017 = CGCG 406-030 = Holm 805a = PGC 70795
23 14 43.9 +04
32 04
V = 11.7; Size 3.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 102d
17.5"
(8/10/91): bright, fairly large, edge-on 4:1 WNW-ESE, 3.0'x0.75', large
slightly brighter middle bulges.
Has an irregular surface brightness with mottling and appears brighter
on the west side. A mag 12 star is
off the east edge 2.1' from center.
Forms a striking pair with NGC 7537 3.1' SW.
8"
(11/8/80): faint, fairly large, edge-on E-W. A mag 12.5 star is close east. Forms a pair with NGC 7537 3' SW. Located in the Pisces Circlet.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7541 = H II-430 = h2216 on 30 Aug 1785 (sweep 427) and recorded
"Two. The following [NGC 7541] pB, mE in parallel, mbM, about 4' long, 1'
broad." JH logged "vB;
L; 10¡ np to sf; 80"; the nf of 2 [with NGC 7537]; a * 10m sf."
******************************
NGC 7542 = CGCG
431-025 = PGC 70796
23 14 41.6 +10
38 36
V = 14.7; Size 0.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 117d
17.5"
(9/23/89): extremely faint, very small, round, weak concentration.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7542 = m 545 on 5 Oct 1864 and noted "eF, eS,
stellar." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 7543 = UGC
12450 = MCG +05-54-052 = CGCG 496-065 = PGC 70785
23 14 34.6 +28
19 38
V = 13.0; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 140d
17.5"
(8/13/88): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated NW-SE, bright core,
stellar nucleus. Pair with CGCG
496-062 7.5' NNW. Located 17' W of
61 Pegasi (V = 6.5).
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7543 = St IX-35 on 19 Sep 1878 using the 31" reflector at
the Marseille Observatory. His
micrometric position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7544 = PGC
70811
23 14 56.9 -02
11 58
V = 15.1; Size 0.8'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 58d
17.5"
(7/20/90): very faint, very small, round.
A string of four stars mag 13 oriented N-S is 3' E including a pair at
23" separation. Member of the
NGC 7556 group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7544 = m 546 on 18 Nov 1864 and noted "eF, vS." His position is accurate to within 1'.
******************************
NGC 7545 = ESO
347-004 = MCG -07-47-026 = AM 2312-384 = PGC 70840
23 15 32.0 -38
32 03
V = 13.0; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 80d
17.5"
(10/20/90): extremely faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, low surface
brightness. A mag 11 star is
attached at the west end 27" from the center. Very difficult to view due to poor seeing at a low elevation.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7545 = h3976 on 4 Sep 1834 and recorded "pF; S; R; or lE;
vgvlbM; attached to a * 10m in parallel." His position is very accurate.
******************************
NGC 7546 = MCG
-01-59-007 = PGC 70820
23 15 05.6 -02
19 29
V = 15.1; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 14.7; PA = 5d
24"
(9/29/16): at 375x; faint or fairly faint, fairly small, elongated ~4:3,
0.4'x0.3', irregular shape. A knot
or the core seems offset towards the north side. Forms a close pair with MCG -01-59-008 2' N. The companion appeared very faint,
fairly small, very elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, 25"x8", even surface
brightness. Located 10' WNW of NGC
7556 in a large group of galaxies.
17.5"
(8/1/87): extremely faint, fairly small, almost round, can barely hold steadily
with averted. Located in the NGC
7532-7556 group with NGC 7556 10.3' ESE.
13"
(9/29/84): very faint, very diffuse, fairly small. Located 10' WNW of NGC 7556.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7546 = m 547 on 1 Oct 1864 and noted "eF, S, lE." His position matches MCG -01-59-007 =
PGC 70820 to within 1'. Harold Corwin agrees with this identification but notes
that NGC 7546 could be MCG -01-59-008, a fainter galaxy 2' north. This seems unlikely to me as I didn't
notice it while viewing -007 with my 17.5".
******************************
NGC 7547 = HCG
93C = Arp 99 NED1 = UGC 12453 = MCG +03-59-013 = CGCG 454-011 = KTG 78A = PGC
70819
23 15 03.4 +18
58 24
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 98d
24"
(12/28/13): at 282x appeared fairly faint to moderately bright, moderately
large, elongated 2:1 or 5:2 ~E-W, moderate concentration to a brighter
core. First in the HCG 93 quintet.
24"
(12/1/13): at 375x appeared fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 5:2
~E-W. Strongly concentrated with a
nearly round, small bright core.
First of 5 in HCG 93, with brighter NGC 7550 3.1' ESE.
18"
(9/3/05): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 ~E-W, 0.7'x0.3'. Contains a nearly stellar brighter
core, otherwise the surface brightness is nearly even. Located 3' W of NGC 7550 in a group of
five galaxies (HCG 93).
18"
(8/27/05): faint, small, elongated 2:1 E-W, 0.5'x0.25'. Located 3' W of NGC 7550 in HCG 93.
17.5"
(9/7/96): faint, small, elongated 2:1 E-W, weak concentration with a slightly
brighter rounder core. First of
five in HCG 93 with NGC 7550 3.0' ESE.
17.5"
(9/23/89): faint, small, oval ~E-W, weak concentration. First of three with NGC 7549 5.2' NE
and NGC 7550 3.0' E in the HCG 93.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7547 = h2218 on 26 Aug 1827 and simply noted "the np of 2
[with NGC 7550]. His single
position is pretty accurate so there is no doubt with the identification. Herman Schultz measured an accurate
micrometric position at Uppsala.
******************************
NGC 7548 = UGC
12455 = MCG +04-54-036 = CGCG 475-050 = PGC 70826
23 15 11.1 +25
16 55
V = 13.3; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 15d
17.5"
(9/23/89): faint, small, slightly elongated, broad concentration. Located 23' SSE of mag 6.7 SAO 91126.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 7548 = Au 50 on 30 Sep 1861 with the 11-inch Merz
refractor at Copenhagen. He noted
a faint star (called mag 16 and mag 17 on his two observations) preceded by 11
seconds of time. The star is
exactly where he placed it, though closer to mag 13.5. The discovery was early enough to be
included in Auwers' 1862 list of 50 new nebulae.
******************************
NGC 7549 = HCG
93B = Arp 99 NED3 = UGC 12457 = MCG +03-59-014 = CGCG 454-013 = KTG 78C = PGC
70832
23 15 17.2 +19
02 30
V = 13.0; Size 2.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 8d
24"
(12/28/13): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 4:3 N-S, 0.8'x0.6', the
central region is very weakly concentrated. There was hint of structure with a strong impression of a
short arm on the west side extending south. A mag 11.0 star is 1.3' WNW of
center. NGC 7547 = HCG 93C lies
3.8' ENE and NGC 7550 = HCG 93A is 5' due south.
24"
(12/1/13): fairly faint or moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2
N-S, ~60"x40". Contains
a brighter central region that only has a weak, broad concentration towards the
center and no distinguishable nucleus.
A mag 11 star lies 1.4' WNW of center.
18"
(9/3/05): fairly faint, fairly small, irregular round, 0.5', weak
concentration. Situated 1.3'
following a mag 10.5 star and 5' N of NGC 7550 in HCG 93.
18"
(8/27/05): faint, small, round, 25" diameter, low even surface
brightness. Follows a mag 10.5
star and 4.8' N of NGC 7550.
17.5"
(9/7/96): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 N-S, very weak concentration. Situated 1.3' following a mag 10.5 star
within the HCG 93 quintet and 4.8' N of NGC 7550 = HCG 93a. Listed dimensions include extremely
faint plumes not seen visually.
17.5"
(9/23/89): fairly faint, fairly small, oval ~N-S, almost even surface brightness. Located 1.3' ESE of a mag 10.5
star. Second brightest in HCG 93
with NGC 7550 4.8' S and NGC 7547 5.2' SW.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 7549 = GC 4912 on 2 Nov 1850, along with NGC 7553, while
observing NGC 7547 and NGC 7550 and noted "4 neb in the field, perhaps
another [including NGC 7547 and 7550]." No positions were given, though. A diagram made in 1877 was published in the 1880
publication. Heinrich d'Arrest
independently discovered this galaxy on 30 Aug 1864 and made a total of 4
observations. Herman Schultz also
measured an accurate micrometric position, attributing the discovery to
d'Arrest. Bigourdan noted the equivalence of d'Arrest's GCS 6151 and LdR's GCS
4912. Dreyer combined the two GC
designations in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 7550 = HCG
93A = Arp 99 NED2 = UGC 12456 = MCG +03-59-015 = CGCG 454-012 = KTG 78B = PGC
70830
23 15 16.0 +18
57 42
V = 12.2; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 171d
24"
(12/28/13): at 282x appeared fairly bright, moderately large, slightly
elongated, 0.9'x0.75', strongly concentrated with a very bright core that
increases to a sharp stellar nucleus.
Brightest in the HCG 93 quintet with NGC 7547 3.1' WNW and NGC 7549 4.9'
N.
24"
(12/1/13): at 375x appeared moderately bright to fairly bright, moderately
large, irregularly round, 1.0'x0.8', strongly concentrated with a bright core
that increases to a very bright small nucleus. Occasionally, a bright stellar nuclear pip was visible
within the small nucleus.
Brightest in the HCG 93 quintet.
18"
(9/3/05): moderately bright, fairly small, round, slightly elongated,
0.8'x0.7', fairly strong concentration, small bright core, stellar nucleus.
18"
(8/27/05): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, 0.8'x0.6', gradually
increases to a small, bright core and stellar nucleus. HCG 94 lies 32' SE!
17.5"
(9/7/96): moderately bright, fairly small, halo elongated 4:3 N-S, 1.5'x1.2',
sharply concentrated with a round, bright core and nearly stellar nucleus. Brightest in the HCG 93 quintet. HCG 94 lies only 32' SE!
17.5"
(9/23/89): brightest in a group of 11 NGC galaxies and HCG 93. Moderately bright, fairly small,
slightly elongated ~N-S, small bright core, stellar nucleus. Forms a triple system with NGC 7549
4.8' N and NGC 7547 3.0' W. Also
nearby is NGC 7558 5.9' ENE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7550 = H III-181 = h2219 on 18 Sep 1784 (sweep 277) and recorded
"vF, vS, R, 240 confirmed it.
His position is 34 sec of RA too large (noted by Dreyer in his 1912
"Scientific Papers of WH").
JH measured an accurate position for this galaxy and listed it as h2219
with description "pB; R; 20", the sf of 2 [with NGC 7547]",
although due to his father's poor position, he thought it was new.
******************************
NGC 7551 = 2MASX
J23152200+1556251
23 15 22.0 +15
56 25
V = 15.2; Size 0.5'x0.1'
17.5"
(7/17/93): very faint, very small, round, 15" diameter, very small
brighter core, stellar nucleus.
Located 11.1' E of NGC 7540.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7551 = m 548 on 3 Nov 1864 and noted a "neb. star
13m." His position is less
than 1' south of PGC 3978375, which has a very faint star superimposed on the
southwest side.
RNGC
misidentifies a close companion 20" NE of NGC 7540 as NGC 7551. This identification is clearly wrong as
Marth placed NGC 7541 45 seconds of RA following NGC 7540 (both were found on
the same night). Malcolm Thomson
reported this error in his unpublished "Catalogue Corrections" as
well as Harold Corwin in his NGC identification notes.
******************************
NGC 7552 = Grus
Quartet = IC 5294 = ESO 291-012 = MCG -07-47-028 = VV 440 = LGG 472-003 = PGC
70884
23 16 11.0 -42
34 59
V = 10.6; Size 3.4'x2.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 1d
30"
(10/21/17 - OzSky): at 264x; very bright, very large, elongated 5:2 E-W,
~2.3'x0.9'. A brighter bar extends
E-W along the major axis. The
center is punctuated by a sharp, extremely bright stellar nucleus. A spiral arm is attached at the east
end of the major axis. The
beginning of the arm was clearly visible rotating towards the south but dimmed
out after ~0.6'. The main part of
the galaxy is embedded in an extremely low surface brightness halo, ~3' in
diameter. A mag 13.5 star is off the west end [2.2' from center] and a mag 12
star is at the edge of the outer halo [1.8' S of center]. NGC 7583, the first in the Grus
Trio with 7590 and 7599, lies 28' ENE.
13.1"
(11/5/83): fairly faint, small, elongated E-W, small bright nucleus. A mag 10 star lies 4.4' W and a mag 11
star is off the south side. The
Grus trio consisting of NGC 7582, NGC 7590 and NGC 7599 are roughly 35' NE with
the entire group called the Grus Quartet.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 7552 = D 475 = h3977 on 7 Jul 1826 and claimed 4
observations. He described the
first member of the Grus Quartet as "a small faint nebula, rather
elongated in the parallel of the equator, about 30" broad, and 40"
long; there is a pretty bright point situated near the centre of the nebula: a
small star precedes it." JH
made a single observation on 2 Sep 1836, logging "B, S, mE, nearly in
parallel; vsbM to a star 13m."
JH credited Dunlop with the discovery.
Lewis Swift
found the galaxy again on 22 Oct 1897 and reported it as new in list XI-226 =
IC 5294 with description "pB; pS; R; 8m * p." His RA is just 9 seconds too small and
his description of the brighter star clinches the equivalence.
******************************
NGC 7553 = HCG
93D= CGCG 454-015 = PGC 70842
23 15 33.1 +19
02 53
V = 14.7; Size 0.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.6
24"
(12/28/13): faint to fairly faint, small, round, 18" diameter. A 12" pair of mag 15.5 stars was
resolved 1.3' SE. In addition, a
7" pair of mag 16.1/16.4 stars was noticed 3.5' ENE and often was merged
into a single slightly fuzzy glow at 282x.
24"
(12/1/13): faint to fairly faint, small, round, 20" diameter. Contains a faint, quasi-stellar
nucleus. Located 3.8' ENE of NGC
7549 in HCG 93.
18"
(8/25/06): very faint, very small, round, 15" diameter. A very faint and close pair of mag 15
stars lies 1.4' SE.
18"
(9/3/05): very faint, very small, round, 10" diameter. Contains a sharp stellar nucleus in
steady moments. Located 4' E of
NGC 7549 within HCG 93.
18"
(8/27/05): very faint, extremely small, round, 0.2' diameter, occasional
stellar nucleus. Located 3.9' E of
NGC 7549 in HCG 93.
17.5"
(9/7/96): very faint, very small, round.
Located 3.9' E of NGC 7549 = HCG 93b. An extremely faint and close double star ~1.5' SE also
appears as a nebulous object at times.
Faintest of five (along with NGC 7558) in HCG 93.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 7553 = GC 4913, along with NGC 7557, at Birr Castle on 2 Nov
1850 and noted "4 neb in the field, perhaps another [including NGC 7547
and 7550]." The 4th brightest
galaxy in the field is CGCG 454-015, and this was likely seen by Stoney. The 6
Sep 1855 description reads "3 neb [NGC 7547, 7550, 7549], F, S, and
perhaps 2 more vS and F f[ollowing] them." A diagram of the field was made at Birr Castle on 6 Oct 1877
and confirmed on 10 Oct 1877 showing four objects including NGC 7547, 7549 and
NGC 7550, although the direction of drift shown is somewhat off. The object shown in the upper right
corner of the diagram should be CGCG 454-015, but the placement better matches
16th magnitude 2MASX J23153890+1858171.
Perhaps it's one of the others that were suspected.
******************************
NGC 7554 = III
Zw 99 = PGC 70850
23 15 41.3 -02
22 43
V = 14.9; Size 0.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.9
24"
(9/29/16): at 375x; fairly faint, small, round, 15" diameter. NGC 7554 is one of the close companions
of brighter NGC 7556, which is centered just 48" E.
17.5"
(7/20/90): very faint, very small, round, low even surface brightness. Forms a close pair with much brighter
NGC 7556 47" ESE. Located in
a large galaxy group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7554 = m 549 on 3 Aug 1864 and noted "eF, eS, alm stell,
near h 2220 [NGC 7556]." His
position is just 3 seconds of RA preceding NGC 7556 and matches PGC 70850.
The RNGC appears
to misidentify a faint galaxy 5' southwest of NGC 7556 as NGC 7554, although
there may simply be an error in position for NGC 7556 as the rectangular
coordinates don't match. This
error is listed in my RNGC Corrections #5.
******************************
NGC 7555
23 15 36 +12 35
=Not found,
Carlson.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7555 = h2221 on 11 Sep 1828 and recorded "F; R; bM; place
very rough; two or three more nebulae suspected in the neighborhood." His RA and NPD are marked with +/- to
the nearest minute of time and minute of arc, respectively. There is nothing near his position, but
if JH was off mostly in RA then NGC 7515 is a candidate. If he was mostly off in declination,
then NGC 7563 is another possibility.
Neither d'Arrest, Schultz or Vogel could recover this object, though one
observation was claimed at Birr Castle (but of which object?). Dorothy Carlson reported "Not
Found" in her 1940 NGC/IC Correction paper and Corwin concludes the same.
******************************
NGC 7556 = MCG
-01-59-009 = PGC 70855
23 15 44.4 -02
22 53
V = 12.7; Size 2.5'x1.6'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 123d
24"
(9/29/16): at 375x and 500x; fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 4:3 or
3:2 WNW-ESE, ~0.8'x0.5', well concentrated with a bright core, high surface
brightness. Surrounded closely by
several smaller and fainter companions including NGC 7554 48" W, NGC 7556A
just 19" SW, LEDA 195267 1.4' SE and LEDA 195265 3.3' SSE. A mag 10.6 star is 2.7' E.
At 500x; NGC
7556A appeared extremely faint and small, round, ~8" diameter. Situated at the southwest edge of the
halo of NGC 7556. At 375x LEDA
195267 appeared fairly faint, small, round, 15" diameter. LEDA 195265 was a difficult object,
extremely faint and small, round, 6" diameter.
17.5"
(8/1/87): moderately bright, moderately large, oval ~E-W, bright core. Forms a close pair with NGC 7554
47" WNW of center. Brightest
in the large NGC 7532-7556 group.
13"
(9/29/84): moderately bright, moderately large, almost round, brighter core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7556 = H II-235 = h2220, along with NGC 7566, on 20 Sep 1784
(sweep 279) and noted "vF, pS." His summary description (based on a
later observation) reads "F, pL, broadly E." JH reported "pB, R,
a bright double * follows".
His single position is accurate. LdR's assistant Bindon Stoney observed the galaxy on 4
Nov 1850 and wrote, "Has nucleus; I suspect a F, S, neb about 1'
sf." Very likely this second
nebula is LEDA 195267, situated 1.4' SE of NGC 7556 (described in my 24"
observation). The RNGC declination
is 3' too far north.
******************************
NGC 7557 = MCG
+01-59-021 = CGCG 406-035 = LGG 473-016 = PGC 70854
23 15 39.7 +06
42 30
V = 14.1; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0
24"
(1/1/16): faint to fairly faint, small, round, 0.4' diameter, weak
concentration to the center.
Located 4.6' WNW of brighter NGC 7562. NGC 7557 lies midway between mag 9.4 SAO 128068 9' NW and
mag 9.5 SAO 128073 8' SE.
18"
(11/22/08): faint, small, round, 25" diameter, weak concentration. Forms a pair with brighter NGC 7562
4.5' ESE.
17.5"
(8/27/87): faint, small, round, small brighter core. A mag 15 star is 1' S.
Located 4.7' WNW of much brighter NGC 7562.
17.5"
(11/1/86): faint, small, slightly elongated NNW-SSE, diffuse. Precedes NGC 7562 by 5'.
Bindon Stoney
(perhaps along with his brother George Johnstone Stoney) discovered NGC 7557 on
16 Sep 1852 and recorded "another neb about 6' p and 1' n of h2224 [NGC
7562], pB, vmbM, 40"."
R.J. Mitchell found it again on 23 Oct 1857 and noted "a new neb
about 4' p[receding] h2224, F, vS, R." His offset is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7558 = HCG
93E = MCG +03-59-016 = PGC 70844
23 15 38.2 +18
55 11
V = 14.9; Size 0.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.8
24"
(12/28/13): faint to fairly faint, small, elongated 4:3 ~N-S,
16"x12", low even surface brightness. The redshift of this galaxy is over ~70% greater than the
other four members of HCG 93, so it is probably a background object.
24"
(12/1/13): faint to fairly faint, small, round, 20" diameter, weak
concentration. Nearly collinear
with two mag 14.5 stars [22" separation] located ~2.8' S.
18"
(8/25/06): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Collinear with two mag 14.5-15
stars. Furthest east of five
members viewed in HCG 93.
18"
(9/3/05): extremely faint, very small, round. Can hold steadily with averted vision. A close, faint pair of mag 14.5-15
stars (separation 22") lies 2.6' south.
18"
(8/27/05): extremely faint, extremely small, round. Collinear with a pair of faint stars to the south that help
in pinpointing the location.
17.5"
(9/7/96): extremely faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Collinear with a pair of mag 14.5 stars
oriented N-S that lie 2.5' S. This
galaxy and HCG 93D = CGCG 454-015
= NGC 7553? (NGC identification uncertain) are the two faintest members of the
HCG 93 quintet. Located 6' SE of
NGC 7550 = HCG 93A.
17.5"
(9/23/89): extremely faint, very small, round. An easy pair of mag 14.5 stars with separation 22"
oriented N-S lies 2.5' S. Located
5.8' ESE of NGC 7550 in HCG 93 and faintest of four viewed.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7558 = m 550 on 3 Nov 1864 and noted "eeF, neb *
13m." His position is
accurate. This galaxy was probably
first found by LdR or assistant Bindon Stoney on 2 Nov 1850 and noted again on
6 Sep 1855, though it was just mentioned as an additional nebula in the field,
without any comment about the location.
******************************
NGC 7559 = UGC
12463 = MCG +02-59-013 = CGCG 431-028 = PGC 70864
23 15 46.6 +13
17 25
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 14.0
24"
(8/30/16): at 375x; moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated,
45"x35", small bright core.
A mag 15.5 star is 0.8' NE.
With averted vision, NGC 7559A = MCG +02-59-014 was seen just off the
NNW edge [24" from center].
It appeared extremely faint [V ~15.5] and small, perhaps 8"
diameter. On the SDSS this is an
edge-on galaxy, but I probably only noticed the brighter nucleus. It was a bit easier to view at
282x. NGC 7563 lies 6.2' SSE. A mag 9.3 star 8.7' SW forms the vertex
of an isosceles triangle with NGC 7563 and 7559.
17.5"
(9/23/89): fairly faint, fairly small, bright core, oval SW-NE. Forms a pair with NGC 7563 6.1'
SSE. This is a double system but
the fainter companion was not seen.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7559 = H III-221 = h2222 on 19 Oct 1784 (sweep 299) and recorded
"Two [along with NGC 7563 = III-222], eF, R, S, both alike." He found the galaxy again on 23 Nov
1785 (sweep 476) and noted "vF, S." JH made 4 observations and remarked on sweep 15, "F; R;
bM; 30"."
MCG lists the
components separately as MCG +02-59-013 = NGC 7559a and MCG +02-59-014 = NGC
7559b, but NED identifies MCG +02-59-014 as NGC 7559A and MCG +02-59-014 as NGC
7559B.
******************************
NGC 7560
23 15 53.9 +04
29 45
=**,
Carlson. =8" double star,
Gottlieb
Herman Schultz
discovered NGC 7560 = Nova X, along with NGC 7561, on 5 Oct 1864 with the
9.6-inch refractor at Uppsala Observatory. At Schultz's micrometric position is a double star (POSS2
separation 8"). Karl Reinmuth
identified this double star as NGC 7560 in his photographic survey at Heidelberg
(Dorothy Carlson and the RNGC repeated this identification).
******************************
NGC 7561
23 15 57.7 +04
31 20
=*,
Carlson. =*14, Gottlieb.
Herman Schultz
discovered NGC 7561 = Nova XI, along with NGC 7560, on 5 Oct 1864 with the 9.6-inch
refractor at Uppsala Observatory.
At his micrometric position is a mag 14 star. Karl Reinmuth reported "mag 14.5 star, no
nebulosity" and this is repeated by Dorothy Carlson and in the RNGC.
******************************
NGC 7562 = UGC
12464 = MCG +01-59-024 = CGCG 406-039 = LGG 473-003 = PGC 70874
23 15 57.5 +06
41 15
V = 11.6; Size 2.2'x1.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 83d
24"
(1/1/16): fairly bright, fairly large, oval 3:2 ~E-W, ~1.2'x0.8'. Sharply concentrated with a very bright
core that increases to the center.
The much fainter halo gradually fades out at the periphery. A mag 13.8 star is 1.8' E. NGC 7557 lies 4.6' WNW and NGC 7562A is
2.3' SSE. Two extremely faint
"stars" [mag 16.3 or fainter] were glimpsed close to the position of
NGC 7562A and one of these may have been the core of the galaxy as it
occasionally seemed non-stellar and possibly elongated N-S. Possible outlying member of the Pegasus
I cluster.
18"
(11/22/08): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 ~E-W, 1.2'x0.8'. Contains a very bright core surrounded
by a much fainter halo. The core
is concentrated to a bright, quasi-stellar nucleus.
17.5"
(8/27/87): fairly bright, moderately large, slightly elongated ~E-W, bright
core, stellar nucleus.
17.5"
(11/1/86): fairly bright, fairly small, strong bright core, fainter halo
slightly elongated ~E-W. Forms a
pair with NGC 7557 4.7' WNW. NGC
7591 lies 35' ESE and NGC 7564 36' N.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7562 = H II-467 = h2224 on 25 Oct 1785 (sweep 464) and recorded
"pB, pL, irr figure." JH
made the single observation "B; S; R; psbM; 15"." and measured
an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 7563 = UGC
12465 = MCG +02-59-015 = CGCG 431-029 = LGG 471-007 = PGC 70872
23 15 55.9 +13
11 46
V = 12.8; Size 1.9'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 155d
24"
(8/30/16): at 375x; moderately bright, fairly small, contains a small bright
round core with very faint extensions (bar) E-W. A very low surface brightness halo is elongated 2:1 NW-SE
(clearly offset the axis of the "bar"), ~1.2'x0.6'. A group of stars is close east
including a mag 10.5 star 2.2' ESE.
NGC 7559 (double) lies 6.2' NNW.
The trio lies at a distance of 200 million l.y.
17.5"
(9/23/89): faint, small, slightly elongated, small bright core, stellar
nucleus. Located 2.3' WNW of a mag
10 star. Pair with NGC 7559 6.1'
NNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7563 = H III-222 = h2223 on 19 Oct 1784 (sweep 299) and recorded
"Two [along with NGC 7559 = III-221], eF, R, S, both alike." He found the galaxy again on 23 Nov
1785 (sweep 476) and noted "vF, S." JH made 4 observations and remarked (sweep 15), "pB; S;
R; smbM; a B * near; the s f of 2 [with NGC 7559]."
******************************
NGC 7564
23 16 01.2 +07
20 52
=*, Corwin.
CGCG 406-036 (identified
as NGC 7564 in the RNGC, PGC, Megastar, etc.) appeared faint, small, elongated
WNW-ESE. Located 5.7' SSW of a mag
10 star. This star is at the north
end of a 8' string of 6 or 7 stars oriented NNW-SSE. The galaxy lies just west of the middle of this string. NGC 7562 is located 37' SSE.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 7564 = B. 96 on 7 Oct 1885 and noted as
5"-6" diameter. At the
exact position in the Comptes Rendus list is a mag 14 star. RNGC and PGC misidentify CGCG 406-036 =
PGC 70843 as NGC 7564. Malcolm
Thomson classifies NGC 7564 as nonexistent in his unpublished "Catalogue
Corrections". Harold Corwin
identifies NGC 7564 with the star at Bigourdan's position.
******************************
NGC 7565
23 16 19 -00 03
30
=Not found, Corwin. =*, Carlson.
Gaspare Ferrari
discovered NGC 7565 on 14 Dec 1865 using the 9.5-inch Merz equatorial while an
assistant to Father Secchi. It was
found while searching for Biela's comet but there is nothing at his position. Reinmuth
reported a "*15 in Dreyer's place." based on a Heidelberg plate. No modern catalogue identifies NGC 7565
and Harold Corwin lists it as lost.
******************************
NGC 7566 = MCG
-01-59-010 = PGC 70901
23 16 37.4 -02
19 50
V = 13.3; Size 1.3'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 115d
24"
(9/29/16): at 500x; fairly faint or moderately bright, elongated 2:1 NW-SE,
~0.6'x0.3', small bright nucleus.
Bracketed by two mag 14.5 stars [27" ESE and 36" WNW of
center]. Member of a group with
brightest member NGC 7556 13.5' WSW.
17.5"
(8/1/87): fairly faint, small, oval.
Bracketed by two mag 14.5 stars 37" WNW and 27" E of
center. Also a mag 14 star is 1.1'
SW. Located 13' ENE of NGC 7556 in
the NGC 7532-7556 group.
13"
(9/29/84): within a triangle of 3 faint stars, elongated ~WNW-ESE, diffuse.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7566 = H III-185, along with NGC 7554, on 20 Sep 1784 (sweep
279) and logged vF, pS, irr E." His summary description (based on a second
observation) mentions "3 faint stars visible in it." Bigourdan measured an accurate position
on 7 Nov 1885 (repeated in the IC 2 Notes).
******************************
NGC 7567 = UGC
12468 = MCG +03-59-019 = CGCG 454-016 = KUG 2313+155A = WBL 702-001 = PGC 70885
23 16 10.8 +15
51 03
V = 14.4; Size 0.9'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 76d
17.5"
(7/19/90): very faint, very small, very elongated 4:1 WSW-ENE. A mag 12.5 star is off the ENE end
[1.2' from center]. NGC 7551 lies
13' NW and NGC 7540 is 24' WNW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7567 = m 551 on 3 Nov 1864 and noted "eeF, vS,
E." His position is 1' too
far south.
******************************
NGC 7568 = NGC
7574? = UGC 12469 = CGCG 475-058 = PGC 70892
23 16 24.9 +24
29 49
V = 13.5; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 120d
17.5"
(9/23/89): very faint, fairly small, slightly elongated NW-SE, very low even
surface brightness.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7568 = St VIII(a)-28 on 17 Oct 1876 using the 31" reflector
at the Marseille Observatory. His
position matches UGC 12469. Harold
Corwin proposes that NGC 7574, discovered by d'Arrest ten years earlier on 2
Oct 1866, refers to this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 7569 = UGC
12472 = MCG +01-59-026 = CGCG 406-041 = III Zw 100 = PGC 70914
23 16 44.5 +08
54 20
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 88d
18"
(10/25/03): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 E-W, 0.8'x0.6'. A distinctive group of four mag 12-13
stars is SE. The closest star is
2' SE while the other three are 4' SE and arranged in an isosceles right
triangle with sides 0.9', 1' and 1.5'.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 7569 = Sw IV-93 on 6 Sep 1886 and logged "vF; vS; R; 3
faint stars south-following form a small right angle triangle." There is nothing near his position and
no stars to the southeast matching his description. But Harold Corwin was able
to identify UGC 12472 as NGC 7569.
This galaxy is exactly two degrees south of Swift's position (matches in
RA) and there is a small right triangle of stars 5' southeast. So, the identification is certain. No modern catalogues identify UGC 12472
as NGC 7569 and RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent (Type 7).
******************************
NGC 7570 = UGC
12473 = MCG +02-59-018 = CGCG 431-032 = LGG 471-005 = PGC 70912
23 16 44.7 +13
28 59
V = 13.2; Size 1.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 30d
17.5"
(9/23/89): faint, fairly small, oval SW-NE, fairly low surface brightness
except for small bright core. NGC
7559 is located 20' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7570 = H III-238 on 17 Nov 1784 (sweep 320) and logged "eF,
eS. 240 confirmed with
difficulty." His position is
only 40" south of the center of UGC 12473.
******************************
NGC 7571 = NGC
7597?? = MCG +03-59-032 = CGCG 454-032
23 18 30.3 +18
41 19
See observing
notes for NGC 7597. =**?,
Bigourdan and Reinmuth. =NGC 7578,
RNGC.
Herman Schultz
discovered NGC 7571 on 25 Sep 1867 with the 9.6-inch refractor at Uppsala
Observatory. In his remarks to NGC
7550 in "Micrometrical Observations of 500 Nebulae" he mentions
"A poor stellar group of pretty bright stars follows the above nebulae
[NGC 7547, 7549, and 7550] about 1 1/2 minutes; and the whole region following
this stellar group seems nebulous:
a group of small nebulae or a considerably extended nebulosity with
several knots?...Description and position do not at all agree with III. 181
[NGC 7550]!" There is nothing
near the NGC position. Karl
Reinmuth reported "identif very doubtful; vF** dist 0.3' 135d, np *
nebulous?, N7571 = N7578?"
Bigourdan's "corrected" position from 23 Sep 1886 applies to this
double star. This equivalence is
repeated in the RNGC.
Harold Corwin
notes there is no group of "pretty bright stars" 1.5 minutes
following NGC 7547/7550 as in Schultz's description, but there is such as group
at this separation from NGC 7578.
If Schultz was confused and was actually referencing NGC 7578, then NGC
7571 may be a duplicate of NGC 7597 (the brightest in a group). This identification is very uncertain,
though, as I feel NGC 7597 is too faint for Schultz to have picked up.
******************************
NGC 7572 = MCG
+03-59-023 = CGCG 454-021 = PGC 70919
23 16 50.4 +18
28 59
V = 14.4; Size 0.9'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 162d
18"
(8/25/06): faint, small, very elongated 7:2 NNW-SSE, 0.8'x0.25', *12 1'
NNE. Probable member of AGC 2572
with core HCG 94.
17.5"
(9/23/89): very faint, very small, irregularly round, broad weak
concentration. A mag 12 star is
1.3' NE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7572 = m 552 on 3 Nov 1864 and noted "eeF, alm
stellar." His position is
just 1' too far south.
******************************
NGC 7573 = ESO
604-008 = MCG -04-54-017 = AM 2313-222 = PGC 70893
23 16 26.3 -22
09 16
V = 13.6; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 42d
17.5"
(7/25/95): very faint, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE,
50"x40", no concentration, very low surface brightness. Located 4.4' ENE of a mag 11 star.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 7573 = LM II-473 in 1886 and recorded "mag 15.8; 0.7' dia;
iR; bnp; *10 in PA 290¡ at 4.4'."
There is nothing at his position but 1 min of RA west is ESO
604-008. Muller's star is 5.5'
west. Herbert Howe noted the
approximate RA correction in his 1900 list of NGC/IC comments.
******************************
NGC 7574 = NGC
7568? = UGC 12469 = CGCG 475-058
23 16 24.9 +24
29 49
See observing
notes for NGC 7568. NGC
identification very uncertain.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 7574 on 2 Oct 1866 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. There is nothing near
his single position. Karl Reinmuth
reported it not found, and this was repeated by Dorothy Carlson and the RNGC.
Harold Corwin suggests that if d'Arrest made both a 30' error in declination
(too far south) and 30 seconds in RA (too far east), then NGC 7574 is
equivalent to NGC 7568, discovered by Stephan 10 years later. As both errors involve single digits,
this solution is reasonable (though not certain).
******************************
NGC 7575 = CGCG
406-044 = MCG +01-59-028 = Holm 807a = PGC 70946
23 17 20.9 +05
39 39
V = 14.2; Size 0.8'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 108d
18"
(10/25/03): faint, small, slightly elongated, ~20"x15". Difficult to pin down orientation,
though appears roughly E-W. Forms
a 1' pair with fainter MCG +01-59-028.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7575 = m 553 on 29 Aug 1864 and noted "F, S,
vlE." There are no galaxies
near Marth's position, only mag 15 stars 2' northwest and 3' east-south. Karl Reinmuth reported "Not
Found" on a Heidelberg plate and Dorothy Carlson equates it with star
(repeated in the RNGC).
Harold Corwin
suggests that NGC 7575 = CGCG 406-044 = PGC 70946 (brighter of a pair). This galaxy is located 1¡ south of
Marth's position and requires he made a single digit transcription error. See
Corwin's notes for discussion.
******************************
NGC 7576 = MCG
-01-59-012 = PGC 70948
23 17 22.7 -04
43 40
V = 12.9; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 165d
17.5"
(8/7/91): moderately bright, fairly small, round, even concentration to a
bright core containing a stellar nucleus.
Forms a pair with NGC 7585 10.7' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7576 = H II-454 on 5 Oct 1785 (sweep 455) and logged "F, S,
almost stellar." His position
is off by 1.6' southeast. Nearby
NGC 7585 had been discovered previously.
******************************
NGC 7577 = PGC
70947
23 17 17.1 +07
21 56
V = 15.4; Size 0.3'x0.2'
17.5"
(11/18/95): extremely faint and small, round, 10" diameter. Forms a close pair with a mag 15 star
off the ENE edge 23" from center that confuses the observation. Cannot hold steadily with averted at
220x but observation certain. Faintest
in trio and located 8.8' due west of NGC 7583 and 9.5' SW of NGC 7604.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 7577 = B. 97 on 7 Oct 1885 . His position in the
Comptes Rendus list is just 1' north of PGC 70947, an extremely faint galaxy
that is not listed in CGCG or MCG.
A mag 15 star just 23" northeast certainly contributed to the
appearance of nebulosity. This
object is probably Bigourdan's faintest discovery. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 7578 = NGC
7578B = HCG 94A = Arp 170 NED2 = VV 181a = (R)NGC 7578A = UGC 12478 = MCG
+03-59-025 = CGCG 454-024 = PGC 70934
23 17 13.6 +18
42 29
V = 14.1; Size 0.4'x0.4'
48"
(10/27/16): at 488x; bright, fairly small, round, sharply concentrated with a
very bright core that gradually increases to the center and a low surface
brightness ~30" halo. A mag
14.5 star is at the NE edge [17" from center]. Forms a bright double
system with NGC 7578A = HCG 94B 0.6' SW.
The companion appeared fairly bright, small, round, sharply concentrated
with a very bright core increasing to small intense nucleus. HCG 94D, just northeast of the mag 14.5
star, is faint to fairly faint (V = 16.1), very small, round, 8" diameter,
even surface brightness.
HCG 94C, the
third brightest (V = 15.1) and perhaps the largest in the septet, is 2.2'
NE. It appeared moderately bright
and large, very elongated at least 3:1 NNW-SSE, ~30"x10", well
concentrated with a sharp bright nucleus.
HCG 94F, just 0.5' NW, is very faint (V = 17.0), very small, slightly
elongated, 8"x6". HCG
94G, 0.9' N of HCG 94C, is an extremely small, very faint glow (V = 17.2), only
6" diameter. Completing the
septet is HCG 94E, 1.2' NNE of NGC 7578.
This extremely faint (V = 16.9) edge-on extends 0.4'x0.1' and has a very
low even surface brightness. The
observation was made through thin clouds.
This septet lies at a distance of ~570 million light years.
24"
(8/14/15): at 375x; fairly faint to moderately bright, small, round, 24"
diameter, very small bright nucleus.
A mag 14.5 star is just off the northeast side [17" from
center]. Forms a double system
with NGC 7578A = HCG 94B just 34" SW. The companion appeared fairly faint, small, round, 20"
diameter, contains a very small, bright nucleus. NGC 7578C = HCG 94D, just 27" NE, is the faintest of 4
in HCG 94 and appeared extremely faint and small, round, only 6" diameter,
visible only part of the time.
Finally HCG 94C lies 2.2' NE and appeared faint to fairly faint, small,
elongated at least 3:2 N-S, contains a small brighter core and very faint extensions
NNW-SSE, 18"x10".
The quartet (along with the mentioned star) are in a 2.8' linear string
oriented SW-NE.
24"
(8/16/12): at 376x the brightest member of HCG 94 appeared moderately bright,
very small, round, 25" diameter, fairly high surface brightness, very
small bright nucleus. A mag 14.5
star is barely off the northeast end.
Forms a close pair with HCG 94B (34" between centers) with HCG 94D
only 24" NE (very close to the mag 14.5 star). HCG 94B (NGC 7578A) appeared fairly faint, very small,
round, 20" core surrounded by a very low surface brightness halo. HCG 94D (NGC 7578C) appeared extremely
faint and small, round, 6" diameter.
HCG 94C lies 2.2' NE and appeared faint, small, elongated 2:1 ~N-S,
contains a very small slightly brighter core and faint extensions NNW-SSE,
~20"x10". A mag 14 star
lies 50" S.
18"
(8/25/06): this is the northeast component of a double system in HCG 94 (core
of AGC 2572). It appeared faint,
very small, round, 0.4' diameter with a mag 14.5 star just off the NE end.
18"
(9/3/05): fairly faint, very small, round, 25" diameter. A mag 14 star is very close at the NE
edge and somewhat confuses the view.
Forms a double with slightly fainter HCG 94B just 0.6' SW of
center. The SW component appeared
faint, very small, round, 20" diameter.
18"
(8/27/05): at 323x, this double system is cleanly resolved. The NE component is faint, very small,
round, 20" diameter. A mag
14-15 star is just off the NE end and a second mag 14 star lies 50"
south. Just separated from HCG
94B, which lies 34" SW of center.
17.5"
(9/7/96): fairly faint, small, round, 45" diameter. A mag 14 star is at the NE edge and a
second mag 14 star 0.9' S. Forms a
double system with UGC 12477 = HCG 94b on the SW side of the halo. The brighter cores of the galaxies are
cleanly resolved but both appear to be encased in a common outer halo. The faintest member, HCG 94c, lies 2.2'
NE. HCG 93 lies only 32' NW!
17.5"
(9/23/89): this is the brightest member of the HCG 94 compact group in AGC 2572
(identified as NGC 7578B in RC2, UGC and HCG). Faint, small, slightly elongated SW-NE. Attached to fainter NGC 7578A = HCG 94b
just 34" SW of center in a common halo. A mag 15 star is at the NE edge 15" from center and a
mag 14 star is off the south side 52" from center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7578 = H III-182 = h2225 on 18 Sep 1784 (sweep 277) and recorded
"2 vS stars about 2 or 3' distance with excessively faint nebulosity
between them. I saw also a third
star." He probably resolved
the pair, though his separation estimate is much too large. On 15 Oct 1784
(sweep 290), he logged "Suspected, E, 240 shewed 4 or 5 small stars with
seeming nebulosity but left it doubtful." JH simply called this object
"F" but his position matches - no mention of being double or nearby
faint stars. The brighter
northeast member is designated NGC 7578B in RC2, RC3, UGC, MCG and
Hickson. See Corwin's notes for a
full discussion.
******************************
NGC 7579 = MCG
+01-59-031 = CGCG 406-046 = PGC 70964
23 17 38.9 +09
26 00
V = 14.1; Size 0.4'x0.3'; Surf Br = 11.6; PA = 39d
24"
(9/30/16): at 375x; fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated,
18"x15". First in a
small group of galaxies within Pegasus II cluster with NGC 7584 3.5' due east
and CGCG 406-050 4.2' ESE.
Situated 6.7' SW of mag 7.6 HD 219728.
17.5"
(10/28/89): very faint, very small, slightly elongated. This Pegasus II member forms a trio
with NGC 7584 3.5' E and CGCG 406-050 4.2' ENE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7579 = m 554, along with NGC 7484, on 5 Oct 1864 and noted
"eF, vS, stellar." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7580 = UGC
12481 = MCG +02-59-019 = CGCG 431-034 = Mrk 318 = LGG 471-006 = PGC 70962
23 17 36.4 +14
00 04
V = 13.7; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 45d
17.5"
(9/23/89): faint, small, slightly elongated SW-NE, bright core.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 7580 = Sw V-99 on 25 Sep 1886 and recorded "vF; pS; R; F *
nr sp; 3 stars following point to it." His position and description is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7581 = NGC
7541 = UGC 12447 = MCG +01-59-017 = CGCG 406-030 = Holm 805a = PGC 70795
23 14 43.9 +04
32 04
See observing
notes for NGC 7541.
Horace Tuttle
discovered NGC 7581 on 11 Jan 1875 with the 26-inch refractor at the U.S. Naval
Observatory. Although Holden is credited with the discovery in the NGC,
Wolfgang Steinicke found in the USNO observations for 1875 the entry "Jan.
11. Nebula (nova). In looking for Encke's Comet, found a
vF, elongated nebula [alpha] = 23h 11m.4 [delta] = +3d 59. T[uttle].". There is nothing near his
position. In Die Herschel Nebel
(1927), Karl Reinmuth states "not found, =N7541". NGC 7541 is 3 minutes of RA west and 8'
south of Tuttle's position, but there is a mag 12-13 star just east, which
matches the NGC description (not in the .
So despite the very poor position this identification is possible. See Harold Corwin's notes for more.
******************************
NGC 7582 = Grus
Trio = ESO 291-016 = MCG -07-47-029 = LGG 472-004 = PGC 71001
23 18 23.5 -42
22 14
V = 10.6; Size 5.0'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 157d
30"
(10/21/17 - OzSky): at 264x; extremely bright, very large, very elongated ~3:1
NNW-SSE, ~3.6'x1.2'. Strong
concentration with an extremely bright elongated core and prominent
quasi-stellar nucleus.
Brighter along the spine of the major axis with a mottled or patchy
surface brightness. NGC 7582 is
the largest and most impressive in the Grus Triplet with NGC 7590 5' NE and NGC
7599 12.5' NE.
13.1"
(11/5/83): fairly large, diffuse, elongated NNW-SSE. First of three in the field with NGC 7590 9.8' NE and NGC
7599 12.6' NE.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 7582 = D 476 = h3977 on 7 Jul 1826 and recorded "a small
faint round nebula, about 30" diameter: a double nebula follow
this." JH made a single
observation on 2 Sep 1836 and described "pB, L, pmE, gbM." His declination is 15' too large. DeLisle Stewart's corrected dec in the
IC 2 notes (from Ann Harv Coll Obs, vol LX, p175) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7583 = NGC
7605 = MCG +01-59-034 = CGCG 406-047 = PGC 70975
23 17 52.8 +07
22 46
V = 13.8; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(11/18/95): faint, small, round, well-defined 30" halo. Weak concentration to a small brighter
core. A mag 14 star is 1.1' W of
center. Brightest of trio with NGC
7604 = MCG +01-59-033 = CGCG 406-048 3.0' N and NGC 7577 8.8' W.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7583 = m 555 on 2 Sep 1864 and noted "vF, vS." His position is 2' north of CGCG
406-047 and 1' south of CGCG 404-048.
Since he only observed one of these galaxies on this date, it's
reasonable to assume he picked up CGCG 406-047, as this is the brighter
galaxy. Marth probably found this
galaxy again three months later on 29 Nov 1864 as m 568 = NGC 7605 but his RA
was 1.0 tmin too large. So, NGC
7583 = NGC 7603 = CGCG 406-047.
CGCG doesn't use the NGC designation and misidentifies CGCG 406-048 as
NGC 7583. This latter galaxy is
probably NGC 7604.
******************************
NGC 7584 = MCG
+01-59-035 = CGCG 406-049 = PGC 70977
23 17 53.0 +09
26 00
V = 14.4; Size 0.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.1
24"
(9/30/16): at 375x; fairly faint, small, round, 20" diameter. In a trio with CGCG 406-050 1.1' NE and
NGC 7579 3.5' due W. Located 4.5'
SSW of mag 7.6 HD 219728. CGCG 406-050
appeared faint, very small, round, 10"-12" diameter. A mag 14 star is 0.9' SE. Member of the Pegasus II cluster.
17.5"
(10/28/89): very faint, very small, round. A mag 15.5 star (or extremely faint and small galaxy) is off
the SW edge. A mag 14 star is 1.3'
ENE. Forms a trio with CGCG
406-050 1.1' NNE and NGC 7579 3.5' W.
Located 4.6' SSW of mag 7.6 SAO 128095 in the Pegasus II cluster. CGCG 406-050 appeared extremely faint
and small, round. A mag 15.5 star
is less than 1' WSW and a mag 14 star is 1' SE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7584 = m 556, along with NGC 7579, on 5 Oct 1864 and noted
"eF, vS, stellar." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7585 = Arp
223 = MCG -01-59-015 = PGC 70986
23 18 01.2 -04
38 58
V = 11.4; Size 2.3'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 105d
17.5"
(8/7/91): bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, small very bright
core, stellar nucleus. Located
8.0' SSE of mag 8.5 SAO 146621.
Forms a pair with NGC 7576 10.7' SW. NGC 7592 lies 15' NE.
8"
(9/25/81): faint, small, small bright nucleus. Two mag 8 stars are in the field to the north and NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7585 = H II-236 = h2226 = h3979 on 20 Sep 1784 (sweep 279) and
noted "pB, irr E, r." On
5 Oct 1785 (sweep 455) he noted "pB, pL, iR, mbM." JH made an observation from Slough as
well as the Cape of Good Hope (accurate position).
******************************
NGC 7586 = PGC
1349697
23 17 55.6 +08
35 03
V = 14.8; Size 0.5'x0.4'
17.5"
(11/18/95): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, slight central
brightening. Located 3.8' NW of
mag 9 SAO 128097 and collinear with a mag 12 star 1.3' SE of the mag 9
star. RNGC and CGCG misidentify
CGCG 406-045 as NGC 7586.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7586 = m 557 on 2 Sep 1864 and noted "eF, vS, alm
stellar." His position is
less than 1' northwest of extremely compact PGC 1349697. Bigourdan also made two observations of
this galaxy and Reinmuth also appears to have identified this galaxy correctly.
RNGC, CGCG, PGC,
HyperLeda misidentify the double system CGCG 406-045 as NGC 7586. This galaxy is located 20' south of
Marth's and Bigourdan's position. Malcolm discussed this identification in Q.
Jl R. astr. Soc. (1991), 32, 17-24 and his unpublished "Catalogue
Corrections".
******************************
NGC 7587 = UGC
12484 = MCG +01-59-037 = CGCG 406-052 = PGC 70984
23 17 59.1 +09
40 49
V = 13.9; Size 1.3'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 123d
24"
(9/30/16): moderately to fairly bright, very elongated 3:1 NW-SE,
~50"x18", high surface brightness, small bright core. A mag 11 star is 2.5' NE. Forms a close pair with CGCG 406-051
[51" between centers]. The
companion appeared very faint, small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 20"x10".
17.5"
(10/28/89): faint, fairly small, very elongated NW-SE, weak concentration. Forms a close pair with CGCG 406-051
0.9' S. The companion is extremely
faint and small, round. At z =
.029, this galaxy is twice the redshift of the main members of Pegasus I, so
perhaps is a member of the Pegasus II cluster.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7587 = m 558 on 5 Oct 1864 and noted "vF, vS, lE,
gbM." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 7588 = MCG
+03-59-031 = CGCG 454-030 = PGC 70983
23 17 57.8 +18
45 08
V = 14.9; Size 0.5'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.6
18"
(8/25/06): very faint, extremely small, round, 8" diameter with a
well-defined halo, even surface brightness. Located 2' NW of a 9th magnitude star and 8.6' NW of NGC
7597 in the core of AGC 2572.
17.5"
(9/23/89): extremely faint and small, round. This member of AGC 2572 is located on a line with a mag 13
star 1.0' SE and mag 8.8 SAO 108523 2.1' SE. Also lies 3.1' N of mag 8.6 SAO 108518.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7588 = m 559, along with NGC 7598 and 7602, on 3 Nov 1864 and
noted "eF, eS." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7589 = MCG
+00-59-019 = CGCG 380-024 = PGC 70995
23 18 15.6 +00
15 40
V = 14.1; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 102d
17.5"
(8/1/87): very faint, small, slightly elongated SW-NE, weak concentration. Located 1.2' W of a double star with
components mag 11/14 at 18" separation. Forms a pair with NGC 7603 8' ESE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7589 = m 560, along with NGC 7603, on 23 Oct 1864 and noted
"eF, vS." His position
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7590 = Grus
Trio = ESO 347-033 = MCG -07-47-030 = LGG 472-005 = PGC 71031
23 18 54.8 -42
14 21
V = 11.5; Size 2.7'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 36d
30"
(10/21/17 - OzSky): at 264x; very bright prominent ellipse, very elongated 3:1
SSW-NNE,, ~2.1'x0.7'. Strongly
concentrated with a very bright, elongated core that appears mottled. A mag
12.0 is attached on the east side of the northern end of the galaxy. Second of three in the Grus Triplet
with NGC 7599 5' ESE and NGC 7582 10' SW.
13.1"
(11/5/83): faint, small, elongated SW-NE.
A star is at the NE edge.
Forms a pair with NGC 7599 4.9' ESE. Second of three with NGC 7582 9.8' SW.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 7590 = D 477.1 = h3980 on 14 Jul 1826, along with NGC 7599 and
recorded "two very small round nebulae [NGC 7590 and 7599], nearly the
same RA, and differing about 1' in polar distances." JH observed the pair of 2 Sep 1836 and
logged "pB; pmE; gbM; 90 arcseconds, the preceding of two [with NGC
7599]."
******************************
NGC 7591 = UGC
12486 = MCG +01-59-038 = CGCG 406-053 = PGC 70996
23 18 16.3 +06
35 09
V = 13.0; Size 1.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 145d
17.5"
(11/1/86): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated NW-SE, weak
concentration. Located 34' ESE of
NGC 7562.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7591 = m 561 on 14 Aug 1864 and noted "pF, S, R,
vgbM." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 7592 = MCG
-01-59-017 = VV 731 = PGC 70999
23 18 22.5 -04
24 59
V = 13.5; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 57d
24"
(8/23/14): at 375x appeared fairly faint, fairly small, irregular. With careful viewing, the highest
surface brightness component is the core of the eastern galaxy (identified as
NGC 7592B = Mrk 928 in NED), with most of the glow extending southwest,
creating an asymmetric appearance.
The nucleus of the western galaxy (identified as NGC 7592A in NED)
appeared faint and extremely small, perhaps 5" diameter. The arm or wing to its north was not
seen. The two nuclei are separated by only 13" as measured on ALADIN.
17.5"
(8/7/91): faint, small, round. NGC
7592A, a very faint and extremely small companion (only the nucleus was
observed) attached at the west edge, was just resolved. NGC 7585 lies 17' SW. This is an interacting/colliding pair
on the POSS with nuclei only 15" apart!
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7592 = H III-186 on 20 Sep 1784 (sweep 279) and noted "eF
and vS." Heinrich d'Arrest
measured an accurate micrometric position on 2 Oct 1866.
******************************
NGC 7593 = UGC
12483 = MCG +02-59-020 = CGCG 431-035 = PGC 70981
23 17 57.0 +11
20 57
V = 13.6; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 104d
17.5"
(8/27/92): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 WSW-ENE, even surface
brightness. A mag 15 star is at
the NE edge.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7593 = m 562 on 5 Oct 1864 and noted "F, S, R." There is nothing at his position but 23
seconds of RA west is UGC 12483 (same dec). Bigourdan measured an accurate position on 30 Oct 1886
(repeated in the IC 2 Notes).
******************************
NGC 7594 = IC
1478 = UGC 12485 = MCG +02-59-023 = CGCG 431-037 = WBL 706-003 = PGC 70991
23 18 13.9 +10
17 54
V = 13.7; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 30d
17.5"
(11/18/95): faint, small, elongated 2:1 ~N-S, 0.8'x0.4', broad weak
concentration. The outer halo
increases in size with averted vision.
Brightest in a quartet (WBL 706) with IC's 5305, 5306, 5307. NGC 7594 is identified as IC 1478 in
UGC, MCG, CGCG and RC3.
IC 5305 is
faint, very small, round, 15" diameter, weak concentration. Located 3.8' NNE of a mag 11.5 star and
1.9' W of NGC 7594. Collinear with
two mag 14 stars 45" SSW and 1.4' SSW.
IC 5306 is
extremely faint and small, round, 15" diameter, low surface
brightness. Collinear with IC 5305
3.4' NNW and two mag 14 stars 2.0' NNW and 2.7' NNW.
IC 5307 is
extremely faint and small, round, 15" diameter. Faintest of four in NGC 7594 group and required averted to
glimpse.
Andrew Ainslie
Common discovered NGC 7594 = Nova #27 in August 1880 with his 36-inch reflector
and recorded "Faint, round, following 3 stars in a line [with orientation]
90¡ pointing to another fainter nebula south." His discovery position (estimated using setting circles) is
~6' southeast of UGC 12485, the brightest galaxy in a group and his description
applies. Bigourdan independently
discovered this galaxy on 22 Aug 1889, measured an accurate position and
catalogued it as Big. 239 (later IC 1478). All modern galaxy catalogues (as
well as HyperLeda) identify this galaxy as IC 1478.
The
"fainter nebula south" is IC 5306 (independently found by Kobold in
1897), and the northernmost of the "3 stars in line 90¡" is IC
5305! The two ICs, as well as IC
5307 were found by Kobold in 1897.
RC3, MCG, RNGC and DSFG misidentify IC 5306 as NGC 7594. I noticed this identification while
examining John Vickers' CCD Atlas.
Listed in my RNGC Corrections #7 as well as Harold Corwin's
identification notes.
******************************
NGC 7595 = PGC
71004
23 18 30.2 +09
55 57
V = 14.1; Size 0.4'x0.4'
17.5"
(11/18/95): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Collinear with two mag 14 and 15 stars
0.8' and 1.4' due S, respectively.
A group of four mag 11/12 stars lie ~3' NE. Located about 20' S of the NGC 7594 group (including IC's 5305,
5306 and 5307) in the northern part of Pegasus I cluster.
Ainslie Common
discovered NGC 7595 = Nova #28 in Aug of 1880 and simply noted "F,
stellar." His position
corresponds with PGC 71004. This
galaxy is not catalogued in the CGCG, MCG, RC3.
******************************
NGC 7596 = IC
1477 = MCG -01-59-011 = PGC 70932
23 17 12.0 -06
54 43
V = 14.2; Size 1.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 34d
17.5"
(7/25/95): faint, small, round, 30" diameter, very weak
concentration. Located nearly at
the midpoint of two mag 13.5 stars 1.1' W and 1.4' E. Two similar star are also 1.3' S and 2.3' SE. The PGC magnitude (B = 12.9) appears to
be too bright.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 7596 = LM I-262 on 28 Sep 1886 and reported
"mag 13.5; pS; lE 180¡ [N-S], lbMN." There is nothing at his rough position (even the nearest min
of RA is marked uncertain), but 1.5 min of RA west is MCG -01-59-011 = PGC
70932. Harold Corwin checked
Leavenworth's sketched and confirmed it matches PGC 70932. Stephane Javelle found this galaxy 6
years later on 16 Sep 1892 with the 30" refractor at the Nice Observatory,
measured an accurate position for J. 485 (later IC 1477). So, NGC 7596 = IC 1477. MCG uses the IC designation.
******************************
NGC 7597 = NGC
7571?? = MCG +03-59-032 = CGCG 454-032 = PGC 71006
23 18 30.3 +18
41 19
V = 13.9; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.5
18"
(8/25/06): fairly faint, fairly small, irregularly round, 0.8'x0.7', broadly
concentrated halo rising quickly to a small, bright core. A faint double star lies 1.3' WSW. This galaxy is the brightest in the
core of AGC 2572. The cluster is
located within a group of 5 brighter mag 8-10 stars that detracts from viewing.
17.5"
(9/23/89): very faint, small, round, small bright core. Located between two mag 14 stars 1.2'
SW and 1.3' NE. Brightest of trio
with NGC 7598 3.7' NNE and NGC 7602 3.2' ENE in AGC 2572.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7597 = m 563 on 23 Oct 1864 and noted "eF, vS,
gbM." His position is 1'-2'
south of CGCG 454-032. Harold
Corwin proposes that Herman Schultz may have found this galaxy again on 25 Sep
1867 with the 9.6-inch refractor at Uppsala Observatory and it was recorded as
GC 6161 = NGC 7571. See that
number.
******************************
NGC 7598 = MCG
+03-59-033 = CGCG 454-033 = PGC 71011
23 18 33.3 +18
44 58
V = 14.9; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.5
18"
(8/25/06): extremely faint and small, round, 8" diameter. Forms a close "double" with a
slightly brighter mag 15 star.
Located 2.2' NE of a mag 9.8 star and 3.7' N of NGC 7597 in the core of
AGC 2572.
17.5"
(9/23/89): extremely faint and small, round. This member of AGC 2572 is located 2.2' NE of a mag 9.5
star. In a close trio with NGC
7597 3.7' SSW and NGC 7602 3.9' SE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7598 = m 564, along with NGC 7588 and 7602, on 3 Nov 1864 and
noted "eF, eS, stellar."
His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7599 = Grus
Trio = IC 5308 = ESO 347-034 = MCG -07-47-033 = LGG 472-006 = PGC 71066
23 19 21.1 -42
15 25
V = 11.5; Size 4.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 57d
30"
(10/21/17 - OzSky): NGC 7599 is the third in the showpiece Grus Trio. At 264x it appeared very bright, very
large, elongated nearly 3:1 SW-NE, ~3.25'x1', broad concentration but no
distinct core or nucleus. The
surface brightness is uneven or mottled, though, likely due to spiral structure
or dust. The southwest end is more
tapered, with a very faint extension at the tip, while the northeast side ends
more abruptly. A mag 14 star is
superimposed on the north side, 0.8' NNE of center. A mag 12.8 star is off the
east side, 1.5' from center. NGC
7590 lies 5' WNW.
13.1"
(11/5/83): extremely faint, fairly large, very elongated SW-NE, at visual
threshold. Located 4.9' ESE of NGC
7590. Faintest of three nearly
edge-on galaxies in the field (Grus Quartet including NGC 7552). Observation hampered by very low
elevation from Northern California.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 7599 = D 477.2 = h3981, along with NGC 7582, on 14 Jul 1826 and
recorded "two very small round nebulae, nearly the same RA, and differing
about 1' in polar distances."
JH observed the pair of 2 Sep 1836 and logged "F; pmE; gbM; 3';
[the following of two]."
Harold Corwin
notes that Lewis Swift's XI-227 = IC 5308, found on 8 Aug 1897 and described as
"eeF; S; cE; f of 7599." is likely a duplicate observation as he may
have confused NGC 7590 as 7599.
See his historical notes.
******************************
NGC 7600 = MCG
-01-59-019 = PGC 71029
23 18 53.8 -07
34 50
V = 11.9; Size 2.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 69d
13.1"
(11/5/83): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated E-W, bright core, faint
stellar nucleus. A group of bright
stars mag 8-9 to the NW forms a "V" asterism pointing to the E;
includes mag 7.8 SAO 146629 12' NW, mag 8.3 SAO 146619 16' WNW, mag 8.8 SAO
146626 16' NW and mag 8.5 SAO 146625 21' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7600 = H II-431 = h2227 on 10 Sep 1785 (sweep 435) and recorded
"vF, S, mbM, irregularly a little extended, r." JH made two observation, logging (sweep
186), "pB; R; psbM; 15"."
******************************
NGC 7601 = UGC
12487 = MCG +01-59-039 = CGCG 406-056 = PGC 71022
23 18 47.0 +09
14 01
V = 14.0; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 90d
24"
(9/30/16): at 375x; fairly faint, moderately large, slightly elongated E-W,
40"x32", low surface brightness, very weak concentration. A mag 12 star is 1.4' N. CGCG 406-063 lies 7.2' NE
17.5"
(10/12/85 and 10/28/89): very faint, fairly small, slightly elongated oval
~E-W, diffuse, even surface brightness.
A mag 11.5 star is 1.4' N of center. Forms a pair with CGCG 406-063 7.1' NE in the Pegasus I
cluster. NGC 7584/NGC 7579 pair
lies 18' NW.
Andrew Ainslie
Common discovered NGC 7601 on 4 Aug 1880 with his 36-inch reflector. He reported "pB, diffused. Found in looking for Faye's
comet." His position is 2'
due north of UGC 12487 - an unusually good position.
******************************
NGC 7602 = MCG
+03-59-034 - CGCG 454-034 = PGC 71019
23 18 43.5 +18
41 54
V = 14.3; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9
18"
(8/25/06): faint, very small, round, 15" diameter, very small brighter
core. Located 3.2' NNW of an 8th magnitude star and
3' ENE of NGC 7597 in the core of AGC 2572.
17.5"
(9/23/89): very faint, extremely small, round, very faint stellar nucleus. A mag 15 star is 38" NNW of
center. Located 3.2' NNW of mag 8
SAO 108536. In a trio with NGC
7597 3.2' WSW and NGC 7598 3.9' NW within AGC 2572.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7602 = m 565, along with NGC 7588 and 7598, on 3 Nov 1864 and
noted "eF, eS, stellar."
His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7603 = Arp
92 = UGC 12493 = MCG +00-59-021 = CGCG 380-026 = Mrk 530 = PGC 71035
23 18 56.6 +00
14 38
V = 13.2; Size 1.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 165d
48"
(10/29/16): at 610x; bright, moderately large, round, sharply concentrated with
a very bright core and an intensely bright stellar nucleus! The roundish halo gradually fades out
around 1.0' diameter. The
beginning of a tidal arm is occasionally visible on the south side, extending a
short distance to the southeast, but not reaching NGC 7603B. The apparent companion, resides far in
the background at a redshift distance of ~740 million ly. It appeared fairly faint, fairly small,
round, 0.3' diameter, very small brighter core, stellar nucleus. A hint of the apparent bridge from NGC
7603 is just visible close west, but was not seen as connected.
48"
(10/22/11): at 375x, this Seyfert galaxy is unusually sharply concentrated and
displayed an extremely bright stellar nucleus surrounded by an intensely
bright, 20" core with a much fainter outer halo extending 1.3'x1.0'. Forms a close pair with NGC 7603B = PGC
71041 just 1' SE. At 610x, the
small companion is just outside the halo of NGC 7603 and appeared fairly faint,
fairly small, round, 20" diameter.
24"
(9/1/16): at 220x; bright, small, round, contains a very small unusually bright
core that increases to an extremely bright stellar nucleus (Seyfert
galaxy)! Forms a close (line of
sight) pair with NGC 7603B 1.0' SE.
The companion appeared extremely to very faint, extremely small, only
~6" diameter, required averted to see (V = 15.9, B = 16.7).
17.5"
(8/1/87): moderately bright, fairly small, oval ~N-S, sharp concentration,
small bright core, stellar nucleus.
Forms a pair with NGC 7589 8' WNW.
Located 5.1' SW of a mag 9.5 star.
13"
(8/11/85): faint, small, round, sharp concentration, stellar nucleus. Located ~5' W of a mag 9 star.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7603 = m 566, along with NGC 7589, on 23 Oct 1864 and noted
"F, vS, stellar." His
position is accurate.
There is a
long-standing redshift controversy with this pair first mentioned by Arp in
ApL, 7, 221, 1971. NGC 7603, the
brighter galaxy, has a redshift z = .029 (~390 million ly) while its companion
NGC 7603B has a much higher redshift z = .057, placing it about twice the
distance (~740 million ly). But
there appears to be a luminous bridge connecting the objects that is easily
visible on the DSS. Also two quasars with much higher redshifts (z = .391
and z = .243) are embedded exactly on line of sight at the start and end of the
bridge.
******************************
NGC 7604 = MCG
+01-59-033 = CGCG 406-048 = PGC 70974
23 17 51.9 +07
25 48
V = 14.5; Size 0.5'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 90d
17.5"
(11/18/95): very faint, extremely small, round, 15" diameter, appears to
brighten slightly at the center.
Can just hold steadily with averted vision. Forms a pair with NGC 7583 = NGC 7605 3.0' S.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7604 = m 567, along with NGC 7605, on 29 Nov 1864 and noted
"eF, vS, bM." There is
nothing at his position bright enough to have been seen, but exactly 1.0 minute
of RA preceding is CGCG 406-048 = PGC 70974. This galaxy is 3' north of NGC 7583. Assuming Marth made the same 1.0 minute
recording error for NGC 7605 = m 568 (observed on same night), then NGC 7605
matches NGC 7583. Reinmuth and
RNGC also equate NGC 7604 = CGCG 406-048.
******************************
NGC 7605 = NGC
7583 = MCG +01-59-034 = CGCG 404-047 = PGC 70975
23 17 52.8 +07 22
46
See observing
notes for NGC 7583.
Albert Marth
found NGC 7605 = m 568, along with NGC 7604, on 29 Nov 1864 and noted "vF,
S, R, glbM." There is nothing
at his position, but 1.0 minute of RA preceding is CGCG 404-047 = NGC 7583,
which Marth had discovered a few months earlier on 2 Sep 1864. So, NGC 7605 = NGC 7583. See NGC 7604.
******************************
NGC 7606 = MCG
-02-59-012 = PGC 71047
23 19 05.1 -08
29 05
V = 10.8; Size 5.4'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 145d
13.1"
(11/5/83): fairly bright, large, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, weak concentration,
diffuse halo, possible faint stellar nucleus. Bracketed between two mag 12/13 stars that lie 3' N and 2.5'
S of center.
8"
(11/8/80): faint, elongated.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7606 = H I-104 = h2228 = h3982 on 28 Sep 1785 (sweep 445) and
recorded "cB, cL, gmbM, nearly in the meridian, each end seems to
terminate in a very faint ray."
From the Cape of Good Hope, JH reported "F; pL; pmE; 2' l, 1 1/2'
br." On 18 Sep 1852, G.
Johnstone Stoney, observing with LdR's 72", logged "seemed narrowest
in the middle and to spread out at either end, a small star nnp nucl on edge of
neby. Query, a brighter streak f
nucl from np to sf [probably the eastern spiral arm]."
******************************
NGC 7607 = IC
1480
23 18 59.4 +11
20 30
=**, Corwin. Not
found, RNGC.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 7607 = T IV-13 on 5 Aug 1880. At his ring micrometric position a faint double star and he
notes a 16th magnitude star 1/2' northeast. Harold Corwin notes that Bigourdan found this double again
on 30 Oct 1886 and called it a "Small cluster 20 arcsec in diameter in
which I can distinguish at least two stars, perhaps accompanied by a little
nebulosity." His entry B. 240 in his 5th Comptes Rendus list became IC
1480, so NGC 7607 = IC 1480 = double star. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 7608 = UGC
12500 = MCG +01-59-044 = CGCG 406-062 = LGG 473-004 = PGC 71055
23 19 15.3 +08
21 01
V = 14.2; Size 1.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 20d
17.5"
(9/14/85): very faint, small, diffuse, very elongated ~N-S, even surface
brightness, requires averted. IC
5309 lies 14' S. Collinear with
mag 8.5 SAO 128112 7' SSW and mag 9 SAO 28111 8' SSW. A second wide bright pair lies 5.5' SE (mag 10/11 at
42"). Member of the Pegasus I
cluster.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7608 = m 569 on 25 Nov 1864 and noted "vF, pS, lE,
lbM." His position is 2' too
far southwest. Heinrich d'Arrest
independently discovered it on 2 Oct 1866 (single observation).
******************************
NGC 7609 = HCG
95A = Arp 150 NED1 = VV 20a = MCG +01-59-047 = CGCG 406-065 = PGC 71076
23 19 30.0 +09
30 30
V = 14.1; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 135d
48"
(10/27/16): at 488x; bright, fairly small, roundish, sharply concentrated with
an intensely bright nucleus and a slightly elongated halo. NGC 7609 = HCG 95A forms an interacting
system with HCG 95D 0.4' SE. HCG
95D appeared fairly faint, small, round, 12"-15" diameter. The beginning of the tidal bridge or
loop connecting HCG 95D to NGC 7609 on the north side was faintly visible. MCG +01-59-048 = HCG 95B, situated 1.2'
SE, appeared fairly faint to moderately bright, very elongated 7:2 NW-SE,
slightly brighter core, ~30" length.
Two mag 15 stars are close southwest. MCG +01-59-046 = HCG 95C, 1' SW of NGC 7609, is the faintest
in the quartet and appeared as a low even surface brightness sliver,
~30"x6" NW-SE. HCG 95B
is likely a a foreground galaxy based on the 2MASS redshift, with the other
three forming an interacting triplet.
48"
(10/23/11): bright, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE, 30"x25"
very bright core surrounded by a fainter halo. Forms an interacting pair with HCG 95D (25" between
centers) on the southeast side. At
488x the close duo was connected on the north side by a very faint loop or
bridge! The tidal plume to the
south of 95D (forming a partial ring) was not seen. The total size of the system is ~45"x30", oriented
NW-SE.
18"
(9/3/05): fairly faint, very small, slightly elongated, 25"x20". Brightest in HCG 95 and forms a double
system with 95D. The attached
companion (VV 20b = HCG 95D) was extremely faint and small, round, 5"
diameter. It was only glimpsed a few times so the observation was not 100%
certain.
18"
(8/27/05): faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. At times, appeared slightly elongated
~4:3, possibly due to HCG 95D which is attached to the southeast end. Located 3' WNW of a faint, unequal
double star.
17.5"
(9/7/96): very faint, small, elongated 4:3 WSW-ENE, 40"x30", very
little concentration. This is an interacting pair with HCG 95D attached at
southeast end (not seen) and HCG 95B lies just 1.2' SE. In the background of the Pegasus I
cluster.
17.5"
(10/28/89): very faint, very small, stellar nucleus or star superimposed. Located 18' NNE of NGC 7601 in the
Pegasus I cluster. On the POSS
this is a close double galaxy with stellar nuclei. Brightest in HCG 95.
17.5"
(10/12/85): faint, very small, faint stellar nucleus.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7609 = m 570 on 5 Oct 1864 and noted "vF, vS,
gbM." Although there are four
galaxies here (HCG 95), it's reasonable to assign NGC 7609 to the brightest
member only as it wasn't mentioned as double.
******************************
NGC 7610 = NGC
7616? = UGC 12511 = MCG +02-59-025 = CGCG 431-042 = LGG 473-010 = PGC 71087
23 19 41.4 +10
11 06
V = 13.0; Size 2.5'x1.9'; Surf Br = 14.5
17.5"
(8/27/92): faint, moderately large, 1.5' diameter, low surface brightness, no
central concentration. A mag 12
star is just off the southwest edge 1.1' from the center. Located at the north edge of the
Pegasus I cluster.
Andrew Ainslie
Common discovered NGC 7610 in August of 1880 using his 36-inch reflector and
recorded "F, S, diffused."
His position is 10 seconds west and 1.7' south of UGC 12511. Nearby NGC 7616 (28 seconds of RA
larger) may be a duplicate observation.
******************************
NGC 7611 = UGC
12509 = MCG +01-59-049 = CGCG 406-066 = LGG 474-006 = PGC 71083
23 19 36.6 +08
03 48
V = 12.5; Size 1.5'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 139d
17.5"
(9/14/85): fairly faint, small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, stellar nucleus. NGC 7619 lies 12.7' NE. Located 5.5' NNW of mag 7.1 SAO 128119
in the Pegasus I cluster.
13"
(9/22/84): faint, small, round, stellar nucleus, slightly elongated. A mag 7 star is 5' S. NGC 7619 is 12' NE.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 7611 on 21 Sep 1862 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. He observed this
galaxy on 6 nights and noted several times it formed a triangle with two stars
(estimated at mag 17 and 18, though only mag 14). This galaxy appears to have been missed at Birr Castle
(NGC 7617 was seen instead).
******************************
NGC 7612 = UGC
12512 = MCG +01-59-050 = CGCG 406-068 = LGG 473-008 = PGC 71089
23 19 44.2 +08
34 35
V = 12.8; Size 1.6'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 2d
17.5"
(9/14/85): fairly faint, small, elongated, small bright core. Member of the Pegasus I cluster with
NGC 7615 11' S.
13"
(11/5/83): faint, very small, almost round, small bright nucleus, compact. Located 15' NW of NGC 7623.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 7612 = m 571 on 26 May 1863 with the 11-inch refractor
at Copenhagen. It was first reported as #205 in his AN 1500 discovery list
(1864). Albert Marth independently
discovered it on 2 Sep 1864 and noted "pB, vS, psbM."
******************************
NGC 7613
23 19 54 +00 12
=Not found,
Corwin. Incorrect identification
in the RNGC.
Gaspare Ferrari
discovered NGC 7613 = Nova #3, along with NGC 7614, on 18 Dec 1865 while
searching for Biela's Comet. He
was using the 9.5-inch Merz equatorial at the College Romain as an assistant to
Father Angelo Secchi (see AN 1571). There is nothing at his position or any
pair nearby. Harold Corwin lists
this number as lost (not found).
The RNGC misidentifies PGC 71095 as NGC 7613. This (single) galaxy is located 12' due north of Ferrari's
position and too faint to have been picked up. Most of Ferrari's discoveries are probably single or
multiple stars.
******************************
NGC 7614
23 20 00 +00 13
=Not found,
Corwin. =4*, Steinicke.
Gaspare Ferrari
discovered NGC 7614 = Nova #4, along with NGC 7613, on 18 Dec 1865 while
searching for Biela's Comet. Both
objects were given a single position, but there is no pair of galaxies in the
area. Most his discoveries are
missing (probably single or double stars). Karl Reinmuth was unable to identify
a candidate of a Heidelberg plate and Corwin lists the number as lost. Wolfgang Steinicke identifies NGC 7614
as a group of 3 faint stars at 23 19 52.6 +00 10 56, very close to Ferrari's
position.
******************************
NGC 7615 = MCG
+01-59-051 = CGCG 406-070 = PGC 71097
23 19 54.4 +08
23 58
V = 14.3; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 152d
17.5"
(10/12/85): appears slightly brighter than NGC 7608, elongated ~NW-SE. A faint
star is off the east edge.
17.5"
(9/14/85): very faint, diffuse, slightly elongated. A mag 14 star is off the east edge 1.0' from the
center. This member of the Pegasus
I cluster is located 6' WNW of NGC 7621 and 7.5' W of NGC 7623.
13"
(11/5/83): extremely faint, at visual threshold, possibly slightly
elongated. A mag 14 star is off
the edge.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7615 = h2229 on 16 Aug 1830 and noted "pF; R;
psbM." His position is fairly
accurate although this galaxy was missed by d'Arrest (failed attempts in 1862
and 1865), Wilhelm Tempel and Herman Schultz (searched for in vain in 1865).
******************************
NGC 7616 = NGC
7610?? = UGC 12511 = MCG +02-59-025 = CGCG 431-042 = LGG 473-010 = PGC 71073
23 19 41.7 +10
11 06
See observing
notes for NGC 7610. (R)NGC 7616
not found 8/27/92, Grandview.
Andrew Ainslie
Common discovered NGC 7616 in August of 1880 and noted "pF,
diffused." There is nothing
at his position, 28 seconds of RA east and 1' south of his position for NGC
7610 (probably UGC 12511). The most likely scenario (suggested by
Harold Corwin) is that Common recorded the same galaxy twice at different
positions. See Harold Corwin's
notes.
RNGC
misidentifies PGC 71073 as NGC 7616.
This extremely faint galaxy is located 12 seconds west and 1' south (4'
southwest) of NGC 7610. I missed
PGC 71073 in my 17.5" on 27 Aug 1992 from an excellent high elevation site
(Grandview in the White Mountains).
******************************
NGC 7617 = MCG
+01-59-051A = CGCG 406-072 = WBL 710-001 = PGC 71113
23 20 09.0 +08
09 57
V = 13.8; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 42d
17.5"
(9/14/85): faint, small, slightly elongated oval, brighter core. Forms a pair with much brighter NGC
7619 2.8' NNE in the Pegasus I cluster.
13.1":
(9/22/84): faint, very small, round.
Easy with averted.
13.1"
(11/5/83): very faint, very small, round.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 7617 = m 572 on 23 Sep 1864 with the 11-inch refractor
at Copenhagen. He noted it
preceded NGC 7619 by 6.5 seconds of time and 2' to 2 1/2' south. Albert Marth
independently discovered NGC 7617 just two months later on 25 Nov 1864 while
observing the cluster. Both are
credited in the NGC (d'Arrest is listed first).
But Bindon
Stoney probably made the original discovery on 30 Aug 1851 at Birr Castle,
noting "I suspect 2 small nebula p[receding] h2330 [NGC 7619], though
perhaps they are stars." A
sketch in the 1880 publication shows NGC 7617 at the correct orientation with a
separation of 4'. Because of his
uncertainty, Stoney didn't receive credit in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 7618 = UGC
12516 = MCG +07-47-013 = CGCG 532-014 = PGC 71090
23 19 47.2 +42
51 09
V = 13.0; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 5d
17.5"
(9/26/92): faint, small, elongated 3:2 N-S, 0.9'x0.6', weak even concentration
to a brighter core. Situated
midway between a mag 7.5 SAO 52915 6.8' N and a wide double star mag 9/11 at
26" located 8' S.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7618 = St X-40 on 8 Oct 1879. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7619 = UGC
12523 = MCG +01-59-052 = CGCG 406-073 = LGG 473-011 = WBL 710-002 = PGC 71121
23 20 14.5 +08
12 22
V = 11.1; Size 2.5'x2.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 30d
17.5"
(9/14/85): bright, elongated, bright core, stellar nucleus. This galaxy is the brightest and
largest member of the Pegasus I cluster along with NGC 7626 6.9' E. Forms a close pair with NGC 7617 2.8'
SSW. NGC 7626 lies 11.0' E and
difficult UGC 12518 lies 9.4' NW.
13"
(9/22/84): bright, small prominent core, largest in cluster.
8"
(9/25/81): faint, small, small bright nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7619 = H II-439 = h2230 on 26 Sep 1785 (sweep 442) and recorded
"vF and vS." His
position is accurate. JH made two
observations, reporting "pB; R; bM; 30"." (sweep 89) and
"B; pL; R; psbM." (sweep 280)
******************************
NGC 7620 = UGC
12520 = CGCG 476-008 = Mrk 321 = PGC 71106
23 20 05.7 +24
13 16
V = 13.1; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(9/23/89): faint, fairly small, almost round, brighter center surrounded by a
small halo.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7620 = m 573 = T I-50 on 5 Sep 1864 and noted "F, S,
vlE." His position is
accurate. Wilhelm Tempel
independently discovered this galaxy in 1876 and reported it as new in his
first discovery paper. Engelhardt
also measured an accurate micrometric position.
******************************
NGC 7621 = MCG
+01-59-055 = CGCG 406-074 = PGC 71129
23 20 24.6 +08
21 59
V = 14.7; Size 0.7'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 177d
17.5"
(9/14/85): very faint, small, elongated N-S. Requires averted vision. Located 2.2' SW of NGC 7623 and 2.0' NE of a mag 12 star in
the core of the Pegasus I cluster.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7621 = m 574 on 25 Nov 1864 and noted "eF, vS,
stellar." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 7622 = ESO
148-008 = AM 2318-622 = PGC 71187
23 21 38.5 -62
07 04
V = 13.4; Size 1.2'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 60d
25"
(10/15/17 - OzSky): at 397x; faint faint, fairly small, elongated 3:1 WSW-ENE,
~30"x10"; contains a small slightly brighter nucleus. Several brighter stars nearby including
a mag 11.4 star 1.4' NE, a mag 11.3 star 2.9' NW, and a mag 11.9 star 3.8'
NE. Located 34' ESE of mag 5.7 HD
219482.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7622 = h3983 on 1 Nov 1834 and recorded "eF; eS; rather a
doubtful object; situated among 5 small stars." His position is fairly accurate and the stars are just north
with one to the west.
******************************
NGC 7623 = UGC
12526 = MCG +01-59-056 = CGCG 406-075 = LGG 473-012 = PGC 71132
23 20 30.0 +08
23 45
V = 12.8; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 175d
17.5"
(10/12/85): bright core, stellar nucleus, very faint extensions ~N-S.
17.5"
(9/14/85): fairly bright, small, elongated, small bright core. Forms a close pair with NGC 7621 2.2'
SW in the Pegasus I cluster.
13"
(11/5/83): fairly faint, small, round, very small bright core.
8"
(7/24/82): very faint, small.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7623 = H III-435 = h2231 on 26 Sep 1785 (sweep 442) and noted
"vF and eS." His
position is accurate. JH made the single observation (sweep 281), "pF; R;
psbM." Marth discovered
nearby NGC 7621.
******************************
NGC 7624 = UGC
12527 = MCG +04-55-004 = CGCG 476-012 = Mrk 323 = PGC 71126
23 20 22.6 +27
18 56
V = 13.1; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 30d
24"
(12/1/13): at 375x appeared fairly faint or moderately bright, fairly small,
oval 4:3 SSW-NNE, weak concentration.
Appears mottled and patchy, agreeing with my notes two months back! A mag 16 star is just visible at the
south edge and a mag 12.5 star is 1.5' WNW. PGC 169937 lies 4.8' SW with PGC 169936 7.8' SW (the latter
galaxy is 0.9' NNW of a very nice 7" pair of mag 11 stars).
24"
(10/4/13): moderately bright, fairly small, oval 3:2 SW-NE, broad concentration
with a small slightly brighter core.
Seemed slightly clumpy or irregular in surface brightness at 375x. A mag 12.5 star lies 1.5' WNW, and an
equilateral triangle of mag 13 stars is 3.5' W. PGC 169937 lies 4.8' SW and PGC 169936 is 7.8' SW. The first galaxy appeared very faint,
small, round, low surface brightness, 20", diameter and the second faint
to fairly faint, small, slightly elongated ~N-S, 0.4'x0.3'.
17.5"
(10/13/01): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 ~SSW-NNE, weak
concentration. Follows a group of
four mag 12/13 stars.
17.5"
(8/26/00): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, weak
concentration. A few times I had
an impression of a slightly brighter arc along the west edge.
17.5"
(9/23/89): fairly faint, fairly small, oval SSW-NNE, smooth surface
brightness. A group of four stars
mag 12-13 precede; the closest is a mag 12 star 1.5' W.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7624 = St IX-36 = Sw IV-94 on 2 Oct 1878. His micrometric position is very
accurate. Lewis Swift found it
again on 8 Aug 1886 and noted "pF; pS; cE; 3 stars in a line near
preceding." in his 4th discovery list. His position is unusually accurate (perhaps modified to
match Stephan)
******************************
NGC 7625 = Arp
212 = VV 280 = UGC 12529 = MCG +03-59-038 = CGCG 454-043 = III Zw 102 = PGC
71133
23 20 30.1 +17
13 32
V = 12.1; Size 1.6'x1.4'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 60d
24"
(8/30/16): at 375x; bright, moderately large, roundish, well concentrated with
a large bright core that is irregular and mottled and a small nucleus. The halo is much fainter and extends at
least 1.0' diameter. With careful
viewing I had the impression there was two close nuclei or perhaps a knot was
close to the nucleus. The DSS and
SDSS shows at least two intersecting dust lanes, though this feature was not
confidently seen.
24"
(9/10/15): at 260x; fairly bright, fairly small, round, ~40" diameter,
small bright core that increases to a quasi-stellar nucleus. The absorption lane on the southwest
side was not seen in poor transparency.
13.1"
(9/9/83): fairly bright, small, round, bright core. The dust lane on the southwest side was not seen. Located 6.8' WSW of mag 6.6 SAO 108560.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7625 = H II-250 = h2232 on 15 Oct 1784 (sweep 290) and recorded
"F, lE, followed by a very bright star." He made another observation on 29 Nov 1785 (sweep 480) and
noted "cB, S, R, mbM."
On 7 Oct 1825 (sweep 11), JH logged "B; R; sbM;
60"." A total of 8
observations were made at Birr Castle, mostly commenting on the irregular
surface brightness. On 27 Sep
1857, Mitchell logged "south edge certainly brighter than the other, and a
* or nucleus near that side, perhaps vF neby outside the s edge [the piece is
cut off by dust]."
******************************
NGC 7626 = UGC
12531 = MCG +01-59-057 = CGCG 406-076 = LGG 473-007 = WBL 710-003 = PGC 71140
23 20 42.3 +08
13 02
V = 11.1; Size 2.6'x2.3'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(9/14/85): bright, slightly elongated 4:3, brighter core (although less intense
than NGC 7619), substellar nucleus.
This is the second brightest in the Pegasus I cluster and appears
similar to NGC 7619 6.9' W.
13"
(9/22/84): bright, small prominent core, fainter halo, similar to NGC 7619.
8"
(9/25/81): faint, small, bright core.
A mag 6.5 star is at the south edge of the 40' field.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7626 = H II-440 = h2233 on 26 Sep 1785 (sweep 442) and recorded
"pB, pS, bM." His
position is accurate. JH made two
observations, "pB; R; bM; 30"." (sweep 89) and "B; R; pL;
psbM" (sweep 280).
******************************
NGC 7627 = NGC
7641? = UGC 12556 = MCG +02-59-029 = CGCG 431-047 = PGC 71241
23 22 30.7 +11
53 31
V = 13.9; Size 1.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.6
See observing
notes for NGC 7641. The
identification of this galaxy with NGC 7641 is uncertain.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 7627 = Sw VI-95 on 18 Nov 1886 and recorded "vF; S; vE;
coarse double star near north; the double star is between 2 stars." There is nothing near his
position. Herbert Howe mentions in
his 1899-00 observations that "I failed to find this on two nights. In reply to a letter of inquiry, Swift
says that this is identical with 7641, one of Stephan's nebulae which I have
measured. With this opinion I
agree, having seen near 7641 the "2 star n" mentioned by
Swift." Dreyer repeats this
conclusion in the IC 2 appendix.
If NGC 7627 is identical to NGC 7641, then Swift's position is off by
1.6 tmin in RA (too far west) and 10' too far north. His comment "vE" applies to this galaxy though the
"coarse D * nr n; the D * is bet 2 stars" is not a good match. So
this identification is uncertain.
RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent. See Corwin's notes for more.
******************************
NGC 7628 = UGC
12534 = MCG +04-55-005 = CGCG 476-014 = PGC 71153
23 20 54.9 +25
53 55
V = 12.7; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 117d
17.5"
(9/23/89): fairly faint, small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7628 = St IX-37 = Sw IV-95 on 4 Oct 1878. His position is accurate. Lewis Swift independently discovered it
again on 9 Nov 1884 and noted "eF; pS; R." in his 4th discovery list.
******************************
NGC 7629 = MCG
+00-59-031 = CGCG 380-040 = PGC 71175
23 21 19.3 +01
24 11
V = 13.8; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 170d
17.5"
(8/1/87): faint, very small, round.
A mag 14 star is 1.2' NE of center. Similar to NGC 7642 22' ENE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7629 = m 575, along with NGC 7642, on 19 Oct 1864 and noted vF,
vS, stellar." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 7630 = UGC
12540 = MCG +02-59-027 = CGCG 431-044 = PGC 71176
23 21 16.3 +11
23 50
V = 14.2; Size 1.1'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 162d
17.5"
(10/28/89): very faint, very small, elongated ~N-S, low surface
brightness. Located 2' E of an
unequal double star mag 11/13 at 20" separation. IC 1483, IC 1484 and IC 1485 lies ~20' ESE (Common's NGC
7638 and 7639 may be identical to IC 1483 and 1485).
Andrew Ainslie
Common discovered NGC 7630 before 8 Aug 1880 while viewing Faye's comet
"as seen some 15' following...There are 2 similar nebulae within 30'
south-following [NGC 7638 and 7639]." Common gives a very rough position in his Copernicus list
(nearest min of RA). But just 2'
south is UGC 12540.
******************************
NGC 7631 = UGC
12539 = MCG +01-59-060 = CGCG 406-083 = LGG 473-013 = WBL 710-006 = PGC 71181
23 21 26.7 +08
13 03
V = 13.1; Size 1.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 79d
17.5"
(9/14/85): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated E-W, gradually
brightens but no nucleus, fainter extensions. Located 11.0' E of NGC 7626 in the Pegasus I cluster.
13"
(11/5/83): faint, weak concentration, elongated ~E-W.
Bindon Stoney
discovered NGC 7631 on 30 Aug 1851 during the first of 3 observations of the
cluster at Birr Castle. He noted
"12' following h's second nebula [NGC 7626] is another E preceding and
following, F, light unequal."
Heinrich d'Arrest independently discovered this galaxy on 21 Sep 1862
and made a total of 6 observations (noting the equivalence of the two GC
entries from LdR and himself).
******************************
NGC 7632 = ESO
291-021 = MCG -07-47-035 = AM 2319-424 = LGG 472-007 = IC 5313 = PGC 71213
23 22 00.9 -42
28 50
V = 12.1; Size 2.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 92d
18"
(10/16/09): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated E-W, 0.5'x0.4' (core region
probably viewed), contains a very small bright inner core, occasional stellar
nucleus. Located 4' NE of a mag 10
star. Located 40' SE of the Grus
Quartet (NGC 7582/NGC 7590/NGC 7599) and a member of the same group.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7632 = h3985 on 5 Sep 1834 and recorded "pB; S; R; psbM; 20
arcseconds." On a later sweep he called it "vF; R; glbM; 20 arcseconds."
His mean position (two observations) matches ESO 291-021. Lewis Swift
independently found this galaxy at the age of 77 on 8 Aug 1897, and reported it
as new in list XI-228 (later IC 5313). His position is 14 seconds of RA too far west and 1.7'
south but his comment "10m * nr sp" clinches this
identification. So NGC 7632 = IC
5313.
******************************
NGC 7633 = ESO
077-015 = PGC 71274
23 23 03.5 -67
39 09
V = 12.4; Size 2.1'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 142d
30"
(10/15/15 - OzSky): at 303x; bright, fairly large, oval 4:3 WSW-ENE, 1.2'x0.9',
sharply concentrated with a very bright roundish core. Subtle extensions
(forming the bar) extend from the core.
A mag 13 star is 1.7' N and a mag 15 star is 1.3' SSW. Located 29' SE of mag 6.1 HD
219644. Brightest in a physical
group with a quartet of IC galaxies (IC 5323, 5324, 5320 and 5322) ~30' ESE and
NGC 7655 30' SE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7633 = h3986 on 2 Nov 1834 and recorded "pF; vS; pmE in
parallel; psbM." E-W
bar in larger ring oriented NW-SE.
******************************
NGC 7634 = UGC
12542 = MCG +01-59-062 = CGCG 406-085 = LGG 473-009 = PGC 71192
23 21 41.7 +08
53 13
V = 12.6; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 95d
17.5"
(9/14/85): moderately bright, very small, small bright core, round. A mag 14 star is close south 20"
SSE of center. Located 40' N of
NGC 7619/NGC 7626 in the Pegasus I cluster.
13"
(11/5/83): fairly faint, small, slightly brighter core. A star is off the south edge.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7634 = H II-441 = h2234 on 26 Sep 1785 (sweep 442) and noted
"F, S". JH made the
single observation (sweep 281), "a double star with some singular nebulous
appendage. The stars are
14m." One star is certainly
on the south edge and the other is probably the nucleus. At Birr Castle, Samuel Hunter was
uncertain if the star at the south edge was nebulous, but on his third
observation in 1862 noted "I think there is no neby round the * adjoining
it."
******************************
NGC 7635 =
Bubble Nebula = Hb 11 = LBN 548 = LBN 549 = Sh 2-162 = Ced 210
23 20 45 +61 11
42
V = ~10.5; Size 15'x8'
17.5": the
"Bubble Nebula" extends mainly north of the ionizing emission-line
star, mag 8.7 BD+60¡2522 (O6.5-type supergiant). Dark lanes are suspected
to the north with very faint nebulosity just north of this gap. The main piece of nebulosity curves
away from the involved star towards the east but appears brightest at the
western edge near the bright star.
Only the portion of the rim extending from north to east of the 3'
diameter "Bubble" was seen (not the south edge). The view improved with both OIII and
UHC filters but not dramatically. Located 6.5' NE of mag 7 HD 220057.
M52 lies 35' NE.
13"
(9/29/84): unusual appearance - surrounds a mag 8 star with a mag 7 star nearby
to the SW. The nebulosity mostly appears north of the mag 8 star with a
suspected dark lane to the north of this nebulosity. Very faint nebulosity
appears close north of this lane. The main section hooks around the involved
star to the east.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7635 = H IV-52 = h2235 on 3 Nov 1787 (sweep 773) and recorded
"a bright star with F nebulosity; but I saw it too late to verify it, as
in the north I cannot follow the stars. I rather suspect a
deception." On 26 Nov 1788 (sweep 887) he added "a star about 9m with
vF nebulosity of very little extent."
Hubble
considered NGC 7635 a giant planetary nebula in his 1922 paper "A general
study of diffuse galactic nebulae." Even in the early 1970's it was
considered a possible or probable planetary (see ApJ, 167, 491-498 (1971)),
though it was not included in Kohoutek's CGPN. The nickname Ò Bubble
Nebula" may have originated from John Mallas in 1963 (Review of Popular
Astronomy).
******************************
NGC 7636 = ESO
470-002 = MCG -05-55-005 = PGC 71245
23 22 33.0 -29
16 51
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 30d
17.5"
(10/13/90): very faint, very small, weak concentration, low surface
brightness. NGC 7645 is 17.3' ESE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7636 = h3987 on 28 Sep 1834 and logged "eF; S; R; sbM;
rather a doubtful object."
Despite his uncertainty, his position accurately matches this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 7637 = ESO
012-001 = AM 2322-821 = PGC 71440
23 26 30 -81 54
42
V = 12.5; Size 2.1'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.9
24"
(4/12/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly faint, fairly small, round,
40" diameter, weak concentration, slightly brighter core. A mag 13.5 star is just off the north
edge of the halo, 0.7' from the center.
PGC 224614, a very faint galaxy, lies 2.3' NW. NGC 7637 is the 4th closest NGC galaxy to the south
celestial pole.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7637 = h3984 on 17 Oct 1835 and recorded "vF; pL; R; vlbM;
90"; 2 or 3 stars near it."
******************************
NGC 7638 = IC
1483 = MCG +02-59-030 = CGCG 431-046 = PGC 71246
23 22 33.1 +11
19 44
V = 14.4; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5"
(9/7/96): very faint, small, round, 30" diameter, low even surface
brightness. Located 8' N of mag
8.3 SAO 108572. A wide pair of mag
11/13 stars is 1.5' S. First in
faint group with IC 1484 and IC 1485 = NGC 7639 (uncertain ID). IC 1484 is extremely faint and small,
round.
Andrew Ainslie
Common discovered NGC 7638, along with NGC 7639 and 7630, on or before 8 Aug
1880 while viewing comet Faye.
Common only mentions "there are 2 similar nebulae [to NGC 7630]
within 30' sf" but does not provide coordinates for NGC 7638 and 7639. A group of faint galaxies is ~20' ESE
of NGC 7630. It's likely that
common picked up the two brightest, NGC 7638 = CGCG 431-046 and NGC 7639 = CGCG
431-050.
Stephane Javelle
independently discovered these galaxies on 2 Dec 1893 and measured accurate
positions. So, NGC 7638 = IC 1483
and NGC 7639 = IC 1485. MCG and
CGCG label these galaxies using the IC designation only. See Harold Corwin's NGC/IC notes.
******************************
NGC 7639 = MCG
+02-59-032 = CGCG 431-050 = IC 1485 = PGC 71256
23 22 48.2 +11
22 22
V = 14.6; Size 0.6'x0.5'; PA = 123d
17.5"
(9/7/96): very faint, small, round, 30" diameter. Similar size as IC 1483 = NGC 7638 but
contains a very small brighter core that makes it a little easier to view. Just preceding a small triangle of mag
12-14.5 stars. Also collinear with
a wide pair 5' SW near IC 1483.
Brightest in a trio with IC 1484 2.1' WNW and IC 1483 4.5' SW.
The
identification of IC 1483 is certain but NGC 7639 is uncertain.
Andrew Ainslie
Common discovered NGC 7639, along with NGC 7638, on 8 Aug 1880 while viewing
comet Faye. This is the last entry
in his discovery list. See notes
for NGC 7630 and 7638.
******************************
NGC 7640 = UGC
12554 = MCG +07-48-002 = CGCG 532-017 = CGCG 533-001 = KTG 80A = PGC 71220
23 22 06.6 +40
50 44
V = 11.3; Size 10.5'x2.0'; Surf Br = 14.5; PA = 167d
24"
(10/4/13): at 200x appeared bright, very large, nearly edge-on 4:1 N-S,
~6.5'x1.5'. Very asymmetric
appearance with a brighter, elongated core, 1.0'x0.5', which is oddly angled to
the major axis in PA 20¡ (SSW-NNE).
A mag 14 star is just off the SE side of the core. The galaxy dims more noticeably on the
south side, but is brighter along the western half (DSS shows this is a long
spiral arm). A mag 11 star is just
west of the northern end of the galaxy [3.1' NNW of center] and two mag 14.5-15
stars that are collinear with the mag 11 star are superimposed on the north
side. The northern half of the
galaxy is also asymmetric with a slightly brighter strip (arm) extending N-S
and a very low surface brightness (outer arm) near the mag 11 star. Additional mag 11 stars bracket the
galaxy just west of the south end and 1.8' NE of center.
17.5"
(8/8/91): moderately bright, very large, very elongated 4:1 N-S,
7.0'x1.5'. The large, slightly
brighter middle bulges out a little.
A mag 13.5 star is at the SE edge of the core 33" from the
center. Bracketed by two mag 11
stars at the north end 3.0' NNW of center and just west of the south end 2.6'
SSW of center. An extremely faint
mag 15 star is embedded near the north end.
8"
(11/8/80): faint, large, very elongated streak N-S. There are stars at both the north and south end.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7640 = H II-600 = h2236 on 17 Oct 1786 (sweep 613) and recorded
"pB, mE a little np to sf but nearly in the meridian, lbM, resolvable,
about 5' long and 1.5' broad."
On 1 Oct 1828, JH logged "F; L; mE from a bright to a faint star;
vlbM; 2 1/2' l, 20" br. See
fig. 60."
******************************
NGC 7641 = NGC
7627 = UGC 12556 = MCG +02-59-029 = CGCG 431-047 = PGC 71241
23 22 30.7 +11
53 31
V = 13.9; Size 1.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 144d
17.5"
(10/28/89): very faint, small, low even surface brightness, elongated 5:2
NW-SE. Located 8' SW of NGC 7643.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7641 = St V-11, along with NGC 7643, on 24 Sep 1873 and recorded
"eF, S; roundish, but of irregular form; diffused, with a slightly
brighter centre." His
micrometric position is accurate.
NGC 7626, found by Swift on 18 Nov 1886, is probably a duplicate
observation. See that number.
******************************
NGC 7642 = UGC
12560 = MCG +00-59-035 = CGCG 380-048 = PGC 71264
23 22 53.4 +01
26 34
V = 13.7; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.1
24"
(1/1/16): at 375x; faint/fairly faint, very small, round, 20" diameter,
weak concentration to center. CGCG
380-049 lies 2.7' SE. The
companion appeared very faint, very small, slightly elongated,
12"x9". A mag 15.3 star
is 45" W.
17.5"
(8/1/87): faint, very small, round, weak concentration. Appears about a half a
magnitude fainter than the CGCG mag 14.5z.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7642 = m 576, along with NGC 7629, on 19 Oct 1864. He noted "vF, vS, bM" and
measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 7643 = NGC
7644? = UGC 12563 = MCG +02-59-033 = CGCG 431-051 = PGC 71261
23 22 50.5 +11
59 20
V = 13.2; Size 1.4'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 45d
17.5"
(10/28/89): faint, fairly small, very elongated SW-NE, weak concentration. Pair with NGC 7641 8' SW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7643 = St V-12, along with NGC 7641, on 24 Sep 1873 and recorded
"irr R, of moderate extent; faint and diffused, with a slightly brighter
center." His position is
accurate. Harold Corwin
suggests that NGC 7644 (discovered by Swift) may be a duplicate
observation. See that number.
******************************
NGC 7644 = NGC
7651? = MCG +02-59-036 = CGCG 431-055a = PGC 71344
23 24 26.0 +13
58 20
V = 13.6; Size 0.7'x0.5'; PA = 100d
See observing
notes for NGC 7651. The
identification of this number is uncertain and it may apply NGC 7643.
Lewis Swift discovered
NGC 7644 = Sw V-100 on 29 Sep 1886 and recorded "vF, pS, lE." There is nothing reasonably bright near
his position and the description is too generic to be of help. However, 74 seconds of RA due east is
the double system NGC 7651, which Swift discovered earlier in the month on 1
Sep 1886 and placed correctly.
Most likely NGC 7644 is a second observation of NGC 7651. Harold Corwin also suggests NGC 7643 as
a possible candidate. See his
notes for more.
The RNGC
misidentifies 2MFGC 17581 = PGC 1445975 as NGC 7644. This is an edge-on galaxy situated 1.7' east-northeast of NGC 7651 and too faint to have been
seen by Swift.
******************************
NGC 7645 = ESO
470-003 = MCG -05-55-007 = PGC 71314
23 23 47.3 -29
23 12
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 165d
17.5"
(10/13/90): very faint, small, slightly elongated NW-SE, weak
concentration. NGC 7636 lies 17.3'
WNW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7645 = h3988 on 27 Sep 1834 and logged "vF; S; R: glbM;
15"." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7646 = IC
5318? = MCG -02-59-015 = PGC 71338
23 24 32.3 -11
59 07
=**, Yann
Pothier and Harold Corwin. All
modern catalogues equate NGC 7646 with IC 5318 at 23 24 06.9 -11 51 38. My observation of this galaxy is below.
17.5"
(8/25/95): very faint, very small, probably elongated 3:2 NW-SE,
30"x20". The view is
severely hindered by mag 11.5 star that is attached at the northwest end! It was difficult to determine the
dimensions and orientation due to glare from star and faintness of galaxy.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 7646 = LM II-474 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory. He reported "mag 14.5; 0.2'x0.1', E 260¡,
neb?; *9 in PA 10¡ at 3.6' separation." There is nothing near his rough position, though 8' north is
IC 5318 = PGC 71338. All modern
catalogues identify this galaxy as NGC 7646, although NED comments the
identification is uncertain.
Harold Corwin
notes several inconsistencies with Muller's description; the elongation is
NW-SE (not ~E-W) and the star at 3.6' separation is 10¡ west of north, not
east. A more serious omission,
though, is that Muller makes no mention of the bright, superimposed star on the
west side. So, this identification
is very unlikely.
In 2016, Yann
Pothier suggested NGC 7646 is the double star at 23 24 32.3 -11 59 07. Harold Corwin agrees this is a good
candidate as the position angle of the pair matches Muller's estimate and a
star is at the required separation and position angle matching Muller's
description.
******************************
NGC 7647 = UGC
12576 = MCG +03-59-055 = CGCG 454-063 = PGC 71335
23 23 57.4 +16
46 38
V = 13.6; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 170d
24"
(9/2/16): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, 30"x25",
gradually increases to the center.
With averted vision a very low surface brightness outer halo was
detectable.
NGC 7647 is the
brightest galaxy (cD) in AGC 2589, a richness class 0 cluster at a distance of
~560 million l.y. Surrounding NGC
7647 is a large number of very faint galaxies with PGC 71331 (2.1' N), PGC
71337 (2.2' NE), PGC 71326 (1.7' S) and PGC 71317 (2.3' WSW), forming a small
rectangle around the bright elliptical.
Additionally, I picked up PGC 71320 6.2' NNW, PGC 71324 8.4' N and CGCG
454-062 8.1' SSW. These 7
additional members were very faint or extremely faint and generally 0.2' in
size.
17.5"
(9/26/92): extremely faint, very small, slightly elongated N-S. A mag 13 star is 1.5' ENE. Appears unusually faint for 15.2z due
to low surface brightness.
Note: There is
no mag 13.5 star to the ENE, so my observation may refer to another galaxy.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7647 = H III-473 on 29 Nov 1785 (sweep 480) and recorded
"eF, cL, some doubt left. It
precedes an irregular row of scattered stars. His RA is 10 seconds too small, but the description matches.
******************************
NGC 7648 = UGC
12575 = MCG +01-59-072 = CGCG 406-096 = Mrk 531 = LGG 473-015 = IC 1486 = PGC
71321
23 23 54.0 +09
40 03
V = 13.0; Size 1.6'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 85d
13.1"
(11/2/86): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated, gradually increases to a
small bright core. A mag 15 star
is 30" E of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7648 = H III-218 = St IX-38 on 18 Oct 1784 (sweep 297) and noted
"eF, pS, lE." There is
nothing at his position, but 15' south is UGC 12575. Stephen found this galaxy again on 3 Oct 1878 and reported
it as new in list IX-38, though added a footnote it was identical to H III
218. Finally, Bigourdan discovered
it again on 1 Oct 1885, reported it as #241 in Comptes Rendus for 20 Apr 1891,
and Dreyer recatalogued it as IC 1486, missing the equivalence with NGC 7648.
******************************
NGC 7649 = IC
1487 = UGC 12579 = MCG +02-59-035 = CGCG 431-054 = PGC 71343
23 24 20.1 +14
38 49
V = 14.0; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 80d
18"
(8/26/06): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, 0.7'x0.6', very weak
concentration. Forms a close pair
with LEDA 2832048 0.9' NE . This companion appeared extremely faint and small,
round, 6" diameter, requires averted vision. A total of 8 galaxies (most 10"-15" knots) were
seen in AGC 2593 at 323x.
LEDA 95722, 2.6'
SW of NGC 7649, is extremely faint, appears elongated SW-NE,
15"x10". LEDA 1465051, 3.7'
NNE of NGC 7649, is extremely faint, round, 10" diameter. PGC 71356, 2.9' ESE of NGC 7649, is
similar as well as MCG +02-59-037, 4.2' E. LEDA 95729, 4.4' NE, is extremely faint, appears stellar at
times, otherwise ~6" in diameter. CGCG 431-056, 5.2' ESE, is a bit larger
and brighter than the previous galaxies and nearly spans between a pair of
14th-magnitude stars 20" SSW and 30" E.
17.5"
(8/22/98): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 ~E-W, 0.9'x0.6'. Located less than 3' SW of a mag 11 star.
This galaxy was the brightest of four members viewed in AGC 2593 in Jim
Shield's scope at 220x.
17.5"
(7/19/90): faint, fairly small, almost round, weak concentration. A mag 11 star is 2.8' ENE of
center. Brightest of five in the
core of AGC 2593. Surrounded by
three anonymous galaxies 1.0' NE, 2.6' SW and 3.6' NNE and MCG +02-59-037 lies
5' ESE. Located 9' N of mag 7.9
SAO 108595.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 7649 = Sw. VI-96 on 25 Sep 1886 and recorded "vF; pL;
R." His position is barely
off the west side of UGC 12579, the brightest member of AGC 2593.
Harold Corwin
reports that Swift may have "discovered" this galaxy again on 15 Oct
1887 and reported Sw. IX-99 (later IC 1487) as "eeeF; pS; iR; 8m * f;
faint star near nf; not [NGC 7653]."
His position is 15 seconds of RA east of NGC 7649 and happens to fall
close to a much fainter galaxy in the cluster. Just 1' further southeast is CGCG 431-056, which Howe
assumed was IC 1487. But NGC 7649
is a better fit with Swift's description.
There are many cases where Swift listed the same galaxy twice in
different or even the same list.
So IC 1487 is probably identical to NGC 7649.
******************************
NGC 7650 = ESO
148-IG 010 = AM 2322-580 NED01 = KTS 73A = PGC 71394
23 25 21.2 -57
47 21
V = 12.7; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0
30"
(10/15/15 - OzSky): at 303x; fairly bright, fairly large, slightly elongated,
1.0'x0.9', appears brighter along a central bar oriented E-W. A spiral arm is
just visible on the north side and containing a bright HII knot (or companion?)
at its northern end. Brightest in
a trio (KTS 73) with NGC 7652 6.2' SSE and NGC 7657 11.5' ESE. I also picked up PGC 384902 4.2' SSW.
It appeared very faint (B = 16.7), very small, 10" with possible
extensions SW-NE increasing the size to 20"x10", low surface
brightness. This background galaxy has a light-travel time of ~960 million
years.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7650 = h3989 on 28 Oct 1834, along with NGC 7652, and recorded
"pB; R; glbM; 40"; the preceding of 2 [with NGC 7652]." His position (measured on 2 sweeps) is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 7651 = NGC
7644? = MCG +02-59-036 = CGCG 431-055a = PGC 71344
23 24 26.0 +13
58 20
V = 13.6; Size 0.7'x0.5'; PA = 100d
24"
(1/1/16): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, 0.5'x0.4', very small
bright core, stellar nucleus.
Forms a double system with PGC 3085862 at or just off the south edge,
just 20" between centers. The
companion appeared very faint, extremely small, round, ~6" diameter.
Several additional
galaxies are nearby (part of the southern extension of AGC 2593). PGC 71344, just 2.3' W, appeared very
faint (V = 15.3), small, round, 15" diameter. 2MFGC 17581 = PGC 1445975, just 1.7' NE, also appeared very
faint (V = 15.2), small, elongated WNW-ESE, 15"x10". IC 5319 lies 5.7' ENE and was noted as
faint or fairly faint (V = 14.8), small, round, 18" diameter.
17.5"
(7/17/93): faint, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter, very small brighter core,
diffuse halo gradually fades into background. The companion at the south edge was missed.
17.5"
(8/27/92): fairly faint, small, round, halo gradually increases to a small
bright core. Forms a double system
with a companion attached at the south-southwest end. PGC 3085862 is an extremely faint small knot, round, just
nonstellar.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 7651 = Sw IV-96 on 1 Sep 1886 and recorded "eF; S; R; in
vacancy." His position is
accurate. This is a double system
(not resolved by Swift) with an extremely small companion at the south
edge. NGC 7644 may be a duplicate
observation by Swift. See that
number.
******************************
NGC 7652 = ESO
148-011 = KTS 73B = PGC 71402 = PGC 71403
23 25 37.4 -57
53 15
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 85d
30"
(10/15/15 - OzSky): at 303x; moderately bright, fairly small, round, 30"
diameter, gradually increases to the center. A mag 11.5 star is 2' WNW. Southernmost member of the KTS 73 triplet with NGC 7650 6.2'
NNW and NGC 7657 10.5' NE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7652 = h3990, along with NGC 7650, on 28 Oct 1834 and recorded
"eF; S; R: the following and fainter of 2 [with NGC 7650]." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7653 = UGC
12586 = MCG +02-59-038 = CGCG 431-058 = PGC 71370
23 24 49.3 +15
16 32
V = 12.7; Size 1.6'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.5
24"
(9/29/16): at 375x; moderately to fairly bright, moderately large, slightly
elongated ~N-S, 1.0'x0.8', bright core, very small well-defined nucleus.
Brightest in a
group of galaxies with LEDA 214955 3.2' NNE. This dim galaxy was extremely faint and small,
~6"-8" diameter, only visible occasionally. LEDA 165923, 6.3' ESE, was very faint to faint, small, slightly
elongated NNW-SSE, ~15"x11".
UGC 12590, 7' SE, appeared fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated
7:2 NNW-SSE, contains a sharp stellar nucleus and faint thin extensions. IC 1488, 12.8' ENE, was faint to fairly
faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 or 7:2 ~N-S, ~30"x9",
contains a very small or stellar nucleus.
Only UGC 12590 has the same redshift as NGC 7653. The other mentioned galaxies lie 3
times the distance (~570 million l.y.) and are probably outlying members of
Abell Galaxy Cluster 2593, which lies ~35'-40' S.
24"
(1/1/16): at 375x; fairly faint or moderately bright, fairly small, slightly
elongated N-S, 0.6'x0.5', small bright core. LEDA 214955 is a challenging target 3.2' NNE. It appeared extremely faint (V = 15.6)
and small, round, 6" diameter, only visible intermittently.
17.5"
(7/28/92): fairly faint, fairly small, round, broad concentration to a small
bright core.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7653 = h2237 on 2 Nov 1823 (sweep 1) and recorded "eF; R;
gbM; 30"; appears as M71 does in the 7-feet reflector with the double
eye-piece." Both Harold
Corwin and Malcolm Thomson report that IC 1488 has an erroneous position
(misidentified offset star) and is not identical to NGC 7653 as listed in the
PGC, UGC, etc. The correct
identification is IC 1488 = PGC 2800840, located 12.8' northeast of NGC
7653. See Harold Corwin's
identification notes.
******************************
NGC 7654 = M52
23 24 43 +61 35
36
V = 6.9; Size 13'
13.1"
(9/29/84): 150-175 stars in a 15' diameter, a mag 8 star (SAO 20606) is on the
WSW edge of the cluster. NGC 7635,
the "Bubble Nebula", lies 35' SW.
17.5"
(8/2/86): fills 21' field, fully resolved at 105x.
15x50mm
binoculars (9/6/10): prominent roundish glow ~10-15' diameter located 40' S of
5th magnitude 4 Cas and on a line with Alpha (Schedir) and Beta (Caph)
Cas. A few mag 8-9 stars are
resolved.
Charles Messier
discovered M52 = NGC 7654 = h2238 on 7 Sept 1774. WH made an early observation on 29 Aug 1783 with his 6-inch
and noted, "All resolved into innumerable small [faint] stars without any
suspicion of nebulosity." On
3 Nov 1787 (sweep 773), he reported "A very beautiful cl of very
compressed stars about 12' dia., nearly R and most compressed in the
middle." JH made the single
observation, "A ruddy star 9m in the p part of a p rich irreg cl of stars
13m, all separate, 6' diam; a v little more comp in the s f part." Admiral Smyth described M52 as
resembling "a bird with outspread wings" and added "the field is
one of singular beauty under a moderate magnification."
******************************
NGC 7655 = ESO
077-018 = PGC 71452
23 26 45.9 -68 01
39
V = 13.2; Size 0.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.1
30"
(10/15/15 - OzSky): at 303x; fairly bright, very small, round, 18"
diameter. Contains a very high
surface brightness core surrounded by only a small halo! Situated 2.3' ENE of mag 9.1 HD
220649. A quartet of IC galaxies
(IC 5320, 5321, 5323, 5324) lies 15' NE.
NGC 7633 is 30' NW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7655 = h3991 on 24 Jul 1835 and recorded "eF and feeble, if
a nebula; pslbM; vS; R; 10".
It follows a large star." His position and description matches ESO
077-018. DeLisle Stewart described
this object as a "group of stars, not a nebula" (repeated in the IC 2
Notes), based on plates taken at Arequipa. As a result, The RNGC misclassifies this number as
nonexistent.
******************************
NGC 7656 =
Anthead Galaxy = ESO 605-IG 005 = MCG -03-59-008 = VV 669 = KTS 72B = PGC 71357
23 24 31.4 -19
03 33
V = 13.3; Size 1.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5
48"
(11/1/13): at 488x and 610x appeared fairly faint to moderately bright, round,
~24" diameter, high surface brightness. Surprisingly, a low surface brightness wing or loop
extending to the northeast was immediately noticed. This loop is brighter along the northern edge and passes
through a mag 16.7 star (or stellar galaxy), increasing the overall length to
45" extending southwest (core) to northeast (loop). A mag 16.5 star lies 1.3' W and another
mag 16.5 star is 1.4' N. 2MASX
J23242536-1902139, an extremely compact galaxy (V = 15.7) lies 1.9' NW. Finally, 2MASX J23243030-1903019, an
extremely faint quasi-stellar galaxy was glimpsed less than 30" NNW,
although another loop in that direction was not seen.
24"
(9/30/16): at 282x; fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, 20"
diameter, contains a small slightly brighter nucleus. ESO 605-004, 13' WNW, appeared very faint, fairly small,
roundish, 20" diameter, low even surface brightness. ESO 605-006, 14' NE, was only
occasionally glimpsed as an extremely faint glow, small, ~15" diameter,
possibly elongated. The trio is
catalogued as KTS 72 (Karachentsev Triplets, South).
24"
(8/23/14): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 20"-24" diameter, weak
concentration. The loop structure
to the northeast was not noticed.
ESO 605-004 lies 13' WNW.
17.5"
(10/21/95): very faint, small, round, 30" diameter. Contains a very small brighter core
surrounded by a very faint halo.
This is an unusual, distorted interacting system with loops and
filaments, though no structure was seen.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 7656 = LM I-263 on 9 Oct 1885 and recorded "vF;
vS; R; bMN." There is nothing
at his rough position (nearest min of RA), but approximately 1 minute of RA
west is ESO 605-005 = PGC 71357.
Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1897-98 (repeated in the
IC 2 Notes). Bigourdan couldn't find
this object, probably looking at the wrong position.
******************************
NGC 7657 = ESO
148-IG 012 = KTS 73C = PGC 71456
23 26 47.1 -57
48 20
V = 14.2; Size 1.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 106d
30"
(10/15/15 - OzSky): at 303x; fairly faint to moderately bright, very elongated
3:1 WNW-ESE, 45"x15", fairly low even surface brightness. A mag 14.8 star is off the north side
[27" from center] and a mag 16.6 star at the south edge [20" from
center]. NGC 7657 is the faintest
member of a KTS triplet with NGC 7650 11.5' WNW and NGC 7652 10.5' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7657 = h3992 on 2 Oct 1836 and noted "eF; R." His position is just 1' southwest of
ESO 148-012.
******************************
NGC 7658 = ESO
347-016 = MCG -07-48-002 = AM 2323-392 = PGC 71432
23 26 25.0 -39
13 38
V = 13.9; Size 0.9'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 128d
18"
(8/19/09): only glimpsed for short moments at 175x. Appeared extremely faint, small, slightly elongated NW-SE,
~25"x20", very low even surface brightness. The close companion to the north was not seen.
18"
(10/25/08): difficult observation due to low altitude and faintness of this
double system. This is the
southern "knot" of two extremely faint glows (separation 40")
that were occasionally visible. Too faint for any details.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7658 = h3994 on 4 Sep 1834 and recorded "double nebula;
individuals equal; eF; R; bM; 20"; follows a line of 4 stars at 11 and
12m, somewhat oblique to the meridian.
He confirmed the description on 4 Oct 1836, though for some reason he
only assigned a single h- and GC-designation. So, we have NGC 7658A and 7658B.
******************************
NGC 7659 = UGC
12595 = MCG +02-59-040 = CGCG 431-064 = PGC 71417
23 25 55.7 +14
12 35
V = 14.0; Size 0.8'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 110d
17.5"
(9/26/92): faint, small, very elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE, even concentration to a
small brighter core. This galaxy
has a fairly high surface brightness for CGCG mag = 15.1z.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7659 = H III-212 = h2239 on 16 Oct 1784 (sweep 294) and recorded
"eF, eS, stellar. 240
verified it completely though with difficulty." JH made the single observation "vF; S; R; psbM;
15"." and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 7660 = UGC
12594 = MCG +04-55-012 = CGCG 476-035 = PGC 71413
23 25 48.7 +27
01 48
V = 12.7; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 35d
17.5"
(9/23/89): faint, small, slightly elongated SSW-NNE, small bright core. A mag 11.5 star is 1.7' W of center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7660 = h2240 on 5 Sep 1828 and recorded "F; vS; psmbM;
6"; almost stellar; a star 10m preceding; dist 1' in parallel." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7661 = ESO
110-011 = AM 2324-653 = PGC 71473
23 27 14.3 -65
16 14
V = 13.4; Size 1.8'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 25d
25"
(10/15/17 - OzSky): at 244x; faint, fairly large, somewhat elongated or
irregular,~1.4'x1.1', very low
surface brightness (face-on spiral?) halo with only a very weak concentration. A 12' string of 7 stars extends
southwest. Observed under windy
conditions, though my query "face-on spiral" is accurate.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7661 = h3993 on 1 Nov 1834 and recorded "eF; L; R; vgvlbM;
100"; a difficult object."
His position is accurate. RNGC classifies this galaxy as a unverified
southern object.
******************************
NGC 7662 = PK
106-17.1 = PN G106.5-17.6 = Blue Snowball
23 25 53.9 +42
32 05
V = 8.3; Size 32"x28"
48"
(10/24/14): superb view of the double-shell structure at 610x and 813x. The inner shell is elongated ~3:2
SW-NE, ~18"x12", and contains a remarkable, bright thin rim, so it
appears like a racetrack with a dark interior. This delicate but high surface brightness ring is brightest
along a 90¡ arc around the northeast end and nearly as bright in a matching 90¡
arc on the southwest end. The rim
is noticeably weaker on the west and east sides. The elongated darker hole spans a large percentage of the
inner shell and is punctuated by a faint, but steadily visible central star.
The outer shell
is twice the size (~35"x25"), slightly less elongated as well as
slightly offset in its major axis (SSW-NNE). The outer rim also has two brighter arcs or strips, but only
25¡-30¡ in length. The more
prominent arc is on the southeast side, with a weaker strip symmetrically
placed on the northwest edge.
These strips are 90¡ offset from the much brighter inner arcs. The outer shell appears irregular in
surface brightness with an impressions of striations. Surrounding the outer shell there appears to be a very low
surface brightness outer halo.
18"
(9/10/07): viewed this gorgeous double-shelled planetary at 807x in good
seeing. The outer envelope is a
sharply defined 35"x25" oval, oriented SSW-NNE. Roughly halfway to the center is a
remarkable, thin oval ring oriented SW-NE (slightly offset in orientation
compared to the outer shell) of very high surface brightness. This annular ring is brightest along a
90¡ arc on the south side and is also enhanced along a shorter arc along the
northern part of the ring. The
ring fades and appears broken with a gap along the west to WNW edge. Inside the ring is a darker oval hole
that is weakly luminous.
18"
(10/19/06): In steady seeing, the double-shell structure was remarkable at 807x
(7mm Pentax + 2.5x Powermate). The
outer envelope is noticeably oval SW-NE, ~35"x25". Embedded within this envelope is a
fairly thin, very bright inner ring with a sharply defined outline. The ring was irregular in surface
brightness but clearly brightest at the SW and NE ends of the ring (ends of the
major axis). The ring fades on the
NW side and there was a small, distinct gap in the ring at the NW end. The
surface brightness of the inner ring was high enough to give a glowing
"electric" quality with an impression of a rope-like or twisted
structure. The center of the ring
was much darker than the ring and formed a substantial dark oval at this
magnification, but was still clearly luminous.
17.5"
(10/13/01): at 500x, this blue high surface brightness planetary has a
beautiful double-shell structure with a small, dark center. The bright inner structure has a
delicate, embedded thinner ring of very high surface brightness, though weaker
at the following end. In the
center of this ring is a small, darker hole. The fainter, outer envelope is elongated SW-NE,
~35"x25", giving an asymmetric appearance with the outline of the
inner ring.
17.5"
(10/12/85): extremely bright, very high surface brightness, fairly small,
easily takes very high power. At
410x, the planetary appears weakly annular with a slightly darker center. There is a second outer shell, which
exhibits subtle structure due to an irregular surface structure, blue-green
color is evident. Central star not
seen.
13"
(9/11/82): darker center, faint outer shell.
8"
(9/25/81) : slightly darker center at 300-400x, irregular surface brightness.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7662 = H IV-18 = h2241 on 6 Oct 1784 (during sweeps 281-285,
which was made in the east) and noted "bright, round, a planetary [with a]
pretty well defined disk, 15" diameter with a 7 feet reflector."
In his 1811 PT paper, he write "A beautifully bright round nebula,
have a pretty well defined disk of about 10 or 12" in diameter. It is
a little elliptical, and has a very small star following, which gives us the
idea of a small satellite accompanying its planet [from 3 Oct 1790, sweep 964].
It is visible in a common finder as a small star." This may be
the first time "planetary" is actually used although earlier, Darquier
describes M57 "... as large as Jupiter and resembles a fading
planet."
On 1 Oct 1828,
JH recorded "A fine planetary nebula. Diameter 12"; with 240
beautifully defined, light, rather mottled, and the edge the least in the world
unshaped. It is not nebulous, but looks as if had a double outline, or
like a star a little out of focus. A perfect circle." JH
measured the 13th magnitude star ~50" NE of center several times
(interested in it as a possible satellite of the planetary) and noted
"These satellites of planetary nebulae out to be especially attended
to."
The Birr Castle
observers made a total of 32 observations, first noting on 31 Oct 1848,
"Has a central spot, at moments very dark." Lord Rosse and
Johnstone Stoney made sketches on 16 Dec 1848 revealing the double ring
structure and brighter arcs (1850 publication, Fig 13, Plate XXXVIII).
Bindon Stoney's sketch on 16 Sep 1852 using a freshly polished speculum
shows a prominent central star within a spiral shaped nebula and well-defined
"arms".
Using a
9.5" refractor in 1855, Father Secchi described (and sketched) a slightly
darker horseshoe-shaped central region and a brighter outer arc, a questionable
amount of detail for that aperture.
Joseph Winlock and George Searle, observing with the HCO 15-inch
refractor around 1866, did not report the central star but "Two edges
seen...as of a brighter nebula placed over a dimmer one. The brighter and
fainter ellipses have major axes slightly differing in direction; the brighter
having the position angle of its major axis 10¡ to 15¡ the large"
Barnard thought
the central star was variable based on observations with the Yerkes 40-inch in
1897 and wrote a paper in 1908 on "The Variability of the Nucleus of the
Planetary Nebula NGC 7662" (MNRAS, 68, 465). The paper includes a
superb sketch made with the 40-inch refractor at Yerkes.
The nickname
"Blue Snowball" is from Leland S. CopelandÕs description (1960),
"looking like light blue snowball.Ó
******************************
NGC 7663 = MCG
-01-59-023 = PGC 71455
23 26 45.2 -04
57 59
V = 14.5; Size 0.4'x0.4'
17.5"
(12/16/95): this observation refers to MCG -01-59-022 which is located 4.4' W
of (R)NGC 7663 = MCG -01-59-023.
It appeared extremely faint and small, round, 20" diameter, very
weak concentration to an occasional 10" core. Located on a line between a mag 14 star 1.2' NW and mag 9.5
SAO 146709 3.6' SE. A mag 14
double at 16" separation lies 6' ENE. MCG -01-59-023 was not seen in fair seeing. The identification of either galaxy
with NGC 7663 is very uncertain.
Gaspare Ferrari
discovered NGC 7663 = Nova #5 on 18 Dec 1865 while searching for Biela's Comet
and simply noted "vF".
He was using the 9.5-inch Merz equatorial at the College Romain as an
assistant to Father Angelo Secchi (see AN 1571). There is nothing near his position. The RNGC and PGC identify MCG
-01-59-023 = PGC 71455 as NGC 7663.
This galaxy is 13' south of Ferrari's position. Harold Corwin suggests that either MCG
-01-59-023 or -022 (close preceding) are possibly NGC 7663. Wolfgang Steinicke classifies this
number as "Not Found".
See Harold Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 7664 = UGC
12598 = MCG +04-55-013 = CGCG 476-038 = LGG 474-004 = PGC 71450
23 26 39.8 +25
04 49
V = 12.7; Size 2.6'x1.5'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 90d
17.5"
(9/23/89): moderately bright, moderately large, oval E-W, brighter core. A mag 14 star is just off the south
edge 1.0' from center and a mag 15 star is just off NE edge 38" from
center. Located midway between mag
6.8 SAO 91256 15' SW and 69 Pegasi (V = 5.9) 15' NE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7664 = St VIII-29 = T I-51 on 17 Oct 1876. His micrometric position is very
accurate. Wilhelm Tempel
independently discovered this galaxy in 1876, so the discovery priority is
uncertain.
******************************
NGC 7665 = MCG
-02-59-019 = PGC 71474
23 27 14.8 -09
23 13
V = 12.7; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.3
17.5"
(9/15/90): faint, very small, round, small bright core. Located 2.9' WNW of mag 9.1 SAO 146713.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7665 = H III-438 on 28 Sep 1785 (sweep 445) and logged "eF,
S, stellar, about 1 1/2' a pB star."
His dec is 2' too small.
******************************
NGC 7666
23 27 24 -04 11
=Not found,
Corwin and Steinicke.
Gaspare Ferrari
discovered NGC 7666 = Nova #8 on 21 Dec 1865 while searching for Biela's
Comet. There is nothing near his
position. Harold Corwin and Wolfgang Steinicke were unable to identify a
candidate and classify it as lost.
******************************
NGC 7667 = VV
613 = UGC 12578 = MCG +00-59-038 = CGCG 380-050 = PGC 71345
23 24 23.1 -00
06 29
V = 14.0; Size 1.6'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.5; PA = 90d
48"
(10/27/16): at 488x; fairly faint, large, elongated roughly 5:2 E-W but the
shape is irregular. Low though
uneven surface brightness with no core.
The galaxy bends to the north on the east side and spreads out into a
very low surface brightness haze.
This barred
Magellanic irregular (possible merger) contains a series of blue HII knots
along the west side and three were seen at 488x. A very faint stellar or quasi-stellar knot (UM 160 NED1) is
detached off the west end. A
slightly brighter tiny knot (UM 160 NED2) is close ESE [by 15"], at the
west edge of the galaxy. A third
collinear knot (UM 160 NED3), 15" further ESE, was intermittently
visible. The NED designations are
from the University of Michigan emission line survey.
UGC 12589,
located 12' NE, appeared fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 3:1
~SW-NE, ~1.0'x0.3', small brighter central region. This peculiar galaxy has an unusual shape, hooking
counterclockwise on the southwest side and extending a short distance [~0.3']
due west. The galaxy tapers on the
northeast end. It forms a pair
with LEDA 214957 1.2' NE.
24"
(9/29/16): at 375x; very faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 ~E-W,
~30"x20", low even surface brightness (surprisingly faint). This is highly irregular or disrupted
merger with several blue knots on the western half, but these were not
noticed. UGC 12589 lies 12'
NE. This peculiar galaxy (another
merger?) appeared extremely faint, fairly small, very elongated 5:2 or 3:1
SW-NE, 30"x12", very low surface brightness.
17.5"
(8/31/86): very faint, very diffuse, elongated 3:2 E-W. A faint star is 2' N and another 6' ENE
(mag 14.5/15 double at 16"). UGC 12589 lies 12' NE.
Brother Gaspare
Ferrari discovered NGC 7667 = Nova #9, along with NGC 7668, 7669 and 7670, on
21 Dec 1866 (AN 1571) while searching for Biela's Comet at College Romain with
a 9.5-inch refractor. He simply
noted "vF" and "three [others] surround the 9th [NGC 7667] in
the field." There is nothing
near his position (determined using the setting circles). RNGC and PGC identify UGC 12578 as NGC
7667. This galaxy is 3.0 min of RA
west and 4.5' north of Ferrari's position, so is a very uncertain
identification and the number could be considered lost. Neither UGC, MCG, CGCG nor ESGC
identify UGC 12578 as NGC 7667.
See Harold Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
NGC 7668
23 27 12 -00 11
=Not found,
Corwin.
Gaspare Ferrari
discovered NGC 7668 = Nova #10, along with NGC 7667, 7669 and 7670, on 21 Dec
1865 while searching for Biela's Comet. There is nothing near his position and
both Harold Corwin and Wolfgang Steinicke list this number as lost. See NGC 7667.
******************************
NGC 7669
23 27 12 -00 11
=Not found,
Corwin.
Gaspare Ferrari
discovered NGC 7669 = Nova #11, along with NGC 7667, 7668 and 7670, on 21 Dec
1865 while searching for Biela's Comet. There is nothing near his position and
both Harold Corwin and Wolfgang Steinicke list this number as lost. See NGC
7667.
******************************
NGC 7670
23 27 12 -00 11
=Not found,
Corwin.
Gaspare Ferrari
discovered NGC 7670 = Nova #12, along with NGC 7667, 7668 and 7669, on 21 Dec
1865 while searching for Biela's Comet. There is nothing near his position and
both Harold Corwin and Wolfgang Steinicke list this number as lost. See NGC 7667.
******************************
NGC 7671 = UGC
12602 = MCG +02-59-044 = CGCG 431-069 = PGC 71478
23 27 19.3 +12
28 03
V = 12.8; Size 1.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 138d
17.5"
(10/28/89): fairly faint, fairly small, oval NW-SE, prominent small bright
core, stellar nucleus. A mag 11
star is 2.1' W. Pair with NGC 7672
5.7' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7671 = H III-226 = h2242 on 21 Oct 1784 and simply logged
"eF, S. The moon
up(?)." His position is
accurate. He found the galaxy
again on 23 Nov 1785 (sweep 476) and noted "vF, vS, stellar. 240 confirmed it; a few minutes
following a pB star." On
sweep 13, JH recorded "pB; S; R; 20"; mbM, with a hazy border. Approaching to a stellar, or a
planetary character."
******************************
NGC 7672 = MCG
+02-59-045 = CGCG 431-070 = PGC 71485
23 27 31.4 +12
23 07
V = 13.9; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 36d
17.5"
(10/28/89): very faint, small, round, low surface brightness, no central
brightening. Pair with NGC 7671
5.7' NW.
R.J. Mitchell,
LdR's observing assistant, discovered NGC 7672 = Sw II-100 on 23 Oct 1857. While observing NGC 7671 he logged
"I see a S, vF, neb about 6' south. and this latter is followed by a
double star." His description
and offset matches this galaxy.
Lewis Swift independently
discovered NGC 7672 on 31 Oct 1885 and noted "eF; pS; R; v diff.; GC 4666
[NGC 7671] near; H is wrong and h right as to the brightness of [NGC
7671]." His position is
fairly accurate.
******************************
NGC 7673 = IV Zw
149 = UGC 12607 = MCG +04-55-014 = CGCG 476-042 VV 619 = Mrk 325 = LGG 474-001
= PGC 71493
23 27 41.4 +23
35 20
V = 12.8; Size 1.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.1
13.1"
(9/22/84): moderately bright, small, weak concentration, round. Forms a pair with NGC 7677 7' SE. Located 4' W of mag 7.9 SAO 91280 and
5' WNW of mag 8.6 SAO 91282. Upsilon Pegasi (V = 4.4) is 33' WSW in a low power field.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7673 = m 577 on 5 Sep 1864 and noted "F, S, R." Heinrich d'Arrest independently
discovered the galaxy again on 30 Sep 1866 with the 11" refractor at
Copenhagen Observatory.
******************************
NGC 7674 = HCG
96A = Arp 182 NED1 = VV 343a =UGC 12608 = MCG +01-59-080 = CGCG 406-112 = Mrk
533 = PGC 71504
23 27 56.7 +08
46 44
V = 13.2; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 150d
48"
(10/30/16): at 610x; very bright, moderately large, round, 0.9' diameter,
sharply concentrated with an intensely bright core that increases to a blazing
stellar nucleus! The halo has an
irregular surface brightness with a strong hint of spiral structure, though no
clearly defined arms. A faint star
(mag ~16.5) is at the northeast edge and NGC 7674A = HCG 96C is just beyond
this star. The contact companion
is moderately bright, small, roundish, ~18" diameter, slightly brighter
stellar nucleus. NGC 7675 = HCG
96B, the second brightest in the HCG 96 quartet, is 2.3' WSW.
HCG 96D, 1.1' SE
and the faintest in the quartet, appeared fairly faint, fairly small, elongated
2:1 or 5:2 N-S, low nearly even surface brightness, ~15"x6". Just outside the field and not
catalogued by Hickson are LEDA 214960, 3.8' SW of NGC 7674 and LEDA 1353595,
3.9' E of NGC 7674. The first
galaxy appeared fairly faint to moderately bright, elongated 2:1 or 5:2
SSW-NNE, 20"x8", well concentrated with a bright core. LEDA 1353595 was very faint (V = 16.9),
small, irregularly round, 10" diameter, very low surface brightness.
24"
(12/28/13): at 375x appeared fairly bright, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter,
sharply concentrated with a small, very bright core. Brightest in the HCG 96 quartet with CGCG 406-113 = HCG 96C
just off the NE edge [33" from center]. HCG 96D (faintest member) lies 1.1' SE and NGC 7675 = HCG
96B is 2.3' ESE.
HCG 96B:
moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 4:3 or 5:4 SSW-NNE, 0.6'x0.45', well
concentrated with a small, very bright core.
HCG 96C: fairly
faint, very small, round, 15" diameter
HCG 96D:
extremely faint and small, round, 6" diameter, only pops with averted (at
same position) but cannot hold for an extended period.
18"
(9/3/05): moderately bright, fairly small, round, ~0.8' initially though with
averted the halo appeared ~1' diameter.
Contains a brighter core and stellar nucleus. Brightest and largest of a trio in HCG 96. MCG +01-59-081 is attached on the NE
edge.
18"
(8/27/05): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.7' diameter (though somewhat
larger with averted vision), even concentration to a small bright core and
stellar nucleus. Forms a similar
pair with NGC 7675 2.5' E in HCG 96.
17.5"
(11/28/97): fairly faint, small, roundish, 0.6' diameter, increases to a very small
brighter core and a stellar nucleus.
Forms a very close pair with MCG +01-59-081 = HCG 96C close off the NE
side. Brightest of three visible in the group. CGCG 406-113 is also in the field 8.5' due north.
17.5"
(7/16/93): brightest in HCG 96.
Fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, bright core, substellar
nucleus. A companion (HCG 96c) is
just visible at the northeast edge of the halo <1.0' from the center. A possible threshold star mag 16-16.5
is also superimposed at the northeast edge. NGC 7675 lies 2.5' ESE.
17.5"
(11/1/86): moderately bright, slightly elongated WNW-ESE, weak
concentration. Forms a pair with
NGC 7675 2.5' ESE. Seeing poor.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7674 = h2243, along with NGC 7675, on 16 Aug 1830 and reported
"F; R; gbM; 30". The p
of 2 [with NGC 7675]." Samuel
Hunter observed the pair as an assistant at Birr Castle on 30 Sep 1862 and
described "Two neb p and f; preceding one [NGC 7674] is double,
north-south, north component may only be a * enveloped in nebulosity". The "north component" is MCG
+01-59-081 = HCG 96C and if Hunter was more certain, this object would likely
have received a NGC designation.
The MCG misidentifies MCG +01-59-081 as NGC 7674 and NGC 7674 itself is
mislabeled as NGC 7675.
******************************
NGC 7675 = HCG
96B = Arp 182 NED2 = VV 343 = MCG +01-59-083 = CGCG 406-114 = PGC 71518
23 28 05.9 +08
46 07
V = 13.8; Size 0.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 35d
48"
(10/30/16): at 610x; very bright, moderately large, well concentrated with a
very bright core that increases to the center. The halo is oval 4:3 SSW-NNE. NGC 7675 is the second brightest member of the HCG 96
quartet with HCG 96D 1.5' W. LEDA
1353595, situated 1.9' NE though not a member, appeared very faint (V = 16.9),
small, irregularly round, 10" diameter, very low surface brightness.
24"
(12/28/13): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 4:3 or 5:4 SSW-NNE,
0.6'x0.45', well concentrated with a small, very bright core. Second brightest in the HCG 96 quartet
with NGC 7674 2.4' WNW.
18"
(9/3/05): fairly faint, fairly small, round, very small brighter core and
stellar nucleus with direct vision.
Located 2.5' ESE of slightly brighter and larger NGC 7674.
18"
(8/27/05): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, 0.6'x0.5', very small
bright core. Located 2.4'
following NGC 7674.
17.5"
(11/28/97): faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, very small brighter
core. At 280x a stellar nucleus is
visible. Located 2.4' ESE of NGC 7674 in HCG 96.
17.5"
(7/16/93): faint, small, round, broad concentration, substellar nucleus. Second brightest in NGC 7674 group =
HCG 96 group with NGC 7674 2.5' WNW.
Appears brighter than listed magnitude.
17.5"
(11/1/86): fairly faint, very small, round, weak concentration, slightly smaller
and fainter than NGC 7674 2.5' WNW.
Poor seeing during observation.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7675 = h2244, along with NGC 7674, on 16 Aug 1830 and noted
"vF; R; gbM; 20". The f
of 2 [with NGC 7674]."
MCG (+01-59-083) doesn't label this galaxy as NGC 7675.
******************************
NGC 7676 = ESO
148-016 = AM 2326-595 = PGC 71564
23 29 01.7 -59
43 00
V = 12.5; Size 1.7'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 85d
25"
(10/15/17 - OzSky): at 397x; bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 E-W,
~1.4'x0.7'. The galaxy is sharply
concentrated with a small, intense core that increases to the center. ESO 148-017, situated 17' NNE, appeared
fairly bright, fairly large, oval ~2:1 SW-NE, ~1.8'x0.8'. Contains a bright elongated core that
appears slightly askew from the major axis of the halo. The galaxy is also located 10' ESE of
mag 7.1 HD 220986
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7676 = h3995 on 28 Oct 1834 and recorded "B; S; lE; vsvmbM
to a * 11m." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 7677 = UGC
12610 = MCG +04-55-015 = CGCG 476-043 = Mrk 326 = VV 619 = LGG 474-002 = PGC
71517
23 28 06.2 +23
31 53
V = 13.2; Size 1.6'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 35d
13.1"
(9/22/84): faint, small, almost round.
Located 6.6' SE of brighter NGC 7673. Two bright stars to the north interfere with viewing! Mag 8.6 SAO 91282 lies 2.7' N and mag
7.9 SAO 91280 is 3.8' NNW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7677 = m 578, along with NGC 7673, on 5 Sep 1864 and noted
"eF, vS, stell." His
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7678 = Arp
28 = VV 359 = UGC 12614 = MCG +04-55-017 = CGCG 476-045 = LGG 474-003 = PGC
71534
23 28 27.9 +22
25 16
V = 11.8; Size 2.3'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 5d
48"
(10/27/16): at 610x; very bright, fairly large, slightly elongated SSW-NNE,
2.0'x1.5'. Contains and small
bright core and an extremely bright, very small nucleus. The core is elongated WNW-ESE and
appears as a weak bar. A bright thin arm is nearly attached on the east side of
the "bar" and swings counterclockwise to the south of the core. This arm is well defined and brightest
on the southwest end [~30" SW of center]. The northern arm is only visible at its root near the
west end of the "bar" as well as a small, detached piece on the
northeast side of the halo [30" NE of center]. The galaxy sits within a bright isosceles triangle of
mag 11/12 stars. The observation
was made in good seeing but through thin clouds.
24"
(10/5/13): NGC 7678 is in the Arp group of "spiral galaxies - one heavy
arm", which is evident visually.
At 260x the galaxy is beautifully framed with a thin triangle of mag
11.3/11.4 stars to the north and a mag 12 star off the south end. It appeared fairly bright, moderately
large, elongated SW-NE, ~1.8'x1.3'.
Contains a brighter elongated core that increases to a very small
brighter nucleus. The "heavy
arm" is visible on the south side as a thin, shallow arc in the outer halo
and brightens right at its western tip.
13.1"
(9/9/83): faint, moderately large, diffuse, slightly elongated ~N-S, 1.8'x1.4',
weak concentration. Located within
a thin isosceles triangle of mag 10.5-11 stars with the vertex at the south end
and height 2.5'. The mag 11 star
just off the south end is just 1.1' from the center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7678 = H II-226 = h2245 on 15 Sep 1784 (sweep 274) and recorded
"F, pL, bM, elliptical, between an acute triangle of pretty considerable
stars." On sweep 91, JH
described this object as "F; vR [sic?]; pL; lbM; very symmetrically
situated in the southern part of a lozenge of 4 stars, on the longer diagonal,
forming an elegant object."
He included a sketch in the Slough catalogue (fig. 85).
On 5 Nov 1850,
LdR (or assistant) reported "I saw two knots and a dark space between them
[gap between nucleus and southern arm].
I think the nebula is connected above the dark space. R.J. Mitchell, observing in 1854, noted
"spirality distinctly seen. I
thought the coil double in more closely upon itself than represented in the
drawing [by Bindon Stoney on 17 Oct 1854] and that the central knot had a
stellar nucleus or star. The whole
nebula looked sparkling, though I could not see any separate stars."
******************************
NGC 7679 = Arp
216 NED1 = VV 329a = UGC 12618 = MCG +00-59-046 = CGCG 380-061 = Mrk 534 = PGC
71554
23 28 46.7 +03
30 41
V = 12.9; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 93d
24"
(9/29/16): at 200x; moderately to fairly bright, fairly small, round,
25"-30" diameter, high surface brightness. Contains a small bright core that increases to a faint
stellar nucleus. Burnham 1222, a
close 1.4" pair of mag 10 stars, is 5.2' NW and cleanly resolved at
375x. On the SDSS NGC 7679 appears
disrupted and surrounded by an off-center ring or tidal arm with a condensation
(former companion?) at the eastern edge (LEDA 1253673). Forms a trio with NGC 7682 4.5' ENE and
UGC 12628 11.5' SE.
17.5"
(8/1/87): moderately bright, very small, round, very small bright core, stellar
nucleus. Forms a pair with NGC
7682 4.3' ENE. A mag 12 star lies
2.4' WNW. Located 5.3' SE of a mag
9.5 star.
13"
(9/3/83): fairly faint, extremely small, dominated by a very small intense
nucleus.
8"
(8/16/82): faint, small bright nucleus surrounded by a small halo.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 7679 on 23 Sep 1864 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position (measured
again 2 nights later with nearby HD 221014) is accurate. Albert Marth independently discovered
this galaxy just a month later on 23 Oct 1864 at Malta and noted a
"nebulous star 12.5 mag."
Surprisingly, Marth missed nearby NGC 7682.
******************************
NGC 7680 = UGC
12616 = MCG +05-55-023 = CGCG 497-025 = LGG 475-002 = PGC 71541
23 28 35.1 +32
24 57
V = 12.6; Size 1.9'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.8
17.5"
(8/13/88): moderately bright, very bright core, moderately large halo slightly
elongated SSW-NNE. Several faint
stars are near including two 14 stars 40" S and 1.2' E of center. In a trio with CGCG 497-024 7' NW and
an anonymous galaxy 4' SW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7680 = H III-860 = h2246 = St IX-39 on 2 Nov 1790 (sweep 975)
and "vF, S, lbM." His RA
is 6 seconds too small (CH's reduction). JH made a single observation but didn't measure a good
position. Heinrich d'Arrest
measured an accurate micrometric position on 7 Nov 1863. Stephan also found this galaxy on 30
Oct 1878, reported it as new in list IX-39, and his micrometric position is
very accurate.
******************************
NGC 7681 = UGC
12620 = MCG +03-59-063 = CGCG 454-074 = PGC 71558
23 28 54.9 +17
18 35
V = 13.7; Size 1.6'x1.4'; PA = 42d
17.5"
(9/23/89): faint, very small, round, small prominent core with stellar
nucleus. A wide pair of stars mag
11.5 and 13 at 25" separation is 2.5' NE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7681 = H II-242 = h2247 on 11 Oct 1784 (sweep 274) and recorded
"F, vS, irr R, resolvable." His position is good (within 1'). On 29 Nov 1785 (sweep 480), he logged
"F, S, lrr E, near and preceding 2 or 3 stars." JH made two observations and noted on
sweep 11, "vF; R; gbM; 20" to 30"; near a double star. Bigourdan also measured the position of
NGC 7681 as 23 26 21 +17 02 52.
All of their positions are in good agreement with UGC 12620.
Despite this
match RNGC, RC3, CGCG, UGC notes and NGC 2000 all misidentify CGCG 454-072 as
NGC 7681. This galaxy is located
6.2' west-southwest and much fainter than UGC 12620. MCG is the only catalogue to correctly identify NGC
7681. The V magnitude = 14.8 and B
= 15.7 in the RC3 is too faint for UGC 7681.
******************************
NGC 7682 = Arp
216 NED2 = VV 329b = UGC 12622 = MCG +00-59-047 = CGCG 380-062 = PGC 71566
23 29 03.9 +03
32 00
V = 13.2; Size 1.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3
24"
(9/29/16): at 200x; fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, elongated
4:3 NNW-SSE, ~32"x24", bright core. In a trio with NGC 7679 4.5' WSW and UGC 12628 10' SSE. UGC 12628 appeared fairly faint, fairly
large, slightly elongated, ~1.2'x1.0', low but uneven surface brightness
(face-on spiral). A few times I
detected a central bar running SW-NE (confirmed on the DSS).
17.5"
(8/1/87): fairly faint, small, elongated 4:3 ~N-S, brighter core, faint stellar
nucleus. Larger of a pair with NGC
7679 4.3' WSW.
13"
(9/9/83): very faint, diffuse, slightly elongated.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 7682 on 23 Sep 1862 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position is
accurate (measured a total of 3 nights) and he mentioned a mag 14 star preceded
by 13.7 seconds of RA. d'Arrest
didn't record brighter NGC 7679 until 2 years later.
******************************
NGC 7683 = UGC
12623 = MCG +02-59-048 = CGCG 431-074 = PGC 71565
23 29 03.8 +11
26 43
V = 12.5; Size 1.9'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 140d
17.5"
(10/28/89): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated NW-SE, weak concentration,
faint stellar nucleus. A mag 13.5
star is 1.2' NNW. Located 6.0' SE
of mag 8.7 SAO 108630.
Gaspare Ferrari
discovered NGC 7683 = Nova #1 = T I-52 on 14 Nov 1865 while searching for
Biela's Comet. Although the
positions of the other 13 objects in the discovery list (AN 1571) were found using
the setting circles, NGC 7683 was measured using a comparison star, so has a
more accurate position. Wilhelm
Tempel independently discovered this galaxy in 1876.
******************************
NGC 7684 = UGC
12637 = MCG +00-59-050 = CGCG 380-065 = PGC 71625
23 30 32.0 +00
04 52
V = 13.6; Size 1.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 21d
17.5"
(8/1/87): fairly faint, small, very elongated ~N-S, small intense core. A mag 12 star is just off the NW side
45" from center. A faint
companion 5' NNW (15.6z) not seen.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7684 = m 580 on 5 Oct 1863 and noted "F, vS,
stell." His position is
accurate and the observation is marked as verified.
******************************
NGC 7685 = UGC
12638 = MCG +01-59-087 = CGCG 406-121 = PGC 71628
23 30 33.5 +03
54 06
V = 13.2; Size 1.9'x1.4'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 170d
17.5"
(8/27/87): faint, moderately large, round, diffuse. Located within the Pisces circlet.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7685 = H III-426 = h2248 on 30 Aug 1785 (sweep 427) and logged
"eF; pL; iR; requires great attention to be seen." His RA is 30 seconds too large. JH noted "eF; L; 60" to
90"." and measured a fairly accurate position.
******************************
NGC 7686 = Cr
456 = Lund 1037 = OCL-251
23 30 07 +49 08
00
V = 5.6; Size 15'
17.5"
(7/31/92): about 75 stars in a 15' field surrounding mag 6.3 SAO 53088,
elongated E-W. A group of seven
faint stars to the west of the mag 6 star is the only fairly rich portion. There is a large region almost devoid
of stars to the north and NW of the bright star consisting of two circular
blank holes in contact. A string
of stars extends out from cluster to the west.
8"
(8/16/82): about three dozen stars resolved including three bright stars mag
6.5/7.5/8.5 and many faint stars over haze, elongated E-W, irregular outline.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7686 = H VIII-69 = h2249 on 3 Dec 1787 (sweep 787) and recorded
"a coarsely scattered cluster of pretty large stars. Contains one 8m in the sf part." On 14 Sep 1829 (sweep 209), JH logged
"a bright coarse cluster 7' diam; seen in full moonlight. Place of the chief star = 7m; about a
dozen 9...11m, and many 12...14m."
******************************
NGC 7687 = MCG
+00-59-051 = CGCG 380-066 = PGC 71635
23 30 54.4 +03
32 48
V = 13.4; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 75d
17.5"
(8/1/87): fairly faint, very small, slightly elongated, small brighter
core. A mag 12 star is 1.5' N of
center. Located 27' E of NGC 7682.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 7687 on 21 Sep 1862 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. He made a total of 4
observations and measured the mag 11 star 1.5' north.
******************************
NGC 7688 = CGCG
454-080 = CGCG 455-004 = PGC 71648
23 31 05.5 +21
24 42
V = 14.6; Size 0.4'x0.4'
17.5" (9/23/89):
faint, small, round. A mag 14 star
is 1.4' SSW of center.
Christian Peters
discovered NGC 7688 on 13 Oct 1865 with the 13.5-inch refractor at Hamilton
College in Clinton, New York, while searching for Biela's Comet. Otto Struve independently discovered
this galaxy a few months later on 12 Dec 1865 (also searching for the comet)
with the 38-cm refractor at the Pulkovo Observatory at St. Petersburg. Struve noted a mag 14 star in PA 201¡
at a separation of 80", which pins down this identification. Peters' discovery was not published
until his 1882 list in Copernicus, so Dreyer credited Struve in the GC
Supplement (6206). Both are listed
in the NGC.
******************************
NGC 7689 = ESO
192-007 = PGC 71729
23 33 16.1 -54
05 37
V = 11.5; Size 2.9'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 162d
30"
(10/13/15 - OzSky): at 303; bright, very large, oval 3:2 or 5:3 NW-SE,
~2.7'x1.8', contains a relatively large brighter core that is only weakly
concentrated. Spiral structure is
evident. A short arm is attached
on the southeast side of the core and extends east. A second arm appears to be attached on the southwest side of
the core and extends southeast.
Finally a third arm appears to the north of the core. The halo is patchy or mottled on the
northwest side (HII regions or parts of an arm). A mag 11 star is 2.2' E of center, a mag 15 star is at the
north-northwest edge of the halo and a mag 16 star (or stellar knot) is at the
northeast edge of the halo.
James Dunlop
possibly discovered NGC 7689 = D 347 = h7689 on 5 Sep 1826 and described a "faint round nebula, about
20" diameter." His
position is 17' too far east-southeast.
JH found this galaxy on 5 Sep 1826 and noted "pF; L; R; vglbM;
2'." His RA is 40 seconds too
small and this error is repeated in the RC2 and RNGC. Listed in my RNGC Corrections #6.
******************************
NGC 7690 = ESO
240-006 = PGC 71716
23 33 02.6 -51
41 54
V = 12.4; Size 2.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 132d
30"
(10/13/15 - OzSky): at 303x; bright, fairly large, oval 5:2 NW-SE,
~100"x40", sharply concentrated with a very bright core that
increases to a stellar nucleus.
The galaxy bulges very slightly at the center and rounds near the ends. Located 6.2' WNW of mag 8.5 HD 221593.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7690 = h3997 on 3 Oct 1834 and recorded "B; S; E;
psbM." On a later sweep he
noted "pB; S; R; 20"; precedes a * 8m 37 seconds [of time]."
******************************
NGC 7691 = UGC
12654 = MCG +03-60-001 = CGCG 455-009 = LGG 477-001 = PGC 71699
23 32 24.4 +15
50 52
V = 12.9; Size 2.1'x1.6'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 175d
17.5"
(7/19/90): faint, fairly small, almost round, diffuse, low surface
brightness. Forms vertex of an
obtuse triangle with a mag 10.5 star 1.3' SSW and a mag 11.5 star 1.7' E. The two stars detract from viewing.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7691 = H III-213 = h2250 on 16 Oct 1784 (sweep 294) and recorded
"eF, cL, between 2 pB star but a little north of them. 240 verified it." JH made the single observation
"eF; pL; forms a triangle with 2 st 10m, near it".
******************************
NGC 7692 = MCG
-01-60-003 = PGC 71712
23 32 46.8 -05
35 49
V = 13.0; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 11.1; PA = 80d
17.5"
(9/15/90): very faint, very small, round, weak concentration. Located 4.9' NNW of mag 9.5 SAO 146766.
George Bond
discovered NGC 7692 = HN 2 on Oct 23 1848 at Harvard College Observatory with
the 15" Merz refractor. His
position in AN 1453 is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7693 = MCG
+00-60-003 = CGCG 381-006 = PGC 71720
23 33 10.5 -01
17 31
V = 13.3; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 30d
17.5"
(9/26/92): faint, small, round, weak concentration. A mag 13 star is 1.4' ESE. Located 15' WSW of 14 Piscium (V = 5.9).
Asaph Hall
discovered NGC 7693 on 1 Dec 1881 while observing Faye's Comet with the 26-inch
refractor at the USNO (see AN 2394) and noted a "small nebula or nebulous
star." His position is an
exact match with MCG +00-60-003.
Sherburne Burnham also measured the position (Publ of Lick Obs, II) and
commented it was not a "nebulous star". This is the Hall's only NGC discovery, though he is famous
for discovering the two moons of Mars.
******************************
NGC 7694 = MCG
-01-60-004 = Mrk 931 = PGC 71728
23 33 15.8 -02
42 10
V = 13.4; Size 1.6'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 80d
17.5"
(11/30/91): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 ~E-W, 1.1'x0.7', broad
concentration. Almost collinear
with two mag 13 stars 1.8' NNE and 3.0' NNE of center. Located 4.2' SW of a mag 10 star. Forms a close pair with NGC 7695 1.1'
SSW. Member of the NGC 7701 group
with NGC 7701 20' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7694 = H III-187 on 20 Sep 1784 (sweep 279) and recorded
"eF, stellar. 240 verified
it, and showed it of a considerable magnitude." Heinrich d'Arrest measured the position on 2 nights, so the
NGC position is accurate. Albert Marth discovered nearby NGC 7695.
******************************
NGC 7695 = PGC
71726
23 33 15.0 -02
43 12
V = 15.1; Size 0.5'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 81d
17.5"
(11/30/91): extremely faint and small, round, requires averted. Located just 1.1' SSW of NGC 7694 in
the NGC 7701 group.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7695 = m 581 on 18 Nov 1864 and noted "eF, stell, very near
III. 187 [NGC 7694]." His
position is within 1' of PGC 71726, situated 1.1' south of NGC 7694, so the
identification is certain despite the faintness of this galaxy. The RNGC misclassifies this number as
nonexistent (Type 7).
******************************
NGC 7696 = MCG
+01-60-004 = CGCG 407-010 = PGC 71757
23 33 50.1 +04
52 15
V = 14.0; Size 0.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 96d
24"
(11/24/14): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:3 E-W, 30"x18",
weak concentration. CGCG lies 10'
NE.
18"
(11/14/09): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 E-W, 40"x20", weak
concentration with no core or nucleus.
Located on the SW side of a group of 10 galaxies (4 NGCs) centered about
NGC 7706.
17.5"
(11/1/86): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, diffuse. A mag 13 star is 1.7' WSW. NGC 7704 lies 19' E.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7696 = m 582 on 14 Nov 1863 and noted "F, S, lE." His position is 1' south of CGCG
407-010 = PGC 71757.
******************************
NGC 7697 = ESO
110-G012 = AM 2332-654 = IC 5333 = PGC 71800
23 34 53.0 -65
23 46
V = 13.5; Size 1.6'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 87d
25"
(10/15/17 - OzSky): at 397x; fairly faint to moderately bright, very thin
edge-on ~8:1 E-W, ~1.2'x0.15', tapers at the tips, contains a thin brighter
elongted core. The galaxy is at
the eastern vertex of a triangle with a mag 11 star 4' SW and a mag 12.5 star
3.5' NW. Also a mag 14.3 star is
1.7' ENE, along with a 15.2 star 1.6' ESE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7697 = h3998 on 6 Sep 1836 and recorded "eeF; pL; 40";
very difficult but certain".
His position in the CGH catalogue is accurate, but his declination in
the GC is 9' too far south. Then
Dreyer made another clerical error and the NGC RA is 3.0 minutes too
large. He later mentioned the
misprint and corrected the RA in the IC 2 Notes.
DeLisle Stewart
found this galaxy again in 1900 on an Arequipa plate and reported IC 5533 = HN
784 as "cB, S, edge of plate, susp." His position is off by only 1.5'. So, NGC 7697 = IC 5533 = ESO 110-012. PGC identifies ESO 110-012 as IC 5333
and doesn't recognize the NGC label.
RC3 misidentifies ESO 110-014 as NGC 7697. ESO-LV identifies both ESO 110-012 and ESO 110-014 as NGC
7697. RNGC classifies this number
as a galaxy but uses the erroneous blank NGC position! So, there are numerous identification
missteps.
******************************
NGC 7698 = UGC
12668 = VV 400 = MCG +04-55-029 = CGCG 476-069 = PGC 71762
23 34 01.5 +24
56 41
V = 13.3; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 170d
17.5"
(9/23/89): faint, very small, round, very small bright core. A mag 14 star is 38" E of
center. A wide double star mag
9/10 (1.0' separation in PA 0¡) lies 5' SSE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7698 = St XIII-96 on 26 Sep 1883. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7699 = PGC
71782
23 34 27.0 -02
53 58
V = 15.0; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 109d
24"
(9/22/17): at 260x; very faint, very small, round, 18" diameter, low even
surface brightness. A mag 11 star
is 1' E. Situated nearly midway
between NGC 7700 3.3' S and NGC 7701 2.9' NNE.
17.5"
(11/30/91): extremely faint, very small, round, requires averted vision. Located just 1.0' E of a mag 11
star. Also located just west of
the midpoint of the line connecting NGC 7700 3.2' SSE and NGC 7701 3.0'
NNE. NGC 7699 is the faintest in
this trio.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7699 = m 583, along with NGC 7700 (near NGC 7701), on 18 Nov
1864 and noted "eF, vS."
His position is fairly accurate.
******************************
NGC 7700 = MCG
-01-60-006 = PGC 71777
23 34 30.3 -02
57 13
V = 13.8; Size 1.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 155d
24"
(9/22/17): at 260x; fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 7:2 NNW-SSE,
~1.0'x0.25'. A mag 12 star is 3'
ENE. NGC 7699 is 3.3' N and 7701
is 6' N.
17.5"
(11/30/91): faint, very small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, weak concentration. A mag 13 star is 2.0' SSE. In a group with NGC 7701 6.0' N and NGC
7699 3.3' NNW. The identifications
of NGC 7700 and NGC 7701 are reversed in RC3, PGC and DSFG.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7700 = m 584, along with NGC 7699, on 18 Nov 1864 and noted
"vF, eS, stellar. (not far from [NGC 7701])." His position is accurate. The
identifications for NGC 7700 and NGC 7701 are reversed in the pre-publication
version of the ESGC and this error is repeated in the RC3, PGC and secondary
sources such as the first edition of the Deep Sky Field Guide and WikiSky. See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 7701 = MCG
-01-60-007 = LGG 476-003 = PGC 71779
23 34 31.5 -02
51 15
V = 13.3; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 175d
24"
(9/22/17): at 260x; moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 5:2 N-S, well
concentrated with a small bright elongated core. Brightest in a group (LGG 476) with NGC 7699 3' SSW, NGC
7700 6' S, IC 1501 18' S, NGC 7710 19' ESE.
17.5"
(11/30/91): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 N-S, prominent core,
stellar nucleus, halo gradually fades into background. A mag 11 star is 3.3' SW. Brightest in a group with NGC 7700 6.0'
S, NGC 7699 3.0' SSW, NGC 7710 19' E and NGC 7694 20' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7701 = H III-188 on 20 Sep 1784 (sweep 279) and recorded
"eF, stellar. I did not
verify this because it looked exactly like the former [NGC 7694] before I
verified it." His position is
7' too far southwest, comparable to the offset for NGC 7694, the previous
object in the sweep. Heinrich
d'Arrest measured the position on 4 nights, though questioned if it was NGC
7701 due to the discrepancy in position.
The data for NGC
7700 and 7701 are reversed in the ESGC, PGC and the first edition of the Deep
Sky Field Guide.
******************************
NGC 7702 = ESO
192-009 = PGC 71829
23 35 28.9 -56
00 44
V = 12.2; Size 2.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 117d
30"
(10/13/15 - OzSky): at 303x; very bright, fairly large, elongated at least 2:1
WNW-ESE, 1.4'x0.6', sharply concentrated with an intensely bright core that
increases gradually to the center.
This galaxy has a strong apparent ring though it is not connected to a
bar. The ring was evident as a
well defined oval periphery and brightened slightly at the ends of the major
axis. A mag 8.2 star lies 3.4' W.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7702 = h3999 on 28 Oct 1834 and recorded "vB; pmE; smbM;
30" l; has a * 9m 23.5 seconds preceding, 10" north." His mean position (measured on 2 nights)
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7703 = UGC
12676 = MCG +03-60-004 = CGCG 456-016 = PGC 71797
23 34 46.9 +16
04 33
V = 13.4; Size 2.2'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 147d
17.5"
(10/28/89): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 NW-SE, well-defined
small bright core, thin faint extensions.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7703 = h2251 = Sw IV-97 on 7 Oct 1825 and recorded "vF; vS;
gbM; 10"; has a * 1' dist north following." His position is at the south edge of UGC 12676. Lewis Swift independently discovered
this galaxy on 1 Sep 1886 and reported "vF; vS; R; 2 st point to it [to
the east]." Swift's position
is accurate, though he apparently missed the JH's earlier discovery in the
Slough Catalogue and GC.
******************************
NGC 7704 = UGC
12684 = MCG +01-60-005 = CGCG 407-014 = WBL 718-002 = PGC 71810
23 35 01.0 +04
53 51
V = 13.4; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 67d
24"
(11/24/14): at 375; fairly faint to moderately bright, oval 3:2 WSW-ENE, bright
core, halo increases with averted, 0.6'x0.4'. A mag 15 star is off the SE side
[45" from center]. PGC 214966
lies 2.0' WSW of center and appeared very faint, round, 10" diameter. Slightly brighter NGC 7706 is 4.6' NNE
and NGC 7705 is 5.6' S.
18"
(11/14/09): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 WSW-ENE, 0.6'x0.4', very
weak concentration. PGC 214966
lies 1.9' WSW and appeared extremely faint and small, round, 6"
diameter. This compact galaxy was
near my visual threshold and only occasionally visible as a tiny knot. A mag 12 star is 3' W and a mag 15-16
star is less than 1' ESE.
17.5"
(8/27/87): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated SW-NE, small brighter
core. A mag 15 star is 0.8' SE of
center. In a group with NGC 7705
5.7' S and NGC 7706 4.7' NE. NGC
7696 lies 19' W.
17.5"
(11/1/86): fairly faint, fairly small, very little concentration, slightly
elongated SW-NE. A faint star is
1' off the SE end. Observation in
very poor seeing.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7704 = h2252 on 13 Oct 1827 and logged "eF; hardly
perceptible; a * 12m precedes."
His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7705 = CGCG
407-013 = WBL 718-001 = PGC 71811
23 35 02.5 +04
48 14
V = 14.4; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 105d
24"
(11/24/14): faint to fairly faint, small, round, 20"-24" diameter,
contains a very small brighter nucleus.
Faintest of 3 NGC's in a N-S string with NGC 7704 5.7' N.
18"
(11/14/09): faint, small, round, 0.4' diameter, weak concentration to center
with no zones, though an occasional stellar nucleus. Located 5.7' due south of NGC 7704.
17.5"
(8/27/87): very faint, very small, slightly elongated NW-SE, just a weak
concentration at the core. Located
5.7' S of NGC 7704 in a group with NGC 7706.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7705 = m 585 on 27 Oct 1864 and briefly commented
"eF". His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7706 = UGC
12686 = MCG +01-60-006 = CGCG 407-015 = WBL 718-003 = PGC 71817
23 35 10.4 +04
57 51
V = 13.2; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 120d
24"
(11/24/14): moderately bright and large, oval 4:3 WNW-ESE, contains a bright,
elongated core and a faint, oval halo.
A mag 14.8 star is on the south edge [27" from center]. Brightest in the WBL 718 group.
18"
(11/14/09): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated ~E-W. Contains a very small, slightly
brighter center with an occasional very faint stellar nucleus. A mag 14.5 star is just off the south
side. One of the brightest members
of a group that includes 10 galaxies in a one-degree circle. Similar NGC 7704
lies 4.5' SSW.
17.5"
(8/27/87): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated WNW-ESE, broad
concentration. A mag 14 star is
27" SW of center. Similar in
size and brightness to NGC 7704 4.7' SSW but a weaker concentration.
17.5" (11/1/86):
similar in size and brightness to NGC 7704 but contains a slightly brighter
core. Slightly elongated NW-SE, a
faint star is 1' SW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7706 = h2253 on 16 Oct 1827 and logged "vF, but brighter
than the preceding." The preceding
refers to NGC 7704, which was discovered on the previous sweep just 3 nights
earlier.
******************************
NGC 7707 = UGC
12683 = MCG +07-48-012 = CGCG 533-014 = PGC 71798
23 34 51.4 +44
18 15
V = 13.4; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 45d
17.5"
(8/29/92): fairly faint, small, elongated 4:3 SSW-NNE, 1' diameter, bright
core, faint stellar nucleus. The
impression of elongation may be due to a mag 15 star at the NNE tip. Located 53" SE of a mag 10.5 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7707 = H III-579 = h2254 on 24 Oct 1786 (sweep 621) and logged
"vF, vS, just following a pB star." JH made two observations, first noting "eF; R;
20"; has a * 11m, 45¡ np; distance 25"." This object was missed at Birr Castle
on one attempt.
******************************
NGC 7708
23 34 39 +72 48
54
Size 13'
17.5"
(12/20/95): large, scattered group that requires at low power. At 100x, about 30 stars are spread out
in 15' triangular outline (borders are arbitrary) elongated NW-SE. Includes one bright star (mag 7.4 SAO
10785) and a number of mag 11 stars.
There are also two mag 8 and 9 stars (SAO 10788 and 10791) at the south
vertex of the triangle. There are
no rich spots but the group appears somewhat detached in the field at low
power. Catches the eye because of
the brighter stars although appears to be just an asterism due to lack of any
concentration or rich spots.
Listed as nonexistent in RNGC.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7708 = H VIII-62 = h2255 on 19 Sep 1787 (sweep 760) and recorded
"a cl. of coarsely scattered large stars, not rich, but the stars are
brilliant." JH observed this
group of stars on 20 Nov 1829 and noted "A poor and coarse cluster of
large and small stars. The largest
(= 9m) taken." On a later
sweep he reported "a * 8-9m, the chief of a scattered cluster of 30...50
stars, 10...15m. It more than
fills the field. JH's positions correspond with mag 7.6 SAO 10785. RNGC classifies this object as a
nonexistent cluster (Type 7). See
Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 7709 = MCG
-03-60-002 = PGC 71828
23 35 27.5 -16
42 18
V = 12.7; Size 2.6'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 54d
17.5"
(9/15/90): fairly faint, small, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE, bright core.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 7709 = Sw VI-97 on 21 Oct 1886 and recorded "pF; S; R; betw
2 distant B stars." His RA is
12 seconds too large, but the description matches MCG -03-60-002 = PGC
71828. Bigourdan measured an
accurate position on 16 Nov 1890.
Herbert Howe reobserved the galaxy in 1897-98 and noted "This is
described as "R". I find it much elongated at 225¡. It lies 8' south of a star of mag 8.
Its length is 20", with a possible further faint extension." His micrometric position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7710 = MCG
-01-60-010 = PGC 71844
23 35 46.1 -02
52 51
V = 13.9; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 135d
24"
(9/22/17): at 260x; fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, very
elongated 7:2 NW-SE, 0.8'x0.25',
well concentrated with a small bright core. NGC 7701 (brightest in a group) is 19' WNW.
17.5"
(12/16/95): faint, small, 40"x30" halo extended NW-SE, broad
concentration to a slightly brighter core. Situated in a poor star field at 220x with only scattered
mag 14-15 stars. Located 19'
following NGC 7701 (which is the brightest of a trio).
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 7710 = m 586 on 24 Sep 1862 with the 11-inch refractor
at Copenhagen. Albert Marth
independently found this galaxy in Nov 1864 and noted "vF, vS,
stellar."
******************************
NGC 7711 = UGC
12691 = MCG +02-60-004 = CGCG 432-007 = LGG 477-003 = PGC 71836
23 35 39.4 +15
18 07
V = 12.2; Size 2.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 95d
17.5"
(10/28/89): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 E-W, sharp bright core,
fainter extensions.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7711 = H II-244 = h2256 on 14 Oct 1784 (sweep 289) and logged
"F, S, lE. 240 showed it
better, resolvable." On 16
Oct 1784 (sweep 294), he noted "F, stellar but not vS." On 2 Nov 1823, JH recorded "vF; R;
gmbM; 20"; r; like a blotted star."
******************************
NGC 7712 = UGC
12694 = MCG +04-55-030 = CGCG 476-073 = PGC 71850
23 35 51.6 +23
37 08
V = 12.7; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.1
17.5"
(9/23/89): fairly faint, small, round, weakly concentrated.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 7712 = T I-53 in 1876 with the 11-inch "Amici I"
refractor at the Arcetri Observatory.
His position is 1.6' northwest of UGC 12694.
******************************
NGC 7713 = ESO
347-028 = MCG -06-51-013 = AM 2333-381 = LGG 478-002 = PGC 71866
23 36 15.2 -37
56 22
V = 11.2; Size 4.5'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 168d
17.5"
(10/20/90): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE, broad
concentration. A mag 13 star is at
the north tip. Located just east
of two mag 10 and 11 stars; the closer mag 11 star is 2' W of center. NGC 7713A
lies 17' NE (not seen).
8"
(8/16/82): very faint, elongated NNW-SSE, weak concentration. Located 40' ESE of Beta Sculptoris (V =
4.4).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7713 = h4000 on 4 Oct 1836 and recorded "pB; oval; or pmE;
vgbM; 3'." There is a
30' error in north polar distance in the NGC due to misprint in GC, but JH's
original NPD is accurate. This
error was noted by Innes (MN 58,330) and repeated by Dreyer in the IC 2 Notes.
******************************
NGC 7714 = Arp
284 NED1 = VV 51a = UGC 12699 = MCG +00-60-017 = CGCG 381-011 = Mrk 538 = LGG
479-002 = PGC 71868
23 36 14.1 +02
09 18
V = 12.5; Size 1.9'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 4d
48"
(10/26/16): at 610x; very bright, moderately large, unusual irregular
structure, ~1.2' diameter. This
deformed, interacting Wolf-Rayet galaxy is dominated by an extremely bright
stellar nucleus (starburst activity).
A short bar-like central region is elongated NNW-SSE. A curved arm bends sharply west on the
south end of the "bar" and contains a very small knot (southwest of
the nucleus). A second arm, which
appears to consist of a series of HII knots on the SDSS, begins on the NNW end
of the "bar" and extends a short distance northeast. A low surface brightness halo appears
as a hazy glow on the eastern side only [a tidal loop on the SDSS]. The western tidally stretched arm of
NGC 7715 2' E heads towards NGC 7714 but doesn't form a complete bridge.
NGC 7714 is
located just 4' NW of mag 5.7 16 Psc and the bright star needs to be kept out
of the field. [HB89] 2333+019, an
18th magnitude quasar with a light-travel time of over 10 billion years, faint
distant quasar, lies 4.4' ENE of center and was the subject of an article by
Howard Banich in the Oct. '17 issue of Sky & Tel.
24"
(8/30/16): at 322x; bright, moderately large, irregular shape. Contains a very bright quasi-stellar
nucleus and a close knot on the NW side.
The halo is irregular in outline.
Brighter of a close, interacting pair (Arp 284) with NGC 7715 2' E. The bridge of material connecting the
pair was not seen. Located 4' NW
of mag 5.7 16 Psc!
17.5"
(8/7/91): moderately bright, very small, unusually bright 13th magnitude
stellar nucleus! Surrounded by a
small halo slightly elongated NW-SE.
Forms a close pair with NGC 7715 1.8' E. Located 4' NW of 16 Piscium (V = 5.7), which adds to an
interesting view! This is a
distorted Wolf-Rayet starburst galaxy.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7714 = h2257 on 18 Sep 1830 and recorded "pB; S; R; psbM;
in field with 16 Piscium; a star 12m near south preceding (dist = 1 diameter of
neb by diagram)." His
position is fairly accurate. NGC
7715 was discovered at Birr Castle.
******************************
NGC 7715 = Arp
284 NED2 = Arp 284:C1 = VV 51b = UGC 12700 = MCG +00-60-018 = CGCG 381-012 =
LGG 479-003 = Holm 810b = PGC 71878
23 36 22.1 +02
09 24
V = 14.2; Size 2.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 73d
48"
(10/26/16): at 610x; fairly bright, moderately large, thin edge-on 6:1 WSW-ENE. Dominated by a small, bright elongated
core ~20"x8" that increases to a star-like nucleus. Long stretched tidal arms or plumes
extend WSW-ENE, ~1.8'x0.3'. The
western "arm" heads towards the center of NGC 7714 [1.9' W], but dims
out before reaching the halo. Mag
5.7 16 Psc is just 3.3' S and the glare affected viewing unless moved off the
field.
[HB89] 2333+019,
a faint distant quasar, lies 2.6' NE of the center of NGC 7715. At a redshift of z = 1.871, the
light-travel time is 10.2 billion years.
It was generally visible with averted vision despite a V magnitude of
18.3. The quasar wasn't our target
- Jimi noticed it on his monitor when we were observing NGC 7714/15, so of
course Howard, Jimi and I had to take a look and we were pleased it was readily
visible.
24"
(8/30/16): at 322x; fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 4:1
WSW-ENE. Contains a brighter core
and low surface brightness extensions (arms) that increase in size with averted
vision to ~1.4'x0.35'. On images
the western arm or tidal bridge stretches to brighter NGC 7714 1.8' W, though
there was no visual connection.
Located 3' N of mag 5.7 16 Psc!
17.5"
(8/7/91): very faint, very small, elongated 2:1 WSW-ENE. Located 3.2' N of mag 5.7 16 Psc, which
detracts from viewing. Forms a
close pair (Arp 284) with much brighter NGC 7714 1.8' W.
Bindon Stoney,
LdR's observing assistant, discovered NGC 7715 on 4 Nov 1850 while examining
NGC 7714. He simply noted "a
F neb f[ollows] about 2'."
Dreyer measured an accurate position in 1876 using the offset from 16
Psc.
******************************
NGC 7716 = UGC
12702 = MCG +00-60-019 = CGCG 381-013 = LGG 479-004 = PGC 71883
23 36 31.5 +00
17 50
V = 12.1; Size 2.1'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 35d
13.1"
(11/5/83): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter, faint stellar
nucleus. Located 2.0' N of a mag
9.5 star.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7716 = h2258 on 6 Sep 1831 and recorded "Not eF; pL; lE;
gbM; has a * 10m exactly south, dist 2'." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7717 = MCG
-03-60-008 = PGC 71941
23 37 43.7 -15
07 07
V = 12.8; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 8d
17.5"
(9/15/90): fairly faint, very small, round, small bright core, stellar
nucleus. Located 4.9' WSW of mag
6.4 SAO 165808.
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 7717 = T I-54 in 1876 with the 11" refractor at the Arcetri
Observatory near Florence. He mentions the nebula precedes Lalande 46286 (HD
222125) by 10 seconds and 1.5' south, but the galaxy is 20 seconds of RA west
of the star.
******************************
NGC 7718 = UGC
12712 = MCG +04-55-034 = CGCG 476-082 = PGC 71959
23 38 05.0 +25
43 11
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 160d
17.5"
(9/23/89): very faint, small, elongated NW-SE, even surface brightness.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7718 = m 587 on 6 Sep 1863 and noted "vF, S, R." His dec is 2' too far south.
******************************
NGC 7719 = ESO
536-012 = PGC 71961
23 38 02.6 -22
58 28
V = 14.2; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(12/20/95): extremely faint, very small, slightly elongated ~N-S? [DSS
orientation SW-NE], 30" diameter, can just hold steadily with averted
vision. A mag 14 star is 2.2' SW. There are no stars brighter than mag 12
in the 21' field.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 7719 = LM I-264 on 11 Aug 1885 and noted "eF;
vS; R." His rough position
(nearest min of RA) is less than 1 min of RA too large. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position in 1898-99 (repeated in the IC 2 Notes).
******************************
NGC 7720 = UGC
12716 = MCG +04-55-036 = CGCG 476-091 = 3C 465 = PGC 71985
23 38 29.4 +27
01 55
V = 12.3; Size 1.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 20d
17.5"
(8/10/91): located at the center of the rich cluster AGC 2634. Fairly faint, small, small bright core,
elongated SSW-NNE. Forms a double
system with a companion (NGC 7720A) attached at the north side. The system appears visually as
overlapping galaxies with double nuclei.
A dense swarm of galaxies are nearby to the south and east; IC 5341 2.8'
SSW, CGCG 476-090 3.2' S, CGCG 476-092 3.3' SSE, IC 5342 2.4' SE, PGC 85575
0.9' E and PGC 71991 1.5' E! A mag
15.5 star is 1.5' SW and two mag 11 stars lie 4' SSE and 7' SSE.
IC 5341: very
faint, extremely small, round.
CGCG 476-090:
very faint, extremely small, round.
A mag 11 star is 2.1' E.
This is the central galaxy in a very tight trio 3' S of NGC 7720.
IC 5342: very
faint, small, round, bright core.
Located 2' N of a mag 11 star and 2.4' SE of NGC 7720.
PGC 85575:
extremely faint and small, round, <5" diameter. Located just 0.9' E of the center of
NGC 7720.
PGC 71991:
extremely faint and small, slightly elongated N-S. A mag 14 star is 30" WSW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7720 = H III-146 = h2259 on 10 Sep 1784 (sweep 264) and recorded
"vF, E, small stars with nebulosity between." There is nothing at his position, but
36 seconds of time west is UGC 12716. JH described this galaxy as "pF; R;
bM; 20"." and measured an accurate RA. Herbert Howe reported in his 1900 paper on NGC/IC
observations that "there seems to be a small nest of nebulae clustered
about this one. I have measured
two, and suspected some others. An
examination with a large telescope might be fruitful. 7720 is described as "lE, bM." It looks like a nebulous double star of
mag 12-13.5, angle 10¡ [NNE], and distance 10"." So Howe clearly resolved the two
components of NGC 7720.
******************************
NGC 7721 = MCG
-01-60-017 = LGG 481-001 = Holm 812a = PGC 72001
23 38 48.7 -06
31 04
V = 11.6; Size 3.5'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 15d
17.5"
(9/15/90): moderately bright, fairly large, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE, broad weak
concentration.
8"
(8/15/82): faint, moderately large, low surface brightness, elongated N-S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7721 = H II-432 = h2260 on 10 Sep 1785 (sweep 435) and logged
"pB, cL, E." On 30 Sep
1786 (sweep 605), he reported "F, lbM, about 3' l, E from sp about 10 or
15¡ from the meridian to nf." JH made 3 observations in Oct 1828, calling
the galaxy "vF; L; R; vgbM; 60"." and "pB; pL; pmE; irreg
fig."
******************************
NGC 7722 = UGC
12718 = MCG +03-60-017 = CGCG 455-035 = LGG 477-004 = PGC 71993
23 38 41.2 +15
57 17
V = 12.4; Size 1.7'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 150d
17.5"
(10/28/89): fairly faint, fairly small, almost round, even concentration to a
bright core, very small or stellar nucleus. A mag 15.5 star is close off the SW edge 44" from
center.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 7722 on 12 Aug 1864 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His position is
accurate (observed on two nights) and he mentions the mag 12 star 2' NNE (3.8
seconds of time east and ~1.5' north).
******************************
NGC 7723 = MCG
-02-60-005 = LGG 480-001 = PGC 72009
23 38 56.6 -12
57 35
V = 11.2; Size 3.5'x2.3'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 35d
17.5"
(9/15/90): moderately bright, moderately large, oval 3:2 SW-NE, very small
bright core, large diffuse halo.
NGC 7727 lies 40' NNE.
Located 20' ENE of mag 5.7 SAO 165804.
8"
(8/28/81): faint, moderately large, elongated. Located 20' ENE of a mag 6 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7723 = H I-110 = h2261 on 27 Nov 1785 (sweep 478) and recorded
"cB, cL, mbM, lE." His
position is accurate. JH logged
(sweep 9) "Irreg R; gbM; 2' diam; r.
I certainly see one star near the middle."
******************************
NGC 7724 = MCG
-02-60-006 = LGG 480-002 = PGC 72015
23 39 07.2 -12
13 27
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 37d
13.1"
(10/10/86): faint, moderately large, slightly elongated SW-NE, diffuse but
edges well defined, even surface brightness. A mag 10 star (SAO 165813) lies 5.6' SSE. Located 12' WNW of NGC 7727.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7724 = St V-13 = T I-55 = T IV-14 on 23 Sep 1873 and recorded
"eF, moderate extent; irregular." His micrometric position is accurate. Wilhelm Tempel independently found the
galaxy again on 26 Nov 1877 and measured an accurate micrometric position in
1880. He was surprised WH, JH,
d'Arrest and LdR missed this galaxy, although they all viewed nearby NGC 7727.
******************************
NGC 7725 = MCG
-01-60-018 = PGC 72025
23 39 14.8 -04
32 22
V = 13.8; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5"
(10/21/95): faint, very small, round, 25" diameter, weak even
concentration down to a slightly brighter core and nucleus. A wide pair of stars (h990 = 9.2/11.5
at 41") is 10' SE. Incorrect
identification in the RNGC. The
PGC magnitude (13.0B) is too bright.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7725 = H III-189 on 20 Sep 1784 (sweep 279) and simply noted
"eF". His single
position is ~6' southeast of MCG -01-60-018 = PGC 72025. There were no observations of this
object by JH or at Birr Castle. As
his positions were too far south in the previous two objects in the sweep, this
is a reasonable identification.
MCG doesn't label this galaxy as NGC 7725. The RNGC misidentifies MCG -01-60-011 as NGC 7725. This galaxy is located 3.0 min of RA
west and 17' south of the NGC position.
******************************
NGC 7726 = UGC
12721? = MCG +04-55-040 = CGCG 476-098 = PGC 72024
23 39 11.9 +27
06 55
V = 14.2; Size 1.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 60d
17.5"
(8/10/91): very faint, small, elongated 3:2 WSW-ENE, weak concentration. A mag 11 star is 2.6' SW. Located 10.7' NE of NGC 7720 in AGC
2634. NGC 7728 lies 11' E and CGCG
476-095 is 11' NW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 7726 = Sw IV-98 on 8 Aug 1886 and reported "eeeF; pS; R; e
diff.; pB * nr foll; 6218 [NGC 7728] nr north following but is not little but
very elongated." There is
nothing at his position (14' east-southeast of NGC 7720), but the number
probably applies to one of the galaxies within the galaxy cluster Abell 2634.
Harold Corwin
suggests NGC 7726 = UGC 12721, though notes some inconsistencies. Swift's position is 19 seconds of RA
east and 8' south of this galaxy.
Swift mentions a "pB* nr foll". A mag 9 star is due east, but it follows by 9'. Also a mag 10 star is only 2.6'
southwest of UGC 12721 and it seems likely this star would have been noted
instead. On the other hand, NGC
7728 is 11' east-northeast in agreement with the description, though it
certainly doesn't appear "very elongated". Corwin was unable to find another more likely candidate, so
this identification is very uncertain.
The RNGC and RC3
misidentifies IC 5342 as NGC 7726. This galaxy is just 2.5' southeast of NGC
7720. I called NGC 7726
nonexistent in RNGC Corrections #4, but my comments were revised in RNGC
Corrections #6.
******************************
NGC 7727 = Arp
222 = VV 67 = MCG -02-60-008 = LGG 480-003 = PGC 72060
23 39 54.2 -12
17 31
V = 10.6; Size 4.7'x3.5'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 35d
17.5"
(9/15/90): fairly bright, moderately large, oval 4:3 E-W, very bright core,
almost stellar nucleus, large fainter halo. Forms a pair with NGC 7724 12' NW.
13"
(10/10/84): moderately bright, bright core, faint stellar nucleus, faint outer
halo, slightly elongated. Forms a
pair with NGC 7724.
8"
(8/28/81): faint, moderately large, round, bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7727 = H I-111 = h2262 on 27 Nov 1785 (sweep 478) and recorded
"pB; pL; bM; iR." His
position is unusually accurate.
d'Arrest made two observations, measured an accurate position, and gave
the diameter as 37"-42".
******************************
NGC 7728 = UGC
12727 = MCG +04-55-041 = CGCG 476-103 = PGC 72064
23 40 00.8 +27
08 01
V = 13.1; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 75d
17.5"
(8/10/91): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated WSW-ENE, bright core,
stellar nucleus. Located 2.3' NE
of a mag 10 star in AGC 2634.
Forms a pair with PGC 85623 = 2MASX J23400320+2710014 2.5' NNE. UGC 12721 lies 11' W.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 7728 on 16 Feb 1862 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His mean position
(measured on 3 nights) is just off the south side of the galaxy and he mentions
the nearby mag 9 star (9 seconds of RA west).
******************************
NGC 7729 = UGC
12730 = MCG +05-55-046 = CGCG 497-047 = PGC 72083
23 40 33.7 +29
11 17
V = 13.5; Size 1.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 7d
17.5"
(7/30/92): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 N-S, 1.2'x0.4', small
bright core.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7729 = St XIII-97 on 5 Oct 1883 and recorded "eF; S, irr
elongated SSW to NNE. Small star (or nucleus) eccentrically placed to the
south." His position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 7730 = ESO
606-002 = MCG -04-55-022 = PGC 72094
23 40 45.9 -20
30 32
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 134d
18"
(11/22/08): very faint, very small, round, 15" diameter (viewed core
only?), weak concentration.
Located 8' WSW of a mag 9.6 HD 222507. The NGC identification with this galaxy is uncertain due to
Tempel's poor position and description ("pretty bright").
Wilhelm Tempel
discovered NGC 7730 = T I-56 in 1876 with the 11" refractor at the Arcetri
Observatory and recorded "Nebula, good class II, elongated, 2' dia; no
known star in the vicinity."
There is nothing at his very rough position (RA to the nearest minute
and marked +/-) in his first list (AN 2212). The GC Supplement and NGC position, though, is about 50 seconds
further east based on a position communicated directly to Dreyer. Herbert Howe reported he unsuccessfully
searched for this object on two nights in 1898-99.
The ESO
identifies ESO 606-002 = MCG -04-55-22 as NGC 7730. This galaxy is 17' south and 36 seconds west of his
"corrected" position. Furthermore, with a magnitude of B_t = 14.8
this galaxy is pretty faint, so I doubt Tempel would refer to it as a
"good [Herschel] class II".
Harold Corwin was unable, though, to find another suitable candidate. See his notes.
******************************
NGC 7731 = UGC
12737 = MCG +00-60-034 = CGCG 381-025 = Holm 813b = LGG 482-001 = PGC 72128
23 41 29.1 +03
44 24
V = 13.5; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.9
48"
(10/26/16): at 610x; bright, moderately large, slightly elongated E-W,
1.0'x0.8', well concentrated with a slightly elongated bright core SW-NE and a
sharp, very bright stellar nucleus!
Situated just 1.3' W of a distracting mag 11 star. Forms a striking pair with NGC 7732
1.5' SE.
24"
(11/24/14): fairly faint, fairly small.
Sharply concentrated with a brighter "bar" oriented SW-NE
within a very faint halo increasing the size to ~30". A mag 11 star is 1.3' E and NGC 7732
is 1.5' SE.
IC 1504 lies 17'
NNW and appeared fairly faint, fairly small. Sharply concentrated with a brighter "bar"
oriented SW-NE in a very faint halo increasing the size to ~30". A mag 11 star is 1.3' E
17.5"
(11/30/91): fairly faint, small, elongated 3:2 ~SW-NE, small bright core. A mag 11 star is 1.3' E. Forms a close pair with NGC 7732 1.4'
SE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7731 = m 588, along with NGC 7732, on 27 Oct 1864 and noted
"F, S."
******************************
NGC 7732 =
Zwicky's 'Pierced' Galaxy = UGC 12738 = MCG +00-60-035 = CGCG 381-026 = Holm
813a = LGG 482-002 = PGC 72131
23 41 33.9 +03
43 30
V = 13.8; Size 1.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 96d
48"
(10/26/16): at 610x; fairly bright, fairly large, very elongated 3:1 or 7:2
E-W, 1.4'x0.4'. There is no
brighter core in the central region but the galaxy was asymmetric, appearing
wider and brighter on the west end [SDSS shows a series of blue HII
knots]. At 697x, the western end
was mottled and occasionally appeared to bulge out a bit to the south on the
southwest side.
24"
(11/24/14): faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 E-W, ~35"x14", low
even surface brightness. Forms a
pair with NGC 7731 1..5' NW. A mag
11 star is 1' due north.
17.5"
(11/30/91): very faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 E-W, low even surface
brightness. Located just 1.0' S of
a mag 11 star. Forms a close pair
with NGC 7731 1.4' NW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7732 = m 589, along with NGC 7731, on 27 Oct 1864 and noted
"vF, pL." His position
is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7733 = ESO
110-022 = AM 2339-661 = PGC 72177
23 42 33.0 -65
57 23
V = 13.6; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 107d
25"
(10/15/17 - OzSky): at 244x and 397x; fairly faint, fairly small, roundish,
35" diameter. Very weak, if
any, concentration. Forms a close
interacting pair with slightly brighter NGC 7734 1.25' NE. Located 25' NE of mag 6.9 HD
222272. On the DSS and Arp-Madore
images, both galaxies are highly disturbed.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7733 = h4001, along with NGC 7734, on 2 Nov 1834 and logged
"eF; S; R; the p of 2; pos from the other = 210¡."
******************************
NGC 7734 = ESO
110-023 = AM 2339-661 = PGC 72183
23 42 42.9 -65
56 41
V = 13.1; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 119d
25"
(10/15/17 - OzSky): at 244x and 397x; moderately bright, roundish, ~45"
diameter. Contains a relatively large, slightly brighter central region. NGC
7734 is the slightly brighter of a close 1.25' pair with NGC 7733 off the
southwest side. The outer halo of
the two galaxies are separated by roughly 30".
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7734 = h4002, along with NGC 7733, on 2 Nov 1834 and recorded
"eF; S; R; 25"; the following and largest of 2."
******************************
NGC 7735 = UGC
12744 = MCG +04-55-046 = CGCG 476-115 = PGC 72165
23 42 17.3 +26
13 54
V = 13.6; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 90d
17.5"
(9/23/89): faint, small, very small bright core, faint halo. A mag 13 star is off the NE edge
34" from center and a mag 15 star is at the SW edge 21" from center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7735 = h2263 on 5 Sep 1828 and recorded "vF; a star 14m
with a nebulous branch extended towards the star, and on its south preceding
side; position from the star by diagram = 250¡ or 260¡ [WSW]. This disagrees with my Father's description
of II. 208 [NGC 7741], which is said to be south following a star, but this may
be a mistake for south preceding; but then the RA disagrees 2m and PD 6'. It can hardly, therefore, be the same
object." JH's position
matches UGC 12744. UGC and MCG
fail to label this galaxy as NGC 7735, though it is correctly labeled in the
CGCG.
******************************
NGC 7736 = ESO
606-005 = MCG -03-60-010 = PGC 72173
23 42 25.8 -19
27 08
V = 12.9; Size 1.7'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.8
17.5"
(10/21/95): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 45" diameter. Even concentration to a small bright
core and a faint stellar nucleus with direct vision. Located 7.8' SE of mag 8.3 SAO 165838. A mag 14 star lies 1.8' NNW and a mag
13.5 star 2.9' SSE.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 7736 = LM I-265 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory. He
reported "mag 15.0; eS; gbM; bet 2 st 12m." His rough position (nearest min of RA) is just 15 seconds of
RA too large. This galaxy is
between two mag 14 stars 1.8' NNW and 2.9' SSE so the identification is certain.
Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1897-98 with the 20"
refractor at the Chamberlin Observatory in Denver.
******************************
NGC 7737 = UGC
12745 = MCG +04-55-048 = CGCG 476-118 = PGC 72182
23 42 46.4 +27
03 11
V = 13.8; Size 1.0'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 147d
17.5"
(9/23/89): faint, small, slightly elongated NW-SE, weak concentration at the
center. A mag 11 star is 2.7'
NE. Pair with CGCG 476-117 3' NW.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 7737 = B. 98 on 3 Oct 1886. His position is accurate although CGCG does not identify
this galaxy as NGC 7737.
******************************
NGC 7738 = NGC
7739? = UGC 12757 = MCG +00-60-038 = CGCG 381-033 = PGC 72247
23 44 02.0 +00
31 00
V = 13.1; Size 1.9'x1.4'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 80d
17.5"
(11/2/91): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, brighter core. NGC 7739 lies 14' SE.
Gaspare Ferrari
discovered NGC 7738, along with NGC 7739, on 20 Dec 1865 using the 9.5-inch
refractor at the College Romain as an assistant to Secchi. These two nebulae were found while
searching for Biela's Comet and simply noted as "vF. The 7th [NGC 7739] is
near to the south." The
single position in AN 1571 is 30 seconds of RA west of UGC 12757. Dreyer also observed this galaxy in
1877 at Birr Castle, though misidentified NGC 7738 with a star. The nearest galaxy to the south is CGCG
381-038, 14' south-southeast.
******************************
NGC 7739 = CGCG
381-038 = PGC 72272
23 44 30.1 +00
19 14
V = 13.6; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 90d
18"
(10/25/03): faint, small, irregularly round, 0.6'x0.5', weak concentration with
a very small, slightly brighter core.
A 9' east-west string of five mag 13-14 stars passes 2' N. The identification of this galaxy and
NGC 7738 14' NW (both found by Secchi) is uncertain.
Gaspare Ferrari
discovered NGC 7739, along with NGC 7738, on 20 Dec 1865 using the 9.5-inch
refractor at the College Romain as an assistant to Secchi. NGC 7739 was simply noted as near south
of NGC 7738, but the nearest galaxy is CGCG 381-038, 14' south-southeast. Bigourdan couldn't recover NGC 7739 and
it was not found on Heidelberg or Mt Wilson plates.
RC3 identifies
CGCG 381-038 as NGC 7739. UGC
calls UGC 12757 = NGC 7738 = NGC 7739.
RNGC classifies NGC 7739 as nonexistent. MCG has no listing for NGC 7739. The RC3 identification is used here, though it's uncertain
due to the large separation.
******************************
NGC 7740 = CGCG
476-123 = PGC 72216
23 43 32.2 +27
18 43
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 140d
17.5"
(9/23/89): very faint, very small, round.
CGCG 476-120 lies 14' NW.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 7740 = B. 99 on 27 Oct 1886. His position matches CGCG 476-123 = PGC 72216. RNGC, CGCG and PGC misidentify CGCG
476-122 as NGC 7740, despite a good position. This much fainter galaxy is situated 4.3' northwest of CGCG
476-123 and was not seen in my 17.5". Furthermore, MCG misidentifies UGC 12746 as NGC 7740. This edge-on galaxy is situated 10'
west-southwest of NGC 7740.
******************************
NGC 7741 = UGC
12754 = MCG +04-55-050 = CGCG 476-125 = PGC 72237
23 43 54.0 +26
04 34
V = 11.3; Size 4.4'x3.0'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 170d
24"
(8/30/16): at 226x; bright, fairly large, dominated by a central bar extending
at least 3:1 E-W, ~45"x15".
A very low surface brightness arm is attached at the west end of the bar
and extends to the south. The
corresponding arm extending north on the east end was less obvious and only
marginally glimpsed. The arms
blend into a low surface brightness halo at least 2' in diameter. A nice mag 9.8/12 double star is off
the NW side 2' from center.
13.1"
(9/9/83): faint, moderately large, diffuse, elongated ~N-S. A pretty double star mag 9/11 at
24" is just off the north edge 2' from center and interferes with viewing.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7741 = H II-208 = St XII-95 on 10 Sep 1784 (sweep 264) and
recorded "F, cL, R, brightest in the middle; the brightness diminishing by
very gradual shades, sf a star (of the 10 or 11 magnitude by memory)." His position is 4' northwest the center
of UGC 12754. Heinrich d'Arrest
observed the galaxy on 6 nights (first on 1 Sep 1864), noted the error in WH's
position, and accurately measured the offset to the double star off the
northwest side.
ƒdouard Stephan
independently discovered this galaxy on 25 Oct 1881, also measured an accurate
micrometric position and recorded "eF, fairly large, irr oval, elong E to
W, two points of condensation."
In the remarks section at the end of the list, Stephan notes this object
is identical to GC 5005 [NGC 7741], but WH's position was poor. Perhaps while preparing his manuscript,
he read d'Arrest's observations.
The 10 Dec 1873 observation at Birr Castle reads "cB, L, mE 108¡,
much diffused neby south and following, which Lord Rosse suspected to be
divided into branching [spiral] arms."
******************************
NGC 7742 = UGC
12760 = MCG +02-60-010 = CGCG 432-023 = PGC 72260
23 44 15.7 +10
46 01
V = 11.6; Size 1.7'x1.7'; Surf Br = 12.7
17.5"
(10/28/89): moderately bright, moderately large, round, bright core. A mag 12 star is 1.2' ESE.
8"
(8/17/82): faint, small, round, small bright nucleus. A mag 12 star is very close east. NGC 7743 lies 50' S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7742 = H II-255 = h2264 on 18 Oct 1784 (sweep 297) and recorded
"pB, pS, R, bM, r." CH's
reduced position is 11 sec of RA west of UGC 12760. He found the galaxy again on 23 Nov 1785 (sweep 477)
and noted "pB, R, gbM."
JH observed this galaxy on 5 sweeps and logged (sweep 14), "B; R;
gmbM; 60"; has a small * one diameter following."
******************************
NGC 7743 = UGC
12759 = MCG +02-60-011 = CGCG 432-022 = PGC 72263
23 44 21.1 +09
56 03
V = 11.5; Size 3.0'x2.6'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 80d
17.5"
(10/28/89): moderately bright, fairly large, slightly elongated NW-SE,
prominent core, stellar nucleus. A
mag 13 star is at the southeast edge 1.0' from center. A mag 10 star is 2.8' SW.
8"
(8/17/82): faint, elongated, small bright nucleus, faint halo with
averted. A mag 13 star is off the
SE edge.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7743 = H II-256 = h2265 on 18 Oct 1784 (sweep 297) and logged
"R, like the foregoing [NGC 7742], but rather fainter." His position matches UGC 12759. JH observed this galaxy on 3 sweeps and
noted (sweep 305) "pB; R; psbM; 15"; has a * 15m, dist 1'; pos =
153.8¡ by micrometer." Samuel
Hunter, LdR's assistant on 10 Sep 1860, commented "Is it connected with
the * sf by a branch from the north side of neb?" This branch is a spiral arm that extends
south towards the star on the east side of the galaxy.
******************************
NGC 7744 = IC
5348 = ESO 292-017 = MCG -07-48-017 = AM 2342-431 = PGC 72300
23 44 59.2 -42
54 39
V = 11.9; Size 2.2'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 105d
13.1"
(9/3/86): fairly faint, elongated WNW-ESE, broadly concentrated halo, faint
extensions. Located 10' NE of mag
7.8 HD 222838.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7744 = h4003 on 5 Sep 1834 and recorded "B; S; lE; vsvmbM
to a small round almost stellar nucleus." His mean position from 3 sweeps is accurate. Despite a good NGC position, Lewis
Swift found the galaxy again at Echo Mountain on 23 Sep 1897, assumed it was
new and reported it in list XI-235 (later IC 5348) as "eF; eS;
R." His RA is 17 seconds too
small and along with the discrepancy in description, Dreyer recatalogued it as
IC 5348. Harold Corwin notes there
are no other nearby galaxies that Swift might have picked up instead. So, NGC 7744 = IC 5348.
******************************
NGC 7745 = MCG
+04-56-004 = PGC 72299
23 44 45.8 +25
54 32
V = 14.5; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5"
(12/16/95): extremely faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Appears as a very low surface
brightness spot that requires averted vision. Collinear with a wide pair of mag 13/14 stars 3.0' and 4.0'
NW of center. Located 15' SE of
NGC 7741.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7745 = m 590 on 6 Sep 1863 and measured an accurate
position. MCG (+04-56-004) fails
to use the NGC designation and as a result the RNGC doesn't reference the MCG.
******************************
NGC 7746 = UGC
12768 = MCG +00-60-043 = CGCG 381-040 = PGC 72319
23 45 20.0 -01
41 06
V = 13.1; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 160d
48"
(10/29/16): fairly bright, moderately large, well concentrated with a bright
core and a very bright quasi-stellar nucleus. The halo is oval 3:2 NNW-SSE, ~45"x30". A 6" (uncatalogued) double star is
2.3' SSE (recorded as a single star in 17.5" observation). Two 16th mag stars 1.5' and 2.5' NW are
collinear with the galaxy.
Shakhbazian 21, a distant compact galaxy cluster (1 billion l.y.), is
22' ESE.
17.5":
fairly faint, small, round, small bright core. In line with three mag 14 stars oriented E-W 2.5' W and 2.2'
E of center. A mag 12.5 star is
2.3' SSE.
Lewis Swift discovered
NGC 7746 = Sw IV-99 on 7 Sep 1886 and logged "eF; pS; R; * nr south, which
with one following and preceding forms a double triangle." His RA is 7 seconds too small (1.5'),
but there is no question with the identification.
******************************
NGC 7747 = UGC
12772 = MCG +04-56-005 = CGCG 477-003 = PGC 72328
23 45 32.3 +27
21 39
V = 13.6; Size 1.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 36d
17.5"
(9/23/89): faint, small, very elongated or edge-on SW-NE, weak
concentration. Pair with CGCG
477-004 3.6' ESE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7747 = St V-14 on 23 Sep 1873 and recorded "very faint and
small; roundish; with an eccentric condensation." His position (Esmiol's re-reduction) is
off by 3 seconds of RA (too far west), though his published position was 10
seconds too far west and 2.5' too far south.
******************************
NGC 7748 = SAO
20818
23 44 56.7 +69
45 18
V = 7.2
=*7.2 SAO
20818. "Not found",
Carlson and Curtis.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7748 = h2266 on 16 Nov 1829 and noted "about a * 8m is a
very extensive space which I am certain is affected with nebulosity." At his exact position is mag 7 HD
222958, and there is no nebulosity seen on the DSS. Based on photographs with the Crossley reflector at Lick,
Heber Curtis reported (1913), "Does not exist; absolutely no trace in
exposure of 130 min."
Interestingly, based on a Heidelberg plate, Karl Reinmuth stated
"*6.8 BD+68 1393 with F L halo.". Dorothy Carlson noted "not found" in her 1940
NGC/IC correction list.
******************************
NGC 7749 = ESO
471-009 = MCG -05-56-003 = PGC 72338
23 45 47.6 -29
31 04
V = 12.8; Size 1.6'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 28d
17.5"
(12/16/95): faint, fairly small, irregularly round, 1.0' diameter, only a broad
weak concentration. A mag 12.5
star is 1.3' following.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7749 = h4004 on 27 Sep 1834 and recorded "F; S; R; glbM;
has a * 12m 1' dist following."
******************************
NGC 7750 = UGC
12777 = MCG +01-60-034 = CGCG 407-056 = LGG 482-003 = PGC 72367
23 46 37.9 +03
47 59
V = 12.9; Size 1.6'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 171d
17.5"
(11/30/91): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, broad
concentration. A mag 11 star is
3.2' ESE and a mag 10 star is 5.8' SE of center. Located 20' N of the deep red variable 19 = TX Piscium.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7750 = H III-427 = h2267 on 30 Aug 1785 (sweep 427) and recorded
"vF, S, lE nearly in the meridian." JH made 3 observations, first logging it (sweep 94) as
"Not eF; pL; R; lbM."
CGCG fails to label this galaxy as NGC 7750.
******************************
NGC 7751 = UGC
12778 = MCG +01-60-035 = CGCG 407-057 = PGC 72381
23 46 58.3 +06
51 42
V = 12.8; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.6
13.1"
(11/29/86): faint, small, irregularly round, brighter core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7751 = H III-437 = h2269 on 27 Sep 1785 (sweep 442) and logged
"eF, vS, er, resembles a patch of stars. 240x confirmed it." His RA is 30 tsec east of UGC 12778 and JH's RA is 1.0 tmin
too large. The NGC position (from
d'Arrest) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7752 = Arp
86 NED1 = VV 5b = UGC 12779 = MCG +05-56-004 = CGCG 498-009 = Mrk 1134 = Holm
816b = IV Zw 165 = PGC 72382
23 46 58.5 +29
27 32
V = 14.3; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 113d
18"
(7/14/07): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 WNW-ENE, 0.5'x0.3', even
surface brightness. Fainter of a
double system (attached at end of spiral arm) with NGC 7753 just 2' NE. A mag 14 star lies between the two
galaxies
13.1"
(9/22/84): faint, very small, elongated ~E-W. Forms a close pair with brighter NGC 7753 2' NE. A mag 14 star is 1.2' NE of center and
situated between the galaxies.
R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 7752 on 22 Nov 1854 while observing NGC 7753 at Birr Castle He noted "south preceding [NGC
7753] is a vS oblong nebula, resolvable?" It was observed again in 1857, but no offset or sketch was
made. Heinrich d'Arrest
independently found this galaxy on 24 Sep 1865, though confused the orientation
and placed NGC 7752 1.5' north of NGC 7752, instead of 1.6' south. As a result the relative positions in
the NGC are incorrect.
******************************
NGC 7753 = Arp
86 NED2 = VV 5a = UGC 12780 = MCG +05-56-005 = CGCG 498-010 = Holm 816a = PGC
72387
23 47 04.8 +29
29 00
V = 12.0; Size 3.3'x2.1'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 50d
18"
(7/14/07): moderately bright, moderately large, slightly elongated, ~1.5'x1.3',
broad concentration with a relatively large, brighter core that is also
elongated. A mag 14 star is near
the SW edge, less than 1' from center and a mag 15 star is on the NW side. Brighter of a close pair (Arp 86) with
NGC 7752 2' SW.
13.1"
(9/22/84): fairly faint, moderately large, weak concentration. A mag 14 star is 0.9' SW of
center. Forms a close pair with
NGC 7752 2.0' SSW. This is a
M51-type system (Arp 86) with NGC 7752 attached at the end of a spiral arm.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7753 = H II-213 = h2268 on 12 Sep 1784 (sweep 267) and logged
"F; pL; lbM; a longish round." JH reported "pF; L; vgbM;
70"; r." Both Herschels
missed the fainter companion.
******************************
NGC 7754 = MCG
-03-60-021 = PGC 72511
23 49 11.2 -16
36 02
V = 14.5; Size 0.6'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 128d
17.5"
(9/26/92): extremely faint, very small, slightly elongated. Two stars mag 13.5 and 15.0 are 1.5'
S. Forms a pair with NGC 7759 5.5'
NW. NGC 7763 lies 18' E.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 7754 = LM I-266, along with NGC 7759, on 28 Nov
1885. He simply recorded "mag
16.0 [NGC 7759 is listed at mag 14.0], vS". There is nothing at
Leavenworth's rough position (nearest min of RA), but 1.5 min of RA due east is
MCG -03-60-021, placing NGC 7754 east of NGC 7759. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00. Probably due to Leavenworth's
inaccurate RA, the identifications of NGC 7754 and NGC 7759 are reversed in the
first edition of the Uranometria 2000 Atlas.
******************************
NGC 7755 = ESO
471-020 = MCG -05-56-014 = AM 2345-304 = UGCA 443 = PGC 72444
23 47 51.8 -30
31 19
V = 11.9; Size 3.8'x2.9'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 20d
17.5"
(12/16/95): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 SW-NE,
2.0'x1.3'. Fairly low surface
brightness halo surrounding a bright 30" rounder core and an occasional
stellar nucleus. A mag 13 star is
2.2' E of center.
8"
(8/16/82): very faint, moderately large, elongated 3:2 E-W, diffuse.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7755 = h4005 on 27 Sep 1834 and recorded "B; L; R; psmbM;
90" diameter." His mean
position from two consecutive sweeps is fairly accurate.
******************************
NGC 7756
23 48 28.6 +04
07 31
=* or ** 5' SW
of NGC 7757. Identification
uncertain although incorrect identification in the RNGC.
Lawrence
Parsons, 4th Earl of Rosse, discovered NGC 7756 on 11 Dec 1873 while observing
NGC 7757. Parsons simply mentions
"another neb 5' south preceding." A single mag 11 star is at this offset from NGC 7757 though
perhaps he was misled by a pair of faint stars (probably too faint) 4.2'
southwest of NGC 7757. Harold
Corwin mentions another possibility is a brighter, 22" pair of mag 14.5/15
stars 5.5' southwest. In any case, NGC 7756 is probably
either a single or double star.
RNGC misidentifies an extremely faint anonymous galaxy located 1' west
of NGC 7757 (Arp's "small high surface brightness companion on arm")
as NGC 7756 and CGCG equates NGC 7757 with NGC 7756. Discussed in RNGC Corrections #2.
******************************
NGC 7757 = Arp
68 = UGC 12788 = VV 407 = MCG +01-60-037 = CGCG 407-059 = Holm 817a = LGG
482-004/5 = PGC 72491
23 48 45.5 +04
10 16
V = 12.7; Size 2.5'x1.8'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 115d
13.1"
(11/29/86): faint, small, round, diffuse, even surface brightness. Collinear with two mag 12 and 13 stars
1.3' N and 2.5' N, respectively.
Located 13' E of mag 7.7 SAO 128385.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7757 = h2270 on 24 Sep 1830 and recorded "vF; pL; R; vglbM;
40"; a * 13m, 1' N." His
mean position (2 sweeps) is accurate.
On 11 Dec 1873, it was described at Birr Castle as "vF, cL, lE, shaped
like an "S" backward."
So, clearly he noticed the brighter spiral arms. Arp (68) and CGCG misidentifies this
galaxy as NGC 7756. See that
number.
******************************
NGC 7758 = ESO
606-010 = PGC 72497
23 48 55.2 -22
01 27
V = 14.4; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 118d
17.5"
(12/16/95): extremely faint and small, requires averted. Position verified using GSC chart. Appears barely nonstellar, ~10"
diameter though possibly only the core observed. Forms a near equilateral triangle with two mag 14 stars 3.1'
NNE and 3.6' ENE.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 7758 = LM II-475 in 1886 and reported "mag 15.5; 0.3' dia;
irr R; sbM; double star mag 10, north following 50 seconds." His position is fairly accurate and the
double star is HJ 3218.
******************************
NGC 7759 = MCG
-03-60-018 = PGC 72496
23 48 54.7 -16
32 28
V = 13.7; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 141d
24"
(8/31/16): at 282x; fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, roundish,
sharply concentrated with a bright core that gradually increases to the
center. The 45" outer halo
has a low surface brightness. A
mag 14.8 star is 1.6' SSE. NGC
7759A = MCG -03-60-019 is attached at the east edge of the halo. The companion appeared extremely faint,
fairly small, very elongated 3:1 WSW-ENE, ~20"x7".
17.5"
(9/26/92): fairly faint, very small, round, bright core, almost stellar
nucleus. Located 2.8' S of a mag
9.5 star. Forms a pair with NGC
7754 6' SE.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 7759 = LM I-267, along with NGC 7754, on 28 Nov 1885
and noted "mag 14.0; vS; R."
His rough position turns out to be just 1' south of MCG -03-60-018. Curiously, his RA is 1 minute larger
than NGC 7754, though NGC 7759 is actually west. His relatively bright mag estimate (14.0) secures this
identification. Lewis Swift found
the galaxy again in 1886 and communicated the discovery directly to Dreyer
(Swift never published the discovery).
Howe measured a very accurate micrometric position in 1899-00. The identifications of NGC 7754 and
7759 are reversed on the Uranometria 2000 Atlas, placing them in RA order.
******************************
NGC 7760 = UGC
12794 = MCG +05-56-008 = CGCG 498-014 = PGC 72512
23 49 11.9 +30
58 59
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5"
(8/29/92): faint, very small, round, 15" diameter, small brighter
core. Unusual appearance as a mag
12.5 star is attached at the southwest end and the galaxy appears as a small
attached knot.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7760 = H III-854 = h2271 on 9 Oct 1790 (sweep 971) and recorded
"two very small close stars, with seeming nebulosity between them. 360 confirmed it nearly." On sweep 975, he was more certain,
"the 2 close stars affected with nebulosity of the 971 sweep. 360 confirmed it."
JH made a total
of 5 observations and generally recorded this object as a faint double or
triple star possibly with nebulosity, though one was clearly the nucleus.
******************************
NGC 7761 = MCG
-02-60-020 = IC 5361 = PGC 72641
23 51 28.9 -13
22 54
V = 13.1; Size 1.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5"
(8/29/92): fairly faint, small, round, 1' diameter, very even concentration,
small bright core, very symmetrical appearance. Two brighter stars mag 10 are 3.5' W and 7' WSW. Located in a field that is strangely
devoid of any faint stars.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 7761 = LM I-268 in 1886 at Leander McCormick Observatory and
noted "mag 13.0; vS; R; gbM; *10 precedes 8.0'." There is nothing near his rough
(nearest min of RA) position, though 2 minutes of time east is MCG -02-60-020 =
PGC 72641. A mag 11 star is 7'
west, matching the description, though another mag 11 star is only 3.5'
west. Guillaume Bigourdan independently
found this galaxy again (Big. 356) on 30 Nov 1891 and measured an accurate
position. Herbert Howe found it a
third time on 1 Oct 1897, measured a very accurate micrometric position, and
reported as new in his first discovery list. Dreyer combined Bigourdan and
Howe's observations into IC 5361.
So, NGC 7761 = IC 5361. See
Corwin's notes for discussion.
******************************
NGC 7762 = Cr
457 = Mel 244 = Lund 1047
23 50 01 +68 02
18
Size 11'
17.5"
(10/13/90): about 100 stars in a 20' field including many mag 12-13 stars. Very large, fairly coarse but there is
a rich region near the center consisting of six tight stars almost on a line
oriented NNW-SSE with much haze nearby including a partially resolved clump
close north. A mag 8 star is at
the east edge. Located 15' NE of
mag 5.0 SAO 20853.
8"
(10/31/81): scattered cluster but one rich subgroup, fairly large, elongated
N-S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7762 = H VII-55 = h2272 on 23 Nov 1788 (sweep 883) and described
"a cluster of scattered vS stars, irr figure, pretty rich. Contains a vacancy n the middle." A second observation was made the next
night. In his 1814 PT paper he
speculated "this appearance may be accounted for by supposing, for
instance, three, four or a greater number of preponderating attracting centres
near each other, situated so as to enclose a certain space, the stars in which,
then, cannot be accumulated, while the clustering power arising from the
combined attractions with be exerted on the surrounding stars." JH made the single observation "a
vL, v coarse, rather poor cluster of *s 11...15m. The most compressed part taken."
******************************
NGC 7763 = PGC
72565
23 50 15.8 -16
35 24
V = 14.3; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 158d
17.5"
(9/26/92): faint, small, round. A
very faint mag 15 star is almost attached on the east side. Located 18' ENE of NGC 7754.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 7763 = LM I-269 on 28 Nov 1885 and logged "mag
15.0; vS; R; faint star following."
His rough position is just 24 seconds of RA east of PGC 72565. Herbert Howe noted the "F *
f" is mag 13.5, and follows about 2 seconds, a trifle north." His position (repeated in the IC 2
Notes) is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7764 = ESO
293-004 = MCG -07-48-027 = AM 2348-405 = AM 2348-410 = VV 715 = PGC 72597
23 50 53.6 -40
43 46
V = 12.2; Size 1.9'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 148d
13.1"
(9/3/86): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, brighter
core. Located 11' NW of mag 6.7
SAO 231814.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7764 = h4006 on 4 Oct 1836 and noted "B; R; gbM;
90"."
******************************
NGC 7765 = MCG
+04-56-015 = CGCG 477-015 = Holm 818c = PGC 72596
23 50 52.2 +27
09 59
V = 14.6; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.6
24"
(8/5/13): faint, small, round, 24" diameter, pretty even surface
brightness. Located 1.8' NW of NGC
7768 in the core of AGC 2666.
18"
(8/26/06): very faint, small, round, 35" diameter, low even surface
brightness. Located 1.7' NW of NGC
7768 and furthest north in a string of 4 galaxies including NGC 7766, NGC 7767
and NGC 7768.
17.5"
(7/20/90): extremely faint, very small, elongated, very low surface
brightness. Located 1.7' NW of NGC
7768 and 4' W of a mag 10.5 star in the core of AGC 2666.
R.J. Mitchell,
LdR's assistant, discovered NGC 7765 on 12 Oct 1855 and noted "a little np
[NGC 7768] is another neb, vvF."
It is labeled as Gamma in a sketch made on 9 Oct 1872.
******************************
NGC 7766 = MCG
+04-56-017 = CGCG 477-018 = Holm 818d = PGC 72611
23 50 55.9 +27
07 35
V = 15.4; Size 0.6'x0.1'; PA = 36d
24"
(8/5/13): very faint to faint, thin edge-on 3:1 SW-NE, 20"x6". Situated just 1.4' SSW of NGC
7762. A mag 13 star lies 1.2' NE
and a mag 14.5 star is just 0.8' WSW.
18"
(8/26/06): very faint, very small, appears elongated SW-NE at moments, though
only 0.3'x0.2'. Located only 1.4'
SSW of NGC 7768 in the core of AGC 2666.
17.5"
(7/20/90): extremely faint, very small, round, low even surface brightness,
requires averted vision. A mag
14.5 star is 45" WSW of center.
Located 1.4' SSW of NGC 7768 and 2.3' N of NGC 7767 in the core of AGC
2666. Extremely faint NGC 7765
lies 2.5' NNW.
Ralph Copeland,
LdR's assistant, discovered NGC 7766 along with 7767, on 9 Oct 1872 and labeled
it Delta in the sketch. He
measured a separation of 85" SSW of NGC 7768, and at this exact offset is
CGCG 477-018 = PGC 72611.
******************************
NGC 7767 = UGC
12805 = MCG +04-56-016 = CGCG 477-017 = Holm 818b = PGC 72601
23 50 56.3 +27
05 13
V = 13.6; Size 1.0'x0.2'; Surf Br = 11.6; PA = 142d
24"
(8/5/13): faint, fairly small, edge-on 4:1 NW-SE, 30"x8". A mag 12.6 star is just 21" SW of
center. Located on the south side
of the core of AGC 2666 with NGC 7766 2.4' N and NGC 7768 (brightest member)
3.7' N.
18"
(8/26/06): fairly faint, small, elongated 3:1 NW-SE, 0.6'x0.2', very small
brighter core. A mag 12.5 star is
just SW of the core. Second
brightest member of AGC 2666 and furthest south in a N-S chain of four NGC
galaxies.
17.5"
(7/20/90): very faint, very small, even surface brightness. A mag 12 star is just off the west edge
20" from the center. This is
the second brightest galaxy in AGC 2666 with NGC 7768 3.6' N and NGC 7766 2.5'
N.
Ralph Copeland,
LdR's assistant, discovered NGC 7767 along with 7766, on 9 Oct 1872 and labeled
it Beta in the sketch. He measured the micrometric offset to the mag 12.6 star
off the west side. Harold Corwin
notes that Bigourdan's IC 1511 is not identical to NGC 7767, as stated by Karl
Reinmuth, CGCG and PGC. Instead it
refers to a single star 1.8' SSE of NGC 7767.
******************************
NGC 7768 = UGC
12806 = MCG +04-56-018 = CGCG 477-019 = Holm 818a = PGC 72605
23 50 58.6 +27
08 51
V = 12.3; Size 1.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 60d
24"
(8/5/13): the dominant galaxy in AGC 2666 appeared moderately bright, fairly
small, elongated 3:2 WSW-ENE, 0.9'x0.6', contains a bright core with a very
small brighter nucleus. A mag 13.5
star is superimposed west of the core, just 13" from the center. A mag 11 star (GR Peg) lies 2.6'
ENE. NGC 7768 is surrounded by a
number of faint galaxies including a N-S string of 4 galaxies to the north
(with an additional 3 nearby).
Another group of 3 or 4 galaxies (including NGC 7765, 7766, and 7767)
are also arranged in a N-S string close west, so most of the cluster is in a
12' chain oriented north-south.
CGCG 477-020 is
very faint, very thin edge-on 4:1 NW-SE, 24"x6". Located 4.3' N of NGC 7768 and
southernmost in a string of four galaxies extending 4' N with PGC 72606 next at
1.3' N. PGC 62606 is extremely
faint to very faint, very small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 15"x8". PGC 72608, just 1.1' further NNE, is
very faint, very small, round, 12" diameter. Finally, PGC 72609, an additional 1.9' N, is very faint,
very small, round, 12" diameter.
CGCG 477-016, 3' due W of PGC 72609, is faint to fairly faint, fairly
small, round, 24" diameter.
Slightly larger and brighter than most members of the cluster. This is a rare collisional ring galaxy
but was too faint to see any structure.
18"
(8/26/06): by far the brightest member of AGC 2666. At 220x appeared moderately bright, fairly small, slightly
elongated, ~1.0'x0.8', very small bright core. A mag 13.5 star is attached at the west edge. Located 2.5' WSW of mag 10.5 GR
Pegasi. Several fainter NGC
galaxies are strung out along a N-S line including NGC 7768.
CGCG 477-020,
4.3' N of NGC 7768, is extremely faint, small, elongated 2:1 in the direction
of a mag 12 star 1.3' SE, 0.5'x0.25'.
PGC 72608, 6.6' N of NGC 7768, is extremely faint and small, round,
15" diameter. PGC 72609, 8.5'
due N of NGC 7768, is very faint, very small, round, 15" diameter. CGCG 477-016, just 3' to the west, is
very faint, small, round, 25" diameter. Collinear with three mag 11-13 stars extending 9' to the SE.
17.5"
(11/6/99): the brightest member of AGC 2666 is faint, small, round. A mag 14 star is attached at the west
end of the halo. Appears slightly
elongated WSW-ENE, 35"x25".
Located 2.6' SW of mag 10.5-11.0 GR Peg. A mag 13 star lies 1.1' SE of center. The unusual collisional ring galaxy MCG
+04-56-014 lies 9' N and a number of very faint NGC galaxies are nearby.
17.5"
(7/20/90): fairly faint, small, round, fairly high surface brightness. A mag 13.5 star is at the west end
12" from the center. This is
the brightest galaxy in AGC 2666 with NGC 7767 3.6' S, NGC 7765 1.7' NW, NGC
7766 1.4' SSW. Also MCG +04-56-019
lies 4.3' N (not seen). Located
2.6' WSW of a mag 10.5 star (GR Peg = 10.4-11.0).
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7768 = h2273 on 5 Sep 1828 and recorded "vF; S; irreg fig;
appears by glimpses to contain a vF double *, but it *is* a nebula." His single position is accurate,
although he missed the fainter nearby members of the cluster that were
discovered at Birr Castle.
******************************
NGC 7769 = UGC
12808 = MCG +03-60-030 = CGCG 455-054 = KTG 82A = Holm 820c = LGG 483-001 = PGC
72615
23 51 04.0 +20
09 01
V = 12.0; Size 1.7'x1.6'; Surf Br = 12.9
24"
(10/5/13): at 260x; bright, fairly large, round, 1.6' diameter, sharply
concentrated with a very bright core and stellar nucleus. The low surface brightness outer halo
(spiral arms) is slightly elongated and gradually fades out. Brightest in a trio (KTG 82) with NGC
7770 and 7771 (1' pair) both 4.5' SE.
17.5"
(8/31/86): bright, moderately large, round, 1.5' diameter, brighter core, sharp
stellar nucleus. A mag 13 star is
2.1' SSW. This galaxy is the
brightest in a compact quartet with the NGC 7770/NGC 7771 pair 5' ESE and CGCG
455-055 6' NNE.
13"
(9/9/83): fairly bright, moderately large, round, bright core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7769 = H II-230 = h2274, along with NGC 7771, on 18 Sep 1784
(sweep 277) and logged "F, pL, R, bM, r." On 13 Nov 1786 (sweep 635) he noted "cB, pL, iF,
mbM." JH reported "pB;
S; R; bM; the np of two [with NGC 7771]."
******************************
NGC 7770 = UGC
12813 = MCG +03-60-034 = CGCG 455-057 = KTG 82B = Holm 820b = PGC 72635
23 51 22.5 +20
05 47
V = 13.8; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1
24"
(10/5/13): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 5:3 SSW-NNE, 0.5'x0.3',
contains a small bright core.
Forms a close pair with much larger NGC 7771, 1.1' NNE.
17.5"
(8/31/86): fairly faint, slightly elongated, brighter core. Forms a double system with much
brighter NGC 7771 just 1.1' NNE in the NGC 7769 group.
13"
(9/9/83): very faint, very small, round.
Forms a close pair with NGC 7771 1' SSE.
William Herschel
probably discovered NGC 7770 on 18 Sep 1784 (sweep 277) and noted "towards
the sp part [of NGC 7771] seems to be a vS stellar nebula within the nebulosity
of the large one, but it may be only a small star." Due to his uncertainty he didn't assign
it an internal discovery number or H-designation. JH independently found this
galaxy again on 25 Aug 1827 while observing NGC 7771. His description on sweep 91 reads, "pB; E; bM; has a vS
almost stellar nebula about 45¡ sp, dist 40"." On the following
sweep, he made a sketch and noted "... has a smaller neb, 60¡ sp, 35"
dist." Wolfgang Steinicke mentions that JH noted object class
"N2" (two nebulae), so it's surprising he didn't assign it a separate
h-designation for NGC 7770.
Bindon Stoney
rediscovered NGC 7770 on 5 Nov 1850 at Birr Castle while observing NGC 7769 and
7771. A sketch of the trio was
included in the 1861 publication (NGC 7770 is labeled Gamma) and a more
accurate sketch from 1855 is in plate V of the 1880 publication. LdR is credited with the discovery in
the GC and NGC.
******************************
NGC 7771 = UGC
12815 = MCG +03-60-035 = CGCG 455-058 = KTG 82C = Holm 820a = LGG 483-002 = PGC
72638
23 51 24.8 +20
06 42
V = 12.3; Size 2.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 68d
24"
(10/5/13): bright, fairly large, very elongated 3:1 WSW-ENE, 2.0'x0.7',
moderate concentration with a large, elongated core that gradually increases to
the center. Largest in the KTG 82
triplet with NGC 7770 1.1' SSW and NGC 7769 5.4' NW.
17.5"
(8/31/86): fairly bright, pretty lens-shape 2:1 WSW-ENE, 1.4'x 0.7', bright
core, possible faint stellar nucleus.
A mag 12.5 star lies 2.1 ENE of center. Forms a close pair with NGC 7770
1.1' SW of center. NGC 7769 lies
5' WNW.
13"
(9/9/83): fairly bright, very elongated WSW-ENE. In a trio with faint NGC 7770 just 1' SW and similarly
bright NGC 7769 5' NW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7771 = H II-231 = h2275, along with NGC 7769, on 18 Sep 1784
(sweep 277) and recorded "F, pL, E in the direction of the parallel [E-W],
towards the sp part seems to be a vS stellar nebula within the nebulosity of
the large one, but it may be only a small star." The "vS" nebula is probably NGC 7770. He observed NGC 7771 again on 13 Nov
1786 (sweep 635) and noted "cB, pL , lE, mbM." but missed NGC 7770. JH made two observations (sweep 91 and 92). On 25 Aug 1827, JH logged "pB; E;
bM; has a vS almost stellar nebula about 45¡ sp, dist 40"." This clearly refers to NGC 7770.
******************************
NGC 7772 = Lund
1049 = OCL-230
23 51 46 +16 14
54
Size 5'
13.1"
(9/29/84): small group of 7 stars from mag 11.5-14.5. The two brightest stars are at the southwest and north
end. The other five stars are
arranged in a distinctive "V" asterism with a vertex and open to the
east. The status as a cluster is
questionable and this group may be an open cluster "remnant".
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7772 = h2276 on 7 Oct 1825 and noted "a cluster of
scattered stars 10m." His
position matches this small, well detached group of 7 stars. The status as a true cluster is
questionable. Harold Corwin notes
this is one of JH's earliest discoveries, found on only his 11th sweep (out of
810).
******************************
NGC 7773 = UGC
12820 = MCG +05-56-015 = CGCG 498-022 = PGC 72681
23 52 09.9 +31
16 36
V = 13.4; Size 1.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(8/29/92): fairly faint, small, round, fairly even surface brightness except
for stellar nucleus which appears offset to SW side. A mag 13 star is attached at the NNE edge and a mag 12 star
is 2' NNW. The stellar nucleus may
be a superimposed mag 15 star.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7773 = H II-851 = h2277 on 9 Oct 1790 (sweep 971) and logged
"vF, S, R, lbM, south preceding a very small star." JH called this galaxy "eF" on
two nights and "the faintest conceivable" on a third.
******************************
NGC 7774 = UGC
12819 = MCG +02-60-022 = CGCG 432-037 = Holm 821a/b = PGC 72679 + PGC 93142
23 52 10.7 +11
28 13
V = 13.1; Size 1.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.6
24"
(1/1/16): at 375x; this very close, merged system (15" between nuclei) was
easily seen as double at 375x. The
brighter and larger component is on the west side. It appeared fairly faint, fairly small, round, ~24"
diameter, contains a very small bright nucleus. PGC 93142 is attached on its east side (the glows seems
virtually tangent) and appeared faint, very small, slightly elongated,
12"x9". An uncatalogued
mag 11.3/12.3 pair at 8" separation is 5.7' NW. IC 1513 is 21' SE.
17.5"
(11/30/91): this is a small double system elongated E-W and just resolved at
220x into a double nuclei but not cleanly separated. The brighter component is at the west side and appears
faint, very small, round. The
fainter companion (LEDA 93142) is attached at the east end within a common halo
and appears very faint, very small, slightly elongated. The separation is just 15" between
centers!
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 7774 = Sw IV-100 on 9 Aug 1886 and recorded "eF; S; R; in
center of equilatoral triangle of 3 stars; double star near np." His RA is 10 seconds too large (a
similar offset as NGC 153, 163 and 217, all observed the same night) and his
description matches UGC 12819.
******************************
NGC 7775 = UGC
12821 = MCG +05-56-016 = CGCG 498-024 = PGC 72696
23 52 24.4 +28
46 22
V = 13.3; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 20d
17.5"
(8/29/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 SSW-NNE, very weak
concentration. Located 4.2' N of
mag 9 SAO 91549. Forms a pair with
an anonymous galaxy 6' E. NGC 7777
lies 30' SSE.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7775 = St XIII-98 on 6 Oct 1883. His micrometric position is very accurate.
******************************
NGC 7776 = IC
1514 = MCG -02-60-022 = PGC 72812
23 54 16.6 -13
35 11
V = 13.9; Size 1.0'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 153d
17.5"
(10/21/95): faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE, 1.0'x0.4'. Weak concentration with a slightly
brighter core. Located 2.3' NE of
a mag 10.6 star. A mag 12.5 star
is 1.3' SW between the galaxy and the brighter star. Incorrectly listed as nonexistent in RNGC and identified as
IC 1514 in MCG.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 7776 = LM I-270 on 31 Oct 1885 with the 26" refractor at
Leander McCormick Observatory and noted "mag 15.0; vS; lE 315; gbM; near
#268 [NGC 7761]." There is
nothing at his rough position (nearest min of RA), but Harold Corwin examined
his field sketch and found it matches MCG -02-60-022 = PGC 72812. This galaxy is 1.6 min of RA east of
Stone's position and 12' south.
Johann Palisa independently discovered this galaxy on 19 Sep 1893 with
the 27" refractor at Vienna and it was recatalogued as IC 1514. So, NGC 7776 = IC 1514. MCG uses the IC designation.
******************************
NGC 7777 = UGC
12829 = MCG +05-56-018 = CGCG 498-026 = PGC 72744
23 53 12.5 +28
17 00
V = 13.3; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 48d
24"
(10/13/12): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 4:3 SW-NE,
~48"x35", sharply concentrated with a very bright 20" core surrounded
by a low surface brightness halo.
Picked up while viewing Comet 168P/Hergenrother, which was in the same
30' field.
17.5"
(8/29/92): fairly faint, small, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, small bright core,
stellar nucleus. NGC 7775 is 30'
NNW.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7777 = St VIII(a)-30 on 25 Oct 1876. His micrometric position is very accurate.
******************************
NGC 7778 = UGC
12827 = MCG +01-60-043 = CGCG 407-069 = PGC 72756
23 53 19.7 +07
52 15
V = 12.7; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.7
18"
(9/15/07): moderately bright but fairly small, round, 30" diameter,
sharply concentrated with a very small bright core and stellar nucleus. This is the 3rd brightest of 5 NGC
galaxies in the NGC 7782 group and forms a 1.8' pair with slightly brighter NGC
7779 just 1.8' E.
17.5"
(11/1/86): third brightest of five in the NGC 7782 group. Moderately bright, small, slightly
elongated, small bright core. Not
as large or bright as NGC 7779 1.8' E.
A mag 12.5 star is 1.7' NW.
13"
(9/29/84): moderately bright, small bright core. Observed at 220x.
13"
(9/9/83): faint, small, round, small bright core. Appears just slightly fainter than similar NGC 7779 1.8' E
in the NGC 7782 group.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7778 = H III-231 = h2278, along with NGC 7779, on 12 Nov 1784
(sweep 313) and recorded "Two, vF, stellar." His single position is between the
pair. On 15 Aug 1830 (sweep 280),
JH logged "pB; R; psbM; 20"."
******************************
NGC 7779 = UGC
12831 = MCG +01-60-045 = CGCG 407-070 = PGC 72770
23 53 26.8 +07
52 32
V = 12.7; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 10d
18"
(9/15/07): moderately bright, moderately large, irregularly round,
0.9'x0.8'. Well concentrated with
a bright, 30" core. With
direct vision the core contains a very small, bright nucleus. Forms a 1.8' pair with NGC 7778 to the
west. Second brightest in the NGC
7782 group.
17.5"
(11/1/86): second brightest of five in the NGC 7782 group. Moderately bright, small, slightly
elongated, bright core, diffuse halo. Forms a close pair with slightly fainter NGC 7778 1.8' W.
13"
(9/29/84): moderately bright, slightly elongated, even surface brightness,
similar size to NGC 7778. Viewed
at 220x.
13"
(9/9/83): faint, small, round, brighter core.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7779 = H III-232 = h2279, along with NGC 7778 on 12 Nov 1784
(sweep 313) and recorded "Two, vF, stellar." On 15 Aug 1830 (sweep 280), JH logged
"pB; R; psbM; 20"."
******************************
NGC 7780 = UGC
12833 = MCG +01-60-046 = CGCG 407-071 = PGC 72775
23 53 32.2 +08
07 05
V = 13.9; Size 1.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 3d
18"
(9/15/07): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 N-S, 0.4'x0.2', slightly brighter
along the major axis, weak concentration with a small, slightly brighter
core. Located 10' NW of NGC 7782,
the brightest of 5 NGC galaxies in a group.
17.5"
(11/1/86): faintest of five in the NGC 7782 group. Faint, small, very diffuse, elongated N-S, very weakly
concentrated core. Two faint stars
are off the NE edge with the closest 1.7' NE of center.
13"
(9/29/84): very faint, small, very diffuse, elongated ~N-S. Two mag 14.5 stars are off the NE
edge. Located 9' NNW of NGC 7782
in a group.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7780 = St XII-96 on 18 Oct 1881. Lewis Swift independently found this galaxy in 1886 and
communicated the discovery directly to Dreyer. The independent discovery wasn't published, although Dreyer
referenced Swift's list IV.
******************************
NGC 7781 = MCG
+01-60-047 = CGCG 407-072 = PGC 72785
23 53 46.0 +07
51 38
V = 13.9; Size 0.8'x0.2'; Surf Br = 11.9; PA = 13d
18"
(9/15/07): one of the two faintest members of 5 in the NGC 7782 group. At 260x appears faint, very small,
slightly elongated, 15"x10".
A mag 14.5 star is at the west edge. Located 5' E of NGC 7779 and 7' SSW of NGC 7782.
17.5"
(11/1/86): fourth brightest of five in the NGC 7782 group. Fairly faint, very small, bright core,
elongated WNW-ESE. A mag 14.5 star
is at the west edge of the core just 12" from the center. Located 4.8' ESE of NGC 7779 and 6.9'
SSW of NGC 7782.
13"
(9/29/84): faint at 220x but visible with direct vision. Faint star just at the west edge. At 220x, appears very small, slightly
elongated ~N-S.
13"
(9/9/83): very faint, very small.
A faint star is involved.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7781 = h2280 on 16 Aug 1830 and logged "F; S; R; the
faintest of 3 [with NGC 7779 and 7778]." WH discovered nearby NGC 7778, 7779 and 7782, but missed
this fainter galaxy.
******************************
NGC 7782 = UGC
12834 = MCG +01-60-048 = CGCG 407-073 = PGC 72788
23 53 53.9 +07
58 14
V = 12.2; Size 2.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 175d
18"
(9/15/07): largest and brightest in a group of 5 NGC galaxies viewed at
260x. Moderately bright,
moderately large, oval 5:3 N-S, 1.0'x0.6'. Broadly concentrated with a relatively large, brighter core
that is slightly offset to the north side as the halo is more extended towards
the south.
17.5"
(11/1/86): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 N-S, halo broadly
concentrated to core, substellar nucleus.
Brightest in a group of five galaxies with NGC 7781 7' SSW and the NGC
7778/NGC 7779 pair about 10' SW.
13"
(9/29/84): Largest and brightest in a group of five with NGC 7778, NGC 7779,
NGC 7780, NGC 7781. Appears
moderately bright, moderately large, fairly even surface brightness.
13"
(9/9/83): fairly faint, diffuse but easy, elongated N-S.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7782 = H III-233 = h2281, along with NGC 7778 and 7779, on 12
Nov 1784 (sweep 313) and recorded "vF, E; but very hazy
weather." On 26 Sep 1785
(sweep 442) he noted "cF; pL glbM." On 15 Aug 1830 (sweep 280), JH logged "pB; pL; gbM;
40"."
******************************
NGC 7783 = HCG
98A = Arp 323 NED1 = VV 208A = (R)NGC 7783A = UGC 12837 = MCG +00-60-058 = PGC
72803
23 54 10.1 +00
22 58
V = 13.1; Size 1.3'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 100d
48"
(10/25/14): at 610x; HCG 98A, the largest and brightest in the quartet,
appeared bright, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE, moderately large, ~1.0'x0.4', small bright
core. A star (mag 15-16) is at the
ESE tip. Forms a near contact pair
with HCG 98B, just southeast of the star.
HCG 98B appeared
moderately bright, small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, 21"x14", small
brighter nucleus. Located 1.8' S
of mag 9.4 HD 223975. The halo of
98A and 98B are fully merged on the SDSS image. HCG 98C, 1.3' SSE of HCG 98B, appeared fairly faint, small,
slightly elongated NNW-SSE, 15"x12". A mag 15.5 star is 0.4' N. SDSS J235412.56+002113.3, an extremely faint galaxy (V =
18.0) is just 21" SW. HCG 98D is very faint, round,10" diameter. low
even surface brightness. The
faintest member in the HCG 98 quartet is located 40" N of NGC 7783 and
1.1' S of a mag 9.4 star that hampers viewing.
18"
(9/3/05): the brightest member of HCG 98 appeared moderately bright, fairly
small, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE, 1.0'x0.4'.
Forms a near contact double system with HCG 98B nearly attached to the
SE end. View hampered by mag 9.4
HD 223975 just 1.8' N. HCG 98B is
very faint, very small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, 0.3'x0.2'. HCG 98C was barely visible; just an
extremely faint and small, round, 5" knot. Situated close south of a mag 15.5 star.
17.5"
(9/7/96): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE, 1.1'x0.4'. Seems brighter on the west end. Brightest member of three viewed in HCG
98 and merges with NGC 7783B = HCG 98b on the SE end [35" between
centers]. Located just 1.8' S of a
mag 9 star. HCG 98B is very faint,
very small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, 20"x10". There is a slightly darker gap where the galaxies are
attached. HCG 98C, just 1.8' SE is
extremely faint and small, round.
At first, I thought it was the mag 15.5-15 star about 25" N. After careful viewing I could see there
were two distinct objects here although the star and galaxy were very difficult
to view simultaneously.
17.5"
(11/6/88): fairly faint, small, elongated WNW-ESE, weak concentration. Forms a contact pair with NGC 7783B =
HCG 98B at the SE end. HCG 98B is
faint, very small, slightly elongated NW-SE. The pair is situated 1.8' S of mag 9 SAO 128452.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7783 = m 591 = Sf 99 on 9 Sep 1864 and noted "F, S,
lE." His position matches MCG
+00-60-058 = HCG 98A, although he apparently missed HCG 98B, attached at the
southeast end or thought it was a single object. Truman Safford independently discovered this galaxy on 23
Oct 1867 using the 18.5-inch Clark refractor at the Dearborn Observatory, and
also measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 7784 = MCG
+04-01-001 = CGCG 477-029 = PGC 72862
23 55 13.6 +21
45 44
V = 14.5; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5"
(7/20/90): very faint, very small, round, broad concentration. Forms a pair with NGC 7786 10' S. Located 6' NE of mag 8.6 SAO 91575.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7784 = St XIII-99, along with NGC 7786, on 1 Oct 1883. His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7785 = UGC
12841 = MCG +01-60-049 = CGCG 407-075 = PGC 72867
23 55 19.0 +05
54 57
V = 11.6; Size 2.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 143d
17.5"
(8/29/92): fairly bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, striking bright
core. A mag 14 star is 1.0' N of
center. Three bright stars are
near and the galaxy forms a near equilateral triangle with two mag 9 stars 3.0'
SE and 3.3' SSE. Located 4.4' ESE
of mag 8.2 SAO 128465.
8"
(7/24/82): faint, small, elongated NW-SE.
A mag 8 star is 4' W and two other mag 9 are close south and east.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7785 = H II-468 = h2282 on 25 Oct 1785 (sweep 464) and recorded
"vF, pS, irr figure."
His position is accurate.
JH made 4 observations, calling this galaxy either "B" or
pB".
******************************
NGC 7786 = UGC
12842 = MCG +03-60-038 = CGCG 455-065 = CGCG 456-001 = LGG 483-003 = PGC 72870
23 55 21.5 +21
35 17
V = 13.1; Size 0.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 11.6; PA = 2d
17.5"
(7/20/90): fairly faint, fairly small, oval 3:2 SSW-NNE, bright core. Pair with NGC 7784 10' N.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7786 = St XIII-100, along with NGC 7784, on 1 Oct 1883. His micrometric position is very
accurate.
******************************
NGC 7787 = UGC
12847 = MCG +00-01-001 = CGCG 382-001 = PGC 72912
23 55 52.0 +00
33 28
V = 14.5; Size 0.8'x0.65'
24"
(8/31/16): at 324x; faint to fairly faint, small, round, stellar nucleus,
~15" diameter. Located 4' W
of UGC 12849, the galaxy generally taken as NGC 7787. The two galaxies are
comparable in visibility.
UGC 12849
appeared faint to fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 WSW-ENE,
30"x12", slightly brighter core. A mag 12.6 star is just 36" NW of center and interferes
somewhat with the visibility.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7787 = m 592 on 23 Oct 1864 and noted "vF, S, R." His position is 17 seconds of RA west
of UGC 12849, the galaxy generally taken as NGC 7787 and in fact lands on UGC
12847. MCG labels this galaxy as
NGC 7787, but UGC 12849 is taken as NGC 7787 is PGC, NED, HyperLeda and SIMBAD.
Harold Corwin
agrees with my identification, and notes "Aside from the possibility of a
systematic offset in Marth's positions on the night he found the galaxy, there
is no reason to suppose that he didn't see UGC 12847. We will check the possibility of a systematic error in other
of Marth's positions measured on the same night. I am reasonably confident that the earlier cataloguers did
not make this check, so am reassigning the NGC number to what is undoubtedly
the galaxy that Marth actually saw."
******************************
NGC 7788 =
OCL-275 = Cr 459 = Lund 1052 = C 2354+611
23 56 46 +61 24
00
Size 9'
18"
(11/26/03): fairly small, 4' rich clump of roughly two dozen stars. Includes a mag 9.7 star (SAO 20947) on
the west side. Several other mag
10 stars are scattered nearby but the cluster still stands out fairly well in a
rich Milky Way star field. NGC
7790 is situated 16' SE.
13"
(9/29/84): about a dozen mag 12-14 stars over haze in a 1.5' diameter. Includes a single bright star mag 9.3
SAO 20947 on the west edge. This
is a small but distinctive group in a very rich field. Situated within a string of open
clusters with NGC 7790 and Harvard 21.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7788 = h2283 on 5 Oct 1829 and recorded a "vS and close
cluster. One * 10m with a great
many minute stars close to it."
******************************
NGC 7789 =
Caroline's White Rose = Cr 460 = Lund 1053 = OCL-269
23 57 24 +56 42
30
V = 6.7; Size 16'
17.5"
(10/12/85): a few hundred stars were resolved in a 20' field. Remarkably rich and fairly uniform
carpet of stars mag 11 and fainter.
8"
(11/8/80): extremely rich, uniform in faint stars. Certainly among the top open clusters with this aperture.
15x50mm
(9/6/10): bright but unresolved 15' glow.
15x50mm
(7/26/06): moderately bright glow, at least 10' diameter. Observed using IS binoculars.
Caroline
Herschel discovered NGC 7789 = H VI-30 = h2284 on 30 Oct 1783 (WH had just
started his sweeps two nights earlier) with a 4.2-inch reflector, noting
"between Sigma and Rho Cass, fine nebula, very strong." William resolved the cluster with his
6.2-inch reflector on 11 Mar 1784.
On 18 Oct 1787 (sweep 769) he called it "a beautiful cluster of
very compressed stars, very rich." That evening he swept with a binocular
set-up, using two eyepieces. JH called it "a most superb cluster, which
fills the field and is full of star; gbM; but no condensation to a nucleus; st
11...18m."
******************************
NGC 7790 = Cr
461 = OCL-276 = Lund 1054 = C 2355+609
23 58 24 +61 12
30
V = 8.5; Size 17'
18"
(11/26/03): ~30 stars resolved in a 4.5'x2.5' region, fairly rich. Three mag 11 stars are along the west
side of the cluster and a slightly brighter mag 10 star is ~4' SE of the main
group. This cluster is slightly
larger than NGC 7788 ~16' NW.
Fainter Be 58 lies 20' SE.
13"
(9/29/84): largest of three open clusters on a line. Roughly two dozen stars mag 10-15 are resolved in a 5'x2'
region elongated E-W. A mag 10
star is about 4' SE of the center and a couple of similar stars are on the west
side of the cluster. The slightly
fainter cluster NGC 7788 is located 15' NW. The three clusters span about 1¡ including Harvard 21.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7790 = H VII-56 = h2285 on 16 Dec 1788 (sweep 892) and recorded
"a pretty compressed cl of small stars of several sizes; considerably
rich; E nearly in the parallel. 5
or 6' long." JH reported
"a double star in the p part of a pretty rich cluster; diam 4'; stars
12...13m; the f part most compressed."
******************************
NGC 7791
23 57 57.3 +10
45 56
=**, Reinmuth
and Carlson.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7791 = h2286 on 10 Oct 1830 and noted "vF; vS. Query if not a star." At his position is a very faint double
star. d'Arrest was unable to find
it and Reinmuth described a "F double star 15 and 16 cont 130 deg; no
neb." Carlson repeated this
conclusion in her 1940 list of NGC/IC errata. DSS shows a very close double star (~6.5") oriented
NW-SE.
******************************
NGC 7792 = MCG
+03-01-066 = CGCG 456-007 = PGC 73066
23 58 03.6 +16
30 05
V = 13.9; Size 0.8'x0.8'
17.5"
(8/29/92): faint, small, round, weak even concentration, faint stellar
nucleus. Forms a vertex of a small
parallelogram with three mag 14 stars with sides 1.5' length.
ƒdouard Stephan
discovered NGC 7792 = St V-15 on 20 Sep 1873 and recorded "eF, eS, with a
condensation in the centre."
His position is accurate. The CGCG declination is 30' too far north
(typo).
******************************
NGC 7793 = ESO
349-012 = MCG -06-01-009 = AM 2355-325 = LGG 004-003 = PGC 73049
23 57 49.8 -32
35 28
V = 9.1; Size 9.3'x6.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 98d
48"
(10/31/13): bright showpiece galaxy, very large, oval 3:2 E-W, ~7'x4.5', large
bright core. Spiral structure is
evident, though it was difficult to trace individual arms except for one better
defined arm attached on the west side of the core. This arm sweeps towards the east on the south side of the
core (~2' from center) and ends just east of center. The halo is lumpy with an irregular surface brightness and
several HII knots/associations are visible. The brightest individual knot is [H69] #20 from Paul Hodge's
1969 paper "HII Regions in 20 Nearby Galaxies". This fairly faint, 10" knot was
easily seen 1.5' S of center, near the south side of the halo. [H69] #27, a slightly smaller and
fainter patch is near the west-northwest end of the halo (1.9' from
center). On the west-southwest
side of the halo are two additional close, faint knots, both ~8" in
diameter; [H69] #32 situated 2.3' from center and [H69] #33 at 2.4' from
center. Finally, [H69] #3/5 is a
fairly faint, 15" patch near the northeast edge of the halo, 2.8' from
center. A mag 12.5 star is just
off the northern edge, 2.9' from center.
30"
(10/15/15 - OzSky): at 303x; most of the detail seen in the 48" was
visible, but the HII regions were not as obvious. The galaxy extended roughly 8' x 5' WNW-ESE and contains a
relatively large core region that gradually brightens towards the center. Although the halo is mottled and
ragged, spiral structure is subtle.
A very low contrast "arm" extends due west on the northwest
side of the core and another "arm" appears to extend east on the
southeast side of the core. I
noted 4 HII regions: the most obvious is [H69] 20, a faint, 10" knot near
the south edge of the halo, ~1.5' from center. [H69] 3/5, a larger, very diffuse isolated patch perhaps
20" in size, was seen on the northeast edge of the halo, 2.9' from
center. Closer to the core I noted
two very low contrast knots, both ~8" in diameter. [H69] 11 is 1.3' NE of center and [H69]
10 is 1.2' E of center.
17.5"
(8/20/88): bright, very large, oval 3:2 WSW-ENE, very large broadly brighter
halo, small bright core. A mag 12
star is off the north side 2.8' from center.
8"
(11/8/80): very large, oval, low surface brightness.
16x80mm
(8/20/88): easily visible in the
finder.
James Dunlop
discovered NGC 7793 = D 608 = HN 4 on 14 Jul 1826 and recorded a "faint
round nebula, about 2' diameter, with a very slight condensation towards the
centre; a double star is north preceding" (2 observations). His position is 14' too far east
(typical error). Apparently John
Herschel never looked for the galaxy
George Bond
independently found the galaxy again on 7 Nov 1850 at Harvard College
Observatory with a 4" comet-seeker and announced it as a new
discovery. Bond is credited with
the discoverer in the NGC. His RA
is 40 seconds too large though he mentioned his position required further
confirmation. JH didn't include NGC 7793 in the GC (possibly because of Bond's
comment) but Dreyer added it to the GC Supplement (6233) with credit to
Bond. An accurate position was
given in the IC 1 notes (from the Cordoba D.M.).
******************************
NGC 7794 = UGC
12872 = MCG +02-01-004 = CGCG 433-010 = PGC 73103
23 58 34.2 +10
43 41
V = 12.6; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 0d
17.5"
(10/5/91): fairly faint, fairly small, irregularly round, weak
concentration. A mag 14 star is
just off the SW edge 50" from center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7794 = H III-466 = h2288 on 23 Nov 1785 (sweep 477) and logged
"vF, S, R, lbM." JH made
the single observation "eF; irreg fig; pL; 40"." Heinrich d'Arrest measured two
micrometric positions and noted the mag 14 star that precedes by 1.9 seconds
and a separation of 40".
******************************
NGC 7795
23 57 33.5 +60
01 25
Size 10'
17.5"
(12/20/95): scattered group of two dozen stars in a 10' diameter mostly north
and east of mag 6.5 HD 224404.
Most stars are mag 11-13 (with one brighter mag 9.5 star) and only a few
faint members. There are two mag 9
stars 4' and 6' S of the mag 6.5 star but these are really detached from the group. The brighter mag 11 stars form a boxy
outline and there is circular hole void of stars in the center. This asterism is only noticeable at
100x and 220x because of the mag 6.5 star and the group is somewhat detached in
the field.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7795 = h2287 on 29 Sep 1829 and recorded "A star 7m, the
chief of a vL coarse scattered but poor cl which fills the field. Stars 10m." There is no bright star near his
(single) position, but exactly 1.0 minute of RA preceding is mag 6.5 SAO 35922. The DSS shows a good scattering of
fairly bright stars nearby, mainly to the north. RNGC classifies this number as nonexistent, using the
incorrect NGC position. See
Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 7796 = ESO
149-007 = AM 2356-554 = PGC 73126
23 58 59.8 -55
27 30
V = 11.5; Size 2.2'x1.9'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 168d
25"
(10/15/17 - OzSky): at 244x and 397x; very bright, large, ~1.5'-1.7'
diameter. Sharply concentrated
with a very well defined intensely bright core and much fainter halo. The core gradually increases to either
a quasi-stellar or stellar nucleus.
Mag 8.0 HD 224288 lies 20' W.
A 2015 study
concluded "NGC 7796 is an old, massive isolated elliptical galaxy with no
indications of later major star formation events as seen frequently in other
isolated ellipticals. Its relatively rich globular cluster system (about 2000
members) shows that isolation does not always mean a poor cluster system."
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7796 = h4009 on 11 Sep 1836 and recorded "pB; S; R; gmbM;
25"." His single
position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7797 = UGC
12877 = MCG +00-01-011 = CGCG 382-010 = PGC 73125
23 58 58.9 +03
38 05
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 10d
17.5"
(11/6/88): very faint, fairly small, oval ~N-S, almost even surface brightness.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7797 = H III-867 = h2289 on 6 Dec 1790 (sweep 984) and recorded
"eF, pS, lbM, irr R. I saw it
with difficulty, but very well."
JH made the single observation "eF; not vS." and measured an
accurate position.
******************************
NGC 7798 = UGC
12884 = MCG +03-01-010 = CGCG 456-009 = Mrk 332 = PGC 73163
23 59 25.5 +20
44 59
V = 12.4; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5"
(7/20/90): moderately bright, fairly small, round, increases to bright core,
faint stellar nucleus. A mag 11
star is 1.4' SSW of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7798 = H II-232 = h2290 on 18 Sep 1784 (sweep 277) and recorded
"F, S, R, or large stellar."
He observed this galaxy again on 13 Nov 1786 (sweep 635) and noted
"B, S, R, mbM, near a star."
JH made the single observation "pB; S; R; bM; has a * 10m 60¡ sp,
distance 65"."
******************************
NGC 7799
23 59 31.5 +31
17 44
V = 14.5
18"
(10/29/11): this number refers to the fainter northeast component of a 20"
pair of mag 13.6/14.4 stars. The
pair was easily resolved at 225x and there was no hint of a nebulous
image. Another 13" pair (with
a 3rd component squeezed between) lies 3' SW. Located 13' NW of mag 8 HD 224769.
Heinrich
d'Arrest discovered NGC 7799 on 7 Nov 1863 with the 11-inch refractor at
Copenhagen. His single observation
mentions a mag 16 star is southwest by 20" and at his position on the DSS
is a 21" pair of stars oriented southwest-northeast. So, d'Arrest must have thought the
northeast component was slightly nebulous. Coincidentally his position is also 9 seconds of RA east of
UGC 12882, an extremely faint edge-on (too faint to have been seen by d'Arrest). RNGC, PGC, Megastar and probably other
amateur software misidentify UGC 12882 as NGC 7799. NED and HyperLeda identify
NGC 7799 as a star.
******************************
NGC 7800 = UGC
12885 = MCG +02-01-007 = CGCG 433-012 = PGC 73177
23 59 36.8 +14
48 25
V = 12.6; Size 2.3'x1.6'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 42d
17.5"
(8/8/91): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, weak
concentration. A mag 13.5 star is
1.6' ESE and a mag 14.5 star is just off the NE end 1.5' NNE of center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7800 = H II-10 = h2291 on 24 Dec 1783 (early sweep 62) and noted
"a nebula, vF, E. Has two or
three places in which I suspect vF stars." On 18 Sep 1786 (sweep 590) he logged "F, E, bM, pL, the
extension not far from the meridian; from sp to nf." JH made the single observation "F;
S; E; irreg fig; 18"." and measured an accurate position.
******************************
NGC 7801
00 00 22 +50 44
24
Size 12'x6'
17.5"
(11/6/93): three dozen mag 9-14 stars in a coarse 12'x6' group. The rectangular outline is elongated
2:1 ~N-S. Includes several
brighter mag 9-10 stars (SAO 35975, 35977, 35990), scattered and best view at
100x. A richer subgroup of 10
stars along the east side includes two nice doubles and several faint stars. A mag 9 star is near a void in the
center. Listed as a nonexistent
cluster in the RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7801 = h2292 on 8 Sep 1829 and reported "A double star [HJ
1923] in a tolerable cluster in which is one star 9m." His position corresponds with a
scattered group of brighter stars (probably an asterism).
******************************
NGC 7802 = UGC
12902 = MCG +01-01-008 = CGCG 408-007 = PGC 81
00 01 00.4 +06
14 31
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 52d
17.5"
(9/15/90): faint, very small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, well defined small bright
core, much fainter extensions.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7802 = h2293 on 25 Sep 1830 and logged "vF; S; R;
psbM." His single position is
accurate.
******************************
NGC 7803 = HCG
100A = UGC 12906 = MCG +02-01-011 = CGCG 433-013 = PGC 101
00 01 20.0 +13
06 41
V = 13.1; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 85d
48"
(10/24/11): at 610x appeared bright, oval 3:2 WSW-ENE, 0.8'x0.5'. Sharply concentrated with a very small,
very bright core. A 17" pair
of mag 14.4/15.1 stars is 1' NW.
Flanked by HCG 100B 1.5' E and 100D 1.2' W. All 4 galaxies in HCG 100 fit within a circle of radius
2'. In addition, MCG +02-01-013,
an extremely faint galaxy, lies 1.2' SE of 100D and Mrk 935 lies 4.7' ESE of
100D.
18"
(9/24/05): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 ~E-W, increases in size to
~0.8'x0.4' with averted vision.
Contains a small, brighter core that is rounder. A faint pair of mag 14/15 stars lies 1'
WNW. Precedes a mag 11 star by
2'. Forms a close pair with HCG
100B, which appeared very faint, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 0.3'x0.2'. Sandwiched between NGC 7803 1.5' W and
a mag 11 star less than 1' following.
17.5"
(11/10/96): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated nearly 2:1 WSW-ENE, brighter
core. A pair of mag 14/15 stars
lie 1' WNW. This galaxy is the
brightest in the compact HCG 100 group.
Forms a close pair with HCG 100B 1.5' E. The fainter companion is very faint, small, round, 0.4'
diameter. Sandwiched between NGC
7803 1.5' W and a mag 11 star 46" ENE.
17.5"
(9/15/90): faint, small, elongated 3:2 WSW-ENE, almost even surface
brightness. A pair of mag 14 and
14.5 stars is 1' WNW. Collinear
with two stars mag 12.5 and mag 11 2.3' E and 4.0' E, respectively. NGC 7810 lies 18' ESE.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 7803 = Sw VI-98 on 5 Aug 1886 and recorded pF; pS; F * nr np;
near and between the 2 preceding of 3 stars in a line; np of 2 [with NGC
7810?]." His position is 12
seconds of RA west and 50" north of UGC 12906 (3' error), the brightest
galaxy in HCG 100. Howe measured an
accurate position in 1897.
******************************
NGC 7804
00 01 18.7 +07
44 55
Size 10"
18"
(11/17/08): this 10" unequal pair of faint stars was resolved at 175x and
easily split at 325x. Located 3' N
of a pale orange/blue-white pair (Du 4 = 9.6/10.2 at 15"). A third mag 10 star lies just 1.4' ESE
of the closer pair.
This erroneous
NGC entry is from Schweizer (Observations de Moscou, II, 115). But in four observations Engelhardt
could only see a double star without nebulosity and the region was carefully examined by Burnham (Publ of
Lick Obs, II) on two nights and only a faint pair was found: "but there
was no trace of nebulosity about it, or anywhere in the vicinity." He measured the separation (1891) as
9.8" in PA 55.6¡.
Kaspar Gottfried
Schweizer, director of the Moscow Observatory, discovered NGC 7804 on 22 Oct
1860. The discovery wasn't
published until 1875 (Observations de Moscou, II, 115). At his exact position is a pair of mag
14 stars at 10" separation.
In four observations Engelhardt could only find this double star and no
nebulosity (micrometric position given).
Sherbourne Burnham also carefully examined the region (Publ of Lick Obs,
II) on two nights and only the faint pair was found, "but there was no
trace of nebulosity about it, or anywhere in the vicinity." He measured the separation (1891) as
9.8" in PA 55.6¡. Finally,
Reinmuth says "no neb; double star 13 and 14 alm cont 50¡". This is Schweizer's only NGC entry (bio
at http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1904Obs....27..314L).
******************************
NGC 7805 = Arp
112 NED1 = VV 226b = UGC 12908 = MCG +05-01-024 = CGCG 498-064 = CGCG 499-036 =
Holm 826a = Mrk 333 = LGG 001-001 = PGC 109
00 01 26.8 +31
26 01
V = 13.3; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 47d
24" (12/1/16):
at 375x; moderately bright, fairly small, compact, very slightly elongated
SW-NE, 25"x20", small bright core, very small bright stellar
nucleus. Forms a similar double
system (Arp 112) with NGC 7806 [50" NE between centers]. A mag 13.5 star is 1' W.
17.5"
(11/14/87): fairly faint, very small, slightly elongated, bright core, stellar
nucleus. A mag 13.5 star is 1.0'
W. Forms a close similar pair with
NGC 7806 30" off the NE edge and 54" between centers (the pair is Arp
112).
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7805 = H III-855 = h2294, along with NGC 7806, on 9 Oct 1790
(sweep 971), and recorded "Two, eF, stellar, between 1' of each other,
from 30¡ sp to nf." On sweep
178, JH reported "eF; S; R: sbM; double; the sp of 2."
******************************
NGC 7806 = Arp
112 NED2 = VV 226a = UGC 12911 = MCG +05-01-025 = CGCG 498-065 = CGCG 499-037 =
Holm 826b = Mrk 333 = LGG 001-002 = PGC 112
00 01 30.1 +31
26 31
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 20d
24"
(12/1/16): at 375x; moderately bright, fairly small, compact, slightly
elongated ~N-S, ~24"x18", small bright core, stellar nucleus. NGC 7806 is the northeastern of a
double system with NGC 7805 50" SW.
A mag 15.2 star is 50" SE.
MCG +05-01-026,
a very low surface brightness arc-shaped edge-on 1' E, was not seen though the
seeing was soft. I glimpsed it,
though, with certainty on 12/28/16 in Bob Douglas' 28" at 427x. It was visible some of the time as an
extremely faint and small glow, though a couple of times it elongated into a
small streak.
17.5"
(11/14/87): fairly faint, very small, oval 4:3 ~N-S, bright core, stellar
nucleus. Forms a close double
system with NGC 7805 54" SW of center and about 30" off the edge.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7806 = H III-856 = h2295, along with NGC 7805, on 9 Oct 1790
(sweep 971) and recorded "Two, eF, stellar, between 1' of each other, from
30¡ sp to nf." JH made 3
observations and noted (sweep 178) "eF; S; R; sbM."
******************************
NGC 7807 = ESO
538-015 = PGC 33
00 00 26.6 -18
50 31
V = 14.6; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 27d
17.5"
(8/25/95): extremely faint, very small, probably elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE,
0.6'x0.4'. Located 6.5' WNW of a
mag 11 star. Needed to use GSC
chart and averted vision to pick up.
No details as required concentration just to detect the faint glow but
sighting certain. A mag 15 star
lies 2.9' E.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 7807 = LM I-271 at Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded
"mag 16.0; pS; irr F; E 90¡?"
There is nothing at his rough position (nearest min of RA), but 1.2 min
of RA west and 4' south is ESO 538-015 = PGC 33 (brightest nearby galaxy). His uncertain PA is not a good match,
though. Howe recovered this object
in 1898-99 and measured an accurate position (repeated in the IC 2 Notes). The RA in the ESO, SGC and NGC 2000 is
48 seconds too small, due to a typo in the ESO catalogue.
******************************
NGC 7808 = MCG
-02-01-013 = PGC 243
00 03 32.1 -10
44 41
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5" (8/16/93):
fairly faint, fairly small, round bright core dominates, slightly elongated
much fainter halo SSW-NNE. Located
3.5' NE of a mag 10 star and 20' SW of 3 Ceti (V = 5.1). Forms a pair with MCG -02-01-012 3' SW,
which is situated just 40" E of the mag 10 star. The MCG appeared very faint, very small, elongated 5:2 N-S,
20"x8".
17.5"
(9/15/90): faint, very small, round, weak concentration. A mag 9.5 star is 4' SW.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 7808 = LM I-272 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander
McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 15.0; vS; R; stellar N; star 8.5m
at 3.6' separation in PA 240¡ [southwest]. There is nothing at his rough position (nearest min of RA)
but 2 minutes of RA east (common error) is MCG -02-01-013 = PGC 243 and the
description matches. He missed MCG
-02-01-012, the faint galaxy immediately following the star. Herbert Howe measured an accurate
position in 1899-00 at Denver (repeated in the IC 2 Notes). ESO misidentifies this number with a
"Conc of stars only".
******************************
NGC 7809 = MCG
+00-01-019 = CGCG 382-018 = III Zw 126 = PGC 158
00 02 09.4 +02
56 28
V = 14.6; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 95d
17.5"
(11/6/88): very faint, very small, round.
Located 24' SSW of NGC 7811.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7809 = m 593 on 9 Sep 1864 and noted "eF, vS." His RA is 3 seconds too small.
******************************
NGC 7810 = UGC
12919 = MCG +02-01-015 = CGCG 433-018 = PGC 163
00 02 19.2 +12
58 18
V = 13.0; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 80d
17.5"
(9/15/90): faint, very small, slightly elongated E-W, small bright core,
stellar nucleus. A mag 14.5 star
is just 0.4' NW of center. NGC
7803 lies 18' WNW.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7810 = H (III-984) = h2296 = Sw VI-99 on 17 Nov 1784 (sweep 320)
and recorded "suspected but 240 showed 2 small stars, and left it doubtful
whether they contained nebulosity between them or not; rather
against." He decided to not
include this object in his three catalogues and CH crossed out the internal
discovery number (649) in her fair copy.
CH's reduced position is 1.5' north of UGC 12919, and the identification
is certain.
JH made 3
observations and noted on sweep 174 "eF; follows 2 stars which point a
little south of it. It is called a
suspected nebula by my Father in his sweeps." He added the designation
"H.MS" (Herschel manuscript) as a synonym for h2296 and Dreyer called
it "(III-984)" in the NGC.
Lewis Swift
independently found this galaxy on 5 Aug 1886 and recorded it as the 99th object
in his 6th discovery list. Swift's
position is 16 tsec too far west but his comment "2 F stars v near and in
line with it" fits perfectly.
******************************
NGC 7811 = MCG
+00-01-020 = CGCG 382-019 = III Zw 127 = Mrk 543 = PGC 168
00 02 26.5 +03
21 07
V = 14.6; Size 0.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.4
17.5"
(11/6/88): faint, very small, round, bright core. A bright triangle of stars follow including mag 8.6 SAO
108985 8.2' ENE, a mag 9.2 star 10' SE and a mag 9.5 star 4.3' SE.
Albert Marth discovered
NGC 7811 = m 594 on 5 Oct 1864 and noted "vF, S, R, stellar." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7812 = ESO
349-021 = MCG -06-01-016 = PGC 195
00 02 54.5 -34
14 08
V = 13.1; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 146d
17.5"
(10/29/94): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated 4:3 NW-SE, 0.8'x0.6',
slightly brighter core. Lies just
north of a line of three mag 12-13 stars 1.5' SSE, 2.2' SSW and 3.9' SW of
center.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7812 = h4010 on 25 Sep 1834 and recorded "vF; S; R; among S
stars." His position is less
than 1' too far south.
******************************
NGC 7813 = IC
5384 = MCG -02-01-016 = Mrk 936 = PGC 287
00 04 09.1 -11
59 02
V = 14.2; Size 0.8'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 158d
17.5"
(11/6/93): very faint, very small, round, weak concentration, can just steadily
with direct vision. A mag 13 star
is 3' NW. Located 12' ESE of mag
8.2 SAO 147055. The listed
magnitude appears too bright.
Frank Muller
discovered NGC 7813 = LM II-476 in 1886 at the Leander McCormick Observatory
and recorded "mag 15.2; 0.5'x0.2' E 80¡, *8.5 follows 38 seconds; *9 north
preceding 40 seconds." There
is nothing at his position, but 1.0 minute east is MCG -02-01-016 = PGC
287. His description has several
inconsistencies: his position angle is well off from 158¡, a mag 11-12 star
follows by 25 seconds (his estimates were often a couple of mags too bright)
and a mag 8 star precedes by 40 seconds.
Still, there are no other reasonable candidates nearby. Herbert Howe found this galaxy again in
1899 while searching for Muller's object and assumed it was new because of the
inconsistencies listed above, and it was recatalogued as IC 5384. So, NGC 7813 is perhaps identical to IC
5384, but not with certainty.
MCG labels this
galaxy as IC 5384. Roger Sinnott's
NGC 2000.0 and the Deep Sky Field Guide both give the wrong position (based on
the NGC position). See Corwin's
notes.
******************************
NGC 7814 = UGC 8
= MCG +03-01-020 = CGCG 456-024 = PGC 218
00 03 14.9 +16
08 43
V = 10.6; Size 5.5'x2.3'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 135d
48"
(10/23/11): gorgeous view of this showpiece edge-on spiral at 375x and
488x. The oval central bulge is
large and very bright, increasing to an intense core. A very thin, very high contrast dust lane slices through the
major axis of the galaxy, neatly bisecting the galaxy. On close inspection, the halo on the
south side of the lane is marginally more extensive. At the center, a small nucleus is apparently obscured,
leaving only two very small brilliant "knots" on either side of the
lane. Beyond the central region,
much fainter arms extend NW and SE, increasing the total size to 5'x1.5'. The dust lane is easily visible
splitting the edge-on arms until they dim out at the tips.
17.5"
(8/2/86): very bright, very bright large core, fainter extensions NW-SE. Forms a pair with IC 5381 10' S. The narrow dust lane bisecting the
galaxy was not seen. IC 5378 (Arp
130) lies 30' NNW.
17.5"
(12/19/87): faint stellar nucleus visible.
13"
(10/10/86): bright, large, large bright core, elongated NW-SE, faint stellar
nucleus.
8"
(11/8/80): moderately bright, slightly elongated.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7814 = H II-240 = h2297 on 8 Oct 1784 (sweep 286) and logged
"pF; pL; irr R; easily res."
JH made the single observation "B; L; irreg R; vgbM; 2' or 3' diam;
no nucleus." R.J. Mitchell,
LdR's assistant on 12 Oct 1885, wrote "pL and B, E, gmbM, a decided dark
lane runs through it in the direction of the major axis. The neb is rather narrower in the
middle of its length and spreads out laterally towards its extremities, fading
away gradually. His sketch was
included in the 1861 publication and in Plate 5, Fig 11 in the 1880 Lawrence Parsons
publication. The sketch shows the
thin dust lane bisecting the core and extending out through the arms.
******************************
NGC 7815
00 03 24.9 +20
42 14
=*,
Gottlieb. "Not found",
Carlson.
Herman Schultz
discovered NGC 7815 = Nova XII on 15 Oct 1866 with the 9.6-inch refractor at
Uppsala Observatory. His
micrometric position of 00 03 24.9 +20 42 15 (2000) falls on a mag 14.4 star,
just 2.2' north of mag 7.5 HD 225097.
His notes describe "sev fine *... Seen in the neby? The object...quite distinctly seen as a
neb with stellar center; in the autumn 1869 hardly visible!" Nearly all of Schultz' objects in the
NGC are single or double stars.
See Corwin's notes.
******************************
NGC 7816 = UGC
16 = MCG +01-01-018 = CGCG 408-018 = PGC 263
00 03 48.9 +07
28 43
V = 12.8; Size 1.7'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5"
(9/15/90): fairly faint, moderately large, round. Contains a bright core surrounded by a grainy halo. The periphery gradually fades into the
background. Forms a pair with NGC
7818 7.7' SE.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7816 = H III-436 = h2298 = h2299 on 26 Sep 1785 (sweep 442) and
recorded "vF, pL, lbM."
JH probably made two observations on 15 and 16 Aug 1830 that he assumed
were of different objects as his dec differed by 7.5'. One of these
observations is certainly NGC 7816 (assumed to be a nova), but the other could
possibly be NGC 7818 (matches in dec).
******************************
NGC 7817 = UGC
19 = MCG +03-01-021 = CGCG 456-028 = PGC 279
00 03 58.8 +20
45 03
V = 11.8; Size 3.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 45d
17.5"
(9/15/90): moderately bright, fairly large, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE, broad
concentration. An evenly matched
mag 14 pair of starts with separation of 17" lies just south of the SW
extension 1.3' from the center.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7817 = H II-227 = h2300 on 15 Sep 1784 (sweep 274) and recorded
"F, pL, E, r." On 18 Sep
1784 (sweep 277) he reported "pF, cL, E, r." Again on 13 Nov 1786 (sweep 635) he
logged "F, E, about 2 1/2' long from sp to nf." JH made the single observation
"pB; mE; lbM; 2' l, 20" br; pos 45¡ nf to sp by diagram."
******************************
NGC 7818 = UGC
21 = MCG +01-01-019 = CGCG 408-019 = PGC 288
00 04 08.9 +07
22 46
V = 14.0; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.9
17.5"
(9/15/90): extremely faint, small, round, very low even surface
brightness. Forms a pair with NGC
7816 7.7' NW.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 7818 = Sw VI-100 on 23 Oct 1886 and recorded "eeeF; pS; ee
diff.; follows 5048 [NGC 7816] 22 seconds and is 5' south." His position is 5 seconds of RA west
and 2' north of UGC 21, but the reference to NGC 7816 clinches this
identification.
******************************
NGC 7819 = UGC
26 = MCG +05-01-029 = CGCG 498-072 = CGCG 499-044 = LGG 001-003 = PGC 303
00 04 24.5 +31
28 20
V = 13.5; Size 1.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.0
17.5"
(11/14/87): very faint, very small, round, diffuse. Collinear with a mag 13.5 star 1.4' NNE and a mag 12.5 star
2.5' NNE of center. Located 37' E
of NGC 7806. Appears fainter than
CGCG magnitude = 14.3pg.
Ralph Copeland
discovered NGC 7819 on 26 Oct 1872 at Birr Castle. His full description reads "eF, L. Nova f 2m 57.0s and 2' 32.5" n of
5042 [NGC 7805]". His
micrometric offset is accurate. Dreyer made a second observation on 5 Oct Also
and he noted "3 minutes f [NGC 7805] an eF, L , diffused neb was
seen."
******************************
NGC 7820 = UGC
28 = MCG +01-01-022 = CGCG 408-021 = PGC 307
00 04 30.8 +05
12 01
V = 12.9; Size 1.3'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 165d
17.5"
(9/15/90): fairly faint, small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, small well-defined
bright core. A mag 13.5 star is
43" SW of center. First and
brightest of four in a group with NGC 7825 14' E.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7820 = h2301 on 24 Sep 1830 and recorded "B; S; mE; vsmbM
to a *; 12" long, has a * preceding." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7821 = MCG
-03-01-019 = PGC 367
00 05 16.7 -16
28 37
V = 13.2; Size 1.4'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 111d
17.5"
(9/15/90): fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE, moderate
concentration but no core. Located
14' E of mag 5.8 SAO 147064. The
WLM System lies 1.3¡ NW.
Ormond Stone
discovered NGC 7821 = LM I-273 on 3 Nov 1885 at Leander McCormick Observatory
and recorded "mag 14.0; pS; irr figure, E 125¡; glbM." His rough position (nearest min of RA)
is 0.6 minutes of RA west of MCG -03-01-019 = PGC 367. Stone later measured an accurate
micrometric position in October 1887 (published in the "Southern
Nebulae" monograph) and noted the PA = 100¡ and size 0.5'x0.3'.
******************************
NGC 7822 = Ced
215 = LBN 587 = LBN 589
00 03 18 +68 30
Size 60'x30'
18"
(9/15/07): at 73x (31mm Nagler) unfiltered, extends nearly 60' in length
(roughly E-W). A group of stars
are involved near the middle and includes a nice isosceles triangle of mag
8/8/9 stars with separations of 2.7', 2.7' and 4' with several fainter stars
nearby. This group is clearly
encased in nebulosity and extends to the east for nearly 30' with quite a few
stars involved. Fainter nebulosity
also extends to the west in a wide curving lane. The entire glow shows up well at 12.5x in the 80mm
finder. Did not experiment with
filters.
17.5"
(8/25/95): very faint, very large nebulosity best viewed in the 16x80 finder as
it gives a higher contrast with the surrounding sky. Appears elongated E-W and at least 40' in size. At 82x, nebulosity is clearly visible
in the region of a triangle of mag 8-9 stars including mag 7.9 SAO 20996 at 00
00 57.5 +68 27 27 (2000). A large
portion of the field appears weakly nebulous, though not with certainty.
The
identification of NGC 7822 is uncertain and may apply to Ced 214 about 1.5
degrees to the south. Here are my
descriptions for Ced 214 = Sh 2-171:
18"
(9/15/07): at 73x (31mm Nagler) unfiltered, Ced 214 appears as a huge, faint,
irregular glow of at least 50' diameter surrounding mag 5.7 HD 225216. Extends as far south as mag 6.3 HD
225136 (28' S of the mag 5.7 star).
The NW portion includes open cluster Be 59 (~20' NW of the mag 5.7
star). Generally, the outline can
be traced, though it is only vaguely defined in some areas. The east side has a roughly circular
outline. Did not compare the view
using a UHC or H-beta filter, although despite the previous negative result it
was immediately evident without a filter.
On deep images, Ced 214 and the elongated section to the north (often
taken as NGC 7822) are connected and part of a huge loop extending off the west
and east side of Ced 214 and curving to the north.
17.5"
(10/4/97): Ced 214 was not detected unfiltered at 82x or using an OIII
filter. With an H-Beta filter, a
40' field surrounding the mag 5.7 illuminating star appeared weakly nebulous in
contrast to the immediate periphery.
No structure noted, although seemed roughly circular. The small open cluster Be 59 is
embedded on the NW side. This
object may be NGC 7822 if John Herschel made a 1.5 degree error in declination.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7822 = h2302 on 16 Nov 1829 and recorded "the central part
of what I am positive is an enormously L, but eF neb of a round figure, though
I cannot trace its limits. Diam
10'±. The night exquisite. I swept often across it to be sure, but
always recurred to the same place.
No doubt but can never be seen but in the best state of the air and sky.
Diameter 10' +/-." This large
nebula was not seen twice at Birr Castle.
His position is just north of the 60'x30' nebula described here, though
it is not of a "round figure".
Isaac Roberts
gave dimensions of 42'x38' in MNRAS, Vol LXIII, p301 based on plates taken in
1901 and 1902, although his description (as well as possibly JH's) refers to
Ced 214 = Sh 2-171, about 1.5¡ south of JH's position (part of the same
complex). Dreyer repeated Robert's
dimensions in the IC 2 Notes section.
Harold Corwin's favors identifying Robert's nebula as NGC 7822, with Ced
215 (close to JH's position) as a secondary choice. Either are possible, but as JH didn't mention the mag 5.7
star involved in Ced 214, I prefer Ced 215.
******************************
NGC 7823 = ESO
111-012 = PGC 328 = PGC 349667 = PGC 349695
00 04 45.6 -62
03 42
V = 12.6; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.6
30"
(10/15/15 - OzSky): at 303x; fairly bright, moderately large, round. Sharply concentrated with a bright, bar
elongated N-S, punctuated by a bright, very small nucleus. A mag 14.6 star is 1.5' SE and a mag
16.2 star is just 0.8' S. The 20'
field is very star poor.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7823 = h4011 on 11 Aug 1836 and recorded "F; S; R; gbM;
15"." His mean position
(2 observations) is fairly accurate.
******************************
NGC 7824 = UGC
34 = MCG +01-01-025 = CGCG 408-025 = PGC 354
00 05 06.2 +06
55 12
V = 13.2; Size 1.6'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 145d
17.5"
(9/15/90): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, even concentration down to
very small bright core. A mag 10.5
star is 2.1' NW of center. Forms a
pair with UGC 36 9' SSE.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7824 = h2303 on 25 Sep 1830 and recorded "not vF; S; R;
12"; a * 9m north preceding."
His position is very accurate.
******************************
NGC 7825 = CGCG
408-024 = PGC 1279700
00 05 06.6 +05
12 13
Size
0.6'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 135d
17.5"
(9/15/90): very faint, very small, round, bright core. A mag 14.5 star is 1.1' NE. Forms a trio with NGC 7827 5.3' E and
UGC 37 7' ESE. Incorrectly
identified in RC3 and UGC but correct in RNGC.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7825 = h2304, along with NGC 7827, on 25 Sep 1830 and recorded
"vF; S; gbM." His single position matches CGCG 408-024 = PGC
1279700. UGC, PGC and RC3
misidentify CGCG 408-027 as NGC 7825. MCG misidentifies NGC 7825 as NGC
7827. The CGCG and RNGC
identification is correct. See
Harold Corwin's identification notes for more on these errors.
******************************
NGC 7826 = ESO
538-**19
00 05 17 -20 41
30
17.5"
(12/4/93): about 20 scattered mag 9-13 stars in a 15' diameter form this
asterism. Most of the stars are
arranged in an elongated string oriented NNW-SSE including five brighter mag
9-10 stars. A double star (mag
10/11.5 at 30" in pa 45¡) located 10' E forms an equilateral triangle with
the endpoints of the string.
Stands out in field because of the brighter stars.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7826 = H VIII-29 = h2305 on 9 Dec 1784 (sweep 330) and recorded
"a cl of a few coarsely scattered L stars." At his position is a group of stars matching this
description (probably an asterism).
JH noted a "A triangular group of about a dozen stars." ESO states "concentration of stars
only". Listed as a
nonexistent cluster in the RNGC, though the scattered group is obvious on the
DSS.
******************************
NGC 7827 = UGC
38 = MCG +01-01-027 = CGCG 408-028 = PGC 378
00 05 27.7 +05
13 20
V = 13.9; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 36d
17.5"
(9/15/90): fairly faint, small, irregularly round. A mag 12 star is 1.5' ENE. Brightest of three with UGC 37 2.7' S and NGC 7825 5.3' WSW.
John Herschel
discovered NGC 7827 = h2306, along with NGC 7825, on 25 Sep 1830 and recorded
"vF; S; R; sbM; has a * nf."
His position is accurate.
d'Arrest also measured an accurate position (on 3 nights) and noted the
star to the northeast follows by 6 sec of time. MCG misidentifies this galaxy as NGC 7825.
******************************
NGC 7828 = Arp
144 NED1 = VV 272a = MCG -02-01-025B = PGC 483
00 06 27.1 -13
24 58
V = 13.9; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 140d
48"
(10/23/14): at 488x; fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 5:2 NW-SE,
40"x18", irregular shape with a mottled or clumpy appearance,
slightly brighter along with south side. The galaxy displayed an extension or
bend (slightly north) on the northwest side as if it consisted of two merged
galaxies. A fainter 15" knot or patch is attached.at the northwest
end. NGC 7828 forms an interacting
pair (Arp 144 = VV 272) with NGC 7829 just 0.6' between centers. Arp 51 lies 3.2' SW and appeared fairly
faint, fairly small, slightly elongated ~SW-NE, 24"x20".
17.5"
(9/15/90): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, even surface
brightness. Forms a double system
with NGC 7829, an extremely compact galaxy off the SE end.
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 7828 = LM II-274, along with NGC 7829, in 1886 and
recorded "mag 15.4; 0.5' dia; pE 130¡ sbMN; * 15 [NGC 7829] sf 3 seconds;
Double [with NGC 7829], PA 100¡ at 0.3' separation." Howe measured an accurate position in
1897 at Denver (given in the IC 2 Notes).
In the Arp
catalogue, NGC 7828 has a very unusual distorted appearance. According to Higdon (1988), this is not
a classical ring but possibly the result of stripping of the gaseous disk from
a spiral galaxy during the collision with an intergalactic HI cloud . It was rejected as a ring galaxy in
"Stellar Disks of Collisional Ring Galaxies" (AJ 136, 1259,2008) by
Romano et al.
******************************
NGC 7829 = Arp
144 NED2 = VV 272b = MCG -02-01-025A = PGC 488
00 06 29.0 -13
25 14
V = 13.9; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9
48"
(10/23/14): at 488x; bright, small, 15" diameter, sharply concentrated
with a very bright core ~4" diameter increasing to an intense stellar
nucleus. The core is surrounded by
a small round halo. Forms a close,
interacting pair (Arp 144 = VV 272) with much larger NGC 7828 just 0.6' NW.
17.5"
(9/15/90): faint, round, extremely small, barely non-stellar. Appears at first glance to be as a mag
14 star just off the SE end of NGC 7828!
Francis
Leavenworth discovered NGC 7829 = LM II-275, along with NGC 7828, in 1886 and
noted "mag 15.0; 0.2' dia; R; sbMN; neb?; Double, pair at 0.3' separation
in PA 100¡." Herbert Howe
reported "I can see no nebulosity; it appears to be simply a star of mag
13." Perhaps he was not using
a high enough magnification. Its
appearance on the DSS is very compact but definitely non-stellar.
******************************
NGC 7830
00 06 12.5 +08
22 46
=*, Corwin.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7830 = m 595, along with NGC 7834, 7835, 7837, 7838 and 7840, on
29 Nov 1864 and noted an "eF, neb * 13 m." At his position (25 seconds of time west of NGC 7834) is a
16th magnitude star. This is perhaps Marth's object, though it's surprising he
would call it 13th magnitude."
In any case, there is no other nearby galaxies (besides the ones he
discovered) that he might have picked up instead. So, this number either refers to a faint star or is lost.
******************************
NGC 7831 = IC
1530 = UGC 60 = MCG +05-01-032 = CGCG 498-078 = CGCG 499-050 = LGG 001-005 =
PGC 569
00 07 19.5 +32
36 34
V = 12.8; Size 1.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 38d
17.5"
(10/12/87): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated SW-NE, weak
concentration. A mag 14 star is at
the SW end 45" from center.
Located 2.2' NNW of mag 8.9 SAO 53654. Identified in the UGC and CGCG as IC 1530.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 7831 = Sw II-1 on 20 Sep 1885 and recorded "eF; vS; eE;
bright star south; vF star very near." There is nothing at his position, but 62 seconds of RA east
and 8' north is UGC 60. Similar
offsets in RA and Dec yield identities for NGC 19, NGC 21 and NGC 7836, all
discovered the same night (NGC 6 also shares the same offset in RA). Furthermore, his comment of a
"bright star south" matches mag 8.9 SAO 53654 located 2.2' S and
"vF star very near" matches a mag 14 star at the southwest end
45" from center, so this identification is certain.
Bigourdan
couldn't find NGC 7831 at Swift's position so when he rediscovered UGC 60 he
assumed it was new and Dreyer catalogued Big. 357 as IC 1530. CGCG, UGC, MCG label this galaxy as IC
1530 because of the unambiguous IC position, though Swift's number should apply
by prior discovery. For more, see
Harold Corwin's identification notes and Malcolm Thomson's unpublished
"Catalogue Corrections".
******************************
NGC 7832 = IC
5386 = MCG -01-01-033 = PGC 485
00 06 28.5 -03
42 58
V = 12.3; Size 1.9'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 25d
17.5"
(11/6/88): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, bright core,
stellar nucleus.
William Herschel
discovered NGC 7832 = H III-190 = h4013 on 20 Sep 1784 (sweep 279) and noted
"vF, vS." JH made a single observation from the Cape of Good Hope:
"F; R; first vg, the psbM; has 2 stars 9m sf." His position is accurate.
Lewis Swift
rediscovered this galaxy on 12 Sep 1896 and described IC 5386 = Sw XI-1 as
"pB; pS; vE." His
position was 5' too far southeast.
The IC position (based on Herbert Howe's observation in 1898-99) matches
NGC 7832. Corwin notes that
neither Swift, Dreyer nor Howe noticed the equivalence with NGC 7832.
******************************
NGC 7833
00 06 31.9 +27
38 26
Size 2'
17.5"
(10/21/95): this asterism consists of four faint mag 14.5-15 stars within a
1.3' diameter although three of the stars form a very small triangle with the
fourth star 1' N. The faintest of
the four stars is the northern star in the small triangle. Located 2' NE of a close well-matched
double star and in the same low field with NGC 1 and 2, just 10' ENE. Listed as nonexistent in RNGC.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 7833 = Big. 101, along with NGC 7839, on 18 Nov 1886
and recorded "Small cluster (clump) of 2.5' diameter, consisting of very
faint stars, including a bit of suspected nebulosity." At his position (just 10'
west-southwest of NGC 1) is a small group of 5 stars (1.3' diameter). RNGC classifies the number as
nonexistent (Type 7). Archinal and
Hynes mention my observation in the book "Star Clusters".
******************************
NGC 7834 = UGC
49 = MCG +01-01-030 = CGCG 408-030 = PGC 504
00 06 37.9 +08
22 04
V = 14.3; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 18d
18"
(10/21/06): extremely faint, very small, round, 15" diameter. Just follows
a 40" pair of mag 13/14.5 stars oriented N-S that are close off the NW and
SW side (40" NW and 25" SW).
17.5"
(8/2/86): very faint, very diffuse, fairly small, even surface brightness. Two stars are very close off the NW and
SW end oriented N-S. Largest in
the NGC 3 group with NGC 7837/NGC 7838 4.3' ESE and NGC 7835 4.2' NE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7834 = m 596, along with NGC 7835, 7837, 7838 and 7840, on 29
Nov 1864 and noted "eeF, vS."
His position is just off the northwest edge of the galaxy.
******************************
NGC 7835 = MCG
+01-01-031 = PGC 505
00 06 46.8 +08
25 33
V = 14.6; Size 0.5'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.0; PA = 162d
18"
(10/21/06): extremely faint, very small, appears elongated 2:1 ~N-S but only
0.4'x0.2', very low surface brightness.
Located 3.4' E of a mag 12.5 star in the NGC 3 group. NGC 7834 lies 4' SW and NGC 7837/7838
5' SE.
17.5"
(8/2/86): very faint, very small, slightly elongated, diffuse. Forms an isosceles triangle with a mag
12 star 3.4' W and a mag 13 star 4.5' NNW. Located 4.0' NE of NGC 7834 in the NGC 3 group. The NGC 7837/38 pair lies 5' SSE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7835 = m 597 on 29 Nov 1864 and noted "eF, S, R." His position is accurate. The same night he found NGC's 7834,
7837, 7838, 3 and 4.
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NGC 7836 = UGC
65 = CGCG 498-079 = CGCG 499-051 = Mrk 336 = LGG 001-006 = PGC 608
00 08 01.6 +33
04 15
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 133d
17.5"
(11/14/87): fairly faint, small, round, small bright core. A string of four mag 11-12 stars of 5'
length follows. Not identified as
NGC 7831 in the UGC or CGCG.
Listed as Anon 1 in the Webb Society Deep Sky Observers Handbook on
Anonymous Galaxies.
Lewis Swift
discovered NGC 7836 = Sw II-2 on 20 Sep 1885 and recorded "eF; vS; R;
between 2 stars." There is
nothing near his position but 75 seconds of RA east and 8' north is UGC
65. Similar offsets in RA and Dec
yield identities for NGC 19, NGC 21 and NGC 7831, all discovered the same night
(NGC 6 also shares the same offset in RA). Bigourdan measured a corrected position matching UGC 65 on 7
Sep 1888 (repeated in the IC 2 Notes).
UGC 65 is not
labeled as NGC 7836 in the UGC or CGCG.
RNGC and PGC have the correct identification. See Malcolm Thomson's
"CGCG Corrections" and Corwin's notes for more on the story.
******************************
NGC 7837 = Arp
246 NED1 = MCG +01-01-035 = CGCG 408-034 = PGC 516
00 06 51.4 +08
21 05
V = 14.4; Size 0.5'x0.3'; Surf Br = 11.8; PA = 171d
18"
(10/21/06): extremely faint and small, round, attached at the west edge of NGC
7388 (just 0.6' between centers).
The pair is occasionally resolved with this galaxy appearing as a
separate knot on the west edge of elongated NGC 7388.
17.5"
(8/2/86): very faint, very small, round.
Forms a tight double system with NGC 7838 at the east edge 38"
between centers. Member of the NGC
3 group with NGC 7834 4.2' WNW and NGC 7835 4.7' NNW.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7837 = m 598, along with NGC 7838, on 29 Nov 1864 and simply
noted "eF, D neb [with NGC 7838].
******************************
NGC 7838 = Arp
246 NED2 = MCG +01-01-036 = CGCG 408-034 = PGC 525
00 06 54.0 +08
21 03
V = 14.3; Size 0.7'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 93d
18"
(10/21/06): very faint, small, very elongated 2:1 E-W, 0.4'x0.2', low even
surface brightness. Forms a double
system with NGC 7837 at the west edge.
The galaxies are only resolved part of the time, otherwise the single
glow appears elongated ~3:1 E-W.
Located 6.4' NW of NGC 3.
17.5"
(8/2/86): very faint, very small, round.
Forms a very close pair with NGC 7837 just 38" W of center. Located in the NGC 3 group with NGC
7834 4.5' WNW and NGC 3 8' SE.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7838 = m 598, along with NGC 7837, on 29 Nov 1864 and simply
noted "eF, D neb [with NGC 7837].
******************************
NGC 7839
00 07 00.6 +27
38 07
=*, Corwin. Incorrect identification in the RNGC.
Guillaume
Bigourdan discovered NGC 7839 = Big. 102, along with NGC 7833, on 18 Nov
1886. He noted the size as
40"-50" with several points of condensation." At his position (just 5' southwest of
NGC 1) is a mag 15 star (with a mag 17 star at 21" separation), though
Corwin notes the fainter star is likely too faint to have been seen in
Bigourdan's 11-inch. The RNGC new
description appears to apply to NGC 2, though the coordinates seem to refer to
NGC 7839.
******************************
NGC 7840 = PGC
1345780
00 07 08.8 +08
23 01
V = 15.5; Size 0.4'x0.3'; PA = 127d
48"
(10/24/11): at 610x appeared faint to fairly faint, fairly small, slightly
elongated NW-SE, 24"x20", low even surface brightness. Located 5.3' NNW of NGC 3 and 3.9' WNW
of NGC 4.
18"
(10/21/06): marginal galaxy in the NGC 3 group only glimpsed with averted and
concentration, though it seemed to pop into view at the same location on a
couple of occasions as a stellar or quasi-stellar knot. Located 4' NE of NGC 7837/7838 and 5'
NNW of NGC 3. Incorrectly classified as nonexistent in the RNGC.
Albert Marth
discovered NGC 7840 = m 600 on 29 Nov 1864 and noted "eF, S." The same night he discovered NGC's
7830, 7834, 7835, 7837, 7838, 3, 4.
With the exception of NGC 7830, which is mostly likely a star, the other
members can be confidently identified with faint galaxies. But there is no galaxy at his position for
NGC 7840 and RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent.
However, Harold
Corwin identifies PGC 1345780 as a likely candidate. This extremely faint galaxy is ~3' south of Marth's
position. I missed it with my
17.5" and it was a marginal object in my 18", but Marth could have
seen it using Lassell's 48" equatorial. The identification was discussed with Corwin in personal
correspondence on 18 Jul 1986. The
RNGC omission is listed in my RNGC Corrections #2.